identifier
stringlengths 4
179
| collection
stringclasses 13
values | open_type
stringclasses 1
value | license
stringclasses 4
values | date
float64 1.68k
2.02k
⌀ | title
stringlengths 0
2.79k
⌀ | creator
stringclasses 334
values | language
stringclasses 120
values | language_type
stringclasses 4
values | word_count
int64 0
2.35M
| token_count
int64 1
4.32M
| text
stringlengths 0
15.4M
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
57.3k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
US-31487819-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,919
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,896
| 5,393
|
Safety stopping device for circular-knitting machines
- H. E. HOUSENIAN.
Y SAFETY SIOPIING DEVICE FOR CIRCULAR KNITTING MACHINES- APPLICATION FILED AUG.2. I9I9.
1,364,112.. Patenmd Jan. 4, 1.921.;
' 4 SHEETS--SHEET 2.
Fmi
f5 2919 hm-12s f 21min/EK H. E. HOUSE-MAN.'
' SAFETY sToPPlNG DEVICE FOR cmCuLAR KNITTIKNG MACHINES.
APPLICATIUIN FILED AUGNZ, IBIS.
Patented Jan. 4, 1921.
iwf-A1555.-
W P m Ma@ H www m w 4/ w w 0 TS,
V H. E. HGUSEMAN. SAFETY STOPFING DEViCE FOR CRCULAR KNITTING MACHINES APPLICATN FILE() AUC-1.2, 1919.
1,364,112. v Ptnted Jan. 4, 1921. n
4 SHEETS-SHEET 4.
Mmm/5K UNITEDSTATES PATENT OFFICE.
Ennemi E. HousnivrAN, or rH11.f innnrzsiay` PENNSYLVANIA, AssiieNoR To' STANDARD MACHINE COMPANY, or PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA, A
CORPORATION F PENNSYLVANIA.
LSSdJlZ,
Specification of Letterslatent.
SAFETY srorPiNe DEVICE son oineuLAR-KNITTING MACHINES- Patented J an,` 4, 192.1;
sppiieauon snai August 2, 191e. serial no. 314,873.
To all whom fit/flirty concer/n Be it known that L HAROLD E. HOUSE- iuaN, a citizen of the United States, residing athiladelpha, county of Philadelphia,
and State oi' Pennsylvania, have invented a new and useiul 1in irovemeiit in Safety Stopping Devices for ircular-Knitting Machines, of which the following is a full, clear, und exact description, reference being had to JtheI acconipanyin drawings, which forni a part of this specification.
In the modern automatic circular hosiery knitting machine, it is customary to provide a .pattern chain which controls the operation l5 of a pattern disk orcylinder,the lattercarry.-v ing parts which control the operation of various elements of themachine,'such as the clutch for shifting from rotation to oscil- `lation and vice versa, the cams for raising half 2o the needles out of action and restoring them to action, the cams for rendering active the lifting pickers and lowering pickers, the means for shifting yarn changing ingers into and-out of action, etc. To' enable the pattern chain. toI controlthe pattern disk or cylinder, the chain is provided at suitable intervals with lugs or high links, which control v the operation ot mechanism for turning the pattern disk or cylinder. The pattern disk or cylinder dictates certain f l u operations oi the machine in a certain se quence, but the time elapsing between certain otthese various operations of the machine may be varied by using, chains ot different 36 length and regulatingthe distance, measured in links, between the lugs. lin any pattern chain, however, the distances between lugs are necessarily lquite variable, vland therefore i the pattern disk or cylinder shall be brought toa v certain position, the pattern chainimust be brought to a synchronous position. 'if proper care belexercised'by a properlyinstructed operative, no troublecan arise; v.but
5l) unfortunately, due to ignorance or careless nessl on the part of an operative, the chain is not always positioned to synchronize with the pattern disk. This condition-may arise, for example, ii", forany reason, the machine tioned.
has been stopped and the chain shifted and then has not been restored' to` proper position; the consequences then, after the ina-3 chine is re-started, yoften being quiteserious, in that needles are broken and parts of the machine are damagedor ruined. The'niost 60 vital damage is apt to occur as the machine goes olf the heel or toe l i or example, .in atypical knitting machine, at the beginning of the heel or toe,l the' clutch is shifted to cause the machine 65 t@ change from rotation to oscillation, half 'the needles are moved out of action, the yarn `changing ,fingers are opei'ated,'and the "pick yers start 'to lift the remaining needles'outof action one by one. After the heel or toeI is half knit the lowering pickers are rendered active. t' the conclusion of the heel or toe knitting, the clutch is again shifted-"all the pickers are lrendered inactive, Vthe bank of needles that'was moved out of action'at the 75 beginning of the yheel or toe isfinoved into action and the yarn changing fingers are k operated. rfhese described operations re- 'quiie three shifts of vthe pattern disk or cylinder, which are caused to be elected by 8o three lugs on the pattern chain. Itis obvious thatthese three lugs must be spaced 'a given vdistance apart, because the chain moves synchronously with the needle eylinder, and just as the needle cylinder Vmust` oscillate' a given number lof times to l' coI'nplete the heel and toe, so must the chain `more a given number of links during the same period. .if thelugs are' not properly spaced, then the last two of said three shifts of the pattern disk or cylinder will be made when the `needles and other elements are not p in .proper vposition for, the operations nienl Assuming an. improper spacing of the lugs on the patternl chain, it is impracticable to specify exactly just what the abnormal condition's would be when the moment arrives tor going `ofi' `the heel or toe, as these. conditions will be diferent ,on machines of differentmake,` and will, indeed, Vary on the saine machine. 0n Standard or Houseman machines '(see, for example, Houseman Patent No. It will be understood that I have simply pattern chain is not properly adjusted to correspond with the position of the pattern disk orcylinder. I have illustrated one em-v bodiment of my invention which has been carefully worked out mechanically andthe operativeness of which has been demonstrated by prolonged experimental and practical use. I have also illustrated other embodiments of the invention, which illustrate rational embodiments ofthe same inventive conception. Other embodiments, with the suggestions afforded by the structures shown and described, could readily be amsm workedout by the skilled mechanic.
Figure 1 is a plan view of the machine, with lthe top of the machine table broken away.
Fig. 2 is a partial front View of the mechshown in Fig. l.
Fig. 3 is a rear view of the same.
Fig. 4 is a horizontal section on line 4 4 of Fig. 3.
Fig. 5 lis an elevation of the machine, looking at the right hand side of Fig. 1.
Figs. 6 and 7 are side views of parts of the machine in ('li'lercnt pofitions.
. Figs..8,' 9 and l() are views,similar to Figs. 6 and 7, of modifications.
Fig. 11 is aperspective view of a part of the pattern chain.
The" driving shaft a, through bevel gears b, b', and spur gear c. drives a rotaryfpi`nion c loose on the shaft (l, from which the needle cylinder is operated by the usual.
` means (not shown). An oscillatory pinion f, loose von the shaft d, is actuated by an oscillating quadrant f. The quadrant is 1,288,594. A clutch g,feathered on the shaft ci, isl shifted by mechanism herein-v after described, into engagement with the two pinions c and f alternately, thereby imparting to the needle cylinder alternate movements of rotation and oscillation. The clutch g is carried by an arm on a frame i slidable vertically on a post j.
The pattern disk z' is provided with peripheral ratchet teeth engaged by a pawl m. The pawl m is operated at suitable intervals bymechanism controlled by the pattern chain, thereby turning the pattern disk step by step. In some machines a pattern cylinder is used in place of a disk, and
it'will be understoodl that the term patp tern disk, as used in this description and in the claims, is intended to include any device or apparatus that controls or effectsl the operation of the machine elements, such as, for example, a pattern cylinder, a pattern drum, a pattern shaft, or a supplementary pattern chain. In the present machine., the pattern disk carries various devices which, as the disk is turned at irregular but fixed intervals, are moved successively intoI operation, these devices in turn actuating, or controlling the actuation of the various machine elements that control the knitting operation.
For example, a cam-way lc on the periphery of the pattern disk operates, at a predetermined time, a pin Z carried .by the frame i, thereby shifting the clutch g as hereinbefore described.
The pawl m is carried on a lever u ex tending from a hub o turnable on a post. The hub o has also arms p and g. The arm f/ carries a roller 7" engaging a cam s on the shaft f5, which, as before described, is constantly rotated. The cam s moves the arm g outwardly from the axis of the shaft f5, while a spring s (when free to act) moves t'he arm g inwardly toward the axis of the cam. In the absence of other` mechanism, therefore, the pawl m would be reciprocated at each rotation of the cam s and the pattern disk would be actuated at frequent and regular intervals. However, whenever the arm y is moved outward by the cam s (thus advancing the pawl m to advance the pattern disk li), the lever y) engages and displaces the hookedeml of one arm of a'bell crank lever t (see Fig. 5), the latter being fore is not retracted toengage the next tooth of the pattern disk ratchet until the lever t 1s moved to Withdrawn its hooked end from back of the lever [2. This actuation ot lever t is eli'ected by the pattern chain, as here inafter described.
The pattern chain lQ'is actuated by the following mechanism: On the rotating vshaftf is a cam iv embraced by thel bifurcated end of an arm w on a huh a', pivotedV on the same post onwhich hub o is vkpivoted. The hub an has an arm y that carries a paw] e engaging a ratchet'lO. The ratchet 1U 41s sleeved on the outside of the bearing for shaft a and carries a sprocket wheel l1.
lever so as to disengage its hooked ,end fromk the lever p, allowing thespring 8' to draw the arm q against the low face of the s,
A which then swings the lever g so as to ad.-
Vance the pawl m and ratchet the pattern disk z' forward a .distance ot' one tooth.
To the mechanism above described, I have applied my safety contriva'nce. lVhile the safety contrivance may be embodied, asbefore. stated, in dierent forms, I prefer to yso design and apply it that it will operate if one ofthegregular lugs 14 (in the specific'A embodiments shown herein any of the narrow lugs) underrides the lever t at one or more stages'of the knitting operation, but so that it will be withheld from operation if a special lug (in the ypresent case a lug 13) underrides the lever t. 1t is obviousy that if this special lug is the onerwhich,when
the chain is properly positioned', is intended to effect theoperation of the pattern disk so as to dictate thel operation of elements which are designed to operate at such stage of the knitting operation, the safety `contrivance will not operate and hence the machine will oipera'te just as if it were equipped with .no sa'jetydeviice whatever.
' Bearingv in mind that disastrous results are to be apprehended only after the machine passes'onto the heel or toe, have, in myy preferred embodiment, so arranged the safety contrivance that it will be adapted.
to operate only as. the machine passes onto the heel or toe. The chain is provided with two of the special lugs 13, each of which (when the pattern chain and pattern disk arey properly synchronized) effects that actuation of the elements designed to be operated at these two stages of the .knitting operation. 1t is therefore clear that if the pattern chain and pattern dish be properly v down pn synchronized, the safcty contrivance Willf" intended inode of operation ,of the preferred l embodiment .of my invention, I shall explain the construction ,and operation of the specific safety device which l hat-e actually usedand which is illustrated in Figs. 1 to 7 inclusive'.
0n the driving shaft' L is the fixed' pulley 15 and the loose pulley 1li. v larly AFigs. 1 and 17 vis a belt shifter slidable on a guide rod 18. A spring 1.9 (Figs. 1 and 2l)- tends to actuate the belt shifter to shift the belt from the fixed pulley 15 to the loose pulley 1G. i A stop 20 normally prevents the belt shifter from so mov ing. A springpressed rock-arm 21,to which the stop 20 is secured, normally holds the stop in operative position. i' i' The QlutCh-Carrying frame 7L has bearings in which is swiveled a rod 23, to which is secured an arm 22, which loosely/'embraces la pin Q00, secured to the lever 21. In the normal operation of the machine, the rod 23 does not turn, its only movement being an up and down movement, with the clutch frame, when the .clutch f] is shifted. This up and down movement does not actuate the stop 20, the arm 22 merely sliding up and the pin 200.
The rod 23 has at 1 (See pa rticu,` ,8
ts upper end a head to`i` which a pin 24 issecured 25 is a lever pivoted' between its ends. One end of ,this ,lever extends alongside of the chain-oper,-
atcd end of lever t in position. to beengaged by one of the special lugs ,13 but not 'in position to be engaged by one ot' the regular lugs 14e. A spring 27 holds the lever Q5 in the path ot' travel of the lugs 13. The other end of lever 25 is shaped to pro'- vide a recess E2G normally inline of the down 'ard movement of the pin Q4, as shown yin F ig.
It will bc clear that if a wrong lug let actuates the lever when the pattern disk e' is in position to shift to dictate the begin ning oit' heel or toe knitting, the lever 25 will not be actuated. Consequently, in the lowering of the clutch g (which is one of thev operations at this stage ot the knitting), 'the pin 24 moves into the recess 26 and pushes down the corresponding end of lthe lever The lever is so pivoted that, as its recessed end moves down with the clutch frame h, itnecessarily has also a .las
lateral movement relatively thereto, causing it, by reason of its engagement 4With the pin 24, to more the pin 'laterally and thereby turn the rod 23 on its axis, as shown in Fig. `6. The turning of rod 23 swings the arm 22, which/witl draws the stop 2O out of 'operative position, andthe belt shifterpl? ,is immediately' actuated by the spring 19 to shift the belt from the tight pulley 15 to the loosevv pulley 16, thereby stopping the machine;
Suppose, however, that a correct lug 13 actuates the lever t when the pattern disk is in position to shift to dictate the beginning of the heel or toe knitting. Then the lever -wi'll be operated by the lug slightly before the lug operates the lever t, although (in the specific embodiment shown) in the same turn of the sprocket Wheel 11', and the recessed end of the lever will swing into the position shown in Fig. 7, moving this end of the lever below, or out of the path of travel of, the pin 24. Hence` when the pattern disk z' is turned and the clutch frame h moves down, the pin 24 will not coact with the recess 26 and the belt shiftingA mechanism will not operate.
The coaction betweenl lever 25 and pin 24 in lthe specific construction described involves an operation of each by the other. In Fig. 8 is shown a slight modification.
:Here the` lever 30 (corresponding to lever 25) is held in position to be operated by a lug 13 by means of a spring 31. Spring 31. corresponds to spring 27 but should be of greater strength. The actuating end of -lever 30 is provided with an upturned edge the inner wall of which forms a cam 32 in line of movement ofthe pin 24. If, preparatory to' that shift of the pattern disk i which ldictates the beginning of heel or 'toe knitting, the properlug operates the lever t, the lever 3() is swung out of the path of movement of the pin 24, but if a wrong lug operates the lever t, thereby leaving the lever 30 in its normal position, the pin 24, in the lowering movement of the clutch frame, rides upon the cam 32 and is turned on its axis, thereby causing the belt-shifting mechanism to operate.
In the foregoing construction the pattern chain controls the position of the lever 25 or 30 and the stop mechanism is operated by the movement of the clutch shifter. In the construction shown in Fig. 9, the pattern chain, as before, controls the position of the lever, but the' stop mechanism is'actuated by the pattern disk The lever 40 (corresponding to lever 25 or 30) has a slot 41 engaging a pin 42. The lever 40 is therefore both turnable and slidable on the pin 42. A spring 43 holds the lever in its left-hand position, in which position it is in operative relation with the pattern chain. A stop 44 prevents the lever 40 turning on its axis except in opposition to the spring 43; The
actuating end of lever 40 has a cam-actuated head 45 provided with an actuating cam 46.
The head 45 is normally in line of travel of a cam 47 on the patternv disk Vhen the the machine frame.
vcam 47; engages the head 45 it tilts the corresponding end of the lever 4() down, thus causing the cam 46 to engage the pin 24 and thereby swing the rod 23 to actuate the beltshifting mechanism. This operation will occur only if the wrong pattern chain lug operates the lever t, thereby leaving lever 40' in position to be operated, as described, by the cam 47. But if the correct lug operates I knitting operation. It should be mentioned that, in this modification, the tnrnable rod 23 is not carried .on the clutch-shifting frame, but is journaled on a fixed part lof In the drawings, the rod is shown as turnable in two fixed suppoits 48.
In the construction shown in Fig. 10, the lever 50 (corresponding to lever 25, 30 ,or 40) is operated to actuate' the stop mechanism by the pattern chain: itself. One end of the lever 50 is held into operative relation with the chain by a spring 51 andv is pivoted at 52. The other end ot the leverO has a cam 53 adapted, when depressed, to engage the pin 24 and turn the rod 23 to stop the machine, as before described. This operation willloccur as soon as a special lug 13 engages the lever 50, unless the pattern disk is properly positioned relatively to the pattern chain; but if the disk is in its proper position relative to the chain a stop 54 carried by the disk underrides a projection 55 -on the ,lever 50 and prevents' the lever 5() withheld from moving down by the posi-Y tive stop 54.
I-laving now fully described ymy invention, what I claim and desire to protect by Letters Patent is: I
l. In a circular knitting machine, the combination with driving means, of a clutch, a pattern 'disk and actuating means therefor, a
cam on the 'pattern disk for controlling the action Aof the clutch, a pattern chain,
lugs irregularly spaced on the pattern chain and'adaptedlto render said actuating means operative and thereby impart intermittent movements to thepattern disk at'irregular intervals; of mechanism to stop the ma chine, and contrivance'sadapted to efe'ct i the operation of thestop mechanismand in operative relation With both the pattern disk and one of said lugs on the pattern v chain and adapted to be renderedA operative or inoperative to stop the machine dependent upon the position. of the clutch cam 'on the pattern disk When said last'mentioned combination with driving means, ot a pattern disk, and actuating means therefor, mechanism to stop the machine, acontriv- V ance controlling the operation of the stop mechanism, and a pattern chain comprising lugs of diii'erential characterlstics all ot' which are adapted to render said pattern disk actuating means intermittently operav tive, While one of said lugs is also adapted to operate said contrivance and thereby cause the stop mechanism to be operated or not dependent upon Whether the pattern chain is or is not out of synchronous relation With the pattern-disk- 3. In a circular knittingmachine, the combination with driving means including a reciprocable clutch adapted to vcause a part of said driving means to eitherrotate or oscillate, apattern disk adapted, at predetermined but irregular intervals, to control the proper operation of the knitting mechanism and said clutch, through the medium of the clutch pattern disk actuating means, and a pattern chain adapted, when properly synchronized with the pattern disk, to so control the operation of saidl actuating means as to effect the specified operation of the pattern disk; of mechanism to stop the machine, a clutch frame carrying said clutch, contrivances adapted to cOp-' crate with the clutch frame to effect the operation of the stop mechanism, and means adapted, when the chain is properly' synchronized with the pattern disk, to prevent said'coperation of said clutch frame and contrivances.
a. In a circular knitting machine, the combination with driving means inclruling a 'reoipvrocable clutch adapted to canse a part of the driving means to either rotate or oscillate, a pattern disk adapted to control the operation of the knitting mechanism,
actuating means for the pattern disk, a pattern cham adapted to control the operation of said pattern disk, mechanism to stop the machine, and a clutch frame carrying said clutch, of means controlled by the pattern chain and adapted to render the clutch frame in its movement operative or inoperative to operate the stop mechanism dependent upon Whether the pattern disk is or is not out of synchronous relation with the pattern chain. l,
5. Ina circular knitting machine, the combination of driving means including a reciprocableclutch adapted to cause a part yof the driving means to either rotate or oscillate, a pattern disk adapted to control the operation of the knitting mechanism', actuating means for the pattern disk, a pattern chain comprising lugs all of which are adapted to render said pattern disk actuating means intermittently operative, mechanism to stop the machine, a clutch' frame carrying said clutch, means carried therebyadapted when the clutch is shifted to be turned into position to operate said stop mechanism, and a contrivance adapted to cause such turning movement of such clutch frame, one -of said lugs also being adaptedv to shift said contrivance and thereby prevent such turningV movement, whereby, if the clutch frame is shifted contemporaneously `with the operation of said contrivance, the machine will not be stopped.
6. A circular knitting machine having oscillatory and rotary driving mechanism, clutch mechanism for connecting either of said mechanisms, clutch shifting mechanism including a pattern disk, means for intermittently actuating the pattern disk, a pattern chain for controlling the action of the pattern disk, and means t9 stop the machine operable if the clutch shifting mechanism and the pattern chain are out of timed i Jrelation.
In testimony of which invention, I have hereunto set my hand, at Philadelphia, Pa., on this 30th day of July, 1919.
, HAROLDv E. HOUSEMAN.
| 42,946
|
199000420545
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,990
|
GROUPEMENT D'ACHAT DE PRODUITS ISSUS DE L'AGRICULTURE BIOLOGIQUE
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 23
| 31
|
permettre à ses adhérents de se réunir et de se grouper pour acheter dans de bonnes conditions les produits issus de l'agriculture biologique
| 30,791
|
US-23377805-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,005
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,100
| 6,717
|
Method and apparatus for adjustable image compression
ABSTRACT
A compression rate is selected for a data file representing an image wherein an image source and an image characterization is identified. Selection of a compression rate can be based upon the image source and the image characterization. The image source can be medical imaging device such as x-ray, CT scan, MRI, mammogram, sonogram, or other types of images. The image characterization can be an anatomical content of the image, a purpose of study of the image, or a diagnostic value of the source of the image.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent applicationentitled “Method and Apparatus for Boundary-Based Image Compression”,U.S. patent application entitled “Event Notification Verification andEscalation”, and U.S. patent application entitled “Autonomous Routing ofNetwork Messages”, all of which are being filed concurrently with thepresent application. The disclosures of all of these applications areincorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to compression of image dataand, more particularly, to adjusting the rate of compression.
2. Description of the Related Art
Transmission and handling of message data is an important function thatmust be carefully and efficiently performed. For example, a health caredelivery system such as a hospital or medical center will receivemessage data of many different types. It is critical for the health ofpatients that message data are delivered to appropriate medical staff,with sufficient data integrity to be useful to the staff member. Messagedata may include image information, for example, image information froma laboratory examination such as an X-ray, computer tomography (CTScan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or other laboratoryexamination. The image information can be in a variety of data formats,such as JPEG data, bitmap data, TIFF images, and the like.
Digital representation of image information often requires large amountsof data, making transmission and storage of image data challenging andexpensive. Data compression techniques have been developed to reduce theamount of data that must be transmitted and stored. In brief, datacompression refers to techniques that represent data files in a formatthat requires less “bits” than the original data file. The “compressionrate” refers to the number of bits in the compressed data file ascompared to the number of bits in the uncompressed data file.
Known data compression techniques may be divided into two broadcategories, lossy compression and lossless compression. Lossycompression involves compression of a data file that results in the lossof some of the original information when the original data file isreconstructed from the compressed file. In other words, when theoriginal data file is reconstructed from the lossy compressed file,there are differences, or errors, between the reconstructed file and theoriginal file. A typical goal of lossy compression techniques is thatthe differences, or errors, in the reconstructed data file are tolerablewith varying amounts.
Lossless compression involves compression of a data file that results inno loss of original information when the original data file isreconstructed. In other words, lossless compression techniques compressthe original data file in such a way that when the original data file isreconstructed from the compressed file there are no differences, orerrors, between the reconstructed file and the original file.
Generally, lossy compression techniques can achieve a higher compressionratio, resulting in smaller compressed file sizes, as compared withlossless compression. However, there is usually degradation in thereconstructed data file using lossy compression, while there is nosignificant degradation in the reconstructed data file using losslesscompression.
Use of data compression techniques on medical image files can bebeneficial in reducing both the storage capacity and transmissionbandwidth required for large image files. For example, digital radiologybenefits from compression algorithms by reducing both image storage andtransmission costs. However, the amount of compression that can beachieved with medical image files is limited by the amount of “loss” orerrors, if any, that are acceptable in the reconstructed image, i.e.,there may be resolution or loss specifications set by the medicalapplication for the data. To illustrate, because radiology imagery maybe critical for the health of patients, it is important to maintain theimage “quality” which means that generally less error and therefore lesscompression can be tolerated. This limits the storage and transmissionbenefits achievable with higher amounts of compression.
From the discussion above, it should be apparent that there is a needfor a system and techniques that can improve data compression of imagedata files for reduced consumption of system resources while maintainingsufficient data fidelity. Other problems with the prior art notdescribed above can also be overcome using the teachings of the presentinvention, as would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in theart after reading this disclosure.
SUMMARY
In accordance with embodiments of the invention, techniques aredescribed for adjusting the compression rate used for compressing a datafile representing an image. The images can be medical imagery such asx-ray, CT scan, MRI, mammogram, sonogram, or other types of images.
For such images, an image source and an image characterization areidentified, and a compression rate is selected based upon the imagesource and the image characterization. The image source can refer to thedevice type that created the image data file or to the data format ofthe image data file. The image characterization can be a wide variety ofparameters related to the depicted image. For example, the imagecharacterization can comprise data that indicates an anatomical contentof the image that can be identified by a user or that can beautomatically identified. The image characterization can also comprise apurpose of study of the image. In addition, the image characterizationcan comprise a metric such as a diagnostic value of the source of theimage that can be identified by a user or automatically identified.
The techniques can also comprise compressing the data file using theselected compression rate. The techniques can be implemented on acomputer processing apparatus adapted for processing the data filerepresenting an image. The computer processing apparatus may comprise anetwork communications interface that permits communications between theapparatus and a network. The computer processing apparatus may furthercomprise a processor that receives the data file representing an imageand identifies an image source and an image characterization associatedwith the file. The computer processing apparatus preferably selects acompression rate based upon the image source of the imagecharacterization.
Other features and advantages of the present invention should beapparent from the following description of the exemplary embodiments,which illustrate, by way of example, principles of the presentinvention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a local area network inwhich digital images can be shared and stored.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a structure of animage data file.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an example of determining acompression rate.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an example of determining acompression rate based upon anatomical content of the image.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating another example of determining acompression rate based upon a purpose of study of the image.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating yet another example of determining acompression rate based upon a diagnostic value of a particular source.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating another example of determining acompression rate.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram representation of a data network environmentin which digital images can be sent and received over a computernetwork.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an exemplary computer for executing imagecompression.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention can be used for processing image files related tomedical diagnosis and the life sciences, where image fidelity isimportant. Imagery is a valuable tool in medical diagnosis andtreatment. For example, radiology is a medical field that has madeextensive use of film images for years. More recently digital technologyhas been applied to radiology imagery including digital captured imagesand digital conversions of film images. Digital radiology allows for thestorage and transmission of digital data file representations ofradiology images. While digital data files have features that aresuperior to film imagery, in particular when storing or transmittingimages, a drawback is that high fidelity digital representation ofradiology images results in data files that are large, requiring largeamounts of data storage and communication channels with high bandwidthfor transmission.
Conventional data compression techniques have been applied to radiologyimage files with limited success. While conventional data compressiontechniques may result in smaller data file size, they can also result inunacceptable loss of fidelity in the reconstructed image. This loss infidelity can result in the reconstructed image being of limited, or no,use to a radiologist. Techniques are described herein that adjust thecompression rates used to compress image files based upon the imagesource and a characterization of the image while maintaining adequatefidelity of the reconstructed image to ensure the compressed images areuseful.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a local area network withimage source devices and processing stations in which digital images canbe shared and stored in accordance with the invention. As shown in FIG.1, a local area network 102 can be accessed by multiple users ofdevices. For example, in a health care facility the local area network102 may be accessed by multiple image sources that acquire imagery, suchas an x-ray image source 104, CT image source 106, sonogram image source108, mammogram image source 110, and an MRI image source 112. Imageryacquired by the sources may be shared with user workstations 114, 116,and 118 or stored in data storage 120 via the local area network 102. Animage source may share or store the raw, or non-processed, image data orit may do some processing of the image such as compress the image asdescribed below. The workstations may view imagery acquired by an imagesource directly from the image source or an image that has been storedin data storage 120 or local storage included in the image source or theworkstation. The workstations may also process imagery and save theprocessed imagery. In addition, an image source can also be used as aworkstation.
A wireless access point 130 may also interface to the local area network102. The wireless access point 130 can allow a remote image source 140access to the local area network 102. The wireless access point 130 canalso allow a remote workstation 142, or a remote local area network 144access to the local area network 102. For example, a remote image source140, such as an x-ray machine, may produce an x-ray image of a patientin an ambulance and transmit it to the local area network 102 of ahealth facility where the patient is being taken. Prior to thetransmission the imagery of the x-ray may be compressed as describedbelow. At the health facility a health care provider may access thex-ray on a workstation to prepare treatment in advance of the patient'sarrival. Likewise, imagery may be transmitted to a remote local areanetwork 144 or remote workstation 142. For example, imagery may betransmitted to an expert at a remote local so that the expert can assistin diagnosis and treatment of a patient. In all of these examples, theimage remote location data may be compressed in accordance with one ormore of adjustable compression rates described below.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a structure of animage data file 200. The image data file 200 includes at least twodifferent types of data, image characterization data 202 and image data204. The image data 204 is the data used to present the image and may beraw image data, original image data, or compressed image data. The imagecharacterization data 202 includes fields or tags that identify variouscharacteristics of the image. For example, the image characterizationdata 202 can include fields or tags identifying an image source device,an anatomical content of the image, a diagnostic value of the image, apurpose of study of the image, or other characteristic of the image. Theimage data file 200 may be stored in the data storage 120 of the systemor it may also be stored in data storage of the source devices or remotestations, etc.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating an example of determining acompression rate with the system of FIG. 1. Flow begins in block 302.Flow continues to block 304 where the source of an image, or the type ofdevice producing the image, is identified. For example, as previouslydescribed different sources of images can include X-ray machines, CTscanners, mammogram machines, MRI machines, sonogram machines, opticalscanners, as well as other types of diagnostic devices that producedigital images. Flow continues to block 306 where an imagecharacterization for the image is identified. For example, imagecharacterizations can include the anatomical content of the image, orthe purpose of study for which the image will be used, or the quality ordiagnostic value of the image.
Flow then continues to block 308 where a compression rate is determinedbased upon the image source and image characterization. In other words,the system identifies the source of the image, and also identifies oneor more characterizations about the image. The image characterizationdata may be a data field associated with the digital data file and whichidentifies a characteristic of the image and of the data file. Then,applying rules for that type of image source and the imagecharacterization, a compression rate or value is determined. Flow thencontinues to block 310.
Image characterization data for an image may be entered by a user ordetermined automatically. For example, the anatomical content of animage may be identified and entered by a user such as a radiologistexamining an x-ray. Or, the anatomical content of an image may bedetermined automatically, such as by a software routine that processesthe image data and identifies regions within the image and associatesthese regions with anatomical structures.
Also, the image characterization data may be determined at the time ofcompression or it may be included within the data file representing theimage. For example, the anatomical content may be determined, eithermanually or automatically, when the data file is compressed. Or, theanatomical content of the image may have been previously determinedbefore compression and may be included within the image data file, suchas a data field or tag within the file identifying what anatomicalstructure is depicted within the image. For example, an x-ray technicianmay identify that an x-ray image is of a particular anatomicalstructure, such as a chest or a femur, and this information may beincluded as a data field or tag within the data file representing theimage.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example of determining acompression rate from an image characterization that is based, in part,upon anatomical content of an image. Flow begins in block 402. Flowcontinues to block 404 where the image source, or device producing theimage, is identified. Flow continues to block 406 where the anatomicalcontent of the image is identified. For example, the anatomical contentcould be a knee, a chest, a lung, a pancreas or a liver. As noted, theanatomical content may be identified manually or automatically.
Flow continues to block 408 where compression rate is determined basedupon the image source and the anatomical content of the image. In otherwords, a system identifies the source or device producing the image, andalso identifies the gross anatomy of the image. Then, applying rules forthat type of image source and that type of anatomy, a compression valueis determined.
For example, an x-ray image may normally be compressed at a nominal rateof 8:1 set by medically acceptable standards, where the size of the datafile representing the image is reduced by a factor of 8 aftercompression, but that rate may be adjusted depending on thecharacterization of the image. If the image characterization of thex-ray image identifies that the image includes a particular anatomicalcontent, then the system may adjust the rate. For example, if a chestx-ray is being compressed, it may be acceptable to adjust the nominalcompression rate of 8:1 down to a rate of 4:1, while maintainingsufficient fidelity of the reconstructed image. Likewise, if the x-rayis of a femur, it may be acceptable to adjust the nominal compressionrate up to a rate of 10:1 because adequate fidelity may be maintained atthis higher compression rate for an x-ray of a femur. After compressionrate is determined, flow continues to block 410.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example of determining acompression rate from an image characterization that is based, in part,upon a purpose of study of the image. Flow begins in block 502. Flowcontinues to block 504 where the image source is identified. Flow thencontinues to block 506. In block 506, the purpose of study that theimage will be used for is identified. Examples of different studypurposes include using the image for a search for cancer, a bonefracture or a tissue rupture.
Flow then continues to block 508 where a compression rate based upon theimage source and purpose of study is determined. For example, a typicalx-ray image may be compressed at a nominal ratio of 8:1, but dependingon the purpose of study, that rate may be adjusted. If an x-ray is beingused to identify a hairline fracture, then it may be desired to reducethe nominal compression rate of 8:1 to a lower rate, such as 4:1, so asto maintain adequate fidelity in an image reconstructed from thecompressed data file, to identify the hairline fracture. On the otherhand, if the purpose of study is to identify a complete fracture, thenit may be acceptable to increase the nominal compression rate of 8:1 toa higher rate, such as 10:1, because adequate fidelity may be maintainedin the reconstructed image to identify a complete fracture at thishigher rate of compression. Flow then continues to block 510 for furthersystem processing.
FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating an example of determining acompression rate based, in part, upon a diagnostic value of a particularproduced image. Flow begins in block 602. Flow continues to block 604where the type of image source is identified. Flow then continues toblock 606 where a diagnostic value, or quality, of the particular imageproduced by the source is identified. For example, the diagnostic valueof a first x-ray image may be different than diagnostic value of asecond x-ray image. In other words, for two x-ray images of the sameobject or subject, a first image may be at a higher resolution, may haveless noise, or may have other characteristics indicating it was producedat a better quality than the second image. Differences in image qualityare common, as patients may move during imaging or operational settingsof the imaging source may be changed from image to image. Thus, thediagnostic value of the first image can be said to be greater than thediagnostic value of the second image. Flow then continues to block 608where a compression rate based upon the type of image source and adiagnostic value of the particular image produced is determined. Forexample, if a particular image source has a high diagnostic value, itmay be desirable to increase the compression rate used to compressimages from the particular source above a nominal compression rate for atypical image source of the same type. Likewise, if the diagnostic valueis low, it may be desired to decrease the compression rate below thenominal rate. Adjusting the compression rate based upon the diagnosticvalue of images from a particular source may be used to maintainadequate fidelity in an image reconstructed from the compressed datafile. Flow then continues to block 610.
The diagnostic value of output produced from different image sources canvary for many reasons. For example, two x-ray devices that are the samemodels may nevertheless produce different quality images because ofvarious reasons such as maintenance issues or installation differencesor operator skill. Likewise, the same image source's diagnostic valuecan change over time. That is, an x-ray device may produce images of acertain quality when first manufactured, but the image quality maydeteriorate over time as the device is ages.
The diagnostic value of an image source may be determined in differentways. For example, a calibration procedure or test may be performed onthe image source and a figure of merit corresponding to the quality, ordiagnostic value of images produced by the source, identified. Likewise,an analysis of an image may be performed automatically to identify thediagnostic value of the image.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating another example of determining acompression rate. Flow begins in block 702. Flow continues to block 704where the image source is identified. Then, in block 706, a diagnosticvalue of the particular image source is identified. Flow continues toblock 708 where the purpose of study for the image, is identified. Flowcontinues to block 710 where the anatomical content of the image isidentified. Flow then continues to block 712 where a compression ratebased on image source, diagnostic value, purpose of study and anatomicalcontent is determined.
In other embodiments one or more of the type of image source or imagecharacteristics may be used to determine a compression rate. Forexample, one or more of the image sources, diagnostic value, purpose ofstudy or anatomical content can be used in determining a compressionrate.
The techniques described can be used with various types of datacompression algorithms. For example, the techniques can be used withcompression algorithms such as Huffman coding, arithmetic coding, JPEGcoding, and JPEG-2000 coding.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram representation of a data network environment800 in which digital images can be sent and received over a computernetwork 806. Communications over the network can occur, for example,according to transport mechanisms such as TCP/IP, or can be receivedaccording to network-specific protocols. In the FIG. 8 illustratedembodiment, the image sources can include health care providers 808 suchas individual physicians and other allied providers, medical centers 810such as hospitals and patient care or managed care facilities,laboratories 812 such as medical labs and diagnostic centers, andvendors and users 814, including individual patients, administrationservices such as management and insurance providers, and other networkusers who need to communicate images with one of the other network users808, 810, 812, 814. The network 806 can comprise a local area network(LAN) that interconnects the network nodes 808, 810, 812, 814. Thenetwork 806 can include communications over the Internet, or over acombination of local and wide area networks, including intranets andextranets.
As illustrated in FIG. 8, there can also be one or more mobile units820, 822 that are in wireless communication with a base station 826 thatis in communication with the network 806. The mobile units 820, 822 mayalso communicate directly with each other. The base station 826 cancomprise a network access point or an operational work station such as808-814. In one example, the mobile units 820, 822 could be emergencyunits, or other first responders, that can be dispatched to an accidentor emergency situation. The remote units 820, 822 may include diagnosticequipment, such as x-ray equipment. Upon arriving at an accident oremergency scene, the remote unit 820, 822 may gather diagnostic imagery,compress it using the techniques described and send it over the wirelesscommunication channel to the base station 826 where others connected tothe network 806 have access to the image. Because the wirelesscommunication channel will generally have limited bandwidth, this may betaken into consideration when compressing the imagery. Users 808, 810,812, 814 on the network may also transmit imagery to each other and tothe remote unit 820, 822 using the compression techniques described. Inaddition, remote units may communicate imagery between each other usingthe compression techniques described. The embodiment of FIG. 8 may alsobe used in other environments, for example, battlefield environmentswhere remote units 820, 822 may include doctors and field hospitalssetup to assist troops during combat or in other hostile environments.
FIG. 9 shows an exemplary computer 900 for executing the operationsdescribed above. The computer 900 operates in a networked environmentthat permits communication with other computers. The computer 900operates under control of a central processor unit (CPU) 902, such as a“Pentium” microprocessor and associated integrated circuit chips,available from Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., USA. A computeruser can input commands and data from a keyboard and computer mouse 904,and can view inputs and computer output at a display 906. The display906 is typically a video monitor or flat panel display. The computer 900also typically includes a direct access storage device (DASD) 908, suchas a hard disk drive. A memory 910 typically comprises volatilesemiconductor random access memory (RAM). Each computer 900 preferablyincludes a program product reader 912 that accepts a program productstorage device 914, from which the program product reader 912 can readdata (and to which it can optionally write data). The program productreader can comprise, for example, a disk drive, and the program productstorage device 914 can comprise removable storage media such as amagnetic floppy disk, a CD-R disc, a CD-RW disc, or DVD disc.
The computer 900 can communicate with any other computers, if networked,over a computer network 920 (such as the Internet or an intranet. or awireless communication channel) through a network interface 918 thatenables communication over a connection 922 between the network 920 andthe computer. The network interface 918 typically comprises, forexample, a Network Interface Card (NIC) or a modem that permitscommunications over a variety of networks. or a wireless modem.
The CPU 902 operates under control of programming instructions that aretemporarily stored in the memory 910 of the computer 900. When theprogramming instructions are executed, the computer 900 performs itsfunctions. Thus, the programming implements the functionality of thesystem described above. The programming steps can be received from theDASD 908, through the program product storage device 914, or through thenetwork connection 922. The program product storage drive 912 canreceive a program product 914, read programming instructions recordedthereon, and transfer the programming steps into the memory 910 forexecution by the CPU 902. As noted above, the program product storagedevice 914 can comprise any one of multiple removable media havingrecorded computer-readable instructions, including magnetic floppy disksand CD-ROM storage discs. Other suitable program product storage devices914 can include magnetic tape and semiconductor memory chips. In thisway, the processing steps necessary for operation in accordance with theinvention can be embodied on a program product.
Alternatively, the program steps can be received into the operatingmemory 910 over the network 920. In the network method, the computer 900receives data including program steps into the memory 910 through thenetwork interface 918 after network communication has been establishedover the network connection 922 by well-known methods that will beunderstood by those skilled in the art without further explanation. Theprogram steps are then executed by the CPU 902 thereby comprising acomputer process.
Thus, embodiments of the present invention provide techniques forcompressing data files. The compressed data files can be stored as wellas routed over data networks, or message systems. The techniques,applicable in a variety of message systems, improve the efficiency andappropriateness of message handling.
The present invention has been described above in terms of presentlypreferred embodiments so that an understanding of the present inventioncan be conveyed. There are, however, many configurations for networkmessage processing not specifically described herein but with which thepresent invention is applicable. The present invention should thereforenot be seen as limited to the particular embodiments described herein,but rather, it should be understood that the present invention has wideapplicability with respect to network message processing generally. Allmodifications, variations, or equivalent arrangements andimplementations that are within the scope of the attached claims shouldtherefore be considered within the scope of the invention.
1. A method of processing a data file representing an image, the methodcomprising: identifying an image source device associated with theimage; identifying image characterization data associated with theimage; and selecting a compression rate based upon the image sourcedevice and the image characterization data.
2. A method as defined inclaim 1, wherein image characterization data identifies an anatomicalcontent of the image.
3. A method as defined in claim 2, whereinidentifying the anatomical content of the image comprises putting imagecharacterization data in an image data file.
4. A method as defined inclaim 2, wherein identifying the anatomical content of the imagecomprises automatically identifying anatomical content with a computer.5. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein image characterization dataidentifies a purpose of study of the image.
6. A method as defined inclaim 1, wherein image characterization data identifies a diagnosticvalue of the image.
7. A method as defined in claim 6, whereinidentifying the diagnostic value of the image comprises putting imagecharacterization data on a computer interface.
8. A method as defined inclaim 6, wherein identifying the diagnostic value of the image datacomprises automatically identifying diagnostic value with a computer. 9.A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the image source device is oneof an MRI device, an x-ray device, a CT Scan device, a mammogram device,or a sonogram device.
10. A method as defined in claim 1, furthercomprising compressing the data file using the selected compressionrate.
11. A computer processing apparatus for processing a data filerepresenting an image, the apparatus comprising: a networkcommunications interface that permits communications between theapparatus and a network; a processor that receives the data file via theinterface and identifies an image source device and an imagecharacterization associated with the data file, and selects acompression rate based upon the identified image source device and theimage characterization.
12. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein theimage characterization data identifies an anatomical content of theimage.
13. A method as defined in claim 12, wherein identifying theanatomical content of the image comprises putting image characterizationdata in an image data file.
14. A method as defined in claim 12, whereinidentifying the anatomical content of the image comprises automaticallyidentifying anatomical content with a computer.
15. A method as definedin claim 11, wherein image characterization data identifies a purpose ofstudy of the image.
16. A method as defined in claim 11, wherein imagecharacterization data identifies a diagnostic value of the image.
17. Amethod as defined in claim 16, wherein identifying the diagnostic valueof the image comprises putting image characterization metadata on acomputer in an image data file.
18. A method as defined in claim 16,wherein identifying the diagnostic value of the image data comprisesautomatically identifying diagnostic value with a computer.
19. A methodas defined in claim 11, wherein the image source device is one of an MRIdevice, an x-ray device, a CT Scan device, a mammogram device, and asonogram device.
20. A method as defined in claim 11, further comprisingcompressing the data file using the selected compression rate.
21. Aprogram product comprising program code of machine readable media forcausing a machine to perform operations of: identifying an image sourcedevice associated with the image; identifying image characterizationdata associated with the image; and selecting a compression rate basedupon the image source device and the image characterization data.
22. Aprogram product as defined in claim 21, wherein image characterizationdata identifies an anatomical content of the image.
23. A programproduct as defined in claim 21, wherein image characterization dataidentifies a purpose of study of the image.
24. A program product asdefined in claim 21 wherein image characterization data identifies adiagnostic value of the source of the image.
25. A program product asdefined in claim 21, wherein the image source device is one of an MRIdevice, an x-ray device, a CT Scan device, a mammogram device, and asonogram device.
26. A program product as defined in claim 21, furthercomprising compressing the data file using the selected compressionrate..
| 22,128
|
US-201815952014-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,018
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,974
| 7,352
|
FIGS. 34 and 35 show a device 3400 having a reservoir 3404, a flat handle 3402, and a stem 3406 connecting the reservoir 3404 and the handle 3402. In FIG. 34 the handle 3402 is shown in front view, while in FIG. 35 the handle 3402 is shown in side view. Typically the stem 3406 is solid, as opposed to being hollow, in the embodiment shown. The stem can be, for example, round or flat. If flat, it can be as wide, for example, as the width of the reservoir 3404. During use a bottle of medication is positioned at opening 3410 at the top of the device 3400, and one or more drops of medication is dripped or sprayed (or otherwise added) to the reservoir 3404. This medication collects at the bottom of the reservoir 3404 and can then be poured or squeezed into a patient's ear (see FIGS. 38 and 39, showing a modified version of device 3400 without stem or handle but similar mode of operation). With this design, delivery of the medication is typically by pouring rather than squeezing. In an embodiment, the device 3400 can be configured to dispense an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.05 ml to 0.5 ml. In an embodiment, the device can be configured to dispense an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.05 ml to 1 ml. In an embodiment, the device 3400 can be configured to dispense an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.05 ml to 5 ml.
FIGS. 36 and 37 show a stemless design wherein device 3600 includes a single reservoir 3602, typically elongate, with an opening 3610. Bottle 1000 is representative of bottles commercially available for storing and dispensing medications for a patient's ear, and is used to deliver medication 3608 into the reservoir 3602. FIGS. 38 and 39 show the stemless design of device 3600, which is placed in the outer ear and squeezed to deliver the medication into the inner ear. Alternatively the medication can be delivered by tipping the ear into a more upward orientation, with the device 3600 rotated so that opening 3610 is pointing downward so that the medication 3608 collects near the opening 3610 and either flows by gravity into the ear, or is assisted by squeezing of the reservoir 3602 to provide pressure and air flow to direct the medication into the ear.
FIG. 40 is a perspective view of a device 4000 for dispensing medication, according to an alternative embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006.
The second bulb 4004 is configured to receive a liquid medication. For example, the liquid can be dispensed into the hollow bulb 4004 via a bottle of liquid, similar to the method shown and described in connection with FIGS. 26 and 27. Other methods of dispensing liquid into the bulb 4004 are contemplated, such as insertion of liquid into the hollow bulb 4004 using a syringe.
The bulb 4002 is filled with fluid. In one embodiment, the bulb 4002 is filled mostly with a volume of air. The bulb 4002 may alternatively be filled with both air and liquid, or only with a volume of liquid. The bulb 4004 is filled with fluid. In one embodiment, the bulb 4004 is filled mostly with a volume of liquid. The bulb 4004 may alternatively be filled with both air and liquid, or only with a volume of air.
In one embodiment, it is desirable to prevent liquid from entering the bulb 4002. In this case, the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 may be narrowed. In an embodiment, the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 may be smaller than about 0.10 inches. The stem 4006 may alternatively be smaller than about 0.060 inches. The stem 4006 may alternatively be smaller than about 0.040 inches. The stem 4006 may alternatively be smaller than about 0.020 inches. If the diameter of the hollow stem 4006 cannot be sufficiently narrowed during the manufacturing process, an insert may be put into or near the opening of the hollow stem 4006. The insert may be an O-ring or a plug. In an embodiment, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.10 inches. Alternatively, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.060 inches. Alternatively, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.040 inches. Alternatively, the insert may narrow the internal diameter of the hollow stem 4006 to be smaller than about 0.020 inches. The insert may be placed into the hollow stem 4006 during manufacture of the device 4000, or may be placed after manufacture. The insert may be fused to the hollow stem 4006. The small diameter of the insert will limit the amount of fluid flow from bulb 4004 into bulb 4002.
Alternatively, a valve could be inserted into or near the hollow stem 4006. The valve prevents fluid in bulb 4004 from passing through the hollow stem 4006 into the bulb 4002, while allowing fluid to flow from the bulb 4002 into the bulb 4004. The valve may be a flap, a one-way valve, a check-valve, or another type of suitable valve. In an embodiment, pressure applied to the bulb, such as by squeezing the bulb 4002 with the fingers, actuates the valve, allowing fluid, such as air, to pass from bulb 4002 through the hollow stem 4006 and into the bulb 4004, while preventing fluid in bulb 4004 from passing through hollow stem 4006 and into the bulb 4002.
The first bulb 4002 is configured to be compressible. For example, the bulb 4002 can be compressed between a user's two fingers. Compressing the bulb 4002 puts pressure on the fluid inside of the bulb, which causes the fluid to exit the bulb 4002 through the hollow stem 4006 and flow into the second hollow bulb 4004. The pressure may then cause fluid in the second bulb 4004 to exit the opening 4010, allowing liquid medication to be propelled into a patient's ear canal in a similar manner to that shown and described in relation to FIG. 33.
The device 4000 may also comprise support members 4021, 4022. The support members 4021, 4022 may be disposed on each side of the hollow stem 4006. The support members 4021, 4022 span the gap between bulb 4002 and bulb 4004, connecting the two bulbs and providing stability. In one embodiment the support members 4021, 4022 are flat and define a plane that intersects the stem 4006. In alternative embodiments, the support members 4021, 4022 could be disposed such that they do not define a plane. It is contemplated that in alternative embodiments there could be more than two support members. In some embodiments, device 4000 can be monolithic, such that the first bulb 4002, the second bulb 4004, the stem 4006, and the support members 4021, 4022 are formed or created together or from a single piece of polymer. The device 4000 can be monolithic, such that the device 4000 is a single continuous piece of polymer. In various embodiments, the device 4000 can be configured such that no part of the device can fall off, separate, or become lodged within the patient's ear canal.
In various embodiments, the device 4000 can be made from a polymer, such as a transparent or translucent polymer (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and combinations thereof), and can, for example, be made using injection or blow molding techniques. Rubber is also a suitable material for some implementations. A transparent or translucent polymer can allow a person to see into the inner portions of the device 4000, such as to determine if there is liquid in the second bulb 4004 or how much liquid is in the second bulb 4004. In various embodiments, the device 4000 can include polystyrene or polyethylene.
FIG. 41 is a side view of the device 4000. FIG. 41 shows that the first bulb 4002 and the second bulb 4004 are separated by a gap 4130, but connected by the stem 4006. FIG. 41 also shows the outside edge of support member 4022. The support members 4021, 4022 form a plane, and therefore only one edge of the support member 4022 can be seen from the side view perspective.
FIG. 42 is a top view of the device 4000. The support members 4021, 4022 are seen on both sides of the hollow stem 4006. The support members 4021, 4022 span the gap between first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 42, the support members 4021, 4022 and the stem 4006 are in contact with the stem 4006. In alternative embodiments, the support members 4021, 4022 could be configured so that the support members 4021, 4022 are not in contact with the stem 4006 (e.g., there could be a gap between the support members 4021, 4022 and the stem 4006).
In an embodiment, the stem 4006 and support members 4021, 4022 flexibly couples the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004. As can be seen in FIG. 42, the support members 4021, 4022 provide stability to prevent the stem 4006 from moving in the side-to-side direction. However, as can be seen in FIG. 41, the support members 4021, 4022 do not provide stability in the up/down direction. This can be seen more clearly in FIG. 43.
FIG. 43 is side view of a device 4300 with a stem 4306 that flexibly couples a first hollow bulb 4302 and a second hollow bulb 4304. The device 4300 can be similar to the device 4000, shown and described in connection with FIGS. 40-42. The device 4300 can have support members. FIG. 43 shows a support member 4322 in profile. The support member 4322 is similar to the support member 4022 in FIGS. 40-42. The support members 4322 and the stem 4306 of device 4300 is formed of a material that is sufficiently flexible to allow the first bulb 4302 and second bulb 4304 to move relative to one another. Preferably, the support members 4322 provide a restricted range of motion, so as to provide stability and durability to the stem 4306 while still allowing the bulb 4302 and bulb 4304 to move relative to each other. For example, the support members 4322 may limit the motion to be in a single plane of motion.
When the device 4300 is in its resting state, the stem 4306 is straight, similar to the stem 4006 in FIG. 41. When the second bulb 4304 is inserted into the ear, however, the stem 4306 can bend as shown in FIG. 43. This allows the second bulb 4304 to follow the natural bend of the ear canal upon insertion. This provides improved comfort for the patient, and increases the ability to direct the flow of liquid medication into the correct location in the patient's ear.
FIG. 44 is perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an alternative embodiment. The body of the device may be similar to that described in connection with FIGS. 40-43, however, the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 44 is not so limited.
The device 4400 has a first hollow bulb 4402 and a second hollow bulb 4404 which are connected by a hollow stem, similar to the stem 4006 of FIGS. 40-42. The hollow stem allows fluid, such as liquid or air, to pass from the first hollow bulb 4402 into the second hollow bulb 4404 when the first bulb 4402 is compressed. The device 4400 may include support members 4420 that span a gap 4430 between the first bulb 4402 and second bulb 4404.
Inserting liquid medication into a patient's ear can cause the air pressure in the ear to increase. This happens, for example, when air is not allowed to enter or exit the ear canal when inserting the liquid. The liquid displaces the volume of air in the ear canal, increasing the air pressure. This can cause discomfort to the patient, and even potential damage to the ear drum.
To prevent the increase of air pressure inside the patient's ear when liquid is propelled out of the tip 4410 of the bulb 4400 into the ear canal, the bulb 4404 has one or more grooves 4450 along the outside surface of the bulb 4404. The grooves 4450 extend along the bulb 4404 between the gap 4430 and the tip 4410 of the bulb 4404. The grooves 4450 of FIG. 44 are substantially straight, without curvature. The grooves prevent the device 4400 from creating an airtight seal when the second bulb 4404 is inserted into a patient's ear canal. Air can flow freely in and out of the ear canal through the grooves. When liquid is propelled into the patient's ear canal through the tip 4410 of the second bulb 4404, the liquid displaces air within the ear canal, but the air can escape through the grooves 4450. Thus the grooves 4450 regulate the air pressure in the ear canal. This allows for greater propulsion of liquid into the ear canal, and more effective delivery of liquid medication.
FIG. 45 is perspective view of a device 4500 for dispensing medication, according to an alternative embodiment. Like the device 4400, the device 4500 has a first hollow bulb 4502, second hollow bulb 4504, a hollow stem connecting the bulbs 4502, 4504, optional support member 4520, and a gap 4530 between the first bulb 4502 and second bulb 4504. Device 4500 also has grooves 4550 extending from the gap 4530 toward the tip 4510 of the second bulb 4504. In the embodiment of FIG. 45, the grooves 4550 are not straight, but are curved slightly in a helical direction around the axis of the second bulb 4504. The grooves 4550 regulate air pressure in the ear canal in a similar manner to the grooves 4450 in the embodiment of FIG. 44. Because the groove 4550 is curved helically around the surface of the second bulb 4504, the cross-sectional area available for passage of air into and out of the ear canal is slightly increased compared to the straight groove 4450.
FIG. 46 demonstrates the device 4300 being inserted into a patient's ear canal 4601.
FIG. 47A is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006.
Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006. The second bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has an X-shape, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also providing resistance to fluid flow back out through the fill port 4030. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out of bulb 4002, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010. The fill port 4030 is optionally a raised or protruding area of the bulb 4002. In the depicted example embodiment the fill port 4030 is shown in a recessed area 4030A, this recessed area 4030A has a benefit of making it easier for a medical professional to locate the fill port 4030 tactually (such as by rolling the device between their fingers once medicine has been added, without looking at the device, thereby allowing them to make sure they have covered the fill port 4030 with their finger when pinching the device to administer the medication).
FIG. 47B is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006. The second bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has a U-shape, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also providing resistance to fluid flow back out through the fill port 4030. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 47C is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006.
The bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has an U-shape, opposite to the one shown in FIG. 47B, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also providing resistance to fluid flow back out through the fill port 4030. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 47D is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006. The second bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has opening allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 47E is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment. The device has a first hollow bulb 4002 and a second hollow bulb 4004 connected by a hollow stem 4006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 4010 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 4004. Both the bulb 4002 and bulb 4004 have openings connected to hollow stem 4006 such that the first bulb 4002 and second bulb 4004 are in fluid communication via stem 4006. Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 4006.
The bulb 4002 is filled with a liquid by way of fill port 4030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 4030 has valve 4032, shown in simplified form such as a silicone valve allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 4002, but also preventing fluid flow back out through the fill port. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 4030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the fluid from flowing back out, and to allow pressure to develop in the second bulb 4002 to propel fluids through the bulb 4004 and out the tip 4010.
FIG. 48A is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication according to an embodiment, the device comprising a two part design, the two parts shown separated. The design includes a sheath 4802 plus a bulb 4804. Bulb 4804 also includes an elongate exit tube 4803. These parts are shown combined in FIG. 48B. The sheath 4802 that is applied over the exit tube 4803 and secured in place with a glue or with an interlocking male/female features. The exit tube 4803 can optionally have a much smaller diameter than the opening 4810 on the sheath. A smaller tip help atomizes drops and helps propel drops more with added velocity, potentially increasing ear drop dose delivery. The tip of the sheath 4802 can be of varying lengths and inner/outer diameters. The inner diameter of the exit tube 4803 can optionally be no less than 1 mm to make gas sterilization at a hospital/surgery center easy and affordable. The inner diameter of exit tube 4803 can be as small as 0.2 mm in other implementations, such as for sterilization by radiation. The diameter of the opening 4810 in the sheath can be much larger, such as 7 mm. The tip length of the exit tube 4803 can be varied, such as 1 mm to 30 mm. In some implementations it extends outside of the opening 4810 of the sheath 4802. Typically there is a gap between the sheath 4802 and the end of the bulb 4804 to allow for pivoting of the sheath 4802 and 4804 relative to one another. The length is typically not so long as to touch the ear drum, thus avoiding trauma to the ear drum. The tip can be of material soft enough (low density polyethylene) and would have rounded edges to avoid discomfort or trauma to the ear canal skin. This tip helps aid in getting drops even further in the ear canal of the smallest ear canals, (the vented and conical shape portion of the device assure no one could insert the thin tip far enough to reach the ear drum). In some implementations a locking mechanism on exit tube 4803 can fit into a female portion of the sheath 4802 to secure the exit tube 4803 and sheath 4802 together. Optionally the sheath 4802 will have a hollow shaft that is just larger than the stem of exit tube 4803.
FIG. 49 is a perspective view of a device 4900 for dispensing medication, according to an embodiment, with an elongate tip 4906. The elongated tip 4906 is long enough to go through a hole (myringotomy, perforation, ear tube) so that medicine can be applied directly into the middle ear. This attribute is useful in some embodiments for delivering drugs (such as Otiprio) that are administered as a delayed release drug—via a syringe and long needle—directly into the middle ear. The drops with this long tip can be administered directly by a doctor under aid of an operating microscope.
FIG. 50 is a perspective view of a device 5000 for dispensing medication. The device has a first hollow bulb 5002 and a second hollow bulb 5004 connected by an elongate hollow stem 5006. The second hollow bulb has an opening 5010 at one end to allow to fluid flow out of the bulb 5004. Both the bulb 5002 and bulb 5004 have openings connected to hollow stem 5006 such that the first bulb 5002 and second bulb 5004 are in fluid communication via stem 5006.
Fluids such as air or liquid can pass from one bulb to the other bulb through stem 5006. Liquid medication is added to second bulb 5002 by way of fill port 5030. In the embodiment shown the fill port 5030 has an oval opening, allowing for insertion of a tip of a bottle into the bulb 5002. Generally a finger is placed over fill port 5030 when administering fluids so as to prevent the liquid medication from flowing back out of bulb 5002, and to allow air pressure to develop in the first bulb 5002 to propel fluids through the second bulb 5004 and out the tip 5010. The fill port 5030 is optionally a raised or protruding area of the bulb 5002.
FIG. 51 is a perspective view of the device 5000 for dispensing medication according to FIG. 50, showing the end bent for insertion of the second bulb 5005 into a patient's outer ear. Also shown is a vent 5008 in the second bulb 5004. These vents 5008 are such that insertion of the second bulb 5004 into a patient's outer ear does not create an air tight seal. As a result, excess pressure does not build up inside the ear when air and medicine is directed into the ear by contraction of first bulb 5002, even when that contraction of bulb 5002 is rapid and forceful. The ability of the first and second bulbs to move freely with regard to orientation of each other allows for application of medication into the inner ear without having the patient tilt his or head until the ear canal is pointing upright as is necessary with standard ear drops.
Benefits of this improved design can be seen in FIG. 52, which is a perspective view of the device 5000 for dispensing medication according to FIG. 50, showing the tip bent for insertion of the end of the second bulb 5004 into a patient's outer ear, and with medication 5040 collecting in the bottom 5003 of the first bulb 5002. The bottom 5003 of the first bulb 5002 has a tapered end leading into the hollow stem 5006. This tapered bottom 5003 is beneficial because it allows medication to collect in a small space leading directly into the hollow stem 5006 so that upon compression of the first bulb 5002, the expulsion of air from the first bulb 5002 will propel the mediation through the stem 5006, through the second bulb 5004, and out the opening 5010. Indicia can be added to the bottom 5003 of the first bulb 5002 to measure medication.
FIGS. 53 and 54 show the result of squeezing the first bulb 5002. In FIG. 53 the bulb 5002 is partially squeezed, with an initial volume of the medication 5040 having left the second bulb 5002, passed through the stem 5006 and second bulb 5004, and thereafter out the opening 5010. It will be observed that that in this manner the medication can be delivered horizontally out the device 5000, even while the top of the device 5000, in particular first bulb 5002, is kept vertical. FIG. 54 shows the remainder of the medication 5040 having been discharged as first bulb 5002 is further squeezed (opening 5030 would be covered so pressure can build up in bulb 5002).
Also, it will be observed that the present construction allows for the medication to be delivered in very small drops, much like a spray or mist, because typically a much greater amount of air is discharged than liquid. In this manner, the liquid is carried out by the air. The air pressure itself within the ear can be kept at a low differential to atmospheric air because, in part, of the relatively small volumes of air but also the venting provided by vent 5008 (see labeled vent in FIG. 50).
In an example implementation, approximately 1 mil of air is expelled from device 5000, while 0.1 mil of medication is discharged.
It will be understood that in some implementations the stem 5006 extends all the way through the second bulb 5004, and the stem 5006 terminates near the opening 5010 in the second bulb 5004. Thus, in some implementations medication passes through the interior of bulb 5004 without contacting the bulb. In this regard the bulb 5004 can be just a funnel-shaped addition to the device 5000, fitting over the end of the stem 5006.
FIG. 55 is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, including a two-part design with an end configured with a narrow end extension. The device has a first hollow bulb 5502 and a second hollow bulb 5504 connected by an elongate hollow stem 5506. The second hollow bulb has an opening 5510 at one end to allow fluid flow out of the bulb 5504. Both the bulb 5502 and bulb 5504 have openings connected to hollow stem 5506 such that the first bulb 5502 and second bulb 5504 are in fluid communication via stem 5506. The second bulb 5504 can travel back and forth along the stem 5506 in the direction A=A′, often to various set locations such as with notches, and as such the end 5518 at the tip 5516 of the stem 5506 can extend further beyond the opening 5510 at the second bulb 5504. Typically the end 5518 is a soft material. This configuration allows, for example, medication to be delivered deeper and with more focus into the inner ear, typically by a medical professional.
FIG. 56 is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, showing a device with gradations on the side.
FIG. 57 is a perspective view of a device for dispensing medication, showing a two-part configuration with a removable tip and a connector for securing the tip to the rest of the dispenser.
It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture of two or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
It should also be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the phrase “configured” describes a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration to. The phrase “configured” can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases such as arranged and configured, constructed and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, and the like.
All publications and patent applications in this specification are indicative of the level of ordinary skill in the art to which this technology pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated by reference.
The technology has been described with reference to various specific and preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications may be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the technology.
1.-13. (canceled)
14. A device for the dispensing of liquids, comprising: a first hollow bulb, wherein the first hollow bulb is compressible; a second hollow bulb; and a hollow stem comprising a first end and a second end, wherein the first hollow bulb is coupled to the first end and the second hollow bulb is coupled to the second end; wherein the second hollow bulb defines an opening opposite from the hollow stem; wherein the first hollow bulb is in fluid communication with the second hollow bulb; wherein the second end of the hollow stem terminates within the second hollow bulb.
15. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the second end of the hollow stem is tapered.
16. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the opening is a slit.
17. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the opening comprises two perpendicular slits.
18. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the second hollow bulb comprises volumetric indicia.
19. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the stem is flexible.
20. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the opening is defined by a rounded surface of the second hollow bulb.
21. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the stem is enclosed within the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb.
22. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the first hollow bulb, second hollow bulb, and the hollow stem comprise a transparent polymer. 23.-26. (canceled)
27. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the stem has a circular cross-section.
28. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the first bulb and the second bulb have circular cross-sections.
29. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the first bulb has a length substantially equal to the length of the second bulb.
30. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the length of the stem is greater than the length of the first bulb or the second bulb. 31.-36. (canceled)
37. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the device has a total length of at least 1 cm and not more than 10 cm.
38. The device for the dispensing of liquids according to claim 14, wherein the device is configured to discharge an amount of fluid that ranges from 0.5 ml to 5 ml. 39.-57. (canceled)
58. A device for dispensing fluids, the device comprising: a compressible first hollow bulb; a second hollow bulb having a bulb tip for dispensing fluid; and a groove along the surface of the second hollow bulb, the groove extending from the bulb tip.
59. The device of claim 58, wherein the groove is curved.
60. The device of claim 58, wherein the second hollow bulb further comprises an axis and the curve is at least partially helical around the axis.
61. (canceled)
62. A device for dispensing fluids, the device comprising: a compressible first hollow bulb; a second hollow bulb; a gap between the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb; and a stem coupling the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb, the stem providing fluid flow between the first hollow bulb and the second hollow bulb; wherein the stem allows for bending of the first and second bulbs relative to one another such that the first hollow bulb is substantially vertical and the second hollow bulb is substantially horizontal..
| 22,764
|
2013/92013E006284/92013E006284_EN.txt_33
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,013
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,996
| 11,682
|
(458) Conclusiones del Consejo Europeo, EUCO 104/2/13, p. 4.
(459) 10025/13.
(460) European Council Conclusions, EUCO 104/2/13, p. 4.
(461) Véase el documento 11505/1/13.
(462) DO L 306 de 23.11.2011, p. 12.
(463) Véase el documento 11336/13.
(464) See 11505/1/13.
(465) OJ L 306, 23.11.2011, p. 12.
(466) See 11336/13.
(467) COM(2011) 851.
(468) COM(2011) 851.
(469) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:146:SOM:DE:HTML
(470) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:145:SOM:DE:HTML
(471) http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-555_de.htm
(472) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:146:SOM:EN:HTML
(473) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:145:SOM:EN:HTML
(474) http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-555_en.htm
(475) http://migrant.diktio.org/el/node/277
(476) https://www.avgi.gr/article/395492/mpoulout-giaila-apixthi-ton-perasan-paranoma-ta-sunora-kai-krateitai-stin-tourkia-me-autokinito-tis-elas-egine-i-apagogi
(477) http://migrant.diktio.org/el/node/277.
(478) https://www.avgi.gr/article/395492/mpoulout-giaila-apixthi-ton-perasan-paranoma-ta-sunora-kai-krateitai-stin-tourkia-me-autokinito-tis-elas-egine-i-apagogi.
(479) OJ L 197, 21.7.2001.
(480) Directive 2007/60/EC, OJ L 288, 6.11.2007.
(481) Directive 2000/60/EC, OJ L 327, 22.12.2000.
(482) See Commission Communication COM(2013) 249 on Green Infrastructure (GI) — Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/).
(483) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/better_options.htm
(484) EU Report on Telecommunications Market and Regulatory Developments (2012) [Rapport de l'UE sur le marché des télécommunications et les évolutions réglementaires (2012)]:.
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/Telecom_Horizontal_Chapter.pdf
(485) BEREC Report on best practices to facilitate consumer switching (2010) [Rapport de l'ORECE sur les bonnes pratiques visant à faciliter le changement de fournisseur (2010)]:.
http://berec.europa.eu/doc/berec/bor_10_34_rev1.pdf
(486) EU Report on Telecommunications Market and Regulatory Developments (2012):.
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/Telecom_Horizontal_Chapter.pdf
(487) BEREC Report on best practices to facilitate consumer switching (2010):.
http://berec.europa.eu/doc/berec/bor_10_34_rev1.pdf
(488) JO L 26 du 28.1.2012.
(489) http://www.unece.org/fr/env/eia/eia_f.html
(490) OJ L 26, 28.1.2012.
(491) http://www.unece.org/env/eia/eia.html
(492) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/fr/parliamentary-questions.html
(493) Directive 2009/125/CE relative à l'écoconception.
(494) Directive 2005/29/CE relative aux pratiques commerciales déloyales.
(495) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(496) Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC.
(497) Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices.
(498) COM(2011)650.
(499) COM(2011)650.
(500) COM(2013) 447 final.
(501) COM(2013) 447 final.
(502) COM(2013)169 final.
(503) COM(2013) 169 final.
(504) „Staying engaged: A Sustainability Compact for continous improvements in labour rights and factory safety in the Ready-Made Garment and Knitwear Industry in Bangladesh”; http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/juli/tradoc_151601.pdf
(505) Mededeling „Een vernieuwde EU-strategie voor maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen 2011-2014”; COM(2011) 682 definitief.
(506) ‘Staying engaged: A Sustainability Compact for continuous improvements in labour rights and factory safety in the Ready-Made Garment and Knitwear Industry in Bangladesh’; http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/july/tradoc_151601.pdf
(507) Communication ‘A renewed EU strategy for Corporate Social Responsibility 2011-2014’; COM(2011) 682 final.
(508) Reglamento (CE) n° 1935/2004 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 27 de octubre de 2004, sobre los materiales y objetos destinados a entrar en contacto con alimentos y por el que se derogan las Directivas 80/590/CEE y 89/109/CEE, DO L 338 de 13.11.2004, p. 4.
(509) La hoja de ruta puede consultarse en http://ec.europa.eu/governance/impact/planned_ia/docs/2014_sanco_005_fcm_specific_provisions_for_materials_other_than_plastics_en.pdf
(510) Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC, OJ L 338, 13.11.2004, p. 4.
(511) Roadmap available at http://ec.europa.eu/governance/impact/planned_ia/docs/2014_sanco_005_fcm_specific_provisions_for_materials_other_than_plastics_en.pdf
(512) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html?tabType=wq#sidesForm.
(513) COM(2011) 681.
(514) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html?tabType=wq#sidesForm
(515) COM(2011) 681.
(516) http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/finservices-retail/docs/inclusion/20130506-proposal_en.pdf
(517) http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/finservices-retail/docs/inclusion/20130506-proposal_en.pdf
(518) COM(2013) 236 of 26.4.13.
(519) COM(2013) 236 of 26.4.13.
(520) Id-Direttiva 95/46/KE tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill tal-24 ta' Ottubru 1995 dwar il-protezzjoni tal-individwi fir-rigward tal-ipproċessar ta' data personali u dwar il-moviment liberu ta' dik id-data, ĠU L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.
(521) Special Eurobarometer (EB) 359, Data Protection and Electronic Identity in the EU (2011): http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_359_en.pdf.
(522) COM (2012) 11.
(523) Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L 281, 23.11.1995, p. 31.
(524) Special Eurobarometer (EB) 359, Data Protection and Electronic Identity in the EU (2011): http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_359_en.pdf
(525) COM(2012) 11.
(526) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/it/parliamentary-questions.html
(527) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(528) http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/jha/136985.pdf
(529) http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/136985.pdf
(530) http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-198_en.htm
(531) http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/13session/A.HRC.RES.13.16_AEV.pdf
(532) http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A.HRC.RES.16.18_en.pdf
(533) Non-governmental organisations.
(534) http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-12-198_en.htm
(535) http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/13session/A.HRC.RES.13.16_AEV.pdf
(536) http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A.HRC.RES.16.18_en.pdf
(537) COM(2012) 669.
(538) http://euskillspanorama.ec.europa.eu
(539) http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1036
(540) COM(2012) 669.
(541) http://euskillspanorama.ec.europa.eu.
(542) http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1036.
(543) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(544) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(545) http://www.eurosion.org/index.html
(546) http://www.eurosion.org/index.html
(547) Directiva 2007/36/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de julio de 2007, sobre el ejercicio de determinados derechos de los accionistas de sociedades cotizadas (14.7.2007).
(548) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/es/parliamentary-questions.html
(549) Directive 2007/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the exercise of certain rights of shareholders in listed companies (14.7.2007).
(550) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(551) Données de mai 2013 de la direction générale de l'énergie de la Commission européenne:
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/oil/doc/prices/map/2013_05_13_taxation_oil_prices.pdf
(552) European Commission's DG Energy data from May 2013: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/observatory/oil/doc/prices/map/2013_05_13_taxation_oil_prices.pdf
(553) Directive 2006/7, JO L 64 du 4.3.2006.
(554) Directive 91/271/CEE (JO L 135 du 30.5.1991).
(555) Voir, par exemple, le document de travail des services de la Commission SWD (2012) 393 final, «Bilan de qualité de la politique de l'UE en ce qui concerne l'eau douce».
(556) Directive 2006/7, OJ L 64/37, 4.3.2006.
(557) Directive 91/271, OJ L 135, 30.5.1991.
(558) See, for instance, the Commission Staff Working Paper SWD(2012) 393 final, ‘The Fitness Check of EU Freshwater Policy’.
(559) Règlement (UE) n° 513/2013 de la Commission du 4 juin 2013 instituant un droit antidumping provisoire sur les importations de modules photovoltaïques en silicium cristallin et leurs composants essentiels (cellules et wafers) originaires ou en provenance de la République populaire de Chine et modifiant le règlement (UE) n° 182/2013 soumettant à enregistrement ces importations originaires ou en provenance de la République populaire de Chine, JO L 152 du 5.6.2013.
(560) Commission Regulation (EU) No 513/2013 of 4 June 2013 imposing a provisional anti-dumping duty on imports of crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules and key components (i.e. cells and wafers) originating in or consigned from the People’s Republic of China and amending Regulation (EU) No 182/2013 making these imports originating in or consigned from the People’s Republic of China subject to registration, OJ L 152, 5.6.2013.
(561) JOIN(2013)1 def.
(562) COM(2013)48 def.
(563) JOIN(2013) 1 final.
(564) COM(2013) 48 final.
(565) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/it/parliamentary-questions.html
(566) http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/13/st09/st09963.en13.pdf — adottato dal Consiglio GAI il 6-7 giugno 2013, non ancora pubblicato nella GU.
(567) Decisione n. 1150/2007/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 25 settembre 2007 , che istituisce per il periodo 2007-2013 il programma specifico Prevenzione e informazione in materia di droga nell'ambito del programma generale Diritti fondamentali e giustizia. GU L 257 del 3.10.2007, pag. 23-29.
(568) Decisione n. 1350/2007/CE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 23 ottobre 2007, che istituisce un secondo programma d'azione comunitaria in materia di salute (2008-2013), GU L 301 del 20.11.2007.
(569) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(570) http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/13/st09/st09963.en13.pdf — adopted by the JHA Council on 6-7 June 2013, not published in the OJ yet.
(571) Decision No 1150/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 September 2007 establishing for the period 2007-2013 the Specific Programme Drug prevention and information as part of the General Programme Fundamental Rights and Justice. OJ L 257, 3.10.2007, p. 23‐29.
(572) Decision No 1350/2007/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 establishing a second programme of Community action in the field of health (2008-2013), OJ L 301, 20.11.2007.
(573) ΕΕ C 319 της 27.12.2006.
(574) ΕΕ L 358 της 16.12.2006.
(575) ΕΕ L 337 της 21.12.2007.
(576) OJ C 319, 27.12.2006.
(577) OJ L 358, 16.12, 2006.
(578) OJ L 337, 21.12.2007.
(579) JO L 268 du 18.10.2003.
(580) JO L 157 du 8.6.2013.
(581) OJ L 268, 18.10.2003.
(582) OJ L 157, 8.06.2013.
(583) COM(2011) 650 final.
(584) COM(2011) 665 final.
(585) COM(2011) 650 final.
(586) COM(2011) 665 final.
(587) COM(2010)352 final de 30.6.2010.
(588) 2010/2206(INI).
(589) http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/conferences/previous-etf/index_en.htm
(590) Como Comisario responsable de industria, emprendimiento y turismo, también me he dirigido con carácter periódico a los diputados al Parlamento Europeo con una carta y un resumen anual sobre los logros del año precedente en las áreas políticas de las que soy responsable.
(591) COM(2010)352 final of 30.06.2010.
(592) 2010/2206(INI.
(593) http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/conferences/previous-etf/index_en.htm
(594) As Commissioner responsible for industry, entrepreneurship and tourism, I have also regularly addressed the members of the European Parliament with an annual letter and overview on the previous year’s achievements in the policy areas under my responsibility.
(595) Documento 10025/13.
(596) Documento EUCO104/2/13 REV 2.
(597) Documento 6936/13.
(598) Documento EUCO 23/13.
(599) 10025/13.
(600) EUCO 104/2/13, p. 4.
(601) 6936/13.
(602) EUCO 23/13.
(603) Previsiones de primavera 2013 de la Comisión: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/eu/forecasts/2013_spring/es_en.pdf
(604) Commission's Spring Forecast 2013: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/eu/forecasts/2013_spring/es_en.pdf.
(605) http://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/flf/spm/133/svar/1025499/1211592/index.htm
(606) http://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/flf/spm/133/svar/1025499/1211592/index.htm
(607) EUT L 316 af 2.12.2009.
(608) http://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/flf/spm/133/svar/1025499/1211592/index.htm
(609) http://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/flf/spm/133/svar/1025499/1211592/index.htm
(610) OJ L 316, 2.12.2009.
(611) Έγγραφο εργασίας των υπηρεσιών της Επιτροπής για την αντιμετώπιση του προβλήματος των αστέγων στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση SWD (2013)42 τελικό.
(612) Commission Staff Working Document on Confronting Homelessness in the European Union SWD (2013)42 final.
(613) Με εξαίρεση τα ποσά που έχουν απορριφθεί πλήρως.
(614) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(615) Excluding fully rejected amounts.
(616) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(617) Commission Implementing Decision of 18.4.2013 on annual reports on non-discriminatory inspections carried out pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1255/97.
(618) Commission Implementing Decision of 18 April 2013 on annual reports on non-discriminatory inspections carried out pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 on the protection of animals during transport, 2013/188/EU. OJ L 111, 23.4.2013, p. 107.
(619) Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations. OJ L 3, 5.1.2005.
(620) Recitals (4) and (5) of Decision 2013/188/EU.
(621) Directive 2012/27/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 25 octobre 2012 relative à l'efficacité énergétique, modifiant les directives 2009/125/CE et 2010/30/UE et abrogeant les directives 2004/8/CE et 2006/32/CE, JO L n° 315, p. 1.
(622) Directive 2010/31/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 mai 2010 sur la performance énergétique des bâtiments (refonte), JO L 153 du 18.6.2010, p. 13.
(623) Directive 2010/30/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 mai 2010 concernant l'indication, par voie d'étiquetage et d'informations uniformes relatives aux produits, de la consommation en énergie et en autres ressources des produits liés à l'énergie (refonte), JO L 153 du 18.6.2010, p. 1.
(624) Directive 2010/30/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 mai 2010 concernant l'indication, par voie d'étiquetage et d'informations uniformes relatives aux produits, de la consommation en énergie et en autres ressources des produits liés à l'énergie (refonte), JO L 153 du 18.6.2010, p. 1.
(625) Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC — OJ L 351, p. 1.
(626) Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast) — OJ L 153, 18.6.2010 , p. 13.
(627) Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products (recast) — OJ L 153, 18.6.2010, p. 1.
(628) Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products (recast) — OJ L 153, 18.6.2010, p. 1.
(629) SWD(2012)452 def., pagg. 15-17.
(630) SWD(2012) 452 final, pp. 15-17.
(631) Direttiva 2006/54/CE del 5 luglio 2006 riguardante l'attuazione del principio delle pari opportunità e della parità di trattamento fra uomini e donne in materia di occupazione e impiego (rifusione) (GU L 204 del 26 luglio 2006, pag. 23).
(632) Articolo 27, in combinato disposto con l'articolo 25 del codice italiano sulla parità di trattamento (decreto legislativo n. 198 dell'11 aprile 2006).
(633) Directive 2006/54/EC of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast) (OJ L 204 of 26 July 2006, p. 23).
(634) Article 27 in conjunction with Article 25 of the Italian Equal treatment code (Legislative Decree of 11 April 2006 n.198).
(635) http://ec.europa.eu/contracts_grants/index_it.htm
(636) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/index.htm
(637) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ngos/index_en.htm
(638) http://ec.europa.eu/contracts_grants/index_en.htm
(639) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/index.htm
(640) http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ngos/index_en.htm
(641) Regulamento (EU) n.° 605/2013 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 12 de junho de 2013 , que altera o Regulamento (CE) n.° 1185/2003 do Conselho relativo à remoção das barbatanas de tubarões a bordo dos navios (JO L 181 de 29.6.2013, p. 1).
(642) OJ 29.6.2013 L181/1 REGULATION (EU) No 605/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 June 2013 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 1185/2003 on the removal of fins of sharks on board vessels.
(643) EYVL L 332, 28.12.2000.
(644) OJ L 332, 28.12.2000.
(645) http://corporateeurope.org/news/olafs-leaked-dalligate-report-underlines-need-end-tobacco-lobbyist-role-eu-ethics-adviser
Citaat: „Mr. Petite is the former head of the Commission's Legal Service who went through the revolving door to work for Clifford Chance, a lobbying-law-firm with corporate clients such as tobacco giant Phillip Morris. OLAF's investigation report on the case around ex-Commissioner Dalli, leaked last week, has provided further evidence on Petite's work for the tobacco industry. The report shows that Petite had a central role in the events that led to Dalli's forced resignation (under yet to be clarified circumstances, following bribery accusations) in mid-October 2012. Petite assisted tobacco company Swedish Match in submitting the complaint that triggered the OLAF investigation into the Dalli case, using his access to the Commission's Secretary-General Catherine Day, a former colleague at the European Commission. It had previously been revealed that Mr Petite held meetings with his former colleagues in the Legal Service to advise on the EU's Tobacco Products Directive, whilst having tobacco company Phillip Morris International as a client. Petite's work for Swedish Match (and Phillip Morris) creates serious conflicts of interest that make his membership of the ad hoc ethical committee politically untenable.”.
(646) http://corporateeurope.org/news/olafs-leaked-dalligate-report-underlines-need-end-tobacco-lobbyist-role-eu-ethics-adviser
Quote: ‘Mr Petite is the former head of the Commission's Legal Service who went through the revolving door to work for Clifford Chance, a lobbying-law-firm with corporate clients such as tobacco giant Phillip Morris. OLAF's investigation report on the case around ex-Commissioner Dalli, leaked last week, has provided further evidence on Petite's work for the tobacco industry. The report shows that Petite had a central role in the events that led to Dalli's forced resignation (under yet to be clarified circumstances, following bribery accusations) in mid-October 2012. Petite assisted tobacco company Swedish Match in submitting the complaint that triggered the OLAF investigation into the Dalli case, using his access to the Commission's Secretary-General Catherine Day, a former colleague at the European Commission. It had previously been revealed that Mr Petite held meetings with his former colleagues in the Legal Service to advise on the EU's Tobacco Products Directive, whilst having tobacco company Phillip Morris International as a client. Petite's work for Swedish Match (and Phillip Morris) creates serious conflicts of interest that make his membership of the ad hoc ethical committee politically untenable.’.
(647) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:140:0011:0023:EN:PDF
(648) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:140:0011:0023:EN:PDF
(649) Fuente UNESA «Informe Eléctrico y Memoria Eléctrica 2011». UNESA es la asociación de las mayores compañías eléctricas españolas: Endesa, Iberdrola, Gas Natural-Fenosa, HC Energía y E.On España.
(650) Fuente UNESA.
(651) Source UNESA ‘Informe Eléctrico y Memoria Eléctrica 2011’. UNESA is the association of the largest electricity companies in Spain: Endesa, Iberdrola, Gas Natural-Fenosa, HC Energia, E.On Espana.
(652) Source UNESA.
(653) «Calypso» se puso en marcha como una acción preparatoria de tres años en 2009. Desde 2012, las acciones relativas a Calypso se cofinancian con recursos adecuados en el contexto del Programa para la Iniciativa Empresarial y la Innovación. Puede obtenerse más información sobre la iniciativa Calypso en: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/calypso/index_es.htm
(654) http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/contracts-grants/calls-for-proposals/index_es.htm
(655) Puede obtenerse más información sobre la plataforma e-Calypso en: http://www.ecalypso.eu/steep/public/index.jsf
(656) Para más información: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/accessibility/index_es.htm
(657) ‘Calypso’ was launched as a three-year preparatory action in 2009. Since 2012, Calypso-related actions are co-financed with appropriate resources under the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Programme (EIP). For more information on the CALYPSO initiative: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/calypso/index_en.htm
(658) http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/contracts-grants/calls-for-proposals/index_en.htm
(659) For more information on the e-Calypso platform: http://www.ecalypso.eu/steep/public/index.jsf.
(660) For more information: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/accessibility/index_en.htm
(661) 10025/13.
(662) EUCO 104/2/13, p. 4.
(663) 15488/09.
(664) DO C 155 de 25.5.2011, p. 10.
(665) 17816/11, apartados 22 y 25.
(666) EUCO 13/1/10 REV 1.
(667) 10025/13.
(668) EUCO 104/2/13, p. 4.
(669) 15488/09.
(670) OJ C 155 , 25.5.2011, p. 10.
(671) 17816/11, paragraphs 22 and 25.
(672) EUCO 13/1/10 REV 1.
(673) En 2011, la tasa de pobreza era del 27,3 % para las mujeres, frente al 26,6 % para los hombres, aunque la diferencia se va reduciendo debido al aumento de las tasas de pobreza de estos últimos.
(674) El tipo impositivo efectivo medio aplicado a las personas que constituyen la segunda fuente de ingresos familiares es elevado cuando se incorporan al mercado laboral con el mismo nivel de ingresos: sus ingresos se gravan con la misma tasa marginal que la que se aplica a la primera fuente de ingresos cuando los cónyuges declaran conjuntamente, mientras que la persona que declara los ingresos principales pierde las deducciones por cónyuge dependiente cuando la declaración es individual.
(675) COM(2013) 359 finał de 29.5.2013.
(676) Paquete de Inversión Social http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1044&langId=en
(677) Poverty rates for women stood at 27.3% in 2011, as compared to the 26.6% for men, although the gap is reducing due to the higher increases in poverty rates for men.
(678) The average effective tax rate for second earners is high when entering the labour market at the same income level: the second earner's income is taxed at the same marginal rate as that of the main earner when partners file jointly, whereas the main earner loses the deduction for dependent spouse if partners file individually.
(679) COM(2013) 359 finał, from 29.5.2013.
(680) Social Investment Package http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1044&langId=en
(681) Entre los problemas se cuentan los siguientes: superpoblación carcelaria crítica; falta de acceso a servicios básicos, como la asistencia sanitaria; administración deficiente de las cárceles y corrupción en las mismas; uso y abuso del aislamiento y la tortura y otras formas de malos tratos; falta de programas de rehabilitación y reinserción social.
(682) En particular, en lo que respecta a la UE, Eslovenia.
(683) Celebrada en Bruselas el 17 de junio de 2013.
(684) Problems include: critical overcrowding; lack of access to basic services, such as healthcare; poor administration of the jails and corruption within them; use and abuse of isolation and other torture and cruel treatment modalities; lack of rehabilitation and re-socialisation programmes.
(685) Including, from the EU side, Slovenia.
(686) Held in Brussels on 17 June 2013.
(687) Vor allem im Bereich der schweren Wirtschaftskriminalität, Korruption, Erpressung und Schutzgelderpressung insbesondere durch eurasische kriminelle Organisationen.
(688) Schlussfolgerungen des Rates „Auswärtige Angelegenheiten“: Die Europäische Union bekundet ihre Entschlossenheit, dafür zu sorgen, dass im Einklang mit dem Völkerrecht in allen Abkommen zwischen dem Staat Israel und der Europäischen Union unmissverständlich und ausdrücklich erklärt wird, dass sie nicht für die von Israel 1967 besetzten Gebiete, namentlich die Golanhöhen, das Westjordanland einschließlich Ostjerusalems und den Gazastreifen, gelten.
(689) Especially in the area of serious economic crime, corruption, racketeering and extortion, in particular from Eurasian organised crime groups.
(690) Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) conclusions: The European Union expresses its commitment to ensure that — in line with international law — all agreements between the State of Israel and the European Union must unequivocally and explicitly indicate their inapplicability to the territories occupied by Israel in 1967, namely the Golan Heights, the West Bank including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip.
(691) Propuesta de Reglamento del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo que modifica el Reglamento (CE) n° 261/2004, por el que se establecen normas comunes sobre compensación y asistencia a los pasajeros aéreos en caso de denegación de embarque y de cancelación o gran retraso de los vuelos, y el Reglamento (CE) n° 2027/97, relativo a la responsabilidad de las compañías aéreas respecto al transporte aéreo de los pasajeros y su equipaje [COM/2013/0130 final — 2013/0072(COD)].
(692) http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/passengers/air/doc/prm/2012-06-11-swd-2012-171_en.pdf
(693) Véase también en el mismo contexto la respuesta contenida en la Pregunta 5, letra a), último párrafo, de las directrices.
(694) Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights and Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 on air carrier liability in respect of the carriage of passengers and their baggage by air; COM/2013/0130 final — 2013/0072 (COD).
(695) http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/passengers/air/doc/prm/2012-06-11-swd-2012-171_en.pdf
(696) See also in the same context the answer under Q5(a) last subparagraph of the Guidelines.
(697) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:139:0012:0026:MT:PDF.
(698) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:139:0012:0026:EN:PDF.
(699) Pereżempju, l-Ungerija, l-Italja, il-Litwanja, il-Polonja, ir-Rumanija u s-Slovakkja.
(700) 80 % għar-reġjuni aktar żviluppati, 50 % għal reġjuni anqas żviluppati għal dawn it-temi ta’ prijorità: ir-riċerka u l-innovazzjoni, l-ICT, il-kompetittività tal-SMEs u l-effiċjenza enerġetika.
(701) Ara l-istudju “Lessons from a Decade of Innovation Policy, What can be learnt from the INNO Policy TrendChart and the Innovation Union Scoreboard”, ikkummissjonat mill-Kummissjoni. Dan l-istudju huwa disponibbli fuq is-sit elettroniku: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/facts-figures-analysis/trendchart/index_en.htm
(702) Eg. Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia.
(703) 80% for more developed regions, 50% for less developed regions for the following priority themes: research and innovation, ICT, SME competitiveness and energy efficiency.
(704) See the study Lessons from a Decade of Innovation Policy, What can be learnt from the INNO Policy TrendChart and The Innovation Union Scoreboard ordered by the Commission. It is available under the following link: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/facts-figures-analysis/trendchart/index_en.htm
(705) GU L 199 del 30.7.1999, pag. 59.
(706) http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/index_en.htm
(707) OJ L 199/59, 30 July 1999.
(708) http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/index_en.htm
(709) GU L 194 del 25.7.2009.
(710) http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/animalproducts/index_it.htm (commercio e importazione di prodotti animali).
http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/controls/increased_checks/index_en.htm (maggiori controlli sulle importazioni di alimenti di origine non animale).
(711) OJ L 194, 25.7.2009.
(712) http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/animalproducts/index_en.htm (trade and imports of products of animal origin).
http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/controls/increased_checks/index_en.htm (increased controls on import of food of non-animal origin).
(713) http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/education/summerschool/courses/democracy-cosmopolitanism/.
(714) http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/education/summerschool/courses/democracy-cosmopolitanism/.
(715) http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/eurobarometers/index_en.htm
(716) http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/docs/eurobaro_attitudes_towards_tobacco_2012_en.pdf
(717) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(718) http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/eurobarometers/index_en.htm
(719) http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/docs/eurobaro_attitudes_towards_tobacco_2012_en.pdf
(720) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html
(721) Propuesta modificada de Reglamento sobre las operaciones con información privilegiada y la manipulación del mercado (abuso de mercado), COM(2012) 421 final.
(722) Propuesta modificada de Directiva sobre las sanciones penales aplicables a las operaciones con información privilegiada, COM(2012) 420 final.
(723) http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/2012/benchmarks_en.htm
(724) http://www.esma.europa.eu/system/files/2013-13.pdf
(725) http://www.esma.europa.eu/news/Press-release%E2 %80 %94ESMA-and-EBA-publish-final-principles-benchmarks?t=326&o=home
(726) Amended proposal for a regulation on insider dealing and market manipulation, COM(2012) 421 final.
(727) Amended proposal for a directive on criminal sanctions for insider dealing and market manipulation, COM(2012) 654 final.
(728) http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/2012/benchmarks_en.htm
(729) http://www.esma.europa.eu/system/files/2013-13.pdf
(730) http://www.esma.europa.eu/news/Press-release%E2%80%94ESMA-and-EBA-publish-final-principles-benchmarks?t=326&o=home
(731) KOM(2013)216 Mitteilung „Eine EU-Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel“.
(732) Richtlinie 2007/60/EG, ABl. L 288 vom 6.11.2007, S. 27.
(733) KOM(2009)82 Mitteilung: „Ein Gemeinschaftskonzept zur Verhütung von Naturkatastrophen und von Menschen verursachten Katastrophen“.
(734) KOM(2011)934 Vorschlag für einen Beschluss über ein Katastrophenschutzverfahren der Union (noch im Verhandlungsstadium) zur Ersetzung der Entscheidungen 2007/779/EG, Euratom des Rates und 2007/162/EG, Euratom des Rates..
(735) COM(2013) 216 Communication ‘An EU Strategy on adaptation to climate change’.
(736) Directive 2007/60/EC, OJ L 288, 6.11.2007, p.27.
(737) COM(2009)0082 Communication ‘A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters’.
(738) COM(2011)0934 Proposal for a decision on a Union Civil Protection Mechanism (under negotiations) to replace Council Decision No 779/2007 and Council Decision 2007/162.
(739) http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f8c32b06-c2de-11e2-9bcb-00144feab7de.html#axzz2VLI9hxdE.
(740) Die door de Commissie zelf wordt genoemd in haar antwoord op mijn vraag E-003924/2013.
(741) http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f8c32b06-c2de-11e2-9bcb-00144feab7de.html#axzz2VLI9hxdE.
(742) Mentioned by the Commission itself in its answer to my Question E-003924/2013.
(743) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/it/parliamentary-questions.html?tabType=wq#sidesForm.
(744) http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/parliamentary-questions.html?tabType=wq#sidesForm.
(745) http://ec.europa.eu/esf/main.jsp?catId=62&langId=es
(746) http://ec.europa.eu/esf/main.jsp?catId=62&langId=en
(747) Aplicación del artículo 3, apartado 1, y del artículo 12, apartado 1, del Reglamento (CE) n° 1681/94 de la Comisión, modificado por el Reglamento (CE) n° 2035/2005 de la Comisión.
(748) Reglamento (CE) n° 1290/2005 del Consejo, sobre la financiación de la política agrícola común (DO L 209 de 11.8.2005).
(749) Application of arts. 3(1) and 12(1) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1681/94 as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 2035/2005.
(750) Council Regulation (EC)No 1290/2005 on the financing of the common agricultural policy., OJ L 209, 11.8.2005.
(751) Verordnung (EG) Nr. 810/2009 des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rats vom 13. Juli 2009 über einen Visakodex der Gemeinschaft (Visakodex) (ABl. L 243 vom 15.9.2009, S. 1).
(752) Regulation (EC) 810/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council establishing a Community Code on Visas (the Visa Code). OJ L 243, 15.9.2009, p 1.
(753) ABl. L 26 vom 28.1.2012.
(754) ABl. L 206 vom 22.7.1992.
(755) OJ L 26, 28.1.2012,.
(756) OJ L 206, 22.7.1992.
| 18,582
|
US-68122101-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,001
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,532
| 5,443
|
Digital communication link
ABSTRACT
A serial interface circuit electrically connected to a controller to control an electric motor. The interface circuit includes a controller circuit and a motor circuit. The controller circuit includes a transmitter and a receiver circuit, and the motor circuit includes a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. The interface interrogates the motor to acquire status and diagnostic information by receiving commands from the controller, adjusts a voltage level to a desired level, outputs the voltage signal to command and control the motor, and receives a voltage response from the motor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to electrical motors, and more particularly to a digital communications link to control and interrogate a variable speed motor used in air moving systems.
Electronically commutated motors (ECMs) are used in a wide variety of applications because they are more efficient than known standard induction motors. ECMs include the efficiency and speed control advantages of a DC motor and minimize the disadvantages of DC motors, e.g., carbon brush wear, short life span, and noise. In Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well as, known commercial air distributions systems, ECMs automatically adjust blower speed to meet a wide range of airflow requirements. Known ECMs use microprocessor technology to control fan speed, torque, air flow, and energy consumption.
Conventional blower motors are designed to operate at one speed, however, variable speed ECMs can operate at a wide range of speeds. Variable speed in an ECM is important because blowers need to adjust speed to deliver the airflow needed by the HVAC system.
Known ECMs have various modes of operation, and external control circuits determine an operating point of the ECM. In one mode of operation, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals are transmitted to the electrical interface to control motor speed, motor torque and airflow produced by the motor. The operating point of the ECM is determined by an internal microprocessor control circuit that directly responds to a status of various control input lines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Methods and apparatus for interfacing an electronically commutated motor to an HVAC system controller are described. In one aspect of the invention, the method includes an interface circuit coupled to the system controller and the electric motor and includes the steps of receiving commands from the controller, adjusting a voltage to a desired level, outputting the voltage signal through a motor control circuit to control the electric motor, receiving a voltage from the electric motor, and transmitting the received voltage to the controller.
In another aspect of the invention, an HVAC system includes an electronically commutated motor electrically coupled to the interface circuit, which is electrically connected to the system controller. The HVAC system receives commands from the controller, adjusts a voltage to a desired level, outputs the voltage signal through a motor control circuit to control the electric motor, receives a voltage from the electric motor through the motor control circuit, and transmits the received voltage to the controller.
In another aspect of the invention, the interface circuit is electrically connected to the HVAC controller and the electronically commutated motor. The interface circuit includes a controller circuit and a motor control circuit. The controller circuit includes a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit, and the controller circuit interfaces with the HVAC controller. The motor control circuit includes a transmitter circuit having a first optocoupler and a receiver circuit having a second optocoupler. The motor control circuit interfaces with the electronically commutated motor. After receiving commands from the HVAC controller, the interface circuit adjusts a level of the voltage signal to a desired level, outputs an electrical signal through the first optocoupler, and receives an electrical response from the electronically commutated motor through the second optocoupler. The interface circuit in addition to controlling the electronically commutated motor, interrogates the electronically commutated motor to acquire status and diagnostic information.
As a result, a cost-effective and reliable electrical interface circuit, including a motor circuit and a receiver circuit, to electrically couple a controller to an electronically commutated motor is provided.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of a system block diagram.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment of a schematic diagram of a controller interface circuit.
FIG. 3 is an exemplary embodiment of a schematic diagram of a motor control circuit.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 is an exemplary system block diagram 10 of an electrical interface circuit 12 connected to a HVAC system 14 and a controller 16, which is connected to a thermostat 18. HVAC system 14 includes an electronically commutated motor 20 (ECM) including a microcontroller 22. In one embodiment, ECM 20 is a variable speed ECM. Interface circuit 12 includes a controller interface circuit 24 and a motor control interface circuit 26. Motor control interface circuit 26 is connected to microcontroller 22 within ECM 20. HVAC system 14 communicates with ECM 20 through controller interface circuit 24 via a serial communications link 28, e.g., a shielded cable. In another embodiment, controller interface circuit 24 communicates with motor control interface circuit 26 via a wireless digital communications link (not shown). In yet another embodiment, control interface circuit 24 communicates with motor control interface circuit 26 using wireless technology, e.g., infrared and RF technology (not shown). Interface circuit 12 receives information from controller 16 as to a specific torque, speed, or airflow ECM 20 is to be set based on a desired temperature from thermostat 18. In one embodiment, interface circuit 12 is a digital interface.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary embodiment of a schematic diagram for controller interface circuit 24. Controller interface circuit 24 includes a transmit circuit 30 and a receive circuit 32. Controller transmit circuit 30 includes a Tx terminal 34 connected to a resistor 36 that is connected to a node 38. Node 38 is connected to a base 40 of transistor 42. Node 38 is also connected to a resistor 44 that is connected to an emitter 46 of transistor 42. A power supply 47 is connected to emitter 46 of transistor 42. A collector 48 of transistor 42 is connected to a TxOut terminal 50.
Controller receive circuit 32 includes a power terminal 52 and a RxIN terminal 54. RxIN terminal 54 is connected to a resistor 56 that is connected to a node 58. Resistor 60 is connected between node 58 and a node 62. Node 62 is connected to power terminal 52 and power supply 47. Node 62 is connected to an emitter 64 of transistor 66 and node 58 is connected a base 68 of transistor 66. A collector 70 of transistor 66 is connected to a node 72 that is connected to a resistor 74 and a Rx terminal 76. Resistor 74 is tied to a node 78 that is tied to ground, a ground terminal 80, and a common terminal 82.
Of course, controller interface circuit 24 is not limited to practice in HVAC system 10 and can be utilized in connection with many other types and variations of controllers, besides controller 16 (shown in FIG. 1).
FIG. 3 is an exemplary embodiment of a schematic diagram for motor control interface circuit 26. Motor control interface circuit 26 includes a receive circuit 90 and a transmit circuit 92. Motor receive circuit 90 includes a terminal RxIN 94 connected to a resistor 96. Resistor 96 is connected to a node 98. Resistor 100 is connected between node 98 and a node 102. Node 102 is connected to motor transmit circuit 92 at node 104. Nodes 98 and 102 are connected to an optocoupler 106. Optocoupler 106 is connected to a node 108, which is connected to a resistor 110 and microcontroller 22. Resistor 110 is connected to a power supply 111.
Motor transmit circuit 92 includes a power terminal VCC 112, a transmit terminal TxIN 114, and a ground terminal COM 116. A zener diode 118 is connected between TxIN terminal 114 and COM terminal 116. Terminal VCC 112 is connected to a node 120, which is connected to a zener diode 122 and resistors 124 and 126. Zener diode 122 is connected to a node 104, which is connected to terminal COM 116. Resistor 124 is connected to a node 128 which is connected to a base 130 of transistor 132 and a collector 134 of transistor 136. A collector 138 of transistor 132 is connected to terminal TxIN 114 and an emitter 140 of transistor 132 is connected to node 104. Collector 134 of transistor 136 is connected to base 130 of transistor 132 via node 128, and an emitter 142 of transistor 136 is connected to node 104. A base 144 of transistor 136 is connected to a node 146. Node 146 is connected to resistor 126 and to an optocoupler 148 that is connected to node 104. Optocoupler 148 is also connected to power supply 111 and to a resistor 150, which is connected to microcontroller 22.
Controller interface circuit 24 is electrically connected by a serial cable 28 to motor control circuit 26. In one embodiment, the connection of controller interface circuit 24 to motor control circuit 26 enables controller 16 to communicate with ECM 20. Serial cable 28 in one embodiment is a four-wire serial interface. In one embodiment, serial cable 28 has a length of ten feet. In an alternative embodiment, serial cable 28 has a length of one-hundred feet. Referring specifically to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, in one embodiment, controller receiver circuit 32 is electrically connected to motor transmitter circuit 92, and controller transmitter circuit 30 is electrically connected to motor receiver circuit 90. In order for controller interface circuit 24 to send and receive messages to/from motor control circuit 26, TxOut terminal 50 is connected to RxIN terminal 94, ground terminal 80 is connected to COM terminal 116, RxIN terminal 54 is connected to TxIN terminal 114, and VCC terminal 52 is connected to VCC terminal 112.
Controller interface circuit 24 accepts signals from controller 16 (shown in FIG. 1). Once a signal is received from controller 16, the signal is converted to a voltage level that can be accepted by ECM 20. In one embodiment, the signal is converted by controller interface circuit 24 to at least an infrared signal, an RF signal, and digitally encoded over a power line prior to output to motor control interface 26. In one embodiment, controller interface circuit 24 and motor control interface 26 are configured for bi-directional communication with one another. In one embodiment, motor control interface 26 is configured to accept at least one of a voltage signal, an infrared signal, an RF signal, and a digitally encoded power line signal. Motor receiver circuit 90 accepts the signal from controller transmitter circuit 30 and transmits the signal through optocoupler 106 to ECM 20. ECM 20 then responds by transmitting a voltage signal to motor transmitter circuit 92. In one embodiment, ECM 20 transmits at least one of an infrared signal and a RF signal to motor transmit circuit 92. The transmitted signal is converted by motor transmit circuit 92 and transmitted to controller receiver circuit 32 where the signal is adjusted to a voltage level to communicate with controller 16.
In addition, motor control interface circuit 26 provides isolation between controller 16 and ECM 20. Microcontroller 22 in one embodiment, is not isolated from an AC powerline (not shown). Optocouplers 106 and 148 are, therefore, utilized to isolate motor control interface circuit 26 from microcontroller 22. The interface between control interface circuit 24 and motor control circuit 26 is a four-wire serial interface. The four-wire serial interface is utilized for noise immunity.
Electrical interface 12 commands ECM 20 (shown in FIG. 1) to be configured in various embodiments, e.g., as a constant torque machine, a constant airflow machine, or a constant speed machine. As a constant torque machine, motor torque is regulated by controlling motor current, regardless of operating speed. When operating as a constant torque machine, torque production is linearized and speeds are compensated over the motor's operating speed/torque plane. When operating as a constant airflow machine, a set of constants that describe HVAC system 14 for constant airflow are downloaded to motor 20. The constants optimize ECM 20 operation to provide more accurate airflow regulation in a given operating region. Therefore, as a constant airflow machine, ECM 20 acts as an airflow sensor delivering constant airflow for a given system. As a constant speed machine, ECM 20 will regulate speed regardless of torque requirements provided that a maximum torque value is not exceeded.
In alternative embodiments, interface circuit 12 controls operating profiles, delay profiles, slew rates, speed limit, dynamic braking and control of inrush current of ECM 20. In an alternative embodiment, interface circuit 12 interrogates ECM 20 to determine operating status, operating speed, operating torque, input power consumption, under speed condition, and a time of operation at a given power level. In yet another embodiment, interface circuit 12 can access read/write data and program data to control memory of ECM 20.
In another embodiment, interface circuit 12 is connected to residential HVAC furnaces, fan coils, heat pumps, and heat recovery ventilators. In still another embodiment, interface circuit 12 is connected to residential HVAC air conditioners (not shown) where a blower motor (not shown) is connected to a HVAC system controller (not shown).
In an additional embodiment, interface circuit 12 is used in a clean room environment (not shown). In a further embodiment, interface circuit 12 is used in a commercial variable air volume system (not shown). When used in a clean room environment or in a commercial variable air volume system, a dedicated controller (not shown) is electrically connected to interface circuit 12, or a centralized controller (not shown) is connected to interface circuit 12 to provide individual control via a common communications bus (not shown).
As a result, a cost-effective and reliable electrical interface circuit, including a motor control interface circuit and a controller interface circuit, that couples a controller to an ECM is provided.
While the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims.
1. A method for interfacing an electric motor to a controller using an electrical interface circuit, the interface circuit including a controller circuit and a motor control circuit, the controller circuit including a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit, the motor control circuit including a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit, and the interface circuit electrically coupled to the controller and the electric motor, said method comprising the steps of: coupling the motor control circuit directly to the electric motor, wherein the motor control circuit is separate from the controller; adjusting a level of a first signal received from the controller that is separate from a thermostat configured to communicate a temperature to the controller; converting, by the interface circuit, the first signal received from the controller to generate a second signal including a digitally encoded signal and at least one of an infrared signal and a radio frequency (RF) signal, wherein the controller is coupled via the interface circuit to a microcontroller located within the electric motor comprising an electronically commutated motor; outputting the second signal to control the electric motor, wherein said outputting the second signal comprises outputting, by the interface circuit, the digitally encoded signal to the microcontroller within the electronically commutated motor; receiving, by the motor control circuit, a third signal from the electric motor; and transmitting the third signal from the electric motor to the controller.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1 further comprising receiving the first signal, wherein said step of receiving the first signal comprises the step of the controller circuit receiving electrical signals from the controller.
3. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of adjusting a level of the first signal comprises the step of adjusting the level to communicate with the electronically commutated motor.
4. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of outputting the second signal comprises the step of isolating a transmit signal to the electric motor.
5. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of outputting the second signal further comprises the step of interrogating the electric motor to acquire status and diagnostic information.
6. A method in accordance with claim 5 wherein said step of interrogating the electric motor further comprises the step of acquiring at least one of an operating status, an operating speed, an operating torque, an input power consumption, an under-speed condition, and a time of operation above a desired power level from the electric motor.
7. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of outputting the second signal further comprises the step of commanding the electric motor to operate as at least one of a constant torque motor, a constant airflow motor, and a constant speed motor.
8. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of outputting the second signal comprises the step of controlling at least one of an operating profile, a delay profile, a slew rate, a speed limit, dynamic braking, and an inrush current of the electric motor.
9. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of receiving a third signal comprises the step of isolating a receive signal from the electric motor.
10. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein said step of transmitting the third signal comprises the step of converting an electrical signal from the electric motor to at least one of an infrared signal and an RF signal.
11. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the interface circuit is directly coupled to the controller.
12. A method in accordance with claim 1 wherein the controller is located outside the electronically commutated motor.
13. An electrical interface circuit comprising: a controller interface circuit configured to communicate signals with a controller, said controller interface circuit including a first transmitter circuit and a first receiver circuit, said electrical interface circuit further configured to convert a voltage signal to a digitally encoded signal and at least one of an infrared signal and an RF signal, said controller coupled via said electrical interface circuit to a microcontroller located within an electric motor comprising an electronically commutated motor, wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to output the digitally encoded signal to the microcontroller within the electronically commutated motor; and a motor control interface circuit directly coupled to said electric motor and coupled to said controller interface circuit, said motor control interface circuit comprising a second transmitter circuit and a second receiver circuit, is separate from said controller, and configured to receive signals generated by said electric motor.
14. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to adjust a voltage signal received from said controller to a desired level to communicate with said electric motor.
15. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 14 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to adjust the voltage level to communicate with said electric motor, said electronically commutated motor configured as an electronically commutated variable speed motor.
16. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to adjust a voltage signal received from said electric motor to a desired level to communicate with said controller.
17. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to isolate a transmit signal to said electric motor and isolate a receive signal from said electric motor.
18. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said second transmitter circuit comprises a first optocoupler.
19. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 18 wherein said first optocoupler configured to provide noise immunity by isolating said second transmitter circuit from said electric motor.
20. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said second receiver circuit further comprises a second optocoupler.
21. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 20 wherein said second optocoupler configured to provide noise immunity by isolating said second receiver circuit from said electric motor.
22. An electrical interface circuit according to claim 13 wherein said motor control interface circuit electrically connected to said controller interface circuit using at least one of a serial four-wire communications cable, a wireless interface, and a digital wireless interface.
23. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to interrogate said electric motor to acquire status and diagnostic information.
24. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to command said electric motor to operate as at least one of a constant torque motor, a constant airflow motor, and a constant speed motor.
25. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to interrogate said electric motor to acquire at least one of an operating status, an operating speed, an operating torque, an input power consumption, an under-speed condition, and a time of operation above a desired power level.
26. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 13 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to control at least an operating profile, a delay profile, a slew rate, a speed limit, dynamic braking, and an inrush current of said electric motor.
27. An electrical interface circuit according to claim 13 wherein said motor control interface circuit configured for bi-directional communication with said controller interface circuit using at least one of a voltage signal, an infrared signal, and a RF signal.
28. An electrical interface circuit according to claim 13 wherein said controller interface circuit configured for bi-directional communication with said motor control interface circuit using at least one of a voltage signal, an infrared signal, and a RF signal.
29. An electrical interface circuit according to claim 13 wherein said controller interface circuit configured to convert at least one of an infrared signal and an RF signal to a voltage signal.
30. An electrical interface circuit for a HVAC system comprising an electronically commutated motor, said electrical interface comprising: a controller interface circuit configured to communicate signals with a controller, said controller interface circuit including a first transmitter circuit and a first receiver circuit, said electrical interface circuit configured to convert a voltage signal to a digitally encoded signal and at least one of an infrared signal and an RF signal, said controller coupled via said electrical interface circuit to a microcontroller located within an electronically commutated motor, wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to communicate the digitally encoded signal to the microcontroller within the electronically commutated motor; and a motor control interface circuit directly coupled to said electronically commutated motor and coupled to said controller interface circuit, said motor control interface circuit coupled to said controller interface circuit by using a serial four-wire communications cable, said motor control interface circuit including a second transmitter circuit and a second receiver circuit, is separate from said controller, and configured to receive signals from said electronically commutated motor, said second transmitter circuit including a first optocoupler, and said second receiver circuit including a second optocoupler, said first and second optocouplers configured to isolate signals between said motor control interface circuit and said electronically commutated motor, and said electrical interface circuit configured to interrogate said electronically commutated motor to acquire status and diagnostic information.
31. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 30 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to command said electronically commutated motor to operate as at least one of a constant torque motor, a constant airflow motor, and a constant speed motor.
32. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 30 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to interrogate said electronically commutated motor to acquire at least one of an operating status, an operating speed, an operating torque, an input power consumption, an under-speed condition, and a time of operation above a desired power level.
33. An electrical interface circuit accordance with claim 30 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to control at least an operating profile, a delay profile, a slew rate, a speed limit, dynamic braking, and an inrush current of said electronically commutated motor.
34. An electrical interface circuit for a HVAC system comprising an electronically commutated motor, said electrical interface comprising: a controller interface circuit configured to communicate signals with a controller, said controller interface circuit including a first transmitter circuit and a first receiver circuit, said electrical interface circuit configured to convert a voltage signal to a digitally encoded signal and at least one of an infrared signal and an RF signal, said controller coupled via said electrical interface circuit to a microcontroller located within an electronically commutated motor, wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to communicate the digitally encoded signal to the microcontroller within the electronically commutated motor; and a motor control interface circuit directly coupled to said electronically commutated motor and coupled to said controller interface circuit, said motor control interface circuit coupled to said controller interface circuit by using a digital wireless interface, said motor control interface circuit including a second transmitter circuit and a second receiver circuit, is separate from said controller, and configured to receive signals from said electronically commutated motor, said second transmitter circuit including a first optocoupler, said second receiver circuit including a second optocoupler, said first and second optocouplers configured to isolate signals between said motor control interface circuit and said electronically commutated motor, and said electrical interface circuit configured to interrogate said electronically commutated motor to acquire status and diagnostic information.
35. An electrical interface circuit according to claim 34 wherein said motor control interface circuit configured for bi-directional communication with said controller interface circuit using at least one of a voltage signal, an infrared signal, and a RF signal.
36. An electrical interface circuit according to claim 34 wherein said controller interface circuit configured for bi-directional communication with said motor control interface circuit using at least one of a voltage signal, an infrared signal, and a RF signal.
37. An electrical interface circuit according to claim 34 wherein said controller interface circuit configured to convert at least one of an infrared signal and an RF signal to a voltage signal.
38. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 34 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to command said electronically commutated motor to operate as at least one of a constant torque motor, a constant airflow motor, and a constant speed motor.
39. An electrical interface circuit in accordance with claim 34 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to interrogate said electronically commutated motor to acquire at least one of an operating status, an operating speed, an operating torque, an input power consumption, an under-speed condition, and a time of operation above a desired power level.
40. An electrical interface circuit accordance with claim 34 wherein said electrical interface circuit configured to control at least an operating profile, a delay profile, a slew rate, a speed limit, dynamic braking, and an inrush current of said electronically commutated motor..
| 35,451
|
c62b9836e41ec167e3425d6c617936ef
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
revaind06ab.pdf
|
insee.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,117
| 13,053
|
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants
Michel Amar et Franck Evain
I. Panorama
Parmi les actifs ayant un emploi, les non-salariés sont numériquement très minoritaires
(10 %) par rapport aux salariés (90 %). Ils peuvent être scindés en deux grandes catégories :
chefs d’entreprise et aides familiaux. Ces derniers, au nombre d’environ 270 000, n’ont le
plus souvent pas de revenus propres et sont mal connus, notamment dans les sources administratives ; ils ne sont donc pas pris en compte dans cet ouvrage. Y sont par contre inclus tous
les chefs d’entreprise, même lorsqu’ils sont salariés de leur propre entreprise. Quel que soit
leur statut, ils sont dénommés ici non-salariés ou indépendants.
On compte en France aux alentours de 2,3 millions de travailleurs indépendants, professions
libérales, exploitants agricoles, patrons de l’industrie, du commerce et des services, ou dirigeants de société. Cette population est très hétérogène, en termes de niveau de qualification,
de taille d’entreprise qu’ils dirigent, ou encore de revenus.
Une approche sectorielle a permis d’isoler quatre groupes moins hétérogènes d’indépendants, de 600 000 individus chacun : les exploitants agricoles, les patrons de l’industrie, de la
construction et des transports, ceux du commerce et des services de proximité, et enfin les
professions libérales de santé (encadré 1). Ces groupes rassemblent en leur sein des individus ayant des statuts divers : entrepreneurs individuels, gérants majoritaires ou minoritaires
de SARL, PDG de Sociétés Anonymes (moins nombreux).
Une population âgée, plutôt masculine et soumise à des horaires élevés
C’est une population nettement plus âgée que celle des salariés (45 ans contre 39 en
moyenne pour ces derniers). En effet, ces indépendants ont le plus souvent débuté dans la
vie active comme salariés, exception faite des médecins et des agriculteurs. C’est donc
1. Âge moyen auquel les indépendants ont pris le contrôle de leur entreprise, selon le mode
d'acquisition, le sexe et leur catégorie
en années
Création
Reprise
familiale
Autre reprise
Ensemble
Femmes
Hommes
33,8
33,6
32,2
24,4
32,9
32,5
33,2
31,1
Agriculture
Industrie, construction, transport, commerce de gros
Commerce et services de proximité
Services où exercent les professions libérales et assimilées
dont professions de santé*
Ensemble
30,1
34,8
33,9
33,8
32,2
33,7
26,2
24,9
27,4
n.s.
n.s.
26,3
31,4
30,7
34,4
32,0
33,2
32,7
27,7
32,8
33,6
33,1
32,6
31,7
n.s. : non significatif (effectifs trop faibles).
* Les professions de santé comprennent ici les médecins, les dentistes, les pharmaciens, les vétérinaires mais aussi les infirmiers et les
kinésithérapeutes.
Lecture : les indépendants exerçant dans l’agriculture ont pris le contrôle de leur entreprise à un âge moyen de 27,7 ans. Cet âge s'élève à 30,1 ans lorsqu'il s'agit d'une création d'entreprise.
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise (hors aides familiaux).
Source : enquête FQP 2003, Insee.
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:16
11
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
en moyenne après une dizaine d’années d’activité comme salariés, qu’ils deviennent
vers 32 ans chefs d’entreprise, mis à part les agriculteurs et plus généralement ceux qui
reprennent l’entreprise familiale, pour qui l’acquisition du statut d’indépendant se fait
plus jeune ( figure 1).
Ce sont le plus souvent des hommes puisque la proportion de femmes n’y est que de 27 %,
contre 42 % parmi les salariés du privé. En matière de formation initiale, ils sont, grâce aux
professions libérales, un peu plus diplômés en moyenne que les salariés du privé si l’on se réfère au pourcentage de bacheliers (44 % contre 39 %). Ils forment toutefois un ensemble très
2. Diplôme le plus élevé obtenu selon la catégorie d'indépendant
en %
Diplôme
supérieur
à Bac + 2
Bac
+ 2 ans
1,9
8,2
18,5
9,7
4,7
6,9
7,4
55,8
60,1
17,8
10,6
24,1
36,0
11,6
12,3
Agriculture
Industrie, construction, transport,
commerce de gros
Commerce et services de proximité
Services où exercent les professions
libérales et assimilées
dont professions de santé*
Ensemble des indépendants
Ensemble des salariés du privé
Bac
CAP, BEP
ou Brevet
ou diplôme
professionnel équivalent
BEPC
ou aucun
diplôme
Total
38,6
32,8
100,0
11,4
18,8
46,1
36,4
25,9
32,7
100,0
100,0
8,5
3,0
14,3
16,0
5,2
0,2
31,8
30,7
6,5
0,7
24,6
30,5
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
* Les professions de santé comprennent ici les médecins, les dentistes, les pharmaciens, les vétérinaires mais aussi les infirmiers et les
kinésithérapeutes.
Lecture : 1,9 % des indépendants exerçant dans l'agriculture ont un diplôme supérieur à Bac+2.
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise (hors aides familiaux) rapprochés des salariés du privé.
Source : enquête Emploi 2004, Insee.
3. Catégorie socioprofessionnelle des indépendants lors de leur 1er emploi
CSP lors du premier emploi (en %)
Chef d'enAgriculCom- treprise de
teur ex- Artisan
merçant 10 salariés
ploitant
ou plus
Agriculture
Industrie, construction,
transport, commerce de
gros
Commerce et services
de proximité
Services où exercent
les professions libérales
et assimilées
dont professions de
santé*
Ensemble des indépendants
Ensemble des salariés du privé
Cadre
Profession
intermé- Employé Ouvrier
diaire
Total
55,9
0,2
0,4
0,1
1,5
4,1
9,2
28,7
100,0
1,2
7,3
2,1
1,1
5,5
16,9
13,6
52,3
100,0
1,3
4,2
6,6
0,3
1,4
10,2
40,9
35,1
100,0
0,6
0,2
2,0
0,0
37,0
35,9
14,5
9,9
100,0
0,3
0,0
0,0
0,0
45,9
43,3
7,7
2,8
100,0
15,4
3,0
2,7
0,4
11,0
16,5
19,2
31,9
100,0
0,7
0,4
0,3
0,1
6,4
16,7
34,4
41,0
100,0
* Les professions de santé comprennent ici les médecins, les dentistes, les pharmaciens, les vétérinaires mais aussi les infirmiers et
les kinésithérapeutes.
Lecture : 55.9 % des indépendants ou dirigeants exerçant dans l’agriculture ont débuté comme agriculteurs exploitants.
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise (hors aides familiaux) rapprochés des salariés du privé.
Source : enquête FQP 2003, Insee.
12
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants, édition 2006
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:17
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
hétérogène (figure 2), et nombreux sont les indépendants qui ont débuté dans le salariat
comme ouvriers ou employés (figure 3).
Enfin les indépendants déclarent des horaires de travail élevés, plus de 55 heures en
moyenne par semaine pour ceux qui travaillent à temps complet, contre 39 heures pour leurs
homologues salariés du privé (figures 4 et 5). Par ailleurs, 7 % des indépendants se déclarent
à temps partiel, contre 16 % des salariés du privé.
4. Temps de travail des quatre grandes catégories d'indépendants, comparés aux salariés du privé
Indépendants
Effectif
(en %)
Salariés du privé
Horaire
hebdomadaire
Effectif
(en %)
Horaire
hebdomadaire
Femmes
24,8
50,8
35,8
38,0
Hommes
75,2
57,0
64,2
39,8
Agriculture
23,9
59,9
1,8
39,5
Industrie, construction, transport, commerce de gros
26,7
52,0
55,1
38,9
Commerce et services de proximité
27,4
58,3
16,0
39,2
Services où exercent les professions libérales et assimilées
22,0
51,3
27,1
39,6
10,2
51,4
7,6
38,7
100,0
55,4
100,0
39,2
dont professions de santé*
Ensemble
* Les professions de santé comprennent ici les médecins, les dentistes, les pharmaciens, les vétérinaires mais aussi les infirmiers et
les kinésithérapeutes.
Lecture : 23,9 % des indépendants ou dirigeants exercent dans l’agriculture. Ils travaillent 59.9 heures en moyenne par semaine, soit
51,7 % de plus que les salariés du privé du même secteur, qui représentent 1.8 % des salariés du privé, et font en moyenne 39.5 heures hebdomadaires.
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise à temps complet (hors aides familiaux) rapprochés des salariés
du privé, à temps complet également.
Source : enquête Emploi 2004, Insee.
5. Horaire hebdomadaire moyen des quatre grandes catégories d'indépendants comparé à
celui des salariés du privé travaillant dans les mêmes secteurs
nombre d'heures
70
Indépendants
60
Cadres du privé
Salariés du privé non cadres
50
40
30
20
10
0
Agriculture
Industrie, construction,
transport,
commerce de gros
Commerce et services
de proximité
Services où exercent
les professions
libérales et assimilées
Ensemble
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise à temps complet (hors aides familiaux) rapprochés des salariés du
privé (cadres et non cadres), à temps complet également.
Source : enquête Emploi 2004, Insee.
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:18
13
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
Des profils très divers
Fils d’agriculteurs pour la plupart (80 %), les indépendants du secteur agricole ont souvent
débuté dans la vie active directement comme agriculteurs exploitants (56 %) et plus rarement comme ouvriers agricoles (17 %). Ils sont peu diplômés puisque plus de 70 % d’entre
eux ont au mieux un CAP ou un BEP, et acquièrent le statut d’indépendant assez jeunes par
rapport aux autres indépendants. En effet, souvent les agriculteurs succèdent à leurs parents
à la tête de l’exploitation familiale, ce qui entraîne une ancienneté dans l’entreprise élevée,
approchant les 18 ans en moyenne. Ils sont, par ailleurs, les indépendants qui travaillent le
plus longtemps, avec 60 heures déclarées en moyenne par semaine.
Les petits patrons de l’industrie, de la construction, des transports et du commerce de gros ne
sont pas plus diplômés que les agriculteurs, mais ont souvent suivi une formation professionnelle puisque près de la moitié d’entre eux ont un CAP, un BEP ou un diplôme professionnel
équivalent. La majorité d’entre eux ont débuté comme ouvriers (52 %) à l’âge de 20 ans en
moyenne. Ils se sont ensuite établis comme travailleurs indépendants aux alentours de
33 ans. Leur horaire moyen de travail est élevé avec 52 heures hebdomadaires, supérieur de
33 % à celui des salariés travaillant dans les mêmes secteurs ; mais il l’est toutefois moins que
celui des agriculteurs ou des indépendants du tertiaire.
Les patrons du commerce et des services de proximité ont pour la plupart débuté dans la vie
active comme employés (41 %) ou comme ouvriers (35 %), et rarement avec une qualification supérieure. Un tiers a au moins le baccalauréat, un tiers a un CAP, un BEP ou un diplôme équivalent, tandis que les autres n’ont aucun diplôme ou seulement le BEPC. L’âge
moyen auquel les indépendants de ce secteur créent ou reprennent leur entreprise est de
34 ans, et leur rythme de travail est quasiment aussi élevé que celui des agriculteurs avec
58 heures par semaine en moyenne, soit 50 % de plus que les salariés du même secteur
d’activité.
La population des indépendants exerçant une profession libérale ou assimilée regroupe des
professions aussi différentes que courtier en assurance, agent immobilier, médecin spécialiste ou généraliste, chirurgien-dentiste, pharmacien, avocat, notaire, architecte, expert-conseil, artiste plasticien, moniteur sportif, infirmier, masseur-kinésithérapeute...
Ils ont comme points communs d’être beaucoup plus diplômés que les autres indépendants
(80 % ont au moins un diplôme de niveau baccalauréat + 2 ans) et d’être entrés dans la vie
active à des postes plus qualifiés (quasiment trois quarts de cadres et de professions intermédiaires). Eux aussi ont acquis leur statut d’indépendant à 33 ans en moyenne. Du fait d’une
formation initiale relativement plus longue que celle des petits patrons de l’industrie et du
tertiaire, cela signifie que cette mise à son compte survient plus rapidement dans leur trajectoire professionnelle que pour d’autres. Ils font en moyenne 51 heures de travail hebdomadaires, soit à peu près autant que les indépendants du secteur industriel.
Des sources de revenus qui peuvent être multiples
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants peuvent avoir plusieurs composantes, notamment
une composante « salaire ». En effet, a priori, exercer deux activités de salarié et d'indépendant n’est pas incompatible et les possibilités de cumul existent ; par exemple, l’agriculteur
dans une zone de montagne peut être également moniteur de ski l’hiver ou encore un médecin libéral peut être salarié en milieu hospitalier ou dans un dispensaire.
Si dans le reste de cet ouvrage les revenus sont exclusivement ceux provenant de l’activité
non salariée, ici c’est une approche globale des revenus du travail des indépendants qui a été
privilégiée, approche que permet l’enquête sur les revenus fiscaux1 réalisée en 2002. Au total, 10 % des indépendants cumulent des salaires et des revenus d’activité non salariée. On
les trouve plus particulièrement dans les professions de santé (pour près de 20 % d’entre
14
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants, édition 2006
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:19
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
eux), dans les autres professions libérales (12 %) et dans une moindre mesure chez les agriculteurs (10 %). Pour ces personnes qui cumulent les deux types de revenus, la contribution
des salaires au revenu global n’est pas négligeable : un quart pour les agriculteurs, un cinquième pour les professionnels de la santé (figure 6).
Par grande catégorie d’indépendants, selon la source utilisée ici, ce revenu global qui est en
moyenne de 30 400 euros en 2002, va de 14 000 euros annuels dans l’agriculture à
54 000 euros pour les professions libérales et assimilées, dont 61 000 euros pour les professions de santé. Il est supérieur de 45 % à celui des salariés du secteur privé. Ces résultats sont
cohérents avec ceux présentés dans le reste de l’ouvrage et qui visent les seuls revenus d’activité non salariée (13 600 euros pour les agriculteurs, 80 000 euros pour les médecins, autour de 35 000 euros pour les professions paramédicales, et environ 24 000 euros pour les
entrepreneurs indépendants de l’industrie et du commerce).
6. Revenu net imposable moyen des indépendants par grande catégorie en 2002
Revenu global
net imposable
moyen par an
(en euros)
Agriculture
Indépendants qui touchent à la fois
Revenu net
un salaire et un (ou des) revenus
imposable moyen
non salariaux
des salariés
Part du salaire
du privé par an
Effectifs
en moyenne
(en euros)
(en %)
(en %)
14 083
9,5
Industrie, construction, transport,
commerce de gros
31 823
7,7
36,7
21 665
Commerce et services de proximité
22 447
7,3
44,7
15 304
Services où exercent les professions
libérales et assimilées
25,6
14 835
54 405
16,4
22,4
23 132
dont professions de santé*
61 306
19,5
20,0
16 145
Ensemble des indépendants
30 396
10,3
29,4
21 019
* Les professions de santé comprennent ici les médecins, les dentistes, les pharmaciens, les vétérinaires mais aussi les infirmiers et
les kinésithérapeutes.
Lecture : les indépendants exerçant dans l’agriculture gagnent en moyenne 14 083 € par an en 2002. 9,5 % d'entre eux touchent à la
fois des salaires et un ou plusieurs revenus. Pour ceux-ci, le salaire représente en moyenne 25,6 % de leur revenu global. Les salariés
du privé travaillant dans ce même secteur gagnent en moyenne 14 835 € par an en 2002.
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise (hors aides familiaux) rapprochés des salariés du privé. Ont été
exclus les individus déclarant des revenus négatifs ou nuls ainsi que ceux ayant commencé leur activité à une date postérieure à janvier 2002. De même pour les salariés du privé.
Source : enquête Revenus fiscaux 2002, Insee.
Des revenus sensibles au sexe et à l’âge
La différence de revenus entre hommes et femmes indépendants est en moyenne de 32 %,
différence plus marquée que chez les salariés, même en se limitant aux cadres. C’est dans
l’agriculture et pour les professions libérales et assimilées qu’elle est la plus flagrante, tandis
qu’elle est limitée à 17 % dans l’industrie et la construction, secteurs où la présence féminine
est moins fréquente (figure 7).
1. Étant donné la taille de l’échantillon de non-salariés dans cette enquête, on a choisi pour l’analyse des revenus de
retenir une segmentation sectorielle très simple en 4 modalités en cohérence avec l’approche sectorielle retenue
dans l’ouvrage. Mais du fait de l’hétérogénéité de cette population et de la taille de l’échantillon, il convient de
prendre quelques précautions dans l’interprétation des résultats obtenus.
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:20
15
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
Comme chez les salariés, le revenu d’activité moyen varie avec l’âge. Les revenus moyens
des quadragénaires sont supérieurs à ceux de leurs collègues plus jeunes. Cette différence est
plus marquée chez les non-salariés que chez les salariés. Mais au-delà de 50 ans, le revenu
moyen des indépendants fléchit alors qu’il continue à croître, en moyenne, pour les salariés
(figure 8).
Une analyse « toutes choses égales par ailleurs » permet de mesurer les effets propres des différents facteurs pouvant avoir une influence sur le revenu (figure 9).
7. Revenus moyens selon le sexe, par grande catégorie d'indépendants
en euros
70 000
Hommes
Femmes
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
Agriculture
Industrie, construction,
transport,
commerce de gros
Commerce et services
de proximité
Services où exercent
les professions
libérales et assimilées
Ensemble
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise (hors aides familiaux). Ont été exclus les individus déclarant des revenus négatifs ou nuls ainsi que ceux ayant commencé leur activité à une date postér ieure à janvier 2002.
Source : enquête Revenus fiscaux 2002, Insee.
8. Revenus moyens selon l'âge, par grande catégorie d'indépendants
en euros
70 000
Moins de 40 ans
De 40 à 49 ans
50 ans ou plus
Agriculture
Industrie, construction,
transport,
commerce de gros
Commerce et services
de proximité
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
Services où exercent
les professions
libérales et assimilées
Ensemble
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise (hors aides familiaux). Ont été exclus les individus déclarant des revenus négatifs ou nuls ainsi que ceux ayant commencé leur activité à une date postér ieure à janvier 2002.
Source : enquête Revenus fiscaux 2002, Insee.
16
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants, édition 2006
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:21
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
Un revenu qui dépend beaucoup des caractéristiques de l’entreprise
Ainsi, à profil équivalent par rapport aux variables observables, un indépendant a un revenu
de 27 % supérieur à celui de son homologue féminin. La baisse du revenu à partir d’un certain âge évoquée précédemment se trouve confirmée, les indépendants atteignant un niveau
de revenu maximal entre 40 et 49 ans2. Leurs horaires de travail sont élevés, et ont un impact
sensible sur les revenus.
Comme chez les salariés, le diplôme a un effet sur le revenu du travail des indépendants. Mais
alors que chez les salariés les diplômes de niveau IV (souvent un baccalauréat général sans dimension professionnelle), procurent un avantage par rapport à un diplôme de niveau V (principalement Certificat d’Aptitude Professionnelle), cet effet est absent pour les indépendants.
L’influence du diplôme est toutefois deux fois moins importante sur le revenu d’un indépendant
que sur celui d’un salarié. Ceci s’explique par le fait que chez les indépendants, une grande part
de l’effet du diplôme est captée par la catégorie à laquelle ils appartiennent. Pour ce qui est des
services où exercent les professions libérales et assimilées par exemple, les indépendants sont
quasiment tous très diplômés. Les salariés ont eux un niveau d’études beaucoup plus hétérogène
au sein d’un même secteur, d’où un rendement plus fort du diplôme qui les différencie davantage, et moins fort de la catégorie en elle-même, sur le revenu. Ainsi, la variable qui joue le plus
sur le revenu est la catégorie à laquelle appartient l’indépendant, qui fait passer le revenu du
simple au triple selon que l’on est agriculteur ou que l’on exerce une profession libérale. Contrairement à « l’effet âge», l’impact positif de l’ancienneté dans l’entreprise sur le revenu évolue de
manière continue. Ce phénomène est plus marqué chez les indépendants que chez les salariés,
ce qui peut s’expliquer par le fait qu’il faut du temps pour qu’une entreprise s’installe sur un marché et dégage ses premiers bénéfices. Le dernier facteur à avoir une influence prépondérante sur
le revenu d’un indépendant est la taille de l’entreprise qu’il dirige. Le revenu est ainsi supérieur de 55 % dans les entreprises comptant plus de 4 salariés par rapport à celles n’en comptant qu’entre 1 et 4.
Encadré 1
Définition des quatre grandes catégories d’indépendants
(à partir des secteurs dans lesquels ils interviennent)
l Agriculture.
l Services où exercent les professions libérales
l Industrie, construction, transport de marchan-
et assimilées : activités financières (courtiers
d’assurance,...), immobilières (agents immobiliers,...), conseil et assistance (avocats, notaires,
architectes,...), activité culturelle, santé et action sociale (infirmiers et médecins libéraux,
pharmaciens, vétérinaires,...). On y distingue
les professions de santé. Le périmètre de cette
dernière catégorie ne coïncide pas totalement
avec celui retenu au chapitre III, puisqu’il inclut
notamment les pharmaciens et les vétérinaires.
dises, commerce de gros et services opérationnels.
l Commerce et services de proximité : commerce et réparation automobiles, commerce de
détail, hôtels et restaurants, services personnels
et domestiques (coiffeurs, blanchisseurs,...) ; y
sont inclus les charcutiers, boulangers, pâtissiers, transporteurs de voyageurs, ambulanciers...
2. Ces effets propres du sexe et de l’âge sur la dynamique de l’entreprise individuelle se retrouvent quand on s’intéresse au taux de survie à 5 ans des entreprises. Toutes choses égales par ailleurs, le taux de survie à 5 ans d’une entreprise dirigée par un homme est supérieur de 10 % au taux de survie d’une entreprise dirigée par une femme. De
même, quand l’entrepreneur est âgé de 40 à 50 ans, ce taux est supérieur de 10 % à celui de son homologue âgé de
30 à 40 ans, et de 40 % supérieur à celui âgé de moins de 30 ans. Il est identique à celui d’un senior de 50 à 60 ans
(« Nouvelles entreprises, cinq ans après : l’expérience du créateur prime sur le diplôme » Virginie Fabre, Roselyne
Kerjosse, Insee Première n° 1064, Janvier 2006).
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:22
17
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
Encadré 2
Les sources
Les informations se rapportant à l’origine sociale des indépendants et dirigeants sont issues
de l’enquête Formation et Qualification Professionnelle (FQP) de 2003. Pour ce qui concerne
les diplômes et les durées de travail, c’est l’enquête Emploi en continu 2004 qui a servi de référence. Enfin, l’analyse des revenus nets
imposables moyens s’appuie sur l’enquête Revenus fiscaux 2002, dans laquelle les revenus
des professions non salariées sont des revenus
individuels (déclaration d’impôts). Ils peuvent
être agricoles, industriels et commerciaux (re-
venus réalisés par les personnes physiques, tirés
d’activités industrielles, commerciales ou artisanales ayant la forme d’une entreprise individuelle), ou non commerciaux (bénéfices des
professions libérales, produits des charges et offices, droits d’auteur,...). Ils peuvent aussi partiellement correspondre à des salaires.
On ne s’est préoccupé pour chaque enquête
que des actifs occupés se déclarant à leur
compte ou dirigeants salariés de leur propre entreprise, en excluant les aides familiaux, et en se
référant souvent aux salariés du privé.
9. Mesure des effets propres des principaux facteurs pouvant avoir une influence sur le revenu
en %
Variables
Modalités
Indépendants Salariés du privé
Sexe
Homme
Femme
27
réf.
20
réf.
Âge
50 ans ou plus
De 40 à 49 ans
Moins de 40 ans
–2
14
réf.
21
14
réf.
Taille de l'entreprise
Plus de 4 salariés
De 1 à 4 salariés
0 salarié
55
réf.
– 37
21
réf.
sans objet
Horaire hebdomadaire
Plus de 40 heures
40 heures ou moins
31
réf.
34
réf.
Ancienneté dans l'entreprise
10 ans ou plus
De 5 ans à moins de 10 ans
De 1 an à moins de 5 ans
Moins d'un an
69
46
34
réf.
31
16
2
réf.
Diplôme le plus élevé obtenu
Diplôme supérieur à Bac+2
Baccalauréat + 2 ans
Baccalauréat ou brevet professionnel
CAP, BEP ou diplôme équivalent
BEPC ou aucun diplôme
54
27
7
11
réf.
97
48
28
11
réf.
Catégorie d'indépendant
ou secteur correspondant
Services où exercent les professions libérales
et assimilées
Industrie, construction, transport, commerce
de gros
Commerce et services de proximité
Agriculture
199
27
90
57
réf.
24
10
réf.
Lecture : toutes choses égales par ailleurs, le revenu d'un indépendant est supérieur de 27 % à celui de son homologue de sexe féminin. L'écart est de 20 % pour les salariés du privé.
Champ : indépendants et dirigeants chefs de leur propre entreprise (hors aides familiaux) rapprochés des salariés du privé. Ont été exclus les individus déclarant des revenus négatifs ou nuls ainsi que ceux ayant commencé leur activité à une date postérieure à janvier
2002. Pour les salariés du privé, on ne retient que ceux travaillant à temps complet.
Source : enquête Revenus fiscaux 2002, Insee.
18
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants, édition 2006
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:22
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
II. Les agriculteurs
Dans l’agriculture, la grille de lecture privilégiée pour l’analyse des revenus est la spécialité,
l’orientation de l’exploitation. Le revenu de l’exploitation familiale, c'est-à-dire exclusivement celui que l'exploitant tire de son activité agricole, est rapporté ici à tous les non-salariés
de la famille (conjoint, parents, enfants) qui travaillent sur cette exploitation. On compte en
moyenne par exploitation, en 2003, 1,42 unité de travail annuel non salarié (UTANS). Les
facteurs pesant sur le revenu des agriculteurs et pris en compte dans l’analyse sont d’abord
l’évolution de la production et les aléas climatiques affectant cette production ainsi que les
subventions, notamment d’origine européenne, qui contribuent significativement aux
revenus de cette profession.
Premier élément à souligner, le paysage agricole s’est fortement transformé au cours des dernières décennies. En 1988, l’agriculture française comptait quelque 612 000 exploitations
professionnelles avec une surface agricole utilisée (SAU) de 42 ha en moyenne. En 2003, il
ne demeure plus que 367 000 exploitations dont la surface a fortement augmenté : avec
70 ha en moyenne, la SAU a augmenté de 58 % en 15 ans. Ce sont les exploitations spécialisées dans l’élevage porcin ou de volailles et celles orientées vers les grandes cultures qui
grandissent le plus : un éleveur dispose en 2003 de 82 ha en moyenne pour travailler contre
seulement 453 quinze ans plus tôt. En grandes cultures, ces surfaces sont respectivement de
102 ha et 66 ha (figure 10).
La chute du nombre d’exploitations s’est accompagnée d’une baisse de l’emploi agricole total. Le nombre d’unités de travail annuel (UTA) par exploitation, c’est-à-dire le nombre total
d’actifs (salariés et non-salariés) de l’exploitation a crû, mais pas assez pour compenser la réduction du nombre d’exploitations. Le type d’exploitation agricole des années quatre-vingt
qui faisait souvent travailler la famille tout entière a beaucoup évolué. Le nombre d’unités de
travail non salarié (UTANS), le plus souvent constituées par la famille, est passé de 1,48 en
1988 à 1,42 en 2003. Enfants et conjoints travaillent de plus en plus en dehors de l’exploitation, ou dans certains cas, deviennent salariés de l’exploitation. Cette réduction de la force
de travail f amilial a entraîné un développement du salariat. Avec 0,46 unité de travail salarié
10. Moins d'exploitations, mais beaucoup plus grandes
Taille en hectares de la superficie
agricole utilisée
(SAU)
Effectifs
(en milliers d'exploitations)
Évolution 1988-2003
(en %)
1988
2003
Moins de 5 hectares
43
25
– 41,9
5 à 20 hectares
140
48
– 65,7
20 à 50 hectares
260
99
– 61,9
50 à 100 hectares
125
112
– 10,4
100 à 200 hectares
37
67
81,1
plus de 200 hectares
7
16
128,6
Ensemble
612
367
– 40,0
SAU moyenne par exploitation
42
70
66,7
Champ : exploitations professionnelles.
Source : Agreste, recensements agricoles1988 et 2000 (échantillon), enquête str ucture 2003.
3. Pour ces exploitations souvent hors sol, il s’agit plutôt d’une mesure de la taille de l’exploitation à partir d’une grille
d’équivalence.
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:23
19
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
aujourd’hui, leur nombre a presque doublé depuis 1988, année où on ne dénombrait que
0,24 UTA salarié par exploitation.
4
Le revenu que les agriculteurs tirent de leur activité agricole, mesuré par le RCAI (résultat
courant avant impôts) moyen par unité de travail annuel non salarié (UTANS), a en effet augmenté de 1992 à 1998 pour atteindre 17 800 euros en moyenne par exploitation, avec notamment la mise en place de la réforme de la PAC. Depuis, il n’a cessé de diminuer et
s’établit en 2003 à 13 600 euros, soit une baisse de 8 % en valeur réelle par rapport à 2002
(figure 11).
La production connaît, elle aussi, un léger repli en 2003 (– 3 %), tout comme la valeur
ajoutée (– 6 %). Pourtant, le montant moyen des subventions, en hausse constante depuis la
réforme de 1992, ne déroge pas à la règle en 2003 (+ 6 %), année marquée par de graves incidents climatiques.
Le ratio « subventions sur résultat » poursuit son ascension, atteignant 126 % en 2003, soit
16 points de plus qu’en 2002, ceci s’expliquant par les conditions exceptionnelles de 2003
et les dégâts causés par la sécheresse et les gelées, qui ont fait gonfler les subventions à un niveau de 17 100 euros par UTANS. Celles-ci sont réparties de manière très hétérogène, 20 %
des unités les plus subventionnées recevant 48 % du total des subventions.
Les revenus sont très dispersés au sein de la population agricole, 16 % des exploitations affichant même un résultat par UTANS négatif en 2003. Parmi celles qui dégagent les résultats
les plus élevés on trouve évidemment les très grandes exploitations de plus de 375 hectares–
équivalent–blé, ainsi que celles sous forme d’EARL (exploitation agricole à responsabilité limitée), dont la proportion ne cesse de croître (17 % en 2003 contre 66 % d’exploitations
individuelles).
On a par ailleurs assisté à une hausse des prix en 2003 qui, cumulée avec les aides-calamités
versées aux exploitants, a permis de contrebalancer partiellement les mauvaises conditions
climatiques de l’année.
11. Évolution des soldes intermédiaires de gestion de l'ensemble des exploitations
milliers d'euros 2003
90
80
Production par UTANS
70
60
50
40
30
20
RCAI par UTANS
10
Subventions par UTANS
0
"1990"
"1991"
"1992"
"1993"
"1994"
"1995"
"1996"
"1997"
"1998"
"1999"
"2000"
"2001"
"2002"
Lecture : les soldes intermédiaires de gestion sont lissés en moyenne mobile triennale pour atténuer les variations de nature conjoncturelle ("19.." : moyenne triennale centrée sur l'année indiquée ; "1990" : période 1989-1990-1991).
Source : RICA (réseau d'information comptable agricole).
4. Pour en savoir plus, se reporter à « Résultats économiques des exploitations agricoles en 2003 - Rapport annuel
du RICA », SCEES - Insee - INRA, Agreste Cahiers n° 4, juin 2005.
20
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants, édition 2006
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:24
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
III. Les professions de santé
En ce qui concerne les professions de santé, la grille de lecture principale retenue pour l’ana5
lyse du revenu est la spécialité du professionnel.
Les médecins libéraux, au nombre d’environ 120 000 se répartissent entre généralistes (ou
omnipraticiens), pour un peu plus de 55 % d’entre eux, et spécialistes. Un généraliste gagnait, en moyenne annuelle en 2003, 65 000 euros au titre de sa seule activité libérale
contre 99 000 euros pour un spécialiste, cette moyenne s’élevant même à 192 000 euros
pour un radiologue contre « seulement » 55 000 euros pour un psychiatre6.
En dix ans cette hiérarchie des spécialités ne s’est pas modifiée, même si les écarts se sont
creusés entre les spécialités les plus lucratives et les autres.
Sur cette période, l’évolution des revenus libéraux des médecins n’a pas été uniforme. De
1993 à 1997, le revenu moyen que les praticiens tirent de leur activité libérale a cru moins
que l’inflation, entraînant une baisse légère en termes réels (– 0,3 %). Mais depuis 1997 cette
tendance s’est inversée, avec de 1997 à 2000 une reprise de la croissance des revenus réels
12. Taux annuels moyens d'évolution du revenu d'activité libérale des médecins en euros
constants
1993 - 2003
1993 - 1997
1997 - 2000
Radiologue
Spécialité
3,3
3,3
4,9
2000 - 2003
1,7
Pédiatre
2,3
– 0,7
1,1
7,6
Ophtalmologue
2,2
1,3
1,8
3,9
Anesthésiste
1,8
– 0,3
1,4
5,1
Cardiologue
1,8
0,4
2,6
2,8
Omnipraticien
1,5
– 1,2
1,8
5,0
Stomatologue
1,4
0,1
– 0,7
5,5
Gynécologue
1,3
– 0,1
0,8
3,8
Pneumologue
1,2
0,6
1,0
2,3
Rhumatologue
1,1
0,3
0,4
2,8
Psychiatre *
1,0
0,6
0,3
2,3
Gastro-entérologue
1,0
– 0,7
1,1
3,1
Chirurgien**
0,8
– 0,6
0,3
3,4
ORL
0,3
– 1,1
0,0
2,5
– 0,4
– 2,3
– 0,1
1,6
Dermatologue
Total spécialistes étudiés
1,9
0,5
2,1
3,7
Total médecins
1,8
– 0,3
1,9
4,4
Indice des prix à la consommation
1,5
1,7
1,0
1,9
* Psychiatre et neuropsychiatre.
** Chirurgien et chirurgien-orthopédiste.
Lecture : entre 1993 et 1997, le revenu courant des médecins a diminué en moyenne annuelle de 0,3 %. Il a augmenté de 1,9 % au
cours de la période 1997-2000 et de 4,4 % de 2000 à 2003, toujours en moyenne annuelle. Au total, sur la période 1993-2003, ce revenu a connu un taux de croissance annuel moyen de 1,8 %.
Champ : ensemble des médecins ayant perçu au moins un euro d'honoraires au cours de l'année.
Sources : fichier SNIR (CNAMTS) et BNC 2035 (DGI-Insee), exploitation Drees.
5. Ici les revenus salariaux éventuels des médecins ayant perçu des revenus libéraux ne sont pas pris en compte.
Mais, tous les médecins ayant une activité libérale sont dans le champ de cette étude même s’ils exercent principalement leur profession à titre salarié, en hôpital, en centre de soins ou ailleurs.
6. On peut se référer aussi à N. Legendre (2005), « L’évolution sur dix ans des revenus libéraux des médecins
1993-2003 », Études et Résultats, Drees, n° 412
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:25
21
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
d’activité libérale (+ 1,9 %). Et sur la période 2000-2003 cette croissance s’est accélérée
(+ 4,4 %). Au total, sur 10 ans, ce revenu s’est accru, en termes réels et en moyenne de 1,8 %
par an, évolution légèrement plus modérée pour les généralistes (+ 1,5 % contre + 1,9 %
pour les spécialistes) (figure 12).
L’évolution du revenu libéral des médecins résulte d’une part de l’évolution de leurs charges
et d’autre part de celles de leurs honoraires.
Ces charges que supportent les médecins ont cru en termes réels tout au long de la période
(+ 1,9 %). En début de période, la croissance des honoraires est certes réelle (0,6 %), mais inférieure à celle des charges. Mais à partir de 1997 la croissance des honoraires s’accélère,
surtout en fin de période (+ 2,2 % par an de 1997 à 2000 et + 3,1 % de 2000 à 2003), contribuant ainsi à la croissance du revenu des médecins.
Les honoraires des médecins dépendent eux principalement de trois facteurs : l’activité, les tarifs et les dépassements. La croissance des honoraires résulte pour une bonne part de celle de
l’activité, du nombre d’actes pratiqués (+ 1,5 % par an et en moyenne sur dix ans) et quasiment
pas des tarifs conventionnels (+ 0,1 % par an sur 10 ans). Les dépassements d’honoraires ont
par contre contribué à la hausse des honoraires totaux, surtout à partir de 2000.
En 2003, un dentiste a en moyenne perçu 77 200 euros de revenu libéral, un infirmier
37 300 euros et un kinésithérapeute 33 800 euros. Le revenu libéral d’un chirurgiendentiste est supérieur à celui d’un omnipraticien mais inférieur à celui de l’ensemble des
médecins et cette situation perdure depuis 1993. Au sein des professions paramédicales,
les infirmiers avaient jusqu’en 1995 un revenu nettement inférieur à celui des masseurs-kinésithérapeutes. Les revenus de ces deux types d’auxiliaires médicaux ont été ensuite quasiment égaux jusqu’en 2002. En 2003, l’écart se creuse à nouveau fortement, au
profit des infirmiers cette fois.
Entre 1993 et 2003, l’évolution en euros constants du revenu d’activité libérale des dentistes,
des infirmiers et des masseurs-kinésithérapeutes a, en moyenne, été positive. Celui des infirmiers augmente comme celui de l’ensemble des médecins (+ 1,8 % par an). En revanche celui des dentistes et surtout des masseurs-kinésithérapeutes augmente moins vite
(respectivement + 1,3 % et + 0,3 %).
IV. Les entrepreneurs individuels de l’industrie, de la construction, du commerce et des services
En 2003, la moitié des petites entreprises de moins de 20 salariés sont des entreprises individuelles (EI), soit 1,1 million d’EI. En 1993, cette proportion était de plus de 60 %. Elles réalisent 5 % du chiffre d’affaires des secteurs concernés. Les petits commerçants et les
entrepreneurs individuels de la construction représentent environ 40 % de cette population.
À l’opposé, les pharmaciens ne pèsent que pour 1 % (figure 13).
De 1993 à 1996, période de basse conjoncture, le revenu d’activité des entrepreneurs individuels a décru en euros constants de 4,2 % par an (figure 14). Sur la période suivante,
1996-2002, les revenus se sont redressés (+2,4 % par an). Mais, en 2003, ils reculent de nouveau (– 1,1 %). Sur les sept dernières années, le profil d’évolution varie beaucoup d’un secteur à l’autre. Les pharmaciens bénéficient d’une croissance continue de 1996 à 2003
(+ 3,5 % par an). La construction et la gestion immobilière ont connu en moyenne sur la
même période une croissance sensible de leurs revenus (de respectivement + 3,8 % par an et
+ 3,4 %), mais en 2003, la croissance du revenu y a été plus modérée (respectivement
+ 0,2 % et + 1,4 %). Dans le commerce de détail et le transport routier, les évolutions sont
nettement moins favorables (respectivement + 0,3 % et + 1,5 % par an de 1996 à 2003) mais
avec un repli du revenu la dernière année (– 3 % et – 2,4 %).
Au total en 2003, le revenu net moyen d'indépendant d’un entrepreneur individuel s’élève à
23 600 euros, mais cette moyenne recouvre une très grande hétérogénéité selon les
22
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants, édition 2006
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:25
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
activités. Il se monte à plus de 100 000 euros pour les pharmaciens, à 41 000 euros pour un
consultant du conseil et de l’assistance aux entreprises et à nettement moins de 20 000 euros
pour un petit commerçant, un EI des services aux particuliers ou des transports routiers. Cela
recouvre notamment des différences en termes de formation ou de niveau de qualification.
13. Nombre d'entrepreneurs individuels selon leur activité
Pharmacie
Promotion et gestion immobilières
Éducation non scolaire
Réparation et commerce automobile
Commerce de gros
Services opérationnels aux entreprises
Transports
Activités récréatives
Industrie
Conseil, assistance aux entreprises
Services aux particuliers
Construction
Commerce de détail
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
milliers
Champ : petites entreprises individuelles de moins de vingt salariés.
Source : bénéfices industriels et commerciaux (BIC), bénéfices non commerciaux (BNC) redressés par la structure par taille de
chaque secteur dans Sirene.
14. Taux de croissance annuel moyen du RCAI des entrepreneurs individuels selon leur activité,
sur la période 1993-2003 en euros constants
Ensemble
1996-2003
1993-1996
Éducation non scolaire
Activités récréatives
Transports
Construction
Promotion et gestion immobilières
Conseil, assistance
Services opérationnels aux entreprises
Services aux particuliers
Commerce de gros
Réparation et commerce automobile
Pharmacie
Commerce de détail
Industrie
– 15
– 10
–5
0
5
10
15
Champ : petites entreprises individuelles de moins de vingt salariés.
Source : bénéfices industriels et commerciaux (BIC), bénéfices non commerciaux (BNC) redressés par la structure par taille de
chaque secteur dans Sirene.
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:26
23
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
Au sein de chaque secteur, on observe une forte dispersion des performances des EI. C’est tout
particulièrement le cas dans l’industrie, le commerce de détail, les services aux particuliers et
7
le conseil et assistance, secteurs ou le rapport interquartile du revenu est supérieur à 3,5.
La taille de l’entreprise est un facteur discriminant du revenu. Un EI employant au moins un
salarié dégage en moyenne un revenu de 37 200 euros contre 17 900 euros seulement pour
son collègue travaillant seul.
Là aussi, le revenu moyen diffère selon le sexe. Celui d’un entrepreneur individuel est supérieur de 25 % à celui de son homologue féminin.
V. Les dirigeants (salariés) de l’industrie, de la construction, du commerce
et des services
Les dirigeants de société, même s’ils sont salariés au regard de la sécurité sociale, ont également été pris en compte dans cet ouvrage consacré aux chefs d’entreprise ou professions libérales. Ils peuvent exercer dans le cadre de sociétés anonymes (SA) comme PDG, Directeur
général ou membres du directoire de la SA, de sociétés à responsabilité limitée (SARL)
comme gérants minoritaires de cette SARL ou encore dans le cadre d’autres types de société
(gérants non associés).
Le salaire ne constitue pas nécessairement la seule source de revenus d’un dirigeant. Si celui-ci est propriétaire d’une partie du capital de l’entreprise, il peut recevoir des parts de sociétés dans le cas d’une SARL, des dividendes dans le cas d’une SA ou encore des
stock-options. Ceux-ci sont considérés comme des revenus du capital et non comme des revenus d’activité. Cependant, l’arbitrage entre revenus d’activité et dividendes dépend parfois plus de considérations fiscales ou sociales que d’un réel partage travail/capital.
15. Évolution en euros constants du salaire moyen des dirigeants de société
milliers d'euros
55
Industrie
50
Services
45
Ensemble
40
Commerce
35
Construction
30
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Lecture : en 2000, un dirigeant de société a perçu en moyenne un salaire net de 42 700 euros de 2003.
Champ : les dirigeants de société salariés à temps complet hors agriculture, services domestiques, activités extra-territoriales.
Source : DADS 2003, Insee.
7. Rapport entre le troisième quartile et le premier de la distribution des revenus d’activité du secteur considéré.
24
Les revenus d’activité des indépendants, édition 2006
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:27
Profil couleur : DØsactivØ
Composite 150 lpp
45 degrØs
En termes de revenus d’activité, les dirigeants salariés ne constituent pas un ensemble homogène. Le domaine d’activité, la taille de l’entreprise et la zone d’implantation de l’établissement qu’ils dirigent ont une grande influence sur leur niveau de rémunération. Le sexe
contribue aussi à cette différenciation, les écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes étant en
effet plus grands pour les dirigeants que pour leurs salariés.
Entre 1993 et 1996, le salaire net des dirigeants de société s’est dégradé, accusant une baisse
en euros constants de plus de 1 % par an en moyenne. Comme pour les entrepreneurs individuels, l’année 1997 a mis fin à cette période de fléchissement de leurs revenus. Ils s’accroissent depuis de plus de 2 % par an en euros constants pour atteindre 46 300 euros annuels en
2003 (figure 15). n
Vue d'ensemble
vue ensemble.ps
N:\H256\STE\K3WCPB\_DONNEES\IndØpendants\Vue ensemble\vue ensemble.vp
lundi 22 mai 2006 09:46:27
25
| 6,752
|
2014/22014A0830(01)_2/22014A0830(01)_FR.txt_12
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,014
|
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 7,569
| 11,626
|
Directive 89/656/CEE du Conseil du 30 novembre 1989 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé pour l'utilisation par les travailleurs au travail d'équipements de protection individuelle (troisième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 89/656/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 92/57/CEE du Conseil du 24 juin 1992 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé à mettre en œuvre sur les chantiers temporaires ou mobiles (huitième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 92/57/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2009/148/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 30 novembre 2009 concernant la protection des travailleurs contre les risques liés à une exposition à l'amiante pendant le travail
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2004/37/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 29 avril 2004 concernant la protection des travailleurs contre les risques liés à l'exposition à des agents cancérigènes ou mutagènes au travail (sixième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE du Conseil)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2004/37/CE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2000/54/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 18 septembre 2000 concernant la protection des travailleurs contre les risques liés à l'exposition à des agents biologiques au travail (septième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2000/54/CE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 90/270/CEE du Conseil du 29 mai 1990 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé relatives au travail sur des équipements à écran de visualisation (cinquième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 90/270/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 92/58/CEE du Conseil du 24 juin 1992 concernant les prescriptions minimales pour la signalisation de sécurité et/ou de santé au travail (neuvième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 92/58/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 92/91/CEE du Conseil du 3 novembre 1992 concernant les prescriptions minimales visant à améliorer la protection en matière de sécurité et de santé des travailleurs des industries extractives par forage (onzième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: pour les nouveaux lieux de travail, les dispositions de la directive 92/91/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Pour les lieux de travail déjà utilisés au moment de l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord, les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les douze ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord, y compris pour ce qui est des prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé figurant à l'annexe de cette directive.
Directive 92/104/CEE du Conseil du 3 décembre 1992 concernant les prescriptions minimales visant à améliorer la protection en matière de sécurité et de santé des travailleurs des industries extractives à ciel ouvert ou souterraines (douzième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: pour les nouveaux lieux de travail, les dispositions de la directive 92/104/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les sept ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Pour les lieux de travail déjà utilisés au moment de l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord, les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les seize ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord, y compris pour ce qui est des prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé figurant à l'annexe de cette directive.
Directive 98/24/CE du Conseil du 7 avril 1998 concernant la protection de la santé et de la sécurité des travailleurs contre les risques liés à des agents chimiques sur le lieu de travail (quatorzième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 98/24/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 1999/92/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 16 décembre 1999 concernant les prescriptions minimales visant à améliorer la protection en matière de sécurité et de santé des travailleurs susceptibles d'être exposés au risque d'atmosphères explosives (quinzième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 1999/92/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2002/44/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 25 juin 2002 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé relatives à l'exposition des travailleurs aux risques dus aux agents physiques (vibrations) (seizième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2002/44/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2003/10/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 6 février 2003 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé relatives à l'exposition des travailleurs aux risques dus aux agents physiques (bruit) (dix-septième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2003/10/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2004/40/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 29 avril 2004 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé relatives à l'exposition des travailleurs aux risques dus aux agents physiques (champs électromagnétiques) (dix-huitième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2004/40/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2006/25/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 5 avril 2006 relative aux prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé relatives à l'exposition des travailleurs aux risques dus aux agents physiques (rayonnements optiques artificiels) (dix-neuvième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1, de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2006/25/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 93/103/CE du Conseil du 23 novembre 1993 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé au travail à bord des navires de pêche (treizième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 93/103/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 92/29/CEE du Conseil du 31 mars 1992 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé pour promouvoir une meilleure assistance médicale à bord des navires
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 90/269/CEE du Conseil du 29 mai 1990 concernant les prescriptions minimales de sécurité et de santé relatives à la manutention manuelle de charges comportant des risques, notamment dorso-lombaires, pour les travailleurs (quatrième directive particulière au sens de l'article 16, paragraphe 1 de la directive 89/391/CEE)
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 90/269/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 91/322/CEE de la Commission du 29 mai 1991 relative à la fixation de valeurs limites de caractère indicatif par la mise en œuvre de la directive 80/1107/CEE du Conseil concernant la protection des travailleurs contre les risques liés à une exposition à des agents chimiques, physiques et biologiques pendant le travail
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 91/322/CEE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2000/39/CE de la Commission du 8 juin 2000 relative à l'établissement d'une première liste de valeurs limites d'exposition professionnelle de caractère indicatif en application de la directive 98/24/CE du Conseil concernant la protection de la santé et de la sécurité des travailleurs contre les risques liés à des agents chimiques sur le lieu de travail
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2000/39/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2006/15/CE de la Commission du 7 février 2006 établissant une deuxième liste de valeurs limites indicatives d'exposition professionnelle en application de la directive 98/24/CE du Conseil
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2006/15/CE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2009/161/UE de la Commission du 17 décembre 2009 établissant une troisième liste de valeurs limites indicatives d'exposition professionnelle en application de la directive 98/24/CE du Conseil
Calendrier: les dispositions de la directive 2009/161/UE doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
ANNEXE IV
RELATIVE AU CHAPITRE 5 (PROTECTION DU CONSOMMATEUR) DU TITRE IV
La République de Moldavie s'engage à rapprocher progressivement, dans les délais impartis, sa législation des textes législatifs de l'Union européenne et des instruments internationaux énumérés ci-après.
Sécurité des produits
Directive 2001/95/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 3 décembre 2001 relative à la sécurité générale des produits
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les deux ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 87/357/CEE du Conseil du 25 juin 1987 concernant le rapprochement des législations des États membres relatives aux produits qui, n'ayant pas l'apparence de ce qu'ils sont, compromettent la santé ou la sécurité des consommateurs
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Décision 2009/251/CE de la Commission du 17 mars 2009 exigeant des États membres qu'ils veillent à ce que les produits contenant du fumarate de diméthyle (produit biocide) ne soient pas commercialisés ou mis à disposition sur le marché
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette décision doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Décision 2006/502/CE de la Commission du 11 mai 2006 exigeant des États membres qu'ils prennent des mesures destinées à faire en sorte que seuls les briquets présentant des caractéristiques de sécurité enfants soient mis sur le marché et à interdire la mise sur le marché de briquets fantaisie
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette décision doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Commercialisation
Directive 98/6/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 16 février 1998 relative à la protection des consommateurs en matière d'indication des prix des produits offerts aux consommateurs
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans l'année qui suit l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2005/29/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 11 mai 2005 relative aux pratiques commerciales déloyales des entreprises vis-à-vis des consommateurs dans le marché intérieur («directive sur les pratiques commerciales déloyales»)
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Droit des contrats
Directive 1999/44/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 25 mai 1999 sur certains aspects de la vente et des garanties des biens de consommation
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 93/13/CEE du Conseil du 5 avril 1993 concernant les clauses abusives dans les contrats conclus avec les consommateurs
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 97/7/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 20 mai 1997 concernant la protection des consommateurs en matière de contrats à distance
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 85/577/CEE du Conseil du 20 décembre 1985 concernant la protection des consommateurs dans le cas de contrats négociés en dehors des établissements commerciaux
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 90/314/CEE du Conseil du 13 juin 1990 concernant les voyages, vacances et circuits à forfait
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2008/122/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 14 janvier 2009 relative à la protection des consommateurs en ce qui concerne certains aspects des contrats d'utilisation de biens à temps partagé, des contrats de produits de vacances à long terme et des contrats de revente et d'échange
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Services financiers
Directive 2002/65/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 23 septembre 2002 concernant la commercialisation à distance de services financiers auprès des consommateurs
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Crédit à la consommation
Directive 2008/48/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 23 avril 2008 concernant les contrats de crédit aux consommateurs
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les deux ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Voies de recours
Recommandation de la Commission du 30 mars 1998 concernant les principes applicables aux organes responsables pour la résolution extrajudiciaire des litiges de consommation (98/257/CE)
Calendrier: sans objet.
Recommandation de la Commission du 4 avril 2001 relative aux principes applicables aux organes extrajudiciaires chargés de la résolution consensuelle des litiges de consommation (2001/310/CE)
Calendrier: sans objet.
Lutte contre les infractions
Directive 98/27/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 mai 1998 relative aux actions en cessation en matière de protection des intérêts des consommateurs
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Coopération dans le domaine de la protection des consommateurs (règlement)
Règlement (CE) no 2006/2004 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 27 octobre 2004 relatif à la coopération entre les autorités nationales chargées de veiller à l'application de la législation en matière de protection des consommateurs («Règlement relatif à la coopération en matière de protection des consommateurs»)
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
ANNEXE V
RELATIVE AU CHAPITRE 6 (STATISTIQUES) DU TITRE IV
L'acquis de l'Union européenne dans le domaine des statistiques, visé à l'article 46 du chapitre 6 (Statistiques) du titre IV (Coopération économique et autre coopération sectorielle) du présent accord, est décrit dans le recueil intitulé Statistical Requirements Compendium, actualisé chaque année, qui est considéré par les parties comme étant annexé au présent accord.
La version la plus récente du Statistical Requirements Compendium est disponible en version électronique sur le site web de l'Office statistique de l'Union européenne (Eurostat): http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu.
ANNEXE VI
RELATIVE AU CHAPITRE 8 (FISCALITE) DU TITRE IV
La République de Moldavie s'engage à rapprocher progressivement, dans les délais impartis, sa législation des textes législatifs de l'Union européenne et des instruments internationaux énumérés ci-après.
Fiscalité indirecte
Directive 2006/112/CE du Conseil du 28 novembre 2006 relative au système commun de taxe sur la valeur ajoutée.
Les dispositions suivantes de cette directive s'appliquent:
—
objet et champ d'application [titre I, article 1er, article 2, paragraphe 1, points a), c) et d)]
—
assujettis (titre III, article 9, paragraphe 1, et articles 10 à 13)
—
opérations imposables (titre IV, articles 14 à 16, articles 18 et 19 et articles 24 à 30)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
lieu des opérations imposables (titre V, articles 31 et 32)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dès l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
lieu des opérations imposables (titre V, article 36, paragraphe 1, articles 38 et 39, articles 43 à 49, articles 53 à 56, et articles 58 à 61)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
fait générateur et exigibilité de la taxe (titre VI, articles 62 à 66, et articles 70 et 71)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dès l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
base d'imposition (titre VII, articles 72 à 82, et articles 85 à 92)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dès l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
taux (titre VIII, articles 93 à 99, et articles 102 et 103)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
exonérations [titre IX, articles 131 à 137, articles 143 et 144, article 146, paragraphe 1, points a), c), d), et e), article 146, paragraphe 2, articles 147 et 148, article 150, paragraphe 2, articles 151 à 161, et article 163]
Calendrier: sans préjudice des autres chapitres du présent accord, pour toutes les exonérations relevant du champ d'application de la directive 2006/112/CE du Conseil concernant les biens et les services en zone franche, les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Pour toutes les autres exonérations, les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
déductions (titre X, articles 167 à 169, articles 173 à 192)
Calendrier: pour toutes les déductions à l'égard des assujettis faisant référence à des personnes morales, les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Pour toutes les autres déductions, les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
obligations des assujettis et de certaines personnes non assujetties (titre XI, articles 193, 194, 198 et 199, articles 201 à 208, articles 211 et 212, article 213, paragraphe 1, article 214, paragraphe 1, point a), article 214, paragraphe 2, article 215, articles 217 à 236, articles 238 à 242, article 244, articles 246 à 248, articles 250 à 252, articles 255, 256, 260 et 261, et articles 271 à 273)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
régimes particuliers (titre XII, articles 281 à 292, articles 295 à 344, et articles 346 à 356)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
dispositions diverses (titre XIV, article 401)
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dès l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2007/74/CE du Conseil du 20 décembre 2007 concernant les franchises de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée et des accises perçues à l'importation de marchandises par des voyageurs en provenance de pays tiers
Les dispositions suivantes de cette directive s'appliquent:
—
Section 3 relative aux limites quantitatives
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Tabac
Directive 2011/64/UE du Conseil du 21 juin 2011 concernant la structure et les taux des accises applicables aux tabacs manufacturés
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les deux ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord, à l'exception des dispositions de l'article 7, paragraphe 2, des articles 8, 9, 10, 11 et 12, de l'article 14, paragraphes 1, 2 et 4, et des articles 18 et 19 de cette directive, qui doivent être appliquées d'ici 2025. Le conseil d'association décidera d'un autre calendrier de mise en œuvre si le contexte régional l'exige.
Alcool
Directive 92/83/CEE du Conseil du 19 octobre 1992 concernant l'harmonisation des structures des droits d'accises sur l'alcool et les boissons alcooliques
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Énergie
Directive 2003/96/CE du Conseil du 27 octobre 2003 restructurant le cadre communautaire de taxation des produits énergétiques et de l'électricité
Calendrier: pour toutes les dispositions liées aux taux, cette directive doit être appliquée dans les dix ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Toutes les autres dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2008/118/CE du Conseil du 16 décembre 2008 relative au régime général d'accise
Les dispositions suivantes de cette directive s'appliquent:
—
article 1er de cette directive
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les deux ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
—
Treizième directive 86/560/CEE du Conseil du 17 novembre 1986 en matière d'harmonisation des législations des États membres relatives aux taxes sur le chiffre d'affaires — Modalités de remboursement de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée aux assujettis non établis sur le territoire de la Communauté
Calendrier: pour les assujettis faisant référence à des personnes morales, les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Toutes les autres dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
ANNEXE VII
RELATIVE AU CHAPITRE 12 (AGRICULTURE ET DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL) DU TITRE IV
La République de Moldavie s'engage à rapprocher progressivement, dans les délais impartis, sa législation des textes législatifs de l'Union européenne et des instruments internationaux énumérés ci-après.
Politique de la qualité
Règlement (CE) no 510/2006 du Conseil du 20 mars 2006 relatif à la protection des indications géographiques et des appellations d'origine des produits agricoles et des denrées alimentaires
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1898/2006 de la Commission du 14 décembre 2006 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 510/2006 du Conseil relatif à la protection des indications géographiques et des appellations d'origine des produits agricoles et des denrées alimentaires
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 1898/2006 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 110/2008 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 15 janvier 2008 concernant la définition, la désignation, la présentation, l'étiquetage et la protection des indications géographiques des boissons spiritueuses
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1234/2007 du Conseil du 22 octobre 2007 portant organisation commune des marchés dans le secteur agricole et dispositions spécifiques en ce qui concerne certains produits de ce secteur (règlement OCM unique), la partie relative à l'indication géographique des vins du chapitre I du titre II de la partie II
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 555/2008 de la Commission du 27 juin 2008 fixant les modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 479/2008 du Conseil en ce qui concerne les programmes d'aide, les échanges avec les pays tiers, le potentiel de production et les contrôles dans le secteur vitivinicole, et notamment le titre V «Contrôles applicables dans le secteur vitivinicole»
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 555/2008 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 509/2006 du Conseil du 20 mars 2006 relatif aux spécialités traditionnelles garanties des produits agricoles et des denrées alimentaires
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1216/2007 de la Commission du 18 octobre 2007 établissant les modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 509/2006 du Conseil relatif aux spécialités traditionnelles garanties des produits agricoles et des denrées alimentaires
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 1216/2007 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Agriculture biologique
Règlement (CE) no 834/2007 du Conseil du 28 juin 2007 relatif à la production biologique et à l'étiquetage des produits biologiques
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 889/2008 de la Commission du 5 septembre 2008 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 834/2007 du Conseil relatif à la production biologique et à l'étiquetage des produits biologiques en ce qui concerne la production biologique, l'étiquetage et les contrôles
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 889/2008 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1235/2008 de la Commission du 8 décembre 2008 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 834/2007 du Conseil en ce qui concerne le régime d'importation de produits biologiques en provenance des pays tiers
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 1235/2008 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Normes de commercialisation des plantes, des semences, des produits fabriqués à partir de plantes, des fruits et des légumes
Règlement (CE) no 1234/2007 du Conseil du 22 octobre 2007 portant organisation commune des marchés dans le secteur agricole et dispositions spécifiques en ce qui concerne certains produits de ce secteur (règlement OCM unique)
Les dispositions suivantes de ce règlement s'appliquent:
—
pour les questions horizontales: article 113 et annexes I, III et IV;
—
pour les semences destinées à l'ensemencement: article 157;
—
pour le sucre: annexe IV, point B;
—
pour les céréales/le riz: annexe IV, point A;
—
pour le tabac brut: articles 123, 124 et 126; il y a lieu de noter que l'article 104 n'est pas applicable au présent accord;
—
pour le houblon: article 117, article 121, premier alinéa, point g), et article 158; il y a lieu de noter que l'article 185 n'est pas applicable au présent accord;
—
pour les huiles alimentaires/l'huile d'olive: article 118 et annexe XVI;
—
pour les plantes vivantes et les produits de la floriculture: annexe I, partie XIII;
—
pour les fruits et légumes: article 113 bis
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1295/2008 de la Commission du 18 décembre 2008 relatif à l'importation du houblon en provenance des pays tiers
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 66/401/CEE du Conseil du 14 juin 1966 concernant la commercialisation des semences de plantes fourragères
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 66/402/CEE du Conseil du 14 juin 1966 concernant la commercialisation des semences de céréales
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 68/193/CEE du Conseil du 9 avril 1968 concernant la commercialisation des matériels de multiplication végétative de la vigne
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2008/72/CE du Conseil du 15 juillet 2008 concernant la commercialisation des plants de légumes et des matériels de multiplication de légumes autres que les semences
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 92/34/CEE du Conseil du 28 avril 1992 concernant la commercialisation des matériels de multiplication de plantes fruitières et des plantes fruitières destinées à la production de fruits
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 98/56/CE du Conseil du 20 juillet 1998 concernant la commercialisation des matériels de multiplication des plantes ornementales
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 1999/105/CE du Conseil du 22 décembre 1999 concernant la commercialisation des matériels forestiers de reproduction
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2001/111/CE du Conseil du 20 décembre 2001 relative à certains sucres destinés à l'alimentation humaine
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CEE) no 2568/91 de la Commission du 11 juillet 1991 relatif aux caractéristiques des huiles d'olive et des huiles de grignons d'olive ainsi qu'aux méthodes y afférentes
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 76/621/CEE du Conseil du 20 juillet 1976 relative à la fixation du taux maximal d'acide érucique dans les huiles et graisses destinées telles quelles à l'alimentation humaine ainsi que dans les denrées alimentaires additionnées d'huiles ou de graisses
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2002/53/CE du Conseil du 13 juin 2002 concernant le catalogue commun des variétés des espèces de plantes agricoles
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2002/54/CE du Conseil du 13 juin 2002 concernant la commercialisation des semences de betteraves
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2002/55/CE du Conseil du 13 juin 2002 concernant la commercialisation des semences de légumes
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2002/56/CE du Conseil du 13 juin 2002 concernant la commercialisation des plants de pommes de terre
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2002/57/CE du Conseil du 13 juin 2002 concernant la commercialisation des semences de plantes oléagineuses et à fibres
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1019/2002 de la Commission du 13 juin 2002 relatif aux normes de commercialisation de l'huile d'olive
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CEE) no 2568/91 de la Commission du 11 juillet 1991 relatif aux caractéristiques des huiles d'olive et des huiles de grignons d'olive ainsi qu'aux méthodes y afférentes
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2000/36/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 23 juin 2000 relative aux produits de cacao et de chocolat destinés à l'alimentation humaine
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2001/113/CE du Conseil du 20 décembre 2001 relative aux confitures, gelées et marmelades de fruits, ainsi qu'à la crème de marrons, destinées à l'alimentation humaine
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 1999/4/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 22 février 1999 relative aux extraits de café et aux extraits de chicorée
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2001/112/CE du Conseil du 20 décembre 2001 relative aux jus de fruits et à certains produits similaires destinés à l'alimentation humaine
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1580/2007 de la Commission du 21 décembre 2007 portant modalités d'application des règlements (CE) no 2200/96, (CE) no 2201/96 et (CE) no 1182/2007 du Conseil dans le secteur des fruits et légumes
Toutes les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 1580/2007 sont applicables, y compris les annexes, à l'exclusion des titres III et IV de ce règlement
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Normes de commercialisation des animaux vivants et des produits animaux
Règlement (CE) no 1760/2000 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 17 juillet 2000 établissant un système d'identification et d'enregistrement des bovins et concernant l'étiquetage de la viande bovine et des produits à base de viande bovine
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1825/2000 de la Commission du 25 août 2000 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 1760/2000 du Parlement européen et du Conseil en ce qui concerne l'étiquetage de la viande bovine et des produits à base de viande bovine
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 1825/2000 doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1234/2007 du Conseil du 22 octobre 2007 portant organisation commune des marchés dans le secteur agricole et dispositions spécifiques en ce qui concerne certains produits de ce secteur (règlement OCM unique)
Les dispositions suivantes de ce règlement s'appliquent:
—
pour les questions horizontales: article 113 et annexes I, III et IV;
—
pour la volaille et les œufs: annexe XIV, parties A, B et C: l'ensemble des articles;
—
pour la viande bovine: article 113 ter, annexe XI bis: l'ensemble des articles;
—
pour les gros bovins, les porcs et les ovins: annexe V;
—
pour le lait et les produits laitiers: articles 114 et 115 avec les annexes, annexe XII: l'ensemble des articles, annexe XIII: l'ensemble des articles, annexe XV: l'ensemble des articles.
Calendrier: les dispositions en question de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 566/2008 de la Commission du 18 juin 2008 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 1234/2007 du Conseil en ce qui concerne la commercialisation des viandes issues de bovins âgés de douze mois au plus
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 566/2008 doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 589/2008 de la Commission du 23 juin 2008 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 1234/2007 du Conseil en ce qui concerne les normes de commercialisation applicables aux œufs
L'ensemble des dispositions du règlement (CE) no 589/2008 s'appliquent, à l'exception des articles 33 à 35 et des annexes III et V de ce règlement.
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1249/2008 de la Commission du 10 décembre 2008 portant modalités d'application des grilles communautaires de classement des carcasses de bovins, de porcins et d'ovins et de la communication des prix y afférents
L'ensemble des dispositions de ce règlement s'appliquent, à l'exception de ses articles 18, 26, 35 et 37.
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 617/2008 de la Commission du 27 juin 2008 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 1234/2007 du Conseil en ce qui concerne les normes de commercialisation pour les œufs à couver et les poussins de volailles de basse-cour
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 617/2008 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 445/2007 de la Commission du 23 avril 2007 portant certaines modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 2991/94 du Conseil établissant des normes pour les matières grasses tartinables et du règlement (CEE) no 1898/87 du Conseil concernant la protection de la dénomination du lait et des produits laitiers lors de leur commercialisation
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 445/2007 doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2001/114/CE du Conseil du 20 décembre 2001 relative à certains laits de conserve partiellement ou totalement déshydratés destinés à l'alimentation humaine
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les cinq ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 273/2008 de la Commission du 5 mars 2008 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 1255/1999 du Conseil en ce qui concerne les méthodes à utiliser pour l'analyse et l'évaluation de la qualité du lait et des produits laitiers
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 273/2008 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 543/2008 de la Commission du 16 juin 2008 portant modalités d'application du règlement (CE) no 1234/2007 du Conseil en ce qui concerne les normes de commercialisation pour la viande de volaille
Calendrier: les dispositions du règlement (CE) no 543/2008 doivent être appliquées dans les quatre ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2001/110/CE du Conseil du 20 décembre 2001 relative au miel
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
ANNEXE VIII
RELATIVE AU CHAPITRE 14 (COOPERATION DANS LE DOMAINE DE L'ENERGIE) DU TITRE IV
La République de Moldavie s'engage à rapprocher progressivement, dans les délais impartis, sa législation des textes législatifs de l'Union européenne et des instruments internationaux énumérés ci-après.
Les délais relatifs aux dispositions de cette annexe qui avaient déjà été établis par les parties dans le cadre d'autres accords s'appliquent, conformément aux accords concernés.
Électricité
Directive 2009/72/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 13 juillet 2009 concernant des règles communes pour le marché intérieur de l'électricité
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Règlement (CE) no 714/2009 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 13 juillet 2009 sur les conditions d'accès au réseau pour les échanges transfrontaliers d'électricité
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Directive 2005/89/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 18 janvier 2006 concernant des mesures visant à garantir la sécurité de l'approvisionnement en électricité et les investissements dans les infrastructures
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Gaz
Directive 2009/73/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 13 juillet 2009 concernant des règles communes pour le marché intérieur du gaz naturel
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Règlement (CE) no 715/2009 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 13 juillet 2009 concernant les conditions d'accès aux réseaux de transport de gaz naturel
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Règlement (UE) no 994/2010 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 20 octobre 2010 concernant des mesures visant à garantir la sécurité de l'approvisionnement en gaz naturel
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Pétrole
Directive 2009/119/CE du Conseil du 14 septembre 2009 faisant obligation aux États membres de maintenir un niveau minimal de stocks de pétrole brut et/ou de produits pétroliers
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Infrastructures
Règlement (UE, Euratom) no 617/2010 du Conseil du 24 juin 2010 concernant la communication à la Commission des projets d'investissement relatifs à des infrastructures énergétiques dans l'Union européenne
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Prospection et exploration en ce qui concerne les hydrocarbures
Directive 94/22/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 30 mai 1994 sur les conditions d'octroi et d'exercice des autorisations de prospecter, d'exploiter et d'extraire des hydrocarbures
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Efficacité énergétique
Directive 2004/8/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 11 février 2004 concernant la promotion de la cogénération sur la base de la demande de chaleur utile dans le marché intérieur de l'énergie
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Décision de la Commission du 19 novembre 2008 établissant des orientations détaillées pour la mise en œuvre et l'application de l'annexe II de la directive 2004/8/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil [C(2008) 952]
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette décision doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Décision de la Commission du 21 décembre 2006 définissant des valeurs harmonisées de rendement de référence pour la production séparée d'électricité et de chaleur en application de la directive 2004/8/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil [2007/74/CE]
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette décision doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2010/31/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 mai 2010 sur la performance énergétique des bâtiments
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Directive 2009/33/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 23 avril 2009 relative à la promotion de véhicules de transport routier propres et économes en énergie
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2009/125/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 21 octobre 2009 établissant un cadre pour la fixation d'exigences en matière d'écoconception applicables aux produits liés à l'énergie
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Directive 2010/30/UE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 mai 2010 concernant l'indication, par voie d'étiquetage et d'informations uniformes relatives aux produits, de la consommation en énergie et en autres ressources des produits liés à l'énergie
Calendrier: à appliquer conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
Règlement (CE) no 106/2008 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 15 janvier 2008 concernant un programme communautaire d'étiquetage relatif à l'efficacité énergétique des équipements de bureau
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Décision 2006/1005/CE du Conseil du 18 décembre 2006 relative à la conclusion de l'accord entre le gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique et la Communauté européenne concernant la coordination des programmes d'étiquetage relatifs à l'efficacité énergétique des équipements de bureau
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette décision doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Règlement (CE) no 1222/2009 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 25 novembre 2009 sur l'étiquetage des pneumatiques en relation avec l'efficacité en carburant et d'autres paramètres essentiels
Calendrier: les dispositions de ce règlement doivent être appliquées dans les trois ans qui suivent l'entrée en vigueur du présent accord.
Énergies renouvelables
Directive 2009/28/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 23 avril 2009 relative à la promotion de l'utilisation de l'énergie produite à partir de sources renouvelables
Calendrier: les dispositions de cette directive doivent être appliquées conformément au calendrier convenu dans le cadre du traité instituant la Communauté de l'énergie.
ANNEXE IX
RELATIVE AU CHAPITRE 15 (TRANSPORT) DU TITRE IV
1.
Les parties ont convenu de coopérer en vue du développement du réseau stratégique de transport pour le territoire de la République de Moldavie. La carte indicative du réseau stratégique de transport proposée par la République de Moldavie figure dans cette annexe (voir point 6 de cette dernière).
2.
Dans ce contexte, les parties reconnaissent qu'il importe de mettre en œuvre les grandes mesures prioritaires de la stratégie d'investissement dans les infrastructures de transport en République de Moldavie, visant à remettre en état et à étendre les liaisons ferroviaires et routières, d'importance internationale, qui traversent le territoire du pays, à commencer par les routes nationales M3 Chisinau — Giurgiulesti et M14 Brest — Briceni — Tiraspol — Odessa, ainsi qu'à moderniser les liaisons ferroviaires avec les pays voisins utilisées pour le trafic international et de transit.
3.
| 11,850
|
6245818_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,972
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6
| 15
|
C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari denied..
| 23,516
|
US-68435007-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,007
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,171
| 7,140
|
For example, as shown in FIGS. 34( a) and 34(b), the broadening of light reflected on the bottom faces 48 a to the direction of length hand of the refractive element can be selectively controlled by forming grooves which are extended to a horizontal direction of the refractive element 48 on the bottom faces 48 a of the refractive element 48. Consequently, the unevenness of luminance and the unevenness of colors originated in that the point light sources 3 are discretely arranged can be also improved. FIG. 34( a) is a section view of refractive element related to Embodiment 4 and FIG. 34( b) is a frontal view viewed from the hollow space side of other refractive element related to Embodiment 4.
As shown in FIGS. 35( a) and 35(b), the broadening of light reflected on the bottom faces 48 a to the horizontal direction of the refractive element can be selectively controlled by forming grooves which are extended to the direction of length hand of the bottom faces 48 a of the refractive element 48. Consequently, it can be mitigated that luminance is heightened nearby the point light sources 3 and the unevenness of luminance can be improved. FIG. 35( a) is a section view of refractive element and FIG. 35( b) is a frontal view viewed from the hollow space side of refractive element.
As the light scattering means, a scattering reflection sheet such as a scattering sheet and a white sheet can be pasted on the bottom faces 48 a of the refractive element 48. Further, an anisotropic scattering sheet in which scattering degree is different to an orthogonal direction can be pasted. The broadening of light to the direction of length hand and the horizontal direction of the refractive element can be independently controlled by using the anisotropic scattering sheet and the unevenness of luminance and the unevenness of colors nearby light injection can be effectively improved.
In Embodiment 4, the unevenness of luminance and the unevenness of colors nearby light injection are improved by providing the light scattering means on the bottom faces 48 a of the refractive element 48, but in the present invention, the shape of the refractive element is not limited to this arrangement, and the unevenness of luminance and the unevenness of colors of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be further improved by the effect shown in Embodiments 1 to 3 and the effect of Embodiment 4, by providing the light scattering means on the bottom faces of the refractive element having shapes which are shown in Embodiments 1 to 3.
In the Embodiments illustrated above, although the substrate 4 of the point light sources on which the plurality of point light sources 3 are provided in parallel along the 2 facing side planes 1 c of the housing 1, the point light sources 3 can be provided along the one side face 1 c among the 4 side planes 1 c of the housing 1 if adequate luminance is obtained. If luminance is insufficient, the point light sources 3 may be provided along 3 or 4 of the side planes 1 c.
In the Embodiments illustrated above, a regularly reflecting material which has a function of regularly reflecting light is used as the reflecting plate 5, but those which are obtained by roughening the portion of surface of the regularly reflecting material, or those in which a white resin sheet or a scattering reflecting portion coating a white color on a metal plate is provided on the portion of the reflecting plate can be also used. In particular, the luminance of a position separated from the point light sources 3 can be heightened by providing the scattering reflecting portion at a position separated from the point light sources 3 such as nearby the center of the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1.
EMBODIMENT 5
FIG. 36 is a partial section view of the planar light source device related to Embodiment 5 of the present invention. In FIG. 36, the same numerals as FIGS. 1 to 35 show the same portions or equivalent portions, and their illustration is abbreviated. The refractive element 13 has at least one side plane 13 d which connects the irradiated plane 13 a with the radiating plane 13 b and the side plane 13 d reflects totally the irradiating light from the point light sources 3 to the refractive element 13. In particular, when LEDs having the light distribution in which luminance is the maximum in an adequate angle for the central axis of LEDs as shown in FIG. 5 are used as the point light sources 3, the side plane 13 d preferably reflects totally light to a direction at which luminance is the maximum among light distribution of irradiating lights from the point light sources 3 to the refractive element 13. Further, when LEDs having the light distribution in which luminance is the maximum in the central axis of LEDs as shown in FIG. 25 are used as the point light sources 3, light to a direction at which luminance is the maximum among the light distribution of irradiating lights from the point light sources 3 to the refractive element 13 reaches the radiating plane 13 b without being irradiated on the side plane 13 d.
The side faces of the refractive element 13 in Embodiment 5 is composed of 2 facing planes 13 c which are parallel for the side planes 1 c of the housing 1 vertical to the direction of length hand of the refractive element 13 and 2 facing curved planes 13 d which connect 2 facing planes.
The irradiated plane 13 a is a semispherical shape which surrounds LEDs matching with the lens shape of a resin sealing the LED elements so that lights to all directions from LEDs being the point light sources 3 are irradiated nearly perpendicular to the irradiated plane 13 a. Thereby, an incident angle at the irradiated plane 13 a can be reduced (vertical incidence), and light irradiated on the irradiated plane 13 a can be efficiently irradiated on the curved surfaces 13 d or the radiating plane 13 b.
Since the radiating plane 13 b of the refractive element 13 is a curved surface and a shape in which the slant of the tangential line of the curved surface is gradually enlarged relative to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 from the top face 1 a of the housing 1 to the bottom face 1 b, light radiated from any position of the radiating plane 13 b reaches the lower portion of center of the hollow space 6, namely a far position at a reverse light source side.
Further, Embodiment 5 is different from Embodiments 1 to 3 only in a point that the side planes 13 d of the refractive element 13 which totally reflects the irradiating light from the point light sources 3 to the refractive element 13 are provided, and it exhibits the similar action effect as Embodiments 1 to 3 other than the action effect according to the side faces of the refractive element 13 described below.
In Embodiment 5, the directivity of light is efficiently adjusted without radiating light from the side faces to the outside of the refractive element 13 by totally reflecting light on the curved surfaces 13 d being the side planes of the refractive element 13, and the direction of light is refracted to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1 on the radiating plane 13 d to be radiated; therefore the bright portion nearby the light source can be reduced.
In Embodiment 5, the refractive element 13 is composed of 2 facing planes 13 c which are parallel to the side planes 1 c of the housing 1 vertical to the direction of length hand of the refractive element 13 and 2 facing curved surfaces 13 d which connect 2 facing planes, but it is not limited to the shape so far as the irradiating light from the point light sources 3 to the refractive element 13 can be totally reflected on the side faces.
For example, as shown in FIGS. 37( a) and 37(b), the refractive element 13 comprises 2 facing planes which are parallel to the side planes 1 c of the housing 1 vertical to the direction of length hand of the refractive element 13 and 2 obliquely curved surfaces which connect 2 facing planes. The 2 obliquely curved surfaces are slanted against the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1 so that gaps with the bottom face 1 b or the top face 1 a of the housing 1 are respectively decreased from the irradiated plane to the radiating plane, and an angle which is formed between the obliquely curved surface at the top faces 1 a side and the radiating plane is larger in comparison with the obliquely curved surface at the bottom face 1 b side. Thereby, light which is reflected on the obliquely curved surfaces can be adjusted, the radiating plane can be made as a flat plane vertical to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 or the scattering plate 2; therefore the refractive element 13 can be thinned. FIGS. 37( a) and 37(b) are evolution charts showing other refractive element related to Embodiment 5, FIG. 37( a) is a frontal view viewed from the hollow space 6 side, and FIG. 37( b) is a side view viewed from the direction of length hand of the refractive element.
Further, a reflecting layer such as silver or aluminum is formed by deposition and the like on the side faces 13 d of the refractive element 13 and light leakage from the side faces 13 d may be reduced.
Thus, it is preferable that the shape of the refractive element is selected by the directivity of the point light sources and a refractive index ratio of the refractive element to a peripheral medium surrounding the refractive element.
Further, when the substrate 4 of the point light sources on which the plurality of point light sources 3 are provided only nearby one of the side planes 1 c of the housing 1, it is necessary to efficiently introduce light from the point light sources 3 to the hollow space 6. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 38, when the point light sources 3 are provided only nearby one of the side planes 1 c of the housing 1, it is preferable because radiation from a plane other than the radiating plane 13 b can be suppressed by using the refractive element 13 in Embodiment 5. FIG. 38 is a partial section view of other planar light source device related to Embodiment 5.
EMBODIMENT 6
FIG. 39 is a section view of the planar light source device related to Embodiment 6 of the present invention and FIGS. 40( a) and 40(b) are views for illustrating the action effect of the refractive element. FIG. 40( a) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element related to Embodiment 6 of the present invention, and FIG. 40( b) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element of FIG. 17( a). In FIGS. 39 to 41, the same numerals as FIGS. 1 to 38 show the same portions or equivalent portions which are shown in FIGS. 1 to 38, and their illustration is abbreviated. It is only different from the Embodiment 1 that Embodiment 6 has a characteristic in the shape of the refractive element 8 described later, and it exhibits the similar action effect as Embodiment 1 other than the action effect according to the refractive element 8.
The refractive element 8 in the Embodiment 6 is provided along the arrangement direction of the plurality of point light sources 3 between the point light sources 3 and the hollow space 6, and the irradiated plane 8 c which faces the point light sources 3 of the refractive element 8 has a shape in which an oblique angle is reduced to the hollow space side against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 to the top face 1 e and refracts and radiates the light which is irradiated on the refractive element 8, to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1. Furthermore, it is preferably a shape that refracts light with an incident angle at which luminance is the maximum among the irradiating light for the irradiated plane 8 c from the opening portion 1 d side to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1 to radiate.
The refractive element 8 has the irradiated plane 8 c which comprises the first planes 8 c 1 nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 and the second planes 8 c 2 which are linked with the first planes 8 c 1 and slanted to the hollow space 6 side, the bottom faces 8 a nearly parallel to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1, the radiating plane 8 e which passes the cristas 8 d of the bottom faces 8 a at the hollow space 6 side and is slanted to the point light sources 3 side, and the facing faces 8 f which face in parallel to the bottom faces 8 a. The refractive element 8 is prepared by transparent resin or glass. Further, in Embodiment 6, since the irradiated plane 8 c is formed only by two planes, processing is easy.
Hereat, as shown in FIG. 40( a) in the present Embodiment, since the first planes 8 c 1 nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b are provided at the irradiated plane 8 c, light which reaches the refractive element 108 can be suppressed as shown in FIG. 40( b). Accordingly, the light which is reflected on the bottom face 8 a and radiated from the scattering plate 2 nearby the light source 3 is reduced, and the unevenness of luminance of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be improved. Further, since planes which are linked with the first planes 8 c 1 and slanted to the hollow space 6 side are provided at the irradiated plane 8 c as the second planes 8 c 2, light L1 which is surface-reflected among light reaching the second planes 8 c 2, returned to the reflector 7 side and is utilized again is increased. Consequently, the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 nearby the light source 3 is reduced, and the unevenness of luminance of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be improved.
Hereat, the first planes 8 c 1 which compose the irradiated plane 8 c are provided for reducing light which is emitted from the point light sources 3 as described above, refracted at the irradiated plane 8 c and reaches the bottom face 8 a. Accordingly, the height of the first planes 8 c 1 may be well a height or less at which light which is refracted on the irradiated plane 8 c and reaches the crista 8 d among the radiating lights with an angle (hereinafter, referred to as the maximum light distribution angle) at which an angle for the central axis of the point light sources is the maximum in the light distribution of lights which are irradiated from the point light sources is irradiated on the irradiated plane 8 c. The height of the first planes 8 c 1 in the present Embodiment is illustrated using FIG. 41. In FIG. 41, the left side of the page space is the point light sources 3 side, and the right side is the hollow space 6 side. In the present Embodiment, since the maximum light distribution angle of the point light sources 3 is about 90° as shown in FIG. 5, light about parallel to the bottom face 8 a is the light of the maximum light distribution angle. Hereat, a point in which light which is emitted from the point light sources 3, refracted on the second planes 8 c 2 and reaches the cristas 8 d is irradiated on the second planes 8 c 2 is referred to as P. Although a part of the light which reaches the second planes 8 c 2 at the bottom face 8 a side from the point P reaches the bottom face 8 a, the light which reached the second planes 8 c 2 at the facing face 8 f side from the point P does not reach the bottom face 8 a and is irradiated from the radiating plane 8 e. Namely, the first planes 8 c 1 may be provided at a range of the bottom face 8 a side than the point P.
Consequently, when the oblique angle of the second planes 8 c 2 is set as θ, the refractive index of the refractive element 8 as nil, the width of the refractive element as w1 and the height of the first planes 8 c 1 as h1, the range may be a range satisfying the following formula (7). 0<h1≦w1/(Tan(θ+Sin⁻¹(Sin(90−θ)/n1))) (7)
Further, in Embodiment 6, the irradiated plane 8 c of the refractive element 8 is composed of 2 planes, but in the present invention, it is not limited to the shape so far as the irradiated plane 8 c is a shape in which the oblique angle to the hollow space side is reduced against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b to the top face 1 a of the housing 1.
For example, as shown in FIG. 42, the irradiated plane 8 c of the refractive element 8 can be formed by polygon. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 43, the irradiated plane 8 c of the refractive element 8 can be formed by a curved surface. Thus, the direction of light can be more finely controlled by forming the irradiated plane with polygon or a curved surface.
EMBODIMENT 7
FIG. 44 is a section view of a planar light source device related to Embodiment 7 of the present invention and FIGS. 45( a) and 45(b) are views for illustrating the action effect of the refractive element. FIG. 45( a) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element related to Embodiment 7 of the present invention, and FIG. 45( b) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element of FIG. 17( a). FIG. 46 is a view for illustrating the shape of refractive element. In FIGS. 44 to 46, the same numerals as FIGS. 1 to 43 show the same portions or equivalent portions which are shown in FIGS. 1 to 43, and their illustration is abbreviated. Only the shape of the refractive element 18 in Embodiment 7 which is described later is different from Embodiment 1, and it exhibits the similar action effect as Embodiment 1 other than the action effect according to the refractive element 18.
The refractive element 18 in Embodiment 7 is provided along the arrangement direction of the plurality of point light sources 3 between the point light sources 3 and the hollow space 6, and the radiating plane 18 e which faces the hollow space 6 of the refractive element 18 has a shape in which an oblique angle is enlarged to the point light sources side against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 to the top face 1 a and refracts and radiates the light which is irradiated on the refractive element 18, to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1. Furthermore, it is more preferably a shape that refracts light with an incident angle at which luminance is the maximum among the irradiating light for the irradiated plane 18 c from the opening portion 1 d side to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1 to radiate.
The refractive element 18 has the radiating plane 18 e at the hollow space 6 side which comprises the first planes 18 e 1 which are slanted to the point light sources 3 side and the second planes 18 e 2 which are linked with the first planes 18 e 1 and nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1, the bottom faces 18 a nearly parallel to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1, the irradiated plane 18 c which passes the cristas 18 d at the point light sources 3 side of the bottom faces 18 a and is slanted to the hollow space 6 side, and the facing faces 18 f which face in parallel to the bottom faces 18 a. The refractive element 18 is prepared by transparent resin such as acryl or glass. In Embodiment 7, since the radiating plane 18 e are formed only by two planes, processing is easy.
Hereat, as shown in FIG. 45( a) in Embodiment 7, since the radiating plane 18 e is composed of the first planes 18 e 1 which are slanted to the point light sources 3 side and the second planes 18 e 2 which are nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1, the oblique angle θ of the radiating plane 18 e at the bottom face 1 b side can be reduced at a thickness equal to the refractive element 108 which is shown in FIG. 45( b). Consequently, the light reflected at the bottom face 18 a can be refracted strongly to the bottom face 1 b compared with the conventional refractive element 108, and the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 nearby the light source 3 is reduced, and the unevenness of luminance of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be improved.
All of the light which reached the second planes 18 c 2 at a position which is a fixed height or more from the bottom face 18 a among the light reflected on the bottom face 18 a is totally reflected, and returns to the reflector 7 side to be utilized again. Accordingly, the first planes 18 e 1 may be provided at a height or less at which light which is reflected on the bottom face 18 a is totally reflected on the second planes 18 e 2. The height of the first planes 18 e 1 in the present Embodiment is illustrated using FIG. 46. In FIG. 46, the left side of the page is the point light sources 3 side, and the right side is the hollow space 6 side. When an angle which is formed between the normal line of the second planes 18 e 2 and light which is reflected on the bottom face 18 a and reached the second planes 18 e 2 is set as φ and the refractive index of the refractive element 18 is set as n2, light which satisfies the following formula (8) is totally reflected on the second planes 18 e 2. φ≧Sin⁻¹(1/n) (8)
Hereat, among the reflection light of φ=Sin⁻¹(1/n), when the maximum height of reaching level at the second planes 18 e 2 is set as h3 and the width of the crista 18 b of the refractive element 18 and the second planes 18 e 2 is set as w2, the height h3 is represented by the following formula (9). Namely, light which reflected on the bottom face 18 a and reached the second planes 18 e 2 at a height of h3 or more is totally reflected.
$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{h\; 3} = {w\; 2 \times {Tan}\;\phi}} \\ {= {w\; 2 \times {{Tan}\left( {{Sin}^{- 1}\left( {1/n} \right)} \right)}}} \end{matrix} & (9) \end{matrix}$
Accordingly, when the height of the first planes 18 e 1 is set as h2, h2 may be well at h3 or less, and is a range shown by the following formula (10). 0<h2≦w2×Tan(Sin⁻¹(1/n)) (10)
In Embodiment 7, the radiating plane 18 e of the refractive element 18 is composed of 2 planes, but in the present invention, it is not limited to the shape so far as the radiating plane 18 e is a shape in which the oblique angle to the point light sources side is enlarged against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b to the top face 1 a of the housing 1.
For example, as shown in FIG. 47, the radiating plane 18 e of the refractive element 18 can be formed by polygon. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 48, the radiating plane 18 e of the refractive element 18 can be formed by a curved surface. Thus, the direction of light can be more accurately controlled by forming the radiating plane with polygon or a curved surface.
EMBODIMENT 8
FIG. 49 is a section view of a planar light source device related to Embodiment 8 of the present invention and FIGS. 50( a) and 50(b) are partial section views for illustrating the action effect of the refractive element. FIG. 50( a) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element related to Embodiment 8 of the present invention, and FIG. 50( b) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element of FIG. 17( a). In FIGS. 49 to 50( b), the same numerals as FIGS. 1 to 48 show the same portions or equivalent portions which are shown in FIGS. 1 to 48, and their illustration is abbreviated. Only the shape of the refractive element 28 in Embodiment 8 which is described later is different from Embodiment 1, and it exhibits the similar action effect as Embodiment 1 other than the action effect according to the refractive element 28.
The refractive element 28 in the Embodiment 8 is provided along the arrangement direction of the plurality of point light sources 3 between the point light sources 3 and the hollow space 6, and the irradiated plane 28 c which faces the point light sources 3 has a shape in which an oblique angle is reduced to the hollow space side against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 to the top face 1 a. The radiating plane 28 e which faces the hollow space 6 has a shape in which an oblique angle is enlarged to the point light sources side against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 to the top face 1 a, and refracts and radiates the light which is irradiated on the refractive element 28, to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1. Furthermore, it is preferably a shape that refracts light with an incident angle at which luminance is the maximum among the irradiating light for the irradiated plane 28 c from the opening portion 1 d side to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1 to radiate.
The refractive element 28 comprises the irradiated plane 28 c of the point light sources 3 side which comprises the first planes 28 c 1 nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 and the second planes 28 c 2 which are linked with the first planes 28 c 1 and slanted to the hollow space 6 side, the first planes 28 e 1 in which the radiating plane 28 e at the hollow space 6 side is slanted to the point light sources 3 side, and the second planes 28 e 2 which are linked with the first planes 28 e 1 and nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1. Further, it has the bottom faces 28 a which is nearly parallel to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 and the facing faces 28 f which face in parallel to the bottom faces 28 a. The refractive element 28 is prepared by transparent resin such as acryl or glass. Further, in Embodiment 8, since the irradiated plane 28 c and the radiating plane 28 e are respectively formed only by two planes, processing is easy.
As shown in FIG. 50( a) in Embodiment 8, since the first planes 28 c 1 nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b are provided at the irradiated plane 28 c, light which reaches the refractive element 108 can be suppressed as shown in FIG. 50( b). Accordingly, the light which is reflected on the bottom face 28 a and radiated from the scattering plate 2 nearby the light source 3 is reduced, and the unevenness of luminance of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be improved. Further, since the second planes 28 c 2 which are linked with the first planes 28 c 1 and slanted to the hollow space 6 side are provided as the irradiated plane 28 c, light L1 which is surface-reflected among light reaching the second planes 28 c 2, returned to the reflector 7 side and is utilized again is increased. Consequently, the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 nearby the light source 3 is reduced, and the unevenness of luminance of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be improved.
Further, since the first planes 28 e 1 which are slanted to the point light sources 3 side are provided at the radiating plane 28 e, light which is irradiated from the first planes 28 c 1 composing the irradiated plane 28 c can be refracted to the bottom face 1 b side, the light which is radiated from the scattering plate 2 nearby the light source 3 is reduced, and the unevenness of luminance of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be improved. Since the second planes 28 e 2 which are nearly vertical to the bottom face 1 b are provided at the radiating plane 28 e, the refractive element 28 can be thinly composed. Further, light which is irradiated from the first planes 28 c 1 composing the irradiated plane 28 c reaches the first planes 28 e 1 composing the radiating plane 28 e and is refracted, it is preferable that the boundary line 28 c 3 between the first planes 28 c 1 and the second planes 28 c 2 of the irradiated plane 28 c is situated at the bottom face 1 b side in comparison with the boundary line 28 e 3 between the first planes 28 e 1 and the second planes 28 e 2 of the radiating plane 28 e.
Further, in Embodiment 8, the irradiated plane 28 c and the radiating plane 28 e of the refractive element 28 are respectively composed of the combination of 2 planes, but it is not limited to the shape so far as the irradiated plane 28 c is a shape in which the oblique angle to the point light sources side is reduced against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b to the top face 1 a of the housing 1 and the radiating plane 28 e are a shape in which the oblique angle to the hollow space side is enlarged against the bottom face of the refractive element from the bottom face 1 b to the top face 1 a of the housing 1.
For example, as shown in FIG. 51, the irradiated plane 28 c and the radiating plane 28 e of the refractive element 28 can be formed by polygon. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 52, the irradiated plane 28 c and the radiating plane 28 e of the refractive element 28 can be also formed by a curved surface. Thus, the direction of light can be more accurately controlled by forming the irradiated plane 28 c and the radiating plane 28 e with polygon or a curved surface.
EMBODIMENT 9
FIG. 53 is a section view of the planar light source device related to Embodiment 9 of the present invention and FIGS. 54( a) and 54(b) are partial section views for illustrating the action effect of the refractive element. FIG. 54( a) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element related to Embodiment 9 of the present invention, and FIG. 54( b) is a magnified view nearby the refractive element of FIG. 17( a). FIG. 55 is a view for illustrating the shape of the refractive element. In FIGS. 53 to 55, the same numerals as FIGS. 1 to 52 show the same portions or equivalent portions which are shown in FIGS. 1 to 52, and their illustration is abbreviated. Only the shape of the refractive element 58 in Embodiment 9 which is described later is different from Embodiment 1, and it exhibits the similar action effect as Embodiment 1 other than the action effect according to the refractive element 58.
The refractive element 58 in Embodiment 9 is provided along the arrangement direction of the plurality of point light sources 3 between the point light sources 3 and the hollow space 6, and the bottom faces 58 a which combine the irradiated plane 58 c which faces the point light sources 3 of the refractive element 58 and the radiating plane 58 e facing the hollow space 6 have a shape in which it is slanted to a direction approaching to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 from the irradiated plane 58 c to the radiating plane 58 e, and light which is irradiated on the refractive element 58 is refracted to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 to be radiated. Furthermore, it is a shape that refracts light with an incident angle at which luminance is the maximum among the irradiating light for the irradiated plane 58 c from the opening portion 1 d side to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1 to radiate.
The refractive element 58 has the irradiated plane 58 c which is situated at the point light sources 3 side and is slanted to the hollow space 6 side, the radiating plane 58 e which is situated at the hollow space 6 side and is slanted to the point light sources 3 side, the bottom faces 58 a which combine the irradiated plane 58 c with the radiating plane 58 e and are slanted to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1 from the irradiated plane 58 c to the radiating plane 58 e, and the facing faces 58 f which combine the irradiated plane 58 c with the radiating plane 58 e and are in nearly parallel to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1. The refractive element 58 is prepared by transparent resin such as acryl or glass.
As shown in FIG. 54( a) in Embodiment 9, since the bottom faces 58 a are a shape in which they are slanted to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1, light which is irradiated from the irradiated plane 58 c and reached the bottom faces 58 a can be reflected to the bottom face 1 b side in comparison with light which reached the bottom face of the refractive element 108 of FIG. 17( a) which is shown in FIG. 54( b). Consequently, the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 nearby the light source 3 is reduced, and the unevenness of luminance of the radiating light from the scattering plate 2 can be improved.
It is preferable that the oblique angle of the bottom faces 58 a is determined so that light which is reflected on the bottom faces 58 a and refracted on the radiating plane 58 e is radiated from the opening portion 1 d side to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1.
As illustrated below using FIG. 55, light with the maximum light distribution angle which is radiated from the point light sources 3 is controlled by the refractive element 58 so as to be radiated from the opening portion 1 d side to the bottom face 1 b side of the housing 1. Hereat, the refractive index of the refractive element 58 is referred to n (n is larger than the refractive index 1 of air), an angle which is formed between the irradiated plane 58 c of the refractive element 58 and the bottom faces 58 a is referred to as θ₁, an angle which is formed between the radiating plane 58 e of the refractive element 58 and the bottom faces 58 a is referred to as θ₂, an oblique angle of the bottom faces 58 a to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 is referred to as α, and an oblique angle of radiating light from the radiating plane 58 e of the refractive element 58 to the bottom face 1 b of the housing 1 is referred to as β.
| 21,221
|
7650348_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1
| 5
|
Denied.
| 13,497
|
9e5f951fbfc8d1d52ead50462b92ab47
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
VRM3_VLT_Rap%20art%206.pdf
|
ecologie.gouv.fr
|
Portuguese
|
Spoken
| 4,314
| 7,602
|
VERMILION
Le premier producteur de pétrole en France
Rapport exigé par les dispositions de l’Article 6-IV
de la Loi n°2017-1839 du 30 décembre 2017
CONCESSION DE VERT-LE-PETIT
JUIN 2018
TABLE DES MATIERES
PREAMBULE .................................................................................................................................... 2
I - PRESENTATION DU DECLARANT .............................................................................................. 3
II - NOTIONS ET DEFINITIONS GENERALES ................................................................................. 7
III - DESCRIPTION DU GISEMENT ET TYPE DE RESERVOIR ....................................................... 8
IV - CONTEXTE REGLEMENTAIRE DU TITRE ................................................................................ 9
V - TECHNIQUES EMPLOYEES OU ENVISAGEES POUR L’EXPLOITATION DU GISEMENT DE
VERT-LE-PETIT .............................................................................................................................. 10
VI - INFORMATIONS OBLIGATOIRES DE L’EXPLOITANT ........................................................... 13
TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1 : Migration et piégeage des hydrocarbures .......................................................................... 7
Figure 2 : Géologie du Bassin Parisien ............................................................................................. 8
Figure 3 : Coupe géologique du Bassin de Paris ............................................................................... 8
Figure 4 : Echelle stratigraphique du Bassin parisien ........................................................................ 8
Figure 5 : Localisation de la concession de Vert-le-Petit ................................................................... 9
Figure 6 : Vie du champ pétrolier..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 7 : Systèmes de pompages utilisés ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 8 : Méthodes de production .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 9 : Synthèse des demarches obligatoires dans la vie d'un puits pétrolier ............................. 13
1
PREAMBULE
Vermilion Pyrénées, titulaire de la concession dite « concession de Vert-le-Petit » a pris
connaissance du nouveau cadre législatif applicable aux activités d’exploration et d’exploitation de
mines d’hydrocarbures liquides ou gazeux institué par la Loi n° 2017-1839 du 30 décembre 2017
mettant fin à la recherche ainsi qu'à l'exploitation des hydrocarbures.
En application de l’article L.111-13 du Code Minier, introduit par l’article n°6 de la Loi n° 2017-1839
du 30 décembre 2017 mettant fin à la recherche ainsi qu'à l'exploitation des hydrocarbures et portant
diverses dispositions relatives à l'énergie et à l'environnement :
-
la recherche et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures liquides ou gazeux par des forages suivis de
fracturation hydraulique de la roche sont interdites sur le territoire national ;
-
l'emploi de toute autre méthode conduisant à ce que la pression de pore soit supérieure à la
pression lithostatique de la formation géologique, sauf pour des actions ponctuelles de
maintenance opérationnelle ou de sécurité du puits, sont également interdites ;
-
tout demandeur d'un titre minier d’hydrocarbures remet à l'autorité administrative, au moment du
dépôt de sa demande, un rapport démontrant l'absence de recours aux techniques interdites par
la loi ;
-
les titulaires d'un titre minier d’hydrocarbures remettent à l'autorité administrative, dans un délai
de six mois à compter de la publication de la présente loi, un rapport démontrant l'absence de
recours aux techniques interdites par la loi.
Le présent rapport est établi en application de ces dispositions. Comme il sera démontré ci-après,
les techniques employées ou envisagées dans le cadre de nos activités sur la concession de
Vert-le-Petit sont pleinement compatibles avec les nouvelles conditions d’exercice de l’activité
d’exploration et d’exploitation d’hydrocarbures.
2
I - PRESENTATION DU DECLARANT
JUIN 2018
VERMILION DANS LE MONDE
Notre siège social est situé à Calgary, dans la Province de l'Alberta au Canada, et nous sommes
implantés dans le monde entier dans des régions qui se distinguent pour leurs politiques budgétaires
et réglementaires stables en matière d'exploration et de développement gaziers et pétroliers. Notre
cœur d'activité consiste en l'acquisition, l'exploration, le développement et l'optimisation d’actifs de
production en Amérique du Nord (Etats-Unis et Canada), en Europe (France, Pays-Bas, Irlande,
Allemagne, Hongrie, Croatie) et en Australie. Nous réalisons l’ensemble de nos activités dans le
respect de la réglementation en vigueur.
Nous avons toujours eu conscience de notre responsabilité envers nos partenaires et
l'environnement. Se voir confier la production - de manière sûre et responsable - de l'énergie qui
rend possible tant d'éléments de la vie quotidienne dans le monde entier est un réel privilège.
VERMILION EN FRANCE
Notre entreprise se positionne et est reconnue comme un acteur économique et sociétal engagé
sur le long terme sur le territoire français. Nous avons confirmé notre engagement depuis les
20 dernières années et souhaitons y poursuivre nos projets d’investissements.
Engagement sur le long terme
-
-
Siège social dans les Landes (40)
Effectifs croissants :
600 emplois directs/indirects
Mise en valeur des ressources
en hydrocarbures du sous-sol
dans le respect des personnes, de
l’environnement et de la
réglementation
Potentiel d’exploitation sur
plusieurs décennies
Consommation
d’hydrocarbures en France
2 Millions de barils/jours
Pérennisation de nos activités
-
VERMILION REP est le premier producteur de pétrole conventionnel en France (75% de la production)
Dynamique constante d’investissements : plus d’1,2 Milliard d’euros en 20 ans (travaux, acquisitions)
50 Millions d’euros d’investissement en moyenne chaque année.
Vermilion maintient sa stratégie durable en France et souhaite continuer ses activités
Confirme plus que jamais sa gouvernance, appréciée et reconnue par ses parties prenantes, grâce
à laquelle elle génère constamment de solides résultats, de manière responsable et éthique :
-
Bilan financier solide / endettement maîtrisé
Maintien des emplois
Construction de partenariats privilégiés
Renouvellement du soutien des communautés qui nous accueillent
3
DEUX PRINCIPAUX TERRITOIRES D’ACTIVITÉ
Bassin Aquitain
Production : 5 400 barils / jour
12 concessions & 7 permis d’exploration
450 emplois (dont 130 directs)
Investissements 2016 : 15,4 Millions d’euros
Taxes minières 2017 : 3 Millions d’euros à l’Etat
et 5 Millions d’euros au niveau local
Bassin Parisien
Production : 7 100 barils / jour
14 concessions & 2 permis d’exploration
150 emplois (dont 50 directs)
Investissements 2016 : 26,6 Millions d’euros
Taxes minières 2017 : 2,8 Millions d’euros à l’Etat et 7,5 Millions d’euros au niveau local
VERMILION ENTREPRISE CITOYENNE
Toutes les énergies ont leur place dans
le mix énergétique, elles sont
VERMILION dans le cadre de ses activités de recherche et de
production pétrolières et gazières à travers le Monde, VERMILION
a toujours eu conscience de sa responsabilité envers ses
partenaires, ses voisins et l'environnement.
Se voir confier la production, de manière sûre et responsable, de
l'énergie qui rend possible tant d'éléments de la vie quotidienne
est un réel privilège. Notre vision consiste donc à rechercher
des opportunités de générer des avantages sociaux,
environnementaux et économiques pour les personnes, les
territoires et l’environnement.
complémentaires. Les hydrocarbures
ont un rôle majeur à jouer pour bâtir
l’avenir durable de notre pays.
Avoir du pétrole et du gaz naturel sous
nos pieds est une chance pour la
France qui importe 99% de ses besoins.
Une chance économique, mais aussi
technologique et humaine.
Nous devons tout faire, de concert et
Investissement social, durable et économique
dans le respect de l’ensemble des
-
intérêts des différents acteurs de notre
-
-
Priorité à la sécurité et au
bien-être de nos collaborateurs
& sous-traitants, et à
l’environnement.
Attention particulière aux
territoires d’accueil, à leur
développement et à la valorisation des projets qui ont de
l’importance localement (investissements, emplois, soutiens
aux communautés, taxes nationales et locales).
100 000 € / an : soutien aux projets communautaires locaux.
520 Millions d’euros de contributions fiscales.
territoire, pour maintenir l’accès à une
richesse nationale qui génère des
emplois, des investissements et des
retombées fiscales.
VERMILION s’attache à mettre en valeur
les ressources du sous-sol français
dans le respect des personnes, de
l’environnement et de la
réglementation.
Vermilion est également membre du Pôle de compétitivité AVENIA : Développement de projets
innovants pour fédérer les acteurs de la recherche, l’enseignement et l’industrie des géosciences, et
devenir une référence européenne dans les technologies du sous-sol
4
NOTRE VISION DU DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
Vermilion a conscience des enjeux climatiques de notre Planète. Elle a aussi conscience des engagements
que chacun d’entre nous, politique, chef d’entreprise et citoyen, doit prendre pour contribuer efficacement à la
transition énergétique en minimisant son empreinte carbone.
En tant que premier producteur de pétrole en France, engagé depuis de nombreuses années dans des projets
d'économie circulaire, nous sommes pleinement conscients que la France doit promouvoir la transition
énergétique et se positionner en exemple. Les choix de Vermilion en termes de mode d’exploitation du pétrole
brut et du gaz sont donc faits de manière à réduire autant que possible les impacts des activités sur le climat.
Entreprise engagée et reconnue pour le développement durable
Prix de l’économie circulaire en matière d’écologie industrielle
et territoriale reçu en 2013 des mains du Ministre de l’Ecologie,
du Développement durable et de l’Energie, Monsieur Martin.
Lauréat de la catégorie Energies renouvelables du Trophée de la transition
énergétique du magazine l’Usine Nouvelle de mai 2015.
Projets de valorisation permettant de réduire les émissions de CO2
Partenariat avec le Groupe ROUGELINE (Tom d’Aqui) à Parentis-en-Born (40)
En 2008, un partenariat a été signé pour 25 ans entre Tom d’Aqui (agriculteurs désireux de créer une serre
viable sur le plan économique et écologique afin d'y faire pousser des tomates) et Vermilion (société pétrolière
cherchant à soutenir des projets locaux et à valoriser ses sources d’énergies secondaires).
Aujourd'hui, la serre de 10 hectares utilise la chaleur récupérée et issue de l’eau de production de
Vermilion. 6 000 tonnes de tomates poussent chaque année, 150 personnes locales travaillent et les
émissions de dioxyde de carbone sont réduites considérablement.
La réussite de ce projet écologique, sociétal et économique, qui tire profit d'une ressource énergétique
inutilisée auparavant, a donné lieu à des extensions et implantations d’autres écoserres à proximité.
9500 tonnes de
CO2 évitées par an
Ecoquartier du bassin d’Arcachon à La Teste-de-Buch (33)
VERMILION s’est engagé dans un partenariat avec le groupe Pichet, en faveur de la réhabilitation du site de
l'ancien hôpital Jean-Hameau à La Teste-de-Buch en écoquartier avec la création 450 nouveaux logements.
Ainsi, VERMILION fournira l’énergie calorifique issue de l’eau de gisement de son champ pétrolier des
« Arbousiers » nécessaire au chauffage de ces 450 logements. Les besoins en énergie de cet éco-quartier
seront ainsi couverts à 80%.
Pour les résidents, la facture énergétique sera diminuée de 60% pendant 30 ans !
En valorisant les calories de l’eau de gisement de son champ pour le chauffage de l’éco-quartier de La Testede-Buch, VERMILION permet d’éviter chaque année l’émission de 500 tonnes de CO2 éq.
5
Empreinte Carbone du pétrole français
Le pétrole produit par les champs français de Vermilion est raffiné
en France pour être revendu localement.
La production française de pétrole de VERMILION permet donc
d’éviter d’autant les émissions consécutives à l’importation de
pétrole étranger.
1 baril de pétrole produit en
France émet 3 fois moins de
gaz à effet de serre (GES)
qu’un baril de pétrole importé
6
Exploitation et neutralité carbone : le cas du gisement de Parentis
Depuis 2008, le serriste Tom d’Aqui chauffe 10 ha de serres à
tomates avec l’énergie calorifique issue de l’eau de production du
champ pétrolier de Parentis (Landes) exploité par Vermilion. Cette
synergie entre ces deux entreprises permet au serriste Tom d’aqui
d’éviter l’émission de 9 500 tonnes de CO2 éq par an.
L’empreinte carbone de l’exploitation du champ de Parentis
est neutre, et présente même un bilan avantageux en terme
de compensation carbone ; les émissions dues au processus
d’extraction de pétrole (7 500 t CO2 /an) sont compensées par
celles évitées (9 500 t CO2 / an) par le serriste Tom d’Aqui grâce
à l’eau de production du champ pétrolier de Parentis.
La synergie de 2 entreprises engagées à réduire leur empreinte carbone !
Carbone Disclosure Project (CDP)
CDP est une organisation environnementale internationale qui pousse les entreprises à fournir aux
investisseurs et aux marchés mondiaux des informations fiables concernant leurs émissions de carbone et
leur consommation d'énergie. En 2017, Vermilion a été reconnu avec une note exemplaire de niveau A.
Nous étions la seule entreprise canadienne du secteur de l'énergie, l'une des deux seules en Amérique du
Nord et 18 à l'échelle mondiale à atteindre un niveau d’exemplarité cette année. En contexte, seulement
8,8% des 6 028 entreprises ont obtenu une note «A ou A-» pour la performance en 2017.
Vermilion est reconnu comme leader en termes de transparence et
performance climatique à travers le Monde.
II - NOTIONS ET DEFINITIONS GENERALES
Les réservoirs de pétrole (ou roche réservoir) correspondent aux roches souterraines poreuses
et perméables contenant des hydrocarbures (pétrole ou gaz). La porosité constitue l’espace entre
les grains dans lequel se trouvent les hydrocarbures. Plus la roche est poreuse, plus elle a de
capacités à stocker un volume important d’hydrocarbures. La perméabilité constitue la connexion
entre ces pores nécessaire à la circulation des hydrocarbures. Plus la roche est perméable, plus les
hydrocarbures pourront être stockés dans les pores. Ces réservoirs de pétrole sont regroupés dans
différentes formations géologiques.
Plusieurs conditions doivent être réunies pour que des hydrocarbures puissent se former dans une
roche réservoir :
présence d’une roche ayant généré des hydrocarbures (roche-mère) ;
présence de pièges par failles, par stratigraphie ou anticlinal, formant un volume fermé ;
présence d’une roche-réservoir poreuse et perméable dans laquelle les hydrocarbures
sont susceptibles de s’y accumuler en grande quantité ;
présence d’une couverture imperméable au-dessus de ces réservoirs assurée la plupart
du temps par des couches de sel ou d’argiles ;
phénomène de migration des hydrocarbures : expulsion des hydrocarbures
conventionnels de la roche-mère vers les réservoirs sus-jacents poreux et perméables les
laissant circuler jusqu’à atteindre la couverture imperméable au toit de ces réservoirs.
FIGURE 1 : MIGRATION ET PIEGEAGE DES HYDROCARBURES
La pression lithostatique est la pression exercée sur une roche à une certaine profondeur par le
poids des sédiments et des fluides sus-jacents.
Cette pression est contrecarrée par la pression de résistance de la roche et la pression de pore
(ou pression réservoir) des fluides qu’elle contient. Dans notre cas, il s’agit de la pression d’origine
du réservoir pétrolier avant sa mise en exploitation.
7
III - DESCRIPTION DU GISEMENT ET TYPE DE RESERVOIR
Contexte géologique régional
Le champ de Vert-le-Petit se situe dans le
bassin géologique parisien. Il est le plus grand
des bassins sédimentaires français et couvre
le tiers nord du territoire français sur une
superficie d’environ 110 000 km2. Sa structure
géologique peut être comparée à un
empilement « d’assiettes creuses ». Les
sédiments empilés forment une succession de
couches géologiques. Environ 3000 m
d’épaisseur maximum de sédiments s’y sont
déposés d’origine marine, lacustre, lagunaire
ou fluviatile. Les couches les plus récentes
correspondent à la zone centrale (ère
Tertiaire), les plus anciennes aux assises
extérieures (ère Secondaire).
8
FIGURE 2 : GEOLOGIE DU BASSIN PARISIEN
FIGURE 3 : COUPE GEOLOGIQUE DU BASSIN DE PARIS
Caractéristiques du champ de Vert-le-Petit
Le pétrole de Vert-le-Petit, piégé à 1 500 m de profondeur, ne s’est
pas formé à cet endroit ; il a subi une longue migration verticale et
latérale depuis la fenêtre à huile du Lias dans la partie centrale du
Bassin de Paris vers les pièges pétroliers du sous-sol de la
concession de Vert-le-Petit.
Les niveaux réservoirs du champ d’Vert-le-Petit datent du Callovien
inférieur. Les hydrocarbures contenus dans ces niveaux ne
peuvent pénétrer dans les niveaux marneux imperméables situés
au-dessus (marnes de l’Oxfordien du Jurassique Sup.).
Ce réservoir présente une épaisseur moyenne de 35 m et a de très
bonnes propriétés réservoir favorisant la production du pétrole :
bonne porosité (17% en moyenne) et bonne perméabilité (260 mD).
FIGURE 4 : ECHELLE STRATIGRAPHIQUE DU BASSIN PARISIEN
IV - CONTEXTE REGLEMENTAIRE DU TITRE
La concession de Vert-le-Petit a été attribuée par décret 27 Janvier 1994 à la Société Elf Aquitaine
Production pour une durée de 25 ans.
La concession est mutée par l’arrêté ministériel du 2 septembre 1999 (JORF du 11 septembre 1999) au profit
de la société Elf Aquitaine Exploration Production France. Enfin, elle est de nouveau mutée au profit de la société
VERMILION PYRÉNÉES SAS par l’arrêté ministériel du 21 octobre 2013.
Elle s’étend sur une superficie de 9,97 km² et porte pour partie sur le territoire des communes de Ballancourtsur-Essonne, Fontenay-le-Vicomte, Itteville, Leudeville, Saint-Vrain et Vert-lePetit. La figure suivante localise la
concession.
9
FIGURE 5 : LOCALISATION DE LA CONCESSION DE VERT-LE-PETIT
V - TECHNIQUES EMPLOYEES OU ENVISAGEES POUR
L’EXPLOITATION DU GISEMENT DE VERT-LE-PETIT
L'exploration pétrolière a pour but la découverte d'accumulations d'hydrocarbures liquides et gazeux,
techniquement et économiquement exploitables. Une découverte implique au préalable une série
d'opérations de reconnaissance approfondie des terrains :
études géologiques ou observations de surface permettent de repérer des zones
sédimentaires d’intérêt méritant d'être étudiées (plissements, failles…) ;
les prospections géophysiques ou l'étude des profondeurs, permettent l’acquisition de
données sismiques riches en informations, grâce à une sorte d'"échographie" du sous-sol qui met
en évidence les pièges pétroliers possibles ;
l'étape du forage qui permet de certifier la présence de pétrole. La roche est percée à l'aide d'un
trépan. À terre, l'ensemble du matériel est manipulé à partir d'un mât de forage. En mer, l'appareil
de forage doit être supporté au-dessus de l'eau par une structure flottante ou non, spécialement
conçue (ex : plateforme semi-submersible, barge de forage…).
Le forage peut être vertical si le site de travaux se trouve à l’aplomb immédiat du gisement pétrolier
à reconnaître, cependant il est très fréquent de forer en déviation afin d’atteindre la cible en
profondeur avec un déport de plusieurs centaines mètres, voir kilomètres.
La production, ou plutôt l’extraction du pétrole, peut être une opération complexe : pour optimiser la
production finale, il faut gérer un réservoir composé de différents liquides aux propriétés physicochimiques très différentes (densité, fluidité, température par exemple).
Lorsque le forage a trouvé des indices de pétrole (ou de gaz) suffisants, des tests de production sont
effectués. Ils permettent de déterminer le débit et la pression pouvant être obtenus.
Si les résultats sont encourageants, des puits de développement sont méthodiquement mis en œuvre
pour exploiter l’ensemble du gisement et permettre également d’apprécier l’importance des réserves, de
délimiter leur étendue et de préciser l’épaisseur des couches imprégnées, leur porosité et leur
perméabilité.
La vie d’un champ pétrolier est très évolutive. Au début, les puits produisent un fluide composé
essentiellement d’huile à un rythme soutenu (appelé pic de production) ; puis au fur et à mesure de son
exploitation, le champ produira une part de plus en plus importante d’eau de gisement qui doit être
renvoyée dans le réservoir d’origine, via des puits injecteurs dédiés à cette fonction. Après une période
de déclin naturel, la production peut se stabiliser grâce à des travaux d’optimisation et de
maintenance des puits, et rester à des niveaux économiques rentables
L’exploitation d’un gisement s’étale généralement sur plusieurs décennies une gestion de la production
de pétrole et de l’eau associée qui est adaptée aux différents âges et phases de la vie du champ.
FIGURE 6 : VIE DU CHAMP PETROLIER
10
Initialement, la production s’effectue souvent de façon naturelle. Le pétrole remonte alors de lui-même
sous la pression d’origine du réservoir (cf. Paragraphe II - NOTIONS ET DEFINITIONS), le puits est alors dit
« éruptif », on parle de récupération primaire sur simple déplétion naturelle. Mais la pression diminue tout au
long de la vie du gisement. La pression initiale est donc souvent la pression maximale, qui est largement
inférieure à la pression lithostatique.
Dès que la pression d’origine chute, on utilise différents procédés d’assistance permettant d’améliorer le taux
de récupération (cf. Figure 8 : Méthodes de production) :
les systèmes de pompages permettant de faire remonter le fluide produit en surface :
-
pompes à balancier installé en surface (« tête de cheval » ou PU),
-
pompes centrifugeuses immergées (PCI) électriques
au fond du puits (utiles pour les puits déviés ou pour les
gros débits).
11
PU
PCI
FIGURE 7 : SYSTEMES DE POMPAGES UTILISES
La ré-injection d’eau de gisement dans le réservoir facilite le processus d’extraction du pétrole. Comme
c’est le cas dans la majorité des gisements, de l’eau de gisement est ré-injectée par l’intermédiaire de
puits appelés « puits injecteurs ». L’injection d’eau permet, d’une part, de maintenir la pression en
remplaçant les volumes de fluide extraits par des volumes d’eau équivalents, d’autre part de balayer
(diriger) l’huile vers les puits producteurs.
FIGURE 8 : METHODES DE PRODUCTION
Cas a : Production naturelle : la pression du sous-sol pousse le pétrole vers la surface (puits producteur éruptif).
Cas b : La pompe à balancier : puits activé par moyens mécaniques permettant de faire remonter le fluide en surface.
Cas c : Système d’injection d’eau associé à une pompe centrifugeuse immergée permettant de récupérer un volume
optimal de pétrole en balayant le gisement et en le soutenant en pression.
Il existe différents types d’opérations d’entretien et de reconditionnement des puits. Les opérations dites
« courantes » regroupent principalement :
-
les opérations de mesures (de débit, du niveau annulaire, de la salinité, des pressions),
les opérations de maintenance et d’entretien des puits,
les opérations de maintenance et d’entretien des collectes parmi lesquelles nous pouvons citer :
le raclage des collectes de production qui permet de nettoyer les parois des conduites afin de favoriser
par la suite l’action des produits d’entretien.
Les opérations de reconditionnement d’un puits appelées aussi « Workover » s’effectuent dans but
d’intervenir sur les niveaux producteurs ou injecteurs. Il s’agit par exemple de :
-
-
l’optimisation de la production d’un puits ; souvent ce sont des opérations de nettoyage ou de
contrôle qui permettent de rétablir une meilleure productivité des puits ou d’isoler des niveaux qui ne
produisent plus d’huile ;
la conversion d’un puits (producteur→injecteur / injecteur→producteur) ou le changement du
système de pompage d’un puits producteur dans le but de l’optimiser (PU→PCI) ;
le bouchage d’un puits : enlèvement de la pompe et de la garniture du puits, nettoyage puis isolation
des zones perforées par la pose d’un bouchon.
Enfin, les interventions sur puits ou « Pulling » consistent essentiellement à remplacer les équipements de
pompage en panne ou défaillants.
FICHE DESCRIPTIVE DE VERT-LE-PETIT
Sur les 4 puits ayant été forés sur la concession de Vert-le-Petit, 2 puits ont été fermés
définitivement. Les 2 autres puits figurant sur la concession de Vert-le-Petit sont répartis de la
manière suivante :
TABLEAU 1 : STATUT DES PUITS TOUJOURS EN ACTIVITE DU CHAMP DE VERT-LE-PETIT (AU 01/06/2018)
Producteur
Injecteur
Total
2
-
2
Huile (en m3/j)
Eau (en m3/j)
Total (en m3/j)
2.8
23.3
26.1
Puits actifs ou en
attente d’intervention
Les quantités de fluide produit sont :
Production moyenne
annuelle (2017)
Les opérations réalisées sur la concession de Vert-le-Petit concernent l’exploration et
l’exploitation d’hydrocarbures conventionnels et remplissent toutes les conditions posées
par la Loi n° 2017-1839 du 30 décembre 2017 mettant fin à la recherche ainsi qu'à l'exploitation
des hydrocarbures.
12
VI - INFORMATIONS OBLIGATOIRES DE L’EXPLOITANT
Vermilion respecte les communications et informations obligatoires prescrites par la réglementation nationale
et les arrêtés préfectoraux auprès des autorités de tutelle que sont le Bureau Ressources énergétiques du
sous-sol (BRESS), la DREAL1 « Mines-Sous/Sol », la DREAL « ICPE » ; lors de l’élaboration de projets de
travaux comme les forages par exemple. Les services de l’Etat ont ainsi un éventail très large d’outils qui leur
permettent d’exercer leur pouvoir de contrôle et d’être informés exhaustivement sur les activités de Vermilion.
Quelques exemples de communications obligatoires avant, pendant, et après de nouveaux forages :
programme détaillé des travaux (1 mois avant les opérations) soumis à accord de la DREAL,
déclaration des entreprises extérieures,
rapport hebdomadaire et journalier d’activité,
transmission des contrôles des cimentations et tests des cuvelages,
rapport de fin de sondage.
Important : suivant les dispositions de l’article 4 de l’Arrêté du 14 octobre 2016, les niveaux perméables
qu’il est prévu de traverser ou d’atteindre, ainsi que la nature et la pression attendues des fluides qu’ils
contiennent sont indiqués sur le contenu du programme de forage ; par ailleurs, dans les rapports de fin
de sondage transmis à l’administration, les pressions rencontrées sont précisées.
Quelques exemples de communications obligatoires concernant l’activité d’exploitation courante de nos
champs pétroliers :
statistiques de production mensuelle,
tableau mensuel d’activité, tant les travaux sur les infrastructures de surface que sur les puits,
notification à chaque intervention sur les puits pétroliers,
réunion annuelle : bilan de l’année passée et projets de l’année à venir,
toute modification apportée aux conditions d’exploitation,
tout incident sur le champ pétrolier.
Important : un suivi de pression est systématiquement réalisé pendant l’exploitation d’un gisement.
FIGURE 9 : SYNTHESE DES DEMARCHES OBLIGATOIRES
DANS LA VIE D'UN PUITS PETROLIER
1
DREAL : Direction Régionale de l’Environnement, de l’Aménagement et du Logement
13
L’exploitation de nos ouvrages se fait conformément aux requis du décret n° 2016-1303 du 4 octobre 2016 et
de l’arrêté du 14 octobre 2016 concernant les travaux, avec arrêté préfectoral pour compléter les mesures de
surveillance et de contrôle si nécessaire. Les opérations d’exploitation font l’objet de transmission d’information
à l’administration avant d’être réalisées, soit par l’intermédiaire des programmes annuels, soit par les
« programmes techniques d‘intervention » avant travaux.
Le rapport annuel et le programme de travaux remis annuellement au préfet en application de la législation et
la réglementation des travaux miniers d’exploitation, listent l’intégralité des opérations effectuées sur chaque
puits. Le programme de travaux suivi pour chaque puits est tenu à la disposition des services de
l’administration qui peuvent le vérifier lors d’un contrôle.
14
CONCLUSION
Vermilion Pyrénées respectera les dispositions prévues à l’article L.111-13 du Code Minier,
introduit par la Loi n° 2017-1839 du 30 décembre 2017 mettant fin à la recherche ainsi qu'à
l'exploitation des hydrocarbures, qui prévoit que : « En application de la Charte de
l'environnement de 2004 et du principe d'action préventive et de correction prévu à l'article
L. 110-1 du code de l'environnement, la recherche et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures
liquides ou gazeux par des forages suivis de fracturation hydraulique de la roche sont
interdites sur le territoire national. Sont également interdites sur le territoire national la
recherche et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures liquides ou gazeux par des forages suivis de
l'emploi de toute autre méthode conduisant à ce que la pression de pore soit supérieure à
la pression lithostatique de la formation géologique, sauf pour des actions ponctuelles de
maintenance opérationnelle ou de sécurité du puits. »
| 42,200
|
US-201816488584-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,018
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,887
| 8,108
|
Patient irradiation treatment plan verification system and method
ABSTRACT
A patient irradiation treatment plan verification system, the system constituted of: a treatment irradiation source arranged to output a treatment irradiation beam; a first detector; and a patient support member arranged to support a patient, the patient support member positioned between the treatment irradiation source and the first detector, wherein the first detector is arranged to detect the output treatment irradiation beam after the output treatment irradiation beam has irradiated the supported patient and output information regarding the detected irradiation beam.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates generally to the field of teletherapy and in particular to a patient irradiation treatment plan image adjustment system and method.
Teletherapy is defined as a treatment methodology in which an irradiation source is at a distance from the body to be treated. X-rays and electron beams have long been used in teletherapy to treat various cancers. Unfortunately, X-rays exhibit a linear energy transfer approaching an exponential attenuation function, and are therefore of minimal safe use for deeply embedded growths. The use of heavy particles, particularly hadrons and more particularly protons, in teletherapy has found increasing acceptance, due to the ability of heavy particles to penetrate to a specific depth without appreciably harming intervening tissue. In particular, the linear energy transfer of hadrons exhibits an inversed depth profile with a marked Bragg peak defined as the point at which the hadrons deposit most of their energy, and occurs at the end of the hadrons path. As a result of this effect, increased energy can be directed at an embedded growth as compared to X-rays and electron beams, which particularly harm intervening tissues. While the term hadrons include a wide range of particles, practically, protons and various ions are most widely used in therapy. For clarity, this document will describe treatment as being accomplished with protons, however this is not meant to be limiting in any way.
The protons or ions can be focused to a target volume of variable penetration depth. In this way the dose profile can be matched closely to the target volume with a high precision. In order to ensure complete irradiation of the target growth, a plurality of beams arriving at the embedded growth from several different directions is preferred. The point at which the plurality of beams intersects, whether they are beamed sequentially or simultaneously, is termed the isocenter, and to maximize biological effectiveness the isocenter must be precisely collocated with the target growth.
Irradiation treatment is performed on a target tissue in a well defined process. In a first stage, known as the treatment planning stage, the target tissue is imaged and a treatment plan comprising dosage, patient position, and irradiation angles are defined. Furthermore, placement markers are defined, so as to ensure that subsequent irradiation sessions are properly targeted. Irradiation is then performed, responsive to the developed treatment plan, at a plurality of treatment sessions over a period of time, each session being known as a fraction. At each such fraction, care must be taken to ensure proper patient positioning, responsive to the placement markers, so as to avoid damage to organs in vicinity of the target tissue. Positioning of the patient responsive to the markers is performed based on visualization of the patient, responsive to the defined markers.
Particularly, during each fraction, the patient is positioned on a patient support member, such as a bed, in a setup position. The setup position is identical to the patient position during the imaging of the treatment planning stage, except that is in the treatment room and the center of the growth mass is positioned at the isocenter of the irradiation source. The setup position of the patient is typically verified by imaging and/or positioning devices. U.S. patent application publication S/N US 2015/0238779, published Aug. 27, 2015 to Marash et al., the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, is addressed to a method of evaluating a change in radiation within a target tissue of a patient in accordance with an updated image of the patient. Although this provides a simulated verification of the irradiation dosimetry, the simulation may not be completely accurate, due to errors in conversion between the x-ray energy of the CT image and the proton energy of the treatment beam. Thus, a more accurate dosimetry verification technique is desired.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is a principal object of the present invention to overcome disadvantages of prior art methods and arrangements of teletherapy. This is provided in the present invention by a patient irradiation treatment plan verification system, the system comprising: a treatment irradiation source arranged to output a treatment irradiation beam; a first detector; and a patient support member arranged to support a patient, the patient support member positioned between the treatment irradiation source and the first detector, wherein the first detector is arranged to detect the output treatment irradiation beam after the output treatment irradiation beam has irradiated the supported patient and output information regarding the detected irradiation beam.
In one embodiment, the system further comprises: a memory, having stored therein information regarding treatment irradiation dosage for the supported patient; and a control circuitry, the control circuitry arranged to: receive the irradiation beam information from the first detector, compare the received irradiation beam information to the stored irradiation dosage information, and output information responsive to the outcome of the irradiation comparison. In one further embodiment, the memory further has stored therein a 3 dimensional (3D) treatment plan image of the supported patient, wherein the control circuitry is further arranged to: map the stored dosage information to a coordinate system of the stored 3D treatment plan image; generate a first digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) of the stored 3D treatment plan image in a detection plane of the first detector; and project the mapped dosage information to the generated first DRR, and wherein the irradiation comparison comprises a comparison of the projected dosage information and the received irradiation beam information.
In one yet further embodiment, responsive to the irradiation comparison indicating that a dosage alignment function of a difference between the received irradiation beam information and the projected dosage information is greater than a predetermined dosage alignment value, the control circuitry is further arranged to control the treatment irradiation source to adjust the output treatment irradiation beam such that the dosage alignment difference function decreases. In another embodiment, the treatment irradiation beam is a proton beam and the first detector is a proton detector.
In one embodiment, the system further comprises: a memory having stored therein a 3 dimensional (3D) treatment plan image of the supported patient; and a control circuitry, the control circuitry arranged to: generate a first digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) of the stored 3D treatment plan image in a detection plane of the first detector; compare the received irradiation beam information to the generated first DRR; and responsive to the DRR comparison indicating that a first patient alignment function of a difference between the received irradiation beam information and the generated first DRR is greater than a predetermined patient alignment value, control the patient support member to adjust the position of the supported patient such that the first patient alignment difference function decreases. In one further embodiment, the memory has further stored therein a 2-dimensional (2D) image of the supported patient, and wherein the control circuitry is further arranged to: generate a second DRR of the stored 3D treatment plan image in a plane associated with the stored 2D image; compare the stored 2D image to the generated second DRR; and responsive to the outcome of the irradiation comparison indicating that a second patient alignment function of a difference between the stored 2D image and the generated second DRR is greater than a predetermined patient alignment value, control the patient support member to adjust the position of the supported patient such that the second patient alignment difference function decreases.
In another embodiment, the system further comprises: a first x-ray energy source arranged to output a first x-ray beam; a second detector arranged to receive the first x-ray beam after the first x-ray beam has irradiated the supported patient and output information regarding the detected first x-ray beam, the patient support member positioned between the second detector and the first x-ray energy source; a second x-ray energy source arranged to output a second x-ray beam; and a third detector arranged to receive the second x-ray beam after the second x-ray beam has irradiated the supported patient and output information regarding the detected second x-ray beam, the patient support member positioned between the third detector and the second x-ray energy source, wherein the treatment irradiation beam is a proton beam and the first detector is a proton detector.
In one independent embodiment, a patient irradiation treatment plan verification method is provided, the method comprising: irradiating a patient with a treatment irradiation beam; detecting the treatment irradiation beam after the treatment irradiation beam has irradiated the patient; and outputting information regarding the detected irradiation beam.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises: receiving the output irradiation beam information; comparing the received irradiation beam information to predetermined irradiation dosage information; outputting information responsive to the outcome of the irradiation comparison. In one further embodiment, the detecting of the treatment irradiation beam is performed by a first detector, the method further comprising: mapping the predetermined irradiation dosage information to a coordinate system of a 3-dimensional (3D) treatment plan image of the patient; generating a first digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) of the 3D treatment plan image in a detection plane of the first detector; and projecting the mapped dosage information to the generated first DRR, and wherein the irradiation comparison comprises a comparison of the projected dosage information and the received irradiation beam information.
In one yet further embodiment, responsive to the irradiation comparison indicating that a dosage alignment function of a difference between the received irradiation beam information and the projected dosage information is greater than a predetermined dosage alignment value, the method further comprises adjusting the treatment irradiation beam such that the dosage alignment difference function decreases. In another embodiment, the treatment irradiation beam is a proton beam.
In one embodiment, the detecting of the treatment irradiation beam is performed by a first detector, the method further comprising: generating a first digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) of a 3-dimensional (3D) treatment plan image in a detection plane of the first detector; comparing the received irradiation beam information to the generated first DRR; and responsive to the DRR comparison indicating that a first patient alignment function of a difference between the received irradiation beam information and the generated first DRR is greater than a predetermined patient alignment value, adjusting the position of the patient such that the first patient alignment difference function decreases. In one yet further embodiment, the method further comprises: generating a second DRR of the 3D treatment plan image in a plane associated with a 2-dimensional (2D) image of the patient; comparing the 2D image to the generated second DRR; and responsive to the outcome of the irradiation comparison indicating that a second patient alignment function of a difference between the 2D image and the generated second DRR is greater than a predetermined patient alignment value, adjusting the position of the patient such that the second patient alignment difference function decreases.
In another embodiment, the treatment irradiation beam is a proton beam, wherein the method further comprises: outputting a first x-ray beam; receiving the first x-ray beam after the first x-ray beam has irradiated the patient; outputting information regarding the detected first x-ray beam; outputting a second x-ray beam; receiving the second x-ray beam after the second x-ray beam has irradiated the patient; and outputting information regarding the detected second x-ray beam.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following drawings and description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, purely by way of example, to the accompanying drawings in which like numerals designate corresponding elements or sections throughout.
With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention only, and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a high level schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification system;
FIG. 2 illustrates a high level schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification system;
FIG. 3 illustrates a high level schematic diagram of a third embodiment of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification system;
FIG. 4 illustrates a high level block diagram of an embodiment of a control circuitry for the patient irradiation treatment plan verification systems of FIGS. 1-3; and
FIG. 5 illustrates a high level flow chart of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification method, according to certain embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is applicable to other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
FIG. 1 illustrates a high level schematic diagram of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification system 10. Patient irradiation treatment plan verification system 10 comprises: a treatment irradiation source 20 exhibiting a nozzle 25; a detector 30, exhibiting a detection plane 35; a patient support member 40; an optional control circuitry 50; and an optional memory 55. Patient support member 40 has supported thereon a patient 60 exhibiting a treatment area 70. Treatment irradiation source 20 is, in one embodiment, a proton irradiation source, and is described herein as such, however this is not meant to be limiting in any way and any type of irradiation source suitable for teletherapy can be used without exceeding the scope. Similarly, detector 30 is, in one embodiment, a proton detector, and is described herein as such, however this is not meant to be limiting in any way. Particularly, the type of detector 30 is selected to match the type of energy output by treatment irradiation source 20. In one embodiment, treatment irradiation source 20 is a fixed beam irradiation source, i.e. it is maintained in a fixed positioned and not translatable or rotatable by means of a gantry or similar mechanism. Detector 30 and treatment irradiation source 20 are positioned on opposing sides of patient support member 40 such that detector 30 faces nozzle 25. Optional control circuitry 50 is in communication with treatment irradiation source 20, detector 30 and patient support member 40. In one embodiment, optional memory 55 has stored therein a 3-dimensional (3D) treatment planning image of patient 60. Particularly, the treatment planning image is an image of patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25 of treatment irradiation source 20 such that treatment area 70 of patient 60 is positioned at the isocenter of treatment irradiation source 20, as will be described below. In one further embodiment, the 3D treatment planning image is a computed tomography (CT) image.
In operation, patient support member 40 is positioned such that treatment area 70 of patient 60 is positioned at the isocenter of the beams of treatment irradiation source 20, in accordance with a predetermined treatment plan. Optionally, patient support member 40 is controlled by optional control circuitry 50 responsive to the 3D image of patient 60 stored in optional memory 55 such that patient 60 is properly positioned. After patient 60 is positioned in relation to nozzle 25 of treatment irradiation source 20 in accordance with the treatment plan, and optionally after verification of the positioning of patient 60, as will be described below, treatment irradiation source 20 outputs a treatment irradiation beam 80 from nozzle 25 which irradiates treatment area 70 of patient 60. Optionally, the generation of treatment irradiation beam 80 is control by optional control circuitry 50. Treatment irradiation beam 80 comprises a plurality of proton beams which exhibit an isocenter 90, isocenter 90 being centered on treatment area 70. In one embodiment, treatment irradiation beam 80 exhibits an intensity of at least 50 mega-electron-volts (MeV). After irradiating patient 60, the protons of treatment irradiation beam 80 are detected by detector 30. The portion of detector 30 which detects the protons defines detection plane 35. Information regarding the number of protons received at each pixel of detector 30 is output. The output information can be used to verify irradiation dosimetry for patient 60, and further optionally verify positioning of patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25 of treatment irradiation source 20, as will be described below.
FIG. 2 illustrates a high level schematic diagram of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification system 100. Patient irradiation treatment plan verification system 100 comprises: a treatment irradiation source 20 exhibiting a nozzle 25; a detector 30 exhibiting a detection plane 35; a patient support member 40; a control circuitry 50; and a memory 55. As described above, memory 55 has stored therein a 3D image of patient 60 in a treatment planning position. Memory 55 further has stored therein information regarding treatment irradiation dosage for patient 60, i.e. irradiation dosage values for treatment area 70 of patient 60. Patient support member 40 has supported thereon a patient 60 exhibiting a treatment area 70. Detector 30 and treatment irradiation source 20 are positioned on opposing sides of patient support member 40 such that detector 30 faces nozzle 25. Control circuitry 50 is in communication with treatment irradiation source 20, detector 30 and patient support member 40.
In operation, patient support member 40 is positioned such that treatment area 70 of patient 60 is positioned at the isocenter of the beams of treatment irradiation source 20, in accordance with the predetermined treatment plan. After patient 60 is positioned in relation to nozzle 25 of treatment irradiation source 20 in accordance with the treatment plan, and optionally after verification of the positioning of patient 60, as will be described below, control circuitry 50 controls treatment irradiation source 20 to output treatment irradiation beam 80 from nozzle 25 such that treatment area 70 of patient 60 is irradiated with treatment irradiation beam 80. Specifically, isocenter 90 of treatment irradiation beam 80 is positioned at treatment area 70. Treatment irradiation beam 80 exhibits a predetermined irradiation intensity in accordance with the predetermined treatment plan. In one embodiment, before treatment is initiated, control circuitry 50 controls treatment irradiation source 20 to output a lower intensity treatment irradiation beam 80, preferably exhibiting an intensity of at least 50 MeV, to thereby irradiate treatment area 70 of patient 60. After irradiating patient 60, either with the full intensity or lower intensity treatment irradiation beam 80, the protons of treatment irradiation beam 80 are detected by detector 30. The portion of detector 30 which detects the protons defines detection plane 35. Information regarding the number of protons received at each pixel of detector 30 is output to control circuitry 50.
Control circuitry 50 generates a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) from the 3D image of patient 60 stored in memory 55 in detection plane 35 of detector 30. Particularly, the DRR is a 2-dimensional (2D) image of patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25, as seen from the angle of detection plane 35. Additionally, control circuitry 50 maps the dosage information stored in memory 55 to the coordinate system of the stored 3D image such that the planned irradiation dosage for each voxel of the 3D image is derived. Control circuitry 50 then projects the mapped dosage information to the detection plane 35 DRR such that the planned irradiation dosage for each pixel of the DRR is derived. Control circuitry 50 compares the received information regarding the number of protons received at each pixel of detector 30 to the DRR projected dosage information. In one embodiment, control circuitry 50 determines the percentage of protons which should be absorbed by patient 60 at each pixel of the DRR, in accordance with the treatment plan, and further determines the number of protons which should arrive at detector 30 according to the treatment plan, i.e. the number of protons in treatment irradiation beam 80 minus the number of protons expected to be absorbed by patient 60 in accordance with the dosage information. Control circuitry 50 then compares the number of protons received at each pixel of detector 30 to the determined number of protons which should arrive at each pixel of detector 30, after irradiation of treatment area 70 with treatment irradiation beam 80, in accordance with the treatment plan.
In another embodiment, control circuitry 50 determines a dosage alignment function of a difference between the received proton information and the DRR projected dosage information. In one further embodiment, the dosage alignment function is an average of the differences between the number of protons received at each pixel of detector 30 and the number of protons which are determined to arrive at each pixel of detector 30 in accordance with the treatment plan, as described above.
In one embodiment, in the event that the receive proton information does not match the planned irradiation dosage, within a predetermined margin, control circuitry 50 adjusts the intensity of treatment irradiation beam 80 such that the actual dosage provided by treatment irradiation beam 80 is in accordance with the planned treatment dosage. In the embodiment where a dosage alignment difference function is determined, which is determined to be greater than a predetermined dosage alignment value, control circuitry 50 adjusts the intensity of treatment irradiation beam 80 such that the dosage alignment difference function decreases to below the predetermined dosage alignment value. As described above, in one embodiment, the dosage is verified by using a low intensity treatment irradiation beam 80 prior to initiating the treatment irradiation. In such an embodiment, after adjusting the irradiation intensity of treatment irradiation beam 80, or after confirming that the dosage provided by treatment irradiation beam 80 is correct, control circuitry 50 controls treatment irradiation source 20 to irradiate treatment area 70 of patient 60 at the predetermined intensity of the treatment plan. In the embodiment where the dosage is verified during treatment at the intensity of the treatment plan, any adjustments of the intensity are performed by control circuitry 50 during the irradiation of treatment area 70 by treatment irradiation beam 80.
In another embodiment, in the event that the received proton information does not match the planned irradiation dosage, within the predetermined margin, control circuitry 50 outputs a signal indicating that treatment irradiation beam 80 does not match the planned irradiation dosage. In the event that the received proton information matches the planned irradiation dosage, control circuitry 50 outputs a signal indicating the planned irradiation dosage is met.
In one embodiment, prior to the verification of irradiation dosage, as described above, detector 30 is utilized to verify the positioning of patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25 of treatment irradiation source 20. Particularly, as described above, control circuitry 50 controls treatment irradiation source 20 to output a low intensity treatment irradiation beam 80, preferably exhibiting an intensity greater than 50 MeV, towards treatment area 70 of patient 60. As described above, detector 30 detects protons from treatment irradiation beam 80 and outputs information regarding the received protons to control circuitry 50. Control circuitry 50 derives an image of patient 60 from the received proton information. As described above, control circuitry 50 generates a DRR of the 3D image of patient 60 in detection plane 35. The image of patient 60 derived from the proton information received from detector 30 is compared by control circuitry 50 to the DRR generated in detection plane 35 to determine whether the images of patient 60 are aligned. In one embodiment, the proton derived image and the DRR are compared pixel by pixel to determine the difference in positioning of each point on patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25 of treatment irradiation source 20.
In one embodiment, control circuitry 50 determines a first patient alignment function of the position differences between the pixels of the DRR and the pixels of the proton derived image. In one further embodiment, the first patient alignment function is an angle between a contour of patient 60 on the proton derived image and the corresponding contour on the DRR. In another further embodiment, the first patient alignment function is an average distance between the position of the pixels representing patient 60 on the proton derived image and the position of the pixels representing patient 60 on the DRR.
In the event that control circuitry 50 determines that the proton derived image of patient 60 does not match the image of patient 60 in the DRR, within a predetermined margin, e.g. in the event that the first patient alignment function is greater than a predetermined alignment value, control circuitry 50 controls patient support member 40 to adjust the position of patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25 such that the images of patient 60 become more aligned. As a result, patient 60 becomes more aligned with the predetermined treatment plan. In one embodiment, the position of patient 60 is adjusted such that the first patient alignment difference function decreases. Specifically, in the embodiment where the first patient alignment function is an angle between the contour of patient 60 on the proton derived image and the contour of patient 60 on the DRR, the position of patient 60 is adjusted such that the angle decreases. In the embodiment where the first patient alignment function is an average distance between the position of pixels of patient 60 on the proton derived image and the position of the corresponding pixels on the DRR, the position of patient 60 is adjusted such that the distance decreases.
In one embodiment, as described below, further images are utilized to verify and correct the position of patient 60. Particularly, a first 2D image of patient 60 is received and optionally stored on memory 55. The first 2D image is in a plane which exhibits a different angle with nozzle 25 than detection plane 35. In one embodiment, as will be described below, control circuitry 50 controls a 2D imager to generate the first 2D image. Control circuitry 50 generates a second DRR of the 3D image of patient 60 in the plane of the first 2D image. Control circuitry 50 compares the first 2D image of patient 60 to the second DRR to determine whether the images of patient 60 are aligned. As described above in relation to the proton derived image of patient 60, in the event that the first 2D image of patient 60 and the second DRR of patient 60 are not aligned, within a predetermined margin, control circuitry 50 controls patient support member 40 to adjust the position of patient 60 accordingly. In one embodiment, a second patient alignment function of a difference between the first 2D image of patient 60 and the second DRR of patient 60 is determined. In one further embodiment, the second patient alignment function is an angle between a contour of the patient in the first 2D image and the generated second DRR. In another embodiment, the second patient alignment function is an average distance between the position of the pixels representing the patient in the first 2D image and the position of the pixels representing the patient of the generated second DRR.
In another embodiment, as will be described below, a second 2D image of patient 60 is additionally received and optionally stored on memory 55. The second 2D image is in a plane which exhibits a different angle with nozzle 25 than the plane of the first 2D image and detection plane 35. In one embodiment, as will be described below, control circuitry 50 controls a respective 2D imager to generate the second 2D image. Control circuitry 50 generates a third DRR of the 3D image of patient 60 in the plane of the second 2D image. Control circuitry 50 compares the second 2D image of patient 60 to the third DRR to determine whether the images of patient 60 are aligned. As described above in relation to the proton derived image of patient 60, in the event that the second 2D image of patient 60 and the third DRR of patient 60 are not aligned, within a predetermined margin, control circuitry 50 controls patient support member 40 to adjust the position of patient 60 accordingly. In one embodiment, a third patient alignment function of a difference between the second 2D image of patient 60 and the third DRR of patient 60 is determined. In one further embodiment, the third patient alignment function is an angle between a contour of the patient in the second 2D image and the generated third DRR. In another embodiment, the third patient alignment function is an average distance between the position of the pixels representing the patient in the second 2D image and the position of the pixels representing the patient of the generated third DRR.
Advantageously, the position of patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25 is verified at three separate angles.
In one embodiment, in the event that it is determined that patient 60 is properly positioned, the proton information received from detector 30 is utilized to verify the dosage of irradiation treatment beam 80, as described above.
FIG. 3 illustrates a high level schematic diagram of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification system 200. Patient irradiation treatment plan verification system 200 is in all respects similar to patient irradiation treatment plan verification system 100 with the addition of: a pair of x-ray imagers 210A and 210B; and a pair of x-ray detectors 220A and 220B, each exhibiting a detection plane 225A and 225B, respectively. X-ray imager 210A and x-ray detector 220A are positioned on opposing sides of patient support member 40 such that x-ray detector 220A faces x-ray imager 210A. Similarly, x-ray imager 210B and x-ray detector 220B are positioned on opposing sides of patient support member 40 such that x-ray detector 220B faces x-ray imager 210B.
In one embodiment, x-ray detectors 220A and 220B exhibit a generally 90 degree angle with each other. In another embodiment, detectors 30, 220A and 220B are positioned on one side of patient support member 40 and imagers 210A and 210B are positioned on the same side of patient support member 40 as irradiation treatment source 20. In one further embodiment, x-ray detectors 220A and 220B exhibit a 90 degree angle with each other, and each further exhibit a generally 45 degree angle with detector 30. In one embodiment (not shown), detector 30, x-ray detector 220A and x-ray detector 220B are each connected to a single translation mechanism which is arranged to translate the detectors vertically when not needed so as not interfere with the treatment. Each of x-ray imager 210A, x-ray imager 210B, x-ray detector 220A and x-ray detector 220B is in communication with control circuitry 50.
In operation, control circuitry 50 controls each of x-ray imager 210A and 210B to image patient 60. The x-rays are received by respective x-ray detectors 220A and 22B, and respective first and second x-ray images of patient 60 are received by control circuitry 50, as described above. As further described above, a third image of patient 60 is received from detector 30. The three images of patient 60 are compared to respective DRRs of the stored 3D image of patient 60 to verify the positioning of patient 60, as described above. Particularly, a first DRR is generated in detection plane 35 of detector 30, a second DRR is generated in detection plane 225A of x-ray detector 220A and a third DRR is generated in detection plane 225B of x-ray detector 220B. As further described above, the dosage provided by irradiation treatment beam 80 is verified responsive to proton information received from detector 30.
FIG. 4 illustrates a high level block diagram of an embodiment of control circuitry 50. Control circuitry 50 comprises: a DRR functionality 300; a mapping functionality 310; a projection functionality 320; a dosage comparison functionality 330; a dosage alignment functionality 340; a position comparison functionality 350; and a position alignment functionality 360. Each of DRR functionality 300, mapping functionality 310, projection functionality 320, dosage comparison functionality 330, dosage alignment functionality 340, position comparison functionality 350 and position alignment functionality 360 are implemented by any of: a unique hardware module; and a software module implemented responsive to instructions stored on memory 55 (not shown).
DRR functionality 300 is arranged to determine DRRs of the 3D image of patient 60 (not shown), as described above. Mapping functionality 310 is arranged to map irradiation dosage information to the coordinates of the 3D image, as described above. Projection functionality 320 is arranged to project the mapped irradiation dosage information to the respective DRR, as described above. Dosage comparison functionality 330 is arranged to compare the actual dosage detected by detector 30 (not shown) to the planned dosage projected to the respective DRR, as described above. Dosage alignment functionality 340 is arranged to adjust the intensity of treatment irradiation source 80 (not shown) in the event that the actual dosage does not match the planned dosage, as described above. Position comparison functionality 350 is arranged to compare, for each of the detectors, the respective image of patient 60 to the respective DRR, as described above. Position alignment functionality is arranged to control patient support member 40 (not shown) to adjust the position of patient 60 in relation to nozzle 25 (not shown) in the event that the position of patient 60 does not match the planned position, as described above.
FIG. 5 illustrates a high level flow chart of a patient irradiation treatment plan verification method, according to certain embodiments. In stage 1000, a patient is irradiated with a treatment irradiation beam. Optionally, the treatment irradiation beam is a proton beam, preferably exhibiting an intensity of at least 50 MeV. In stage 1010, the treatment irradiation beam of stage 1000 is detected by a first detector after having irradiated the patient, optionally by a proton detector. In stage 1020, information regarding the detected irradiation beam of stage 1010 is output.
In optional stage 1030, the output irradiation beam information of stage 1020 is received. In optional stage 1040, a first DRR of a 3D treatment plan image of the patient of stage 1000 is generated in a detection plane of the first detector of stage 1010. In optional stage 1050, the received irradiation beam information of optional stage 1030 is compared to the generated first DRR of optional stage 1040. In optional stage 1060, responsive to the DRR comparison of optional stage 1050 indicating that a first patient alignment function of a difference between the received irradiation beam information of optional stage 1030 and the generated first DRR of optional stage 1040 is greater than a predetermined patient alignment value, the position of the patient of stage 1000 is adjusted, in relation to a treatment irradiation source, such that the first patient alignment difference function decreases. In one embodiment, the first patient alignment function is an angle between a contour of the patient in the received information of optional stage 1030 and the corresponding contour on the generated first DRR of optional stage 1040. In another embodiment, the first patient alignment function is an average distance between the position of the pixels representing the patient in the received information of optional stage 1030 and the position of the pixels representing the patient of the generated first DRR.
In optional stage 1070, a second DRR of the 3D treatment plan image of optional stage 1040 is generated in a plane associated with a 2D image of the patient of stage 1000. In optional stage 1080, the 2D image of optional stage 1070 is compared to the generated second DRR. In optional stage 1090, responsive to the outcome of the irradiation comparison indicating that a second patient alignment function of a difference between the 2D image and the generated second DRR is greater than a predetermined patient alignment value, the position of the patient is adjusted such that the second patient alignment difference function decreases. In one embodiment, the second patient alignment function is an angle between a contour of the patient in the 2D image and the corresponding contour on the generated second DRR. In another embodiment, the second patient alignment function is an average distance between the position of the pixels representing the patient in the 2D image and the position of the pixels representing the patient of the generated second DRR.
In optional stage 1100, a first and a second x-ray beam are output. The output x-ray beams are detected after having irradiated the patient of stage 1000. Information regarding the detected first and second x-ray beams are output. In one embodiment, the first and second x-ray beam each provide a respective 2D image of the patient and the respective 2D image is compared to a respective DRR of the 3D image of the patient of optional stage 1040, in the plane of a respective x-ray detector, to determine whether the positioning of the patient is correct and matches the 3D image.
In optional stage 1110, predetermined irradiation dosage information is mapped to a coordinate system of the 3D treatment plan image of the patient of optional stage 1040. Particularly, the predetermined irradiation dosage information is the dosage information from the irradiation treatment plan. In optional stage 1120, the mapped dosage information of optional stage 1110 is projected to the generated first DRR of optional stage 1040 such that the expected percentage of energy from the treatment irradiation beam of stage 1000 to reach the detector of stage 1010 can be determined.
In optional stage 1130, the received irradiation beam information of optional stage 1030 is compared to predetermined irradiation dosage information. Optionally, the irradiation comparison comprises a comparison of the projected dosage information of optional stage 1120 and the received irradiation beam information of stage 1010. In one embodiment, the energy intensity detected by the detector is compared to the determined energy intensity which is expected to arrive at the detector in accordance with the treatment plan. In optional stage 1140, information responsive to the outcome of the irradiation comparison of optional stage 1130 is output. In one embodiment, responsive to the irradiation comparison of optional stage 1130 indicating that a dosage alignment function of a difference between the received irradiation beam information and the projected dosage information is greater than a predetermined dosage alignment value, the treatment irradiation beam of stage 1000 is adjusted such that the dosage alignment difference function decreases. Optionally, the dosage alignment difference function is an average of the differences between the energy intensity received at each pixel of the detector of stage 1010 and the expected energy intensity at the respective pixel in accordance with the treatment plan.
It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as are commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods are described herein.
All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will prevail. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
The terms “include”, “comprise” and “have” and their conjugates as used herein mean “including but not necessarily limited to”.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and includes both combinations and sub-combinations of the various features described hereinabove as well as variations and modifications thereof, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description.
| 14,783
|
<urn:uuid:c36dce04-d74d-475d-be40-0fbe8ab317e4>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,011
|
https://www.asn.fr/content/download/75613/download_file/INSNP-PRS-2011-0296.pdf
|
asn.fr
| null |
Spoken
| 364
| 987
|
��������������� ��� ������������ �� ��� �������� ��� ����� ����������� �� �� ���� ������� �� �� ������ �� ��
���������� ��� ����� ��� ��� �������� ���������� ������ ������������� ����� ���� ��������� ��� ������ � ��� ���
��� ����������� ��� ���� ��� ����� �� ���������� �� �� ���� ��� ��������� ����������� ����� � �� ��������� ��
�� ������� ��� �������� ��� ���������� �� ������ ������ ��� ��������� ���������� ����������� ��� ���������������� ���
��� ���� ��� ��������� ���� ������������� ��� ��� ������ ������������ ��� ������ ����������� ��� ���������������� ��
������� ���� ������������ ��������� �� ��������� ���� ���� ���������� ���������� ��� ���������� ���� �� ��� ���������� ��
���������� ��� ���������������� ����� ��������� ����� ������������ ������ ����������� ��� ��� ������� ������������� ���
������ ������������� �� ��� ���������� �������������� ���������� ���� ��������� ��������� ��������� ��� ������ ��� ��
������ ��� ��� ���������������� ����� ���� ������ ������������ ��� ��� ������ ���� ����� ������� ������������� ��
���� ���������� ��� �� ���� ���������� ���� ������������ ���� ���� ����������� �������� ����� ���� �� ��� ������������ ���
- ����� �������� ������ ������� ��� �������� ��� ������ ���� ����������� �������� ����� ����������� ����� ��
������� ����� ��������� � �� ��������������� ��� ������������� �� ����� ��� ������������ ����������� �� ����
������������������������������������������������������������������ �������� �������������� ����������� �������
���� ������ ������������ ��� ��� ������ ����� ��� ������� ��� ������ ��� ��������� ��������������� ��� ��
�������� ���������� ��� ����������� ���� ������ ������� �� ����� ��� ���� ��� �� ��� �������� �� ������ �������� ������� ��� �����
������� ����� ������������ �������� ���������
��� �� ���� �������� ���� ������������ ���������� ������������ ������������� ������ �������� ����� ���� ������������ ������
��������� ��� ��� ���������� ����� ������ ���� ������������� �������������� ������� �������� ����� ��� ������� ������ ������� ���������� ���
��� �� ���� �������� ���� ������������ ���� ���� ������������� ���������� �� ��� ����� ������ ���� ���� ��������� ����� ���� �����
������ ��� ����� �������� ��� ����������� ���� �������� ������� ����� ���� ���� ��������� ����������������� ��
��� �� ���� �������� ���� ������������ ������ ��������� ���������� �������� ��� ���������������� ��� ����������� ��
�������������� �� �������� ��������� � ��� �������� �� �� ����� ����� ���������� �� ������� �� �� �������� ��� ���
��� �� ���� �������� ������� ���������� ��� �������� ���� ����������� ������������� ���� ��� ������ �� ���������� ���� �����
| 4,418
|
US-201514732397-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 643
| 877
|
Shovel-bucket attachment
ABSTRACT
This invention relates to the use of an attachment to power construction equipment machine ( 10 ) such as backhoes or shovels or bulldozers or skid steers of other equipment that moves earth materials. The attachment is mounted by welding the attachment to a part of the power equipment ( 10 ) such that the reach of the equipment is greatly enhanced and safety is obtained due to materials not falling into the power equipment. The main use is to excavate hard-to-reach areas. The attachment comprises of a steel tube ( 2 ); welded to a bucket ( 1 ); support plates are welded to bucket for support ( 3 ); attached to the steel tube is shovel-bucket plate ( 4 ); with a pointed end ( 5 ) and braces are attached with 2″×2″×¼″ steel angles as required.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In order to be able to reach and excavate hard to get at places this invention was created to do. The invention is a process where an attachment is attached to construction equipment (10) such that it may stretch out beyond the equipment itself to excavate materials.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object is to be able to reach difficult places to excavate. A typical use is that a bucket (1) on construction equipment (10) has attached to it a steel tube or other structural shape. (“tube”) (2) by welding the tube (2) to the bucket. (1) A 6×6×½ steel tube has been used. Plates or angles (3) are also welded to the bucket and tube for stability. Plates or angles (8) are also welded to the bucket and tube for stability. Lengths may vary. The length of the tube of 12 feet has been used. At the far end of the tube a steel plate (“shove-bucket plate”) (4) is welded to the tube (2). The shovel-bucket plate (4) has the far corners cut out forming a point. A typical shovel-bucket plate (4) is 4 feet×4 feet by ½″. A typical cut off is 1 foot but may vary for specific applications. The shovel bucket plate (4) is welded to the tube (2) The plate is cantilevered such that ¼ of the length is welded to the tube. A typical length is 1 foot. Steel angles or plates (5) and welded to shovel-bucket plate (4) and tube (2). The tube (2) has an end cap (7). Angles (6) are welded to the end cap. (7) And to the shovel-bucket plate (4). These angles stop about midpoint of the plate and are cut down near end.
The tube (2) may be eliminated so that the shovel-bucket attachment may be used for specific job. The shovel-bucket plate (4) is welded to the bucket (1). The width of the plate is being 1 inch less than the bucket width. Usually the size of the plate approximately 7′×5′.
Connections stated above are welded but bolting is also acceptable. Lengths and sizes of tube and plates may vary according to the specific job the shovel-bucket attachment is being used.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
Drawing 1 is a side view of the equipment with the shovel bucket attachment.
Drawing 2 is a plan view arid side view of the shovel-bucket attachment.
Drawing 3 is a plan view and-side view of the shovel-bucket attachment without tube.
DISCLOSURES
The aim of the invention is to provide a method to be able to excavate materials in inaccessible areas.
What is claimed is:
1. The attachment is a method by which hard to get at areas can be excavated in complete safety for the operator of the equipment.
2. The attachment will give the operator the ability to reach areas where without attachment can not be reached.
3. The attachment provides a safety condition for the operator of the work or equipment..
| 28,195
|
BXC10232005807R_11429_83
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,010
|
GREFFE DU TRIBUNAL DE COMMERCE DE TOULON
|
BODACC
|
French
|
Semantic data
| 3,988
| 11,285
|
482 828 878
RCS
Toulon
LE BELEM
Société à responsabilité limitée
2
avenue
du Poitou Quartier le Marégau
83430
Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer
2009-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
AUDICONTROL
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
7622.45
EUR
Gérant partant : Azoulay, Andre, nomination du Gérant : Serres, Pierre
384 850 525
RCS
Paris
Le conseil dans tous les domaines d'activité non réglementées.
9
avenue
de l'Abbé Roussel
75016
Paris
26 Ave Perrichont
75016
Paris
Mise en activité de la société, modification survenue sur la prise d'activité, l'activité de l'établissement principal, l'adresse de l'établissement, la date de début d'activité et l'administration
2010-02-22
SPRINT INVEST
Société à responsabilité limitée
65000.00
EUR
452 241 805
RCS
Evry
Modification du capital.
401 102 751
RCS
Paris
LES PEINTRES TEMOINS DE LEUR TEMPS
P.T.T.
Société à responsabilité limitée
19 BD SOULT
75012
PARIS
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
709 805 634
RCS
Versailles
HOLDING FAMILLE TRUJAS
H. F. T.
Société par actions simplifiée
5
rue
Roger Hennequin
78190
Trappes
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
437 649 742
RCS
Avignon
SARL CENTRE DE DISTRIBUTION DE PRESSE DU COMTAT
CEDIP COMTAT
Société à responsabilité limitée
950
chemin
des Esquerts
84170
Monteux
2009-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
BARRANDON
Marie-Cécile, Berthe, Anne
BELLEPERCHE
499 872 711
RCS
Compiègne
Conception, édition, assemblage d'ouvrages essentiellement de lecture, assurer leur promotion et leur diffusion, cours de soutien scolaire.
18
rue
des Croisettes
60350
Trosly-Breuil
2010-10-31
312 239 312
RCS
Clermont-Ferrand
ETS ALEXIS RAY
Société par actions simplifiée
le Bournet
63440
Saint-Hilaire-la-Croix
2009-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
494 111 909
RCS
Toulouse
DOMEA
RL
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
12
impasse
Gutenberg Zone Industrielle du Terroir
31140
Saint-Alban
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
411 414 550
RCS
Saint-Nazaire
ETS BEAUJOUAN
Société à responsabilité limitée
6-7
boulevard
du dr René Dubois
44500
La Baule Escoublac
2009-11-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
411 663 628
RCS
Bayonne
ELECTRICITE GENERALE PATRICK GAULIN
Société à responsabilité limitée
1
rue
Hondritz de Haut
64600
Anglet
2009-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
SCP DU GEVAUDAN - RABIER VERONIQUE - DOMINGUES DANIEL - FAFOURNOUX BRUN AUDE - ASTRUC LAURE, MASSEURS KINESITHERAPEUTES
Société civile professionnelle
Gérant associé : RABIER Véronique Gérant associé : BRUN Aude né(e) FAFOURNOUX Gérant associé : ASTRUC Laure, Marie-Renée Gérant associé : DOMINGUES Daniel
410 766 505
RCS
Mende
Modification survenue sur l'administration
SOLEAL
Société à responsabilité limitée
42650.00
EUR
440 487 023
RCS
Grasse
Modification du capital.
398 666 669
RCS
Perpignan
SOCIETE DE GESTION AUDIT EXPERTS CONSEILS
SGA EXPERTS CONSEILS
Société anonyme à conseil d'administration
16
rue
Josep Pla
66000
Perpignan
2009-08-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
971 801 907
RCS
Nice
PASNIC
Société à responsabilité limitée
3
place
Masséna C/o Adcm Secrétariat
06000
Nice
2009-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
568 200 489
RCS
Pontoise
STATION DE FREINAGE ET DE MECANIQUE D'ARGENTEUIL
Société anonyme
4
rue
Nobleterre
95100
Argenteuil
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
384 227 963
RCS
Grenoble
CHUTE DU CARRE
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
32
chemin
de la bastille
38700
La Tronche
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
453 451 668
RCS
Montauban
AUTOCLEAN
Société à responsabilité limitée
Le garric
82110
Lauzerte
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
482 251 162
RCS
Bobigny
BG' S AUTOS
Société à responsabilité limitée
228
rue
Paul et Camille Thomoux
93330
Neuilly-sur-Marne
2009-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
MIANA
Jean-Pierre
RCS non inscrit.
exploitant agricole
Plantous
47150
Savignac-sur-Leyze
Jugement d'ouverture
Jugement d'ouverture d'une procédure de redressement judiciaire
11 mai 2010
Jugement d'ouverture du redressement judiciaire, date de cessation des paiements : 3 mai 2010, administrateur judiciaire (éventuellement), les déclarations de créances sont à déposer dans les deux mois suivant la présente publication auprès du mandataire judiciaire, représentant des créanciers : S.C.P. STUTZ ODILE, 74, rue de Grelot, 47304 Villeneuve-sur-Lot Cedex
528 312 697
RCS
Pontoise
GCS VIP TRAVEL
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : BOUSQUIER Nathalie
30000.00
EUR
11
allée
de la Bellardière
95220
Herblay
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, D) sans activité
Cette société n'exerce aucune activité.
399 384 890
RCS
Cannes
IPRA FRANCE INDUSTRIE DE PARFUMERIE ET RECHERCHES AROMATIQUES
Société par actions simplifiée
460/40
avenue
de la Quiera Parc d'Activités de l'Argile
06370
Mouans-Sartoux
2008-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
381 712 470
RCS
Versailles
POINT VIRGULE
Société à responsabilité limitée
32
avenue
Jean Jaurès
78350
Jouy-en-Josas
2009-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
FIDUS EUROPE
Société à responsabilité limitée
421 466 897
RCS
Paris
La commercialisation de tout bien et service lie a la restauration ainsi que toutes activités connexes ventes gros demi-gros détail de librairie papeterie presse jeux imprimerie Imageir cadres musique
186
rue
de la Croix Nivert
75015
Paris
Jugement de clôture
Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif
18 octobre 2010
Jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure de liquidation judiciaire pour insuffisance d'actif.
418 030 185
RCS
Nice
LA GRATTA
Société à responsabilité limitée
2
boulevard
Franck Pilatte
06300
Nice
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
SARL JMB 55
Société à responsabilité limitée
5000.00
EUR
Gérant : BENITAH Jacques Max
JMB 55
524 389 392
RCS
Compiègne
Vente de chaussures, prêt à porter homme et tous accessoires s'y rapportant.
15
rue
des Lombards
60200
Compiègne
15
rue
des Lombards
60200
Compiègne
Mise en activité suite à création
2010-11-05
2010-11-05
LA SALICORNE
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant(e) : ALSATE-MONTAGNE Roberto, Auguste, Emile Gérant(e) : GOHIN Thierry, Pierre, Jean
493 274 492
RCS
Coutances
108
rue
Saint Pierre et Miquelon
50400
Yquelon
108
rue
Saint Pierre et Miquelon
50400
Yquelon
Modification survenue sur l'administration et transfert du siège social, transfert de l'établissement principal
GIPPA ET GILBERT
Société en nom collectif
15244.90
EUR
Associé en nom collectif : GIPPA Michèle Associé en nom collectif : GILBERT Christian Jean François Liquidateur amiable : GIPPA Michèle
331 735 589
RCS
Chambéry
Cinéma,spectacles,conférences et toutes activités connexes et complémentaires
137
avenue
Henri Falcoz
73300
Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
137
avenue
Henri Falcoz
73300
Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
O
TRBM
Société à responsabilité limitée
438 335 275
RCS
Paris
Bâtiment tous corps d'état et nettoyage
40
rue
Damrémont
75018
Paris
Extrait de jugement
Jugement d'interdiction de gérer
5 mai 2010
Jugement prononçant l'interdiction prévue à l'article L. 653-8 du code de commerce à l'encontre de M. Seker Telat pour une durée de 5 ans.
LA BOULANGERIE DE PATAY
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : BOUZEGHAIA Abdallah en fonction le 19 Février 2010
501 212 740
RCS
Créteil
Modification de représentant.
525 071 403
RCS
Rennes
SELARL DOCTEUR BELOT
Société d'exercice libéral A.R.L.
Gérant : BELOT Nicolas
2000.00
EUR
8
rue
du Chène Germain
Maison des Consultations
35510
Cesson-Sévigné
siège social
8
rue
du Chène Germain
Maison des Consultations
35510
Cesson-Sévigné
2010-09-22
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, D) sans activité
Cette entreprise n'exerce aucune activité.
448 220 186
RCS
La Roche-sur-Yon
PROJET BOIS
Société à responsabilité limitée
7
rue
Gustave Eiffel Zone des Blussières
85190
Aizenay
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
440 414 712
RCS
Marseille
BEILLIEU
Jerome
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
25
boulevard
André Aune
Marseille
13006
Marseille
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à transfert de l'établissement principal
Immatriculation suite au transfert de l'établissement principal hors ressort.
SCM FOLLIN ITEY ALIAS MARCOUYEUX DELBREIL
Société civile de moyens
504 864 893
RCS
Avignon
86
avenue
du Maréchal Joffre
84300
Cavaillon
O
FALZOI
Sandrine
BALTOLU
RCS non inscrit.
413 634 668
RM
2A
Entretien et réparation de véhicules automobiles légers
lotissement
Rénucci
Lieudit Farone
20167
Afa
Extrait de jugement
Jugement prononçant la résolution du plan de redressement et la liquidation judiciaire
15 février 2010
Jugement prononçant la résolution du plan de redressement et la liquidation judiciaire, date de cessation des paiements le 30 Juillet 2005, désignant liquidateur Céleri Jean Pierre 22, cours Napoléon - 20000 Ajaccio . Les déclarations de créances sont à déposer auprès du liquidateur dans le délai de deux mois à compter de la présente publication à l'exception des créanciers admis au plan qui en sont dispensés.
DAVID MAO GESTION PRIVEE SASU
Société par actions simplifiée unipersonnelle
513 982 157
RCS
Brest
Conseil pour la gestion et les affaires, conseils en gestion de patrimoine, conseil en investissements financiers, démarchage bancaire et financier, courtage en intermédiation en assurance, transaction sur immeuble et fonds de commerce sans encaissement de fonds, effets en valeurs, coaching, conseil en provision, conseil en entreprise et d'activité de formation.
Mise en activité de la société
2009-12-02
331 844 852
RCS
Colmar
FROMELEST LES TECHNIQUES DU CARRELAGE
S.A.R.L
12, route de Strasbourg,
68150
Ostheim
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
479 463 234
RCS
Créteil
KONTORATCHI
Mohammad
DEFI CHORONO SERVICE
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
214
avenue
de la République
94700
Maisons Alfort
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à transfert de l'établissement principal
Immatriculation suite au transfert de l'établissement principal hors ressort.
415 038 884
RCS
Beauvais
PROTECTION GARDIENNAGE MICHEL CATEIGNE
PGMC
Société à responsabilité limitée
15
rue
des Potiers
60112
Bonnières
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
482 256 849
RCS
Dunkerque
ELEVAGE ANDRIES
Société à responsabilité limitée
6 drève Anglaise
59122
Rexpoëde
2010-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
481 918 779
RCS
Versailles
SODIVAP SARL (SOCIETE DE DIFFUSION ET DE VENTE D'ARTICLES DE PUERICULTURE)
Société à responsabilité limitée
10
chemin
de la Geneste
78530
Buc
2006-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
412 977 738
RCS
La Roche-sur-Yon
SODISMONTS
Société à responsabilité limitée
route de Challans le Clos de la Dechaume
85160
Saint-Jean-de-Monts
2009-01-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
SCI DAKOTE
Société civile immobilière
Liquidateur : DEBRAY Arnaud, Gilles
401 304 837
RCS
Dieppe
4
rue
Joseph Flouest
76200
Dieppe
Dissolution de la société
MODIS-CLARTEX
Société à responsabilité limitée
324 918 713
RCS
Bourg-en-Bresse
Parc d'Activité du Bief
01600
Trévoux
O
523 538 338
RCS
Antibes
HOTEL ROYAL
Société civile immobilière
Co-Gérant : RODI Renzo Co-Gérant : RICCHEBUONO Giorgio
9000
EUR
4
avenue
Edmond Salvy
06600
Antibes
Création
Etablissement principal
L'acquisition, la propriété, l'administration, l'exploitation par bail, location ou autrement de tous immeubles bâtis ou non bâtis dont elle pourrait devenir propriétaire, usufruitière ou nue propriétaire, par acquisition, crédit-bail ou autrement.
4
avenue
Edmond Salvy
06600
Antibes
2010-07-02
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2010-06-15
419 743 562
RCS
Mende
LE GEVAUDAN MONTRE SES GRIFFES
Société à responsabilité limitée
Apcher Prunières
48200
Saint-Chely d'Apcher
2006-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
500 566 690
RCS
Thionville
POLY CREATION
S.A.R.L. à associé unique
21,
rue
de la Grotte, Himeling,
57570
Puttelange-lès-Thionville
2008-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
SCI NARBONNE RESPLANDY
Société Civile Immobilière
381 413 384
RCS
Romans
La propriété, la gestion et l'administration pour son compte, la mise en valeur de tous biens et droits mobiliers et immobiliers dont elle pourrait devenir propriétaire par voie de construction, acquisition, échange, apport ou autrement.
Modification de l'activité.
517 944 104
RCS
Nîmes
C&S INFORM@TIQUE
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
3000.00
EUR
place
de l'Esplanade
30500
Saint-Ambroix
Droit au bail acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 35000 EUR
Etablissement principal
Achat d'un droit au bail d'un local commercial d'une superficie de 49 m2 d'un fonds de commerce de micro informatique, pièces détachées, neuf et occasion, service de maintenance, téléphonie mobile.
place
de l'Esplanade
30500
Saint-Ambroix
BONNEFILLE
David
BONNEFILLE
500 146 600
RCS
Nîmes
FAURE
Françoise Brigitte
BONNEFILLE
RCS non inscrit.
Achat d'un établissement principal par une personne morale lors de l'immatriculation
2009-12-04
Cévennes Magazine
2009-12-19
Etude Olivier MAJENSKI et Sybille ZUMO -Notaires associés- 13 Rue des Jardins 30500 SAINT AMBROIX
519 096 838
RCS
Cahors
BAT-SPORT
Société à responsabilité limitée
B.S.
Gérant(e) : JOUTEAU Yacine Medhi
2000
EUR
lieu dit
Moulin Grand
46250
Cazals
Création
Etablissement principal
Vente de tous produits et matériels non réglementés pour l'agencement de complexe sportif dont notamment gazon synthétique filet Rembarde ou autres matériels pour la pratique du football en salle ou autres sport en général ainsi que l'étude le conseil et la coordination des travaux de peinture rénovation plâtrerie revêtement de sol et de mur électricité plomberie menuiserie maçonnerie bardage charpente couverture isolation thermique et phonique confiees et donnees en sous traitance a des professionnels et toutes prestations de services et conseils import export de tous produits et materiels non reglementés.
lieu dit
Moulin Grand
46250
Cazals
2009-12-29
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2010-01-01
392 517 769
RCS
Paris
L J C
Société à responsabilité limitée
21 R DE FECAMP
75012
PARIS
2009-08-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
524 476 058
RCS
Strasbourg
BALI
S.A.R.L.
gérant : BAUER (Gwenn)
500
EUR
27
rue
Jeanne d'Arc
67000
Strasbourg
Etablissement secondaire acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 40 000 euros
Etablissement secondaire
institut de beauté
Le Bain aux Plantes
61
rue
du Fossé des Tanneurs
67000
Strasbourg
BEGUE-KIRN
Daniel
307 356 931
RCS
Strasbourg
ROESNER-KIRN
Yolande, Claire
RCS non inscrit.
Achat d'un établissement secondaire ou complémentaire par une personne morale
Les Affiches Moniteur
2010-11-19
Maître Glock, notaire, 9, rue de la Gare, 67610 La Wantzenau
date d'effet 29/10/2010
440 081 040
RCS
Dijon
C.H.R. GOURMAND
Entreprise unipersonnelle à responsabilité limitée
9
place
de la Libération
21000
Dijon
2008-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
LES ATELIERS SACCAGGI
Société à responsabilité limitée
343 809 554
RCS
Draguignan
route
de Cotignac
83690
Sillans-la-Cascade
O
BETON MOULE INDUSTRIEL - B. M. I -
Société anonyme
Administrateur : DENECE PHILIPPE Administrateur : VERBURG Cornelius modification le 20 Novembre 2006 Président : KIRCHMEYER Alain Gilbert modification le 11 Août 2010 Commissaire aux comptes suppléant : AUDITEX en fonction le 17 Septembre 2008 Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : ERNST& YOUNG et Autres en fonction le 17 Septembre 2008 Administrateur : COLLIN Rémy en fonction le 11 Août 2010
BMI
409 863 099
RCS
Pontoise
Modification de représentant.
732 007 950
RCS
Paris
SOCIETE AUXILIAIRE DE L'AGRICULTURE
Société à responsabilité limitée
39 AV D IENA
75116
PARIS
2008-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
435 099 593
RCS
Vannes
PRESTIGE AUTO EVASION
Société par actions simplifiée
92
avenue
de la Marne
56000
Vannes
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
510 442 593
RCS
Saint-Nazaire
GENESIS TECHNOLOGIES FRANCE
Société à responsabilité limitée
lieu-dit la Noé
44260
Lavau-sur-Loire
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
313 759 870
RCS
Pontoise
GENERALE DE TRAVAUX DE PROJETS DE REHABILITATION
Société par actions simplifiée
214
rue
Michel Carre
95870
Bezons
2009-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
439 494 907
RCS
Pontoise
MAVIS
Société à responsabilité limitée
17
avenue
Henri Barbusse
95470
Fosses
2004-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
343 212 981
RCS
Brive
ETABLISSEMENTS STEPHANE VAQUEZ
Société à responsabilité limitée
300 Chemin des Peupliers Verninières
19110
Bort-les-Orgues
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
523 558 740
RCS
Paris
SCCV DRANCY - CARRE VERT
Société civile de construction vente
Associé gérant : M & S DEVELOPPEMENT IMMOBILIER, Associé : PIERRE FINANCE DEVELOPPEMENT.
1000
EUR
54
avenue
Hoche
75008
Paris
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
L'acquisition de terrains situés à Drancy (93700), 163-169 rue Jean Jaurès, et les droits à construire afférents - la construction sur ce terrain et tous terrains sis dans la même commune ou toute commune avoisinante, d'un ensemble immobilier - la vente en totalité ou par lots avant ou après achèvement, des immeubles construits, la revente d'une partie des terrains - accessoirement, la location d'immeubles ou fractions d'immeubles.
54
avenue
Hoche
75008
Paris
2010-07-05
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2010-06-07
MAZEAU
Marie-Line
inola
425 131 661
RCS
Bordeaux
43
avenue
Lafontaine
Parc Lafontaine - Bâtiment C
33560
Carbon Blanc
2010-03-31
STOP'OCCAS
Société à responsabilité limitée
452 537 988
RCS
Melun
Discount venté et achat de tous produits et matériels neufs et occasion, Tp agricole, ménager, électricité, plomberie, textiles, jouets, pêche (matériel, appâts vivants, vifs) chasse, fleurs naturelles artificielles (coupe ou plants) produits alimentaires non périssables, location de matériels, vente par ambulance de tous produits ou matériels non soumis à la réglementation particulière, de produits soumis à la réglementation particulière ou autorisation, balles et cartouches de chasse, vin, produits pyrotechnique.
24 bis
route
de Cannes
77130
Varennes-sur-Seine
Jugement de clôture
Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif
26 juillet 2010
Jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure de liquidation judiciaire pour insuffisance d'actif.
521 337 790
RCS
Sens
CARRE ALEXIS
Société à responsabilité limitée
LA SESAMETTE
Gérant : CARRE Alexis Stéphane
2000.00
EUR
71
rue
du Général de Gaulle
89100
Sens
siège social
71
rue
du Général de Gaulle
89100
Sens
2010-04-14
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, D) sans activité
Cette entreprise n'exerce aucune activité.
DECO FACADES SERVICES
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
10000.00
EUR
MENDOZA Henri nom d'usage : MENDOZA Henri n'est plus gérant. MENDOZA Henri nom d'usage : MENDOZA Henri devient liquidateur.
504 659 855
RCS
Lyon
Dissolution de la société. Modification de l'administration. Cessation d'activité de la société.
488 263 419
RCS
Coutances
OUEST 3 D
Société à responsabilité limitée
90
rue
du Couesnon
50170
Pontorson
2009-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
775 694 516
RCS
Paris
S.A.P.C. UFIPRO RECOUVREMENT
Société à responsabilité limitée
Gérant : De Ferrieres, Alain, Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : KPMG S.A, Commissaire aux comptes suppléant : SCP DE COMMISSAIRES AUX COMPTES JEAN CLAUDE ANDRE ET AUTRES.
7618750
EUR
39
rue
de Bassano
75008
Paris
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
Toutes opérations de gestion et de recouvrement de créances.
39
rue
de Bassano
75008
Paris
2003-06-27
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite à transfert de son siège social
1869-11-30
Immatriculation d'une personne morale suite au transfert du siège hors ressort
095 781 274
RCS
Pau
STE INDUSTRIELLE DU NEEZ
Société par actions simplifiée
place de la Quillère
64290
Gan
2009-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
KASA SARL
Société à responsabilité limitée
422 200 410
RCS
Belfort
1 B
avenue
de l'Espérance
90000
Belfort
O
RCS non inscrit.
PHAM
Thi, Kieu, Oanh
Fonds acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 50000 Euros.
Établissement complémentaire
un fonds de commerce de restauration (plats à emporter)
40
avenue
Jean Jaurès
13700
Marignane
LE
Thi, Thu, Thuy
448 930 370
RCS
Aix
Achat d'un fonds par une personne physique (insertion provisoire)
2010-04-30
TPBM Semaine Provence
2010-05-12
chez Me Xavier COLONNA, notaire, 2 place du 11 novembre 13700 Marignane
381 741 941
RCS
Bobigny
J. MANE PRET A PORTER
Société à responsabilité limitée
2-24
rue
du Président Salvador Allende
93100
Montreuil
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
TRAGIN
Monique, Georgette, Thérèse
UGUEN
443 654 272
RCS
Rouen
Marchands de biens immobiliers
49
cours
Carnot
76500
Elbeuf
Jugement de clôture
Jugement de clôture pour insuffisance d'actif
2 février 2010
Jugement prononçant la clôture de la procédure de liquidation judiciaire pour insuffisance d'actif.
NONI
Société à responsabilité limitée
2000.00
EUR
Gérant : ANS KARAR Aimn
507 620 375
RCS
Evreux
Batiment de rénovation
20
rue
Ambroise Bully
27200
Vernon
20
rue
Ambroise Bully
27200
Vernon
O
SUPERPOSé
Société à responsabilité limitée
451 392 062
RCS
Saint-Etienne
la vente et l'installation de produits sur mesure, ayant trait aux baies ( stores intérieurs et extérieurs, meuiserie, bois, pvc ; aluminium, portails clôtures et tous produits complémentaires ) à l'aménagement intérieur (rangement, dressing, plancher, cloisons et faux plafonds) et en général tous travaux de bâtiment se rapportant aux particuliers, au commerce, à l'industrie et aux bureaux
42
rue
Dorian
42700
Firminy
Extrait de jugement
Jugement d'interdiction de gérer
30 juin 2010
Jugement prononçant l'interdiction prévue à l'article L. 653-8 du code de commerce à l'encontre de Monsieur GILARDI Frédéric Jean Maurice pour une durée de 5 ans.
505 141 564
RCS
Colmar
STRAUMANN CHRISTIAN
S.A.R.L.
3 A,
avenue
de la Marne
68000
Colmar
2009-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
494 543 580
RCS
Epinal
RENOVATIO
Société à responsabilité limitée
1
rue
Albert Jacquemin
88120
Vagney
2008-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
488 200 767
RCS
Lyon
B.H. MANAGEMENT PRESTATION
RL
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
24 Chemin Champ Villard
69540
Irigny
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
MANIBROCHURE
Société à responsabilité limitée
692 051 329
RCS
Bobigny
Dissolution sans liquidation de la société, décision de l'associé unique.
330 112 194
RCS
Versailles
ACKSYS
Société à responsabilité limitée
10
rue
des Entrepreneurs Zone Artisanale Val Joyeux
78450
Villepreux
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
352 015 341
RCS
Antibes
SOCIETE D'EXECUTION MACONNERIE ELECTRICITE PRETAZZINI
SODEX PRETAZZINI
Société à responsabilité limitée
Le Christiana 44 avenue Reibaud
06600
Antibes
2010-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
498 253 533
RCS
Avignon
LPM
Société à responsabilité limitée
24
rue
des Remparts
84120
Pertuis
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
434 599 908
RCS
Créteil
SOFIANE TAXI
Société à responsabilité limitée
14 Cite Pasteur
94800
Villejuif
2009-09-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
CHAUMEAU
Francine
393 807 110
RCS
Bordeaux
24
rue
Grand Rue
33590
Vensac
2010-12-31
400 196 770
RCS
Paris
Q G M SERVICES
Société à responsabilité limitée
141-143 R RAYMOND LOSSERAND
75014
PARIS
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
478 040 793
RCS
Dax
CHAMBRE FUNERAIRE DACQUOISE
Société à responsabilité limitée
57
route
de Tercis
40100
Dax
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
S.C.I. DU PARK
Société civile immobilière
352 525 794
RCS
Colmar
modification survenue sur la dénomination
780 077 277
RCS
Albi
ETS FRANCK ESCUDIE
Société à responsabilité limitée
5
rue
de la Carnadale
81800
Rabastens
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
LANDGREN
Sam, Dominique
382 131 472
RCS
Agen
15
rue
de la République
47140
Saint-Sylvestre-sur-Lot
2009-12-31
521 258 178
RCS
Paris
ATELIER COLOGNE
Société par actions simplifiée
Président : CERVASEL & CO, Directeur général non Administateur : Cervasel, Christophe Olivier, Directeur général : Tacchino, Sylvie, nom d'usage : Ganter, Commissaire aux comptes titulaire : Priollaud Savey, Francois, Commissaire aux comptes suppléant : ARIANE.
20000
EUR
20
rue
Cambon
75001
Paris
Création d'un fonds de commerce
Etablissement principal
La création la production et la commercialisation d'une marque de parfum de produits de beauté cosmétique Masuillage et articles de toilette de voyages
20
rue
Cambon
75001
Paris
2010-03-30
Immatriculation d'une personne morale (B, C, D) suite à création d'un établissement principal
2010-03-19
520 195 272
RCS
Lyon
EURL BOULEFKHAD
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
Gérant : BOULEFKHAD Nabil nom d'usage : BOULEFKHAD Nabil.
5000.00
EUR
55
cours
Emile Zola
69100
Villeurbanne
Etablissement principal acquis par achat au prix stipulé de 148500 EUR
Etablissement principal
Restauration
55
cours
Emile Zola
69100
Villeurbanne
LE MARRAKECH
379 125 677
RCS
Lyon
Achat d'un établissement principal par une personne morale lors de l'immatriculation
2010-01-05
Tout Lyon
2010-02-06
Maître DELOULE 31 place GrandClément BP21013 69612 Villeurbanne
509 638 417
RCS
Paris
ELIO PARIS
Société à responsabilité limitée
74 AV DE SAINT OUEN
75018
PARIS
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
483 469 698
RCS
Reims
MV CONSEIL
Société à responsabilité limitée à associé unique
143
rue
de Courlancy
51100
Reims
2009-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
BOUGUETTAYA
Touati
497 540 047
RCS
Lille
Commerce de bonbons, confiserie et lots alimentai res sauf boissons, lots textiles, chaussures et articles de paris en non sédentaire.
254
rue
Auguste Potié
59320
Haubourdin
Transfert d'établissement principal avec création
2007-04-23
2010-05-01
DUQUENOY
Sylvain, Jacques, Eric, Yann
487 804 882
RCS
Boulogne-sur-Mer
menuiseries interieures et extérieures en pvc aluminium et bois - la pose la réparation la vente de portes de garage volets roulants fenêtres clôtures vérandas - la maçonnerie générale - la pose de carrelage
15
rue
Jean Baptiste Clément
62100
Calais
2009-12-18
570 801 654
RCS
Toulouse
REFLETS DES MUSEES
Société à Responsabilité Limitée
20
rue
Léon Gambetta
31000
Toulouse
2009-06-30
Comptes annuels et rapports
SOCIETE CIVILE D'EXPLOITATION VITICOLE DU CHATEAU DE CARLES
Société civile d'exploitation viticole
5007200.00
EUR
Co-gérant associé indéfiniment responsable : DROULERS Stéphane Nicolas Co-gérant associé indéfiniment responsable : CHASTENET DE CASTAING Constance
326 241 635
RCS
Libourne
exploitation agricole
Chateau de Carles
33141
Saillans
Chateau de Carles
33141
Saillans
AUGMENTATION DE CAPITAL
1983-01-01
2009-12-14
448 440 263
RCS
Compiègne
CERHEC
Société à responsabilité limitée
723
rue
des Longues Rayes Z.A.C. des Longues Rayes
60610
Lacroix-Saint-Ouen
2010-03-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
TOCHON
Cyril, Pierre, Jean
TOCHON
495 394 587
RCS
Aubenas
495 394 587
RM
07
"le Panier Ardechois"
alimentation générale, bazar.
Neyrac les Bains
Rn 102
07380
Meyras
Avis de dépôt
Dépôt de l'état des créances
7 décembre 2010
L'état des créances est déposé au greffe où tout intéressé peut présenter réclamation devant le juge-commissaire dans le délai d'un mois à compter de la présente publication.
380 035 519
RCS
Saint-Denis
SOBORIZ INDUSTRIE
S.A
Z.I. n° 1, B.P. 53,
97822
Le Port Cedex
2008-12-31
Comptes annuels et rapports
| 32,594
|
US-201414340094-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,014
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,357
| 9,213
|
Message rate mixing for bandwidth management
ABSTRACT
Disclosed are systems and methods for controlling an amount and rate of security related information (e.g., content encryption or rights management information) being transmitted in a content stream to a user device. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method and related apparatuses for reducing bandwidth usage required when sending transitional security related information during a transition point of different content in a content stream.
BACKGROUND
In conditional access systems, security information such as control words, or information used to derive control words, are inserted into services to allow authorized users to watch or listen to received content on numerous different user devices. Control words may be used to descramble a scrambled content stream (e.g., a channel) at a receiver device such as a gateway, computer, tablet, and/or other computing device. At periodic times, updated or new security information needs to be forwarded to user devices so that they may continue to consume authorized content.
In providing such services, encryption and decryption techniques may be implemented to prevent unauthorized access to services. One encryption and decryption technique for a media stream of a service may include the use of control words and associated ECMs (Encryption Control Messages). Accordingly, in one example, an increase in an amount of content being streamed results in the control words and ECMs being repeated at short intervals during a single cryptographic period, thereby consuming additional bandwidth.
In current conditional access systems, utilized bandwidth is increased just prior to transition points between different content streams as the number of ECM messages is doubled, thereby increasing overall bandwidth usage at potentially unpredictable times. The increasing of the number of total ECM messages just prior to the transition point may begin at approximately five minutes prior to a transition point between content streams. The increase in the total number of ECM messages just prior to a transition point is due to the transmission of “new” ECM messages containing security information for the next content stream to be delivered along with the current ECM messages for the content stream being currently delivered. The new security information is forwarded in advance so that devices may decrypt the new content timely upon content delivery. However, such an increase in ECM bandwidth decreases the overall bandwidth available for consuming services which impacts the user viewing experience for the delivered content stream. A more efficient bandwidth utilization method is needed for systems that exercise control over or provide access to distributed electronic content.
SUMMARY
The following summary is for illustrative purposes only, and is not intended to limit or constrain the detailed description. The following summary merely presents various described aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description provided below.
Features herein relate to efficient use of bandwidth in conditional access systems or other systems which exercise control over or provide access to distributed electronic content. In particular, in one or more embodiment discussed below in greater detail, delivery of control words and associated ECM messages are inserted into content streams at variable rates, delivered, implemented, and/or used in a number of different ways while providing efficient use of overall bandwidth.
For example, some aspects of the disclosure are directed to methods, apparatuses, and computer-readable instructions stored on computer-readable medium for adjusting the insertion rate of security information just prior to a transition point within a content stream. In an embodiment, transition points may represent changes in programing content being streamed. In an aspect of the disclosure, security information about a current content stream may be delivered at rate of X/2 just prior to a transition point during an overlap period. Additional, information about the next content to be delivered may also be delivered at a rate of X/2 just prior to the transition point during an overlap period maintaining the utilized ECM bandwidth constant.
In another aspect of the disclosure, dynamic mixing may occur during an overlap period in which the rate of message insertion rate is varied based on various factors such as service type. During the last crypto period, the system may begin to deliver the information for the next program. In an embodiment, the security information delivered just prior to the transition point in an overlap period may include both security information about the first content stream being delivered and information about security information about the next content items to be delivered at dynamic mixing rates.
The summary here is not an exhaustive listing of the novel features described herein, and are not limiting of the claims. These and other features are described in greater detail below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood with regard to the following description, claims, and drawings. The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example, and not limited by, the accompanying figures in which like numerals indicate similar elements.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication network on which various features described herein may be used.
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary computing device that can be used in accordance with various features described herein.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary system block diagram that may be used to implement various features described herein.
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary set of ECMs and associated message insertion rates in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure.
FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram in accordance with one or more illustrative aspects discussed herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description of various illustrative embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, various embodiments in which aspects of the disclosure may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural and functional modifications may be made, without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
Various features described herein relate to controlling an amount and rate of security related information (e.g., content encryption or rights management information) being transmitted in a content stream to a user device. In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method and related apparatuses for reducing bandwidth usage required when sending transitional security related information during a transition point of different content in a content stream. These and other features will be described in greater detail further below.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication network 100 on which many of the various features described herein may be implemented. Network 100 may be any type of information distribution network, such as satellite, telephone, cellular, wireless, etc. One example may be an optical fiber network, a coaxial cable network, or a hybrid fiber/coax distribution network. Such networks 100 use a series of interconnected communication links 101 (e.g., coaxial cables, optical fibers, wireless, etc.) to connect multiple premises 102 (e.g., businesses, homes, user dwellings, etc.) to a local office or headend 103. Local office 103 may transmit downstream information signals onto the links 101, and one or more premises 102 may have a receiver used to receive and process those signals.
There may be one link 101 originating from local office 103, and it may be split a number of times to distribute the signal to various premises 102 in the vicinity (which may be many miles) of local office 103. The links 101 may include components not illustrated, such as splitters, filters, amplifiers, etc. to help convey the signal clearly, but in general each split introduces a bit of signal degradation. Portions of the links 101 may also be implemented with fiber-optic cable, while other portions may be implemented with coaxial cable, other lines, or wireless communication paths. By running fiber optic cable along some portions, for example, signal degradation may be significantly minimized, allowing a single local office 103 to reach even farther with its network of links 101 than before.
Local office 103 may include an interface, such as a termination system (TS) 104. More specifically, the interface 104 may be a cable modem termination system (CMTS), which may be a computing device configured to manage communications between devices on the network of links 101 and backend devices such as servers 105-107 (to be discussed further below). The interface 104 may be as specified in a standard, such as the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) standard, published by Cable Television Laboratories, Inc. (a.k.a. CableLabs), or it may be a similar or modified device instead. The interface 104 may be configured to place data on one or more downstream frequencies to be received by modems at the various premises 102, and to receive upstream communications from those modems on one or more upstream frequencies.
Local office 103 may also include one or more network interfaces 108, which can permit local office 103 to communicate with various other external networks 109. These networks 109 may include, for example, networks of Internet devices, telephone networks, cellular telephone networks, fiber optic networks, local wireless networks (e.g., WiMAX), satellite networks, and any other desired network, and the network interface 108 may include the corresponding circuitry needed to communicate on the external networks 109, and to other devices on the network such as a cellular telephone network and its corresponding cell phones.
As noted above, local office 103 may include a variety of servers 105-107 that may be configured to perform various functions. For example, local office 103 may include a push notification server 105. The push notification server 105 may generate push notifications to deliver data and/or commands to the various premises 102 in the network (or more specifically, to the devices in the premises 102 that are configured to detect such notifications). Local office 103 may also include a content server 106. The content server 106 may be one or more computing devices that are configured to provide content to users at their premises. This content, otherwise referred to as content payload or content dataset, may be, for example, video on demand movies, television programs, songs, text listings, etc. Additionally or alternatively, content may be referred to as discrete content items. As such, a content stream may comprise one or more sub-streams of discrete content items. E.g. a content stream may comprise a first sub-stream (first content dataset, which may be, for example, a movie) and a second sub-stream (second content dataset, which may be, for example, a television program). The content server 106 may include software to validate user identities and entitlements, to locate and retrieve requested content, to encrypt the content, and to initiate delivery (e.g., streaming) of the content to the requesting user(s) and/or device(s).
Local office 103 may also include one or more application servers 107. An application server 107 may be a computing device configured to offer any desired service, and may run various languages and operating systems (e.g., servlets and JSP pages running on Tomcat/MySQL, OSX, BSD, Ubuntu, Redhat, HTML5, JavaScript, AJAX and COMET). For example, an application server may be responsible for collecting television program listings information and generating a data download for electronic program guide listings. Another application server may be responsible for monitoring user viewing habits and collecting that information for use in selecting advertisements. Yet another application server may be responsible for formatting and inserting advertisements in a video stream being transmitted to the premises 102. Although shown separately, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the push server 105, content server 106, and application server 107 may be combined. Further, here the push server 105, content server 106, and application server 107 are shown generally, and it will be understood that they may each contain memory storing computer executable instructions to cause a processor to perform steps described herein and/or memory for storing data.
An example premises 102 a, such as a home, may include an interface 120. The interface 120 can include any communication circuitry to allow a device to communicate on one or more links 101 with other devices in the network. For example, the interface 120 may include a modem 110, which may include transmitters and receivers used to communicate on the links 101 and with local office 103. The modem 110 may be, for example, a coaxial cable modem (for coaxial cable lines 101), a fiber interface node (for fiber optic lines 101), twisted-pair telephone modem, cellular telephone transceiver, satellite transceiver, local Wi-Fi router or access point, or any other desired modem device. Also, although only one modem is shown in FIG. 1, a plurality of modems operating in parallel may be implemented within the interface 120. Further, the interface 120 may include a gateway interface device 111. The modem 110 may be connected to, or be a part of, the gateway interface device 111. The gateway interface device 111 may be a computing device that communicates with the modem(s) 110 to allow one or more other devices in the premises 102 a, to communicate with local office 103 and other devices beyond local office 103. The gateway 111 may be a set-top box (STB), digital video recorder (DVR), a digital transport adapter, computer server, or any other desired computing device. The gateway 111 may also include (not shown) local network interfaces to provide communication signals to requesting entities/devices in the premises 102 a, such as display devices 112 (e.g., televisions), additional STBs or DVRs 113, personal computers 114, laptop computers 115, wireless devices 116 (e.g., wireless routers, wireless laptops, notebooks, tablets and netbooks, cordless phones (e.g., Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone—DECT phones), mobile phones, mobile televisions, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.), landline phones 117 (e.g. Voice Over Internet Protocol—VoIP phones), and any other desired devices. Examples of local network interfaces include Multimedia Over Coax Alliance (MoCA) interfaces, Ethernet interfaces, universal serial bus (USB) interfaces, wireless interfaces (e.g., IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15), analog twisted pair interfaces, Bluetooth interfaces, and others.
Local office 103 may include a variety of servers 122-134 to manage security related information in use in conditional access systems. In an embodiment, the security related information may include control words and associated ECMs. For example, local office 103 may include an edge quadrature amplitude modulation (EQAM) modulator 124. The EQAM modulator 124 may be one or more computing devices that are configured for use with a converged cable access platform (C-CAP). The EQAM modulator 124 may include an embedded encryptor.
Local office 103 may also include an entitlement control message generator (ECMG) 132. The ECMG 132 may, in response to a request from e.g., the EQAM 124, generate ECMs including the control words for use with a service. The ECMG 132 may send the ECMs to the EQAM 124. The ECMG 132 may also generate the control words. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, a control word generator (CWG), not shown, different from the ECMG 132 may generate the control words. In such embodiments, the CWG may interact and/or may otherwise communicate with the ECMG 132 so that the ECMG 132 may retrieve control words from the CWG for inclusion in the associated ECMs. For example, the ECMG 132 may send a request for control words to the CWG and, in response, may receive control words generated by the CWG.
Local office 103 may include an edge resource manager 126 and a video on demand (VOD) and/or switched digital video (SDV) manager 128. The VOD and/or SDV manager server 128 may interact with user devices at premises 102 to start a program, purchase a program, and/or manipulate a program (e.g., pause, fast-forward, and/or rewind a program). For example, the VOD and/or SDV manager 128 may contact the appropriate VOD server (e.g., a content server 106) and one or more other components of local office 103 so that local office 103 may determine what content is being purchased and by who (e.g., which user and/or user device). The VOD and/or SDV manager 128 may initiate a particular session. Particularly, the VOD and/or SDV manager 128 may send to the edge resource manager 126 a message including an identification of the user device and/or user requesting a specific asset (e.g., the content). The edge resource manager 126 may determine information about the plan of the user device and/or user including, for example, which city and/or house the user device and/or user is located. From such information, the edge resource manager 126 may determine (e.g., pinpoint) which channel the EQAM 124 should transmit to the user device of the user.
Edge resource manager 126 may send to the EQAM 124 (and/or other C-CAP devices) messages including an indication of which channels are being transmitted to these specific downstream premises. For example, the message may indicate that these QAM channels and/or these high speed IP channels are going to these 100 houses including these user devices of the user. The edge resource manager 126 may also send to the EQAM 124 copy control information about the requesting user devices of the user. The copy control information may include the copying capabilities of the requesting user devices of the user to e.g., an external drive. In some embodiments, the copy control information may include copy protection information such as digital rights management information. The EQAM 124 may send the copy control information to the ECMG 132.
Local office 103 may include a broadcast video services manager server (BVSM) 130 and/or a conditional access services server (CA) 134. The BVSM 130 may determine access criteria needed for each service and session. Each content provider may have their own specific access criteria. The BVSM 130 may tag via a universal unique identifier (UUID) each particular access criteria. The BVSM 130 may send the UUID to the CA 134.
CA 134 may be a controller such as, for example, a digital addressable controller (DAC), a digital network control system (DNCS), and/or any other integrated device to manage various conditional access services. The CA 134 may provide hierarchical information to the ECMG 132. In the case of broadcast services, the services are well-defined continuously running sessions. The CA 134 may provide information about those broadcast sessions (also referred to herein as access criteria) to the ECMG. For example, the CA 134 may send the UUID received from the BVSM 130 to the ECMG 132 so that the ECMG 132 may securely transfer the ECMs including the control words to the EQAM 124. The CA 134 may send to the ECMG 132 copy control information for the broadcast services.
Upon request from the EQAM 124, the EQAM 124 receives from the ECMG 132 encryption session information and the ECMs including the control words for the requested content. The EQAM 124 may encrypt the control words based on a session key and insert the associated ECMs into a stream traversing a specified QAM channel to be received by the specified user devices. The user devices may receive the scrambled content including the encrypted ECMs by tuning to and/or otherwise accessing the channel (e.g., the specified QAM channel). The user devices at the premises 102 may also use the session key information to properly derive the control words received in the ECMs (e.g., to decrypt the encrypted control words). The user devices may receive the session key in entitlement management messages (EMMs). Once the user devices decrypt the control words in the ECM, the user device may descramble the content on the channel based on the control word during an appropriate crypto period.
While the servers 122-134 are shown as part of local office 103, in some embodiments, one or more of the servers 122-134 may be part of a third party independent of local office 103. In such embodiments, the servers 122-134 may communicate with one another and/or local office 103 via the external network 109.
Communication network 100 of FIG. 1 may include a server (i.e., distribution group server 118) or system of servers (i.e., distribution group server 118 and message server 122) that supports a distribution group. The distribution group server 118 and/or message server 122 may maintain, organize, and store the membership and/or rights data and store such information in a variety of data storage forms including but not limited to data in a database, memory, files, lists, and tables.
FIG. 2 illustrates general hardware elements that can be used to implement any of the various computing devices discussed herein. Computing device 200 may include one or more processors 201, which may execute instructions of a computer program to perform any of the features described herein. The instructions may be stored in any type of computer-readable medium or memory, to configure the operation of the processor 201. For example, instructions may be stored in a read-only memory (ROM) 202, random access memory (RAM) 203, removable media 204, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD), floppy disk drive, or any other desired storage medium. Instructions may also be stored in an attached (or internal) hard drive 205. Computing device 200 may include one or more output devices, such as a display 206 (e.g., an external television), and may include one or more output device controllers 207, such as a video processor. There may also be one or more user input devices 208, such as a remote control, keyboard, mouse, touch screen, microphone, etc.
Computing device 200 may also include one or more network interfaces, such as a network input/output (I/O) circuit 209 (e.g., a network card) to communicate with an external network 210. Network input/output circuit 209 may be a wired interface, wireless interface, or a combination of the two. In some embodiments, the network input/output circuit 209 may include a modem (e.g., a cable modem), and the external network 210 may include the communication links 101 discussed above, the external network 109, an in-home network, a provider's wireless, coaxial, fiber, or hybrid fiber/coaxial distribution system (e.g., a DOCSIS network), or any other desired network. Additionally, the device may include a location-detecting device, such as a global positioning system (GPS) microprocessor 211, which can be configured to receive and process global positioning signals and determine, with possible assistance from an external server and antenna, a geographic position of the device.
In an embodiment, modifications may be made to add, remove, combine, divide, etc. components of the computing device 200 as desired. Additionally, the components illustrated may be implemented using basic computing devices and components, and the same components (e.g., processor 201, ROM storage 202, display 206, etc.) may be used to implement any of the other computing devices and components described herein. For example, the various components herein may be implemented using computing devices having components such as a processor executing computer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Some or all of the entities described herein may be software based, and may co-exist in a common physical platform (e.g., a requesting entity can be a separate software process and program from a dependent entity, both of which may be executed as software on a common computing device).
One or more aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a computer-usable data and/or computer-executable instructions, such as in one or more program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor in a computer or other data processing device. The computer executable instructions may be stored on one or more computer readable media such as a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage media, solid state memory, RAM, etc. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. In addition, the functionality may be embodied in whole or in part in firmware or hardware equivalents such as integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and the like. Particular data structures may be used to more effectively implement one or more aspects of the disclosure, and such data structures are contemplated within the scope of computer executable instructions and computer-usable data described herein.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary system block diagram that may be used to implement various features described herein. Some of the components of local office and/or headend 103 described above with reference to FIG. 1 have been omitted for the sake of simplicity. The architecture of system 300 depicted in FIG. 3 is similar in many respects to the architecture of network 100 described above with reference to FIG. 1 and may include additional features not mentioned above.
In this case, FIG. 3 illustrates part of a converged cable access platform (CCAP) encryption infrastructure and associated data flows therein. The system 300 may be a local office and/or headend including one or more servers 305-330. For example, the system 300 may include an edge quadrature amplitude modulation with embedded encryptor for use with a converged cable access platform (CCAP) (also referred to herein as EQAM) 305, an edge resource manager (ERM) 310, a video-on-demand (VOD) and/or switched digital video (SDV) session manager 315, an entitlement control message generator (ECMG) 330, and an entitlement management message generator (EMMG) 325. A message bandwidth manager (MBM) 312 may also be included as a separate server or other device or in another alternative, as shown in FIG. 3, embedded as part of edge resource manager (ERM) 310.
In an aspect of the disclosure, a user device may request a service (e.g., a video service) on a channel (e.g., a QAM channel). Each QAM channel may be dedicated to a specific service. Additionally or alternatively, one or more QAM channels may be dedicated to multiple services. The user device may send the request for service to one or more components of system 300. For example, the user device may send the request to the VOD and/or SDV session manager 315. The request for service may indicate the particular program requested and subscription information of the user device and/or the user. In some embodiments, the request for service may be sent in response to a channel change at a set-top box, a DTA, and/or another computing device.
In an embodiment based on the received user device request, access criteria may be determined for the requested service. The access criteria may be transmitted to the ECMG 330. The access criteria may include hierarchical key information. For example, the ECMG 330 may receive multiple layers of session keys needed to properly create control words. These session keys are also needed by the user devices of the user so that the user devices may properly derive control words received in ECMs by decrypting the encrypted control words based on the session keys.
In the case of broadcast services, the services are well-defined continuously running sessions and services may be assigned to predefined channel maps that are only occasionally changed (e.g., when a new channel is introduced). Access criteria regarding these broadcast services may be forwarded from a CA conditional access services server (CA) 134 (FIG. 1).
In an embodiment, the access criteria may also include copy control information for the broadcast services. Copy control information may include the content copying capabilities of the requesting user devices. The copy control information may also include digital rights management information to prevent copying of content sent to the requesting user devices. The digital right management information may be based on the content copying capabilities of the requesting content devices.
Once the content being purchased and the requesting user are determined, a VOD and/or SDV session manager 315 may initiate a particular session. Particularly, the session manager 315 may send to the ERM 310 a message indicating that this particular user device is requesting this specific asset (e.g., the content associated with the video service). The ERM 310 may determine information about the plan of the user device and/or user including, for example, which city and/or house the user device and/or user is located. From such information, the ERM 310 may determine which QAM channels are to be used to transmit what video content and to which user devices. For example, the ERM 310 may determine (e.g., pinpoint) which QAM channel it needs to send. The ERM 310 may send to the EQAM 305 a message identifying which QAM channels are to be sent to which groups of users (e.g., these 100 houses). The group of users may include the user associated with the requesting user device. In response, the EQAM 305 may allocate a QAM channel to the requested service.
The VOD and/or SDV session manager 315 may push to the ERM 310 an SDV and/or VOD MPEG program as well as an encryption session configuration. For example, the VOD MPEG program may be a movie ordered by the user from the user device.
The ERM 310 may send to the EQAM 305 (and/or other CCAP devices) messages including an indication of which QAM channels are going to which specific downstream premises (e.g., these QAM channel are going to these 100 houses including these user devices of the user). The ERM 310 may also send to the EQAM 305 copy control information about the requesting user devices of the user. The copy control information may include the copying capabilities of the requesting user devices of the user and/or digital rights management information.
In some embodiments, the EQAM 305 may push VOD rights metadata to the ECMG 330. For example, the EQAM 305 may send the copy control information to the ECMG 330. For example, the EQAM 305 encryptor may send the video services access criteria UUID to the ECMG 330 so that the ECMG 330 may produce appropriate messages (e.g., ECMs) for the EQAM 305 encryptor.
In some embodiments, the EQAM 305 may pull the encryption session, ECMs and control words (CWs) responses from the ECMG 330. For example, the EQAM 305 may include a synchronizer that may interact with the ECMG 330 to retrieve ECMs. The EQAM 305 may send a request for a particular number of control words sufficient to stream a video service for a predetermined period of time (e.g., six crypto periods). The ECMG 330 may, in response to receiving such a request, generate the control words and ECMs sufficient to stream the service for the predetermined period of time. The ECMG 330 may then transmit the ECMs including the control words to the EQAM 305. The EQAM 305 may include an embedded encryptor (e.g., a scrambler) to encrypt and/or scramble control words.
In some embodiments, there may be a one-to-one link between the EQAM 305 and the ECMG 330 because each service may be individually configured and controlled. The EQAM 305 may request a specific service and request for CWs and ECMs for multiple crypto periods for use with that specific service. The ECMG 330 may decide the optimum number of ECMs including respective control words on a per stream or service basis.
In an aspect of the disclosure, in response to receiving a request, the ECMG 330 may generate a first set of control words and a first set of associated ECMs based on the requested number of control words. Each ECM may include at least one control word. A series of exemplary ECMs 402 is shown in FIG. 4. The ECMs 402 may include control words which in this exemplary embodiment are delivered at a rate of 4 Kbits per second. The ECMs 402 and associated control words are transmitted along with the content stream so that authorized receiving devices may properly decrypt content received in the content stream.
In an embodiment, the control words may be generated in accordance with a data encryption standard (DES), a triple data encryption standard (triple DES), an advanced encryption standard (AES), and/or another encryption standard. For example, the DES algorithm may be used by the ECMG to create e.g., a 56-bit key, a 64-bit key, or some other size encryption key. For example, the triple DES algorithm may be used by the ECMG to create 112 bit key, a 128 bit key, or some other size encryption key.
In an aspect of the disclosure, a message bandwidth manager MBM 312 may determine a number of control words sufficient to stream a requested service for a predetermined period of time. For instance, MBM 312 may determine for a four hour movie using a cryptographic period of 10 seconds, 1440 control words are needed to be transmitted using 1440 ECMs. In an embodiment, the cryptographic periods may range between 0.1 seconds and 15 seconds in length. In some embodiments, the crypto period may be set by a user and/or may change dynamically based on one or more factors including, such as, for example, the sensitivity of the content and the like.
In an aspect of the disclosure, MBM 312 may adjust the number and insertion rate of ECMs to be delivered in the content stream based on overall available bandwidth. The MBM 312 may also adjust the rate of ECMs to be delivered in the content stream based on other factors such as service type, length of service, length of crypto period, overlap period, and priority of service. In addition, the MBM 312 may also consider additional factors such as receipt of manual overrides. The adjustment of the rate of ECMs insertion into the content stream may be at fixed steps or adjusted dynamically based on various factors. Some factors which may be used to dynamically adjust insertion rates of ECMs may include service type, message size, overlap location, content priority, etc.
In an aspect of the disclosure, MBM 312 may adjust the insertion rate of ECMs just prior to a transition point between programs received on a particular service. The transition point may be located at a point in time in which ECMs for current content being watched are needed along with a second set of ECMs to decrypt the next subsequent service to be included in the content stream. The inclusion of the second set of ECMs just prior to receipt of the next subsequent content stream allows a user device to timely decrypt the new content to be transmitted without disrupting the viewer experience.
FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram in accordance with one or more aspects of the disclosure. In FIG. 5, at step 502 a rate of message insertion for a first set of messages may be determined. The first set of messages may be associated with first content to be delivered in a content stream. The first set of messages may comprise a set of ECMs having control words for decryption of authorized content. The ECMs may be streamed in the content stream in a portion of the content stream reserved for security related messages.
In step 504, an overlap period may be determined. The overlap period may be a time period starting at a time period before an end of delivery of a first content stream and the start of delivery of second content in the content stream.
FIG. 4 illustrates overlap period 404 between a first set of ECMs 402 and a second set of ECMs 406. The overlap period 404 of FIG. 4 occurs starting at a time period before an end of delivery of a first content stream and the start of delivery of second content in the content stream. In an embodiment, the overlap period may define a time period between delivery of the first set of messages in the content stream and a second set of messages to be subsequently delivered in the content stream. In yet another embodiment, the overlap period may comprise durations of one second or more. In other embodiments, the overlap period may comprise durations of less than one second.
In one example, one or more ECMs 402 may be transmitted at a steady-state rate of message insertion. Accordingly, in one implementation, a steady-state rate of message transmission may be associated with a data transfer rate of 8 Kbits per second. However, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any data rate may be utilized with a steady-state rate of transfer. Further, the use of the term steady-state merely serves to indicate one example of a data transfer rate associated with one or more ECMs 402 during a time period outside of overlap period 404. Accordingly, the term steady-state, as used herein, should not be limited to time-invariant data transfer rates, and the like.
In one example, and during overlap period 404, a data transfer rate associated with ECMs 402 (wherein ECMs 402 may be associated with first content) may be reduced from that steady-state rate of 8 Kbits, and a second data transfer rate associated with ECMs 406 may be lower than the steady-state rate. In one implementation, a first reduced data rate associated with ECMs 402 may be 4 Kbits per second and a second reduced data rate associated with ECMs 406 may be 4 Kbits per second. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the first reduced data rate and the second reduced data rate may have any data rate values, and may be different values from one another. In another implementation, the summation of the first reduced data rate and the second reduced data rate is less than or substantially equal to the steady-state rate. Accordingly, as used herein, the term substantially may be +/−5%, +/−10%, +/−15%, or +/−20% among others.
In step 506, the rate of message insertion for a first set of messages is reduced as compared to the determined rate of message insertion for the first set of messages during the determined overlap period.
In step 508, a second set of messages is inserted into the overlap period of the content stream. The second set of messages may be associated with second content subsequently delivered in the content stream. In an embodiment, the second set of messages inserted into the content stream occurs at a reduced rate as compared to the determined rate of message insertion for the first set of messages.
In addition to the control words, during program transitions it may be necessary to also receive higher level security features such as higher level keys to decrypt the ECMs or associated control words. For instance, entitlement management message generator (EMMG) 325 may at some frequency deliver rights associated with user accounts or user devices. In some embodiments, there is a link between the ECMs and EMMs, the messages are cryptographically linked so both messages streams may be needed to descramble a particular service. In an embodiment, EMMs may be transmitted or forwarded on a monthly basis whereas, the ECMs are included and spaced throughout the content stream.
In an aspect of the disclosure, ECMs may be inserted for future programs to be streamed in the last second of the current content being streamed (just prior to new content being streamed). This dynamic mixing of ECMs from the content currently being streamed and “new” ECMs for subsequent content to be streamed may maintain the same overall ECM bandwidth so that ECM bandwidth does not take away bandwidth from the content being delivered. In an aspect of the disclosure, some EMM bandwidth may also be used to deliver ECMs.
Although example embodiments are described above, the various features and steps may be combined, divided, omitted, rearranged, revised and/or augmented in any desired manner, depending on the specific outcome and/or application. Various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements as made obvious by this disclosure are intended to be part of this description though not expressly stated herein, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not limiting. This patent is limited only as defined in the following claims and equivalents thereto.
We claim:
1. A method comprising: determining, by a processor, a rate of message insertion for a first set of messages, the first set of messages being associated with a first content dataset to be delivered in a content stream; determining, by the processor, an overlap period in the content stream between an end of the first content dataset and a start of a second content dataset to be delivered in the content stream; and inserting, by the processor during the overlap period, the first set of messages at a first reduced rate and a second set of messages associated with the second content dataset at a second reduced rate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein a summation of the first reduced rate and the second reduced rate is less than or substantially equal to the rate of message insertion.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reducing of the rate of message insertion for the first set of messages during the overlap period occurs at half the rate as compared to the rate of message for the first set of messages.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein inserting during the overlap period the second set of messages further comprises inserting control words associated with a plurality of cryptographic periods.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the rate of message insertion for the first set of messages further comprises dynamically reducing the rate based on a service type for the first content and second content.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein reducing the rate of message insertion for the first set of messages further comprises dynamically reducing the rate based on bandwidth requirements for the first content and second content.
7. A method comprising: determining a rate of message insertion for a first set of messages, the first set of messages associated with first content to be delivered in a content stream; determining an overlap period between delivery of the first set of messages in the content stream and a second set of messages to be subsequently delivered in the content stream; reducing the rate of message insertion for the first set of messages as compared to the determined rate of message insertion for the first set of messages during the determined overlap period; and inserting during the determined overlap period the second set of messages into the content stream, the second set of messages being associated with second content subsequently delivered in the content stream, the inserting of the second set of messages into the content stream occurring at a reduced rate as compared to the determined rate of message insertion for the first set of messages.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the reducing of the determined rate of message insertion for the first set of messages during the determined overlap period occurs at half the rate as compared to the determined rate of message insertion for the first set of messages.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the reducing of the determined rate of message insertion for the first set of messages during the determined overlap period occurs at one third the rate as compared to the determined rate of message for the first set of messages.
10. The method of claim 7, wherein inserting during the determined overlap period the second set of messages further comprises inserting control words associated with a plurality of cryptographic periods.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein reducing the rate of message insertion for the first set of messages further comprises dynamically reducing the rate based on a service type for the first content and second content.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein reducing the rate of message insertion for the first set of messages further comprises dynamically reducing the rate based on bandwidth requirements for the first content and second content.
13. A method comprising: dynamically adjusting a rate of insertion during an overlap period a first set of messages and a second set of messages to be delivered in a content stream, the first set of messages being associated with first content, the second set of messages being associated with second content, wherein the overlap period starts at a time period before an end of delivery of the first content and a start of delivery of the second content in the content stream.
| 12,520
|
<urn:uuid:fc5bfc63-359f-436d-a424-c38ea2c12400>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/ressources/media/4hDRnV7
|
centrepompidou.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 106
| 205
|
Qu'est-ce que la pandémie a appris à la science ?09-11-2020
SARS-CoV-2 (virus) -- Recherche -- FranceSciences -- Aspect social -- FranceSciences -- Etude et enseignement -- FranceSciences et techniquesÀ consulter sur le site de la Bibliothèque publique d'information (Bpi)Informations détaillées
Comment les chercheurs et les chercheuses, au sein des laboratoires de recherche se sont organisés pour comprendre la Covid-19 ? Comment ont-ils dû faire évoluer leurs méthodes pour lutter contre la propagation du coronavirus ? Et comment expliquer à des adolescents les enjeux liés à l'épidémie ?
Rencontre, 09/11/2020
Eric D'ortenzio
France Mentré
Benoît Tonson
Valérie Lallemand Breitenbach
Eric D'ortenzioValérie Lallemand BreitenbachFrance MentréBenoît TonsonNous sommes sociaux
| 40,093
|
5661399_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,955
| 2,555
|
Opinion
ROTH, P. J.
Appellant Terry C. Perkal (Wife) appeals from a minute order made on April 14, 1977, requiring her to make monthly contributions of $75 for the support , of each of two children to respondent Michael L. Perkal (Husband). There is a question as to the validity of the appeal. We proceed to the merits on the theory that the appeal was intended to be taken from the formal order.1 It will be noted from footnote 1 that the formal order was entered on May 10, 1977, and the notice of appeal was filed on May 17, 1977.
*416On or about September 26, 1974, pursuant to Wife’s petition therefor, an interlocutory judgment was entered in the superior court (County of Los Angeles) dissolving the marriage between Wife and Husband. Said interlocutory judgment in accordance with the stipulation of the parties in open court, incorporated the following pertinent provisions: custody of the two children of the marriage, David, bom January 21, 1969, and Joel, born August 7,. 1972, was awarded to Wife with visitation rights to Husband, Husband was required to pay to Wife $125 monthly for each child, and in addition, to pay other expenses including maintenance of an insurance policy for the benefit of the two children. Spousal support was provided for Wife and the property was divided between the two parties. The record shows no dissatisfaction with the interlocutory judgment and except in a minor respect which was cured, it was performed in all respects to the satisfaction of both.
Approximately one year later, on September 1, 1975, the interlocutory judgment above described was modified by an order in the same court based upon a written stipulation of Husband and Wife wherein custody of David and Joel respectively was transferred from Wife to Husband with rights of visitation to Wife. No provision was made in the written stipulation that Wife make support payments to Husband for the children and no provision was made in the modified order.
The record shows no spelled-out reason for the stipulation to change custody of the two boys, but a fair conclusion from the context of the hearing had on April 14, 1977, discussed below suggests that Wife was *417eager to enter the business world on her own unfettered by custody of the two boys and its concomitant responsibility.2
On April 14, 1977, a hearing was held predicated upon declarations filed by both parties pursuant to an order served on Wife to show cause why the order of September 1, 1976, should not be supplemented to require Wife to make contributions to Husband for the support of the two boys. Upon conclusion of the hearing, a minute order was made and thereafter a formal order was entered as set forth in footnote 1.
During the hearing above referred to, counsel for Wife sought a continuance based upon (1) his engagement in trial in another case the same day, and (2) his need for time to present evidence relative to the order to show cause, in addition to that contained in Wife’s application and response. The continuance was denied and no additional evidence was admitted.
Wife concedes that her contention the trial court abused its discretion in denying the requested continuance “flies in the face of a mountain of authority” dealing with that subject, but urges that on the facts appearing in the record it is clear that the court by its actions created the need for postponement.
We do not agree.
The reporter’s transcript discloses the matter was called at 11 a.m. on the date set for hearing and that a brief exchange concerning the method of ascertaining appropriate support awards ensued between the court and Wife’s attorney. No suggestion of the need for a continuance was made at that time. The parties were requested by the court to discuss the question of support payments between themselves in the hope of thus disposing of the issue. When the matter was recalled (apparently at about 12:20 p.m.), appellant’s attorney stated he was “in trial before Judge Tharp,” that he would need 30 to 40 minutes to be heard, that it was a *4182-hour drive to the situs of his trial which would resume at 3 p.m., and that therefore he was requesting a continuance.3
Counsel for appellant stated he wished to examine orally the figures set out by respondent but made no indication there were material changes or new matter which should be brought before the court. No offer of proof, general or specific, was made.
Apart from the mathematics involved in this time sequence (which would seemingly obviate the need for a continuance) and more importantly, it is fundamental that conflicts in an attorney’s schedule must be brought to the court’s attention promptly if such conflicts are to be considered as adequate grounds for continuance, Under the present circumstances the trial court was justified in its refusal to grant the request.
The determination of the trial court not to permit inquiry into respondent’s financial statement which appellant’s counsel proposed to make, however, does not have similar support. Appellant urges she should have been entitled to cross-examine respondent respecting this financial declaration.
Family law rule 1225(a) of the California Rules of Court seemingly contradicts this assertion in providing in part: “(a) An application for an injunctive or other order against a party or any other person, the response thereto, and to the extent that these rules so provide all attachments thereto, shall be in the form prescribed by Rules 1285.10, 1285.20, and 1285.40. The court may grant or deny the relief solely on the basis of the application and response and any accompanying memorandum of points and authorities,...” (Italics added.)
It is the case, however, that the ability of the court to exclude oral testimony has as a concomitant the discretion to receive it. (Reifler v. Superior Court, 39 Cal.App.3d 479 [114 Cal.Rptr. 356].) The record is clear the trial court had no interest, on any occasion or under any *419circumstances, in the relative financial positions of the parties4 or the considerations mandated by Civil Code section 246,5 and in this respect it was clearly wrong.
Nevertheless, we are convinced the determination appealed from must be affirmed since whatever right appellant may otherwise have had to make the inquiry requested, that right did not serve as the basis for a right to a continuance. It was the stated aim of appellant to have the matter put over6 and part of the justification proffered was the right of cross-examination. It should be noted too that at this juncture no offer of proof was made indicating what counsel expected to place in evidence on cross-examination or what showing in addition to appellant’s declaration appellant expected to make. Appellant’s right to cross-examine, to the *420extent it existed (like many other rights which appellant might enjoy), is not of itself a reason requiring continuance.
Moreover, examination of the record herein does not disclose that to the extent error was committed, it was prejudicial to appellant or resulted in a miscarriage of justice. And in any event, the intermittent nature of support orders is such as to enable appellant to seek relief if genuine hardship has been imposed on appellant.
The formal order of May 9, 1977, granting respondent $75 per month per child or $150 for both is affirmed.
Compton, J., and Beach, J., concurred.
The minute order made by the court was as follows:
“The order to show cause in re modification is granted. The order is made as contained in the notes of the court reporter. Counsel for the Respondent is to prepare an order and submit it to the Court for signature.”
In pertinent part the formal order filed on May 9, 1977, and entered on May 10, 1977, states:
“IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that PETITIONER pay to RESPOND ANT [s/c] as and for support of the minor children of the parties, to wit: DAVID MARTIN PERKAL, bom January 21, 1969, age 8 years, and JOEL RUSSELL PERKAL, bom August 9, 1972, age 4 years, the sum of Seventh [s/c]-Five ($75.00) Dollars per month, per child, for a total child support in the sum of One Hudnred [s/c] Fifty ($150.00) Dollars per month, *416payable one-half on the first day of each month and one-half on the 15t'h day of each month, with the first payment commencing May 1, 1975.”
In determining the timeliness of appeals, rule 2(a) of the California Rules of Court provides: “(a) [Normal time.] Except as otherwise specifically provided by law, notice of appeal shall be filed within 60 days after the date of mailing notice of entry of judgment by the clerk of the court pursuant to section 664.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure, or within 60 days after the date of service of written notice of entry of judgment by any party upon the party filing the notice of appeal, or within 180 days after the date of entry of the judgment, whichever is earliest, unless the time is extended as provided in rule 3. [As amended, effective Sept. 17, 1965.]”
What constitutes entry under the rule is set out in subdivision (b) thereof, the pertinent portion of which for our purposes provides: “(b). [What constitutes entry.] For the purposes of this rule: ... “Let the Court state, as it did to you in chambers, I take the same view with respect to the women’s duty to pay towards the support of the children when they are in the father’s custody as I take towards the fathers paying towards the support in the women’s custody.”
[APPELLANT’S COUNSEL:] “I understand that, and that is the law.
[THE COURT:] “And in connection with that I do not consider what a mother’s income may be, or her expenses may be in determining what I would order a father to pay towards as his share of support for the children. There is no reason for it. There is never enough money to go around, and I’ve indicated to you from these affidavits that she should be paying $75.00 per month per child, $150.00 a month.”
Section 246. “When determining the amount due for support the court shall consider the following circumstances of the respective parties:
“(a) The earning capacity and needs of each party.
“(b) The obligations and assets, including the separate property, of each.
“(c) The duration of the marriage.
“(d) The ability of the obligee to engage in gainful employment without interfering with the interests of dependent children in the custody of the obligee.
“(e) The time required for the obligee to acquire appropriate education, training, and employment.
“(f) The age and health of the parties.
“(g) The standard of living of the parties.
“(h) Any other factors which it deems just and equitable.”
[THE COÜRT:] “If you are willing to submit it based upon the affidavits— [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL:] “No, I’m not, and what I started to say, it is going to take about 30 to 40 minutes to hear and I’m going to ask for a continuance.
“I’m asking this Court to continue this matter on the grounds I am engaged in trial in the matter of McIntyre vs. Diamond, San Diego Superior Court. It is now being tried, it is in its third day before the Honorable Ross G. Tharp in Department C of the San Diego Superior Court at Vista, California.
“I think I have an absolute right to a continuance under those grounds and I am asking the Court to continue it.
“I further state that I believe it would be abusive discretion to not allow us to have a hearing on this matter and it is on those two grounds that I’m asking that the matter be continued.”.
| 38,629
|
US-1914869870-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,914
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,685
| 3,277
|
23. In a printing machine, the combination of a platform having an opening, upper and lower magazines for a series of printing slugs, the open ends of said magazines being arranged adjacent to each other to permit the transfer of the slugs from the lower to the upper magazine, a plunger mounted in said opening, a platen for said plunger, means for moving one slug at a time from said upper magazine to said plunger and for moving one slug at a time from said plunger to said lower magazine, and means for elevating the used slugs from said lower magazine into the upper magazine through the open ends of said magazines.
24:. In a machine of the class described, the combination of a platform formed with a printing opening, a support for `holding slugs in series, a shuttle arranged to transfer the slugs one at a time from saidsupport 'to a position opposite said printing opening and back to said support, devices for supporting the slugs at a position in said support to be engaged by said shuttle, and means for moving the slugs, which have been transferred yby said shuttle to and from the printing position, along said support into position for engagement by said shuttle.
25. In a printing machine, a platform having a printing opening, upper and lower magazines for a series of printing slugs adjacent to said platform, said magazines having vertically alined communicating openings, a reciprocating shuttle adapted to transfer one slug at a time from one magazine to the printing opening, and from the printing opening to the other magazine, means for temporarily retaining the slugs in the upper magazine before use in the machine, and means for elevating the used slugs from the lower magazine to the upper magazine through said communicating openings when said retaining means is withdrawn.
26. In a printing machine, a platform having a printing opening, a plunger and platen registering with said opening, a guide member for said plunger, said guide member having horizontal guides for slugs therein at different levels, a magazine for a series of printing slugs adapted to discharge slugs to one set of guides at the upper level, a lower magazine adapted to receive the used slugs at the lower level, and a reciprocating shuttle having fingers adapted to engage the slugs at both levels, the finger at the upper level provided with a spring pressed pawl adapted to engage the slug in one direction but to ride over the slug in the opposite direction.
27. In a printing machine, the combination of a platform formed with an opening, a supply magazine and a receiver, each adapted to hold a series of printing slugs, said magazine and receiver being arranged on the same side of said platform, a reciprocating plunger arranged to operate in said opening, a platen operatively supported relative to said open-ing to make impressions when the plunger is operated, a shuttle adapted to successively move slugs from said magazine into an operative position relative to said opening and then back again to said receiver, a .shelf movably mounted in said receiver, and means for moving said shelf downwardly the thickness of one slug incooperation with the movement of said shuttle.
28. In a printing machine, the combination of a platform formed with a printing opening, a magazine for holding slugs having an opening at its lower end, a receiver' for receiving slugs having an opening in its upper end adapted to register with the opening in the lower end of said magazine, means for successively moving slugs from said magazine, to said opening and then to said receiver, means operating upon said slugs at the printing opening to print ELO blanks, a shelf movably mounted in said receiver, means for lowering said shelf the thickness of one slug in cooperation with the movement of said slug delivering means, and means permitting detachment Vof said shelf from said operating means whereby said shelf can be moved endvvise in the resaid shuttle, and means for alternately locking said `crank to said shaft and to said frame.
30. In a printing machine, the vcombination With a frame, of a plunger, Ia pair of magazines for holding, a. series of printing slugs, guides for the slugs, a reciprocatable shuttle provided with means for engaging said slugs, said engaging means being adapted to move said slugs one :at a. time from' one of said magazines to said plunger and therefrom to the other magazine, during one reciprocation of said shuttle, means for operating` ksaid shuttle, 'and means for disconnecting from each other vcertain elements of said operating means When a slug is positioned in operative relationship With said plunger.
31. In a printing machine, the combination 'With a frame, of a support for a series of printing slugs mounted on said frame, a reciprocatable plunger, a shuttle for transferring the slugs one at a time from said support to said plunger and from said plunger back to said support, guides for said slugs, Va rack on said shuttle, 'a second rack, gears rotatably mounted on said frame and opera-ted by said second rack to operate the shuttle through the rack thereon, 'a shaft mounted in said frame, a crank loosely mounted on said shaft, and a device movable to alternately connect said crank to said shaft or to said frame.
l32. In apparatus of the class described, the combination with 'a support, of a printing couple, a holder for a series of printing devices, lmeans including two voperating elements lfor successively feeding the printing devices into operative relationship with said printing couple, and a device Inova-bly carried by one of said operating elements of said feeding means and arranged to connect it either to the other operating element of said feeding means or said support.
33. In a printing machine, the combination of a printing couple, a support for a series of printing slugs, a reciprocatable device for transferring the slugs one at a time from said support to a position for printing by said printing couple and from the printing position back to said support after printing, a shaft and crank loose thereon for operating said reciprocatable device, a frame for supporting said shaft, and a lock movable into one position to connect the crank to said shaft and movable into another position toconn'e'ct the crank to said frame.
34. The combination of 'a support for a series of printing slugs. `a printing couple 'arranged to effect printing from each slug upon a blank, a guide 'over which the slugs move from said support to the printing position, a separate or return guide over which the slugs move from the printing position to vsaid support-one element Vof said printing couple operatingto move each slug after printing upon a blank into position for delivery to said separate or return guide, and means for moving each slug along said guides.
35. The combination of a support for a series y'of printing slugs, a printing couple arranged to effect printing from each slug upon a blank, 'a guide over Which the slugs move from said Asupport to the printing position, a4 separate or return guide over which the slugs move from the printing position to said support, said separate or return guide being arranged in a different plane from said first mentioned guide, 'one element of said printing couple operating to move each slug after printing upon a b'l'ankinto position for delivery to said separate 'or .return guide, and 'means' for moving each slug along said guides.
36. The combination of a support for a series of printing slugs, a printing couple arranged to effect printing from each slug upon a blank, upper and lower guides along which the 'slugs 'successively vmove from said support `to the printing couple and back to said support, fone 'element of said printing couple operating to move each slug after printing upon a blank into position for delivery to` said return 'guide` and means for movingthe slugs along said guides.
'37. The 'combination of a support for supporting in series a Vplurality of ,printing slugs before and after each of them have printed upon a bllank, a 'printing couple arranged to effect printing yfrom each slug, delivery and return 'guides arranged 'in different planes along Whi'chthe slugs successively move from said support to said printing couple and back to said support, and a reciprocating element lprovided With means which engage and move the slugs in one direction through one of said guides and in the opposite direction through the other guide. 4
38. In a machine of the class described, the combination of a printing couple, a support provided with means for holding a series of printing slugs in position to permit the lowermost one to be fed to `said printing couple, and a device arranged below said holding means for holding the slugs in said support after delivery to and from said printing couple, said holding device be ing movable upwardly longitudinally of the support to transfer the slugs to a position for feeding to said printing couple and said holding means being movable laterally to permit operation of said holding device. p
39. In v a printing machine, upper and lower magazines for printing slugs, said magazines being vertically alined with each other, and having communicating openings through which the slugs may be moved from the lower magazine to the upper magazine, spreading members in the lower part of said uppermagazine upon which said slugs rest when the magazine is in use in the machine, and a movable device for moving the slugs from the lower to the upper magazine.
40. In a printing machine, upper and lower alined magazines for holding printing slugs, the adjacent ends of said magazines being open, yielding members in the upperv magazine upon which said slugs rest, and a movable shelf in said lower magazine on which said slugs rest, said upper magazine adapted to receive slugs from said lower magazine when said movable shelf is raised therein.
41. In a printing machine, the combination of a main printing couple, a separateV printing couple adapted to permit the insertion of a printing slug therebetween, one
element of said separate printing couple comprising a reciprocating device, means for successively feeding blanks to one printing couple and then to the other printing couple, said means being intermittently controlled. whereby each blank remains adjacent to each printing couple a predetermined length of time, and means for operating said reciprocating device in correlation to t-he move.V ment of said blank feeding means.
42. In a printing machine, the combination of a main printing couple adapted to print on one side of a blank, a separate printing couple adapted to print on the other side of a blank and arranged to permit the insertion of a. printing slug therebetween, one element of said separate printing couple comprising a reciprocating device, means for successively feeding blanks to one printing couple and then to the other printing couple, said means being intermittently controlled, whereby each blank remains in operative relation to each printing whereby each blank remains in operative relation to each printing couple a predetermined length of time, means for positioning a printing slug between the elements of said separate printing couple in correlation with thefeeding of each blank thereto, and means for operating said reciprocating device in correlation to the movement of said blank feeding means.
44. In a printing machine, the combination of a main printing couple adapted to print on one Side of a blank, a separate printing couple adapted to print on the other side of a blank and arranged to permit the insertion of a printing slug therebetween, one element of said separate printing couple comprising a reciprocating device, means for successively feeding blanks to one printing couple and then to the other printing couple, said means being intermittently controlled, whereby each blank remains in operative relation to each printing couple a predetermined length of time. means for delivering a printing slug to a position between the elements of the separate printing couple in correlation with the feeding of each blank thereto, and means for operating said reciprocating device in correlation to the movement of said blank feeding means and said slug delivery means.
45. In a machine of the class described. the combination with printing devices adapted to 'receive a printing slug between them and means for operating one of said devices` of holding means for a series of superposed printing slugs arranged at one side of said printing devices, a support, on which the series of slugs is adapted to rest, said support being arranged in and intermediate the ends of said holding means in substantially the same horizontal plane as said printing devices, and means for moving a slug from said holding means above said support to a position between said printing devices and then back to said holding means below said support therein, said support being removable whereby one or more of said slugs below said support can be moved endwise of said holding means to and above said support.
46. In a machine of the class described,
the combination with printing devices adapted to receive a printing slug between them and means for opera-ting one of said devices, of holding means for a series of superposed printing slugs arranged atone side of said printing devices, a removable support on which the series of slugs is adapted to rest, said support being arranged in and intermediate the ends of said holding means 1n substantially the same horizontal plane as said printing devices, and means for moving a slug from said holding mean-s above said support Ato a position between said printing devices and then back to said holding means below said support therein, said slugs below said support being movable vertically longitudinally of said holding means'upon the removal of said support to position them above the latter and that portion o said holding means extending above the printing devices being removable.
47. In a machine of the class described, the combination with printing devices adapted to receive a printing slug between them and means for operating one yof said devi-ces, of holding means for `a series of superposed printing slugs arranged at one side of said printing devices, a removable support on which the series of slugs is adapted to rest, said support being arrangedl in and intermediate the fends of said holding means in substantially the same horizontal plane as said printing devices, means for moving a slug from said holding means above said support to a position' between said printing devices land then back to said holding means below said support therein, and a shelf movably mounted in the holding means below said support for receiving the slug returned to said holding means and arranged to move the slugs below said support en'dwise of said holding means upon the removal of said support to position the slugs above the latter. y
48. In a machine of the class described, the combination with printing devices adapted to receive a printing slug between `them -and means for operating one of said devices, of holding means for a series of superposed printing slugs `arranged at one side of said printing devices,- Ya support, on which the series of slugs vis adapted to rest, said support being arranged in and intermediate the ends of said holdin-g means in substantially the same horizontal plane as'said printing devices,-means for moving a slug from said holding means above said support to 1a position between lsaid printing devices and then back to said holding means below said `support therein, and a member movably 'mounted in said holdin-g means and normally arranged lbelow said support for receiving the slug returned to the holding means, said member being movable endwise of said holding means to position 4the slugs above said support. Y
49. ARTHUR SABORSKY. In presence ofv DAvm J. ll/Inman, WM. M. MONROE.
Copies of this patent 'may be obtained for five cents each, by .addressing the Commissioner of Patents", Washington, ILC.
| 21,350
|
199400350518
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,994
|
SAUVEGARDE DU PATRIMOINE BRASSICOLE DES FLANDRES
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 17
| 34
|
redonner vie à l'activité brassicole artisanale des Flandres par la rénovation de la brasserie Bous à Loon-Plage
| 15,566
|
2720873_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 3,572
| 5,320
|
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs June 24, 2014 at Knoxville
ANTHONY BROWN v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 09-02479 Lee V. Coffee, Judge
No. W2013-01611-CCA-R3-PC - Filed August 25, 2014
The Petitioner, Anthony Brown, appeals the Shelby County Criminal Court’s denial of post-
conviction relief from his convictions for possession with intent to deliver cocaine and
possession of marijuana and resulting twenty-year sentence. He contends that he received
the ineffective assistance of counsel at trial, specifically, that trial counsel failed (1) to cross-
examine the State’s witnesses regarding trial testimony that was inconsistent with that given
at the preliminary hearing and (2) to question witnesses about drug paraphernalia found at
the scene, in keeping with his defense strategy. After considering the record and the relevant
authorities, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J OSEPH M. T IPTON,
P.J., and R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., joined.
Patrick E. Stegall, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Anthony Brown.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; J. Ross Dyer, Senior Counsel; Amy
P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Ann Schiller, Assistant District Attorney General;
for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The Petitioner, Anthony Brown, was indicted by a Shelby County grand jury of
possession of 0.5 grams or more of cocaine with the intent to deliver, a Class B felony;
possession of 0.5 grams or more of cocaine with the intent to sell, a Class B felony; and
simple possession of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor. After a trial, a jury convicted the
Petitioner of possession of 0.5 grams or more of cocaine with intent to deliver, a Class B
felony; simple possession of cocaine, a Class A misdemeanor; and simple possession of
marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor. The simple possession of cocaine conviction was
merged with the delivery of cocaine conviction, and the Petitioner received an effective
twenty-year sentence. He appealed to this court, and his convictions were affirmed. See State
v. Anthony Brown, No. W2010-01764-CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 1154284, at *1 (Tenn. Crim.
App. March 30, 2012).
The following factual background was recited in the Petitioner’s direct appeal.
At trial, Sergeant Chris Harris of the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office
testified that on September 11, 2008, he and other law enforcement officers
were conducting a narcotics investigation in the area of Rocky Park and Kirby
in Memphis, Tennessee. They were looking for Stacy Clark, from whom the
officers “had made several undercover buys.” As a result of these “buys,”
Clark was wanted on several felony warrants, and her car was “subject to
seizure.” Sergeant Harris saw Clark’s car drive by him and fail to stop at a stop
sign. He began following the car. The car made a U-turn and began traveling
toward Sergeant Harris. Harris activated his lights to initiate a stop. He saw
[the Petitioner] driving the car. As soon as Sergeant Harris turned on his blue
lights, [the Petitioner] “put it in reverse and attempted to flee from [Harris]
several hundred feet.” [The Petitioner]’s flight ended when he attempted to
turn the car around and ran into a curb. Sergeant Harris used his car to block
the car from the front, and Detective James Pavatte, who was also involved in
the narcotics investigation of Clark, blocked the car from the rear. The officers
took [the Petitioner] out of the car, placed him on the ground, and put
handcuffs on him.
Detective Pavatte patted [the Petitioner] down and found a brown paper
bag in [the Petitioner]’s front left pocket. Inside the paper bag were two plastic
bags, one containing crack cocaine and the other containing marijuana.
Sergeant Harris testified that the crack cocaine and the plastic bag it was in
weighed 3.91 grams. He testified, based on his experience of thirteen years as
a law enforcement officer and three years with the narcotics division, that the
quantity of cocaine was worth approximately $150. Sergeant Harris also said
that this quantity was more than a “one time use amount.” The marijuana and
its bag weighed 11.1 grams, was worth between $50 and $70, and, according
to Harris, was more than the amount a person would use to smoke at one time.
Sergeant Harris testified that officers did not find pipes or other drug
paraphernalia that a person would use to consume the drugs, either on [the
Petitioner] or in the car. Additionally, [the Petitioner] had “somewhere over a
-2-
hundred dollars on him.”
On cross-examination, Sergeant Harris acknowledged that [the
Petitioner] was not the focus of the officers’ investigation that day. He did not
know where [the Petitioner] was going or to whom he was going to sell or
deliver the drugs.
Detective James Pavatte of the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office testified
consistently with Sergeant Harris’s account of the events of September 11,
2008. He testified that he had been a law enforcement officer for
approximately nineteen years and had been involved in narcotics investigations
for twelve to thirteen years. He had been involved in undercover operations
buying cocaine or crack cocaine “well over a hundred” times. Detective
Pavatte testified:
[The drugs] were packaged as though they were being delivered to
someone. From my experience, usually . . . you’ll find them just loose and the
bags will be separate. They’ll be in their pocket, but they’re usually not in a
paper bag or something like that. The paper bag is a way to conceal it [when
it’s not in the pocket].
Detective Pavatte said that the quantity of crack cocaine would sell on
the street for approximately $120 to $180. He said that the quantity, referred
to as an “eight ball,” was a common weight for distribution.
On cross-examination, Detective Pavatte testified that buyers commonly
purchase eight balls, and the buyers, in addition to the seller, also commonly
possess an eight ball. He acknowledged that he did not know to whom [the
Petitioner] was delivering the narcotics. Detective Pavatte further
acknowledged that the drugs were likely to be delivered in the package, and
that the buyer might also possess the drugs in the same package after delivery.
Special Agent Melanie Johnson of the Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation testified that she analyzed the drugs found on [the Petitioner].
She measured 2.5 grams of crack cocaine and 9.6 grams of marijuana,
excluding the bags containing them.
Id. at *1-2.
After this court denied relief on direct appeal, the Petitioner filed a petition for post-
-3-
conviction relief on August 28, 2012. Counsel was appointed, and an amended petition was
filed that superceded and replaced the Petitioner’s pro se petition. As relevant to this appeal,
the following issues were raised in that petition: “Counsel failed to use inconsistencies in
the state’s affidavit of complaint, as well as the General Sessions preliminary hearing that
showed the Petitioner was not in possession of the type and amount of drugs alleged . . . [,]
testif[ying] at the preliminary hearing that the Petitioner was found with powder cocaine, but
at trial stated it was crack cocaine. . . . The affidavit further stated that drug paraphernalia
was found on the Petitioner, but there was no testimony as to this at trial.” An evidentiary
hearing was held on May 31, 2013, and the following testimony was presented.
The Petitioner testified that, despite his asking trial counsel to provide him with the
preliminary hearing transcript multiple times, he never received that transcript. He explained
that he needed the preliminary hearing transcript because the witnesses had made inconsistent
statements at that hearing and that the transcript would reflect such inconsistencies. The
Petitioner further explained that, at trial, one of the police officers changed his testimony,
that at the preliminary hearing he said the Petitioner had been found in possession of powder
cocaine but that he later testified at trial that the Petitioner had crack cocaine. The Petitioner
insisted that this discrepancy should have been brought out on cross-examination because he
“want[ed] the jury to believe that the[ officers] were telling a story, a lie.” He explained, “If
you . . . swear under oath, which ‘up under oath’ mean[s] the truth -- if you said it was this
drugs, powder, then you turn right back around under oath again and tell them a different
drug, that’s showing that you will lie. So now your credibility has gone down some.” The
Petitioner testified that trial counsel refused to ask the witnesses about the discrepancies in
their testimony. The Petitioner also testified that trial counsel should have called Stacy
Clark, the woman whose car he was driving when he was arrested on the instant offenses,
as a witness to show that drug paraphernalia was found in her car. He explained,
They told the jury that it wasn’t no [sic] rolling paper, wasn’t no --
anything to assume that drugs was in the car, wasn’t no cigarette lighter,
wasn’t no papers or none of that in the car, and the only one that can answer
that besides me was her because she know what she had in her car.
The Petitioner testified that he sent trial counsel subpoena forms for Clark but that trial
counsel never called her as a witness.
Trial counsel testified that he had been practicing law, almost exclusively criminal
defense, for ten years at the time of the Petitioner’s trial and that he was a certified criminal
trial specialist. He further testified that he had handled many drug cases previously but that
the Petitioner’s was his first drug case trial because those cases were typically settled by
agreement. Trial counsel emphasized, however, that he did a lot of research for this case and
-4-
consulted others who had experience with drug trials. Trial counsel stated that the
Petitioner’s preliminary hearing transcript was only available on digital recording and that,
after listening to the hearing, he made the decision not to request funding to have the hearing
transcribed because he did not believe such was “necessary and reasonable[,]” as the rule
required. He explained that his review of the hearing did not reveal any notable
inconsistencies in the testimony from which to impeach the witnesses. Trial counsel further
explained that he chose not to ask the officer about the powder versus crack testimony
because the law made no distinction between crack and powder cocaine and because the
impeachment would likely be ineffective, noting that jury studies had shown that impeaching
a witness based on inconsistent testimony was the least effective means of cross-examination.
He also explained that what was important to their defense was the Petitioner’s intent, not
whether the drug at issue was in powder or crack form, because their theory was that the
Petitioner’s possession of cocaine was solely for personal use.
Trial counsel stated that he did not recall any testimony about paraphernalia at the
preliminary hearing but that if there had been such testimony, it was something he definitely
would have wanted to ask about at trial. He explained that it would have been good to
explore because it would have bolstered their defense theory that the drugs were for personal
use. He admitted that, if such was presented, it was something he overlooked but insisted
that he was still able to argue their theory of the case by highlighting law enforcement’s lack
of knowledge regarding possible destinations for the drugs and explaining that people often
laced their marijuana cigarettes with cocaine. Trial counsel testified that he did not call Clark
as a witness because she was a known drug dealer, facing her own charges, who was
represented by counsel. Thus, he had been unable to talk to her and feared that her testimony
could have been damaging. Trial counsel stated that he would not have done anything
differently in his representation of the Petitioner.
In denying post-conviction relief, the post-conviction court credited trial counsel’s
testimony, finding that he reviewed the recorded preliminary hearing testimony and made a
legal and tactical decision that there was no reason to transcribe the hearing; that trial counsel
correctly noted that the law made no distinction between crack and powder cocaine; that,
thus, “the variance in the affidavit and preliminary hearing testimony was insignificant as the
substance was indeed cocaine”; and that trial counsel “vigorously cross-examined the State’s
witnesses during the course of the trial.” Regarding the drug paraphernalia issue, the post-
conviction court found that, according to Officer Chris Harris, “the officers found no pipes
or other paraphernalia that would allow for the use of drugs.” Concluding that the Petitioner
failed to prove that any additional cross-examination of the State’s witnesses would have
made a difference at trial, the post-conviction court denied relief on that basis. Further, the
post-conviction court stated that the Petitioner had failed to prove his allegation that trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to call Clark as a witness because the Petitioner did not
-5-
present Clark as a witness at the evidentiary hearing, and it refused to speculate on what her
testimony would have been. The post-conviction court concluded that the Petitioner had
failed to establish that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s representation. This appeal
followed.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, the Petitioner contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel
at trial. First, he alleges that trial counsel failed to cross-examine the State’s witnesses
regarding trial testimony which was inconsistent with that given at the preliminary hearing,
specifically noting that at trial, an officer testified that the drug found in the Petitioner’s
possession was crack cocaine and that at the preliminary hearing the same officer testified
that the drug was powder cocaine. Second, the Petitioner alleges that trial counsel failed to
question trial witnesses about whether drug paraphernalia was found at the scene to support
his defense strategy that the drugs found in the Petitioner’s possession were for personal use.
We will address each in turn.
Petitions for post-conviction relief are governed by the Post-Conviction Procedure
Act. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-30-101 to -122. To obtain relief, the petitioner must show that
his conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of a constitutional
right. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103. The petitioner must prove his factual allegations
supporting the grounds for relief contained in his petition by clear and convincing evidence.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(2)(f); see Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 293-94 (Tenn.
2009). Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no substantial doubt about the
accuracy of the conclusions drawn from the evidence. Hicks v. State, 983 S.W.2d 240, 245
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).
The post-conviction court’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal unless the
evidence in the record preponderates against them. See Nichols v. State, 90 S.W.3d 576, 586
(Tenn. 2002) (citing State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999)); see also Fields v.
State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 456-57 (Tenn. 2001). The petitioner has the burden of establishing
that the evidence preponderates against the post-conviction court’s findings. Henley v. State,
960 S.W.2d 572, 579 (Tenn. 1997). This court may not re-weigh or reevaluate the evidence
or substitute its inferences for those drawn by the post-conviction court. Nichols, 90 S.W.3d
at 586. Furthermore, the credibility of the witnesses and the weight and value to be afforded
their testimony are questions to be resolved by the post-conviction court. Bates v. State, 973
S.W.2d 615, 631 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).
-6-
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Ineffective assistance of counsel claims are regarded as mixed questions of law and
fact. State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 766-67 (Tenn. 2001). Thus, the post-conviction
court’s findings of fact underlying a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel are reviewed
under a de novo standard, accompanied with a presumption that the findings are correct
unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 458 (citing Tenn.
R. App. P. 13(d)). The post-conviction court’s conclusions of law are reviewed under a de
novo standard with no presumption of correctness. Id.
Under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, when a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel is made, the burden is on the defendant to show (1) that
counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficiency was prejudicial. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see Lockart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 368-72
(1993). A defendant will only prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel after
satisfying both prongs of the Strickland test. See Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 580. The
performance prong requires a defendant raising a claim of ineffectiveness to show that
counsel’s representation was deficient, thus fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness or was “outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. The prejudice prong requires a defendant to demonstrate that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s professional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “A reasonable probability means a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. Failure to satisfy either
prong results in the denial of relief. Id. at 697, 700. The Strickland standard has also been
applied to the right to counsel under article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. State
v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417, 419 n.2 (Tenn. 1989).
Both the United States Supreme Court and the Tennessee Supreme Court have
recognized that the right to such representation includes the right to “reasonably effective”
assistance, that is, within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). In reviewing
counsel’s conduct, a “fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be
made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of
counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the
time.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Deference is made to trial strategy or tactical choices if
they are informed ones based upon adequate preparation. Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9
(Tenn. 1982). “Thus, the fact that a particular strategy or tactic failed or even hurt the defense
does not, alone, support a claim of ineffective assistance.” Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521,
528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
-7-
The Petitioner first contends that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel
because his trial counsel failed to properly cross-examine and impeach witnesses for
testimony given at trial that was inconsistent with that given at the preliminary hearing. In
its order denying relief, the post-conviction court credited trial counsel’s testimony that he
reviewed the preliminary hearing testimony and made a legal and tactical decision that there
was no reason to transcribe the hearing. Trial counsel admitted that an officer had testified
at the preliminary hearing that the Petitioner had been arrested for the possession of powder
cocaine and that the officer later testified that it was crack cocaine at trial. However, trial
counsel explained that he made the tactical decision not to impeach the officer on this
discrepancy because the law made no distinction between crack and powder cocaine and
because the impeachment would likely be ineffective. The post-conviction court also
credited this testimony and found that “the variance in the affidavit and preliminary hearing
testimony was insignificant as the substance was indeed cocaine.” Because the preliminary
hearing transcript was not included in the record on appeal, we must presume that the trial
court’s crediting trial counsel’s testimony was proper. State v. Thompson, 131 S.W.3d 923,
927 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (citing State v. Oody, 823 S.W.2d 554, 559 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1991)) (“Without a transcript of the hearing, we are required to presume that the trial court’s
determination of the issue was correct.”). The post-conviction court further found that trial
counsel “vigorously cross-examined the State’s witnesses during the course of the trial.”
Given the foregoing and the Petitioner’s failure to assert any other factual basis
demonstrating that trial counsel’s cross-examination of the witnesses was deficient, the
Petitioner’s claim that trial counsel failed to properly cross-examine witnesses regarding
inconsistent testimony is without merit.
Turning to the Petitioner’s second ineffective assistance of counsel contention, that
trial counsel failed to question witnesses about the presence of drug paraphernalia in the car
in which the Petitioner was arrested, we also conclude that this claim is meritless. Trial
counsel testified that he was not certain whether he had questioned any witnesses regarding
the presence of drug paraphernalia in the car when the Petitioner was arrested but that he did
not recall doing so. However, the post-conviction court found that Officer Harris had in fact
testified that no drug paraphernalia of any kind was found in the car, “allow[ing] for the
[personal] use of drugs.” Absent evidence to the contrary, we presume the correctness of the
post-conviction court’s finding. Thus, because the witness was questioned about the
presence of drug paraphernalia and testified that none was present, even if we were to
conclude that this omission in inquiry on trial counsel’s part was deficient, the Petitioner has
failed to demonstrate any prejudice. The Petitioner is, therefore, not entitled to relief on this
issue.
-8-
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.
_________________________________
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE
-9-.
| 30,225
|
<urn:uuid:a430dd9f-9098-46a1-b78c-caa09168f382>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/recherche?terms=injection
|
centrepompidou.fr
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8
| 24
|
Oops, an error occurred! Code: 20240324071833360c8d95We are social
| 9,209
|
4373387_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 59
| 140
|
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 9 MM 2019
:
Respondent :
:
:
v. :
:
:
BRENDA LEE STERNER, :
:
Petitioner :
ORDER
PER CURIAM
AND NOW, this 4th day of March, 2019, the Petition for Leave to File Petition for
Allowance of Appeal Nunc Pro Tunc is DENIED.
| 23,088
|
7698960_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,907
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 916
| 1,122
|
MacLEAN, J.
The plaintiffs plead for the partition of certain premises, apparently under section 1537 of the Code of Civil Procedure, and are met with a demurrer on the ground of an insufficient statement of facts. The demurrer must be overruled, if the following apparent devise in the will of Ann K. Fisher, deceased, whose heirs at law the plaintiffs allege themselves to be, is void:
"I hereby empower my executors hereafter appointed to take'charge of my estate, collect rents, interest and income, and to sell my real and personal estate at such time as they shall deem best at private sale or public auction, .and make all necessary deeds and instruments in writing for the conveyance thereof, and the proceeds from such sales, rents and interest, after all expenses for the care and protection, repairs, taxes, interest and all necessary expenses for the settlement of my estate is paid, the balance remaining to be divided into twenty-five equal parts or shares and be distributed as follows and to the persons named hereafter, if living at the time of such distribution or division; if any hereafter named is dead their share or shares remain in the estate and go to increase the shares of the living at that time."
There is no express devise of the real estate to the executors, nor is one .to be inferred; for "an intent to create an express trust will not be presumed, in the absence of an express declaration to that effect, when the whole purpose can be accomplished under a power" (Heermans v. Robertson, 64 N. Y. 332, 343), more particularly as the provision for the accumulation of rents is, if the clause in question be determined to be an express trust, in contravention of the provisions for the accumulation of rents as set forth in section 51 of the real property law (Laws 1896, p. 568, c. 547) ; the complaint alleging that all parties herein are of full age. The. real estate, therefore, descended to the heirs of the testatrix; for:
"Where a trust is valid as a power, the real property to which the trust relates shall remain in or descend to the persons otherwise entitled, subject to the execution of the trust as a power." Real Property Law, Laws 1896, p. 572, c. 547, § 79.
"Where by a will a bare power of sale is given to executors, and the lands meanwhile descend to the heir, the latter is at law entitled to the intermediate rents and profits; but if the power of sale operates as an immediate conversion of the land into personalty, accompanied with a gift of the proceeds, then in equity the intermediate rents and profits go with, and are deemed to he a part of, the converted fund, and the heir may be compelled to account therefor to the executor." Lent v. Howard, 89 N. Y. 169, 176.
Herein the executors are empowered to sell the real estate at such time as they shall deem best, and to this power the real estate is subject—a power, it may be, not in terms imperative, nevertheless effective in working ipso facto an equitable conversion of the land. "It is true that the power of sale is not in terms imperative. The words are those conferring authority, and not words of command or absolute direction. But it is clear that a conversion was necessary to accomplish the purpose and intention of the testator in the disposition of the proceeds; and, when the general scheme of the will requires a conversion, the power of sale operates as a conversion, although not in terms imperative." Lent v. Howard, 89 N. Y. 177. True it is, "it is not lawful to create a perpetuity by means of a power in trust any more than by a direct limitation" (Booth v. Baptist Church, 126 N. Y. 215, 239, 28 N. E. 238); but it may not well be contended that under this power there is an unlawful suspension because the trustees may never sell, for herein the power itself of necessity operated as an immediate conversion, and there were and are persons, the two executors, in being, by whom an absolute estate can be conveyed, but more especially because the question of suspension is herein confined to the equitably converted fund, wherein appear no illegal limitation of interests. "Where the trustee is empowered to sell the land, without restriction as to time, the power of alienation is not suspended, although the alienation in fact may be postponed by the nonaction of the trustee, or in consequence of a direction reposed in him, by the creator of the trust. The statute of perpetuities is pointed only to the suspension of the power of alienation, and not at all to the time of «its actual exercise, and when a trust for sale and distribution is made, without restriction as to time, and the trustees are empowered to receive the rents and profits pending the sale for the benefit of beneficiaries, the fact that the interest of the beneficiaries is inalienable by statute, during the existence of the trust does not suspend the power of alienation, for the reason that the trustees are persons in being, who can at any time convey an absolute fee in possession. Without construing the will in question, but merely determining that the apparent devise therein, at least as a power, is valid, the demurrer will be sustained, with costs.
Demurrer sustained, with costs..
| 61
|
US-3098315-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,915
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,274
| 1,850
|
Starting and stopping motion.
E-. C. NORTHRUP.
STARTING AND STOPPING MOTION? APPLICATION FILED MAY 23. 1915.
1,244,636., Patented Oct. 30, 19,17.
2 SHEETS SHEET 1. v
64 l-V/fivliShlii z f; 52 INVENTOR; EIC. NUR'THRUF.,
E. c. NORTHRUP. STARTING AND STOPPING MOT|0N. APPLICATION FILED MAY 28. I915.
Patented. Oct. 30, 1917 INVENTORJ E. a- NDR THRL/FL fi/kTA/ESSESQ I M A TTORNEK warren erares PATENT semen s ai e m irase r sea remiss emseeni AssIeNe BY iiiEs s IeN MENTS, To es n o learn e- "re is contrary; r sea rnauolsoo, cenrnonnre, nicon'rone'rronor cemronnra. I
saen'rmefann s'rorrme orrow.
aa aaee.
To all-whom itmay conce n; i
, B it known. that C. Nannies? a citi en of he 'UnitedS teS, r iding at San Francisco, in the coun y f SauF anisco, State of Calif rnia, har in en ed a new and useful Starting and Stopping Motion, of which the followingzisliax n e iieaion in such full and clea terms as wil en.- able those skillediintheartto eonstrue and use the same. i i 1 i This invention relates e start 1ig1a stopping apparatus. or machines; which carry through a given. set of. op ati ns intermittently, and its use the present instance is in connection with box nailing machinery, in which given series of nails-is driven, whereupon theinachiue is st pped and not again setin motionuntil the operator places thelbox in position to nailanother side or bottom thereon.
An object of the invention isto provide a device which will give the clutch used to start the machine a very rapid engaging throw, thereby starting the machine quickly, While it is likewise given a very rapid disengaging .throW following which aibrake is applied to the machine driving Sha t 1 116 26- by promptly bringing it to rest after the givenoperations have been carriedout. ,1
Anembodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing in which the same reference numeral is applied to thesame portion throughout but 1am aware that there may I, o I- be many modlficatlonsthereof.
Figure l is a side elevation of the machine, a portion ofthe frame of jihe .ma
' of the apparatusshown in Figs. land 2, and
Fig. 4: is a verticalisectional view along the center line. of the clutch shaft.
The numeral 1 represents the base of the machine, 2 a portion of the frame lofsome machine to which this starting and stopping -motion may be applied, 3 represents a Standwith, but which forms no part of the present i in ent on p The shaft 4: is iprovided'with jaaaeiiig pi ion hand with a brake wheel-7. Mountspecification of Letters Patent. 0015. 30, 1917. zi lieationfilearviaycs,1915. Serial No. 36,983. i I I i i i ed lo sely. on the; shaft 4 is a belt pulley. s, y 7
I pu ley having a suitable grease cu i ltd qarryingazpinion 10 on its-hub for idr r ngany suitab e apparatuswhich it ay be desired to connect therewithi continue ously. The pulley 8 is held in placeby means I of. collars 11 12 which are s ita ly pin ed o the shaf s Thci'shaf i is provided i'w-ith a over which key is slidable clutch m -v he .li iysaid clutch having shoes 15., 116, .17, 8 which. engage the clutch fla ge .19 ionithe pul ey 8- The clutch shoes are s itably he 41.11 pl eeon the eluftchhy'nieans of-bo ts 22 and the clutch member -14: is vheld in engagement w h h fl nge l -by pressurefrou a heavy spring 28., whichspring bears on a w her 24 prevented from movingflongi uidin ly by means o th pin Bel w the s aft on he base f hemae in the e is a bra ket 26 which form apivotal s ppor for an 27, said ha ing a r wi h lugs. .28, 2 whiohengagea gro'o e3 in th islidable .olutch member $11 he object be n to p vide means wher y the cl tch her may, be fo cib y diseng ged from th vpu ey at th given end of the sequ e vo operations .i The gear 6 is inmesh with large gea on ashaiit ca ried by j u nalbea g "ill the m in standa d of t e machine 2 and $2" in mesh w h a bevel gear as i one i e t a 'illh s shaft has bevel gear 3. In operation the pulley 8 runs continuously while the machine is started by the op- 'erator depressing the foot pedal 60. This pulls the roller 42 out of engagement with the arm 41, the cam 47 being low enough to allow said roller 4C2 to become disengaged from the lug 41, whereupon the spring 23 forces the slidable clutch member into engagement with the flange 19 and the machine "begins to turn over and will continue to turn until the cam 47 makes one complete revolu "tion, whereupon it pushes'the roller-l5out of its way and causes the disengagement of the clutch member 11 from the flange 19, and as soon as the crank 48 turns to the position shown in Fig. 1 the brake will be caused toengage the wheel 7 and the machine will be stopped, although the pulley 8 continues to rotate.
Having thus described my invention what I claimas new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, is as follows, modifications within the scope of the claims being expressly reserved: 7
1. A starting and stopping motion comprising a continuously running clutch member, an intermittently driven shaft, a clutch clutch members, a cam' adapted to push said lever forward to disengage the two-clutch the clutch members in engagement, a lever to hold the clutch members out of engagement, a pedal for moving said lever-out'of engagement with the clutch member and permitting the clutch'members to contact one with the other, a cam for causing the disengagement' 'of the clutch members at the-end of one' complete revolution of the shaft carrying said cam,ra brake, and means whereby the intermittently driven shaft will apply said brake at the end of one completerevo- I lution of the cam shaft. 7 p 7 8. startingend stopping-motion for machines COHIPIISIIlg a frame, "an intermittently driven shaft carried thereby, a continuously running memberon said shaft, a
said slidable clutch member to engage the running member, a lever for holding the slidable clutch member out of engagement with the running clutch member, a second lever "slidable clutch member, a spring to cause 71 for shifting the first mentioned lever, a cam for shifting the latter lever, a shaft to which said cam is secured, a foot pedal for starting the machine, a brake for stopping the machine when the cam shaft has turned precisely one revolution and means whereby the intermittently driven shaft will apply said brake at a predetermined place after each movement, i
4:. A starting and stopping motion for machines comprising a frame, a shaft carried thereby, a continuously running member on said shaft, a slidable'clutch member, a springto cause said slidable clutch member to engage the runnin member, a lever which engages a projection on the first lever to hold the slidable clutch member in a given position, a revoluble shaft, arcam thereon adapted to engage the second roller to disengage the slidable clutch member, a foot pedal connected with the second member for starting the machine, and a brake for stopping it when the cam shaft has turned one revolution. Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents,.
Washington, I). 0.
| 7,448
|
1575374_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,933
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,301
| 1,637
|
ZINN, Justice.
The appellants, defendants below, on appeal assign twenty-four errors to the trial court, which are grouped by the appellants as seven "issues." The fifth, sixth, and seventh issues are assignments urged because of the failure to find for the appellants on the disputed facts. Inasmuch as the findings of ultimate facts as made by the trial court are supported by substantial evidence, they will not be disturbed on appeal. The findings reguested by the appellants are based on evidence either in denial or contradictory of the evidence in support of appellee's theory, and apparently the court did not believe such evidence, and therefore it was not error to refuse those reguested by the appellants. The conclusion of fraud based on such facts has not been guestioned by appellants.
Such disposition leaves the four remaining issues to be disposed of, and each will be treated as presented.
This suit was brought to set aside and vacate two mineral deeds secured by the appellants from the appellee, and which deeds purported to convey to the appellants J. D. Selby and Carrie Selby a one-half interest in the mineral rights of the appellee's land located in Lea county, N. M.
The appellee alleged that he never knowingly or intentionally signed, acknowledged, or delivered any deeds to any of mineral land, and that, if his name appears on any deed, it was put there by Selby, or by E. T. Reese, agent for Selby, or it was obtained by trick and fraud practiced by the appellant Selby or E. T. Reese, and the deeds were secured without any consideration and through false statements, which appellee believed to be true, which statements were made with the willful design'and intention of cheating and defrauding the appellee and depriving him of his minerals and property wrongfully.
That the mineral deeds in guestion were fraudulently obtained and without consideration, as found by the trial court, is amply supported by substantial evidence.
The first issue presented by appellants is, that the court erred in overruling appellants' motion made at the beginning of the trial reguiring appellee to- elect which one of two theories pleaded, namely, forgery or fraud, tbe appellee intended to prove. Tbe appellants contend that the two theories are inconsistent. ,
Appellants misconstrue the doctrine of election of remedies as applicable to the issue. The doctrine of election of remedies applies only where there are two or more remedies, all of which exist at the time of the election, and which are alternative and inconsistent with each other, and not cumulative, so that, after the proper choice of one, the other or others are no longer available. 9 R. C. L. 938. The appellee here was seeking but one remedy, the aid of equity to cancel the two deeds secured by the appellants by fraud or forgery and without consideration. We see no merit in appellants' contention, or error in the refusal of the court to require the appellee to elect which of the alleged facts he intended to prove to justify cancellation, inasmuch as either fraud, misrepresentation, forgery, or want of consideration, coupled with the circumstances surrounding this transaction indicative of either fraud, misrepresentation, or forgery, justified the judgment.
The next "issue" is that the court permitted the appellee to testify, over objection of appellants, the contents of a letter which the appellee received from appellant Selby, without first laying a foundation for the introduction of such testimony showing that the original letter could not be produced. The appellants contend that non-production of the original letter had not been sufficiently explained.
Secondary evidence of the contents of a writing is admitted on the theory that the original cannot be produced by the party by whom the evidence is offered within a reasonable time after a diligent effort to obtain the original. The law exacts nothing unreasonable in such a case, and the degree of diligence required in any case depends upon the character and importance of the document, the purpose for which it is expected to be used, and the place where a paper of that kind might naturally be supposed to be found. If the document is valuable and important, a more diligent search is required than if it is of little or no value, and so the purpose for which it is proposed to use the written instrument has an important bearing in determining the degree of diligence required. 10 R. O. L. 918.
In this case the court stated into the record that the appellee had made what to the court seemed a diligent search for the letter among his papers, and had not been able to find it. We have examined the evidence, and, considering the nonimportance and shadowy value of the secondary evidence introduced, being merely "to see Reese" without showing for what purpose, and considering the infinitesimal value pf the contents of the letter to the main issue, we believe the search was sufficient, and the court did not err.
The third issue relates to the introduction of testimony repeating conversations the appellee had with Reese, after Reese's power of agency for Selby had terminated, at which conversations Selby was not present. The appellants fail to cite in their briefs the objectionable testimony referred to, and the court is unable to determine whether or not the same is prejudicial in any manner to the cause of the appellants, and we are in this instance compelled to invoke rule XV, § 16, of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, and disregard the proposition urged.
The fourth issue presented by appellants is that the trial court erred in refusing to make specific findings of fact as requested by the appellants on the theory that Comp. St. 1929, § 105-S13, requires the court in cases tried without a jury, upon request, to make such findings of ultimate facts essential to a conclusion and determination of the issues. In this instance the court did make findings of the essential or determining facts on which its conclusion in the case was reached, and such findings are sufficiently specific to enable this court to review the case on the issues made up below. That is all that the statute referred to requires. Merrick v. Deering et al., 30 N. M. 431, 236 P. 735. It is not necessary that the court make a finding on every inconsequential bit of uncontradicted immaterial testimony introduced.
However, there was here no such request to find ultimate facts as was presented in Merrick v. Deering, supra, the denial of which was held error. Certain specific findings were requested, to be sure, and denied presumably because contrary to inferences drawn by the trial court from the evidence adduced. Appellant complains of uncertainty and omissions in the findings. But of this he may not avail himself, having failed to specify by request the particular ultimate facts as to which he desired findings, as in Merrick v. Deering-, or to embrace the particular ultimate fact desired found in a requested finding containing nothing objectionable which would justify its refusal. Springer Ditch Co. v. Wright, 31 N. M. 457, 247 P. 270.
Since taking the appeal, the appellee James H. Williams died, and by stipulation of the parties hereto, which stipulation was approved January 30, 1933, the heirs of James H. Williams, to wit, Mae Williams, Emma Maude Taylor, Julia Cleo Culp, Harvey Boy Williams, Annie Ruth Schuertfeger, Tommie Lee Weir, Ora W. Weir, Lillie Pauline Hardin, and Robert Williams, the last named personally and as administrator, have been substituted as appellees, and the record in this court and in the district court will so show.
Binding no error in the record, the judgment of the lower court is affirmed. It is so ordered.
WATSON, C. J., and SADLER, HUDS-PETH, and BICKLEY, J.T., concur..
| 26,344
|
R_G_SCMQ2_TPKM6_1
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 1,405
| 2,354
|
ORGANISATION MONDIALE
DU COMMERCE G/SCM/Q2/TPKM/6
2 mai 2006
(06-2084)
Comité des subventions et des
mesures compensatoires Original: anglais
SUBVENTIONS
Questions des ÉTATS-UNIS concernant la nouvelle notification complète
du TERRITOIRE DOUANIER DISTINCT DE TAIWAN,
PENGHU, KINMEN ET MATSU1
La communication ci-après, datée du 28 avril 2006, est distribuée à la demande de la délégation des États-Unis.
_______________
Questions générales concernant la pêche
D'après des renseignements acce ssibles au public, certains programmes de subventions du
Taipei chinois dont bénéficie le secteur de la pêch e n'auraient peut-être pas été notifiés. Veuillez
expliquer pourquoi les programmes mentionnés ci-a près ne sont pas soumis à l'obligation de
notification au titre de l'article 25 de l'Accord SMC. S'ils sont bien soumis à cette obligation, et dans
la mesure où ils n'ont pas encore été notifiés, veu illez fournir les informations requises conformément
à l'article 25 de l'Accord SMC.
Promotion des produits de la pêche 1. Établissement de circuits de commerc ialisation omnidirectionnels et promotion
2. Gestion des marchés aux poissons et des produits qui y sont commercialisés
3. Planification de l'information sur les pêcheries 4. Promotion des techniques de pêche
5. Planification et gestion de l'aquaculture 6. Création d'une marque pour les produits de la mer transformés
Remise à neuf des installations publiques
7. Création et gestion de ports de pêche 8. Prêts pour l'aquaculture
1 G/SCM/N/123/TPKM.
G/SCM/Q2/TPKM/6
Page 2
9. Assurance des bateaux de pêche et des pêcheurs
10. Développement de marchés intérieu rs pour les produits de la pêche
- Programmes de renforcement des stocks
11. Renforcement des activités de p êche de l'association des pêcheurs
12. Développement de nouvelles techniques de pêche
Fonds de développement de la pêche
L'article 56 de la Loi sur la pêche dispose qu'un Fonds de développement de la pêche sera
créé pour promouvoir le développement de ce secteur. Veuillez répondre aux questions suivantes:
1. Quel est l'objectif général et l'objet du Fonds de développement de la pêche?
2. Quel organisme public administre ce fonds? 3. Quels types d'incitations sont prévus dans le cadre de ce fonds (par exemple, dons, prêts à
faible taux d'intérêt, avantages fiscaux)?
4. Veuillez préciser les activités de développement de la pêche qui sont admissibles au bénéfice
d'un financement au titre du Fonds de développement de la pêche (c 'est-à-dire le financement de
bateaux, la formation, la commerc ialisation, l'achat d'équipement).
Exemptions et réductions des droits d'importation
En vertu de l'article 58 de la Loi sur la pêche, les bateaux de pêche, les engins de pêche et les
biens d'équipement importés à des fins de produc tion seront exemptés des droits d'importation ou
bénéficieront d'une réduction de ces droits s'ils ne sont pas fabriqués dans le pays. Veuillez répondre
aux questions suivantes:
1. Quel est l'objectif général et l'objet du progr amme d'exemptions et de réductions des droits
d'importation? 2. Quel organisme public administre ce programme?
3. Quel était le montant total des droits dont l'industrie de la pêche a été exemptée durant la
période sur laquelle porte la notification? Programme sur le carburant
L'article 59 de la Loi sur la pêche dispose que le carburant destiné à l'équipement utilisé pour
la pêche sera exonéré de la taxe sur les produits . Il dispose également que le Yuan exécutif
déterminera le prix préférentiel st andard consenti pour le carburant au secteur de la pêche. Veuillez
répondre aux questions suivantes:
1. Quel est l'objectif général et l'objet de ces programmes?
2. Quel organisme public administre ces programmes? G/SCM/Q2/TPKM/6
Page 3
3. Quel était le taux de la taxe sur les pr oduits durant la période sur laquelle porte la
notification? 4. Quel était le montant total des exonérations de la taxe sur les produits accordées au secteur de
la pêche durant la période sur laquelle porte la notification?
5. Quel était le prix préférentiel consenti pour le carburant au secteur de la pêche durant la
période sur laquelle porte la notification, et comment ce prix avait-il été déterminé?
6. Quel était le cours du marché pour le car burant durant la période sur laquelle porte la
notification?
7. Quel était le montant total de la subven tion accordée au secteur de la pêche en vertu du
programme sur le prix préférentiel du carburant duran t la période sur laquelle porte la notification?
Réduction de la flotte thonière
1. Des renseignements accessibles au public i ndiquent que le gouvernement indemnisera, cette
année et l'an prochain, les exploitants de thonier s des pertes subies suite au démantèlement de leurs
palangriers et que le montant total accordé au titre de ce programme est important. Veuillez fournir des détails concernant les bénéficiaires de ces fonds (juridiques par exemple si les indemnisations sont
versées directement au pêcheur ou si d'autres béné ficiaires ou parties prenantes sont concernés).
2. Veuillez indiquer le montant total des f onds accordés au titre de ce programme durant la
période sur laquelle porte la notification.
3. Comment le montant du versement est-i l déterminé pour chaque bénéficiaire?
4. Le recours aux versements est -il soumis à certaines conditions?
5. La licence du navire est-elle révoquée d'une quelconque façon?
Programme d'aide à la réduction des activités de pêche
1. Veuillez expliquer de façon plus détaillée le fonctionnement de ce programme en ce qui
concerne les bateaux de pêche visés. Par exemple:
a) Comment le montant du don est-il déterminé?
b) S'agit-il d'un type de subvention salariale? c) Le don est-il accordé directement au pêcheur? d) Comment les fonds de ce programme sont-ils versés? 2. Comment l'organisme compétent vérifie- t-il que les bénéficiaires du don répondent aux
critères pertinents?
Exemption d'impôt quinquennale pour n ouvelles grandes industries stratégiques
1. Quels sont les principaux secteurs i ndustriels qui bénéficient de ce programme?
2. Ce programme est-il d'une manière ou d'une autre subordonné à l'exportation?
G/SCM/Q2/TPKM/6
Page 4
Crédit d'impôt pour l'investisseme nt dans une zone défavorisée
1. Quels sont les principaux secteurs i ndustriels qui bénéficient de ce programme?
Prêts à moyen et long termes pour la commercialisa tion des produits, les investissements à l'étranger
et les projets de construction
1. D'après le document G/SCM/Q2/TPKM/3, il n'y a pas de différence entre ces prêts et des prêts commerciaux. Si c'est le cas, quel avantage y a-t-il à obtenir un prêt au titre de ce programme?
2. Les avantages découlant de ce programme s ont-ils d'une manière ou d'une autre subordonnés
à l'exportation ou à l'utilisation de produits nati onaux de préférence à des produits importés?
Exonérations de droits de d ouane et d'impôts pour l'i ndustrie de haute technologie
1. Pourriez-vous préciser ce qui est considéré comme une marchandise "à valeur ajoutée" et
comme une marchandise "sans valeur ajoutée"? Programmes pour la production d'orchidées
Des renseignements provenant de sources publiques indiquent que le Taipei chinois accorde
une aide au secteur des orchidées par le biais des deux programmes décrits ci-après.
Aide à la construction d' un parc industriel destiné à la production d'orchidées
Selon des sources publiques, le gouvernement a accordé plus de 2 milliards de dollars NT
(environ 65 millions de dollars EU) pour construire un parc i ndustriel destiné à la production
d'orchidées. Les sommes investies dans ce parc pa r les pouvoirs publics devaient excéder 25 millions
de dollars EU à la fin de 2004. Ce financement a ét é inclus dans le plan de développement national de
six ans du gouvernement appelé "Défi 2008". Le pa rc industriel sera un complexe spécifiquement
conçu pour la culture, la production, la commercialisa tion et la vente à l'étranger d'orchidées ainsi que
pour les activités de recherche connexes.
2
Prêts à faible taux d'intérêt financés par des fonds publics et destinés aux producteurs d'orchidées
Le gouvernement entend aussi inciter les producte urs d'orchidées à utiliser le parc pour leur
propre production en leur offrant des prêts à faib le taux d'intérêt financés par des fonds publics.
Chaque entreprise productrice d'orchidées peut demander un prêt d'un montant maximal de
40 millions de dollars NT, remboursable sur une péri ode de dix ans, à un ta ux d'intérêt annuel de
2,5 pour cent.
3
1. Veuillez expliquer pourquoi ces programmes n'ont pas été notifiés ou fournir les informations
requises conformément à l'article 25 de l'Accord SMC.
__________
2 "Ground broken for special Orchid Park in Taiwan." Taipei Times . 21 février 2004; Bradsher, Keith.
"Orchids Flourish on Taiwanese Production Line." New York Times , 24 août 2004.
3 Lin, Lillian. "Orchid Growers Enth usiastic About Orchid Project." Central News Agency—Taiwan.
16 avril 2003.
| 4,028
|
4424371_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,944
| 3,490
|
J-S22030-19
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
KEVIN PENO :
:
Appellant : No. 1669 MDA 2018
Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered September 19, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-22-CR-0002996-1996
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., DUBOW, J., and PELLEGRINI*, J.
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED AUGUST 09, 2019
Appellant, Kevin Peno, appeals pro se from the September 19, 2018
Order, entered in the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas, dismissing his
Petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S.
§§ 9541-9546. He contends that (1) he was denied the effective assistance
of counsel when counsel agreed to the GPS monitoring device as a condition
of his probation; and (2) wearing the GPS monitoring device was punitive and,
therefore, a violation of Commonwealth v. Muniz, 164 A.3d 1189 (Pa.
2017). After careful review, we affirm.
This Court previously set forth the facts and procedural history of this
case, and we need not reiterate the details to resolve the issues Appellant
raises in this appeal. See Commonwealth v. Peno, No. 1219 MDA 2012 (Pa.
Super. filed Aug 16, 2013) (unpublished memorandum); Commonwealth v.
____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S22030-19
Peno, No. 1795 MDA 2015 (Pa. Super. filed Oct. 13, 2016) (unpublished
memorandum). Relevant to this appeal, we note the following: Appellant
served his full 15-year sentence of incarceration for various sexual offenses
against minor children. Immediately prior to his release from prison, the
Dauphin County Probation Department lodged a detainer against him alleging
that because he did not fulfill a condition of parole—that he complete sex
offender treatment while in prison—he was not a candidate for probation.
After various proceedings, the court found him in violation of his probation
(“VOP”), revoked his probation, and imposed sentence. On appeal, this Court
vacated the VOP Judgment of Sentence, holding that the condition of parole
imposed by the trial court had been illegal and, therefore, could not be used
as basis to revoke Appellant’s probation. See Commonwealth v. Peno, No.
1219 MDA 2012, unpublished memorandum at 1, 4) (Pa. Super. filed Aug. 16,
2013). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied allowance of appeal on July
14, 2014.
On July 18, 2014, “by agreement of the parties to expedite Appellant’s
release from incarceration, the trial court issued an order modifying the
conditions of Appellant’s probation to include certain geographic restrictions
to be enforced by GPS monitoring. (See N.T. Revocation Hearing, 3/16/15,
at 1-4; see also Order of Court, 7/18/14, at unnumbered pages 1-2).”
Commonwealth v. Peno, No. 1795 MDA 2015, unpublished memorandum
at 2-4 (Pa. Super. filed Oct. 13, 2016). Appellant subsequently tampered with
-2-
J-S22030-19
the GPS monitoring device, which resulted in the Commonwealth charging him
with criminal mischief and filing a Petition alleging a VOP.
After a summary hearing, on May 21, 2015, the court found Appellant
guilty of the criminal mischief offense and immediately sentenced him to pay
the costs of prosecution and a fine of one hundred dollars. See id. at 6, citing
N.T. Summary Hearing, 5/21/15, at 4-6, 29. The VOP court subsequently
issued an Order finding that Appellant had violated the conditions of his
probation. See Order, 6/11/15. On September 10, 2015, the court sentenced
Appellant to a term of incarceration of four years and two months’ to 20 years’
incarceration, to be followed by a term of probation of 20 years.1 See N.T.
Sentencing, 9/10/15, at 13-14.
Appellant filed a Post-Sentence Motion, which the court denied on
October 10, 2015. Appellant timely appealed, challenging, inter alia, the
legality of modifying the conditions of his probation to include GPS monitoring.
This Court affirmed his Judgment of Sentence on October 13, 2016. See
Peno, supra, 1795 MDA 2015 (Pa. Super. filed Oct. 13, 2016) (unpublished
memorandum). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied Appellant’s Petition
for Allowance of Appeal on May 3, 2017. Commonwealth v. Peno, 168 A.3d
1290 (Pa. 2017).
____________________________________________
1 The court subsequently modified the term of incarceration to three years,
nine months, and 24 days to 20 years’ incarceration.
-3-
J-S22030-19
On June 23, 2017, Appellant filed pro se the instant PCRA Petition,
alleging that (1) the trial court’s July 18, 2014 Order violated 42 Pa.C.S. §
97712 because it modified his probation before the Superior Court had
remanded his case record to the trial court; (2) the court’s Order subjecting
him to GPS monitoring constituted an illegal search and seizure;3 and (3) “all
my counsels” provided ineffective assistance because he “did not know they
were going to change condition until [he] saw parole, probation Officer on July
18, 2014.” Petition, 6/22/17, at 3, 4.
The PCRA court appointed Damian J. DeStefano, Esq., to represent
Appellant. On September 18, 2017, he filed a Supplemental PCRA Petition
reiterating Appellant’s illegal sentencing claim and requesting additional time
to review and determine the applicability of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s
July 19, 2017 holding in Muniz, supra.
After receiving numerous extensions of time to file an additional
Supplemental PCRA Petition, on July 23, 2018, counsel instead filed a Petition
for Leave to Withdraw as Counsel and a Turner/Finley4 “no merit” letter,
concluding that the holding in Muniz did not apply to Appellant’s case and
____________________________________________
2 See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9771 (“Modification or revocation of order of probation”).
3Appellant conceded that he raised this issue on direct appeal. See PCRA
Petition at 4. See also Commonwealth v. Peno, No. 1795 MDA 2015,
unpublished memorandum at 7, 12 (Pa. Super. filed Oct. 13, 2016.
4Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa. 1988); Commonwealth v.
Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa. Super. 1988) (en banc).
-4-
J-S22030-19
that the other issues Appellant sought to raise had been previously litigated
and were, therefore, not cognizable under the PCRA.5 See Turner-Finley No
Merit Letter, 7/23/18, at 9-16. With respect to Appellant’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claims, Attorney DeStefano concluded that the claims
lacked merit. See id. at 17-19.
On July 24, 2018, the PCRA court granted counsel’s Petition for Leave
to Withdraw as Counsel.
On August 2, 2018, Appellant filed pro se an Amended PCRA Petition in
response to “Appointed Attorney[’]s No Merit Letter and Petition to Withdraw.”
In his Amended Petition, Appellant averred both that he had timely filed his
Muniz claim and that it had merit, and he again reiterated his claim that the
trial court’s July 18, 2014 sentencing order was illegal on its face. Amended
PCRA Petition, 8/2/18, at 1 (unpaginated).
On September 19, 2018, the PCRA court dismissed Appellant’s PCRA
Petition.6 This timely appeal followed. Appellant filed a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
____________________________________________
5 A petitioner is not eligible for post-conviction relief if he has previously
litigated the allegation of error. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(3). An issue has been
previously litigated if either “the highest appellate court in which the petitioner
could have had review as a matter of right has ruled on the merits of the
issue” or “it has been raised and decided in a proceeding collaterally attacking
the conviction or sentence.” Id. at §9544.
6 Generally, the PCRA court must provide notice of its intent to dismiss a PCRA
Petition and provide the petitioner with twenty days in which to respond.
Pa.R.Crim.P. 907(1). However, Appellant did not object to the PCRA court’s
failure to provide notice of intent to dismiss pursuant to Rule 907, rendering
any argument on this issue waived. Commonwealth v. Boyd, 923 A.2d 513,
514 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2007).
-5-
J-S22030-19
Statement as directed by the PCRA court. The court filed a Rule 1925(a)
Opinion in which it adopted the rationale set forth in counsel’s “no-merit”
letter.
Appellant raises the following two issues on appeal:
1. Whether the PCRA court was misplaced by granting appointed
PCRA counsel’s No-Merit Letter and Motion to Withdraw without
a hearing in that former counsel[] Paul Muller, Andrea Haynes,
James J. Karl of Dauphin County Public Defender[’]s Office
were all ineffective by allowing conditions which are now illegal
since Com[monwealth] v. Muniz, 164 A.3d 1189 (Pa. 2017)
made 42 Pa.C.S.[] subsectuions 9799.30, 9733 [sic] thus the
entire SORNA program could not apply retroactively to persons
who committed their crimes before December 20, 2012.
2. Whether the PCRA court erred by that an issue in this appeal is
whether the Commonwealth may punish an individual for
conduct which was made a crime by an amended statute where
the original version of the statute has been unconstitutional in
its entirety?
Appellant’s Brief at 3.
Appellant first asserts that, because he did not consent to the GPS
condition and did not authorize his attorney, Paul Muller, Esq., to waive the
hearing requirement in order to obtain Appellant’s prompt release from
incarceration, counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel. See id., at
9-10. This issue warrants no relief.
We review the denial of a PCRA Petition to determine whether the record
supports the PCRA court’s findings and whether its order is otherwise free of
legal error. Commonwealth v. Fears, 86 A.3d 795, 803 (Pa. 2014). This
Court grants great deference to the findings of the PCRA court if the record
supports them. Commonwealth v. Boyd, 923 A.2d 513, 515 (Pa. Super.
-6-
J-S22030-19
2007). We give no such deference, however, to the court’s legal conclusions.
Commonwealth v. Ford, 44 A.3d 1190, 1194 (Pa. Super. 2012).
The law presumes counsel has rendered effective assistance.
Commonwealth v. Rivera, 10 A.3d 1276, 1279 (Pa. Super. 2010). “[T]he
burden of demonstrating ineffectiveness rests on [A]ppellant.” Id. To satisfy
this burden, Appellant must plead and prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that: “(1) his underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) the particular
course of conduct pursued by counsel did not have some reasonable basis
designed to effectuate his interests; and, (3) but for counsel’s ineffectiveness,
there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the challenged
proceeding would have been different.” Commonwealth v. Fulton, 830 A.2d
567, 572 (Pa. 2003). Failure to satisfy any prong of the test will result in
rejection of the appellant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 811 A.2d 994, 1002 (Pa. 2002).
Appellant has not supported his bald claim that all his “counsels”
provided ineffective assistance. He has not pled that the actions taken by his
counsel were not designed to effectuate his interests, or that, but for his
counsels’ alleged ineffectiveness, the outcome of these proceedings would
have been different. As a result of Appellant’s failure to address these factors
set forth in Fulton, supra, this issue warrants no relief.
In his second issue, Appellant presents a convoluted, nearly
incomprehensible, discourse that essentially boils down to an averment that
the PCRA court erred in finding that he had not raised a valid Muniz claim
-7-
J-S22030-19
with respect to the court’s July 18, 2014 imposition of the GPS monitoring
condition. Appellant’s Brief at 16-18.
Appellant’s reliance on Muniz is misplaced. In Muniz, our Supreme
Court held that enhanced sexual offender registration requirements
constituted punishment and that retroactive application of the registration
provisions of the Sexual Offender Registration and Notification Act (“SORNA”)
violates the ex post facto clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Muniz, 164
A.3d at 1193.
Muniz pertains to registration requirements imposed on sex offenders;
the “punishment” Appellant complains of is GPS monitoring as a probationary
condition. Unlike Muniz, this probationary condition does not pertain to
SORNA or any other statute relevant to registration requirements imposed on
sex offenders. Thus, the PCRA court did not err in concluding that the Muniz
holding does not entitle Appellant to relief.
Order affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/9/2019
-8-
J-S22030-19
-9-.
| 11,083
|
US-200913133268-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,009
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,101
| 4,855
|
Damper cartridge for launching plugs in cementing operations
ABSTRACT
An apparatus for use in launching cement plugs in a well cementing operation comprises a cylinder, a piston slideably received in the bore of the cylinder and an actuator extending from the piston through the cylinder. The actuator is operable by the piston for launching plugs from the apparatus into the well. A resilient damper cartridge is slideably mounted on the actuator in the cylinder so as to be contactable by the piston. A series of frangible pins is located in the cylinder wall so as to provide temporary limits to the movement of the cartridge in the cylinder as the piston slides along the cylinder.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to apparatus and methods for launching plugs in cementing operations of the type found when constructing wells in the oil and gas industry. In particular, the invention relates to the use of a latching mechanism for controlling the movement of a piston in a plug launcher.
BACKGROUND ART
In the construction of oil and gas wells, it is occasionally necessary to cement a liner or casing in the well to provide stability and zonal isolation. In such processes, it is common to use plugs to separate different fluids pumped along the tubing or casing. Such plugs are usually installed in a basket located in cementing equipment lowered into the well. The plugs are launched from the basket by means of darts pumped from the surface.
A known cement plug launching tool (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,890,537) is shown in FIGS. 1-3. The body 32 of the launching tool includes an upper tubular housing 40 whose upper end is threaded to the mandrel of the liner setting tool, and whose lower end is threaded at 41 to a spacer tube 42. A sleeve valve 44 which is slidable in the bore of the housing 40 is biased upward to a normally open position with respect to ports 38 by a coil spring 46.
A piston 50 connected to a drive rod 36 slides in the bore of the spacer tube 42 which is connected to the upper end of a cylinder tube 55. A lower piston 58 is formed on the rod 36 and slides within the bore 60 of the cylinder tube 55 which is filled with a suitable hydraulic oil. The piston 58 has an outer diameter that provides a selected clearance with respect to the wall of the bore 60 such that, as the piston is forced downward with the rod 36, a metering effect is created which retards the rate of downward movement.
The lower end of the cylinder tube 55 is connected to the upper end of the basket 33 which initially houses the upper and lower wiper plugs 34, 35, and is provided with a plurality of longitudinal slots 68 that receive radial stop pins 70 which extend from the outer periphery of a drive flange 75 that rests on top of the upper plug 34. A head 71 on the upper end of the upper plug 34 receives the inner ends of several radially extending shear pins 73 on the drive flange 75 to releasably couple the plug 34 to the flange.
In operation and use, the liner is run and suspended by a hanger from a point near the lower end of the casing which is below the wellhead. The plug launcher tool is connected to the lower end of the mandrel, and the wiper plugs 34 and 35 were previously loaded into the basket 33. The drive rod 36 is in its upper position where the piston 58 is at the upper end of the oil chamber 60. The ports 38 in the housing 40 are open so that fluids can flow therethrough. A dart launcher is provided at the surface.
In order to cement the liner in place, cement slurry is pumped in through the dart launcher, and then a valve is opened to release a lower dart 101. Pressure is applied to the top of the dart 101 to force it through the valve and down into the drill pipe ahead of the cement. Eventually the dart 101 enters the housing 40, passes into the bore of the valve sleeve 44, and to a position where its nose bumps against the drive head 50 of the rod 36. Since the elastomer cups of the dart 101 seal off the bore of the valve sleeve 44, pressure causes the sleeve valve to shift downward against the bias of the coil spring 46, and in so doing, partially close off the radial ports 38.
Pressure on the dart 101 applies downward force to the rod 36 and causes it to shift downward in the body 32, thereby driving both the upper and lower wiper plugs 34 and 35 downward. Such movement is slowed by the action of hydraulic oil that meters upward through the clearance between the piston 58 and the inner wall of the cylinder 60 so that shock loads are dissipated. When the pins 70 on the drive plate 75 reach the bottoms of the slots 68 as shown in FIG. 2, downward movement of the upper plug 34 is stopped. However the lower plug 35 will have been ejected from the bottom of the basket 33 and into the bore of the liner. At about the same time as the stop pins 70 encounter the bottoms of the slots 68, the top cup of the dart 101 clears the bottom of the sleeve valve 44 so that the ports 38 are re-opened as the sleeve valve is shifted upward by the coil spring 46. Pumping of cement is continued until the desired number of barrels of cement has been placed within the liner.
When the proper amount of cement has been pumped into the running string, the upper dart 100 is forced into the drill pipe, followed by whatever fluid is being pumped behind it. The dart 100 travels down through the running string, the mandrel, and into the housing 40. When the cups of the dart 100 enter the valve sleeve 44 and seal off its bore, the valve sleeve shifts downward to close off the lateral ports 38. The dart 100 then engages the lower dart 101, so that applied pressures force the drive rod 36 further down in the body 32 as shown in FIG. 3. The pins 73 are sheared so that the drive disc 66 on the lower end of the rod 32 passes through the plate 75 and forces ejection of the upper wiper plug 34 from the bottom of the basket 33. The metering of oil past the piston 58 again slows or retards downward movement of the rod 32 so that ejection is smoothed. When the top end of the dart 100 clears the bore of the valve sleeve 44, the valve sleeve again opens, as before, so that displacement fluids flow around the outside of the launcher assembly and through the annular space between the basket 33 and the inner wall of the liner. A positive indication of the launching of wipers plugs 34 and 35 from basket 33 is shown by an increase in pumping pressure at the surface location resulting from the cushioned travel of piston 58 for both plugs 34 and 35. The shearing of pins 73 for upper plug 34 additionally increases the pumping pressure for upper plug 34. For example, the increase in the pumping pressure may amount to about 1500 psi (103.42 bars) for lower plug 35 and to about 3000 psi (206.84 bars) for upper plug 34.
As is discussed above, the piston 58 and oil chamber 60 act to damp the motion of the rod when the dart lands, giving a steady action and pressure indication as the rod forces the plug from the basket. However, at the end of each operation, the piston and chamber must be re-set and any maintenance can involve draining the oils from the chamber and disassembling the piston. This is time consuming and complex, necessitating removal of the equipment from the rig site. It is an object of the invention to avoid such problems by providing a replaceable cartridge that can easily be installed at the rig site
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
A first aspect of the invention provides an apparatus for use in launching cement plugs in a well cementing operation, comprising:
- - a cylinder; - a piston slideably received in the bore of the cylinder; and - an actuator extending from the piston through the cylinder and operable by the piston for launching a plug from the apparatus into the well; wherein a resilient damper cartridge is slideably mounted on the actuator in the cylinder so as to be contactable by the piston, and a series of frangible pins is located in the cylinder wall so as to provide temporary limits to the movement of the cartridge in the cylinder as the piston slides along the cylinder.
By providing the damper in the form of a cartridge (dashpot) that is located on the actuator, and the use of frangible pins (shear pins) it is a relatively easy job to re-set the apparatus for use by replacing any parts. The problems associated with the previous systems are therefore avoided.
The apparatus typically further comprises a basket that houses at least two cement plugs, the pins being positioned so as to limit movement of the cartridge after each plug is launched from the basket. The shear pins can be replaced after use.
The apparatus is preferably configured such that the piston can move from a first position in which the plugs are located in the basket to an intermediate position in which a first plugs has been ejected from the basket; and from the intermediate position to a final position in which a second plug has been ejected from the basket; the pins being positioned so as to temporarily hold the piston at the first, intermediate and second positions until sheared by application of pressure to the piston.
The apparatus is typically arranged to be connected to a tubular pipe such that one or more darts can be pumped into contact with the piston to apply pressure thereto.
A second aspect of the invention provides a damper cartridge for use in the first aspect of the invention, the cartridge comprising a resilient body having a central bore through which the actuator can project, and further including upper and lower contact surfaces for contacting the piston and pins respectively.
Preferably, the cartridge comprises an upper flange that in use is contacted by the piston, and a lower flange that contacts the pins as the cartridge moves along the cylinder. A compression spring can be wound around the cartridge between the two flanges.
Further aspects of the invention will be apparent from the following description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1-3 show operation of a prior art system;
FIG. 4 shows a dashpot cartridge for use in the present invention; and
FIGS. 5-10 show various positions of operation of a launching system according to the invention.
MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
This invention provides a piston system that replaces that shown in FIGS. 1-3 discussed above. In particular, the piston and cylinder arrangement 58, 60, and the shear pin and slots 68, 70 of FIGS. 1-3 are replaced by the system described below.
FIG. 4 shows a dashpot cartridge for use in the invention. This comprises a resilient body 100 having a central bore (not shown) through which an actuator rod can project as will be described below. Upper and lower flanges 102, 104 are provided at the top and bottom of the body 100 and a coil compression spring 106 is wound around the outside of the body between the flanges.
FIGS. 5-10 show the different stages of operation of a plug launching apparatus according to the invention. The apparatus comprises a cylinder 108 that can be connected at its upper end to a drill pipe or the like (not shown) extending from the surface of a well to a downhole location. A series of ports 110 are provided part way along the cylinder. The lower end of the cylinder 108 is connected to a plug basket 112 containing two cementing plugs 114, 116. A sliding piston 118 is located in the cylinder 108 below the ports 110 and an actuator rod 120 extends from the piston 118 into the plug basket 112. Movement of the piston 118 will be transmitted by the actuator rod 120 to the plugs 114, 116 in the basket 112. A series of shear pins 122 a-c are provided projecting into the bore of the cylinder 108 at different spaced locations. A dashpot cartridge 124 of the type described in relation to FIG. 4 is positioned around the actuator rod 120 such that it is free to slide, but its movement is limited by the inward projection of the shear pins 122. The dashpot is held just below the piston 118 by the upper set of shear pins 122 a.
In use, a dart 126 (or similar device) is pumped from the surface down the drill pipe, fluid ahead of the dart exiting the cylinder through the ports 110, and the fins of the dart sealing the part of the drill pipe above the dart from that below it. Pumping continues until the head of the dart contacts the piston 118 and the piston is pushed down so as to contact the upper flange of the dashpot 122, the lower flange being held against the shear pin 122 a. A spring in the head of the dart and the compressibility of the dashpot damps the impact of the dart but resists significant movement. Consequently, the pressure above the dart will rise as fluid continues to be pumped. This pressure rise can be detected at surface and used to indicate contact of the dart 126 with the piston 118. Pumping continues such that the pressure applied to the shear pin 122 a via the dart 126, piston 118 and dashpot 124 exceeds is strength and it breaks. At this point, the dashpot 124 is then free to slide down the actuator rod 120 and the piston 118 and rod 120 start to move, pushing the lowermost plug 114 from the basket 112 (see FIG. 6). The fins of the dart 126 are still sealing the bore of the drill pipe from the ports 110 so further pumping will continue to move the dart 126. Pumping continues until the dart 126 passes below the ports 110 and the plug 114 is fully ejected from the basket 112. At this point, the dashpot sits on the second set of shear pins 122 b in an intermediate position and flow resumes through the ports 110 which are reopened (see FIG. 7). This will be detected at surface by a corresponding drop in fluid pressure.
When it is desired to eject the second plug 116 from the basket 112, a further dart 128 is pumped from the surface in the same manner as described above. The head of the further dart 128 engages the tail of the first dart 126 and pushes it, and the piston 118 forward compressing the dashpot 124 until sufficient pressure builds to shear the second set of pins 122 b (see FIG. 8). At this point, the dashpot slides down the rod 120 as before, and the piston 118 advances the rod 120 to force the second plug 116 from the basket 112 (see FIG. 9). This motion continues until the second plug 116 is completely ejected from the basket 112, at which point, the dashpot is resting on the lower set of pins 122 c and the second dart 128 is clear of the ports 110 (see FIG. 10).
When the tool is retrieved to the surface, it is a relatively easy job to re-set the piston and rod, as no fluid filled cylinders need to be re-set or re-charged. The dashpot can be simply replaced, if necessary and a new set of shear pins installed in the cylinder. Assembly or reconditioning of the dashpot can take place off site making setup at the rig site a relatively simple operation of assembling the necessary parts.
The effect of the dashpot spring mounting of the head of the darts act to cushion the impact of the dart on the piston yet still gives a positive indication in the pressure monitored at the surface allowing detection of the contact and motion of the piston in the ejection process.
Various changes can be made within the scope of the invention. For example, if more than two plugs are to be launched, a corresponding number of sets of pins can be installed at suitable positions in the cylinder. The darts can be replaced by other release mechanisms such as balls. Other such changes will be apparent.
The invention claimed is:
1. An apparatus for use in launching cement plugs in a well cementing operation, comprising: a cylinder having an inner wall; a piston slideably received in a bore of the cylinder; and an actuator extending from the piston through the cylinder and operable by the piston for launching a plug from the apparatus into the well; wherein, a resilient damper cartridge installed at a first position is slideably mounted on the actuator in the cylinder so as to be contactable by the piston, and at least three sets of frangible pins are located at least three positions along the cylinder wall so as to provide temporary limits to the movement of the cartridge in the cylinder as the piston slides along the cylinder, wherein, after sliding past a first set of frangible pins, the cartridge advances to a second set of frangible pins.
2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a basket that houses at least two cement plugs, the pins being positioned so as to limit movement of the cartridge after each plug is launched from the basket.
3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the pins can be replaced after use.
4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the piston is configured to move from a first position in which the plugs are located in the basket to an intermediate position in which a first plugs has been ejected from the basket; and from the intermediate position to a final position in which a second plug has been ejected from the basket; the pins being positioned so as to temporarily hold the piston at the first, intermediate and second positions until sheared by application of pressure to the piston.
5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4, further comprising a connection for a tubular pipe such that one or more darts can be pumped into contact with the piston to apply pressure thereto.
6. A method of using a resilient damper cartridge in an apparatus for launching cement plugs in a well cementing operation, comprising: assembling an apparatus comprising (1) a cylinder having an inner wall, (2) a piston slideably received in a bore of the cylinder, (3) an actuator extending from the piston through the cylinder and operable by the piston for launching a plug from the apparatus into the well, (4) the damper cartridge which is slideably mounted on the actuator in the cylinder so as to be contacted by the piston, (5) at least three sets of frangible pins located at least three positions along the cylinder wall that provide temporary limits to cartridge movement, and (6) at least a bottom cementing plug and a top cementing plug; installing the damper cartridge at a first position above a first set of frangible pins; pumping a first fluid into the apparatus; placing and pumping a bottom dart into the apparatus; pumping a second fluid into the apparatus behind the bottom dart; allowing the bottom dart to contact the damper cartridge, thereby exerting a downward force on the cartridge; allowing the first set of frangible pins to fail, thereby causing the damper cartridge to advance to and stop at a second set of frangible pins, thereby causing the piston to expel the bottom plug from the apparatus.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the cartridge comprises an upper flange that in use is contacted by the piston, and a lower flange that contacts the pins as the cartridge moves along the cylinder.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the cartridge further comprises a compression spring wound around the cartridge between the two flanges.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the apparatus further comprises a basket that houses at least two cement plugs, the pins being positioned so as to limit movement of the cartridge after each plug is launched from the basket.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the pins can be replaced after use.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the piston is configured to move from a first position in which the plugs are located in the basket to an intermediate position in which a first plugs has been ejected from the basket; and from the intermediate position to a final position in which a second plug has been ejected from the basket; the pins being positioned so as to temporarily hold the piston at the first, intermediate and second positions until sheared by application of pressure to the piston.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the apparatus further comprises a connection for a tubular pipe such that one or more darts can be pumped into contact with the piston to apply pressure thereto.
13. A method for separating fluids in a well comprising: assembling an apparatus comprising (1) a cylinder having an inner wall, (2) a piston slideably received in a bore of the cylinder, (3) an actuator extending from the piston through the cylinder and operable by the piston for launching a plug from the apparatus into the well, (4) the damper cartridge which is slideably mounted on the actuator in the cylinder so as to be contacted by the piston, (5) at least three sets of frangible pins located at least three positions along the cylinder wall that provide temporary limits to cartridge movement, and (6) at least a bottom cementing plug and a top cementing plug; installing the damper cartridge at a first position above a first set of frangible pins; pumping a first fluid into the apparatus; placing and pumping a bottom dart into the apparatus; pumping a second fluid into the apparatus behind the bottom dart; allowing the bottom dart to contact the damper cartridge, thereby exerting a downward force on the cartridge; allowing the first set of frangible pins to fail, thereby causing the damper cartridge to advance to and stop at a second set of frangible pins, thereby causing the piston to expel the bottom plug from the apparatus.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the apparatus further comprises a basket that houses the cement plugs, the pins being positioned so as to limit movement of the cartridge after each plug is launched from the basket.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the pins can be replaced after use.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the piston is configured to move from a first position in which the plugs are located in the basket to an intermediate position in which a first plug has been ejected from the basket; and from the intermediate position to a final position in which a second plug has been ejected from the basket; the pins being positioned so as to temporarily hold the piston at the first, intermediate and second positions until sheared by application of pressure to the piston.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising a connection for a tubular pipe such the one or more darts can be pumped into contact with the piston to apply pressure thereto.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the cartridge comprises a resilient body having a central bore through which the actuator can project, and further including upper and lower contact surfaces for contacting the piston and pins respectively.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the cartridge comprises an upper flange that in use is contacted by the piston, and a lower flange that contacts the pins as the cartridge moves along the cylinder.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the cartridge further comprises a compression spring wound around the cartridge between the two flanges..
| 26,827
|
US-43609903-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,003
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,169
| 7,759
|
Circuit for driving matrix display panel with photoluminescence quenching devices, and matrix display apparatus incorporating the circuit
ABSTRACT
A circuit for driving a photoluminescence quenching device (PQD) of a flat panel display, each PQD defining a pixel at a crossing of a scan line and a data line, includes an activation transistor and a driver transistor. The activation transistor is turned on according to potential of the scan line and outputs a potential of the data line. The driver transistor is connected between a reference voltage terminal of the circuit and a PQD. When the activation transistor is turned on, the driver transistor applies to the anode of the PQD a potential that is applied to the reference voltage terminal, according to the potential of the data line. In an emissive mode of the PQD, when the driver transistor is turned on, a forward voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD so that the PQD emits light. In a re-emissive mode, when the driver transistor is turned off, no voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD so that the PQD emits light by photoluminescence.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the priority of EP Application No. 02090299.5, filed on Aug. 23, 2002 and Korean Patent Application No. 2003-6567, filed on Feb. 3, 2003, which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a circuit for driving a photoluminescence quenching device (PQD) and a matrix display apparatus incorporating the circuit, and a plurality of PQDs. More particularly, the invention relates to a circuit for driving a matrix display panel including PQDs as pixels, which are defined by crossings of scan lines and data lines, and a matrix display apparatus incorporating the circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
Flat panel displays using organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) provide high brightness and a wide viewing angle. Using the self-emissive mode, OLEDs do not require any back light and are thus very effective under conditions of low to medium ambient light. However, with high ambient light, such as direct sunlight, a disproportionately large amount of power must be supplied to OLEDs to obtain required brightness. Moreover, high current is required in order to activate the elements having a light emitting structure. For this reason, reflective and re-emissive technologies, applied to liquid crystal displays (LCDs), are very effective for LCDs in a variety of ambient light conditions. However, when using these technologies, back light is required under conditions with low ambient light, which results in an increase in the dimensions of displays and increased power consumption.
The structure of OLEDs that can be operated both in emissive and re-emissive modes is disclosed in U.S. Published Patent Application 2002 0027537A1. A PQD has a structure similar to that of an OLED and can be operated in an emissive mode without back light and a re-emissive mode.
Driver circuits activating OLEDs are known from U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,157,356, 5,952,789, and 6,518,700. All of these driver circuits have a disadvantage in that they can realize only the emissive mode of operation of an OLED. Under conditions with high ambient light, a high current is required to activate the OLED elements in the emissive mode. This high current requirement leads to an increased fabrication cost.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a circuit for driving a matrix display panel in which photoluminescence quenching devices (PQDs) can be operated in both an emissive mode and a re-emissive mode, thereby providing satisfactory brightness with a low current under conditions with high ambient light, so that power consumption and fabrication cost of the display panel and a matrix display apparatus using the circuit can be reduced.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a circuit for driving a PQD in a matrix display panel using PQDs, each PQD being a pixel at a crossing point of a scan line and a data line. The circuit for driving a PQD includes an activation transistor and a driver transistor. The activation transistor may be turned on according to a potential of the scan line connected to the circuit and, when turned on, outputs a potential of the data line connected to the circuit. The driver transistor is connected between a reference voltage terminal and a PQD driven by the circuit. When the activation transistor is turned on, a potential applied to the reference voltage terminal is applied to an anode of the PQD according to the potential of the data line. In an emissive mode, when the driver transistor is turned on, a forward voltage is applied between an anode and cathode of the PQD so that the PQD emits light. In a re-emissive mode, when the driver transistor is turned off, no voltage is applied between the anode and cathode of the PQD so that the PQD produces light by photoluminescence.
Using to the circuit of the present invention, a PQD can be operated in the emissive mode and re-emissive mode, depending on the operation of corresponding activation and driver transistors of the circuit. In other words, each PQD in a matrix display driven by a corresponding driving circuit can be operated in the emissive mode under conditions of low ambient light and in the re-emissive mode under conditions of high ambient light. Accordingly, satisfactory brightness can be produced under conditions with high ambient light and low current so that the power consumption and fabrication cost of a display can be reduced.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a matrix display apparatus including a matrix display panel and a plurality of driving circuits. The matrix display panel includes PQDs, each of which is a pixel at a crossing of a scan line and a data line. Each driving circuit applies a forward voltage between an anode and a cathode of a corresponding PQD according to a gray scale value in an emissive mode, and applies a reverse voltage between the anode and the cathode of the PQD according to a gray scale value in a re-emissive mode.
According to a further aspect of the invention, a circuit for driving a photoluminescence quenching device having an anode and a cathode, and defined as a pixel at crossing of a scan line and a data line, includes an activation transistor having a control electrode connected to the scan line and an input electrode connected to the data line, the activation transistor being turned on in response to potential of the scan line, and, when turned on, outputting potential of the data line; and a driver transistor having a control electrode connected to an output electrode of the activation transistor, the driver transistor being connected between a reference voltage terminal of the circuit and the PQD and, when the activation transistor is turned on, applying to the anode of the PQD the potential that is applied to the reference voltage terminal, according to the potential of the data line, wherein in an emissive mode of operation of the PQD, when the driver transistor is turned on, a forward voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD so that the PQD emits light, and in a re-emissive mode of operation of the PQD, when the driver transistor is turned off, no voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD so that the PQD produces light by photoluminescence.
According to yet another aspect of the invention a matrix display apparatus includes a plurality of scan lines; a plurality of data lines, orthogonal to and crossing the scan lines; a plurality of photoluminescence quenching devices, each PQD having an anode and a cathode, defining a pixel, and being located at a respective crossing of one of the scan lines and one of the data lines; and a plurality of driving circuits, each driving circuit driving a corresponding PQD and applying a forward voltage between the anode and the cathode of the corresponding PQD, according to a gray scale value, in an emissive mode of operation of the corresponding PQD, and applying a reverse voltage between the anode and the cathode of the corresponding PQD, according to the gray scale value, in a re-emissive mode of operation of the corresponding PQD.
Further, in the matrix display apparatus, each of driving circuits includes an activation transistor having a control electrode connected to a respective scan line and an input electrode connected to a respective data line, the activation transistor being turned on in response to potential of the respective scan line, and, when turned on, outputting potential of the respective data line; and a driver transistor having a control electrode connected to an output electrode of the activation transistor, the driver transistor being connected between a reference voltage terminal of the driving circuit and the corresponding PQD and, when the activation transistor is turned on, applying to the anode of the corresponding PQD potential that is applied to the reference voltage terminal in response to the potential of the respective data line.
In the driving circuits, a respective storage capacitor is connected between control electrodes and input electrodes of the respective driver transistors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by describing in detail a preferred embodiment thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a typical photoluminescence quenching device;
FIG. 2A is a diagram of the PQD shown in FIG. 1 operating in an emissive mode;
FIG. 2B is a diagram of the PQD shown in FIG. 1 operating in a re-emissive mode;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a driver circuit for driving the PQD shown in FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a 3×3 PQD matrix display panel including driver circuits as shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a detailed block diagram of the driver circuit shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the driver circuit shown in FIG. 5, which includes P-channel thin film polysilicon field effect transistors (FETs);
FIGS. 7 and 8 are detailed block diagrams of a 3×3 PQD matrix display panel including driver circuits as shown in FIG. 5; and
FIG. 9 is a timing chart showing the voltage waveforms of signals in the driver circuit shown in FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The structure of a typical photoluminescence quenching device will be described with reference to FIG. 1. A light-permeable anode 2 is arranged on a transparent substrate 6. A hole injection layer 3 is disposed on the light-permeable anode 2. An emitter material layer 4 is disposed on the hole injection layer 3. A cathode 1 is located on the emitter material layer 4. When polymer materials are used for the hole injection layer 3 and the emitter material layer 4, the hole injection layer 3 can be formed by dispersing polyethylene dioxythiophene (PEDOT), polystyrene sulfone acid, and polyaniline using spin-coating, spraying, doctor blade application and spreading, and inkjet printing. The emitter material layer 4 can be formed by spin-coating, spraying, doctor blade application, scrape-depositing, spreading, and inkjet printing of polyphenylene-vinylene and polyfluorene. When low molecular weight materials are used for the active layers, i.e., the hole injection layer 3 and the emitter material layer 4, the active layers 3 and 4 can be formed by vapor deposition using a metal mask. In FIG. 1, reference numeral 5 denotes incident light, and reference numeral 7 denotes outgoing light.
Referring to FIG. 2A illustrating emissive mode operation of a PQD, charge carriers are injected into the PQD and recombine (5 a) via an excited state accompanied by emission of light (7 a). In FIG. 2A, reference character 6 a denotes the excited state that is formed as an intermediate. Holes are injected (3 a) via the anode 2, which may be indium tin oxide (ITO) or combinations of ITO with conducting polymers like PEDOT. Electrons are injected (4 a) via negative cathode 1, a metal, such as calcium or aluminium. The cathode 1 can include isolating layers of inorganic materials which provide a blocking function so that optimal charge injection occurs. A current source is connected between the anode 2 and the cathode 1 of the PQD. Current flow leads to a light emission by an electro-luminescent material. In this emissive mode, the current source is connected to the PQD in a forward direction.
Referring to FIG. 2B illustrating re-emissive mode operation of a PQD, external light 5 b is incident via the emitter material layer 4 shown in FIG. 1 and is transformed into photoluminescence light 7 b which is re-emitted. In other words, the display element is operated in a photoluminescence-quenching mode. In this photoluminescence-quenching mode, the photoluminescence emission of an organic material may be suppressed, i.e., quenched, by a reverse electric field. In an initial stage, the emitter material layer 4 is optically excited by the external light 5 b. Excitation states decay during a few nanoseconds when photoluminescence emission occurs. The emitted light has a color that depends on the emitter material.
When a reverse voltage is applied between the anode 2 and the cathode 1 of the PQD, an electric field is generated in the emitter material layer 4. This electric field dissociates the excited state 6 a before photoluminescence emission occurs. In this way, the overall number of excited states is reduced, and thus the intensity of photoluminescence light is reduced. Accordingly, the intensity of photoluminescence emission can be controlled by the applied voltage. Without an applied voltage, the intensity of photoluminescence emission is at its maximum. With reference to quantum efficiency, the photoluminescence quenching mode has significant advantages. In each quenched excitation, one pair of charge carriers 3 b and 4 b are absorbed at the anode 2 and cathode 1, sequentially. Meanwhile, in case of using a standard singlet emitter material, the creation of one excited singlet state in the emissive mode will require at least four charge carrier pairs to be injected from the contacts.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a driver circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention for driving the PQD shown in FIG. 1. An activation circuit 215 is connected to a scan line 260, a data line 250, and a reference voltage terminal 230. A PQD 200 is connected between the activation circuit 215 and a cathode voltage terminal 240.
In a line scanning action, by simultaneously applying a scan voltage to the scan line 260 and a data voltage to the data line 250, the activation circuit 215 applies a forward voltage between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 200 for emission mode operation and a reverse voltage between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 200 for photoluminescence quenching operation. For these operations, it is necessary to apply appropriate voltages to the reference and cathode voltage terminals 230 and 240. Reference numeral 201 denotes a voltage applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD. More particularly, the reference numeral 201 denotes the forward voltage applied during the emission mode operation and the reverse voltage during a re-emission, i.e., quenching operation.
When a plurality of the driver circuits are connected to respective crossing points of N scan lines and M data lines, an N×M matrix display panel can be constructed. FIG. 4 shows the driver circuit shown in FIG. 3 applied to a 3×3 PQD matrix display panel. Scan lines 260 a, 260 b, and 260 c are sequentially activated during each scan period in order to reproduce video information using PQDs 200 via activation circuits 215. During each scan period a control voltage is applied to data lines 250 a, 250 b, and 250 c according to the video information. By constant and repetitive scanning, the video information is reproduced as an image on the display panel of the matrix of PQDs.
FIG. 5 is a detailed block diagram of the driver circuit shown in FIG. 3. A first circuit 310 is connected to a scan line 360 and a data line 350. A second circuit 320 is connected to the first circuit 310, a PQD 300, and a reference voltage terminal 330. The PQD 300 is connected between the second circuit 320 and a cathode voltage terminal 340. The following description concerns voltages applied to the reference voltage terminal 330 and individual nodes of the driver circuit.
A zero voltage is applied to the reference voltage terminal 330. The cathode voltage terminal 340 has, relative to the anode of the PQD 300, a negative polarity in an emissive mode operation of the PQD 300 and a positive polarity in a re-emissive mode operation of the PQD 300. In FIG. 5, reference numerals 301, 341, 351, and 361 denote voltage signals applied for both the emissive and re-emissive modes. More specifically, reference numeral 301 denotes a voltage waveform applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 300. Reference numeral 341 denotes a voltage waveform applied to the cathode voltage terminal 340. Reference numeral 351 denotes a voltage waveform applied to the data line 350. Reference numeral 361 denotes a voltage waveform applied to the scan line 360.
In a line scanning action, when a negative scan voltage is applied to the scan line 360, the voltage applied to the data line 350 is applied to the second circuit 320 via the first circuit 310, when activated. The second circuit 320 applies the voltage Ub that is applied to the reference voltage terminal 330 to the anode of the PQD 300. Since a negative voltage Uc is applied to the cathode voltage terminal 340 of the PQD 300, a forward voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 300. Accordingly, the PQD 300 emits light and corresponds to a bright pixel. If a voltage of zero volts, instead of the negative voltage, is applied to the data line 350, zero volts is applied to the PQD 300, and thus the PQD 300 does not emit light and corresponds to a dark pixel.
Even if the first circuit 310 is deactivated, by applying zero volts to the scan line 360, the voltage at the PQD 300 remains constant up to the next line scanning action, regardless of the voltage at the data line 350.
The re-emissive mode presupposes the existence of sufficient ambient light for photoluminescence. In a line scanning action, zero volts is applied to the scan line 360 connected to the first circuit 310, and a positive voltage Uc is applied to the cathode voltage terminal 340 of the PQD 300. Under these conditions, if zero volts is applied to the data line 350, the second circuit 320 applies a reverse voltage between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 300 for photoluminescence quenching. Accordingly, the PQD corresponds to a dark pixel. If a positive voltage, instead of zero volts, is applied to the data line 350, no voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 300, and thus the PQD corresponds to a bright pixel due to photoluminescence.
Even if the first circuit 310 is turned off by applying a positive voltage to the scan line 360, the voltage at the PQD 300 remains constant up to the next line scan action, regardless of the voltage at the data line 350.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the driver circuit shown in FIG. 5, which includes P-channel thin film polysilicon field effect transistors (FETs). For reasons of simplicity, we refer only to a pixel circuit that is based on P-channel thin film polysilicon FETs. A driver circuit based on N-channel thin film polysilicon FETs or a combination of N-channel and P-channel thin film polysilicon FETs can also be used.
Referring to FIG. 6, the driver circuit for a PQD 400 according to the present invention includes an activation transistor 411 as the first circuit and a driver transistor 421 as part of a second circuit.
The gate of the activation transistor 411 is connected to a scan line 460. The source of the activation transistor 411 is connected to a data line 450. The driver transistor 421 supplies necessary voltages and currents for emissive and re-emissive modes to the PQD 400. The gate of the driver transistor 421 is connected to the drain of the activation transistor 411. The source of the driver transistor 421 is connected to a reference voltage terminal 430, and the drain is connected to the PQD 400. A storage capacitor 422 is connected between the gate and the source of the driver transistor 421. A voltage applied to the reference voltage terminal 430 is referred to as a reference voltage. In an embodiment of the present invention, zero volts is applied as the reference voltage. In a line scanning action in an emissive mode (corresponding to time ranges A and B in FIG. 9, described below), upon applying a negative voltage to the scan line 460, the activation transistor 411 is turned on, and thus a negative voltage at the data line 450 is applied to the gate of the driver transistor 421. The driver transistor 421 is turned on, and, thus, the negative voltage is applied to the cathode 440 of the PQD 400, so that a forward voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 400. Accordingly, the PQD emits light and corresponds to a bright pixel. If zero volts is applied to the data line 450, the driver transistor 421 is turned off, and thus no voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 400. Accordingly, the PQD 400 corresponds to a dark pixel.
Even if the activation transistor 411 is turned off, by applying zero volts to the scan line 460, the voltage applied to the PQD 400 is continuously and constantly applied to the PQD 400 until the next line scanning action, regardless of the voltage at the data line 450. The storage capacitor 422 maintains constant the voltage applied to the gate and the source of the driver transistor 421, up to the next line scanning action. In the emissive mode, in order to turn on both transistors 411 and 421, the potential of the scan line 460 must be smaller than the sum of the potential of the data line 450 and the threshold voltage of the activation transistor 411, and the potential of the data line 450 must be smaller than the threshold voltage of the driver transistor 421.
Table 1 summarizes the functions of voltages applied to P-channel thin film polysilicon FETs, which have a threshold voltage of −2.5 V, in the emissive mode.
TABLE 1 Related reference numeral Item Value Unit Functions 430 Reference voltage 0 V Reference voltage 440 Cathode voltage −12 V Cathode voltage 460 Scan voltage −15 V Activation transistor 411 is turned on, and thus the data voltage is programmed. 460 Scan voltage 0 V Activation transistor 411 is turned on, and thus the data voltage is not programmed. The data voltage remains stored in the storage capacitor 422. The pixel remains dark or bright depending on the previously programmed data voltage. 450 Data voltage −10 V If the activation transistor 411 is turned on, the driver transistor 421 is turned on. The PQD 400 emits light in response to a forward voltage. If the activation transistor 411 is turned off, no change occurs. 450 Data voltage 0 V If the activation transistor 411 is turned on, the driver transistor 421 is turned off. Since no voltage is applied to the PQD 400, emission does not occur. If the activation transistor 411 is turned off, no change occurs.
A re-emissive mode (corresponding to time ranges C and D in FIG. 9) presupposes the existence of sufficient ambient light for photoluminescence. In a line scanning action, if zero volts is applied to the scan line 460 when a positive voltage is applied to the cathode 440 of the PQD 400, the activation transistor 411 is turned on. If zero volts is applied to the data line 450, the driver transistor 421 is turned on, and thus a reverse voltage for photoluminescence quenching is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 400. Accordingly, the PQD 400 corresponds to a dark pixel. If a positive voltage, instead of zero volts, is applied to the data line 450, no voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 400. Accordingly, photoluminescence occurs, and the PQD 400 corresponds to a bright pixel.
Even if the activation transistor 411 is turned off, by applying a positive voltage to the scan line 460, the voltage applied to the PQD 400 is continuously and constantly applied to the PQD 400 until the next line scanning action, regardless of the voltage at the data line 450. The storage capacitor 422 maintains constant the voltage applied to the gate and the source of the driver transistor 421, until the next line scanning action. In the re-emissive mode, in order to turn off the activation transistor 411, the potential of the scan line 460 must be greater than the potential of the data line 450. In order to turn off the driver transistor 421, the potential of the data line 450 must be greater than a difference between the potential of the cathode 440 and the threshold voltage of the driver transistor 421.
Table 2 summarizes the functions of voltages applied to P-channel thin film polysilicon FETs, which have a threshold voltage of −2.5 V, in the re-emissive mode.
TABLE 2 Related reference numeral Item Value Unit Functions 430 Reference voltage 0 V Reference voltage 440 Cathode voltage +17 V Cathode voltage 460 Scan voltage 0 V Activation transistor 411 is turned on, and thus the data voltage is programmed. 460 Scan voltage +23 V Activation transistor 411 is turned on, and thus the data voltage is not programmed. The data voltage remains stored in the storage capacitor 422. The pixel remains dark or bright depending on the previously programmed data voltage. 450 Data voltage 0 V If the activation transistor 411 is turned on, the driver transistor 421, is turned on. The PQD 400 does not emit light in response to a reverse voltage. If the activation transistor 411 is turned off, no change occurs. 450 Data voltage +20 V If the activation transistor 411 is turned on, the driver transistor 421 is turned off. Since no voltage is applied to the PQD 400, emission is performed. If the activation transistor 411 is turned off, no change occurs.
FIGS. 7 and 8 show the driver circuit shown in FIG. 5 applied to a 3×3 PQD matrix display panel. In FIG. 7, a scan driver 520 and a data driver 530, which are used to generate the driving signals, are located within a display panel 510 together with a PQD matrix 500. In FIG. 8, a PQD matrix 600 is located within a display panel 610, and a scan driver 620 and a data driver 630 are located outside the display panel 610.
FIG. 9 shows the voltage waveforms of signals in the driver circuit shown in FIG. 6. In FIG. 9, reference character S_(C) denotes a voltage waveform applied to the cathode 440 of the PQD 400. Reference character S_(S) denotes a voltage waveform applied to the scan line 460. Reference character S_(D) denotes a voltage waveform applied to the data line 450. Reference character S_(P) denotes a voltage waveform applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD 400. The levels of the voltage waveforms are related to the voltage applied to the reference voltage terminal 430. A voltage of 0 V is applied to the reference voltage terminal 430. In the time ranges A and B, emissive mode operation is possible. In the time ranges C and D, re-emissive mode operation is possible. The brightness of the PQD 400 depends on the applied forward and reverse voltages. In other words, in the emissive mode, a forward voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of each PQD 400 according to the gray scale value of the PQD 400. In the re-emissive mode, a reverse voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of each PQD 400 according to the gray scale value of the PQD 400. The absolute value of the forward voltage applied between the anode and the cathode of each PQD 400 in the emissive mode is proportional to the gray scale value of the PQD 400. The absolute value of the reverse voltage applied between the anode and the cathode of each PQD 400 in the re-emissive mode is inversely proportional to the gray scale value of the PQD 400. Accordingly, the gray scale values of the display elements can be controlled by the control voltage, i.e., the data voltage. In other words, a gray scale display can be produced in a display panel according to the invention. Meanwhile, it is also possible that the source and drain of the transistors are interchanged in contrast to the circuit in FIG. 6.
As described above, a driver circuit according to the present invention can operate PQDs in both the emissive and re-emissive modes depending on the operation of an activation transistor and the operation of a driver transistor of the driver circuit. The PQDs can be operated in the emissive mode in low ambient light and in the re-emissive mode under conditions with high ambient light. Accordingly, satisfactory brightness can be obtained under conditions of high ambient light with low current so that the power consumption and fabrication cost of a display incorporating the PQDs and driver circuits can be reduced.
The present invention is not restricted to the embodiment described above, and it will be apparent that various changes can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.
1. A circuit for producing light at a plurality of gray scale values, the circuit comprising: a photoluminescence quenching device (PQD) having an anode and a cathode, and defined as a pixel, the PQD being connected to a driving circuit at a crossing of a scan line and a data line, the driving circuit comprising: an activation transistor having a control electrode connected to the scan line and an input electrode connected to the data line, the activation transistor being turned on in response to potential of the scan line, and, when turned on, outputting potential of the data line; and a driver transistor having a control electrode connected to an output electrode of the activation transistor, the driver transistor being connected between a reference voltage terminal of the circuit and the PQD and, when the activation transistor is turned on, applying to the anode of the PQD the potential that is applied to the reference voltage terminal, according to the potential of the data line, wherein in an emissive mode of operation of the PQD, when the driver transistor is turned on, a forward voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD so that the PQD emits light according to a gray scale value, and in a re-emissive mode of operation of the PQD in which the PQD can produce light by photoluminescence, when the driver transistor is turned off, a reverse voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD to produce light according to a gray scale value.
2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein, in the emissive mode, a negative voltage, with respect to the voltage that is applied to the reference voltage terminal, is applied to the cathode of the PQD.
3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein, in the re-emissive mode, a positive voltage, with respect to the voltage that is applied to the reference voltage terminal, is applied to the cathode of the PQD.
4. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the activation transistor and the driver transistor are field effect transistors (FETs) having gate electrodes as control electrodes, and source and drain electrodes as input and output electrodes.
5. The circuit of claim 4, wherein the activation transistor and the driver transistor are P-channel FETs, the reference voltage terminal is connected to the source electrode of the driver transistor, and including a storage capacitor connected between the gate electrode and the source electrode of the driver transistor.
6. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the gate electrode of the activation transistor is connected to the scan line.
7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the source electrode of the activation transistor is connected to the data line.
8. The circuit of claim 7, wherein the gate electrode of the driver transistor is connected to the drain electrode of the activation transistor.
9. The circuit of claim 8, wherein the drain electrode of the driver transistor is connected to the anode of the PQD.
10. The circuit of claim 1, wherein, in the emissive mode, when the driver transistor is turned off, and no voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD, the PQD does not emit light.
11. The circuit of claim 1, wherein, in the re-emissive mode, when the driver transistor is turned on, and a reverse voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD, the PQD does not emit light.
12. A matrix display apparatus comprising: a plurality of scan lines; a plurality of data lines, orthogonal to and crossing the scan lines; a plurality of photoluminescence quenching devices (PQDs), each PQD having an anode and a cathode, defining a pixel, and being located at a respective crossing of one of the scan lines and one of the data lines; and a plurality of driving circuits, each driving circuit driving a corresponding PQD and applying a forward voltage between the anode and the cathode of the corresponding PQD, according to a gray scale value, in an emissive mode of operation of the corresponding PQD, and applying a reverse voltage between the anode and the cathode of the corresponding PQD, according to the gray scale value, in a re-emissive mode of operation of the corresponding PQD.
13. The matrix display apparatus of claim 12, wherein the forward voltage applied between the anode and the cathode of the corresponding PQD in the emissive mode has an absolute value proportional to the gray scale value.
14. The matrix display apparatus of claim 12, wherein the reverse voltage applied between the anode and the cathode of the corresponding PQD in the re-emissive mode has an absolute value inversely proportional to the gray scale value.
15. The matrix display apparatus of claim 12, wherein each of driving circuits comprises: an activation transistor having a control electrode connected to a respective scan line and an input electrode connected to a respective data line, the activation transistor being turned on in response to potential of the respective scan line, and, when turned on, outputting potential according to the respective data line; and a driver transistor having a control electrode connected to an output electrode of the activation transistor, the driver transistor being connected between a reference voltage terminal of the driving circuit and the corresponding PQD and, when the activation transistor is turned on, applying to the anode of the corresponding PQD the potential that is applied to the reference voltage terminal, according to the potential of the respective data line.
16. The matrix display apparatus of claim 15, wherein, in the emissive mode, the corresponding driver circuit applies a negative voltage with respect to a voltage applied to the reference voltage terminal of the driver circuit, to the cathode of the corresponding PQD.
17. The matrix display apparatus of claim 16, wherein, in the re-emissive mode, the corresponding driver circuit applies a positive voltage, with respect to a voltage applied to the reference voltage terminal, of the driver circuit, to the cathode of the corresponding PQD.
18. The matrix display apparatus of claim 15, wherein the activation transistor and the driver transistor of each driver circuit are field effect transistors having gate electrodes as control electrodes, and source and drain electrodes as input and output electrodes.
19. The matrix display apparatus of claim 18, wherein the reference voltage terminal is connected to the source electrode of the driver transistor of the driver circuit, and each driver circuit includes a corresponding storage capacitor connected between the gate electrode and the source electrode of the driver transistor of the respective driver circuit.
20. The circuit of claim 1, wherein, in the re-emissive mode, when the driver transistor is turned off and no voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode of the PQD, the PQD produces light by photoluminescence..
| 22,959
|
US-201514721002-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,015
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,876
| 3,810
|
Flexible porous film
ABSTRACT
This invention provides a method for fabricating a flexible porous film. One application of the film is for fabricating a flexible lithium-ion battery. The method comprises depositing at least one electrospun layer on a flexible substrate sheet by electrospinning. The solution used in electrospinning comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) copolymer dispersed in a solvent such that the solution has a polymer viscosity between 300 cP to 1500 cP. A preferred setting of electrospinning process parameters includes a voltage between 20 kV and 50 kV, a feed rate between 3 ml/h and 12 ml/h, and a spinning height between 100 mm and 150 mm. Preferably, PVDF and PVdF-HFP has a weight ratio between 1:1 and 5:1. The solvent may comprise dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone in a weight ratio between 1:2 and 8:2. The weight of the copolymer is preferable to be 5% to 25% of a total weight of the copolymer and the solvent.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/998,017, filed Jun. 16, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a flexible porous film fabricated by using an electrospinning technique. One application of the flexible porous film is for fabricating a flexible Li-ion battery.
BACKGROUND
As used herein, a “flexible” object such as a flexible battery, a flexible membrane or a flexible film, is a solid non-rigid object having a shape that is adjustable. As such, the flexible object is bendable and squeezable.
Thin-film flexible lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are advantageously useful for a variety of applications where small-power sources are needed. A flexible battery can be manufactured in different shape and size as required by a customer. By adjusting the battery shape to fit available space in a device, the battery can provide the required power while occupying otherwise wasted space in the device and adding only negligible weight thereto. During fabrication of the flexible battery, the most challenging part is to prepare an electrolyte used in the battery. Since the electrolyte is usually in liquid form, it is required to use a porous film to soak with the electrolyte so as to retain the electrolyte in the film. This film is commonly known as a separator of the battery. When the battery is bent or reshaped, there is a risk that the electrolyte leaks out from the film to cause a voltage change of the battery, thus affecting the reliability of the battery. It is desirable to have a porous film having a high reliability in retaining the electrolyte therein even when the film is bent or reshaped.
In the disclosure of L. Hu, H. Wu, F. La Mantia, Y. Yang and Y. Cui, “Thin, flexible secondary Li-ion paper batteries,” ACS Nano, vol. 4 (10), pp 5843-5848, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, paper is used as a separator for a flexible Li-ion battery. Although flexibility is obtained, porosity of the paper cannot be tuned, so that the charging rate/conductivity of the battery is not tunable. Furthermore, paper is not stable in the existence of solvent commonly present in an electrolyte. The paper separator is softened and broken after a long period of immersion in the solvent, leaking out the liquid electrolyte therein and causing short circuit.
In the disclosure of N. Singh et al., “Paintable battery,” Scientific Reports, vol. 2 (481), 28 Jun. 2012, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, a polymer paint is used as the separator of a battery. Although it does not seem to have the leakage problem when the battery is bent, the porosity and the conductivity of the polymer paint are low, resulting in a low charging rate so that the required recharge time is increased when compared to a traditional Li-ion battery.
There is a need in the art to have a porous film that is flexible, has high porosity, and is capable of retaining a liquid therein without leaking out even when the film is reshaped. One advantageous application of such film is in fabricating flexible Li-ion batteries. In general, such film is usable to other applications that require holding a liquid therein without leaking in case the film is reshaped.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method for fabricating a flexible porous film. The method comprises depositing a first electrospun layer on a first surface of a flexible substrate sheet by an electrospinning process. In particular, the electrospinning process comprises electrospinning a fiber from a substantially homogeneous solution onto the substrate sheet under a plurality of process parameters. The solution comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) copolymer dispersed in a solvent such that the solution has a polymer viscosity between 300 cP to 1500 cP. The plurality of process parameters comprises a voltage between 20 kV and 50 kV, a feed rate between 3 ml/h and 12 ml/h, and a spinning height between 100 mm and 150 mm.
Preferably, the PVDF and the PVdF-HFP used in the copolymer has a weight ratio between 1:1 and 5:1.
It is also preferable that the solvent comprises dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone. In addition, the DMF and the acetone used in the solution may have a weight ratio between 1:2 and 8:2.
One preferable setting is that the copolymer has a weight that is 5% to 25% of a total weight of the copolymer and the solvent.
The plurality of process parameters may further comprise an ambient humidity between 20% and 50%.
Preferably, the substrate sheet is composed of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), or is a trilayer PP/PE/PP electrolytic separator membrane.
A flexible battery is realizable by including a solid electrolyte that comprises the flexible porous film formed by the disclosed method. The film is further socked with a liquid electrolyte.
Other aspects of the present invention are disclosed as illustrated by the embodiments hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 depicts a structure of a flexible porous film realized according to one embodiment of the present invention, where the film comprises a substrate sheet sandwiched by two porous layers each formed by an electrospinning process.
FIG. 2 depicts a typical set-up for realizing the electrospinning process as disclosed in the present invention.
FIG. 3 depicts an example of a flexible battery realizable by the film as disclosed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As used herein in the specification and appended claims, a parameter “between” a first value and a second value means that the parameter has a value in a range, inclusively, of the first value and the second value. It implies that the parameter may have a value equal to the first value or the second value.
During the development of the present invention, the inventors first focused on a particular application for making a flexible Li-ion battery, and used a special electrospinning technique to fabricate an aligned nanofiber film on each side of a commercial separator to make a sandwich structure or a freestanding nanofiber mat. The inventors have found that the nanofiber layer has very good electrolyte absorbance that is capable of taking 10 times of a liquid electrolyte of its own weight, while the commercial separator can serve as a very good mechanical support to avoid any breakage and deforming during battery operation. The film also has high porosity. The high porosity of the film and a suitable choice of an electrode structure alleviate the slow mass transport problem of the solid electrolyte using polymer gel. Furthermore, the high absorption ability of the porous mesh eliminates a need for a rigid container for the electrolyte. Together with a suitable choice of electrode material, the developed solid electrolyte is advantageously usable for enhancing the safety, flexibility, ionic conductivity, and energy density of the flexible Li-ion battery.
An aspect of the present invention is a method for fabricating a flexible porous film. In elaborating details of the flexible porous film disclosed herein, we focus on an application of the disclosed film to fabricate a flexible Li-ion battery. However, the porous film disclosed herein is not limited only to this application. The disclosed film is also usable to other applications.
Before the disclosed method is detailed, a structure of a film 100 formable by the method is depicted in FIG. 1. The film 100 comprises a substrate sheet 110 having two porous layers 120, 130 deposited thereon to form a sandwich structure. The sandwich structure is required when the film 100 is used to form a solid electrolyte in a flexible Li-ion battery after soaking with a liquid electrolyte. However, other potential applications may require or prefer only one of the two surfaces to be deposited with the porous layer. Some other potential applications may also require only one surface to have the porous layer while another surface is treated or finished differently. In general, the film 100 comprises the substrate sheet and at least one porous layer (120 or 130) on the substrate sheet 110. Each porous layer is formed by electrospinning. Without loss of generality, the porous layers 120 and 130 are regarded as a first electrospun layer 120 and a second electrospun layer 130, respectively.
Exemplarily, the method comprises depositing the first electrospun layer 120 on a first surface 111 of the substrate sheet 110 by an electrospinning process. In particular, the substrate sheet 110 is flexible. Optionally, the method further comprises depositing the second electrospun layer 130 on a second surface 112 of the substrate sheet 110 by the electrospinning process. Note that the second surface 112 is opposite to the first surface 111.
Parameters used in the electrospinning process are important in order to confer the film 100 with the characteristics of high porosity and being flexible, as well as the capability to retain a liquid therein even if the film 100 is bent or reshaped. Although the present invention is not intended to be bound by any theory, the inventors believe that if nanofibers that form an electrospun layer (120 or 130) are more closely packed than is achieved by a commonly-used electrospinning technique, there is a chance that molecules of the liquid are more tightly retained within a network formed by the nanofibers. This higher liquid-retaining ability is advantageously usable to resist an external force introduced by bending or reshaping the electrospun layer, preventing the liquid in the electrospun layer to be leaked out. Based on this reasoning, the inventors conducted experiments and identified a preferred set of solution compositions and process parameters used in the electrospinning process.
FIG. 2 depicts a typical set-up for realizing the electrospinning process. The electrospinning process comprises electrospinning a fiber 220 from a substantially homogeneous solution 210 onto a substrate sheet 230 under a plurality of process parameters. The solution 210 is contained in a syringe 215, and is ejected at a feed rate 251 through a spinneret 217, which spins so that the fiber 220 spirally lands on the substrate sheet 230 to form an electrospun layer thereon. A high voltage supply 218 is used to supply a voltage 252 between the spinneret 217 and the substrate sheet 230. An exemplary preferred set of solution compositions and process parameters is given as follows. The solution 210 comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) copolymer dispersed in a solvent such that the solution has a polymer viscosity between 300 cP to 1500 cP. The plurality of process parameters comprises the voltage 252, the feed rate 251 and a spinning height 253, where the voltage 252 is between 20 kV and 50 kV, the feed rate 251 is between 3 ml/hour and 12 ml/hour, and the spinning height 253 is between 100 mm and 150 mm.
In one preferable setting, PVDF and PVdF-HFP used in the copolymer has a weight ratio between 1:1 and 5:1.
Practically and preferably, the solvent that is used to disperse the copolymer comprises dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone. A preferable setting is that the DMF and the acetone used in the solution have a weight ratio between 1:2 and 8:2.
In another preferable setting, the copolymer has a weight that is 5% to 25% of a total weight of the copolymer and the solvent.
The plurality of process parameters may further include an ambient humidity. The ambient humidity has a preferred range of 20% to 50%.
During the electrospinning process, it is also required to control a spinneret speed and a rotational speed of the spinneret 217. Typical values of the spinneret speed and the rotational speed are 20 mm/second and 2000 rotations per minute, respectively.
Practically, it is desirable to select the substrate sheet 230 from commercially available sheets. In particular, it is preferable, especially for the application of making a flexible Li-ion battery, that the substrate sheet is composed of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), or is a trilayer PP/PE/PP electrolytic separator membrane.
FIG. 3 depicts an example of a flexible battery realizable by the film fabricated by the disclosed method. A flexible battery 300 comprises a solid electrolyte 310. The solid electrolyte 310 comprises the flexible porous film formed by any one embodiment of the method disclosed above. Furthermore, the film is soaked with a liquid electrolyte. For the flexible battery 300 that is a Li-ion battery, the liquid electrolyte may be selected from LiPF₆, LiClO₄, (C₂H₅)₄AN, H₂O, H₂SO₄, NaOH, NaCl, or a combination thereof.
Based on the solid electrolyte 310 as disclosed above, an ordinary person skilled in the art can use existing battery designs to realize a flexible battery. For example, one structure of flexible battery is given by the disclosure of L. Hu, H. Wu, F. La Mantia, Y. Yang and Y. Cui mentioned above. In the flexible battery 300, the solid electrolyte 310 is sandwiched between an anode 320 and a cathode 330. A first current collector 341 and a second current collector 342 are positioned to contact the anode 320 and the cathode 330, respectively. The first current collector 341 and the second current collector 342 are further encapsulated by a first aluminum plastic sheet 351 and a second aluminum plastic sheet 352, respectively.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for fabricating a flexible porous film, comprising: depositing a first electrospun layer on a first surface of a flexible substrate sheet by an electrospinning process; wherein: the electrospinning process comprises electrospinning a fiber from a substantially homogeneous solution onto the substrate sheet under a plurality of process parameters; the solution comprises polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) copolymer dispersed in a solvent such that the solution has a polymer viscosity between 300 cP to 1500 cP; and the plurality of process parameters comprises: a voltage between 20 kV and 50 kV; a feed rate between 3 ml/h and 12 ml/h; and a spinning height between 100 mm and 150 mm.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein PVDF and PVdF-HFP used in the copolymer has a weight ratio between 1:1 and 5:1.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the solvent comprises dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetone.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein DMF and acetone used in the solution has a weight ratio between 1:2 and 8:2.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the copolymer has a weight that is 5% to 25% of a total weight of the copolymer and the solvent.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of process parameters further comprises: an ambient humidity between 20% and 50%.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate sheet is composed of polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), or is a trilayer PP/PE/PP electrolytic separator membrane.
8. A flexible battery, comprising: a solid electrolyte comprising a flexible porous film formed by the method of claim 1, wherein the flexible porous film is further soaked with a liquid electrolyte.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a second electrospun layer on a second surface of the substrate sheet by the electrospinning process, the second surface being opposite to the first surface.
10. A flexible porous film formed by the method of claim
9. 11. A flexible battery, comprising: a solid electrolyte comprising the flexible porous film of claim 10, wherein the flexible porous film is further socked with a liquid electrolyte.
12. The flexible battery of claim 11, wherein the liquid electrolyte is LiPF₆, LiClO₄, (C₂H₅)₄AN, H₂O, H₂SO₄, NaOH, NaCl, or a combination thereof.
13. The flexible battery of claim 11, further comprising: an anode coupled to one surface of the solid electrolyte; and a cathode coupled to another surface of the solid electrolyte, said another surface being opposite to said one surface.
14. The flexible battery of claim 13, further comprising: a first current collector coupled to the anode; and a second current collector coupled to the cathode..
| 30,061
|
1602211_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,005
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 305
| 449
|
Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the Supreme Court, Kings County (Ruchelsman, J.), rendered June 13, 2001, convicting him of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence.
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed.
The defendant contends that the court committed reversible error in declining to instruct the jury on the inherent weakness of evidence of flight (see People v Bennett, 79 NY2d 464, 470 [1992]; People v Yazum, 13 NY2d 302, 304 [1963]). We disagree. In light of the overwhelming direct evidence of the defendant's guilt, including the testimony of two police eyewitnesses, any error in failing to give the requested instruction was harmless (see People v John, 221 AD2d 564, 565 [1995]; People v Jackson, 142 AD2d 599 [1988]).
The defendant's contentions that the prosecutor made improper remarks during his opening statement and summation and otherwise engaged in misconduct during the trial are largely unpreserved for appellate review (see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Medina, 53 NY2d 951 [1981]; People v Arroyo, 309 AD2d 870, 871 [2003]; People v Foy, 253 AD2d 889 [1998]). In any event, the challenged remarks and conduct were either responsive to arguments made by defense counsel, constituted fair comment on the evidence, or otherwise did not deprive the defendant of a fair trial (see People v Pearson, 20 AD3d 575 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 831 [2005]; People v Joseph, 20 AD3d 435 [2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 807 [2005]).
The sentence imposed was not excessive (see People v Suitte, 90 AD2d 80, 83 [1982]).
The defendant's remaining contentions, including those raised in his supplemental pro se brief, are either unpreserved for ap pellate review or without merit. Schmidt, J.P., Cozier, Rivera and Fisher, JJ., concur..
| 7,435
|
<urn:uuid:af453e37-fec6-43ee-9ee0-654adcb3d54f>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://francearchives.gouv.fr/fr/search?es_escategory=archives&es_publisher=34633&es_publisher=33438&es_publisher=34265&es_year=500&es_year=600
|
francearchives.gouv.fr
|
Friulian
|
Spoken
| 16
| 31
|
non 8 233 919
oui 544 431
Documents d'archives 8 750 200
8 779 825 résultats
| 15,265
|
5444131_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 428
| 539
|
Beatty, C. J.
—There is the same fault in the entitling of this appeal as that noticed in case No. 12441, ante, p. 568. It should be entitled McKissick v. Peregoy.
This is an appeal from a judgment enjoining the defendant from interfering with a head-dam by means of which the plaintiff diverts water from a stream which flows in its natural course through the defendant’s lands. This head-dam and connecting ditch were constructed by plaintiff on the land now owned by defendant while the title thereto remained in the government, and they have been used to divert the water of the stream to lands belonging to the plaintiff. The defendant, owning land bordering on the stream below plaintiff’s dam, and needing the water for irrigation, has several times removed portions of the dam so as to cause the water to flow down to his own ditches, and claims the right to do so, and is insolvent.
But it is not found that plaintiff will be damaged by the acts done and threatened by the defendant except nominally. It is found that the water is useful and necessary for the irrigation of plaintiff’s land, and that he diverted it for that purpose; but it is not found that he has ever used it for that purpose, or that he has ever raised or attempted to raise any sort of crops on his *574land. For aught that appears, he has simply turned the water out of the stream and allowed it to run to waste. And when defendant turned it back into its natural channel through his land (where he did use it for beneficial purposes) it does not appear that plaintiff was at all damaged. The finding shows he was not damaged. Under such circumstances, a party claiming as an appropriator has no right to an injunction against a riparian proprietor, and the judgment is therefore erroneous.
Another point is also presented by the record in this case, viz., the validity of an appropriation not initiated by compliance with the provisions of the Civil Code as to posting and recording of notice. This question was decided in the case of Necochea v. Curtis, and a rehearing afterward granted.
As counsel in this case have not argued that question, and its decision is not necessary to a disposition of his appeal, we shall leave it untouched until we come to reconsider the case of Necochea v. Curtis.
For the reason above specified, the judgment is reversed, and cause remanded.
Works, J., Sharpstein, J., Paterson, J., and McFarland, J., concurred.
| 9,144
|
2014/32014D0848/32014D0848_IT.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,014
|
None
|
None
|
Italian
|
Spoken
| 697
| 1,313
|
L_2014343IT.01004101.xml
28.11.2014
IT
Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea
L 343/41
DECISIONE DI ESECUZIONE DELLA COMMISSIONE
del 26 novembre 2014
che modifica la decisione 2010/4/UE, Euratom che autorizza la Bulgaria a utilizzare dati statistici relativi ad anni anteriori al penultimo anno e a ricorrere ad alcune valutazioni approssimative per il calcolo della base delle risorse proprie provenienti dall'IVA
[notificata con il numero C(2014) 8929]
(Il testo in lingua bulgara è il solo facente fede)
(2014/848/UE, Euratom)
LA COMMISSIONE EUROPEA,
visto il trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea,
visto il trattato che istituisce la Comunità europea dell'energia atomica,
visto il regolamento (CEE, Euratom) n. 1553/89 del Consiglio, del 29 maggio 1989, concernente il regime uniforme definitivo di riscossione delle risorse proprie provenienti dall'imposta sul valore aggiunto (1), in particolare l'articolo 4, paragrafo 4, e l'articolo 6, paragrafo 3, secondo trattino,
previa consultazione del comitato consultivo per le risorse proprie,
considerando quanto segue:
(1)
Per la ripartizione delle operazioni per categorie statistiche conformemente all'articolo 4, paragrafo 4, del regolamento (CEE, Euratom) n. 1553/89, la Bulgaria è attualmente in grado di utilizzare i conti nazionali relativi al penultimo anno precedente l'esercizio finanziario per il quale occorre calcolare la base delle risorse IVA. Non è quindi più necessario autorizzare la Bulgaria a utilizzare i conti nazionali relativi ad anni anteriori al penultimo anno per gli esercizi finanziari successivi al 2013. L'articolo 1 dovrebbe pertanto avere una durata limitata al 31 dicembre 2013.
(2)
A norma dell'articolo 390 bis della direttiva 2006/112/CE del Consiglio (2), la Bulgaria può continuare a esentare, alle condizioni esistenti in tale Stato membro alla data della sua adesione, il trasporto internazionale di persone di cui all'allegato X, parte B, punto 10, fintantoché la stessa esenzione è applicata in uno degli Stati membri facenti parte della Comunità al 31 dicembre 2006; per determinare la base delle risorse proprie IVA occorre tenere conto di tali operazioni.
(3)
La Bulgaria ha chiesto alla Commissione l'autorizzazione a ricorrere a valutazioni approssimative per il calcolo della base delle risorse proprie IVA, poiché non è in grado di effettuare il calcolo preciso della base delle risorse proprie IVA per le operazioni di cui al all'allegato X, parte B, punto 10, della direttiva 2006/112/CE. Tale calcolo può comportare un onere amministrativo ingiustificato rispetto all'incidenza delle operazioni in oggetto sulla base complessiva delle risorse proprie provenienti dall'IVA della Bulgaria. La Bulgaria è in grado di effettuare un calcolo ricorrendo a valutazioni approssimative per detta categoria di operazioni. La Bulgaria deve essere pertanto autorizzata a calcolare la base delle risorse proprie IVA utilizzando valutazioni approssimative.
(4)
Per motivi di trasparenza e di certezza del diritto, è opportuno limitare nel tempo l'applicabilità dell'autorizzazione.
(5)
È quindi opportuno modificare di conseguenza la decisione 2010/4/UE, Euratom (3) della Commissione,
HA ADOTTATO LA PRESENTE DECISIONE:
Articolo 1
La decisione 2010/4/UE, Euratom è modificata come segue:
1)
gli articoli 1 e 2 sono sostituiti dai seguenti:
«Articolo 1
Per eseguire la ripartizione delle operazioni per aliquota prevista all'articolo 4, paragrafo 4, del regolamento (CEE, Euratom) n. 1553/89, la Bulgaria è autorizzata, dal 1o gennaio 2009 al 31 dicembre 2013, a utilizzare dati desunti dai conti nazionali relativi al terzo o al quarto anno precedente l'esercizio finanziario per il quale occorre calcolare la base delle risorse proprie IVA.
Articolo 2
Per il calcolo della base delle risorse proprie provenienti dall'IVA dal 1o gennaio 2009 al 31 dicembre 2018, la Bulgaria è autorizzata a ricorrere a valutazioni approssimative per quanto riguarda il trasporto internazionale di persone di cui all'allegato X, parte B, punto 10, della direttiva 2006/112/CE.»
2)
L'articolo 3 è soppresso.
Articolo 2
La Repubblica di Bulgaria è destinataria della presente decisione.
Fatto a Bruxelles, il 26 novembre 2014
Per la Commissione
Kristalina GEORGIEVA
Vicepresidente
(1) GU L 155 del 7.6.1989, pag. 9.
(2) Direttiva 2006/112/CE del Consiglio, del 28 novembre 2006, relativa al sistema comune d'imposta sul valore aggiunto (GU L 347 dell'11.12.2006, pag. 1).
(3) Decisione 2010/4/UE, Euratom della Commissione, del 22 dicembre 2009, che autorizza la Bulgaria a utilizzare dati statistici relativi ad anni anteriori al penultimo anno e a ricorrere ad alcune valutazioni approssimative per il calcolo della base delle risorse proprie provenienti dall'IVA (GU L 3 del 3.1.2010, pag. 17).
| 5,355
|
US-45377030-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,930
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,296
| 1,783
|
Headlight glare shield
. Nov. 15, 1932. J. c. PEARSON 1,888,142
HEADLIGHT GLARE SHIELD Filed May 19. 1930 \WIE I NVENTbR ATTOR NEYPatented Nov. 15, 1932 a T PATENT OFFICE *aosnrn c. PEARSON, or MEDIA,PENNSYLVANIA HEADLIGHT GLABE SHIELD Application filed May 19,
' The present invention relates to an improved head light. glare shieldfor automobiles, it being the purpose of the invention to provide anarticle of this kind, which may be applied to the top of the automobilejust above or adjacent the upper part of the windshield, and in such aposition as to enable it to move down, when operated to a position inthe path of the vision of the driver and the roadway, and then moveupward out of the path of vision.
Practically all drivers of automobilesare considerably troubled by theglare from the head lights of an on-coming automobile,
hence it is the purpose of the present invention to provide a shield toassume a position in the path of the drivers vision, the shieldcomprising an area of green or amber color celluloid or othertransparency mounted in a frame, thereby shielding the glare from thedrivers eyes, therefore in this manner avoiding various accidents, suchas sideswiping, on-coming collision, and driving off the side of theroad.
Another purpose is to provide, in a device of this kind, an improvedmeans for actuating the glare shield, said means having an electriccircuit'including a circuit closer, so that when the latter is operated,the circuit is closed and the shield operated either to an operativeposition in the path of the vision,
or to an inoperative positionout of the path of the vision of thedriver.
One of the features of the invention comprises acasing housing a pair ofsolenoids having a core, so positioned in the solenoids that when one orthe other is energized, the core is reciprocated in one direction or thep other, the core carrying an arm having the shield thereon, said armoperating in an angularly disposed slot in order to cause the shield tomove in an upward direction out of the path of the vision or downwardlyinto the path of the vision of the driver, said cam slot having at itsupper end an off-set to retain the arm in a raised position.
It is to be understood that the particulars herein given are in no waylimitative, and that while still keeping within the scope of theinvention, any desired modification of 1930. Serial No. 453,770.
details and proportions may be made-in the construction of the applianceaccording to circumstances. v
The invention comprisesfurther features and combination of parts to behereinafter set forth, shown in the drawing and claimed.
In'the drawing F'gure 1 is a view in elevation of a portio of awindshield and the top of the automobile, showing an improved head lightglare shield applied,-showing the shield in a raised position in fulllines and in a lowered position in dotted lines.
Figure 2 is a sectionalview on line 22 of Figure 1, showing the shieldlowered in the path of the vision of'the driver. Y Figure 3'is anenlarged view of the device detached from the windshield more clearlyshowing the construction and operation thereof. I p Q Referringto thedrawing 1 identifies a housing, which may be made of any suitable metalpreferably aluminum and which may be any suitable size and shape,preferably of an elongated character and arched in cross section. Thehousingis provided with closed ends 2 having lateral flanges 3 receivingfastening means 4 for securing the housing in position at the top 5a ofthe automobile near the windshield 5.
Mounted in the housing and secured at 6 to the ends thereof aresolenoids 7. The solenoids include a circuit comprising the wires orleads 8, together with a circuit closure 9. This circuit closure 9consists of a holder 10 having contacts 11 and 12, and pivotally mountedat 13 in the holder'is a switch element 14. This element is springtensioned through the medium of a spring 15 which is fastened at 16inthe holder. The opposite ends of the spring bear against-the under faceof the switch element. to hold it in neutralposition. The. switchelement may be made of any suitable material preferably of insulation,such as hard rubber, or the like. The opposite ends of the springconstitute cont-acts, either one of which may engage with one or theother of the contacts 11 and 12, for the purpose of closing thecircuits, 7 which include the solenoids. The securing screws 16 act as aterminal for one of the wires or leads.
Mounted in the solenoids is a reciprocating plunger or core 18 whichoperates back and forth through the solenoid it depending on the onebeing energized.
An arm 19 is carried by the plunger or core and the end of the arm isfastened to a suitable frame 20 made of sheet aluminum and clamped inthis frame in any convenient manner is a piece of celluloid ortransparency 21, preferably of green or amber color. If of amber colorit has been found preferable to have a double thickness of material, ora single thickness equal to a double thickness of a certain gauge, topermit the head lights to be visible therethrough but entirelyeliminating the glare from the drivers eyes. The lower right hand cornerof the transparency or shield is cut away, to permit the driver to havethe usual vision of the roadway,,when the shield is in a loweredposition, that is the vision of the roadway substantially immediate infront of the automobile.
The arm 19 extends through an inclined slot 22 formed in the casing orhood, the slot being'of such an angle as to cause the arm to rideupwardly of the slot and engage in an oif-set 23 at the upper end of theslot, so that when the solenoid on the right hand side is energized,sucking the core or plunger thereinto, the plunger or core will rotateand the shield raised to an upward position, out of vision of thedriver, the off-set 23 acting to retain the arm in such raised position.WVhen the solenoid on the left is energized, by depressing the left handend of the switch member of the circuit closure, the plunger or corewill be moved or drawn to the left, moving the arm out of the off-set23, and due to the inclination of the slot the shield will fall bygravity into position in the path of the vision of the driver. It is thegravity of the shield and the inclination of the slot that causes theshield to move in a lowered position, for the reason that the switchmember is merely tilted long enough to close the circuit, to move thearm out of the off-set; However when energizing the solenoid to theright, it is the aim to hold the switch member 9 depressed and itscircuit closed long enough to move the arm into engagement with theoffset.
The invention having been set forth, what is claimed is:
In a headlight glare shield, the combination with a cylindrical casingadapted for mountin immediately above and adjacent the windshield, of apair of solenoids one supported in each end of the casing, a coremounted for reciprocating movement within the solenoids, said casinghaving a compound curved slot arranged on an angle in the wall of thecasing at a point between the adjacent ends of the solenoids, an armcarried bythe core extending radially therefrom and guided in said slot,whereby as the core is reciprocated back and forth between the solenoidsa swinging movement is imparted to the arm, and a glare shield carriedby the arm adapted to swing down in front of the windshield, when thearm swings downwardly, and adapted to assume a position adjacent the topof the automobile when the arm is swung upwardly,said solenoidsincluding an electrical circuit, and means in eluding a manuallyoperated tensioned rocking element in the circuit for energizing firstone and then the other of the solenoids for reciprocating the core.
In testimony whereof he affixes his signature.
JOSEPH G. PEARSON.
| 9,658
|
US-30249305-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,005
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,956
| 8,166
|
The ‘E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value Information’ may be a Group of the [RNSAP] DEDICATED MEASUREMENT REPORT message which conveys the E-DCH provided bit-rate value. The group may comprise the IE ‘Priority Indication’ which identifies the priority class of E-DCH MAC-d flow and should be mandatory present, the IE ‘E-DCH Provided Bit-rate value’ which may also be of mandatory presence.
E-DCH provided bit-rate value may contain total provided bit-rate for GBR traffic per priority class, per user and per cell or total provided bit-rate per priority and per user after macro diversity combining.
Upon receiving the measurement results at the C-RNC 1102 , the C-RNC 1102 may evaluate 1209 the measurement results and may invoke 1210 congestion control if necessary, as outlined with reference to FIG. 12 above.
In the various embodiments of the invention outlined with respect to FIG. 11, 12 and 13 above, dedicated measurements on individual UEs have been illustrated.
Another embodiment of the invention foresees that the S-RNC 1103 has been chosen by the C-RNC 1102 to report on the bit-rate provided to a guaranteed bit-rate priority class. In this embodiment, the S-RNC 1103 may individually report on all UEs within its cell that transmit scheduled data of this respective priority class via an E-DCH.
Alternatively, the S-Node B 1103 may also report on all UEs which transmit scheduled data on an E-DCH associated to one of a plurality of guaranteed bit-rate classes and which share the S-Node B 1103 as a serving Node B during soft handover. As explained above, the priority class may also be referred to as a scheduling priority indicator of a particular priority queue. Thus, in other words, the S-Node B 1103 may report on a subset of UEs transmitting scheduled data of a guaranteed bit-rate priority class associated to a scheduling priority indicator higher than a predetermined threshold value. In the latter case it may be assumed that all traffic classes having a guaranteed bit-rate are associated to high scheduling priority indicators. For example, all guaranteed bit-rate priority classes may have a scheduling priority indicator larger than 13—usually the scheduling priority indicator is a value between 1 (lowest priority) and 15 (highest priority).
Further, it should be noted that it is of course also possible that the dedicated measurement requests transmitted by the C-RNC 1102 to Node Bs or he S-RNC 1102 indicate more than one UE to report on and/or more than one guaranteed bit-rate priority class to report on for each UE.
Next, further embodiments of the invention will be discussed with respect to FIGS. 14, 15 and 16. These embodiments mainly relate to the use of common measurement procedures performed by at least one Node B or the S-RNC. The results of these measurements may be provided to the C-RNC for evaluation.
FIG. 14 shows a second scenario for providing common measurements on scheduled data of one ore more priority classes transmitted by a plurality of user equipments 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404 to a C-RNC 1102 according to another embodiment of the invention. The UE 1403 is thereby in soft handover and its active set comprises the S-Node B 1103, being the Node B of the serving cell, i.e. the serving Node B, and Node Bs 1104 and 1113. The Node Bs 1103, 1104 and 1105 are part of the radio network subsystem (RNS) 1101 and are connected to the C-RNC 1102 . The UE 1100 communicates via E-DCHs with the Node Bs 1103 and 1104 during soft handover.
The other UEs 1402, 1402 and 1404 provide scheduled data via a dedicated uplink data channel such as E-DCH to a respective one of Node Bs 1103 and 1104 . In this exemplary scenario it is assumed for exemplary purposes that the scheduled uplink data transmitted by the UEs 1401, 1402, 1403, 1404 are all of the same priority class.
UE 1403 is further connected to a second RNS 1111 via Node B 1113 . Node Bs 1113 and 1114 are both connected to the S-RNC 1112 . Moreover, S-RNC 1112 and C-RNC 1102 are connected to each other.
FIG. 15 shows a message flow diagram of common measurement reporting from the S-Node B 1103 to the C-RNC 1102 according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention.
According to this embodiment of the invention, the C-RNC 1102 initiates a common measurement procedure by sending 1501 a common measurement request to the S-Node B 1103. The request indicates at least one guaranteed bit-rate priority class on which the S-RNC 1103 is requested to report on. As outlined for the dedicated measurement procedures described above, also common reporting can be configured to be immediate, event-triggered or periodic.
In order to define the type of the measurement to be performed by the S-RNC 1103 the C-RNC 1102 may include a so-called Common Measurement Type in the request. A Common measurement Type is a Group of the [NBAP] COMMON MEASUREMENT INITIATION REQUEST message defining the type of measurement to be executed. For common measurements specific for E-DCH a new IE ‘Total E-DCH Provided Bit-rate’ may be defined as a part of Common Measurement Type Group. The presence of this IE may for example be mandatory.
In case of this exemplary embodiment, only the S-RNC 1103 is configured to provide common measurements on the bit-rate being provided to a certain guaranteed bit-rate priority class within the serving cell controlled by the S-RNC 1103. In an alternative embodiment of the invention it is also possible that more than one Node B, for example S-Node B 1103 and Node B 1104 report on the bit-rate provided to a guaranteed bit-rate priority class in the cell controlled by S-Node B 1103 or Node B 1104, respectively.
In respect to these two embodiments described above, it is important to notice that for common measurement reporting from at least one Node B to the C-RNC 1103, the at least one Node B is a Node B within the active set of the UE 1104 being in soft handover. As will be explained in the following in more detail the common measurement reports provided by the at least one Node B, e.g. S-Node B 1103 in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 12, allow the C-RNC 1102 to determine the bit-rate provided to scheduled data of a guaranteed bit-rate priority class within the cell(s) controlled by the at least one Node B. Based on this information the C-RNC 1102 may decide whether a requested QoS—e.g. in terms of the guaranteed bit-rate—may be fulfilled within a specific radio cell/radio cells of the UE 1403's active set. If not, appropriate actions such as congestion control may be initiated by the C-RNC 1102.
Turning now back to FIG. 15, the UEs 1401, 1402 and 1403 transmit 1502, 1503, 1504 scheduled data of the guaranteed bit-rate priority class to the S-Node B 1103. The S-Node B 1103 measures 1505 the overall provided bit-rate to data of said priority class using common measurement procedures. Thereby an E-DCH Provided Bit-Rate Information is determined by the S-Node B 1103 and transmitted 1506 within a common measurement report to the C-RNC 1102.
As already indicated above, the E-DCH provided bit-rate information for scheduled data may be defined as total amount of MAC-d PDU bits per guaranteed bit-rate priority class transmitted over the radio interface during a measurement period, divided by the duration of the measurement period. Only bits from acknowledged MAC-e PDUs are taken into account. This E-DCH provided bit-rate information is used for definition of the Total E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value Group of the [NBAP] COMMON MEASUREMENT REPORT message. As becomes apparent from this definition, the dedicated measurement procedure reports on individual (i.e. per UE) bit-rates provided to a priority class while the common measurements report on the total bit-rate or overall bit-rate provided to all UEs of the respective priority class within a radio cell.
In addition to the provided bit-rate parameter value, the S-Node B 1103 may also determine a list of costly UEs transmitting scheduled data of the guaranteed bit-rate priority class to be reported on within its serving cell that contribute significantly to the noise rise within the serving cell.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, this list of costly UEs may be defined based on used TFC statistics during a single measurement period. For example, E-TFC statistics may be used to define cost of a UE j during the measurement period of N-TTI by means of the equation:
$C_{j} = {\frac{1}{N}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N}{W_{i}{\frac{E - {{TFC}_{i}\lbrack{bit}\rbrack}}{E - {{TFC}_{i}^{\max}\lbrack{bit}\rbrack}}.}}}}$
E-TFC_(i) ^(max) corresponds to the E-TFC (Enhanced-Transport Format Combination) of the respective UE with a maximum number of bits, while W_(i) denotes factor corresponding to the gain factors (“boosting” or “nominal” mode of the UE).
The value of the IE ‘E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value’ Group is determined in Layer-2 measurement procedures. However, it is also possible to include this IE in Layer-1 measurement signaling.
Another definition of a costly UE may be chosen as follows. A ‘costly’ UE is a UE whose predefined E-TFC statistics for dedicated uplink transmission observed during a measurement interval has exceeded certain threshold. Simplified, the costly UEs may be those UEs which significantly contribute to the noise rise on the uplink for a given radio cell.
The common measurement results of the S-RNC 1103 in the exemplary embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 12 may be comprised in a so-called E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value Information. This E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value Information may define a Group of the [NBAP] COMMON MEASUREMENT REPORT message. The group should comprise following IE ‘Priority Indication’ which may identify the priority class of E-DCH MAC-d flow reported on and the IE ‘E-DCH Provided Bit-rate value’ as defined above. These two IEs may for example be mandatory.
Further, the group may further comprise an optional or mandatory IE ‘List of costly UEs’ which list the costly UEs within the cell controlled by the reporting Node B. he list of costly UEs may comprise UEs causing particularly high RoT by their uplink transmissions in the sense captured by the equation above or similar. Based on the list of costly UEs, C-RNC 1102 may initiate reconfiguration of resources assigned to E-DCHs. Another option for the C-RNC 1102 may be to perform a MAC-d flow pre-emption for costly UEs or a switching of the costly UEs' traffic from an E-DCH to a legacy uplink DCH. The list of costly UEs may be a part of Group associated with Layer-1 measurements as well. This information is shown in the table below.
IE type and IE/Group Name Presence Range reference Total E-DCH Provided Bit-rate tbd Value Information >Priority Indication M tbd tbd >E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value M tbd tbd > List of costly UEs M/O tbd tbd (tbd = to be defined)
FIG. 16 shows a message flow diagram of common measurement reporting from the S-RNC 1112 to the C-RNC 1102 according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention.
The common measurements are initiated by the C-RNC 1102 by sending 1601 a common measurement request message to the S-RNC 1112. Common measurement reporting on the provided bit-rate to scheduled data of a specified guaranteed bit-rate priority class from S-RNC 1112 may use a [RNSAP] Common Measurement Reporting Procedure. The C-RNC 1102 may request S-RNC 1112 to report the results of measurements as requested by C-RNC 1102 by [RNSAP] COMMON MEASUREMENT INITIATION REQUEST message.
The request may for example indicate the priority class the S-RNC 1112 should report on and at least one Node B of the UE 1403's active set during soft handover. The UEs 1401, 1402, and 1403 all transmit 1502, 1503, 1504 scheduled data of this priority class via the S-Node B 1102 to the S-RNC 1112 (see 1602, 1603, 1604). The S-RNC 1102 may provide the scheduled data of the priority class to the S-RNC 1112 using the E-DCH FP as for example illustrated in FIG. 10 and FIG. 17. Thus, the S-RNC 1112 may differentiate the data transmitted by the respective UEs and by respective Node Bs in case more than one Node B is configured to be reported on by the common measurement request from the C-RNC 1102.
The C-RNC 1102 may select an individual Node B or a subset of Node Bs of the UE 1403's active set which should provide common measurement reports for data of a guaranteed bit-rate priority class. The selection of this subset of active set Node Bs or the selection of a single Node B of a UE only (such as S-Node B 1103 in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 16) for reporting may be done by listing the respective Cell IDs (C-IDs) of the selected Node B(s) in a [RNSAP] DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIATION REQUEST message.
Again the type of the measurement to be performed by the S-RNC 1112 may be defined in a specific Common Measurement Type. The Common Measurement Type is a Group of the [RNSAP] COMMON MEASUREMENT INITIATION REQUEST message defining the type of measurement to be executed. Common measurements specific for E-DCH may be achieved by defining a new IE ‘Total E-DCH Provided Bit-rate’ as a part of Common Measurement Type Group. The presence of this IE may for example be mandatory. The IE ‘Total E-DCH Provided Bit-rate’ may be also used for requesting measurements on total provided bit-rate for GBR traffic per priority class and per cell.
Returning to FIG. 16, the S-RNC 1112 may perform 1605 a common measurement procedure to determine the bit-rate provided to the scheduled data of the guaranteed bit-rate priority class within the radio cell of the S-Node B 1102.
The results of the measurement may be reported 1606 to the C-RNC 1102 in a common measurement report. As indicated above with respect to the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 15, also the common measurement results of this embodiment may be provided in an E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value Information. The E-DCH Provided Bit-rate Value Information may specify a Group of the [RNSAP] COMMON MEASUREMENT REPORT message transmitted from the S-RNC 1112 to the C-RNC 1102. The group should comprise following IE ‘priority indication’ for identifying the priority class of E-DCH MAC-d flow and the IE ‘E-DCH Provided Bit-rate value’. As explained previously, these IEs may be mandatory. Further, also the report from the S-RNC 1112 may comprise and additionally optional or mandatory IE ‘List of costly UEs’ as explained above with respect to FIG. 15.
Though it has been indicated in the embodiments above, that the dedicated/common measurement request may only indicate a single guaranteed bit-rate priority class, it should be noted that the measurement request may also comprise a range of priority classes having scheduled guaranteed bit-rate traffic or a plurality of guaranteed bit-rate priority classes may be identified in the request and may be reported on by the respective reporting network element(s). Further, it should be noted that for the embodiments relating to S-RNC 1112 reporting to the C-RNC 1102 it is not required that the UE or one of the UEs reported on are in soft-handover.
The following table illustrates the options on the different measurements that may be initiated by the C-RNC 1102 in the different embodiments outlined above.
Node B to C-RNC 1102 S-RNC 1112 to C-RNC1102 Dedicated 1. Provided bit-rate 2. Provided bit-rate per measurement per priority priority class per procedure class per UE UE per cell (per cell) 3. Provided bit-rate per priority class per UE after MDC Common 4. Total provided 5. Total provided bit-rate per measurement bit-rate per priority class per cell procedure priority class per cell
As has been explained in the previous sections, measurement reporting for congestion control may be done for example by means of [NBAP] COMMON/DEDICATED MEASUREMENT REPORT message. When it is discovered in the C-RNC 1102 that there is no satisfactory fulfillment of QoS requirements, it may decide to invoke congestion control. There are several ways to do this, depending on whether the total RoT resources in a Node B dedicated to E-DCH of a UE is sufficient to handle MAC-d flow at the given QoS requirements (e.g. guaranteed bit-rate) or not.
In case the total RoT resources that can be dedicated to E-DCH by the Node B (maxRoT) are insufficient to handle MAC-d flow, the C-RNC 1102 may initiate a MAC-d flow pre-emption. This may for example be achieved by sending a [RNSAP] RADIO LINK PREEMPTION REQUIRED INDICATION message to the S-RNC 1112. After receiving the message from the C-RNC 1102, the S-RNC 1112 may stop the flow of data on Radio Bearers that are associated to logical channels that are associated to the MAC-d flows that are to be preempted.
In case the total RoT resources in the Node B that can be dedicated to E-DCH (maxRoT) are sufficient to handle MAC-d flow, the C-RNC 1102 may inform the S-RNC 1112 on the situation. For example, this may be achieved by sending a [RNSAP] RADIO LINK CONGESTION INDICATION message to the S-RNC 1112. This congestion indication message may for example comprise an indication of the guaranteed bit-rate priority class for which congestion control is performed, e.g. a MAC-d flow ID.
If the S-RNC controlled E-TFC set provides sufficiently high data rates, the Node B controlled E-DCH resources may be reconfigured by the S-RNC 1112 for example by means of [NBAP] RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION REQUEST message transmitted to the respective Node B. This message will reconfigure the Node B controlled TFC subset (see FIG. 7) such that it may become possible to provide the scheduled data of the priority class at the guaranteed bit-rate or even a higher bit-rate.
If however the S-RNC controlled E-TFC set does not allow for sufficiently high data rates, the S-RNC 1112 may need to reconfigure the RNC controlled E-TFC set in the respective UE for example by sending [RRC] E-TFC RECONFIGURATION REQUEST message. The Node B controlled E-DCH resources may be reconfigured by means of [NBAP] RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION REQUEST message afterwards as explained above.
In addition to performing congestion control or alternatively thereto, the C-RNC 1102 may also handle admission control to services implying uplink traffic of a guaranteed bit-rate priority class based on the measurement results received from the at least one Node B or the S-RNC 1112.
The C-RNC 1102 may utilize measurement reports to make a decision on whether to admit the new user or not. For example, if total provided bit-rate per priority class for a common measurement procedure is less than required bit-rate (guaranteed bit-rate) for already admitted users per priority class, the C-RNC 1102 may not admit newly arrived user. Upon detecting a change in the provided bit-rate based on the measurements subsequently received at the C-RNC 1102 may decide to admit new users for example, the latest measurement report(s) indicate that the required bit-rate may be provided to the users of the respective priority class.
An example of data and signalling flows for admission control by the C-RNC assuming [NBAP] measurement reporting is shown in the FIG. 17. For example, if a C-RNC has decided not to admit new users for a specific priority class, the C-RNC may for example send Radio Link Setup Failure message to the S-RNC requesting the setup of a new radio link for a user.
In this respect, it should be noted that RoT for a particular E-DCH is constant and regulated by a Node B. The bit-rate for the power offsets assigned to an individual UE may for example be calculated by the UE E-TFC selection algorithm. Therefore, in one embodiment of the invention, the GBR attribute of a user considered for transmission is not be used for admission control.
In the following the E-DCH operation during soft handover according to the embodiments above is considered with respect to an optimization Iub capacity. It may be assumed that reporting is being done by specially selected single Node Bs within active set or by specially selected subset of Node Bs within active set.
During SHO operation measurements may be received by C-RNC 1102 by several Node Bs within the active set of a particular UE 1100, 1403. This may not be particularly efficient form Iub utilization point of view. Therefore, it may be of advantage if dedicated measurements may be configured to be executed by the S-Node B 1103 only given that its commands are the major limiting factor for uplink bit-rate provided to scheduled data transmissions.
Since S-Node B selection is generally UE specific, measurement reporting per serving Node B only is possible for dedicated type of measurements. Provided that the measurements are configured per priority class and per group of users having same serving Node B, this also allows for reporting using common measurement procedures as outlined above. Generally, when trying to optimize the lub load due to measurements, a decreased lub load during SHO operation is traded off against decreased accuracy of reporting.
As explained previously, certain UEs having very high priority uplink access over an E-DCH may not be obliged to honor scheduling grant commands from non-serving Node Bs. This may for example allow a further option for optimizing the lub load implied by the measurements. For example, per S-Node B reporting may be conducted for these “high priority” UEs without any decrease in accuracy of reporting.
Moreover, another possibility for lub optimization in soft handover operation concerns the situation where other Node Bs than the S-Node B reports measurements. It may be possible that a number of retransmissions of MAC-e PDUs (RSN=Retransmission Sequence Number) is reported along with the respective MAC-e PDUs within DATA FRAMEs of the E-DCH FP.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention it is assumed that RSN field (or ‘N of HARQ Retransm’ field) is included in the DATA FRAMEs being sent by each of the Node Bs within active set to the S-RNC and that the E-DCH FP is terminated in the C-RNC 1102. Under the assumption that for a good channel quality less retransmissions of PDUs are required on the uplink than for bad channel uplink channel conditions, the RSN field may be interpreted as an indication of the channel uplink channel quality for a UE in soft handover in a respective radio cell of its active set's Node B. In order to cope with fluctuations in the channel quality, an average reported RSN for a predetermined measurement period may be calculated. Thus, the Node B having best uplink quality within active set may be selected as the one indicating the lowest (average) RSN.
In this exemplary embodiment, the Node B having the best uplink channel quality may be selected as the Node B that should provided measurement results. Alternatively, also more than a single Node B may be also selected, e.g. the two or three Node Bs having the best uplink channel quality. This operation is however applicable to dedicated measurements only.
In another embodiment of the invention it is assumed that E-DCH FP is not terminated in the C-RNC 1102, which requires that the subset of reporting Node Bs within active set/Serving Node B of a UE may be determined by S-RNC 1112. A corresponding indication may be sent to the C-RNC 1102 which may initiate measurements by sending [NBAP] DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIATION REQUEST message to selected Node Bs/the selected Node B.
For non-scheduled data of a guaranteed bit-rate priority class only an indication of congestion may be sent from a measuring Node B to the C-RNC 1102. Upon receiving the indication on congestion for non-scheduled data of the priority class the C-RNC 1102 may try to allocate more resources for E-DCH.
It may assumed that serving Node B may internally compress the amount of RoT for scheduled data to free more resources for non-scheduled data as having higher priority but requesting lower delay and lower data rates. Therefore an explicit reporting of a provided bit-rate may not be necessary for non-scheduled data thus contributing to decreasing the load on interfaces.
As described in the last table above, common/dedicated NBAP/RNSAP measurement reporting may be configured. Depending on the information required, certain configuration may be more or less suitable.
For example, for high priority UEs obeying only commands of serving Node B, it may be possible to send a provided bit-rate after MDC to the C-RNC. If the provided bit-rate is lower than requested (guaranteed bit-rate), the C-RNC may reconfigure E-DCH resources assigned to the S-Node B.
In another example, C-RNC may wish to observe common measurements on the total provided bit-rate per priority class and cell or dedicated measurements on the total provided bit-rate per priority class, cell and UE in order to identify those Node Bs within active set of the UE that do not contribute significantly to macro-diversity gain. The C-RNC may further wish to assign more resources to those Node Bs or to recommend to the S-RNC by signaling that those Node Bs are removed from the active set.
It should be noted that Node Bs within active set of the UE that do not contribute significantly to macro-diversity gain may also be derived from RSN field of the E-DCH FP. In case the E-DCH FP is not terminated in the C-RNC, the information from the RSN fields is however not available in C-RNC. In this case the Node Bs selected for reporting may be signaled from S-RNC to C-RNC so that C-RNC can configure the measurements accordingly.
Finally, it should be noted that measurement reporting after MDC provides important information to the C-RNC that cannot be obtained by measurements in this network element even if E-DCH FP were terminated in it. Based on provided bit-rate after MDC, C-RNC can reconfigure E-DCH resource in Node B. For example, if the provided bit-rate is lower than the guaranteed bit-rate, the total amount of RoT assigned to the E-DCH in Node Bs may be changed.
Another embodiment of the invention relates to the implementation of the above described various embodiments using hardware and software. It is recognized that the various above mentioned method steps as well as the various logical entities and modules described above may be implemented or performed using computing devices (processors), as for example general purpose processors, digital signal processors (DSP), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or other programmable logic devices, etc. The various embodiments of the invention may also be performed or embodied by a combination of these devices.
Thus, for example, it is recognized that the operation of the C-RNC and the S-RNC described in the embodiments of the invention and their variations above may be implemented in hardware and/or software and the functionality of these network elements may also be comprised on a computer readable medium. The various embodiments of the invention may therefore be also implemented by means of software modules which are executed by a processor or directly in hardware. Also a combination of software modules and a hardware implementation may be possible. The software modules may be stored on any kind of computer readable storage media, for example RAM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, memory cards, registers, hard disks, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
1. A method for reporting a measurement in a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) comprising user equipments and a Node B connected to a controlling radio network controller, the method comprising: (a) measuring in the Node B a provided bit-rate being provided to data transmitted on an Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) by at least one of the user equipments; and (b) signaling the provided bit-rate to the controlling radio network controller, wherein said data is associated with a priority class and the provided bit-rate is measured for each priority class, and wherein the Node B measures the provided bit-rate as the total number of MAC-d Protocol Data Unit (PDU) bits whose transmission over the radio interface has been considered successful by MAC-e in the Node B during a measurement period, divided by a duration of the measurement period.
2. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 1, wherein the provided bit-rate is measured as a common measurement on provided bit-rates per priority class, and each of the provided bit-rates is provided to data transmitted on the E-DCH by a respective one of the user equipments.
3. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 1, wherein said at least one of the user equipments is in soft handover.
4. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 1, wherein the provided bit rate is measured per cell.
5. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 1, wherein the priority class refers to a priority indicated by a scheduling priority indicator which is used for scheduling at the Node B.
6. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 1, further comprising receiving a measurement initiation request message for initiating the measurement from the controlling radio network controller.
7. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 1, wherein the provided bit-rate is signaled together with a priority indicator indicating a priority class with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated.
8. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 1, wherein the priority class is a logical channel priority with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated.
9. A Node B for use in a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) comprising user equipments and the Node B connected to a controlling radio network controller, the Node B comprising: (a) a measurement unit operable to measure a provided bit-rate being provided to data transmitted on an Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) by at least one of the user equipments; and (b) a signaling unit operable to signal the provided bit-rate to the controlling radio network controller, wherein said data is associated with a priority class and the provided bit-rate is measured for each priority class, and wherein the measurement unit of the Node B is operable to measure the provided bit-rate as the total number of MAC-d Protocol Data Unit (PDU) bits whose transmission over the radio interface has been considered successful by MAC-e in the Node B during a measurement period, divided by a duration of the measurement period.
10. The Node B according to claim 9, wherein the measurement unit is operable to measure the provided bit-rate as a common measurement on provided bit-rates pre priority class, and each of the provided bit-rates is provided to data transmitted on the E-DCH by a respective one of the user equipments.
11. The Node B according to claim 9, wherein said at least one of the user equipments is in soft handover.
12. The Node B according to claim 9, wherein the measurement unit is operable to measure the provided bit rate per cell.
13. The Node B according to claim 9, wherein the priority class refers to a priority indicated by a scheduling priority indicator which is used for scheduling at the Node B.
14. The Node B according to claim 9, further comprising a receiving section operable to receive, from the controlling radio network controller, a measurement initiation request message for initiating the measurement.
15. The Node B according to claim 9, wherein the signaling unit is operable to signal the provided bit-rate together with a priority indicator indicating a priority class with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated.
16. The Node B according to claim 9, wherein the priority class is a logical channel priority with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated.
17. A method for reporting a measurement in Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) comprising user equipments and a Node B connected to a controlling radio network controller, the method comprising: (a) sending, by the controlling radio network controller, a measurement initiation request message to the Node B for initiating a measurement on a provided bit-rate being provided to data transmitted on an Enhanced Dedicated Channel E-DCH by at least one of the user equipments; and (b) receiving, by the controlling radio network controller, the provided bit-rate measured at the Node B, wherein said data is associated with a priority class and the provided bit-rate is measured for each priority class, and wherein the Node B measures the provided bit-rate as the total number of MAC-d Protocol Data Unit (PDU) bits whose transmission over the radio interface has been considered successful by MAC-e in the Node B during a measurement period, divided by a duration of the measurement period.
18. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 17, wherein the provided bit-rate is received as a common measurement on provided bit-rates per priority class, and each of the provided bit-rates is provided to data transmitted on the E-DCH by a respective one of the user equipments.
19. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 17, wherein said at least one of the user equipments is in soft handover.
20. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 17, wherein the provided bit rate is measured per cell.
21. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 17, wherein the priority class refers to a priority indicated by a scheduling priority indicator which is used for scheduling at the Node B.
22. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 17, wherein the provided bit-rate is received together with a priority indicator indicating a priority class with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated.
23. The method for reporting a measurement according to claim 17, wherein the priority class is a logical channel priority with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated.
24. A controlling radio network controller in a Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) comprising user equipments and a Node B connected to the controlling radio network controller, the controlling radio network controller comprising: a sending unit operable to send a measurement initiation request message to the Node B for initiating a measurement on a provided bit-rate being provided to data transmitted on an Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) by at least one of the user equipments; and a receiving unit operable to receive the provided bit-rate measured at the Node B, wherein said data is associated with a priority class and the provided bit-rate is measured for each priority class, and wherein the Node B measures the provided bit-rate as the total number of MAC-d Protocol Data Unit (PDU) bits whose transmission over the radio interface has been considered successful by MAC-e in the Node B during a measurement period, divided by a duration of the measurement period.
25. The controlling radio network controller according to claim 24, wherein the receiving unit is operable to receive the provided bit-rate as a common measurement on provided bit-rates per priority class, and each of the provided bit-rates is provided to data transmitted on the E-DCH by a respective one of the user equipments.
26. The controlling radio network controller according to claim 24, wherein said at least one of the user equipments is in soft handover.
27. The controlling radio network controller according to claim 24, wherein the receiving unit is operable to receive the provided bit rate measured per cell.
28. The controlling radio network controller according to claim 24, wherein the priority class refers to a priority indicated by a scheduling priority indicator which is used for scheduling at the Node B.
29. The controlling radio network controller according to claim 24, wherein the receiving unit is operable to receive the provided bit-rate together with a priority indicator indicating a priority class with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated.
30. The controlling radio network controller according to claim 24, wherein the priority class is a logical channel priority with which a logical channel mapped on the E-DCH is associated..
| 8,522
|
1042086_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 622
| 1,145
|
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT SEP 25 2013
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 12-10361
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:12-cr-00061-GMS-1
v.
MEMORANDUM*
ROBERTO MANUEL SANTOS-
SALAZAR,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
G. Murray Snow, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted September 10, 2013**
San Francisco, California
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
1
Before: SCHROEDER and BYBEE, Circuit Judges, and TIMLIN, Senior District
Judge.***
Appellant Roberto Manuel Santos-Salazar appeals his conviction by guilty
plea and sentence for illegal reentry of a removed alien in violation of 8 U.S.C. §
1326. On appeal, Santos-Salazar argues (1) that the district court erred by denying
his motions for new counsel when he indicated that he and his attorney had
communication issues, and (2) that the sentence imposed was substantively
unreasonable given the age of a 1996 domestic violence conviction that gave rise
to the sixteen-level enhancement. We affirm.
1. “[A]n unconditional guilty plea . . . ‘constitutes a waiver of the right to
appeal all non-jurisdictional antecedent rulings and cures all antecedent
constitutional defects.’” United States v. Foreman, 329 F.3d 1037, 1038 (9th Cir.
2003), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Jacobo Castillo, 496 F.3d
947, 949 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Reyes-Platero, 224
F.3d 1112, 1114 (9th Cir. 2000)); see Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267
(1973) (holding a valid guilty plea constitutes a complete waiver of claims of error
occurring prior to plea, including claims arising out of the denial of a motion to
***
The Honorable Robert J. Timlin, Senior District Judge for the U.S.
District Court for the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
2
substitute counsel). As the record shows, the court conducted a thorough plea
colloquy before concluding that Santos-Salazar was well-informed of his rights
and competent to enter a plea. Accordingly, Santos-Salazar’s motions for new
counsel were waived by his unconditional guilty plea.
2. A circuit court reviews a district court’s sentence for abuse of discretion.
United States v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 993 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc). Sentences are
reviewed for “reasonableness” and only substantively unreasonable or procedurally
erroneous sentences are reversed. Id.
Santos-Salazar contends that his sentence was unreasonable under United
States v. Amezcua-Vasquez, 567 F.3d 1050 (9th Cir. 2009), where we vacated an
enhancement on the grounds that the defendant’s twenty-five year-old conviction
was “stale.” Id. at 1055. Here, the end of Santos-Salazar’s supervision from his
1996 conviction, by contrast, was December 24, 1999—only twelve years before
his arrest for illegal reentry—and the district court gave some credence to the age
of the conviction and lowered by eighteen months the imposed sentence from that
recommended in the Presentence Investigation Report.
Nothing in the record suggests that the sentence was otherwise substantively
or procedurally unreasonable upon review of the totality of the circumstances.
Gall, 552 U.S. at 51. Procedurally, the court did not fail to calculate the sentencing
3
guidelines or weigh the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors, and it did not rely
on erroneous facts, or fail to explain its sentence. See Carty, 520 F.3d at 993. To
the contrary, the court weighed the 3553(a) factors carefully and specifically found
that Santos-Salazar “remains a danger to the public” such that it was appropriate to
impose a “significant sentence to deter him from further returning to the United
States.” The judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
4.
| 23,412
|
US-44721374-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,974
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,430
| 5,134
|
Hydraulic press
ABSTRACT
A hydraulic press includes a frame having a top support plate with a generally U-shaped cut out mounted on spaced uprights. A ram is provided above the support plate cut out to vertically move a tool. A plurality of pairs of vertically spaced platen supports are mounted by the uprights, the platen supports of each pair being transversely spaced for supporting a removably, horizontal platen with its generally U-shaped cut out directly vertically below the support plate cut out. Either the platen or the support plate can be used for supporting a jig, or a fixture, or a work piece. A second embodiment includes a pair of spaced vertical rams for moving a tool vertically relative a support plate that has a generally U-shaped cut out horizontally between and at a lower elevation than the rams in their retracted position.
United States Patent 1 Delmore July 22, 1975 [73] Assignee: Tennant Company, Minneapolis,
Minn.
[22] Filed: Mar. 1, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 447,213
Primary Examiner-C. W. Lanham Assistant Examiner-Gene P. Crosby Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Bugger, Johnson & Westman [57] ABSTRACT A hydraulic press includes a frame having a top support plate with a generally U-shaped cut out mounted on spaced uprights. A ram is provided above the support plate cut out to vertically move a tool.
A plurality of pairs of vertically spaced platen supports are mounted by the uprights, the platen supports of each pair being transversely spaced for supporting a removably, horizontal platen with its generally U-shaped cut out directly vertically below the support plate cut out. Either the platen or the support plate can be used for supporting a jig, or a fixture, or a work piece. A second embodiment includes a pair of spaced vertical rams for moving a tool vertically relative a support plate that has a generally U-shaped cut out horizontally between and at a lower elevation than the rams in their retracted position.
SHEET PATENTEDJUL 22 I975 HYDRAULIC PRESS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A hydraulic press having a ram for moving a tool for performing a work operation on a work piece. In the prior art it is old to provide a hydraulic press having a ram of a fixed piston stroke for performing a work operation on a work piece mounted on a fixedly mounted support plate. However the usability of such a press is limited due to spacing between the support plate and the end of the ram adjacent the support plate in the ram retracted position is fixed. In order to overcome problems such as the above, as well as others, this invention has been made.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A hydraulic press having a frame, a two way acting ram mounted on the frame, and a platen for supporting work pieces, fixtures or jigs, said frame including frame members for removably supporting the platen at various selected distances from the ram.
One of the objects of this invention is to provide a new and novel hydraulic press for mounting a work piece, fixture or jig supporting platen at various selected spaced positions from a ram. Another object of this invention is to provide a hydraulic press having a hydraulic ram, a fixed position work piece or jig support plate and a new novel mounting for a removable platen. In furtherance of the above mentioned objects, it is another object of this invention to provide a new and novel hydraulic press having tandem rams.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the hydraulic press of the first embodiment of the invention looking toward one front corner portion of the press that is performing a work operation;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary perspective view of the press of FIG. 1 looking toward the other front corner portion of press that is performing a different work operation; and
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary front view of a hydraulic press of a second embodiment of the invention.
Referring now in particular to FIGS. 1 and 2, the first embodiment of the hydraulic press of this invention includes a frame, generally designated 10, that includes a pair of transversely spaced uprights 11, a pair of transversely spaced front uprights 12, and a pair of intermediate uprights 13 that are located longitudinally intermediate the front and rear uprights. On the uprights ll, 12 and 13 on each transverse side of the press there is mounted a top horizontal frame member 14 and 15 respectively, the frame members being parallel to one another and extending longitudinally.
The lower end portion of a casting 16 is mounted by the frame, the casting 16 having a predominantly horizontally extending arm 16a that extends forwardly to mount a vertical, fixed stroke ram 17, 18 such that the central axis of the reciprocally movable piston rod 18 is located transversely between frame members l4, l and longitudinally intermediate uprights 12, 13. The ram has a two way acting cylinder 17 that is attached to the casting 16 while an appropriate fitting 19 is attached to the lower end portion of the piston rod 18 for mounting a suitable tool for carrying out a work operation on a work piece. A clamp plate 26 is removably bolted to the arm 16a for securing the cylinder to the arm 16a and also to permit the vertical spacing of the cylinder from support plate 20 being adjusted upon loosening the bolts, and upon tightening the bolts, prevent the cylinder moving relative arm 16a. Micrometer 5 stops or other conventional means may be provided in controlling stroke lengths to stop or proceed and return to any given length of stroke up to the maximum of the cylinder capacity.
Welded to the forward end portions of the frame members l4, in overlying relationship thereto is a top horizontal support plate that has a forwardly opening, generally U-shaped cut out 21 that is ofa horizontal area greater than the transverse area of the piston rod. The cut out 21 is located vertically beneath the piston rod 18 in its retracted position and extends horizontally forwardly and rearwardly thereof, and transversely on either side thereof. Advantageously the plate 20 may be provided with drilled and tapped holes or T- slots, or the like, for securing a work piece or fixture thereto.
Welded to the uprights 12, 13 at a lower elevation than the top support plate and on one transverse side of the press to extend therebetween and toward the corresponding uprights on the opposite side of the press are a plurality of vertical spaced, longitudinally elongated horizontal platen supports 22. Likewise, on the other upright l2, 13 there are mounted a plurality of vertically spaced, longitudinally elongated, horizontal platen supports 23 to extend transversely toward the platen supports 22. It should be noted that there is a platen support 23 at the same elevation as each platen support 22 and that the adjacent longitudinal edges of each of the platen supports 22, 23 at the same elevation are substantially transversely spaced from one another by a transverse distance at least as great as the maximum transverse dimension of the cut out 21. The front edges of the platen supports are located a substantial distance horizontally forwardly of the piston rod while the rear edges are located a substantial distance rearwardly of the piston rod. The platen supports are provided for supporting a removable platen 24 at any one of a number of select vertical spacings from the ram with the platen being located vertically beneath the top support plate, including being directly vertically beneath the cut out 21. The platen 24 has a forwardly opening, generally U-shaped cut out 25 that extends horizontally to at least in part be located directly beneath the piston rod 18 and extends horizontally forwardly and rearwardly thereof. Preferably, the cut out 25 is of a substantially smaller horizontal cross sectional area than the cut out 21 but larger than the transverse cross sectional area of the piston rod.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the second embodiment of the hydraulic press of this invention includes the frame, generally designated 30, that mounts a pair of transversely spaced castings 36. Advantageously each casting is of the same construction as the casting 16 of the first embodiment. Each casting 36 has a predominantly horizontally forwardly extending arm that mounts a vertical ram 37, 38 to be located vertically above the front end portion of the frame. The rams are mounted in parallel relationship to one another. Mounted on the front end portion of the frame is a top support plate 40 that has a transversely intermediate, forwardly opening, generally U-shaped cut out 41. The rams are tandem operated and include piston rods 38 that dependingly mount the fitting 39, the piston rods in retracted positions being vertically above and transversely on either side of the cut out, and horizontally rearwardly of the front portion of the cut out. The fitting 39 has a work piece engaging portion 39a or a tool 39a mounted thereon that is located directly vertically above the cut out 41.
The frame includes transversely spaced frame members 31, 32 which respectively mount a plurality of platen supports 42 and 43 in transversely spaced and vertically spaced relationship such as described in more detail relative the platen supports 22, 23 of the first embodiment. The platen supports 42, 43 are provided for mounting a removable platen 44 to be located vertically beneath the cut out 41. The platen 44 has a generally U-shaped cut out 45 that is located vertically beneath cut out 41, and preferably of a substantially smaller horizontal cross sectional area than cut out 41.
Even though the ram of the apparatus of this invention has a fixed length stroke which is less than the minimum vertical spacing from piston rod in its retracted position from the top of the top support plate, the apparatus may be used for performing many different type work operations on different type work pieces, depending on the tools and the fixtures used therewith. For example, referring to FIG. 1, an axially elongated broaching tool 46 is dependingly mounted by the fitting 19 to perform a broaching operation on an annular work piece 47. In this instance the combined axial lengths of the broaching tool mounted in the fitting in the piston rod retracted position and the work piece is greater than the spacing of the piston rod in its retracted position from the top support plate, and thus the platen 24 is moved and positioned on the upper most platen supports 22, 23. The work piece 47 is then positioned on platen to be supported thereby and have the central aperture of the work piece open downwardly through the cut out 25 and thence fluid under pressure applied to the cylinder 17 for moving the piston rod 18 and tool 46 downwardly to perform the broaching operation.
In the event that the broaching tool was of a substantially shorter length, the platen 24 may be positioned on the top support plate; whereas if the axial length of the broaching tool 46 were substantially longer than that of the tool illustrated in FIG. 1, then the platen 24 may be moved downwardly to be supported on, for example, the second or third set of platen supports 22, 23 (from the top).
As for an example of a different type of work operation, it may be noted in FIG. 2, a bending jig 49 is positioned on the top support plate to extend across the cut out 21 and a fitting 50 is mounted on the piston rod 18. The fitting dependingly mounts a bending fixture 51 for bending the work piece 52 when the work piece is supported by the jig 49 and the piston rod is moved vertically downwardly.
Referring to FIG. 3, the tandem rarn press may be utilized when greater pressure is needed than that obtained from a single ram. In such a case, if the tool 39a is of greater vertical height than the vertical spacing between the fitting 39 and the top of the support plate 50, then the tool would be of a transverse width smaller than the corresponding width of the cut out 41 so it may be moved downwardly therethrough. In such a case the work piece would be supported on a platen 44 that is positioned on the appropriate set of platen supports 42, 43, the tool being of a height to perform the work operation when the piston rods are moved to their extended positions. On the other hand if the combined height of the tool and the work piece is less than the spacing between the fitting 39 and the support plate, and the work piece in one horizontal direction is of a size greater than the cut out 41, the work piece may be positioned on top of the support plate. In the event the work piece in a horizontal direction is of maximim size that is less than the transverse width of cut out 41, and the combined height of the tool. work piece and platen are less than a spacing of the fitting in its retracted position from plate 40, then the platen would be provided on the support plate to extend across the cut out for supporting the work piece.
It is within the preview of this invention that the platen may be provided with more than one cut out that is spaced from the other, for example opening through different edges of the platen as long as the platen can be positioned to be supported by the platen supports and the cut out at least in part being located directly below the piston rod. Such cut outs may be of different sizes and shapes, or in place of cut outs, the platen may be provided with apertures to be located directly below the piston rod. To be mentioned is that the platen to be supported by the platen supports 22, 23 or 42, 43 need not be provided with a cut out or aperture if the work operation is, for example a bending one, and a jig is to be supported on the platen, or a work operation wherein one part of a work piece is not to be pushed out of another part of the work piece. Also more than one platen may be provided that has different size and- /or shape cut outs or apertures than those in the other platen or platens.
Further, it is to be understood that even though the invention has been described with reference to a work operation being performed when the piston rod is moving from a retracted to an extended position, it is possible to use the apparatus of this invention for performing a work operation when a pulling force is required. This may be accomplished by using a suitable fixture and tool whereby, for example, the pulling force is exerted through the work piece to the platen 44 and the platen is moved upwardly (or is supported) to abut against the bottom surfaces of the platen supports thereabove, or the top plate, to stop further upward movement of the desired part of the work piece while permitting another part of the work piece being moved upwardly. Alternately, the platen may be bolted to the platen supports.
Additionally, frame members 12, 13 and 31, 32 may be of any length, and any number of platen supports may be provided, depending on the type of work operations to be performed on the hydraulic press.
Although the apparatus of this invention has been described with reference to a vertical press, it is to be understood the press may be a horizontal press of the same construction other than the various parts of the press extend at right angles to that described, including the ram stroke being in the horizontal direction. In a horizontal press, if desired, there may be provided tracks or guideways (not shown) on the platen supports for retaining a platen in a generally vertical condition; or removably clamped for removably securing the platen to the platen support.
With the press of FIG. 3, due to the space between the rams 37, and above and below tool 39a and between the plate 40, the provision of the cut out 41, and the spacing between supports 42, 43 and the spacing between supports 42, 43 and the cut out, and with the provision of suitable jigs and tools, circular or boxed shaped items may be made from flat or other suitably shaped pieces of material.
Through the provision of the plurality of vertically spaced sets of platen supports on a vertical press, a push or pull operation can be exerted in increments by operating the ram to move the tool through a first increment with the platen on one side of one set of platen supports, thence moving the platen to be on the corresponding side of a second set of platen supports that the platen had been relative the first set, and thereafter moving the tool through a second increment. Additionally, different type holding fixtures and tools can be used for performing various work operations on various work pieces, for example, on bearings, sheaves, pulleys, pulling rods out of or pushing rods into apertures of structural members that mount the rods or carrying out sledging operations. As a result of the provision of the apparatus of this invention, a greater versatility of usage of a hydraulic press is obtainable even though the ram has a given ram stroke, then is obtainable with conventional hydraulic presses that are of a relative simple construction. Thus a single hydraulic press of this invention can be used for performing a multitude of different work operations; whereas, with prior art presses, a number of different hydraulic presses would be required. Also with the apparatus of this invention either a pushing force or a pulling force may be exerted in either a horizontal or a vertical direction.
What is claimed is:
1. For reciprocating a tool along a given axis to perform a work operation on a work piece, a hydraulic press comprising a frame, a first piston cylinder combination having a first cylinder and a first piston rod reciprocally operated by the cylinder, said first combination having a fixed length piston stroke, means for mounting the combination on the frame, tool mounting means adapted for attaching a tool to the first piston rod to move therewith along said axis, a platen for supporting a work piece supporting jig or work piece to have a work operation performed on the work piece by a tool mounted by the tool mounting means and moved through actuation of said first combination, means mounted on the frame for supporting the platen in various selected positions at varying spacings from the first cylinder in alignment with the path of movement of the tool mounting means, a work piece or jig support plate fixedly mounted on the frame between the platen support means and the first piston rod in its retracted position and substantially spaced from the first piston rod in its retracted position, said support plate having a cut out of a size and located to have a tool extended therethrough, said frame comprising a pair of spaced frame members extending from the support plate in a direction away from said first combination, said platen supporting means including a platen support mounted on each frame member at the same distance from the support plate as the platen support on the other frame member, said platen supports being spaced from one another and extending from the respective frame member toward the other for supporting the platen in alignment with the cut out, and a second piston cylinder combination having a second cylinder and piston rod, and means for mounting the second combination on the frame, said combination mounting means mounting the cylinders on the same side of the support plate on opposite sides of the cut out and said tool mounting means being attached to the second piston rod.
2. For reciprocating a tool along a given axis to perform a work operation on a work piece. a hydraulic press comprising a frame having first and second vertically elongated, transversely spaced frame members. a piston cylinder combination having a cylinder and a piston rod reciprocally operated by the cylinder, means for mounting the combination on the frame, tool mounting means adapted for attaching a tool to the piston rod to move therewith along said axis, a work piece or jig support plate fixedly mounted on the frame in substantially spaced relationship to the piston rod in its retracted position, a first longitudinally elongated platen support member fixedly mounted on the first frame member in vertical spaced relationship to the support plate, a second longitudinally elongated platen support member fixedly mounted on the second frame member in vertical spaced relationship to the support plate, said first and second support members extending toward one another and being substantially, transversely spaced from one another, and being spaced from the support plate the same distance vertically below the support plate, and a platen for supporting a work piece or a work piece fixture removably supported by the support members, said support plate having a cut out located at least in part directly vertically between said combination and the platen on said support members, said frame providing a structural free space between the platen on the support members and said cut out.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 further characterized in that there is provided additional first and second platen support members that are fixedly mounted on the first and second frame members at a substantially greater distance from the support plate than the first mentioned first and second support members, said additional first and second support members being both located at the same distance from the support plate and extending from the frame members towards one another and substantially transversely spaced from one another.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 further characterized in that each of the platen support members has a front edge located a substantial distance horizontally forwardly of the piston rod and a rear edge located a substantial distance rearwardly of the piston rod.
1. For reciprocating a tool along a given axis to perform a work operation on a work piece, a hydraulic press comprising a frame, a first piston cylinder combination having a first cylinder and a first piston rod reciprocally operated by the cylinder, said first combination having a fixed length piston stroke, means for mounting the combination on the frame, tool mounting means adapted for attaching a tool to the first piston rod to move therewith along said axis, a platen for supporting a work piece supporting jig or work piece to have a work operation performed on the work piece by a tool mounted by the tool mounting means and moved through actuation of said first combination, means mounted on the frame for supporting the platen in various selected positions at varying spacings from the first cylinder in alignment with the path of movement of the tool mounting means, a work piece or jig support plate fixedly mounted on the frame between the platen support means and the first piston rod in its retracted position and substantially spaced from the first piston rod in its retracted position, said support plate having a cut out of a size and located to have a tool extended therethrough, said frame comprising a pair of spaced frame members extending from the support plate in a direction away from said first combination, said platen supporting means including a platen support mounted on each frame member at the same distance from the support plate as the platen support on the other frame member, said platen supports being spaced from one another and extending from the respective frame member toward the other for supporting the platen in alignment with the cut out, and a second piston cylinder combination having a second cylinder and piston rod, and means for mounting the second combination on the frame, said combination mounting means mounting the cylinders on the same side of the support plate on opposite sides of the cut out and said tool mounting means being attached to the second piston rod.
2. For reciprocating a tool along a given axis to perform a work operation on a work piece, a hydraulic press comprising a frame having first and second vertically elongated, transversely spaced frame members, a piston cylinder combination having a cylinder and a piston rod reciprocally operated by the cylinder, means for mounting the combination on the frame, tool mounting means adapted for attaching a tool to the piston rod to move therewith along said axis, a work piece or jig support plate fixedly mounted on the frame in substantially spaced relationship to the piston rod in its retracted position, a first longitudinally elongated platen support member fixedly mounted on the first frame member in vertical spaced relationship to the support plate, a second longitudinally elongated platen support member fixedly mounted on the second frame member in vertical spaced relationship to the support plate, said first and second support members extending toward one another and being substantially, transversely spaced from one another, and being spaced from the support plate the same distance vertically below the support plate, and a platen for supporting a work Piece or a work piece fixture removably supported by the support members, said support plate having a cut out located at least in part directly vertically between said combination and the platen on said support members, said frame providing a structural free space between the platen on the support members and said cut out.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 further characterized in that there is provided additional first and second platen support members that are fixedly mounted on the first and second frame members at a substantially greater distance from the support plate than the first mentioned first and second support members, said additional first and second support members being both located at the same distance from the support plate and extending from the frame members towards one another and substantially transversely spaced from one another.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 further characterized in that each of the platen support members has a front edge located a substantial distance horizontally forwardly of the piston rod and a rear edge located a substantial distance rearwardly of the piston rod..
| 16,598
|
1849669_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 6,707
| 9,675
|
673 N.W.2d 776 (2003)
259 Mich. App. 187
Joseph ELEZOVIC, Plaintiff, and
Lula Elezovic, Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v.
FORD MOTOR COMPANY and Daniel P. Bennett, Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
Docket No. 236749.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
Submitted August 7, 2003, at Detroit.
Decided October 23, 2003, at 9:10 a.m.
Released for Publication January 8, 2004.
*779 Granzotto & Nicita, P.C. (by Mark Granzotto) and Edwards & Jennings, P.C. (by Alice B. Jennings), Detroit, for Lula Elezovic.
Kienbaum Opperwall Hardy & Pelton, P.L.C. (by Julia Turner Baumhart), Birmingham and Robert W. Powell, Dearborn, for Ford Motor Company.
Sommers, Schwartz, Silver & Schwartz, P.C. (by Sam G. Morgan and Patrick Burkett), Southfield, for Daniel P. Bennett.
Before: JANSEN, P.J., and NEFF and KIRSTEN FRANK KELLY, JJ. *777
*778 NEFF, J.
Plaintiff Lula Elezovic[1] appeals as of right the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of defendant Ford Motor Company and defendant Daniel Bennett, a former supervisor at Ford, on plaintiff's claims of sexual harassment and gender *780 discrimination. We affirm the grant of the directed verdict in favor of Ford. We also affirm the grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett, but only because we are bound to do so by the recent holding in Jager v. Nationwide Truck Brokers, Inc., 252 Mich.App. 464, 478, 652 N.W.2d 503 (2002), in which a panel of this Court decided that under the Michigan Civil Rights Act (CRA), M.C.L. § 37.2101 et seq., an individual supervisor cannot be held liable, separate from his employer, for hostile environment sexual harassment. MCR 7.215(J). Were we not bound by the holding in Jager, we would reverse the grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett on plaintiff's hostile environment claim, M.C.L. § 37.2103(i)(iii).
I
Plaintiff, an hourly production worker at Ford's Wixom Assembly Plant, filed this action in November 1999 against Ford and Bennett, alleging claims of sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and retaliation. At the core of plaintiff's claims was alleged conduct by Bennett from 1995 through 1999 that included Bennett exposing his penis and masturbating when alone with plaintiff in the Wixom plant rail yard, obscene gestures and lewd facial expressions simulating oral sex, a physical attack at a plant bathroom, and repeated sexual remarks such as asking plaintiff if her "boobs [were] real," saying that he "would like to stick [his] dick in between [her] boobs," and licking his lips and asking for a "blow job." According to plaintiff, she did not complain to Ford of Bennett's sexual harassment because of her Albanian cultural background and fear of reprisals or further intimidation by Bennett. However, plaintiff complained about nonsexual matters involving Bennett and her work conditions at Ford. She also sought psychological counseling and medical care, which she said were made necessary by the harassment at work.
Following a three-week jury trial in August 2001, the trial court directed a verdict in favor of defendants, finding that plaintiff had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination or retaliation by Ford or Bennett. Plaintiff appeals the grant of directed verdict on her claims of sexual harassment and gender discrimination.[2] She also alleges error requiring reversal in the court's evidentiary rulings.
II
The sexual conduct alleged by plaintiff formed the basis of separate claims of sex discrimination under the CRA. We find error only with regard to the claim of hostile environment sexual harassment, and only with regard to defendant Bennett. We therefore first address plaintiff's claim that the court erred in directing a verdict for defendants on her hostile environment sexual harassment claim.
A
This Court reviews de novo a trial court's decision on a motion for a directed verdict. Derbabian v. S & C Snowplowing, Inc., 249 Mich.App. 695, 701, 644 N.W.2d 779 (2002). A directed verdict is appropriate only when no factual question exists upon which reasonable minds could differ. Cacevic v. Simplematic Engineering Co. (On Remand), 248 Mich.App. 670, 679-680, 645 N.W.2d 287 (2001). We view all the evidence admitted up to the time of the motion, in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, granting that party every reasonable inference, to determine whether a question of fact existed. Id. at 679, 645 N.W.2d 287; Tobin v. Providence Hosp., 244 Mich.App. *781 626, 651-652, 624 N.W.2d 548 (2001). When the evidence could lead reasonable jurors to disagree, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the jury. Id. at 652, 624 N.W.2d 548.
B
The CRA prohibits an employer from discriminating because of sex, which includes sexual harassment. M.C.L. § 37.2202(1); M.C.L. § 37.2103(i); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc., 463 Mich. 297, 309, 614 N.W.2d 910 (2000); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc. (On Remand), 244 Mich.App. 614, 617, 624 N.W.2d 543 (2001). M.C.L. § 37.2103(i) provides:
Discrimination because of sex includes sexual harassment. Sexual harassment means unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature under the following conditions:
(i) Submission to the conduct or communication is made a term or condition either explicitly or implicitly to obtain employment....
(ii) Submission to or rejection of the conduct or communication by an individual is used as a factor in decisions affecting the individual's employment....
(iii) The conduct or communication has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual's employment... or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive employment ... environment.
When sexual harassment falls under one of the first two subsections, it is commonly referred to as quid pro quo harassment; when it falls under the third subsection, it is commonly labeled hostile environment harassment. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 310, 614 N.W.2d 910.
To establish a claim of hostile environment harassment, an employee must prove the following elements by a preponderance of the evidence:
"(1) the employee belonged to a protected group;
(2) the employee was subjected to communication or conduct on the basis of sex;
(3) the employee was subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct or communication;
(4) the unwelcome sexual conduct or communication was intended to or in fact did substantially interfere with the employee's employment or created an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment; and
(5) respondeat superior." [Id. at 311, 614 N.W.2d 910, quoting Radtke v. Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 382-383, 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993).]
With regard to the respondeat superior element of a claim of hostile environment harassment, the Chambers Court explained:
"Under the Michigan Civil Rights Act, an employer may avoid liability [in a hostile environment case] `if it adequately investigated and took prompt and appropriate remedial action upon notice of the alleged hostile work environment.'... Such prompt and appropriate remedial action will permit an employer to avoid liability if the plaintiff accuses either a co-worker ... or a supervisor of sexual harassment.... An employer, of course must have notice of alleged harassment before being held liable for not implementing action." [Id. at 312, 614 N.W.2d 910, quoting Radtke, supra at 396-397, 501 N.W.2d 155.]
Thus, an employer may avoid liability for a claim of sexual harassment if it does not have actual or constructive notice *782 of the alleged harassment. Radtke, supra at 396 n. 44, 501 N.W.2d 155.
In this case, the trial court granted a directed verdict on the basis that plaintiff had failed to establish that Ford had notice of the alleged sexual harassment. Even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, we find no error in the court's conclusion.
In McCarthy v. State Farm Ins. Co., 170 Mich.App. 451, 457, 428 N.W.2d 692 (1988), this Court explained what is meant by actual or constructive notice:
"Where ... the plaintiff seeks to hold the employer responsible for the hostile environment created by the plaintiff's supervisor or co-worker, she must show that the employer knew or should have known of the harassment in question and failed to take prompt remedial action.... The employee can demonstrate that the employer knew of the harassment by showing that she complained to higher management of the harassment... or by showing the pervasiveness of the harassment, which gives rise to the inference of knowledge or constructive knowledge." [Id. at 457, 428 N.W.2d 692, quoting Henson v. Dundee, 682 F.2d 897, 905 (C.A.11,1982).]
In Sheridan v. Forest Hills Pub. Schools, 247 Mich.App. 611, 622, 637 N.W.2d 536 (2001), this Court defined the term "higher management" to mean someone in the employer's chain of command who possesses the ability to exercise significant influence in the decision-making process of hiring, firing, and disciplining the offensive employee.
With regard to actual notice, plaintiff asserts that she told two of her supervisors of the 1995 incident in which Bennett masturbated in front of her. However, plaintiff asked them as friends to keep this confidential and to not tell anyone. She admitted that she did not want them to report Bennett's conduct to labor relations, the department responsible for investigating complaints of sexual harassment. Under these circumstances, plaintiff's report of Bennett's conduct to her supervisors does not constitute actual notice to Ford, such that it could investigate the matter and take remedial action.
Our conclusion regarding actual notice is not altered by the fact that Ford's antiharassment policy sets forth procedures requiring supervisors to report complaints of sexual harassment. "[N]otice of sexual harassment is adequate if, by an objective standard, the totality of the circumstances were such that a reasonable employer would have been aware of a substantial probability that sexual harassment was occurring." Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 319, 614 N.W.2d 910. Given that plaintiff asked her supervisors to keep the information in confidence and not tell anyone about Bennett's unwanted advances, there was not a "substantial probability" that Ford would have been aware of the hostile work environment claim so as to trigger "prompt and adequate remedial action" on its part.
We also reject plaintiff's argument that actual notice was provided by other communications to Ford made on behalf of plaintiff. Contrary to plaintiff's contention, there is no evidence that the letters from her psychologist, Dr. Parker, provided Ford with adequate notice that plaintiff was being subjected to sexual harassment by Bennett or to a work environment made hostile by sexual harassment. These letters make no reference to sexual conduct, and, as plaintiff herself admitted, she filed various grievances and labor relations complaints over the years against Bennett, but never once complained about sexual harassment by him.
*783 Plaintiff claims that she presented additional evidence that she complained to Ford officials that Bennett was harassing her, that she was frightened of him, and, further, that her son-in-law, Paul Lulgjuraj, wrote a letter to Ford's supervisor of labor relations, Jerome Rush, asserting that Lulgjuraj might take legal action "to insure that our client is not subjected to working in a hostile environment." The letter did not mention that plaintiff was being subjected to sexual harassment. Although the letter from Lulgjuraj referenced a "hostile environment," plaintiff admitted that its purpose was to notify Ford that she was accusing her co-worker, Tami Holcomb, of threatening her life and she also admitted that the letter was not communicating anything to Ford about there being sexual harassment at Ford. This additional evidence does not, under the objective standard of Chambers, establish that Ford would have been aware that sexual harassment was occurring. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 319, 614 N.W.2d 910. Plaintiff failed to show that Ford had actual notice of the alleged sexual harassment.
We also find no error in the court's conclusion that plaintiff failed to establish constructive notice of the alleged sexual harassment. The trial court held that plaintiff had not adduced sufficient evidence showing that Bennett's conduct was so pervasive that it gives rise to the inference of knowledge or constructive knowledge. Sheridan, supra at 627, 637 N.W.2d 536; McCarthy, supra at 457, 428 N.W.2d 692. In addition to the incidents involving Bennett's sexual harassment, plaintiff provided testimony that other supervisors sexually harassed her and that other female employees were sexually harassed. Nonetheless, this evidence did not establish that the sexual harassment was such that Ford had constructive notice. Plaintiff indicated that there were no witnesses to the alleged incidents of sexual harassment against her. Further, the complaint of alleged sexual harassment of plaintiff's coworker cannot be said to establish notice with respect to plaintiff's claim of harassment. Sheridan, supra at 627-628, 637 N.W.2d 536.
Because plaintiff failed to show that she provided actual or constructive notice to Ford concerning the existence of a sexually hostile working environment, Ford cannot be vicariously liable for her hostile environment claim. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 312, 614 N.W.2d 910; Radtke, supra at 395 n. 41, 501 N.W.2d 155. Thus, the trial court did not err in directing a verdict for Ford on plaintiff's hostile environment claim.
C
We find error in the trial court's conclusion that plaintiff failed to establish a hostile environment sexual harassment claim against Bennett; however, we are nonetheless obligated to affirm the court's decision in light of Jager, supra. As Bennett notes, and plaintiff concedes on appeal, this Court recently held that the CRA imposes liability only on employers, and not on individual employees of employers, with regard to sexual harassment claims. Id. at 478, 485, 652 N.W.2d 503. Thus, the Jager Court concluded that "a supervisor engaging in activity prohibited by the CRA may not be held individually liable for violating a plaintiff's civil rights." Id. at 485, 652 N.W.2d 503. Accordingly, Jager requires a conclusion that Bennett has no individual liability for sexual harassment.
Nonetheless, we conclude that Jager was wrongly decided. The Court in Jager relied on federal precedent and analyses under title VII in deciding that the CRA does not allow for individual liability for *784 sexual harassment, stating: "We believe that, like title VII, the language in the definition of `employer' concerning an `agent' of the employer was meant merely to denote respondeat superior, rather than individual liability." Jager, supra at 484, 652 N.W.2d 503.
We find Jager's reliance on federal law misplaced. The Michigan Supreme Court has recognized that unlike the federal law, the CRA expressly establishes a cause of action for sexual harassment and that employer liability under the CRA for sexual harassment is based on traditional agency principles. Chambers, supra at 311, 315-316, 326, 614 N.W.2d 910. Thus, this Court has observed that the theories of liability underlying federal sexual harassment cases must be distinguished from those underlying the CRA:
To the extent that the dissent relies on federal cases involving sexual harassment claims under title VII, that reliance is misplaced. In Chambers, our Supreme Court held that federal principles of vicarious liability related to sexual harassment claims brought under the federal title VII do not apply to claims brought under Michigan's CRA. The Court reasoned that federal principles are contrary to Michigan case law and the express language of the CRA. Chambers, supra at 303, 316, 614 N.W.2d 910.... The Court concluded that common-law agency principles determine when an employer is liable for sexual harassment committed by its employees under the CRA, whereas federal principles of vicarious liability pertinent to title VII are founded in negligence. As such, the Court refused to apply federal principles to sexual harassment claims alleging employer liability under the CRA. Id. at 311, 314-316, 614 N.W.2d 910. See Chambers v. Trettco, Inc. (On Remand), 244 Mich.App. 614, 618, 624 N.W.2d 543 (2001) (recognizing that under federal law, once "a plaintiff has established that a supervisor created a hostile working environment, the burden shifts to the employer to disprove vicarious liability for the supervisor's actions," but that "under state law, vicarious liability will be found only where the plaintiff has carried the burden of proving respondeat superior"). Given that clear mandate by our Supreme Court, we cannot apply federal title VII principles of vicarious liability in defining the term "higher management" as it relates to a claim under the CRA. We instead rely on the express language of the CRA and the cited Michigan cases in determining the proper standard. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 303, 316, 614 N.W.2d 910. [Sheridan, supra at 622-623 n. 12, 637 N.W.2d 536.]
Michigan's CRA is rooted in common-law agency principles. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 311, 614 N.W.2d 910. The CRA prohibits an employer from discriminating because of sex, which includes sexual harassment, as defined in M.C.L. § 37.2103(i). The statute expressly defines an employer as including an agent:
"Employer" means a person who has 1 or more employees, and includes an agent of that person. [M.C.L. § 37.2201(a).]
"Person" means an individual, agent, association, corporation, joint apprenticeship committee, joint stock company, *785 labor organization, legal representative, mutual company, partnership, receiver, trust, trustee in bankruptcy, unincorporated organization, the state or a political subdivision of the state or an agency of the state, or any other legal or commercial entity. [M.C.L. § 37.2103(g).]
The Legislature expressly and separately added "agent" to the definition of "employer." This definitional language indicates that an agent bears liability for discrimination. Common-law agency principles are in keeping with this language. Under agency principles, an agent is generally liable to a third person for misfeasance and for his own tortious acts. See Michigan Pleading and Practice, Agency, § 104, p. 366; Warren Tool Co. v. Stephenson, 11 Mich.App. 274, 300, 161 N.W.2d 133 (1968).
In reaching its holding, the Jager Court relied on the reasoning of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in Wathen v. Gen. Electric Co., 115 F.3d 400, 406 (C.A.6, 1997), which found that the language "and any agent of such a person"[3] in the federal act did not impose individual liability for sexual harassment. However, the Wathen court relied in key part on the limitation in the federal law's definition of employer that limits liability for discrimination to employers with fifteen or more employees. Id. at 406. We disagree with the Jager Court's conclusion that this distinction "does not signal an intent by the Legislature to make individuals as well as employers liable under the act." Jager, supra at 483-484, 652 N.W.2d 503. The Wathen court reasoned that it was inconceivable that a Congress concerned with protecting small employers would simultaneously allow civil liability to run against individuals. Id. at 406. Unlike the federal act, the CRA expressly prohibits sexual harassment, Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 315, 614 N.W.2d 910, and clearly expresses the Legislature's intent that sexual harassment be strictly prohibited in this state's work environment, including the workplace of the smallest employer. M.C.L. § 37.2201(a). Further, contrary to the reasoning of Wathen,[4] the CRA's remedy provisions are not incompatible with the imposition of individual liability for violations of the act since the CRA allows damages for injury or loss caused by each violation of the CRA, including reasonable attorney fees. M.C.L. § 37.2801(1) and (3); Hall v. State Farm Ins. Co., 18 F Supp 2d 751, 764 (E.D.Mich., 1998).
We are not the first to question the statutory interpretation espoused in Jager. While adhering to the Jager holding, the court in United States ex rel Diop v. Wayne Co. Community College Dist., 242 F. Supp. 2d 497, 507 (E.D.Mich., 2003), noted its disagreement with the Jager interpretation of the CRA given the statutory language: "[T]his Court does not necessarily endorse the Michigan Court of Appeals' interpretation of the language in the Elliott-Larsen Act in Jager, as it believes that the language `includes an agent of that employer,' could, under principles of strict statutory construction, well be read as extending liability to individuals. Otherwise, this phrase is merely surplusage, *786 as it adds nothing to the definitional scope of `employer,' which itself defines the term `employer' as a person." We concur with this observation.
Chambers, implicitly, if not explicitly, recognized that an individual may be held liable for sexual harassment under the CRA. The Court noted that its distinctions with regard to employer liability for hostile environment sexual harassment "simply allows this Court to determine whether the sexual harasser's employer, in addition to the sexual harasser himself, is to be held responsible for the misconduct." Chambers, supra at 320, 614 N.W.2d 910 (emphasis in original). We are unable to reconcile the holding in Jager with the Supreme Court's analyses in Chambers or the language of the CRA.
The facts of this case bear out the anomalous result with respect to Bennett under the holding in Jager. Merely because the company is absolved of legal fault for lack of notice, the alleged perpetrator-supervisor is also shielded from liability, even though he purposely created a hostile work environment, and even though his conduct, if proved, undeniably constitutes sexual harassment.[5]
We conclude that under the controlling legal principles regarding sexual harassment under Michigan law, Chambers, supra at 313, 614 N.W.2d 910, the Legislature did not intend to preclude individual liability for sexual harassment. Were it not for this Court's holding in Jager, we would reverse the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett with regard to plaintiff's hostile environment claim.
III
We find no error requiring reversal with regard to plaintiff's remaining claims. The trial court did not err in granting a directed verdict on plaintiff's claim of gender discrimination. To establish a claim of gender discrimination, plaintiff must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) she is female, (2) she was subjected to an adverse employment action, (3) she was qualified for the position, and (4) similarly situated male employees were treated more favorably so as to be "unaffected by the employer's adverse conduct." Town v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 455 Mich. 688, 695, 568 N.W.2d 64 (1997). Contrary to plaintiff's claim, the trial court properly concluded that plaintiff failed to identify and prove that a similarly situated male employee had been treated more favorably.
IV
The trial court did not err in granting a directed verdict on plaintiff's *787 claim of quid pro quo sexual harassment. In Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 310, 614 N.W.2d 910, the Court, quoting Champion v. Nationwide Security, Inc., 450 Mich. 702, 708-709, 545 N.W.2d 596 (1996), set forth the elements of quid pro quo sexual harassment claim. Specifically, a plaintiff must prove:
"(1) that she was subject to any of the types of unwelcome sexual conduct or communication described in the statute, and (2) that her employer or the employer's agent used her submission to or rejection of the proscribed conduct as a factor in a decision affecting her employment."
Plaintiff failed to introduce sufficient evidence identifying a tangible employment action resulting from Bennett's sexual harassment. There was no "objective evidence" that plaintiff suffered a "materially and objectively adverse" employment decision. Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 320 n. 7, 614 N.W.2d 910. The record reflects that plaintiff suffered no tangible employment action with regard to being "bumped" because she continued to perform the same job for the same wage and returned to her former shift within a few weeks. Plaintiff presented no evidence that she was denied overtime after Bennett's sexual harassment.
Moreover, plaintiff failed to present sufficient evidence showing that the "bumping" and the denial of overtime were caused by Bennett's misconduct. Decisions regarding bumps in shifts and overtime were a function of the collective bargaining agreement and were not controlled by individual supervisors. Finally, given the passage of time from Bennett's misconduct in 1995 to the alleged adverse employment action, plaintiff failed to show the necessary causal linkage required by Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 317, 614 N.W.2d 910.
V
We find no basis for reversal with regard to plaintiff's evidentiary claims. The decision whether to admit evidence is within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. Chmielewski v. Xermac, Inc., 457 Mich. 593, 614, 580 N.W.2d 817 (1998); Pena v. Ingham Co. Rd. Comm., 255 Mich.App. 299, 303, 660 N.W.2d 351 (2003). An abuse of discretion exists when an unprejudiced person, considering the facts on which the trial court acted, would say that there was no justification or excuse for the ruling. People v. Rice (On Remand), 235 Mich.App. 429, 439, 597 N.W.2d 843 (1999).
A
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding, under MRE 404(b) evidence of Bennett's 1995 conviction of indecent exposure and the facts associated with that conviction. According to plaintiff, Bennett's indecent exposure conviction arose from a nonwork-related incident in which Bennett reportedly followed a car on the expressway with three teenage girls in it, pulled alongside the girls' car, and began waving and pointing at his groin area, whereupon the girls saw that Bennett was masturbating. Because Bennett was driving a company car, the police traced the license plate to Ford, and the head of security informed them that the car was assigned to Bennett. He was convicted of indecent exposure after a trial.[6]
MRE 404(b) provides:
(1) Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show *788 action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in the case.
To be admissible under MRE 404(b), evidence generally must satisfy three requirements: (1) it must be offered for a proper purpose, (2) it must be relevant, and (3) its probative value must not be substantially outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice, MRE 403. People v. Starr, 457 Mich. 490, 496, 498, 577 N.W.2d 673 (1998); People v. VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 74-75, 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993), mod. 445 Mich. 1205, 520 N.W.2d 338 (1994). A proper purpose is one other than establishing the defendant's character to show his propensity to commit the offense. Id. at 74, 508 N.W.2d 114.
1
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of Bennett's conviction. Plaintiff failed to establish that the evidence was offered for a proper purpose.
Bennett's act of indecent exposure outside the workplace is not sufficiently similar to sexually harassing an employee in the workplace to establish a common plan, scheme, or system. People v. Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43, 63-66, 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000). Unlike in Sabin, at 64-65, 614 N.W.2d 888, here, there was not a sufficiently strong showing that evidence of Bennett's conviction shared a "concurrence of common features" with his alleged sexual harassment of plaintiff. Further, even if the evidence was admitted for a proper purpose, we would find no abuse of discretion in the court's exclusion of the evidence otherwise under MRE 404(b).
2
We also reject plaintiff's claim that Bennett's conviction was admissible against Ford because it was essential evidence of notice to Ford of Bennett's conduct, which was necessary to proving respondeat superior. Chambers, supra at 312, 614 N.W.2d 910. As plaintiff correctly notes, the Michigan Supreme Court has taken a "sliding scale" approach to the MRE 403 analysis. See People v. Mills, 450 Mich. 61, 75-76, 537 N.W.2d 909 (1995), mod. 450 Mich. 1212, 539 N.W.2d 504 (1995). "[T]he idea of prejudice denotes a situation in which there exists a danger that marginally probative evidence will be given undue or pre-emptive weight by the jury." Mills, supra at 75, 537 N.W.2d 909, quoting Sclafani v. Peter S. Cusimano, Inc., 130 Mich.App. 728, 735, 344 N.W.2d 347 (1983).
Plaintiff contends that Bennett's conviction was highly probative evidence and should have been admitted because it was "absolutely essential background fact" in considering the totality of the circumstances with regard to notice. Sheridan, supra at 622, 637 N.W.2d 536. Plaintiff maintains that knowledge of the indecent exposure conviction would lead a reasonable employer to conclude that plaintiff's general complaints about Bennett were indicative of sexual harassment. Plaintiff asserts that such essential evidence can never be excluded under MRE 403.
We find plaintiff's argument unconvincing. Plaintiff had previously made a specific complaint of sexual harassment against her union committeeman at Ford and, on the contrary, voiced only nonsexual complaints against Bennett. Under these circumstances, we cannot agree with plaintiff's contention that the evidence was essentially *789 conclusively probative of notice. Plaintiff has otherwise failed to show any link between Ford's knowledge of Bennett's indecent exposure conviction and Ford's receipt or investigation of plaintiff's work complaints. The court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the conviction evidence on the basis that its probative value was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. At most, the evidentiary issue presented a close question. There can ordinarily be no abuse of discretion in a trial court's decision regarding a close evidentiary question. Sabin, supra at 67, 614 N.W.2d 888.
B
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence of other sexual harassment complaints at Ford Wixom. According to plaintiff, the trial court's exclusion of a database of sexual harassment claims brought at Ford Wixom, prepared by her counsel, prevented her from exploring at trial these other charges of sexual harassment and was directly relevant in assessing Ford's respondeat superior liability.
Contrary to plaintiff's contention, the database evidence was not automatically admissible merely because Chambers requires consideration of the totality of the circumstances. As Ford correctly argues, the phrase "the totality of circumstances" refers to the circumstances of a plaintiff's work environment.
A hostile work environment claim is actionable only when, in the totality of the circumstances, the work environment is so tainted by harassment that a reasonable person would have understood that the defendant's conduct or communication had either the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with the plaintiff's employment, or subjecting the plaintiff to an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. [Radtke, supra at 398, 501 N.W.2d 155.]
Even though the trial court excluded the "database" enumerating the complaints filed at Ford Wixom, it did not exclude those complaints that were relevant to plaintiff's work environment. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the complaints that did not pertain to plaintiff's work environment.
VI
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing plaintiff's request to add Pamela Perez to her witness list. A trial court's decision to bar testimony of a witness who was not identified within the period established by the court is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Hayes-Albion Corp. v. Kuberski, 421 Mich. 170, 188, 364 N.W.2d 609 (1984). "This Court will not disturb a trial court's decision regarding whether to permit a witness to testify, after a party has failed to comply with a deadline for submission of a witness list, absent an abuse of discretion." Carmack v. Macomb Co. Community College, 199 Mich.App. 544, 546, 502 N.W.2d 746 (1993).
Plaintiff's complaint was filed in November 1999. After extensive discovery and numerous pretrial motions, the trial court scheduled the trial to begin on August 13, 2001. On June 28, 2001, it came to light, during a deposition in an unrelated case against the same defendants, that another Ford Wixom female employee, Perez, claimed that she too had been subjected to unwanted sexual advances made by Bennett.
On July 2, 2001, plaintiff filed an emergency motion to add Perez as a witness in this case. Perez appeared for her deposition on July 25, 2001, which was less than three weeks before the trial was scheduled to start. At the deposition, Perez testified *790 about several incidents involving inappropriate sexual behavior on the part of Bennett. After hearing argument from counsel, the trial court refused to allow Perez to testify.
Although plaintiff argues that defendants were not prejudiced because they had the opportunity to depose Perez, plaintiff acknowledges that defendants needed time to find the witnesses who could confirm or deny the allegations made by Perez. We therefore find no abuse of discretion in the denial of plaintiff's request to add Perez as a witness in this case, especially considering that plaintiff had filed her complaint in November 1999 and that the case was about to go to trial.
VII
In light of our above conclusions, we do not address defendants' claim on cross-appeal that plaintiff's sexual harassment allegation concerning the alleged exposure incident was barred by the statute of limitations.
Affirmed.
JANSEN, P.J., concurred.
KIRSTEN FRANK KELLY, J. (concurring).
I respectfully disagree with the majority's conclusion that Jager v. Nationwide Truck Brokers, Inc., 252 Mich.App. 464, 478, 652 N.W.2d 503 (2002), was wrongfully decided. Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennett on plaintiff's hostile environment claim, M.C.L. § 37.2103(i)(iii), on the basis of Jager not because I am bound by court rule to follow it, but because it was correctly decided. I concur with the majority in all other respects.
As noted by the majority, the CRA prohibits an employer from discriminating because of sex, which includes sexual harassment. M.C.L. § 37.2202(1); M.C.L. § 37.2103(i); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc., 463 Mich. 297, 309, 614 N.W.2d 910 (2000); Chambers v. Trettco, Inc. (On Remand), 244 Mich.App. 614, 617, 624 N.W.2d 543 (2001). The CRA clearly expresses the Legislature's intent that sexual harassment be strictly prohibited in this state's work environment, including the workplace of the smallest employer. M.C.L. § 37.2201(a).
The statute defines "employer" as including an agent of that employer. M.C.L. § 37.2201(a). However, the simple fact that M.C.L. § 37.2201(a) defines "employer" as including an "agent of that [employer]" does not, in and of itself, authorize a CRA claim against such an agent.[1] Rather, I read the statute as meaning that an employing entity may be held liable for the individual and collective acts of it agents. This reading is supported by Chambers, wherein our Supreme Court stated:
Because the Civil Rights Act expressly defines "employer" to include agents, we rely on common-law agency principles in determining when an employer is liable for sexual harassment committed by its employees....
... The bottom line is that, in cases involving a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must show some fault on the part of the employer. That is the essence of Radtke's requirement that a plaintiff prove that the employer failed to take prompt and adequate remedial action upon notice of the creation of a hostile work environment.
*791 Therefore, under current Michigan law ... the question is always whether it can be fairly said that the employer committed the violationeither directly or through an agent. The fact that the answer to that question may differ depending on whether the harassment is of the quid pro quo or hostile environment type is not a result of arbitrary rulemaking, but, rather, is firmly rooted in traditional agency principles. [Chambers, supra, 463 Mich. at 311-312, 614 N.W.2d 910 (emphasis added).]
Applying agency principles, a principal is responsible for the acts of its agents done within the scope of the agent's authority, "even though acting contrary to instructions." Dick Loehr's, Inc. v. Secretary of State, 180 Mich.App. 165, 168, 446 N.W.2d 624 (1989). This is because, in part, an agency relationship arises where the principal has the right to control the conduct of the agent. St. Clair Intermediate School Dist. v. Intermediate Ed. Ass'n/Michigan Ed. Ass'n, 458 Mich. 540, 558 n. 18, 581 N.W.2d 707 (1998) (citations omitted). The employer is also liable for the torts of his employee if "`the servant purported to act or to speak on behalf of the principal and there was reliance upon apparent authority, or he was aided in accomplishing the tort by the existence of the agency relation,'" McCann v. Michigan, 398 Mich. 65, 71, 247 N.W.2d 521 (1976), quoting Restatement of Agency, 2d § 219(2)(d), p. 481; see also Champion v. Nationwide Security, Inc., 450 Mich. 702, 704, 712, 545 N.W.2d 596 (1996), citing Restatement of Agency, 2d § 219(2)(d), p. 481 ("the master is liable for the tort of his servant if the servant `was aided in accomplishing the tort by the existence of the agency relation' "). In Backus v. Kauffman (On Rehearing), 238 Mich.App. 402, 409, 605 N.W.2d 690 (1999), this Court stated:
The term "authority" is defined by Black's Law Dictionary to include "the power delegated by a principal to an agent." Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed.), p. 127. "Scope of authority" is defined in the following manner: "The reasonable power that an agent has been delegated or might foreseeably be delegated in carrying out the principal's business." Id. at 1348.
Statutory language should be construed reasonably, keeping in mind the purpose of the act. Draprop Corp. v. Ann Arbor, 247 Mich.App. 410, 415, 636 N.W.2d 787 (2001). As stated previously, the purpose of the CRA was to strictly prohibit discrimination in the workplace committed directly by the employer or through its agents. I agree that "the language in the definition of `employer' concerning an `agent' of the employer was meant merely to denote respondeat superior, rather than individual liability." Jager, supra at 484, 652 N.W.2d 503. This is consistent with our Supreme Court's holding in Radtke v. Everett, 442 Mich. 368, 382-383, 501 N.W.2d 155 (1993), that a plaintiff must necessarily prove the element of respondeat superior in a claim of hostile environment harassment. Bringing a CRA claim against an agent of the employer in an individual capacity would render this requirement superfluous and do nothing to forward the purposes of the act. Thus, I concur in the Jager Court's conclusion that the inclusion of "agent" within the definition of "employer" "does not signal an intent by the Legislature to make individuals as well as employers liable under the act." Jager, supra at 483-484, 652 N.W.2d 503.
Accordingly, I disagree with the majority that Jager was wrongly decided and I would affirm the trial court's grant of a directed verdict in favor of Bennet.
NOTES
[1] Plaintiff Joseph Elezovic, Lula's husband, is not involved in this appeal.
[2] Plaintiff does not appeal the grant of a directed verdict regarding her retaliation claim.
[3] "Title VII defines `employer' to mean `a person engaged in an industry affecting commerce who has fifteen or more employees ... and any agent of such a person.'" Jager, supra at 483 n. 12, 652 N.W.2d 503, quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b).
[4] The Wathen court reasoned that Congress did not envision individual liability because title VII's remedial provisions initially limited recovery to reinstatement and back pay, remedies available only from an employer, and when it was subsequently amended to allow compensatory and punitive damages, Congress calibrated the amounts recoverable to the size of the employer. Wathen, supra at 406.
[5] The holding in Jager appears to be leading to greater inconsistency in outcomes with regard to claims under the CRA. Recently, in Poches v. Electronic Data Systems Corp., 266 F. Supp. 2d 623, 628 (E.D.Mich., 2003), the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan rejected the analysis of Jager with regard to an anti-retaliation claim under the CRA, concluding that the Legislature's use of the broader term "person" under the anti-retaliation provision supports a conclusion that the Legislature intended the imposition of individual liability for retaliation under the CRA:
Here, the Michigan Legislature has clearly spokenit has prohibited retaliation by any "person," in contrast to its prohibition on discrimination by an "employer," and it has expressly defined "person" more broadly than "employer," with the former encompassing the latter. Following this plain language where it naturally leads, the Court concludes that the scope of liability is broader under the Elliott-Larsen Act's anti-retaliation provision than under the Act's anti-discrimination provision. If this is not what the Michigan Legislature intended through its use of different terms in the two provisions, it is the task of that body, and not this Court, to amend the Act accordingly.
[6] According to defendant Ford, Bennett's conviction was subsequently expunged.
[1] This is not to say, of course, that no action at all can lie against an actor individually. Traditional tort actions, when warranted, could still be asserted against an agent in his or her individual capacity. Thus, I agree with the majority that "an agent is generally liable to a third person for misfeasance and for his own tortious acts." But, this is not the same as saying the actor is individually liable for violations of the CRA.
| 34,997
|
US-52519155-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,955
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,505
| 4,031
|
Combination suction roll and silencing and cleaning means
Dec. 4, 1956 J. J. KELLY 2,772,606
COMBINATION SUCTION ROLL AND SILENCING AND CLEANING MEANS Filed July 29, 1955 PAPER I2 INVENTOR JOSEPH J. KELLY BY *4 W v% ATTORNEY? United States Patent COMBINATION SUCTION ROLL AND SILENCING AND CLEANING MEANS Joseph J. Kelly, Georgetown, S. C.
Application July 29, 1955, Serial No. 525,191
4 Claims. (CI. 92-53) This invention relates to paper making machinery and more particularly to a suction roll incorporating means for silencing the same and also for cleaning the preparations therein.
In the making of paper, it is customery to feed a web of Wet paper supported by a felt or other porous belt, between a suction roll and a pressure roll and in which the suction roll is provided with a plurality of perforations and means for inducing a vacuum in such perforations, in order to remove excessive moisture from the paper which flows through the felt or other porous belt and through the perforations into a vacuum chamber disposed within the perforated roll. Since a relatively high vacuum is applied to the perforations of the roll, it has been found that a serious noise problem is created and one which causes extreme discomfort to persons who must, of necessity, work in the vicinity of paper making machinery incorporating suction rolls of the type heretofore employed. Many attempts have been made to provide suitable silencing means for such suction rolls, but prior to this invention, these attempts to silence such rolls have met with little success.
Apparently, the objectionable and excessive noise is caused by air rushing in to fill the evacuated perforations in the suction roll, as such perforations move out of contact with the felt or other porous belt supporting the paper web and numerous structures have been proposed to retard the equalization of pressure in the perforations and the surrounding atmosphere with the object of reducing or eliminating such noise. These structures have been relatively complicated and costly and unfortunately have not resulted in materially reducing the noise present in such apparatus.
The suction rolls commonly employed in paper making machinery of the type under consideration, are normally of a diameter of 30 to 34 inches and in the neighborhood of 18 feet long, with such rolls being provided with 1400 to 1500 perforations or holes per square foot. Also, in order to maintain production at the desired rate, it is necessary that these rolls turn at a relatively high rate of speed of the order of a surface speed of 30 feet per second. The size of the rolls, together with the number of perforations and speed of rotation of the rolls adds materially to the difficulty of providing adequate silencing means and the instant invention, provides a silencing means which effectively reduces the noise and is applicable to rolls of different diameters and incorporating a varying number of perforations and the operation is completely independent of the speed of rotation of the rolls.
It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide a suction roll for paper making machinery incorporating relatively simple means for silencing such roll and also, including means for cleaning the perforations in the roll.
A further object of the invention is the provision of a combined suction roll, silencing and cleaning means in which such silencing means is independent of the diameter 2,772,606 Patented Dec. 4, 1956 of the roll, the number of perforations therein and the speed of rotation of such roll.
A still further object of the invention is the provision of a combined suction roll and silencing and cleaning means which may be conveniently applied to conventional suction rolls and involves only, the addition of structural features to the vacuum chamber normally disposed within the suction roll.
Another object of the invention is the provision of a combinedsuction roll and silencing and cleaning means in which such cleaning means adequately removed foreign material from the perforations in the roll and also contributes to the silencing action of the silencing means.
A further object of the invention is the provision of a combined suction roll and silencing and cleaning means in which, if desired, the silencing means may be installed without the cleaning means and without materially affecting the efficiency of the silencing means.
A still further object of the invention is the provision of a combined suction roll and silencing and cleaning means which may be conveniently and economically manufactured from readily available material and economically installed in existing paper making machinery without requiring extensive and costly modification thereof.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction With the accompanying drawing wherein:
The single Figure is a transverse sectional view of a combined suction roll and silencing and cleaning means constructed in accordance with this invention and showing the relationship of such roll to the pressure roll, as well as the paper web and supporting felt or porous belt passing between the pressure roll and suction roll.
With continued reference to the drawing there is shown, a portion of a paper making machine incorporating a suction roll 10 rotatably mounted in the machine and a pressure or squeeze roll 11, also rotatably mounted in the machine and cooperating with the suction roll 10 to receive therebetween a web of paper 12 supported on a belt 13 formed of felt or other suitable or porous material. The pressure roll 10 rotates in the direction of the arrow 14 to feed the paper 12 and felt 13 between the suction roll 10 and the pressure roll 11 in the direction of the arrow 15. The paper web 12 is saturated with water and the purpose of the suction roll 10 and the squeeze or pressure roll 11, is to remove such water in a manner to be presently described.
The suction roll 10 is hollow and is provided with a relatively smooth inner surface 16 and the wall 17 of the suction roll 10 is provided with a plurality of perforations 18. Any desired number of such perforations may be provided, but in a conventional roll there may well be 1400 to 1500 of these perforations per square foot of the roll.
Disposed within the suction roll 10, is a vacuum chamber 19 provided by an elongated tubular member 20 and in the wall of the tubular member 20, there is provided an elongated slot 21. Mounted on the tubular member 20 adjacent the leading side of the slot 21 with respect to the rotation of the suction roll 10, is a bracket 22 provided with a channel 23, in which is slidably disposed a packing means 24, in the form of an elongated strip having an outer surface 25 engaging the inner surface 16 of the suction roll 10. Disposed within the channel 23 and between the bottom 26 of the channel and the lower surface 27 of the packing strip 24, is an expansible tubular member 28, which is adapted to be supplied with air pressure to yieldably hold the surface 25 of the packing strip 24 against the inner surface 16 of the suction roll 10.
Adjacent the trailing side of the slot 21, there is mounted on the tubular member 20, an elongated boss 29 which is provided with an elongated channel 30 for slid ably receiving a packing member 31 in the form of a strip having an outer surface 32 adapted to engage the inner surface 16 of the suction roll 10. Disposed in the channel 30 between the bottom 33 thereof, and the lower surface 34 of the packing strip 31, is an expansible tubular member 35 which is adapted to be supplied with air pressure to yieldably hold the surface 32 of the packing strip 31 in engagement with the inner surface 16 of the suction roll 10.
The above described structure serves to provide packing means between the tubular member 20 forming the suc tion or vacuum chamber 19 and the inner surface of the suction roll 16 and, as a consequence thereof, the vacuum chamber 19 communicates through the slot 21 with the perforations 18 in the suction roll it, as such perforations pass between the packing strip 24 and the packing strip 31 during rotation of the suction roll lid. This serves to evacuate the perforations 18 in communication with the vacuum chamber 19 through the slot 21 and, as a result thereof, water or moisture contained in the paper web 12 is drawn through the felt 13 or other porous belt, and through the perforations 18 into the vacuum chamber 19 to thereby remove excess moisture from the paper web 1.2. This moisture removal is materially assisted by the action of the pressure or squeeze roll 11 cooperating with the suction roll it) during rotation thereof and passage of the paper web 12 and'belt 13 therebetween.
Since, a relatively high vacuum is present in the perforations 18, as they move out of communication with the slot 21 in the tubular member 29, very serious noise problem is created by the air surrounding the apparatus rushing into the perforations iii to equalize the pressure therein With the surrounding atmosphere. Since such air enters the perforations 18 from the outside of the suction roll 10, as well as from the space between the tubular member 20 and the inner surface 16 of the suction roll 10, it will be seen, that such flow of air from opposite directions into the perforations 18, results in the noise mentioned above. In order to substantially reduce or eliminate such noise, there has been provided by this invention, means to simultaneously close the inner ends of a plurality of the perforations 18 on the trailing side of the packing strip 31, thereby preventing entry of air into such perforations from the space between the tubular member 20 and the inner surface 16 of the suction roll it and, as a consequence thereof, the pressure in such perforations 18 is equalized by the entry of air solely from the exterior of the suction roll lil. It has been found that this results in a material reduction and, in many cases, in substantial elimination of the noise resulting from operation of the apparatus. In order to reduce such noise, there is provided in the boss 29, a plurality of circumferentially spaced grooves 36, 37 and 38 and slidably disposed in such grooves are sealing plates 39, 4t? and it. These plates are provided, at their outer ends, with enlarged heads 47., 43 and 44, the outer surfaces of which are formed to engage the inner surface 16 of the suction roll and provide a substantially continuous elongated closure for the inner ends of a plurality of the perforations 33. Disposed in each groove 3%, 37 and 333, between the inner ends of the plates 39, 4t) and 41, and the bottoms of grooves 36, 3?, and 38, is an expandable tube 45 which is supplied with air pressure, in order to yieldably hold the outer surfaces of the heads 42, 43 and 44 in engagement with the inner surface 16 of the suction roll 10.
The above described structure serves to effectively and simultaneously close the inner ends of a plurality of the perforations 18, moving out of communication with the vacuum chamber 19 through the slot 21 and thereby prevent entry of'air into such perforations, which, as mentioned above, are highly evacuated from the space between the tubular member and the suction roll it), as a result of which, air enters these perforations solely, from the exterior of the suction roll -10, thereby materially reducing or eliminating the noise caused by air entering such perforations to equalize the pressure therein with the atmosphere surrounding the suction roll 10.
Since the perforations 18 in the suction roll 10, frequently become clogged with lint from the felt 13 or other foreign material and since, the suction roll 10 must be removed from the apparatus for a thorough cleaning of such perforations, it is highly desirable to provide cleaning means which will eliminate the necessity for shutting down the machine and removing the roll ll), which will result in a material increase in production. For this pur pose, the boss 29 is provided with an elongated channel 46 in which is disposed an elongated conduit 47 having a plurality of apertures therein, not shown, which serves to provide an elongated spray head for directing cleaning fluid, such as water, air or steam, in the form of a spray 48, into and through the perforations 18 in the suction roll 10. This results in removing any foreign material in such perforations and maintains the same clear for the passage of water therethrough from the paper web 12.
At the trailing side of the channel 46, there is provided in the boss 29, a groove 49 which serves to slidably receive a sealing strip 50, the outer surface 51 of which engages the inner surface 16 of the suction roll ill, to seal the chamber 46 and prevent escape of cleaning fluid therefrom. Disposed in the groove 49 between the bottom 52 thereof and the lower surface 53 of the sealing strip 50, is an expandable tube 54 which is supplied with air pres sure, in order to yieldably hold the surface 51 of the sealing strip 50 in engagement with the inner surface 16 of the suction roll 10.
Since the cleaning fluid from the spray 58 passes through the perforations it; in the suction roll if), in the vicinity of the felt 13 and since, it is desired to prevent contact of such fluid with the relatively dry felt, there is provided an elongated drip pan suitably supported on the apparatus and surrounding the roll 10 below the felt 13, and between the felt I3 and the surface of the suction roll 10 opposite the spray 43, there is provided a shield in the form of an overhanging lip 56 on the drip pan 55 which serves to deflect any fluid away from the felt 13 and into the drip pan 55 where the same may be conveniently drained.
It will be seen that by the above described invention, there has been provided a relatively simple, yet highly effective mechanism for silencing the suction roll of paper making machinery and there has also been provided means for effectively cleaning the perforations in such suction roll to preclude the necessity for shutting down the machine and removing the roll While cleaning such perforations. It is also to be noted, that the cleaning fluid entering the perforations 13, tends to damp any sound waves set up therein by the entry of air and consequently, the cleaning'rnechanism also contributes to the silencing effect of the apparatus of this invention.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof and therefore the invention is not limited by that which is shown in the drawing anddescribed in the specification, but only as indicated in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. In combination, an elongated rotatably mounted hollow suction roll, a plurality of perforations in the wall of said roll, a vacuum chamber comprising an elongated tubular member disposed within said roll and spaced from the inner surface thereof, a longitudinally extending slot in said member, packing means slidably mounted on said member on opposite sides of said slot, fluid pressure means for holding said packing means in yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll, an elongated boss on said member at the side of said packing means on the trailing side of said slot with respect to the rotation of said roll, a plurality of circumferentially spaced grooves-in said boss, a sealingplate slidably mounted in each groove and having an enlarged head, fluid pressure means in each groove for urging said plates outwardly and said heads into yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll whereby the inenr ends of said perforations moving out of communication with said chamber will be closed to permit entry of air to such perforations only from the exterior of said roll thereby reducing noise resulting from air rushing in to fill the evacuated perforations, a channel in said boss, an elongated spray head in said channel for directing cleaning fluid into said perforations, a sealing strip slidably mounted on said boss at the trailing side of said channel and air pressure means for urging said sealing strip into yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll.
2. In combination an elongated rotatably mounted hollow suction roll, a plurality of perforations in the wall of said roll, a vacuum chamber comprising an elongated tubular member disposed within said roll and spaced from the inner surface thereof, a longitudinally extending slot in said member, packing means slidably mounted on said member on opposite sides of said slot, means for holding said packing means in yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll, an elongated boss on said member at the side of said packing means on the trailing side of said slot with respect to the rotation of said roll, a plurality of circumferentially spaced grooves in said boss, a sealing plate slidably mounted in each groove and having an enlarged head, means in each groove for urging said plates outwardly and said heads into yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll whereby the inner ends of said perforations moving out of communication with said chamber will be closed to permit entry of air to such perforations only from the exterior of said roll thereby reducing noise resulting from air rushing to fill the evacuated perforations, a channel in said boss, an elongated spray head in said channel for directing cleaning fluid, air or steam into said perforations, a sealing strip slidably mounted on said boss at the trailing side of said channel and means for urging said sealing strip into yieldable engagement With the inner surface of said roll.
3. In combination an elongated rotatably mounted hollow suction roll, a plurality of perforations in the Wall of said roll, a vacuum chamber comprising an elongated tubular member disposed within said roll and spaced from the inner surface thereof, a longitudinally extending slot in said member, packing means slidably mounted on said member on opposite sides of said slot, means for holding said packing means in yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll, an elongated boss on said member at theside of said packing means at the trailing side of said slot with respect to the rotation of said roll, a plurality of circumferentialy spaced grooves in said boss, a sealing plate slidably mounted in each groove and having an enlarged head, means in each groove for urging said plates outwardly and said heads into yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll whereby the inner ends of said perforations moving out of communication with said chamber will be closed to permit entry of air to such perforations only from the exterior of said roll thereby reducing noise resulting from air rushing in to fill the evacuated perforations, a channel in said boss, means disposed solely in said channel for directing cleaning fluid, air or steam into said perforations from their inner ends only, a sealing strip slidably mounted on said boss at the trailing side of said channel I and means for urging said sealing strip into yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll.
4. In combination an elongated rotatably mounted hollow suction roll, a plurality of perforations in the wall of said roll, a vacuum chamber comprising an elongated tubular member disposed within said roll and spaced from the inner surface thereof, a longitudinally extending slot in said member, packing means slidably mounted on said member on opposite sides of said slot, means for holding said packing means in yieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll, an elongated boss on said member at the side of said packing means on the trailing side of-said slot with respect to the rotation of said roll, a plurality of circumferentially spaced grooves in said boss, a sealing plate slidably mounted in each groove and having an enlarged head, means in each groove for urging said plates outwardly and said heads into ieldable engagement with the inner surface of said roll whereby the inner ends of said perforations moving out of communication with said chamber will be closed to permit entry of air to such perforations only from the exterior of said roll thereby reducing noise resulting from air rushing in to fill the evacuated perforations and means disposed solely Within said roll for directing cleaning fluid, air or steam into said perforations from their inner ends only.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS.
| 36,018
|
2980d3cf1e2577769b3ebc11729695f8
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,017
|
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20170006_00661.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 159
| 366
|
149e année. - No 6
Samedi 11 février 2017
ANNEXE AU
JOURNAL OFFICIEL
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
LOIS ET DÉCRETS
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION
LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE
D.I.L.A
CN=DILA SIGNATURE-03,OU=0002
13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2017-02-08 17:07:19
Standard . . . . . . . . . . 01.40.58.75.00
Annonces . . . . . . . . . . 01.40.58.77.56
Accueil commercial . . 01.40.15.70.10
26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15
www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Annonce n° 661 - page 42
33 - Gironde
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la préfecture de la Gironde.
ASSOCIATION SPORTIVE THALES GOLF BORDEAUX (ASTGB).
Objet : favoriser, développer et promouvoir la pratique collective du golf à la fois en compétition ou en
sport loisir sur le site de Thales Bordeaux.
Siège social : 75-77, avenue Marcel Dassault, 33700 Mérignac.
Date de la déclaration : 1er février 2017.
661.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 9,416
|
US-20076208-A_2
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,008
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 176
| 218
|
21. A computer-readable storage device, comprising: one or more instructions for determining a merge operation to perform; one or more instructions for mapping a business process modeling notation (BPMN) model to a business process execution language (BPEL) model; one or more instructions for receiving a modified BPMN model; one or more instructions for receiving a modified BPEL model; when the determined merge operation is a forward merge operation: one or more instructions for exporting the modified BPMN model to an exported BPEL model; one or more instructions for performing an activity level outline merge for added information technology (IT) scopes and branches from the modified BPEL model; one or more instructions for performing an activity level detail merge for added IT details from the modified BPEL model; and one or more instructions for performing an attribute level merge for updated branch conditions in the merged BPEL model; and when the determined merge operation is a reverse merge operation: one or more instructions for adding scopes and branches from the modified BPEL model to the BPMN model..
| 47,441
|
6966331_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,939
| 2,396
|
Per Curiam : The transcript of the chancery court of Michigan which authorized the guardian to. make the sale and approved the contract is attested by the certificate of the clerk, under the seal of the court. The attestation is not in accordance with the act of Congress, which requires the presiding judge to certify the attestation of the clerk is in due form. The admission of that transcript in evidence is assigned as error. Prior to 1872 there was no statute in this State providing for the manner of attestation of the judgments of the courts of another State to make the same evidence in the courts of this State. In the absence of such legislation this court held, in numerous cases, that where a judgment of a foreign State was sought to be introduced in evidence in the courts of this State it was necessary that it should be attested by the clerk, under the seal of the court, together with a certificate of the presiding judge that the attestation was in due form. Among the cases declaring such rule we refer to Brackett v. People ex rel. 64 Ill. 170. By section 13, chapter 51, of Hurd’s Statutes, enacted in 1872, it was declared by the legislature of this State that “the papers, entries and records of courts may be proved by a copy thereof, certified under the hand of the clerk of the court having the custody thereof, and the seal of the court, or by the judge of the court if there be no clerk.” Since that legislation the question of the admissibility in evidence of the transcripts of records of the courts of other States has been frequently before this court. In no case arising since the legislation of 1872 has the question been presented as to the sufficiency of the attestation under section 13 of the chapter entitled “Evidence and Depositions,” but the question has arisen as to whether the attestation was in accordance with the act of Congress. Of those cases we refer to McMillan v. Lovejoy, 115 Ill. 498, and Horner v. Spelman, 78 id. 206. Before the enactment of 1872 the records of judgments of courts of this State, when offered in evidence in other courts of this State, were attested as at common law. There was no statutory provision on the subject. At common law the manner of authentication was by certificate of the officer having custody of the record, or by exemplification,- — -that is, affixing the great seal of State. It has been universally held a sufficient authentication of a record of a judgment of a court of a State, when offered in evidence in another court of the same State, that it be certified by the clerk, under the seal of the court. This was evidence at common law, and was the rule in this State when the act of 1872 was adopted. So far as the admissibility of evidence was concerned, section 13 of chapter 51 made-no new rule with reference to domestic judgments. That section changed no rule of law by adding to or limiting the admissibility of evidence of domestic judgments within the courts of this State from what the rule was at common law. The intention of the legislature could not have been to declare as a rule of evidence that which had immemorially existed. By the enactment of section 13 of chapter 51 there is no limitation as to the class of judgments to be so authenticated, and the language used includes both domestic and foreign judgments. The act of Congress as to the manner of authentication of judgments of sister States does not abrogate common law proof, and is not exclusive. The States may pass laws as to what shall be evidence of foreign records within their courts, not inconsistent with the act of Congress, yet waiving some of the requirements of that act. Ordway v. Conroe, 4 Wis. 45; Goodwyn v. Goodwyn, 25 Ga. 203 ; Karr v. Jackson, 28 Mo. 316; Dean v. Chapin, 22 Mich. 275; Ex parte Povall, 3 Leigh, 816; Kingman v. Cowles, 103 Mass. 283. The record of the chancery court of Michigan, though not certified in accordance with the act of Congress, was authenticated in consonance with section 13 of chapter 51 of the Revised Statutes, and was admissible in evidence. It appears, from the evidence in this record, that the lands the contract involved in this litigation had reference to, were entered by the patentee, Joseph V. Brown, and in the patent the lands are described as fractional section 17, in township 39, north of range 11, west, in the district of lands subject to sale at Sault St. Marie, Michigan, containing eighty and one-half acres, and the patentee is described as of Chippewa county, Michigan. The evidence then shows a deed from Joseph V. Brown, of Sault St. Marie, Chippewa county, Michigan, to George Wendell and Theodore Wendell, of Mackinac county, in the State of Michigan, conveying, among other lands, fractional section 17 in township 39, north, range 11, west, containing eighty and one-half acres. That deed was acknowledged before a justice of the peace of Chippewa county, Michigan. The testimony of the guardian shows that the Theodore Wendell mentioned in that deed is Jacob A. T. Wendell, who was sometimes called Theodore, and the guardian further testifies that Jacob A. T. controlled the lands described in her guardian’s deed, in his lifetime, and that she had controlled them since his death. A copy from the records of that deed is introduced in evidence, certified to by a deputy register of deeds. That deed is objected to because it does not describe the meridian or any county or State. The further objection is made that it is not certified to by the register of deeds, but by a deputy, who signs her own name, as deputy. The general rule is, that the certificate of an officer, when made by a deputy, must be-in the name of the officer. By section 609 of the statute of Michigan, which was in evidence, a register of deeds is authorized to ap-' point a deputy. Section 610 of the same statute is : “In case of a vacancy in the office of the register of deeds, or his absence or inability to perform the duties of his office, said deputy shall perform the duties of register during the continuance of such vacancy or disability.” Under that statute, in the case of vacancy or absence or inability of the register the deputy may act. The deputy, though a deputy merely, is made the officer, and a certificate made by such deputy and signed as deputy will be presumed to have been made by reason of a vacancy, or because of absence or inability of the officer. The deputy certifies she is the keeper of the records. The authentication is sufficient. Whilst thé deed does not mention a meridian or a county or State in which the land is located, yet it does appear that the patentee and grantor in that deed was a resident of Chippewa county, Michigan, and the deed was acknowledged in that county. The evidence in the record shows the ancestor of these minors was in control of the lands prior to his death and the guardian had been in control since. These facts, all considered, are sufficient to apply the deed of Brown to the Wendells, and under which possession was taken, to the land described in the patent and in the guardian’s deed tendered appellant. Any fact or circumstance by which the mind is convinced as to what tract was intended to be conveyed will be resorted to, instead of treating the description a patent ambiguity. Pursley v. Hayes, 22 Iowa, 11; Mecklem v. Blake, 19 Wis. 397; Russell v. Sweezey, 22 Mich. 235; Billings v. Kankakee Coal Co. 67 Ill. 489 ; Atwater v. Schenck, 9 Wis. 160 ; Clark v. Powers, 45 Ill. 283. ■ It was not error to admit in evidence the deed from Brown to George W. Wendell and Theodore Wendell as prima facie conveying the lands in controversy. A court of equity will not always compel the specific performance of a contract, and if there is anything that makes it unconscionable for equity to lend its aid, specific performance will not be decreed. (Dintleman v. Gilbert, 140 Ill. 597.) Specific performance is not a matter of right, but of sound legal discretion. (Shaw v. Schoonover, 130 Ill. 448.) Where there is any doubt about the validity of the title, or its being free from liens or incumbrances, the court will not decree a specific performance. The title must not be doubtful, its validity resting upon some fact not before the court. (Close v. Stuyvesant, 132 Ill. 607.) Neither will a decree be entered to compel performance by the vendee when the title is subject to the exercise of a power in another that may defeat the title sought to be thrust upon the purchaser. The evidence shows that George Wendell, the brother of Jacob A. T. Wendell, died testate, and by his will in evidence all his real and personal property was devised to Jacob A. T. Wendell. The date of the death of George is not shown by the evidence, farther than that he. died before Jacob A. T. Wendell, and letter of administration of the estate of George was issued to Anna Marie Wendéll on February 12, 1880, and in the letter of administration it is recited that Anna Marie Wendell is the administratrix of Jacob A. T. Wendell. The death of Jacob A. T. Wendell is proven, but the date is not proven, further than by the recital above. There is no evidence in the record showing that either the estate of George Wendell or the estate of Jacob A. T. Wendell is settled. In Burns v. Berry, 42 Mich. 176, it is held: “The real estate of the deceased descends to his heirs subject to the payment of his debts, and conveyances made by them before the estate is administered upon, and the claims paid or barred by the Statute of Limitations, are in like manner subject to the debts of the deceased; and as against the debts proved against the estate our registry laws afford no protection. Subsequent purchasers take subject to the right of the administrator to have the same sold for the payment of the debts and the expenses of administration.” It is insisted that the vendee cannot be compelled to specifically perform the contract and take the land until it is made to appear affirmatively that either there are no debts against the estate, or that there is sufficient personal property to, pay whatever debts may exist. There is nothing in the record to show that either estate was indebted, but the evidence rather tends to raise the presumption that there were no debts for the payment of which the land was liable to be charged. Mrs. Wendell was permitted to testify, without objection, that she had managed the land since the death of her husband, and that there were no liens or encumbrances upon it. It also appeared that the circuit court of Mackinac county, on her petition as guardian of the minor heirs, authorized her, as such guardian, to make the sale of the undivided interests of such minors in the land. While a purchaser, cannot be compelled to take a doubtful title, he will not be permitted to object to a title on account of a bare possibility that it will prove defective.
| 8,796
|
6310817_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 84
| 108
|
Per Curiam:
The parol gift to Edward E. Dolan was good for nothing; and even admitting, which we are not ready to do, that the deed of trust by the elder Kelly to the younger might have been good and irrevocable inter partes, yet as there was no notice of it to Bridget Kelly she, of course, took the title, executed to her, free from that trust. The court below was therefore justified in directing a verdict for the plaintiff.
The judgment is affirmed.
| 21,911
|
00107771-2024_1
|
TEDEUTenders
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
Romanian
|
Spoken
| 2,769
| 7,102
|
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
Achizitie de medicamente 3
Autoritatea contractanta, prin aplicarea prezentei proceduri, urmareste achizitionarea de medicamente.La finalul procedurii de atribuire se va incheia un acord-cadru pe o perioada de 48 de luni,cu maxim 3 operatori economici.Cantitatile estimate -conform caiet de sarcini.Numarul de zile pana la care se pot solicita clarificari inainte de data limita de depunere a ofertelor:16 zile.
supplies
15041813.16
33600000
LOT-0001
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
ACIDUM FUCIDICUM 20mg/g crema*15g
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 468.00 lei.
supplies
- Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0002
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
ACIDUM VALPROIC UM + SARURI CAPS. MOI GASTROREZ.500 mg.
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 1,440.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Locul de executare:Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0003
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
AMIODARONUM CONC.PT.SOL.PERF. 150mg/3ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 10,003.15 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0004
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
AMOXICILLINUM+ACIDUM CLAVULANICUM Pulb pt sol inj/perf. 1.2g (1000mg+200mg)
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 368,418.60 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0005
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
AMPICILLINUM PULB. PT. SOL. INJ. 250 mg.
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 10,731.60 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0006
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
AMPICILLINUM PULB. PT. SOL. INJ. 500 mg.
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 5,796.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0007
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
AMPICILLINUM+SULBACTAM Pulb pt sol inj/perf/im iv 1000mg/500mg (1g +500mg)
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 526,651.20 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0008
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
ARIPIPRAZOLUM SOL. INJ. 7,5mg/ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 1,772.64 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0009
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
BURETE HEMOSTATIC CU GELATINA RESORBABIL -burete medicamentos cu dimensiuni 80x 50x 10 mm
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 2,160.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0010
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
CARBAMAZEPINUM COMPR.200 mg
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 910.56 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0011
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
CEFEPIMUM Pulb pt sol inj sau perf 1000mg (1g)
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 7,398.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0012
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
CEFTAROLINUM FOSMIL PULB. PT. CONC. PT. SOL. PERF.600 MG
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 10,430.40 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0013
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
CEFTRIAXONUM Pulb pt sol inj sau perf OR Pulb+solv pt sol inj. perf. 1000mg (1g)
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 645,196.80 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0014
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
CEFUROXIMUM Pulb. pt. Sol inj. Perf.1,5g
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 8,197.20 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0015
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
CIPROFLOXACINUM SOL INJ./PERF.10mg/ml - 10 Ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 70,992.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0016
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
CLINDAMYCINUM Sol inj 300mg/2ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 7,795.20 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0017
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
COLISTINUM Pulb pt sol inj /perf 1000000ui
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 51,192.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0018
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
COMBINATII CATHEJELL cu LIDOCAINA sau echivalent GEL URETRAL IN SERINGA PREUMPLUT 12.5g gel
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 3,144.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0019
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
ERTAPENEMUM Pulb pt conc pt sol perf 1g
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 84,051.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0020
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
IMIPENEMUM+CILASTATATINUM Pulb pt sol perf 500mg/500mg
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 141,946.80 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0021
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
IMUNOGLOBULINA ANTI-RABICA UMANA SOL.INJ.150UI/ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 201,960.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0022
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
LINEZOLIDUM SOL. PERF. 2mg/ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 6,690.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0023
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
MEROPENEMUM Pulb pt sol inj iv /perf 1000mg
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 541,629.60 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0024
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
MOXIFLOXACINUM Sol perf. 400mg/250 ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 16,377.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0025
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
NEFOPAMUM SOL. INJ. 20mg/2ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 4,134.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0026
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
ONDANSETRONUM SOL. INJ. 2mg/ml- 2ml
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 28,383.48 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0027
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
RIFAXIMINUM Compr film 200mg
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 29,370.00 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0028
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
TEICOPLANINUM PULB. + SOL. PT. SOL. INJ. /PERF. SAU SOL. ORALA 400 mg.
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 142,689.60 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0
LOT-0029
no-eu-funds
price
Pretul ofertei
Pretul cel mai scazut este singurul criteriu
ORG-0004
ORG-0005
ORG-0002
false
true
fa-wo-rc
none
402612_20_2020_PAAPD1106200
VANCOMYCINUM Pulb pt sol perf OR Pulb pt conc pt sol perf 1000mg (1g)
Estimarile cantitatilor minime si maxime ale Acordului-Cadru si ale Contractelor Subsecvente sunt prevazute in caietul de sarcini. Valoarea estimată a celui mai mare contract subsecvent este de 78,433.80 lei.
supplies
Venituri din contractele cu Casa Nationala de Asigurari de Sanatate.
33600000
Produsele vor fi livrate la sediul beneficiarului, Spitalul Judetean de Urgenta Tulcea strada 1848 nr.32 respectiv magazia de medicamente a Farmaciei.
RO225
ROU
48
0.
| 47,249
|
<urn:uuid:a35eb8c5-b873-4354-b8d3-75983f94c1d1>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.courdecassation.fr/decision/6079a84f9ba5988459c4c83c
|
courdecassation.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 396
| 560
|
contre l'arrêt de la cour d'appel de Limoges, chambre correctionnelle, en date du 19 novembre 1993, qui l'a condamné, pour infraction aux dispositions du Code de la route, à une amende de 1 600 francs et à une suspension de son permis de conduire pour une durée de 35 jours.
Sur le premier moyen de cassation, pris de la violation des articles L. 212-1, R. 213-6, R. 213-7 et R. 213-8 du Code de l'organisation judiciaire, 510, 512, 591, 592 et 593 du Code de procédure pénale :
" en ce que l'arrêt confirmatif attaqué a condamné Marcel X... à une amende de 1 600 francs pour excès de vitesse et a suspendu son permis de conduire pour une durée de 35 jours ;
" alors que tout arrêt doit faire la preuve par lui-même de la composition légale de la juridiction dont il émane ; que l'arrêt attaqué, qui a été prononcé le 19 novembre 1993 après des débats qui se sont tenus le 5 novembre précédent, énonce que la formation de la cour d'appel qui l'a rendu était présidé par M. Daniel Mercier, conseiller faisant fonction de président en remplacement du titulaire empêché, spécialement désigné par ordonnance de M. le premier président en date du 7 septembre 1992 ; que les dispositions des articles R. 213-6, R. 213-7 et R. 213-8 du Code de l'organisation judiciaire rendent impossible qu'un conseiller à la cour d'appel préside, les 5 et 19 novembre 1993, une formation de la cour d'appel en vertu d'une ordonnance prise, le 7 septembre 1992, par le premier président de la même cour d'appel ; que l'arrêt attaqué ne remplit pas les conditions essentielles de son existence légale " ;
Attendu que l'arrêt attaqué mentionne que l'audience était présidée par M. Mercier, " conseiller faisant fonction de président en remplacement du titulaire empêché, spécialement désigné par ordonnance de M. le premier président en date du 7 septembre 1992 " ;
Attendu qu'en l'état de ces mentions la Cour de Cassation est en mesure de s'assurer de la régularité de la décision ;
Qu'en effet la méconnaissance éventuelle des dispositions réglementaires du Code de l'organisation judiciaire est sans incidence sur la régularité de la composition de la cour d'appel qui relève des seules règles fixées par la loi ;
Cour d'appel de limoges (chambre correctionnelle), 1993-11-19
Code de l'organisation judiciaire L212-1, R213-6, R213-7, R213-8
| 40,019
|
1854704_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,983
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,962
| 6,355
|
ELY, Circuit Judge:
At issue in this quiet title action is the validity of the title acquired by the United States in certain improved real property when the United States redeemed such property from the plaintiff pursuant to Section 7425 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C.). The District Court held that the Government properly exercised its right of redemption and thereby acquired all rights, title and interest in the property free and clear of any claims thereto of the plaintiff. We affirm the judgment of the District Court except as to the correctness of the amount tendered by the United States to the plaintiff in redemption of the subject property. As to such matter, the case is remanded to the District Court for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
William .Little (plaintiff) commenced this action on March 23, 1981, by filing a Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order, Preliminary Injunction and Order to Quiet Title in which he sought to prevent the United States from redeeming certain real property. Little also sought a declaration that the title to the subject property rested solely on him. The property, which consists of a 28-unit apartment building, known as 1110 W. Washington Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, was acquired by Alexander Rojas by grant deed dated April 18, 1973. Thereafter, Rojas encumbered the property by a first deed of trust recorded August 25, 1978, naming Commonwealth Land Title Company as trustee with a power of sale. Rojas further encumbered the property by a second trust deed dated November 7, 1978, naming Title Insurance Trust Company trustee with a power of sale.
On July 2, 1979, the property was conveyed via a tax deed to the State of California to satisfy delinquent property taxes for the fiscal year 1973-74. This tax deed was recorded in the Office of the County Recorder for Los Angeles County on July 17, 1979. By grant deed dated May 6, 1980, Rojas transferred a one-half undivided interest in the property to Bell Builders Supply, Inc., a California corporation. The deed was duly recorded on May 8, 1980. Thereafter, on September 17, 1980, the Internal Revenue Service recorded a notice of federal tax lien with the Los Angeles County Recorder in the name of Bell Builders Supply, Inc., for unpaid federal employment taxes owed by that corporation for the tax period ended March 31, 1980, in the amount of $12,587.37. The Internal Revenue Service subsequently filed a second notice of federal tax lien against Bell Builders Supply, Inc. on November 4, 1980, for unpaid federal employment taxes due for the period ended June 30,1980, in the total amount of $12,220.96.
On December 16, 1980, the subject property was sold by the trustee under the second deed of trust to Jess Mendoza for $23,670. The trustee's deed transferring the property to Mendoza was recorded on January 21, 1981. By grant deed dated December 17, 1980 (recorded January 28, 1981) Mendoza transferred his interest in the subject property to William Little, the plaintiff herein.
On March 19, and 20, 1981, the Internal Revenue Service seized the subject property pursuant to its previously recorded tax liens. Thereafter, plaintiff commenced this action seeking to restrain the Government from exercising its right of redemption pursuant to Section 7425(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. On April 14, 1981, the District Court entered its findings of fact and conclusions of law. The District Court held that the privilege of redeeming the subject property from the State of California by payment of the delinquent property taxes for the years 1973 and 1974 constituted sufficient "property interests" to provide plaintiff's standing to bring this action pursuant to Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code. In addition, the District Court held that this privilege of redemption was the interest transferred to Bell Builders Supply, Inc. to which the federal tax liens subsequently attached. The District Court also specifically held that the privilege of redemption, under California law, is transferable, has value, and, therefore, constitutes "property or rights to property" within the meaning of Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code. The District Court also found, however, that the plaintiff would suffer irreparable injury if the Government exercised its right to redeem the property under the Internal Revenue Code, and entered an order granting a preliminary injunction restraining the Government from exercising its right of redemption.
On April 15, 1981, the final day of the 120-day statutory period for redeeming the subject property after the December 16, 1980 sale under the second deed of trust (Section 7425(d)), this court stayed the injunctive order of the District Court pending appeal and the Government timely redeemed the subject property from the plaintiff. A certificate of redemption was properly recorded with the Office of the County Recorder in Los Angeles on April 17, 1981.
On May 14, 1981, the trustee under the first deed of trust filed a notice of a trustee's sale with respect to the first deed of trust to be held on May 28, 1981. At the sale, the plaintiff's assignee purchased the property for the sum of $42,611.50, thereby discharging the debt secured by the first deed of trust. The United States, which at that time had title to the subject property pursuant to its redemption of April 15, 1981, was not notified as to the foreclosure and sale.
Thereafter, plaintiff filed, by leave of court, his first amended and supplemental complaint. In his amended complaint, plaintiff again alleged that the United States did not have a federal statutory right of redemption because Bell Builders Supply, Inc. did not acquire from Rojas a "property interest" to which the federal tax lien attached. Plaintiff also asserted, in the alternative, that if the alleged right of redemption had been properly exercised, the Government failed to tender the proper amount upon redemption pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2410(d) and Treasury Regulations on Procedure and Administration (1954 Code) § 301.7425-4(b) (26 C.F.R.). Finally, plaintiff contended that if the redemption was proper, the Government acquired title to the property subject to a senior encumbrance, i.e., the first deed of trust, and that the subsequent foreclosure and sale on May 28, 1981, at which plaintiff's assignee purchased the property, divested the Government of the title it had acquired through redemption. Additionally, plaintiff offered to pay in full the remaining tax lien against Bell Builders Supply, Inc. recorded on November 4, 1980, asserting that satisfaction of that lien would remove any Government ownership or lien interest in the subject property.
Cross motions for summary judgment were filed by both parties. The District Court granted the Government's motion and, consequently, dismissed plaintiff's complaint. In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the District Court held that the Government had properly exercised its right of redemption with respect to the real property involved in this action, and therefore, had acquired title to the property from the date of redemption by operation of Section 7425(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The District Court also specifically rejected the plaintiff's request to quiet title to the property which was based on the foreclosure of the first deed of trust and the May 28, 1981 trustee's sale at which plaintiff allegedly acquired title to the subject property through his assignee. The District Court held, in this regard, that the Government's title to the property was derived from the enforcement of a lien, and that the nonjudicial sale of the subject property to satisfy a senior lien under the first deed of trust, without specific notice to the United States as required by Section 7425(c)(1), was made subject to and without disturbing the Government's title. Consequently, the District Court declared that the title in the United States was free and clear of any and all rights, title and interest of the plaintiff with respect to the redeemed property. From this adverse judgment plaintiff appeals.
II. ISSUES PRESENTED
This appeal raises three issues. First, whether, in granting summary judgment for the United States and dismissing the plaintiff's complaint, the District Court correctly held that the taxpayer (Bell Builders Supply, Inc.) had a property interest, within the meaning of Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, in the subject real property and that, consequently, the Government's tax liens attached to that interest. Second, whether the District Court correctly determined that the United States properly exercised its right of redemption with respect to the subject real property and, thereby, acquired all rights, title and interest in the property free of any claims thereto of the plaintiff. Third, whether the United States, in exercising its right of redemption, tendered the proper amount to plaintiff.
III. ANALYSIS
First, whether, in granting summary judgment for the United States and dismissing the plaintiff's complaint, the District Court correctly held that the taxpayer (Bell Builders Supply, Inc.) had a property interest, within the meaning of Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, in the subject real property and that, consequently, the Government's tax liens attached to that interest.
Plaintiff contends that the taxpayer, Bell Builders Supply, Inc., could acquire from his predecessor in interest, Rojas, that which Rojas had to transfer, and that, since at the time of the transfer to Bell Builders Supply, Inc. the property in question had been tax-deeded to the State of California, the only interest acquired by Bell Builders Supply, Inc. was the statutory privilege of redemp tion. This privilege of redemption, so plaintiff contends, does not rise to the level of "property or a right to property" within the meaning of Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code, thereby, rendering void the Government's interest in the subject property.
Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 provides that if any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to do so, the amount of the tax (including interest, additions, penalties or costs that may accrue) "shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person." The lien provided for in Section 6321 arises at the time the tax assessment is made and continues until the underlying liability is satisfied or becomes unenforceable by reason of lapse of time. Section 6322 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The initial question in this case is whether the taxpayer (Bell Builders Supply, Inc.) had "property or rights to property" to which the Government's tax liens against the taxpayer could attach. In answering that question, resort to state law is required, for in applying a provision of the Internal Revenue Code, state law controls in determining the nature of the legal interest which the taxpayer has in the property sought to be reached by the federal statute. Aquilino v. United States, 363 U.S. 509, 512-13, 80 S.Ct. 1277, 1279-80, 4 L.Ed.2d 1365 (1960); United States v. Bess, 357 U.S. 51, 55, 78 S.Ct. 1054, 1057, 2 L.Ed.2d 1135 (1958); Morgan v. Commissioner, 309 U.S. 78, 82, 60 S.Ct. 424, 427, 84 L.Ed. 585 (1940). Of course, once it is determined that the taxpayer possesses property or rights to property recognizable under state law the federal tax consequences pertaining to such rights are solely a matter of federal law and, consequently, liens provided by federal statute may not be defeated by state exemption statutes. United States v. Bess, 357 U.S. at 57, 78 S.Ct. at 1058.
Resolution of the question whether Bell Builders Supply, Inc. possessed "property or rights to property" under Section 6321 involves determining whether under California law the interest in question is an economic asset in the sense that it has pecuniary worth and is transferable, so that a claim can be enforced against it. After a careful review of the record and California case law, we conclude that the right of redemption acquired by the taxpayer in the instant case has pecuniary worth and is transferable. See Potter v. County of Los Angeles, 251 Cal.App.2d 280, 59 Cal.Rptr. 335 (1967); Potter v. Entler, 71 Cal.App.2d 710, 163 P.2d 490 (1945); Graham v. Reed, 83 CaLApp. 516, 257 P. 131 (1927). The record shows that the taxpayer gave valuable (although unspecified) consideration to acquire the right. The record further shows that when the second deed of trust on the property was foreclosed in December 1980, Jess Mendoza purchased the remaining interest in the property — i.e., the right to redeem the property from the State of California — for some $23,000. Indeed, the very fact that the plaintiff instituted this action to quiet title and to, thereby, secure for himself the right to redeem the property from the State of California, establishes that the right of redemption in issue is a valuable right. Thus, the plaintiff is in the untenable position of arguing, on the one hand, that he should prevail against the Government because Bell Builders Supply, Inc. did not acquire an interest in the subject real property to which the Government's tax liens could attach, and asserting, on the other hand, that title should be quieted in him by virtue of the interest he acquired in the property at the December 1980 foreclosure sale. The only possible interest acquired by the plaintiff at that sale was the right to redeem the property from the State of California. If this right did not rise to the level of a property interest, i.e., an interest protected under state law, then plaintiff would have no basis for maintaining the instant quiet title action. If, however, the right of redemption at stake here is a valuable right to property, and we hold that it is, then there is not only standing for plaintiff's action but there is also a right to property to which the Government's tax liens attached.
The California cases cited by plaintiff do not support his position that a right of redemption does not constitute property or rights to property within the meaning of Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code. See Potter v. County of Los Angeles, 251 Cal.App.2d 280, 59 Cal.Rptr. 335 (1967); Mercury Herald Co. v. Moore, 22 Cal.2d 269, 138 P.2d 673 (1943); Helvey v. Bank of America, 43 Cal.App.2d 532, 111 P.2d 390 (1941). These cases seem to hold that the right of redemption under California law is nothing more than a personal privilege granted by statute to a delinquent taxpayer to allow him to divest the State's title in tax deeded property upon payment of all delinquent taxes. From these cases appellant argues that the right of redemption is neither a vested nor a substantial right and, accordingly, cannot meet the definitional requirements of Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code. We agree with the District Court's conclusion that such reasoning is myopic. Simply because an interest is classified as a "privilege" under state law should not exempt such interest from attachment by a federal tax lien if such interest represents an economic asset in the sense that it has pecuniary worth and is transferable, so that a claim can be enforced against it. As previously discussed, the interest in the instant case meets this definition and should, therefore, be considered a property interest within the meaning of Section 6321 of the Internal Revenue Code.
Second, whether the District Court correctly determined that the United States properly exercised its right of redemption with respect to the subject real property and, thereby, acquired all rights, title and interest in the property free of any claims thereto of the plaintiff.
Section 7425(b) expressly provides that a nonjudicial sale of property on which the United States has a lien, or a title derived from the enforcement of a lien, shall be made "subject to and without disturbing such lien or title " if the United States is not given notice of such sale in the manner prescribed in subsection (c)(1). (Emphasis added.) The record here shows that on April 15,1981, the Internal Revenue Service timely redeemed the subject real property pursuant to Section 7425 of the Internal Revenue Code and further shows that the Government duly recorded its certificate of redemption on April 17, 1981, with the Office of the County Recorder in Los Angeles, California. Thereafter on May 28, 1981, there was a foreclosure of the first deed of trust and a nonjudicial sale of the property to the plaintiffs assignee. It is clear from the record that no notice of the May 28 sale as provided by Sections 7425(b) and (c), was given to the Internal Revenue Service. It therefore follows, under Section 7425(b), that the title acquired by the United States upon its redemption of the property was not disturbed by the subsequent foreclosure and sale of the property.
Third, whether the United States, in exercising its right of redemption, tendered the proper amount to plaintiff.
With respect to the amount to be paid by the United States upon exercise of its right of redemption, Section 7425(d)(2) provides that the redemption price shall be the amount prescribed by subsection (d) of Section 2410 of Title 28 of the United States Code. In addition, Treasury Regulations on Procedure and Administration (1954 Code) § 301.7425-4(b)(iv) (26 C.F.R.) provide that with respect to a redemption made after December 31,1976, the redemption price shall include the amount of payment made by a purchaser or his successor in interest after the foreclosure sale to a holder of a senior lien.
The United States upon redemption of the property, following the December 16, 1980 foreclosure and sale, tendered to plaintiff the sum of $24,136.92. This amount represented the amount paid by the purchaser at the foreclosure sale ($23,670) plus interest thereon from the date of the sale to the date of redemption. Plaintiff contends that the redemption price paid by the United States was inadequate. He asserts in this regard that following the foreclosure sale he expended some $16,000 for repairs to the property and further asserts that he paid $60,000 to obtain the beneficial interest in the first deed of trust, a senior encumbrance on the property which was not extinguished by the foreclosure sale. The United States, so plaintiff contends, was required to reimburse him for these two payments when it redeemed the property.
Plaintiff's allegations regarding amounts he expended for repairs and for satisfaction of a senior lien involve factual matters which cannot be resolved from the record as it now stands. The case was disposed of on the basis of the parties' cross motions for summary judgment. Consequently, the District Court held no evidentiary hearing with respect to plaintiff's allegations regarding the inadequacy of the amount tendered by the Government and made no specific findings regarding such allegations. In these circumstances, the question as to the correctness of the amount tendered by the Government cannot properly be resolved on appeal. The matter should be remanded to the District Court for further proceedings.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed, except as to the matter of the correctness of the amount tendered by the United States. As to such matter, the case is remanded to the District Court for further proceedings.
. This court stayed the District Court's order on the basis of the Government's appeal and emergency motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). The appeal was later dismissed as moot.
. Plaintiff allegedly acquired his beneficial interest in the note secured by the first deed of trust from a W. Michael Mayock, who had received that interest from the original beneficiaries on October 27, 1980. However, the assignment of the promissory note attached to plaintiffs Response to the defendant's Statement of Genuine Issues of Fact, was executed on March 3, 1981, and purports to transfer the beneficial interest from Mayock to Frank Darmiento III, the nominee of the plaintiff. Thereafter, on May 7, 1981, Darmiento caused a substitution of the trustee under the first deed of trust, appointing Joel Mithers as trustee.
. Although the District Court's temporary injunction against the Government of April 14, 1981 was stayed by this court (see note 1, supra), the merits of the case were not finally decided. For this reason the District Court permitted the plaintiff to file an amended and supplemental complaint.
. Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C.):
SEC. 6321. LIEN FOR TAXES.
If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that may accrue in addition thereto) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person.
SEC. 6322. [as amended by Sec. 113(a), Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966, Pub.L. No. 89-719, 80 Stat. 1125] PERIOD OF LIEN.
Unless another date is specifically fixed by law, the lien imposed by section 6321 shall arise at the time the assessment is made and shall continue until the liability for the amount so assessed (or a judgment against the taxpayer arising out of such liability) is satisfied or becomes unenforceable by reason of lapse of time.
. California law provides that the tax collector shall annually sell to the State of California property on which taxes are unpaid, and, five years later, if the property has not been redeemed by payment of the delinquent taxes, execute a deed conveying the property to the State. California Rev. & Tax Code § 3351, 3352, 3436, 3511 (West 1970). Redemption of both "tax-sold" and "tax-deeded" property is provided by California Rev. & Tax Code § 4101 (West 1970). Under that provision, tax-sold property and, if the right of redemption has not been terminated, tax-deeded property, may be redeemed from the State. When property is deeded to the State, Cal.Rev. & Tax Code § 3520 (West 1970) provides that the tax deed conveys the absolute title to the property, free of all encumbrances, except certain liens and assessments not relevant herein. The so-called tax sale to the State, prior to the issuance of a deed to the State, does little more than establish a lien in favor of the State, subject to the absolute right of the taxpayer to clear his title by paying off the lien. After five years, however, when the property is deeded to the State, there is a transfer of beneficial ownership, subject to a privilege or opportunity to redeem the property if the State has not disposed of the property or taken other steps to terminate the privilege of redemption. Weber v. Wells, 154 F.2d 1004 (9th Cir.1946).
Upon redemption of tax-deeded property, the State's title is rendered null and void and the interest acquired by virtue of the sale to the State ceases. Thus, even though a successor in interest may redeem the property, redemption does not operate to give the redemptioner the State's title. The State's title is extinguished by the redemption, and the redemptioner has only the title existing prior to the State's title subject to any encumbrances or liens at that time. Potter v. Entler, 71 Cal.App.2d 710, 163 P.2d 490 (1945). Potter v. County of Los Angeles, 251 Cal.App.2d 280, 59 Cal.Rptr. 335 (1967). A redemptioner, however, or any other person claiming through hiih, may bring suit against the State to quiet title to all or any portion of the property and prosecute it to final judgment. Cal.Rev. & Tax Code § 4113 (West 1970).
It should also be noted that in California redemptions from tax deeds are favored in the law because the title acquired by the State via a tax deed is not of the same nature as that vested in a private purchaser. The object of the purchase by the State is not the acquisition of the property, but rather the collection of taxes. Hossom v. City of Long Beach, 83 Cal.App.2d 745, 189 P.2d 787 (1948); Anglo California Nat'l Bank of San Francisco v. Leland, 9 Cal.2d 347, 70 P.2d 937 (1937). Moreover, it is the settled policy of state law to give a delinquent taxpayer every reasonable opportunity compatible with the rights of the State to redeem his property and to return it to the tax rolls for further governmental support. People v. Gustafson, 53 Cal.App.2d 230, 127 P.2d 627 (1942).
In the instant case the State of California never disposed of the subject property. Thus, any right of redemption acquired by Bell Builders Supply, Inc. was still exercisable at the time the property was transferred to the plaintiff. Indeed, if the right of redemption had terminated this suit by the plaintiff would be moot.
. Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C.) Section 7425 provides in pertinent part:
SEC. 7425. DISCHARGE OF LIENS.
(a) Judicial Proceedings. — If the United States is not joined as a party, a judgment in any civil action or suit described in subsection (a) of section 2410 of title 28 of the United States Code, or a judicial sale pursuant to such a judgment, with respect to property on which the United States has or claims a lien under the provisions of this title—
(1) shall be made subject to and without disturbing the lien of the United States, if notice of such lien has been filed in the place provided by law for such filing at the time such action or suit is commenced, or
(2) shall have the same effect with respect to the discharge or divestment of such lien of the United States as may be provided with respect to such matters by the local law of the place where such property is situated, if no notice of such lien has been filed in the place provided by law for such filing at the time such action or suit is commenced or if the law makes no provision for such filing. If a judicial sale of property pursuant to a judgment in any civil action or suit to which the United States is not a party discharges a lien of the United States arising under the provisions of this title, the United States may claim, with the same priority as its lien had against the property sold, the proceeds (exclusive of costs) of such sale at any time before the distribution of such proceeds is ordered.
(b) Other Sales. — Notwithstanding subsection (a) a sale of property on which the United States has or claims a lien, or a title derived from enforcement of a lien, under the provisions of this title, made pursuant to an instrument creating a lien on such property, pursuant to a confession of judgment on the obligation secured by such an instrument, or pursuant to a nonjudicial sale under a statutory lien on such property—
(1) shall, except as otherwise provided, be made subject to and without disturbing such lien or title, if notice of such lien was filed or such title recorded in the place provided by law for such filing or recording more than 30 days before such sale and the United States is not given notice of such sale in the manner prescribed in subsection (c)(1); or
(2) shall have the same effect with respect to discharge or divestment of such lien or such title of the United States, as may be provided with respect to such matters by the local law of the place where such property is situated, if—
(A) notice of such lien or such title was not filed or recorded in the place provided by law for such filing more than 30 days before such sale,
(B) the law makes no provisions for such filing, or
(C) notice of such sale is given in the manner prescribed in subsection (c)(1).
(c) Special Rules.—
(1) Notice of sale. — Notice of sale to which subsection (b) applies shall be given (in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary or his delegate) in writing, by registered or certified mail or by personal service, not less than 25 days prior to such sale, to the Secretary or his delegate.
(d) Redemption by United States.—
(1) Right to redeem. — In the case of a sale of real property to which subsection (b) applies to satisfy a lien prior to that of the United States, the Secretary or his delegate may redeem such property within the period of 120 days from the date of such sale or the period allowable for redemption under local law, whichever is longer.
(2) Amount to be paid. — In any case in which the United States redeems real property pursuant to paragraph (1), the amount to be paid for such property shall be the amount prescribed by subsection (d) of section 2410 of title 28 of the United States Code.
. Section 2410 of 28 U.S.C. provides in pertinent part:
(d) In any case in which the United States redeems real property under this section or section 7425 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, the amount to be paid for such property shall be the sum of—
(1) the actual amount paid by the purchaser at such sale (which, in the case of a purchaser who is the holder of the lien being foreclosed, shall include the amount of the obligation secured by such lien to the extent satisfied by reason of such sale),
(2) interest on the amount paid (as determined under paragraph (1)) at 6 percent per annum from the date of such sale, and
(3) the amount (if any) equal to the excess of (A) the expenses necessarily incurred in connection with such property, over (B) the income from such property plus (to the extent such property is used by the purchaser) a reasonable rental value of such property..
| 31,191
|
MTV_HF_2(82)10-add2_fre_COE152987.txt_1
|
Marianne-Europe
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 855
| 1,332
|
ÇÔNSEIL DE L’EUROPE---------------;------------------ COUNCIL OF EUROPE
Strasbourg, 23 septembre 1982
Addendum II au
MTV-HF-2 (82) 10
CONFERENCE DES MINISTRES EUROPEENS DU TRAVAIL
Comité de Hauts Fonctionnaires
chargés de la préparation de la
deuxième Conférence
2ème réunion
Strasbourg, 25-27 octobre 1982
COE152987
CONTRIBUTIONS NATIONALES
GRECE
Cet Addendum contient les réponses au paragraphe 16 du rapport de la
première réunion du Comité de Hauts Fonctionnaires chargés de la préparation
de la deuxième Conférence des Ministres européens du Travail (MTV-HF-2 (82) 5)
reçues par le Secrétariat après le 20 septembre 1982 et dont, de ce fait, il
n'a pas pu être tenu compte lors de l'élaboration de la synthèse.
76.890
03.2
MTV-HF-2 (82) 10
Addendum II
\
QUESTIONS INSCRITES A L'ORDRE DU JOUR
THEME GENERAL
"Politiques du marché du travail face à un chômage durable et d'un niveau
élevé : défis et réponses possibles".
Les vues sur la politique sociale devraient être sérieusement prises en
considération et pesées attentivement lors de la planification et de l'appli
cation de la politique du marché du travail, et notamment lors des discussions
des problèmes d'adaptation du marché de l'emploi aux conditions économiques
changeables.
Or, compte tenu de la complexité des différents objectifs sociaux et
économiques et de leur divergence, on peut se poser la question suivante :
Comment procéder au mieux pour parvenir à de meilleurs résultats dans
le domaine économique et à une égalité sociale plus grande alors qu'il y a
- une nécessité de changements structurels importants (par exemple en
ce qui concerne les sources d'énergie, les structures commerciales,
la technologie etc.),
- une insuffisance des fonds publics, en raison du bas niveau de
développement économique, et
- un besoin de main-d'oeuvre productive et adaptable qui contribuerait
à un développement non-inflationniste.
THEMES SPECIFIQUES
I. "Liens entre formation et emploi, notamment en vue de l'insertion
professionnelle des jeunes et d'autres catégories de personnes ayant des
problèmes particuliers".
a) Il existe divers systèmes de formation professionnelle. A notre avis,
il serait utile d'étudier quels systèmes nationaux de formation
professionnelle répondent le mieux aux besoins futurs créés par les
changements structurels, àceux liés au développement économique et social
età ceux du marché du travail.
b) Le renforcement des liens entre formation professionnelle et emploi
constitue l'objectif permanent de la politique de la main-d'oeuvre.
Or, pour qu'un profit plus général puisse être tiré de l'expérience
acquise dans les divers pays, il est nécessaire d'étudier quels sont
les possibilités et moyens qui existent aujourd'hui en vue d'un
renforcement plus adéquat de ces liens.
c) En ce qui concerne les jeunes, les problèmes de formation-emploi
qui pourraient être approfondis sont les suivants :
- de quelle manière serait facilité le passage des jeunes de la phase
de formation à la vie professionnelle, mais aussi,
- de quelle manière pourrait se faire l'adaptation de la qualité de la
vie professionnelle aux besoins de l'économie et aux idées des jeunes
sur le travail.
- 3 -
MTV-HF-2 (82) 10
Addendum II
d) Un faible pourcentage dé jeunes, pour des raisons diverses, ont des difficultés
à suivre une formation scolaire et professionnelle. Ils sont désavantagés
lorsqu'ils cherchent à avoir accès au marché du travail et à se.procurer un
emploi stable.
Parallèlement, il y a un pourcentage de travailleurs âgés qui n'ont pas toutes
les qualifications professionnelles requises du fait que les possibilités
de formation professionnelle étaient restreintes lorsqu'ils étaient jeunes.
Les catégories susmentionnées ainsi que certaines autres constituent le marché
secondaire du travail, dont les caractéristiques sont l'absence de spécialisation
par rapport aux travaux à exécuter, l'instabilité, le bas niveau des salaires
et le chômage.
La formation professionnelle et l'emploi de ces personnes posent de graves
problèmes et conduisent à se poser la question de savoir ce qui pourrait être
fait dans ce domaine.
II. "Liens entre temps de travail et emploi"
a) Méthode de calcul
Apparemment, il n'existe pas un simple modèle numérique qui puisse permettre
d'évaluer les effets que pourrait avoir sur l'emploi la réduction éventuelle
du temps de travail.
Si cette constatation est exacte, on pourrait demander ä connaître quelles sont
les autres possibilités pratiques d'évaluation de ces effets qui existent afin
qu'une politique beaucoup plus consciencieuse et plus réaliste puisse être
adoptée dans chaque cas particulier.
Compte tenu de l'évolution constatée dans les divers Etats membres, quelle en
est dans ce domaine l'évaluation ?
b) Procédures
Les discussions portant sur la réduction du temps de travail se déroulent
au niveau international dans un> climat caractérisé par des tensions.
Les procédures les plus appropriées dans ce domaine sont les négociations
entre employeurs et travailleurs et le recours à des mesures législatives ou
autres.
Se pose alors la question de savoir : quelles sont les conclusions que l'on
pourrait tirer de l'évaluation des expériences concernant l'une ou l'autre
de ces procédures en cours dans les divers Etats membres et quel est le rôle
des pouvoirs publics vis-à-vis de ces procédures ?
c) Problèmes posés par la réduction (redistribution) du temps de travail eu égard
- aux revenus individuels,
- au coût du travail,
- à son application par les entreprises,
- à la productivité et à la compétitivité internationale,
- à l'inflation,
- au développement économique.
| 146
|
<urn:uuid:98fccb34-b084-40df-a76f-4c1638f91367>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.ugap.fr/laboratoire-1/equipements-de-base-32146/paillasse-36676/paillasse-seche-pour-laboratoire-nue-pietement-forme-a-plan-de-travail-en-verre-emaille-l1200-mm-p2973170
|
ugap.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 771
| 1,592
|
Magazine Acheter Juste / Nos produits et services / Laboratoire / Equipements de base / Paillasse Chercheur de métaphases Froid médical et cryogénie Hotte et PSM Microscopie de laboratoire Sorbonne Matériel de paillasse Purification de l’eau Station de traitement des effluents Surveillance des enceintes thermostatées Étuve et incubateur Armoire de sécurité Centrifugeuse Paillasse sèche pour laboratoire nue piètement forme A, plan de travail en verre émaillé, L1200 mm Références : UGAP : 2973170 |
Fournisseur : L PSV 1200 |
Constructeur : L PSV 1200 Fournisseur :
Fiche SAV Options InstallationInstallation avec portage par escaliers France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653627 |Constructeur : INSTALL_ETAGEInstallation avec portage par escaliers Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653628 |Constructeur : INSTALL_ETAGEFormationFormation complémentaire sur site client. Prix par personne Déplacement formateur compris France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653631 |Constructeur : FORM-FM1Formation complémentaire au centre. Prix par personne hors déplacement site-centre France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653632 |Constructeur : FORM-FM2Formation complémentaire au centre. Prix par personne avec déplacement site-centre France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653633 |Constructeur : FORM-FM3Formation complémentaire lieu titulaire. Prix par personne hors déplacement site-centre France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653634 |Constructeur : FORM-FM4Formation complémentaire lieu titulaire. Prix par personne avec déplacement site-centre France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653635 |Constructeur : FORM-FM5Formation complémentaire sur site client. Prix par personne Déplacement formateur compris Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653636 |Constructeur : FORM-OM1Formation complémentaire au centre. Prix par personne hors déplacement site-centre Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653637 |Constructeur : FORM-OM2Formation complémentaire au centre. Prix par personne avec déplacement site-centre Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653638 |Constructeur : FORM-OM3Formation complémentaire lieu titulaire. Prix par personne hors déplacement site-centre Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653639 |Constructeur : FORM-OM4Formation complémentaire lieu titulaire. Prix par personne avec déplacement site-centre Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653640 |Constructeur : FORM-OM5EvacuationEvacuation d'un ancien matériel pour destruction France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653489 |Constructeur : EVACUATIONEvacuation d'un ancien matériel pour destruction Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653620 |Constructeur : EVACUATIONExtension de garantieExtension de garantie 2 ans pour paillasses - prix annuel Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653621 |Constructeur : EXT-GAR-0M-2AExtension de garantie 3 ans pour paillasses - prix annuel Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653622 |Constructeur : EXT-GAR-0M-3AExtension de garantie 1 an pour paillasses - prix annuel France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653623 |Constructeur : EXT-GAR-FM-1AExtension de garantie 2 ans pour paillasses - prix annuel France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653624 |Constructeur : EXT-GAR-FM-2AExtension de garantie 3 ans pour paillasses - prix annuel France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653625 |Constructeur : EXT-GAR-FM-3AExtension de garantie 1 an pour paillasses - prix annuel Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653626 |Constructeur : EXT-GAR-OM-1AMaintenanceMaintenance préventive France Métropolitaine Références : UGAP : 5653629 |Constructeur : MAINT-PREVMaintenance préventive Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653630 |Constructeur : MAINT-PREVSurcoût outre-merSurcoût matériel Outre-mer 0 % à appliquer sur prix des équipements maintenus/visite Références : UGAP : 878435 |Constructeur : SURCOÛT MATÉRIEL OMSurcoût prestations Outre-mer Références : UGAP : 5653641 |Constructeur : SURCOÛT PRESTATIONS OMOptionSystème de réglagle PMR (pour personnes à mobilité réduite) électrique Références : UGAP : 2973755 |Constructeur : PMR ELECSystème de réglagle PMR (pour personnes à mobilité réduite) fixe à 800 mm Références : UGAP : 2973756 |Constructeur : PMR-800Système de réglagle PMR (pour personnes à mobilité réduite) manuel Références : UGAP : 2973757 |Constructeur : PMR-MAN Description Paillasse sèche pour laboratoire, plan de tavail verre émaillé 6mm sur support mélaminé hydrofuge épaisseur 22mm, joint silicone sanitaire, chants PVC 2mm piètement métalliques en A section 40*40mmm Points forts Bon rapport qualité prix , bonne résistance aux produits chimiques. Voir aussi FICHE TECHNIQUE TABLEAU 2.1.2+2.2.8.1 Documents annexes Fiche SAV Caractéristiques Caracteristique(s)Gamme laboratoireMarque LCCANomenclature CHU 18.502Nomenclature Nacres JA.02Nomenclature IRSN 189Quantité 1Titulaire LCCAMatière verre émailléType de produit paillasse sèche laboratoireLieu de fabrication FranceNomenclature CNRS JA02Nomenclature INSERM JA.JA02Nomenclature CEA SHP11 Nos clients ont également acheté Système de purification de l'eau de type I Simplicity® Kit CompletPour consulter nos tarifs, veuillez-vous identifier ou nous contacter.QuantitéLa quantité choisie doit être comprise entre 1 et 999 999. 0 restants.Test rapide antigénique professionnel covid19 Panbio COVID19 Ag rapid Test Device stock 2 à 30 °C carton de 400Pour consulter nos tarifs, veuillez-vous identifier ou nous contacter.QuantitéLa quantité choisie doit être comprise entre 1 et 999 999. 0 restants.Lecteur de bandelettes urinaires Appareil clinitek status - achatPour consulter nos tarifs, veuillez-vous identifier ou nous contacter.QuantitéLa quantité choisie doit être comprise entre 1 et 999 999. 0 restants.AC GUIDE Bandelettes 50 tests sur Accu-Chek Guide - coffret Flacon anti-renversement tranche 1Pour consulter nos tarifs, veuillez-vous identifier ou nous contacter.QuantitéLa quantité choisie doit être comprise entre 1 et 999 999. 0 restants.previousnext
| 2,259
|
4583629_2
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,027
| 1,690
|
IV. Amendment of the Complaint
{¶82} In his third assignment of error, Joe contends that the trial court erred
in denying his motion for leave to amend his complaint. He argues that the trial
court improperly found that the amendment would be futile. This assignment of
error is not well taken.
{¶83} The trial court dismissed the first count of the complaint without
prejudice. It stated, “Plaintiff may seek to amend his Complaint, but he must submit
the type of facts that support a minority shareholder direct action.” Joe filed a
motion for leave to amend his complaint, which the trial court denied.
{¶84} Civ.R. 15(A) governs the amendment of pleadings, and it provides that
the court should freely give leave to amend “when justice so requires.” Isco
Industries, Inc. v. Great Am. Ins., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180636, 2019-Ohio-
4852, ¶ 52; Hensley v. Durrani, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130005, 2013-Ohio-4711, ¶
14. The decision to grant or deny a motion for leave to amend lies within the
discretion of the trial court. Wilmington Steel Prods., Inc. v. Cleveland Elec.
Illuminating, 60 Ohio St. 3d 120, 122, 573 N.E.2d 622 (1991); Danopulos v. Am.
Trading II, LLC, 2016-Ohio-5014, 69 N.E.3d 157, ¶ 15 (1st Dist.).
{¶85} In ruling on a motion to amend, the trial court should consider several
factors including whether the movant made a prima facie showing of support for the
28
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
new matters sought to be pleaded, the timeliness of the motion, and whether the
proposed amendment would prejudice the opposing party. Danopulos at ¶ 24. A
trial court properly refuses to grant leave to amend when amendment would be
futile. Isco Industries at ¶ 52; Hensley at ¶ 14. The trial court found that count one
of the amended complaint suffered from the same defects as the original complaint
and that amendment of the complaint would be futile.
{¶86} In the amended complaint, Joe alleged that Tony directed that JTM’s
weekly and daily production information be withheld from Joe; that under the
direction of the controlling shareholders, the board determined that Tony would
earn $90,000 more in annual salary than Joe, in violation of JTM’s decades-long
policy that the four brothers would earn the same salary; that the board had voted to
remove him as vice-president of engineering; that the board had voted to remove
him as the chief safety officer, a position he had held for decades; that the board’s
resolution on charitable giving forced him to form, finance, and fund a private
charitable foundation against his will; and that under the resolution he has been
forced to reimburse JTM for his portion of the overage of JTM’s charitable
contributions against his will. These, he claims, are individual harms.
{¶87} But they are simply recitations of his claims for breach of fiduciary
duties by the officers and directors of the corporation, which belong to the
corporation itself and should be brought as a derivative claim. Again, Joe does not
allege any reduction in his salary, benefits or dividends that were not shared by the
other shareholders. Basically, Joe alleges a series of decisions with which he
disagrees. He does not approve of the manner in which Tony runs the company, but
the other members of the board find no fault with Tony’s methods.
29
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶88} The fiduciary duties owed by majority shareholders to minority
shareholders do not mean that minority shareholders can frustrate the will of the
majority by disagreeing over the course of the corporate action. Koos, 94 Ohio
App.3d at 588, 641 N.E.2d 265. The majority shareholders have the right “to
exercise control over the corporate affairs to which ownership of their shares
entitle[s] them.” Id. at 588-589, quoting Armstrong v. Marathon Oil Co., 32 Ohio
St.3d 397, 402, 513 N.E.2d 776 (1987). “When a person acquires shares in a
corporation, he comes in to be ruled by the majority in interest, and as long as such
majority acts within the scope of the powers conferred by the corporation, the voice
of the majority is the voice of the corporation and all of the shareholders.” Koos at
588.
{¶89} The trial court’s decision denying Joe’s motion to amend his complaint
was not so arbitrary, unreasonable, or unconscionable as to connote an abuse of
discretion. See Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St. 3d 217, 218, 450 N.E.2d 1140
(1983); Cincinnati v. Harrison, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-090702, 2010-Ohio-3430,
¶ 7. Therefore, we overrule Joe’s third assignment of error.
V. JTM’s Assignment of Error
{¶90} JTM refers to itself as a “cross-appellant,” and has filed an assignment
of error even though it did not properly file a cross-appeal. Nevertheless, App.R.
3(C)(2) provides that a cross-appeal is not required where an appellee seeks to
defend a trial court’s judgment on a ground other than that relied on by the trial
court but does not seek to the change the judgment or order. McCarthy v. Sterling
Chem., Inc., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-110805 and C-110852, 2012-Ohio-5211, ¶ 9.
Despite Joe’s arguments to the contrary, JTM’s assignment of error is a proper
assignment of error to prevent reversal because it does not seek to change the court’s
30
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
judgment. But we need not address its assignment of error, because we are affirming
the trial court’s judgment. See Estate of Hand, 2016-Ohio-7437, 73 N.E.3d 880, ¶ 42
(12th Dist.).
VI. Summary
{¶91} In sum, we hold that (1) the trial court did not err in granting the
shareholders’ and outside directors’ motions for summary judgment concerning
Joe’s claims for breach of fiduciary duty; (2) the trial court did not err in granting the
shareholders’ motion to dismiss count one of the complaint, which was Joe’s direct
claim for minority-shareholder oppression; and (3) the trial court did not err in
denying Joe’s motion to amend count one of his complaint. Accordingly, we overrule
his three assignments of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
M OCK , P.J., and B ERGERON , J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry this date.
31.
| 48,434
|
2021/32021R0836/32021R0836_MT.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021
|
None
|
None
|
Maltese
|
Spoken
| 7,516
| 23,224
|
L_2021185MT.01000101.xml
26.5.2021
MT
Il-Ġurnal Uffiċjali tal-Unjoni Ewropea
L 185/1
REGOLAMENT (UE) 2021/836 TAL-PARLAMENT EWROPEW U TAL-KUNSILL
tal-20 ta’ Mejju 2021
li jemenda d-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE dwar Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni għall-Protezzjoni Ċivili
(Test b’rilevanza għaż-ŻEE)
IL-PARLAMENT EWROPEW U L-KUNSILL TAL-UNJONI EWROPEA,
Wara li kkunsidraw it-Trattat dwar il-Funzjonament tal-Unjoni Ewropea, u b’mod partikolari l-Artikolu 196 u l-punt (a) tal-Artikolu 322(1) tiegħu,
Wara li kkunsidraw il-proposta tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea,
Wara li l-abbozz tal-att leġiżlattiv intbagħat lill-parlamenti nazzjonali,
Wara li kkunsidraw l-opinjoni tal-Qorti tal-Awdituri (1),
Wara li kkunsidraw l-opinjoni tal-Kumitat Ekonomiku u Soċjali Ewropew (2),
Wara li kkunsidraw l-opinjoni tal-Kumitat tar-Reġjuni (3),
Filwaqt li jaġixxu skont il-proċedura ordinarja leġiżlattiva (4),
Billi:
(1)
Il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni għall-Protezzjoni Ċivili (il-“Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni”), li huwa rregolat bid-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (5) isaħħaħ il-kooperazzjoni bejn l-Unjoni u l-Istati Membri u jiffaċilita l-koordinazzjoni fil-qasam tal-protezzjoni ċivili biex itejjeb ir-rispons tal-Unjoni għal diżastri naturali u kkawżati mill-bniedem.
(2)
Filwaqt li r-responsabbiltà primarja għall-prevenzjoni, it-tħejjija u r-rispons għal diżastri naturali u kkawżati mill-bniedem hija f’idejn l-Istati Membri, il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni, u b’mod partikolari rescEU, jippromwovi s-solidarjetà bejn l-Istati Membri f’konformità mal-Artikolu 3(3) tat-Trattat dwar l-Unjoni Ewropea. Il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jagħmel dan billi jsaħħaħ ir-rispons kollettiv tal-Unjoni għal diżastri naturali u dawk ikkawżati mill-bniedem permezz tal-istabbiliment ta’ riżerva ta’ kapaċitajiet li tikkomplementa l-kapaċitajiet eżistenti tal-Istati Membri, meta l-kapaċitajiet disponibbli fil-livell nazzjonali ma jkunux suffiċjenti, b’hekk tippermetti tħejjija u rispons aktar effettivi, u billi jsaħħaħ il-prevenzjoni u t-tħejjija għad-diżastri. Huma meħtieġa approprjazzjonijiet finanzjarji adegwati sabiex il-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU jiġu stabbiliti, stazzjonati u operati u sabiex ir-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili tkun tista’ tkompli tiġi żviluppata u jiġu koperti l-ispejjeż addizzjonali li jirriżultaw minn għotjiet ta’ adattament u l-operazzjoni ta’ kapaċitajiet impenjati għar-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili.
(3)
L-esperjenza bla preċedent tal-pandemija tal-COVID-19 uriet li l-Unjoni u l-Istati Membri jenħtieġ li jkunu mħejjija aħjar biex jirrispondu għal emerġenzi fuq skala kbira li jolqtu lil diversi Stati Membri fl-istess ħin, u li l-qafas legali eżistenti dwar is-saħħa u l-protezzjoni u l-protezzjoni ċivili jenħtieġ li jissaħħaħ. Il-pandemija tal-COVID-19 enfasizzat ukoll kif il-konsegwenzi tad-diżastri fuq is-saħħa tal-bniedem, l-ambjent, is-soċjetà u l-ekonomija jistgħu jkunu ta’ kobor devastanti. Matul il-pandemija tal-COVID-19, abbażi tad-dispożizzjonijiet eżistenti tad-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE, l-Unjoni setgħet tadotta dispożizzjonijiet ta’ implimentazzjoni li jespandu l-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU biex jinkludu l-ħażna ta’ kontromiżuri mediċi li jinkludu vaċċini u trattamenti terapewtiċi, u ta’ tagħmir mediku għall-kura intensiva, tagħmir protettiv personali u provvisti tal-laboratorji, għall-finijiet ta’ tħejjija u rispons għal theddida transfruntiera serja għas-saħħa. Sabiex tissaħħaħ l-effikaċja rigward azzjonijiet ta’ tħejjija u ta’ rispons, dispożizzjonijiet ġodda li jsaħħu l-qafas legali attwali, inkluż billi jippermettu lill-Kummissjoni tixtri direttament, taħt kundizzjonijiet speċifiċi, il-kapaċitajiet meħtieġa tar-rescEU, jistgħu jnaqqsu aktar il-ħin tal-istazzjonament fil-futur. Huwa importanti wkoll li l-operazzjonijiet tar-rescEU jkunu kkoordinati tajjeb mal-awtoritajiet nazzjonali tal-protezzjoni ċivili.
(4)
Il-Membri tal-Kunsill Ewropew fid-Dikjarazzjoni Konġunta tagħhom tas-26 ta’ Marzu 2020 u l-Parlament Ewropew fir-riżoluzzjoni tiegħu tas-17 ta’ April 2020 dwar azzjoni kkoordinata tal-UE biex tikkumbatti l-pandemija tal-COVID-19 u l-konsegwenzi tagħha (6), stiednu lill-Kummissjoni tagħmel proposti għal sistema aktar ambizzjuża u estensiva tas-sistema tal-ġestjoni tal-kriżijiet fl-Unjoni.
(5)
It-tibdil fil-klima qed iwassal għal żieda fil-frekwenza, l-intensità u l-kumplessità tad-diżastri naturali fl-Unjoni u madwar id-dinja, u għaldaqstant hemm bżonn ta’ livell għoli ta’ solidarjetà bejn il-pajjiżi. Id-diżastri naturali, bħal pereżempju n-nirien fil-foresti, jistgħu jwasslu għat-telf tal-ħajjiet, tal-għajxien u tal-bijodiversità, jikkawżaw ir-rilaxx ta’ ammonti kbar ta’ emissjonijiet tal-karbonju, u jikkawżaw tnaqqis fil-kapaċità ta’ assorbiment tal-karbonju tal-pjaneta, li b’hekk ikompli jaggrava t-tibdil fil-klima. Huwa għalhekk essenzjali li l-prevenzjoni tad-diżastri u t-tħejjija u r-rispons għalihom jiġu msaħħa, u li l-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jinkludi kapaċitajiet suffiċjenti, inkluż matul il-perjodu tranżizzjonali tar-rescEU, biex tittieħed azzjoni meta jseħħu nirien fil-foresti u diżastri naturali oħra relatati mal-klima.
(6)
L-Unjoni tibqa’ impenjata favur protezzjoni ċivili sensittiva għall-ġeneru, inkluż l-indirizzar ta’ vulnerabbiltajiet speċifiċi, u l-iskambju tal-aħjar prattiki dwar kwistjonijiet relatati mal-ġeneru li jinqalgħu matul id-diżastri u immedjatament wara, inkluż l-appoġġ provdut lill-vittmi ta’ vjolenza abbażi tal-ġeneru.
(7)
Abbażi tal-prinċipji ta’ solidarjetà u kopertura universali ta’ servizzi tas-saħħa ta’ kwalità u r-rwol ċentrali tal-Unjoni fl-aċċelerazzjoni tal-progress fir-rigward tal-isfidi globali tas-saħħa, il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jenħtieġ li jikkontribwixxi għat-titjib tal-kapaċità ta’ prevenzjoni, tħejjija u rispons, anke fir-rigward ta’ emerġenzi mediċi.
(8)
L-Istati Membri huma, fir-rispett sħiħ tal-istrutturi nazzjonali tagħhom, mħeġġa jiżguraw li persuni tal-ewwel rispons ikunu mgħammra u mħejjija b’mod adegwat biex jirrispondu għad-diżastri.
(9)
Biex tissaħħaħ il-kooperazzjoni fir-rispons għad-diżastri, il-proċessi amministrattivi jenħtieġ li jiġu ssimplifikati, fejn ikun possibbli, sabiex ikun żgurat intervent rapidu.
(10)
Hija meħtieġa azzjoni urġenti biex jissaħħaħ il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni sabiex ikun hemm tħejjija aħjar fil-konfront ta’ diżastri li jkollhom impatt fuq diversi Stati Membri fil-futur. It-tisħiħ tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jenħtieġ li jikkomplementa l-politiki u l-fondi tal-Unjoni u jenħtieġ li ma jieħux post l-integrazzjoni tar-reżiljenza għad-diżastri f’dawk il-politiki u l-fondi.
(11)
Id-data dwar it-telf ikkawżat mid-diżastri hija kruċjali għal valutazzjoni robusta tar-riskji, l-iżvilupp ta’ xenarji għal diżastri potenzjali bbażati fuq l-evidenza u l-implimentazzjoni ta’ miżuri effettivi ta’ ġestjoni tar-riskji. Għalhekk, jenħtieġ li l-Istati Membri jkomplu jaħdmu fuq it-titjib tal-ġbir tad-data dwar it-telf ikkawżat mid-diżastri, f’konformità mal-impenji meħuda diġà fl-ambitu ta’ ftehimiet internazzjonali, bħall-Qafas ta’ Sendai għat-Tnaqqis tar-Riskju ta’ Diżastri 2015-2030, il-Ftehim ta’ Pariġi adottat fl-ambitu tal-Konvenzjoni Qafas tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti dwar it-Tibdil fil-Klima (7) u l-Aġenda 2030 tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti għall-Iżvilupp Sostenibbli.
(12)
Biex ittejjeb ir-reżiljenza u l-ippjanar għall-prevenzjoni, it-tħejjija u r-rispons għad-diżastri, jenħtieġ li l-Unjoni tissokta tappoġġja l-investiment fil-prevenzjoni tad-diżastri b’mod transfruntier u f’bosta setturi, u approċċi komprensivi ta’ ġestjoni tar-riskji li jirfdu l-prevenzjoni u t-tħejjija, b’kunsiderazzjoni ta’ approċċ ta’ perikli multipli, approċċ imsejjes fuq ekosistema u l-impatti probabbli tat-tibdil fil-klima, f’kooperazzjoni mill-qrib mal-komunitajiet xjentifiċi rilevanti, l-operaturi ekonomiċi ewlenin, l-awtoritajiet reġjonali u lokali u l-organizzazzjonijiet mhux governattivi li joperaw fil-post, mingħajr preġudizzju għall-mekkaniżmi ta’ koordinazzjoni stabbiliti tal-Unjoni u l-kompetenza tal-Istati Membri. Għal dan il-għan, il-Kummissjoni jenħtieġ li taħdem id f’id mal-Istati Membri biex tiddefinixxi u tiżviluppa għanijiet tal-Unjoni ta’ reżiljenza għad-diżastri fil-qasam tal-protezzjoni ċivili, bħala linja bażi komuni mhux vinkolanti li tappoġġja l-azzjonijiet ta’ prevenzjoni u tħejjija fiċ-ċirkostanzi ta’ diżastri b’impatt kbir li jikkawżaw jew huma kapaċi jikkawżaw effetti transkonfinali f’bosta pajjiżi (jiġifieri effetti fuq diversi pajjiżi, irrispettivament minn jekk għandhomx fruntiera bejniethom jew le). L-għanijiet ta’ reżiljenza għad-diżastri tal-Unjoni jenħtieġ li jqisu l-konsegwenzi soċjali immedjati tad-diżastri u l-ħtieġa li jiġu żgurati li l-funzjonijiet kritiċi tas-soċjetà jiġu ppreservati.
(13)
Valutazzjonijiet regolari tar-riskji u analiżijiet regolari ta’ xenarji ta’ diżastri fil-livell nazzjonali u, fejn ikun xieraq, fil-livell subnazzjonali, huma kruċjali biex jiġu identifikati l-lakuni fil-prevenzjoni u t-tħejjija u tiġi msaħħa r-reżiljenza, inkluż bl-użu ta’ fondi tal-Unjoni. Tali valutazzjonijiet tar-riskji u analiżijiet ta’ xenarji ta’ diżastri jenħtieġ li jiffokaw fuq ir-riskji li huma speċifiċi għar-reġjun ikkonċernat u jenħtieġ li, fejn ikun rilevanti, ikopru l-kooperazzjoni transfruntiera.
(14)
Meta jiġu żviluppati l-għanijiet tal-Unjoni ta’ reżiljenza għad-diżastri biex jiġu appoġġjati l-azzjonijiet ta’ prevenzjoni u ta’ tħejjija jenħtieġ li tingħata attenzjoni partikolari għall-konsegwenzi tad-diżastri fuq gruppi vulnerabbli.
(15)
Ir-rwol tal-awtoritajiet reġjonali u lokali fil-prevenzjoni u l-ġestjoni tad-diżastri huwa ta’ importanza kbira, u fejn hu xieraq, il-kapaċitajiet tagħhom huwa inklużi fl-attivitajiet imwettqa fl-ambitu tad-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE, bil-għan li jiġu minimizzati s-sovrapożizzjonijiet u titrawwem l-interoperabbiltà. Teżisti wkoll għalhekk, il-ħtieġa ta’ kooperazzjoni kontinwa transfruntiera fil-livelli lokali u reġjonali, bil-ħsieb li jiġu żviluppati sistemi komuni ta’ twissija għal intervent rapidu qabel l-attivazzjoni tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni. Bl-istess mod, u b’kunsiderazzjoni għall-istrutturi nazzjonali, huwa importanti li tiġi rikonoxxuta l-ħtieġa li tiġi pprovduta għajnuna għat-taħriġ tekniku lill-komunitajiet lokali biex itejbu l-kapaċitajiet tagħhom tal-ewwel rispons fejn ikun xieraq. Huwa importanti wkoll li l-pubbliku jinżamm infurmat dwar il-miżuri ta’ rispons inizjali.
(16)
Jenħtieġ li l-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jkompli jagħmel l-aħjar użu mis-sinerġiji mal-qafas tal-Unjoni dwar ir-reżiljenza ta’ entitajiet kritiċi.
(17)
Bħala ċentru tal-operazzjonijiet fil-livell tal-Unjoni li jiffunzjona 24 siegħa kuljum, sebat ijiem fil-ġimgħa, bil-kapaċità li jsegwi u jappoġġja operazzjoni f’diversi tipi ta’ emerġenzi f’ħin reali, kemm ġewwa l-Unjoni kif ukoll lil hinn minnha, jenħtieġ li ċ-Ċentru ta’ Koordinazzjoni tar-Reazzjoni f’każ ta’ Emerġenza (ERCC) jissaħħaħ aktar. Dan jenħtieġ li jinkludi koordinazzjoni msaħħa tal-ERCC mal-awtoritajiet nazzjonali tal-protezzjoni ċivili tal-Istati Membri, kif ukoll ma’ korpi rilevanti oħra tal-Unjoni. Il-ħidma tal-ERCC hija appoġġjata minn għarfien xjentifiku espert, fosthom dak tal-Ċentru Konġunt tar-Riċerka tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea.
(18)
Il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jenħtieġ li jagħmel użu mill-infrastrutturi spazjali tal-Unjoni bħall-Programm Ewropew ta’ Osservazzjoni tad-Dinja (Copernicus), Galileo, is-Sistema ta’ Għarfien ta’ Sitwazzjonijiet u GOVSATCOM, li jipprovdu għodod importanti ta’ rispons għal emerġenzi interni u esterni fil-livell tal-Unjoni. Is-Sistemi ta’ Ġestjoni ta’ Emerġenzi ta’ Copernicus jagħtu appoġġ lill-ERCC fid-diversi fażijiet ta’ emerġenza, mit-twissija bikrija u l-prevenzjoni sar-rispons għad-diżastri u l-irkupru minnhom. Il-GOVSATCOM isservi biex tipprovdi kapaċità ta’ komunikazzjoni bis-satellita sikura mfassla b’mod speċifiku għall-ħtiġijiet tal-utenti governattivi fil-ġestjoni tal-emerġenzi. Galileo hija l-ewwel infrastruttura globali ta’ navigazzjoni u ta’ pożizzjonament bis-satellita ddisinjata għal skopijiet ċivili fl-Ewropa u madwar id-dinja, u tista’ tintuża f’oqsma oħra bħall-ġestjoni tal-emerġenzi, fosthom fl-attivitajiet ta’ twissija bikrija. Is-servizzi rilevanti ta’ Galileo jinkludu servizz ta’ emerġenza li jxandar, permezz tal-emissjoni ta’ sinjali, twissijiet dwar diżastri naturali jew ikkawżati mill-bniedem f’żoni partikolari. Meta jitqies il-potenzjal tiegħu li jsalva l-ħajjiet u jiffaċilita l-koordinazzjoni ta’ azzjonijiet ta’ emerġenza, l-Istati Membri jenħtieġ li jiġu mħeġġa jużaw il-Galileo. Meta jiddeċiedu li jużawh sabiex jivvalidaw is-sistema, Stati Membri jenħtieġ li jidentifikaw l-awtoritajiet nazzjonali li huma kompetenti biex jużaw il-Galileo u javżaw il-Kummissjoni dwar dawk l-awtoritajiet.
(19)
Matul il-pandemija tal-COVID-19, in-nuqqas ta’ biżżejjed riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport ġie identifikat bħala ostaklu ewlieni fir-rigward tal-kapaċità tal-Istati Membri li jipprovdu jew jirċievu l-għajnuna. Għalhekk, ir-riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport jenħtieġ li jiġu definiti bħala kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU. Sabiex jiġu żgurati kundizzjonijiet uniformi għall-implimentazzjoni tad-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE, jenħtieġ li l-Kummissjoni tingħata setgħat ta’ implimentazzjoni biex tkun tista’ tiddefinixxi r-riżorsi tat-trasport u loġistiċi bħala kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU u biex tkun tista’, tikri, tikseb b’lokazzjoni jew b’xi mod ieħor tikkuntratta tali kapaċitajiet sa fejn ikun meħtieġ biex jiġu indirizzati l-lakuni fl-oqsma tat-trasport u l-loġistika. Dawk is-setgħat għandhom jiġu eżerċitati skont ir-Regolament (UE) Nru 182/2011 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (8). Barra minn hekk, biex ikollha l-kapaċità operazzjonali tirreaġixxi malajr għal diżastru fuq skala kbira li jikkawża jew li jista’ jikkawża effetti transkonfinali f’bosta pajjiżi jew għal avveniment bi probabbiltà baxxa u b’impatt kbir, jenħtieġ li l-Unjoni jkollha wkoll, f’każijiet ta’ urġenza ġġustifikati kif xieraq, u b’konsultazzjoni mal-Istati Membri, permezz tal-adozzjoni ta’ atti ta’ implimentazzjoni applikabbli immedjatament skont il-proċedura ta’ urġenza, il-possibbiltà li tixtri, tikri, tikseb b’lokazzjoni jew b’xi mod ieħor tikkuntratta l-mezzi materjali u s-servizzi ta’ appoġġ meħtieġa definiti bħala kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU, fejn dawk il-mezzi u s-servizzi ma jkunux jistgħu jkunu magħmula disponibbli b’mod immedjat mill-Istati Membri. Dan jippermetti lill-Unjoni tirreaġixxi mingħajr dewmien għal emerġenzi li jista’ jkollhom impatt kbir fuq ħajjet in-nies, fuq is-saħħa, l-ambjent, il-proprjetà u l-wirt kulturali, u li jaffettwaw lil diversi Stati Membri fl-istess waqt. Mezzi materjali bħal dawn jeskludu l-moduli, it-timijiet u l-kategoriji ta’ esperti, u huma maħsuba biex jgħinu lill-Istati Membri li jsibu ruħhom f’diffikultà minħabba diżastri.
(20)
Sabiex tagħmel l-aħjar użu mill-esperjenza miksuba s’issa b’networks loġistiċi fdati ġestiti mill-organizzazzjonijiet internazzjonali rilevanti fl-Unjoni, bħall-Imħażen tar-Rispons Umanitarju tan-NU, jenħtieġ li l-Kummissjoni tikkunsidra tali networks meta tixtri, tikseb b’lokazzjoni jew b’xi mod ieħor tikkuntratta l-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU. L-aġenziji rilevanti tal-Unjoni jenħtieġ li jkunu involuti u kkonsultati kif jixraq fir-rigward ta’ kwistjonijiet relatati mal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni li jaqgħu taħt il-kompetenza tagħhom. Huwa partikolarment importanti li l-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Mediċini u ċ-Ċentru Ewropew għall-Prevenzjoni u l-Kontroll tal-Mard jiġu kkonsultati fejn ikun xieraq fir-rigward tad-definizzjoni, il-ġestjoni u d-distribuzzjoni tal-kapaċitajiet dedikati għar-rispons għal emerġenzi mediċi.
(21)
Jenħtieġ li jkun possibbli li jintużaw għal skopijiet nazzjonali l-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU li jinxtraw, jinkrew, jinkisbu b’lokazzjoni jew inkella jiġu kkuntrattati mill-Istati Membri, iżda dan meta ma jkunux qed jintużaw jew ikunu meħtieġa għal operazzjoni ta’ rispons permezz tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni.
(22)
L-Unjoni għandha l-interess li tirreaġixxi f’pajjiżi terzi, fejn meħtieġ. Filwaqt li primarjament stabbilit għall-użu bħala xibka ta’ sikurezza fl-Unjoni, f’każijiet iġġustifikati kif xieraq u b’kunsiderazzjoni tal-prinċipji umanitarji, jenħtieġ li jkun possibbli li jiġu stazzjonati l-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU barra mill-Unjoni. Jenħtieġ li d-deċiżjoni dwar l-istazzjonament ssir f’konformità mad-dispożizzjonijiet eżistenti dwar id-deċiżjonijiet tat-tħejjija għall-użu tal-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU.
(23)
Jenħtieġ li l-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jiżgura li hemm distribuzzjoni ġeografika adegwata tar-riżervi, inkluż fir-rigward ta’ kontromiżuri mediċi essenzjali u tagħmir protettiv personali, b’mod partikolari dawk li jirrispondu għal diżastri ta’ probabbiltà baxxa b’impatt qawwi, f’sinerġija ma’, u b’mod li jikkomplementa, il-Programm l-UE għas-Saħħa stabbilit skont ir-Regolament (UE) 2021/522 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (9), l-Istrument għall-Appoġġ ta’ Emerġenza stabbilit skont ir-Regolament tal-Kunsill (UE) 2016/369 (10), l-Faċilità għall-Irkupru u r-Reżiljenza stabbilita skont ir-Regolament (UE) 2021/241 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (11) u politiki, programmi u fondi oħra tal-Unjoni, u jikkomplementa l-kumulazzjoni ta’ riżerva nazzjonali fil-livell tal-Unjoni fejn ikun meħtieġ.
(24)
Il-pandemija tal-COVID-19 uriet l-importanza ewlenija li l-għarfien rilevanti jiġi miġbur flimkien u kondiviż b’mod sistematiku fil-fażijiet kollha taċ-ċiklu tal-ġestjoni tar-riskju ta’ diżastri. Dik is-sejba u l-esperjenza miksuba s’issa fil-proċess tal-iżvilupp tan-Network tal-Unjoni ta’ Għarfien dwar il-Protezzjoni Ċivili jindikaw li r-rwol tiegħu bħala unità tal-ipproċessar fi ħdan il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jenħtieġ li jiġi rfinat aktar.
(25)
Huwa essenzjali li l-Unjoni tingħata r-riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport meħtieġa biex tkun tista’ tirreaġixxi għal kwalunkwe tip ta’ sitwazzjoni ta’ emerġenza ġewwa l-Unjoni u lil hinn minnha. Huwa fundamentali li jiġu żgurati t-trasport u l-konsenja tal-assistenza u l-għajnuna ġewwa l-Unjoni, iżda wkoll lejn pajjiżi li jinsabu barra mill-Unjoni u minn pajjiżi li jinsabu barra mill-Unjoni. Għaldaqstant, il-pajjiżi milquta jenħtieġ li jkunu jistgħu jitolbu assistenza li tkun tikkonsisti biss f’riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport.
(26)
Id-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE tistabbilixxi pakkett finanzjarju għall-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni li jikkostitwixxi l-ammont primarju ta’ referenza skont it-tifsira tal-punt 17 tal-Ftehim interistituzzjonali tat-2 ta’ Diċembru 2013 bejn il-Parlament Ewropew, il-Kunsill u l-Kummissjoni dwar dixxiplina baġitarja, dwar kooperazzjoni f’materji ta’ baġit u dwar ġestjoni finanzjarja tajba (12) maħsub biex ikopri n-nefqa tal-programm sal-aħħar tal-perjodu baġitarju 2014-2020. Dak il-pakkett finanzjarju jenħtieġ li jiġi aġġornat mill-1 ta’ Jannar 2021, id-data ta’ applikazzjoni tar-Regolament tal-Kunsill (UE, Euratom) 2020/2093 (13), biex tirrifletti ċ-ċifri ġodda pprovduti f’dak ir-Regolament.
(27)
F’konformità mar-Regolament tal-Kunsill (UE) 2020/2094 (14) li jistabbilixxi Strument tal-Unjoni Ewropea għall-Irkupru u fil-limiti tar-riżorsi allokati fih, il-miżuri ta’ rkupru u reżiljenza li jitwettqu skont il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni għall-Protezzjoni Ċivili jenħtieġ li jindirizzaw l-impatt bla preċedent tal-kriżi kkawżata mill-pandemija tal-COVID-19. Jenħtieġ li tali miżuri jinkludu, b’mod partikolari, miżuri biex jiżdied il-livell ta’ tħejjija tal-Unjoni u biex jippermettu rispons rapidu u effettiv tal-Unjoni f’każ ta’ emerġenzi kbar, inklużi miżuri bħall-kumulazzjoni ta’ riżerva ta’ provvisti u tagħmir mediku essenzjali u l-akkwist tal-infrastrutturi meħtieġa għal rispons rapidu. Dawn ir-riżorsi addizzjonali jenħtieġ li jintużaw b’tali mod li jiżgura l-konformità mal-iskadenzi previsti fir-Regolament (UE) 2020/2094.
(28)
B’riflessjoni tal-importanza tal-indirizzar tat-tibdil fil-klima f’konformità mal-impenji tal-Unjoni biex timplimenta l-Ftehim ta’ Pariġi, u l-impenn favur l-Għanijiet ta’ Żvilupp Sostenibbli tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti, jenħtieġ li l-azzjonijiet fl-ambitu tad-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE jikkontribwixxu għall-ksib ta’ mira ġenerali ta’ mill-inqas 30 % tal-ammont totali tan-nefqiet mill-baġit tal-Unjoni u l-Istrument tal-Unjoni Ewropea għall-Irkupru li jappoġġjaw objettivi klimatiċi u l-ambizzjoni ta’ 7,5 % tal-baġit li jirrifletti n-nefqa fuq il-bijodiversità fl-2024 u 10 % fl-2026 u fl-2027, filwaqt li jitqiesu s-sovrapożizzjonijiet eżistenti bejn l-għanijiet klimatiċi u dawk tal-bijodiversità.
(29)
Meta jitqies li l-istazzjonament ta’ kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU għall-operazzjonijiet ta’ rispons fil-kuntest tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jagħti valur miżjud sinifikanti tal-Unjoni għaliex jiżgura r-rispons effettiv u rapidu għal persuni f’emerġenza, jenħtieġ li obbligi ulterjuri b’rabta mal-viżibbiltà jiġu stabbiliti sabiex jipprovdu informazzjoni liċ-ċittadini u lill-midja tal-Unjoni, u wkoll biex tingħata prominenza lill-Unjoni. L-awtoritajiet nazzjonali jenħtieġ li jirċievu gwida dwar il-komunikazzjoni mill-Kummissjoni għal interventi speċifiċi, biex jiġi żgurat li r-rwol tal-Unjoni jiġi ppubbliċizzat kif jixraq.
(30)
Filwaqt li titqies l-esperjenza operazzjonali reċenti, sabiex ikompli jissaħħaħ il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni u b’mod partikolari biex jiġi simplifikat il-proċess ta’ implimentazzjoni rapida tar-rescEU, l-ispejjeż tal-iżvilupp tal-kapaċitajiet kollha tar-rescEU jenħtieġ li jiġu ffinanzjati għalkollox mill-baġit tal-Unjoni.
(31)
Sabiex l-Istati Membri jingħataw appoġġ biex anki jagħtu assistenza barra l-Unjoni, ir-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili jenħtieġ li tissaħħaħ aktar bil-kofinanzjament tal-ispejjeż operatorji tal-kapaċitajiet impenjati fl-istess livell, irrispettivament minn jekk jiġu stazzjonati fl-Unjoni jew barra mill-Unjoni.
(32)
Sabiex tiġi żgurata l-flessibbiltà fl-appoġġ lill-Istati Membri b’riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport, b’mod partikolari f’diżastri fuq skala kbira, jenħtieġ li jkun possibbli li jiġi ffinanzjat għalkollox mill-baġit tal-Unjoni, it-trasport, fi ħdan l-Unjoni jew lejn l-Unjoni minn pajjiżi terzi, ta’ merkanzija, mezzi loġistiċi u servizzi mħejjija għall-użu bħala kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU.
(33)
Il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jenħtieġ li jipprovdi wkoll assistenza għat-trasport meħtieġa f’diżastri ambjentali permezz tal-applikazzjoni tal-prinċipju ta’ “min iniġġes iħallas”, taħt ir-responsabbiltà tal-awtoritajiet nazzjonali kompetenti, skont l-Artikolu 191(2) tat-Trattat dwar il-Funzjonament tal-Unjoni Ewropea (TFUE) u skont mad-Direttiva 2004/35/KE tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (15).
(34)
Biex tiżdied il-flessibbiltà u biex il-baġit jiġi implimentat bl-aħjar mod possibbli, dan ir-Regolament jenħtieġ li jipprevedi l-ġestjoni indiretta bħala metodu ta’ implimentazzjoni tal-baġit, biex tintuża meta dan ikun iġġustifikat min-natura u l-kontenut tal-azzjoni kkonċernata.
(35)
F’konformità mal-Artikolu 193(2) tar-Regolament (UE, Euratom) 2018/1046 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (16) (ir-“Regolament Finanzjarju”), tista’ ssir għotja għal azzjoni li tkun diġà nbdiet, dment li l-applikant ikun jista’ juri l-ħtieġa li l-azzjoni tinbeda qabel l-iffirmar tal-ftehim tal-għotja. Madankollu, l-ispejjeż imġarrba qabel id-data tal-preżentazzjoni tal-applikazzjoni għal għotja mhumiex eliġibbli, ħlief f’każijiet eċċezzjonali iġġustifikati kif xieraq. Sabiex jiġi evitat kwalunkwe tfixkil fl-appoġġ tal-Unjoni li jista’ jkun ta’ preġudizzju għall-interessi tal-Unjoni, jenħtieġ li jkun possibbli li jiġi previst fid-deċiżjoni ta’ finanzjament, għal perijodu limitat ta’ żmien fil-bidu tal-qafas finanzjarju pluriennali 2021-2027, u biss fil-każijiet iġġustifikati kif xieraq, l-ispejjeż imġarrba fir-rigward ta’ azzjonijiet appoġġati skont id-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE li jkunu diġà bdew jiġu kkunsidrati eliġibbli mill-1 ta’ Jannar 2021, anki jekk ikunu ġġarrbu qabel ma ġiet ippreżentata l-applikazzjoni għall-għotja.
(36)
Fl-implimentazzjoni tad-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE l-Kummissjoni jenħtieġ li tadotta programmi ta’ ħidma annwali jew pluriennali li jindikaw l-allokazzjonijiet ippjanati biex tippromwovi l-prevedibbiltà u l-effettività fit-tul. Dan jenħtieġ li jgħin lill-Unjoni tkun aktar flessibbli fl-eżekuzzjoni tal-baġit u b’hekk issaħħaħ l-azzjonijiet ta’ prevenzjoni u ta’ tħejjija. Barra minn hekk, l-allokazzjonijiet futuri proġettati jenħtieġ li jiġu ppreżentati u diskussi fuq bażi annwali fil-kumitat li jassisti lill-Kummissjoni skont ir-Regolament (UE) Nru 182/2011.
(37)
Il-Kummissjoni tirrapporta dwar l-implimentazzjoni tal-baġit tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni skont ir-Regolament Finanzjarju.
(38)
Ir-regoli finanzjarji orizzontali adottati mill-Parlament Ewropew u mill-Kunsill abbażi tal-Artikolu 322 tat-TFUE japplikaw għad-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE. Dawk ir-regoli huma stabbiliti fir-Regolament Finanzjarju u jistabbilixxu, b’mod partikolari, il-proċedura biex jiġi stabbilit il-baġit u biex dan jiġi implimentat permezz ta’ għotjiet, tal-akkwist, ta’ premjijiet u tal-implimentazzjoni indiretta, u jipprevedu verifiki tar-responsabbiltà tal-atturi finanzjarji. Ir-regoli adottati abbażi tal-Artikolu 322 tat-TFUE jinkludu wkoll reġim ġenerali ta’ kundizzjonalità għall-protezzjoni tal-baġit tal-Unjoni.
(39)
Filwaqt li l-miżuri ta’ prevenzjoni u ta’ tħejjija huma essenzjali biex tissaħħaħ ir-reżiljenza tal-Unjoni meta tħabbat wiċċha ma’ diżastri naturali u dawk kkawżati mill-bniedem, huwa fin-natura tad-diżastri li l-okkorrenza, meta u d-daqs tagħhom huma imprevedibbli. Kif ħareġ fid-dieher fil-kriżi riċenti tal-COVID-19, ir-riżorsi finanzjarji meħtieġa biex jiġi żgurat rispons xieraq jistgħu jvarjaw b’mod sinifikanti minn sena għal oħra u jenħtieġ li jkunu disponibbli minnufih. Għalhekk, ir-rikonċiljazzjoni tal-prinċipji baġitarji tal-prevedibbiltà man-neċessità ta’ rispons rapidu għal ħtiġijiet ġodda tfisser li l-implimentazzjoni finanzjarja tal-programmi ta’ ħidma trid tiġi adattata. Għaldaqstant, ikun xieraq li jiġi awtorizzat ir-riport tal-approprjazzjonijiet li ma jintużawx, b’limitu għas-sena ta’ wara u biss f’każ ta’ azzjonijiet ta’ rispons, flimkien mar-riport ta’ approprjazzjonijiet awtorizzati skont l-Artikolu 12(4) tar-Regolament Finanzjarju.
(40)
B’konformità mar-Regolament Finanzjarju, ir-Regolament (UE, Euratom) Nru 883/2013 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (17) u r-Regolamenti tal-Kunsill (KE, Euratom) Nru 2988/95 (18), (Euratom, KE) Nru 2185/96 (19) u (UE) 2017/1939 (20), l-interessi finanzjarji tal-Unjoni jridu jiġu protetti permezz ta’ miżuri proporzjonati, fosthom miżuri marbuta mal-prevenzjoni, id-detezzjoni, il-korrezzjoni u l- investigazzjoni ta’ irregolaritajiet, fosthom il-frodi, mal-irkupru ta’ fondi mitlufa, imħallsa bi żball jew użati b’mod mhux korrett u fejn xieraq, mal-impożizzjoni ta’ sanzjonijiet amministrattivi. B’mod partikolari, f’konformità mar-Regolamenti (Euratom, KE) Nru 2185/96 u (UE, Euratom) Nru 883/2013, l-Uffiċċju Ewropew Kontra l-Frodi (OLAF) għandu s-setgħa li jwettaq investigazzjonijiet amministrattivi, inkluż kontrolli u spezzjonijiet fuq il-post, bil-għan li jiġi stabbilit jekk kienx hemm frodi, korruzzjoni jew kwalunkwe attività illegali oħra li taffettwa l-interessi finanzjarji tal-Unjoni. L-Uffiċċju tal-Prosekutur Pubbliku Ewropew (UPPE) għandu s-setgħa, skont ir-Regolament (UE) 2017/1939, li jinvestiga u jressaq reati kriminali li jaffettwaw l-interessi finanzjarji tal-Unjoni kif previst fid-Direttiva (UE) 2017/1371 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (21). B’konformità mar-Regolament Finanzjarju, kwalunkwe persuna jew entità li tirċievi fondi mingħand l-Unjoni trid tikkoopera bis-sħiħ fil-protezzjoni tal-interessi finanzjarji tal-Unjoni, tagħti d-drittijiet u l-aċċess meħtieġa lill-Kummissjoni, lill-OLAF, lill-Qorti tal-Awdituri u, fir-rigward ta’ dawk l-Istati Membri li jipparteċipaw f’kooperazzjoni msaħħa skont ir-Regolament 2017/1939, lill-UPPE, u tiżgura li kwalunkwe parti terza involuta fl-implimentazzjoni ta’ fondi mingħand l-Unjoni tagħti d-drittijiet ekwivalenti. Għal din ir-raġuni, il-ftehimiet ma’ pajjiżi terzi u territorji u ma’ organizzazzjonijiet internazzjonali, u kwalunkwe kuntratt jew ftehim li jirriżulta mill-implimentazzjoni tad-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE jenħtieġ li jkun fihom dispożizzjonijiet li b’mod espliċitu jagħtu s-setgħa lill-Kummissjoni, lill-Qorti tal-Awdituri, lill-UPPE u lill-OLAF li jwettqu awditi, kontrolli fil-post u spezzjonijiet, skont il-kompetenzi rispettivi tagħhom u li jiżguraw li kull terza persuna involuta fl-implimentazzjoni tal-finanzjament tal-Unjoni tagħti drittijiet ekwivalenti.
(41)
Il-pajjiżi terzi li huma membri taż-Żona Ekonomika Ewropea (ŻEE) jistgħu jieħdu sehem fil-programmi tal-Unjoni fil-qafas tal-koperazzjoni stabbilit skont il-Ftehim taż-Żona Ekonomika Ewropea (22), li jipprevedi l-implimentazzjoni tal-programmi abbażi ta’ deċiżjoni adottata skont dan il-ftehim. Il-pajjiżi terzi jistgħu jipparteċipaw ukoll fuq il-bażi ta’ strumenti legali oħra. Fid-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE jenħtieġ li tiddaħħal dispożizzjoni speċifika li tirrikjedi lill-pajjiżi terzi jagħtu d-drittijiet meħtieġa u l-aċċess meħtieġ lill-uffiċjal tal-awtorizzazzjoni responsabbli, lill-OLAF u lill-Qorti Ewropea tal-Awdituri biex ikunu jistgħu jeżerċitaw il-kompetenzi rispettivi tagħhom b’mod komprensiv.
(42)
Matul il-pandemija tal-COVID-19, sabiex ikun hemm kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU li jiffunzjonaw u biex il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jirreaġixxi b’mod effettiv għall-ħtiġijiet taċ-ċittadini tal-Unjoni, tqiegħdu għad-dispożizzjoni approprjazzjonijiet finanzjarji addizzjonali għall-finanzjament ta’ azzjonijiet taħt il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni. Huwa importanti li l-Unjoni tingħata l-flessibbiltà meħtieġa biex tkun tista’ tirreaġixxi b’mod effettiv għan-natura imprevedibbli tad-diżastri, filwaqt li fl-istess ħin iżżomm ċerta prevedibbiltà fit-twettiq tal-objettivi stabbiliti fid-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE. Huwa importanti li jinkiseb il-bilanċ neċessarju fit-twettiq ta’ dawk l-objettivi. Sabiex jiġu aġġornati l-perċentwali stabbiliti fl-Anness I skont il-prijoritajiet tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni rivedut, is-setgħa li tadotta atti skont l-Artikolu 290 tat-TFUE jenħtieġ li tiġi delegata lill-Kummissjoni. Huwa ta’ importanza partikolari li l-Kummissjoni tagħmel konsultazzjonijiet xierqa matul il-ħidma ta’ tħejjija tagħha, inkluż fil-livell ta’ esperti, u li dawk il-konsultazzjonijiet isiru skont il-prinċipji stabbiliti fil-Ftehim Interistituzzjonali dwar it-Tfassil Aħjar tal-Liġijiet tat-13 ta’ April 2016 (23). B’mod partikolari, sabiex tiġi żgurata l-parteċipazzjoni ugwali fit-tħejjija ta’ atti delegati, il-Parlament Ewropew u l-Kunsill jirċievu d-dokumenti kollha fl-istess ħin bħall-esperti tal-Istati Membri u l-esperti tagħhom ikollhom b’mod sistematiku aċċess għal-laqgħat tal-grupp ta’ esperti tal-Kummissjoni li jkunu involuti fit-tħejjija ta’ atti delegati.
(43)
Għalhekk jenħtieġ li d-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE tiġi emendata kif meħtieġ.
(44)
Sabiex tiġi żgurata l-kontinwità fl-għoti ta’ appoġġ fil-qasam ta’ politika rilevanti u biex l-implimentazzjoni tkun tista’ tibda mill-bidu tal-qafas finanzjarju pluriennali 2021-2027, jenħtieġ li dan ir-Regolament jidħol fis-seħħ b’urġenza u jenħtieġ li japplika, b’mod retroattiv, mill-1 ta’ Jannar 2021,
ADOTTAW DAN IR-REGOLAMENT:
Artikolu 1
Id-Deċiżjoni Nru 1313/2013/UE hija emendata kif ġej:
(1)
Fl-Artikolu 1, il-paragrafi (2) u (3) għandhom jinbidlu b’dan li ġej:
“2. Il-protezzjoni li għandha tiġi żgurata taħt il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni għandha primarjament tkopri l-persuni, imma wkoll l-ambjent u l-proprjetà, inkluż il-wirt kulturali, kontra kull tip ta’ diżastru naturali u dawk ikkawżati mill-bniedem, inklużi l-konsegwenzi ta’ atti terroristiċi u ta’ diżastri teknoloġiċi, radjoloġiċi jew ambjentali, tniġġis tal-baħar, instabbiltà idroġeoloġika u emerġenzi akuti tas-saħħa, li jseħħu ġewwa jew barra l-Unjoni. Fil-każ tal-konsegwenzi ta’ atti terroristiċi jew diżastri radjoloġiċi, il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni jista’ jkopri biss l-azzjonijiet ta’ tħejjija u ta’ rispons.
3. Il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni għandu jippromwovi s-solidarjetà bejn l-Istati Membri permezz ta’ kooperazzjoni u koordinazzjoni prattiċi, mingħajr preġudizzju għar-responsabbiltà primarja tal-Istati Membri li jħarsu l-persuni, l-ambjent u l-proprjetà, inkluż il-wirt kulturali, fit-territorju tagħhom kontra diżastri u li jipprovdu kapaċitajiet suffiċjenti lis-sistemi tagħhom ta’ ġestjoni tad-diżastri biex jippermettulhom jipprevjenu, u jlaħħqu b’mod adegwat u konsistenti ma’ diżastri ta’ natura u skala li jistgħu raġonevolment jistennew u jħejju għalihom.”;
(2)
L-Artikolu 3 huwa emendat kif ġej:
(a)
fil-paragrafu 1, il-punt (c) huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“(c)
li jiġi ffaċilitat rispons rapidu u effiċjenti f’każ ta’ diżastri jew diżastri imminenti, inkluż billi jittieħdu miżuri biex jittaffew il-konsegwenzi immedjati tad-diżastri u billi l-Istati Membri jiġu mħeġġa jaħdmu biex jeliminaw l-ostakoli burokratiċi;”;
(b)
fil-paragrafu 2, il-punt (b) huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“(b)
progress fit-titjib tal-livell ta’ tħejjija għal diżastri: li jitkejjel permezz tal-kwantità ta’ kapaċitajiet ta’ reazzjoni inklużi fir-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili fir-rigward tal-għanijiet tal-kapaċità msemmija fl-Artikolu 11, l-għadd ta’ moduli li jiġu rreġistrati fis-Sistema Komuni ta’ Komunikazzjoni u Informazzjoni ta’ Emerġenza (CECIS) u l-għadd ta’ kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU li jiġu stabbiliti biex tingħata assistenza f’sitwazzjonijiet gravi;”;
(3)
fl-Artikolu 4, jiddaħħal il-punt li ġej:
“4a. ‘għanijiet tal-Unjoni ta’ reżiljenza għad-diżastri’ tfisser objettivi mhux vinkolanti stabbiliti fil-qasam tal-protezzjoni ċivili biex jappoġġjaw azzjonijiet ta’ prevenzjoni u tħejjija għall-finijiet tat-titjib tal-kapaċità tal-Unjoni u tal-Istati Membri tagħha biex jaffrontaw l-effetti ta’ diżastru li jikkawża jew jista’ jikkawża effetti transkonfinali f’bosta pajjiżi;”;
(4)
fl-Artikolu 5, il-paragrafu 1 huwa emendat kif ġej:
(a)
il-punt (c) huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“(c)
tistabbilixxi u taġġorna regolarment mappa u ħarsa ġenerali transsettorjali tar-riskji ta’ diżastri naturali jew ikkawżati mill-bniedem, inklużi riskji ta’ diżastri li jikkawżaw jew jistgħu jikkawżaw effetti multinazzjonali transkonfinali, li tista’ tħabbat wiċċha magħhom l-Unjoni, billi tieħu approċċ koerenti fl-oqsma ta’ politika differenti li jistgħu jindirizzaw jew jolqtu l-prevenzjoni tad-diżastri u billi tqis kif xieraq l-impatti possibbli tat-tibdil fil-klima;”;
(b)
il-punt (g) huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“(g)
tirrapporta perjodikament, skont l-iskadenzi stabbiliti fil-punt (d) tal-Artikolu 6(1), lill-Parlament Ewropew u lill-Kunsill dwar il-progress li jkun sar fl-implimentazzjoni tal-Artikolu 6;”;
(5)
L-Artikolu 6 huwa emendat kif ġej:
(a)
il-paragrafu 1, huwa emendat kif ġej:
(i)
il-punt (c) huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“(c)
jiżviluppaw aktar u jirfinaw l-ippjanar tal-ġestjoni tar-riskji tad-diżastri fil-livell nazzjonali jew is-subnazzjonali adatt, inkluż fir-rigward tal-kollaborazzjoni transfruntiera, filwaqt li jitqiesu l-għanijiet tal-Unjoni ta’ reżiljenza għad-diżastri msemmija fil-paragrafu 5 meta jkunu ġew stabbiliti, u r-riskji relatati ma’ diżastri li jikkawżaw jew jistgħu jikkawżaw effetti transkonfinali f’bosta pajjiżi;”;
(ii)
il-punti (d) u (e) huma sostitwiti b’dan li ġej:
“(d)
iqiegħdu għad-dispożizzjoni tal-Kummissjoni sommarju tal-elementi rilevanti tal-valutazzjonijiet imsemmija fil-punti (a) u (b), b’enfasi fuq ir-riskji ewlenin. B’mod partikolari l-ERCC għandu jikkoordina, jimmonitorja u jappoġġja r-rispons għall-emerġenzi fil-livell tal-Unjoni f’ħin reali. L-ERCC għandu jaħdem f’kuntatt mill-qrib mal-awtoritajiet nazzjonali tal-protezzjoni ċivili u mal-korpi rilevanti tal-Unjoni biex jippromwovi approċċ trans-settorjali għall-ġestjoni tad-diżastri.
2. L-ERCC għandu jkollu aċċess għal kapaċitajiet operazzjonali, analitiċi, ta’ monitoraġġ, ta’ ġestjoni tal-informazzjoni u ta’ komunikazzjoni biex jindirizza firxa wiesgħa ta’ emerġenzi fl-Unjoni u barra minnha.
Artikolu 8
Azzjonijiet ta’ tħejjija ġenerali tal-Kummissjoni
1. Il-Kummissjoni għandha twettaq l-azzjonijiet ta’ tħejjija li ġejjin:
(a)
tiġġestixxi l-ERCC;
(b)
tiġġestixxi CECIS biex tippermetti l-komunikazzjoni u l-kondiviżjoni tal-informazzjoni bejn l-ERCC u l-punti ta’ kuntatt tal-Istati Membri;
(c)
taħdem mal-Istati Membri:
(i)
biex tiżviluppa sistemi ta’ detezzjoni u ta’ twissija bikrija transnazzjonali ta’ interess għall-Unjoni sabiex jittaffew l-effetti immedjati tad-diżastri;
(ii)
biex tintegra aħjar is-sistemi eżistenti ta’ detezzjoni u ta’ twissija bikrija transnazzjonali bbażati fuq approċċ ta’ perikli multipli, bil-ħsieb li tnaqqas iż-żmien meħtieġ għar-rispons għad-diżastri;
(iii)
biex iżżomm u tkompli tiżviluppa għarfien tas-sitwazzjoni u l-kapaċità ta’ analiżi;
(iv)
biex timmonitorja d-diżastri u, fejn rilevanti, l-impatti tat-tibdil fil-klima, u tagħti pariri bbażati fuq l-għarfien xjentifiku tiegħu;
(v)
biex tittraduċi l-informazzjoni xjentifika f’informazzjoni operazzjonali;
(vi)
biex toħloq, iżżomm u tiżviluppa sħubiji xjentifiċi Ewropej li jkopru l-perikli naturali u dawk ikkawżati mill-bniedem, li sussegwentement jenħtieġ li jippromwovu l-konnessjoni bejn is-sistemi nazzjonali ta’ twissija bikrija u ta’ twissija u l-konnessjoni ta’ tali sistemi mal-ERCC u s-CECIS;
(vii)
biex tappoġġja l-isforzi tal-Istati Membri u tal-organizzazzjonijiet internazzjonali b’mandat ta’ għarfien xjentifiku, teknoloġiji u għarfien espert innovattivi meta l-Istati Membri u tali organizzazzjonijiet jiżviluppaw aktar is-sistemi ta’ twissija bikrija tagħhom, inkluż permezz tan-Network tal-Unjoni ta’ Għarfien dwar il-Protezzjoni Ċivili msemmija fl-Artikolu 13;
(d)
tistabbilixxi u tiġġestixxi l-kapaċità biex jiġu mobilizzati u mibgħuta timijiet ta’ esperti li jkunu responsabbli sabiex:
(i)
jivvalutaw il-ħtiġijiet li jistgħu possibbilment jiġu ttrattati bil-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni fl-Istat Membru jew pajjiż terz li jitlob għal għajnuna,
(ii)
jiffaċilitaw, fejn jkun meħtieġ, il-koordinazzjoni tal-għajnuna fil-post b’rispons għad-diżastri u jżommu kuntatti mal-awtoritajiet kompetenti fl-Istat Membru jew pajjiż terz li jitlob għal għajnuna, u
(iii)
jappoġġjaw lill-Istat Membru jew pajjiż terz li jagħmel it-talba b’kompetenza esperta dwar azzjonijiet ta’ prevenzjoni, tħejjija jew reazzjoni;
(e)
tistabbilixxi u żżomm il-kapaċità li tipprovdi appoġġ loġistiku lit-timijiet ta’ esperti msemmija fil-punt (d);
(f)
tiżviluppa u żżomm network ta’ esperti mħarrġa tal-Istati Membri, li jistgħu jkunu disponibbli f’qasir żmien biex jgħinu lill-ERCC fil-monitoraġġ tal-informazzjoni u l-faċilitazzjoni tal-koordinazzjoni;
(g)
tiffaċilita l-koordinazzjoni tal-pożizzjonament minn qabel tal-kapaċitajiet ta’ rispons għad-diżastri tal-Istati Membri ġewwa l-Unjoni;
(h)
tappoġġja l-isforzi għat-titjib tal-interoperabbiltà tal-moduli u kapaċitajiet oħra ta’ rispons, billi tikkunsidra l-aħjar prattiki fil-livell tal-Istati Membri u fil-livell internazzjonali;
(i)
tieħu, fl-ambitu tal-kompetenzi tagħha, l-azzjonijiet meħtieġa biex tiffaċilita l-appoġġ tal-nazzjon ospitanti, inkluż l-iżvilupp u l-aġġornament, flimkien mal-Istati Membri, ta’ linji gwida dwar l-appoġġ tan-nazzjon ospitanti, abbażi tal-esperjenza operazzjonali;
(j)
tappoġġja l-ħolqien ta’ programmi ta’ valutazzjoni volontarja bejn il-pari għall-istrateġiji ta’ tħejjija tal-Istati Membri, ibbażati fuq kriterji predefiniti, li jippermettu li jiġu fformulati rakkomandazzjonijiet biex jissaħħaħ il-livell ta’ tħejjija tal-Unjoni;
(k)
f’konsultazzjoni mill-qrib mal-Istati Membri, tieħu azzjoni addizzjonali meħtieġa ta’ tħejjija komplementari u ta’ appoġġ, sabiex jinkiseb l-objettiv speċifikat fil-punt (b) tal-Artikolu 3(1); u
(l)
tappoġġa lill-Istati Membri, fuq talba tagħhom, fir-rigward ta’ diżastri li jseħħu fit-territorji tagħhom billi tipprovdi l-possibbiltà li jintużaw sħubiji xjentifiċi Ewropej għal analiżijiet xjentifiċi mmirati. 2. Fuq it-talba ta’ Stat Membru, pajjiż terz jew in-Nazzjonijiet Uniti jew l-aġenziji tagħha, il-Kummissjoni tista’ tistazzjona tim ta’ esperti fil-post biex jipprovdi konsulenza dwar miżuri ta’ tħejjija.”;
(7)
Fl-Artikolu 9, jiżdied il-paragrafu li ġej:
“10. Meta s-servizzi ta’ emerġenza jingħataw minn Galileo, Copernicus, GovSatCom, jew komponenti oħra tal-Programm Spazjali stabbilit bir-Regolament (UE) 2021/696 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill (*1), kull Stat Membru jista’ jiddeċiedi li jużahom.
Meta Stat Membru jiddeċiedi li juża s-servizzi ta’ emerġenza li ngħataw minn Galileo msemmija fl-ewwel subparagrafu, huwa għandu jidentifika u jinnotifika lill-Kummissjoni dwar l-awtoritajiet nazzjonali li jkunu awtorizzati jużaw dawk is-servizzi ta’ emerġenza.
(*1) Ir-Regolament (UE) 2021/696 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill tat-28 ta’ April 2021 li jistabbilixxi l-Programm Spazjali tal-Unjoni u l-Aġenzija tal-Unjoni Ewropea għall-Programm Spazjali u li jħassar ir-Regolamenti (UE) Nru 912/2010, (UE) Nru 1285/2013 u (UE) Nru 377/2014 u d-Deċiżjoni Nru 541/2014/UE (ĠU L 170, 12.5.2021, p. 69).”;"
(8)
L-Artikolu 10 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“Artikolu 10
Bini ta’ xenarji u ppjanar tal-ġestjoni tad-diżastri
1. Il-Kummissjoni u l-Istati Membri għandhom jaħdmu id f’id biex itejbu l-ippjanar transsettorjali tal-ġestjoni tar-riskji tad-diżastri fil-livell tal-Unjoni, kemm għal diżastri naturali kif ukoll għal dawk ikkawżati mill-bniedem li jikkawżaw jew huma kapaċi jikkawżaw effetti transkonfinali f’bosta pajjiżi, fosthom l-effetti negattivi tat-tibdil fil-klima. Dak l-ippjanar għandu jinkludi l-bini ta’ xenarji fil-livell tal-Unjoni għall-prevenzjoni, it-tħejjija u r-rispons għad-diżastri, filwaqt li titqies il-ħidma mwettqa fir-rigward tal-għanijiet tal-Unjoni għar-reżiljenza għad-diżastri kif imsemmija fl-Artikolu 6(5) u l-ħidma tan-Network tal-Unjoni għall-Għarfien dwar il-Protezzjoni Ċivili kif imsemmi fl-Artikolu 13, u abbażi ta’:
(i)
il-valutazzjonijiet tar-riskju msemmija fil-punt (a) tal-Artikolu 6(1),
(ii)
il-ħarsa ġenerali lejn ir-riskji msemmija fil-punt (c) tal-Artikolu 5(1),
(iii)
il-valutazzjoni tal-kapaċità ta’ ġestjoni tar-riskji tal-Istati Membri msemmija fil-punt (b) tal-Artikolu 6(1),
(iv)
id-data disponibbli dwar it-telf marbuta mad-diżastri msemmija fil-punt (f) tal-Artikolu 6(1),
(v)
l-iskambju volontarju ta’ informazzjoni eżistenti dwar l-ippjanar tal-ġestjoni tar-riskji tad-diżastri fil-livell nazzjonali jew fil-livell subnazzjonali xieraq,
(vi)
l-immappjar tal-assi, u
(vii)
l-iżvilupp ta’ pjanijiet għall-istazzjonament tal-kapaċitajiet ta’ rispons.
2. Il-Kummissjoni u l-Istati Membri għandhom jidentifikaw u jippromwovu sinerġiji bejn iffinanzjar għal għajnuna għall-protezzjoni ċivili u għajnuna umanitarja pprovduti mill-Unjoni u l-Istati Membri fl-ippjanar ta’ operazzjonijiet ta’ rispons għal kriżijiet umanitarji barra l-Unjoni.”;
(9)
fl-Artikolu 11, il-paragrafu 2 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“2.
Fuq il-bażi tar-riskji identifikati, il-kapaċitajiet ġenerali u l-lakuni u kwalunkwe bini ta’ xenarji eżistenti kif imsemmi fl-Artikolu 10(1), il-Kummissjoni għandha, permezz ta’ atti ta’ implimentazzjoni, tiddefinixxi t-tipi u tispeċifika l-għadd ta’ kapaċitajiet ta’ rispons ewlenin meħtieġa għar-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili (‘l-għanijiet tal-kapaċità’). Dawn l-atti ta’ implimentazzjoni għandhom jiġu adottati f’konformità mal-proċedura ta’ eżami msemmija fl-Artikolu 33(2).
Il-Kummissjoni, f’kooperazzjoni mal-Istati Membri, għandha tagħmel monitoraġġ tal-progress lejn l-għanijiet tal-kapaċità stabbiliti fl-atti ta’ implimentazzjoni msemmija fl-ewwel subparagrafu ta’ dan il-paragrafu, u tidentifika lakuni potenzjalment sinifikanti fil-kapaċità ta’ rispons fir-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili. Fejn ikunu ġew identifikati tali lakuni, il-Kummissjoni għandha teżamina jekk il-kapaċitajiet meħtieġa jkunux disponibbli għall-Istati Membri barra r-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili. Il-Kummissjoni għandha tinkoraġġixxi lill-Istati Membri jindirizzaw lakuni sinjifikanti fil-kapaċità ta’ rispons fir-Riżerva Ewropea ta’ Protezzjoni Ċivili. Hija tista’ tappoġġja lill-Istati Membri f’dan ir-rigward b’konformità mal-Artikolu 20 u l-punt (i) tal-Artikolu 21(1) u l-Artikolu 21(2).”;
(10)
fl-Artikolu 12, il-paragrafi 2 u 3 huma sostitwiti b’dan li ġej:
“2. Il-Kummissjoni għandha, permezz ta’ atti ta’ implimentazzjoni, tiddefinixxi fiex jikkonsistu l-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU, abbażi inter alia ta’ kwalunkwe bini ta’ xenarji eżistenti kif imsemmi fl-Artikolu 10(1), b’kunsiderazzjoni tar-riskji identifikati u emerġenti u tal-kapaċitajiet u l-lakuni kumplessivi fil-livell tal-Unjoni, partikolarment fl-oqsma tat-tifi tan-nar tal-foresti mill-ajru, tal-inċidenti kimiċi, bijoloġiċi, radjoloġiċi u nukleari, rispons mediku ta’ emerġenza, kif ukoll trasport u loġistika. Dawn l-atti ta’ implimentazzjoni għandhom jiġu adottati f’konformità mal-proċedura ta’ eżami msemmija fl-Artikolu 33(2). Il-Kummissjoni għandha taġġorna regolarment l-informazzjoni dwar it-tip u l-għadd ta’ kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU u tagħmel din l-informazzjoni direttament disponibbli lill-Parlament Ewropew u lill-Kunsill.
3. Il-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU għandhom jinxtraw, mikrija, miksuba b’lokazzjoni jew inkella kkuntrattati mill-Istati Membri.
3a. Il-kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU, kif definiti fl-atti ta’ implimentazzjoni adottati f’konformità mal-proċedura ta’ eżami msemmija fl-Artikolu 33(2), jistgħu jinkrew, jinkisbu b’lokazzjoni jew jiġu kkuntrattati b’xi mod ieħor mill-Kummissjoni sa fejn ikun meħtieġ biex jiġu indirizzati d-diskrepanzi fil-qasam tat-trasport u l-loġistika.
3b. F’każijiet ta’ urġenza ġġustifikati kif xieraq, il-Kummissjoni tista’ takkwista, tikri, tikseb b’lokazzjoni jew inkella tikkuntratta kapaċitajiet iddeterminati permezz ta’ atti ta’ implimentazzjoni adottati f’konformità mal-proċedura ta’ urġenza msemmija fl-Artikolu 33(3). Dawn l-atti ta’ implimentazzjoni għandhom:
(i)
jiddeterminaw it-tip u l-kwantità meħtieġa ta’ mezzi materjali u kwalunkwe servizzi ta’ appoġġ meħtieġa, diġà definiti bħala kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU; and/or
(ii)
jiddefinixxu mezzi materjali addizzjonali u kwalunkwe servizzi ta’ appoġġ meħtieġa bħala kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU u jiddeterminaw it-tip u l-kwantità meħtieġa ta’ dawn il-kapaċitajiet.
3c. Ir-regoli finanzjarji tal-Unjoni għandhom japplikaw meta l-kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU jinxtraw, jinkrew, jinkisbu b’lokazzjoni jew inkella kkuntrattati mill-Kummissjoni. Meta l-kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU jinxtraw, jinkrew, jinkisbu b’lokazzjoni jew inkella kkuntrattati mill-Istati Membri, ikunu jistgħu jiġu konċessi għotjiet diretti mill-Kummissjoni lill-Istati Membri mingħajr sejħa għal proposti. Il-Kummissjoni u kwalunkwe Stat Membru li jkun jixtieq jista’ jinvolvi ruħu fi proċedura ta’ akkwist konġunt li ssir skont l-Artikolu 165 tar-Regolament (UE, Euratom) 2018/1046 tal-Parlament Ewropew u l-Kunsill (*2) (ir-’Regolament Finanzjarju’) bil-għan li jinxtraw kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU.
Il-kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU għandhom jiġu ospitati fl-Istati Membri li jixtru, jikru, jiksbu b’lokazzjoni jew inkella jikkuntrattaw dawk il-kapaċitajiet.
(*2) Ir-Regolament (UE, Euratom) 2018/1046 tal-Parlament Ewropew u tal-Kunsill tat-18 ta’ Lulju 2018 dwar ir-regoli finanzjarji applikabbli għall-baġit ġenerali tal-Unjoni, li jemenda r-Regolamenti (UE) Nru 1296/2013, (UE) Nru 1301/2013, (UE) Nru 1303/2013, (UE) Nru 1304/2013, (UE) Nru 1309/2013, (UE) Nru 1316/2013, (UE) Nru 223/2014, (UE) Nru 283/2014, u d-Deċiżjoni Nru 541/2014/UE u li jħassar ir-Regolament (UE, Euratom) Nru 966/2012 (ĠU L 193, 30.7.2018, p. 1).”;"
(11)
L-Artikolu 13 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“Artikolu 13
Network tal-Unjoni ta’ Għarfien dwar il-Protezzjoni Ċivili
1. Il-Kummissjoni għandha tistabbilixxi Network tal-Unjoni ta’ Għarfien dwar il-Protezzjoni Ċivili (in-Network) li jaggrega, jipproċessa u jxerred l-għarfien u l-informazzjoni rilevanti lill-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni bbażat fuq l-approċċ ta’ perikli multipli u jinkludi l-atturi rilevanti tal-protezzjoni ċivili u tal-ġestjoni tad-diżastri, iċ-ċentri ta’ eċċellenza, l-universitajiet u r-riċerkaturi.
Il-Kummissjoni, permezz tan-Network, għandha tqis b’mod xieraq l-għarfien espert disponibbli fl-Istati Membri, fil-livell tal-Unjoni, fil-livell tal-organizzazzjonijiet u l-entitajiet internazzjonali oħra, fil-livell tal-pajjiżi terzi u fil-livell tal-organizzazzjonijiet attivi fuq il-post.
Il-Kummissjoni u l-Istati Membri għandhom jippromwovu parteċipazzjoni b’bilanċ bejn il-ġeneri fl-istabbiliment u l-funzjonament tan-Network.
Il-Kummissjoni, permezz tan-Network, għandha tappoġġja l-koerenza tal-proċessi tal-ippjanar u tat-teħid tad-deċiżjonijiet billi tiffaċilita l-iskambju kontinwu ta’ għarfien u informazzjoni li jinvolvi l-oqsma kollha ta’ attività fi ħdan il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni.
Għal dak il-għan, il-Kummissjoni, permezz tan-Network, inter alia għandha:
(a)
tistabbilixxi u tmexxi programm ta’ taħriġ u eżerċizzji għall-persunal tal-protezzjoni ċivili u tal-ġestjoni tad-diżastri dwar prevenzjoni tad-diżastri, u t-tħejjija u r-rispons għalihom. Il-programm għandu jinkoraġġixxi u jiffoka fuq l-iskambju tal-aħjar prattiki fil-qasam tal-protezzjoni ċivili u l-ġestjoni tad-diżastri, inkluż fir-rigward ta’ diżastri li joriġinaw mit-tibdil fil-klima, u jinkludi korsijiet konġunti u sistema għall-iskambju ta’ għarfien espert fil-qasam tal-ġestjoni tad-diżastri, inkluż skambji ta’ professjonisti u voluntiera b’esperjenza flimkien mas-sekondar ta’ esperti mill-Istati Membri.
Il-programm ta’ taħriġ u eżerċizzji għandu jkollu l-għan li jsaħħaħ il-koordinazzjoni, il-kompatibbiltà u l-komplementarjetà tal-kapaċitajiet imsemmija fl-Artikoli 9, 11 u 12, u li jtejjeb il-kompetenza tal-esperti kif imsemmi fil-punti (d) u (f) tal-Artikolu 8(1);
(b)
tistabbilixxi u tmexxi programm ta’ tagħlimiet misluta mill-azzjonijiet tal-protezzjoni ċivili mwettqa fil-qafas tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni, li jinkludi aspetti miċ-ċiklu sħiħ tal-ġestjoni tad-diżastri, sabiex jipprovdi bażi wiesgħa għall-proċessi tat-tagħlim u l-iżvilupp tal-għarfien. Il-programm għandu jinkludi:
(i)
monitoraġġ, analiżi u evalwazzjoni tal-azzjonijiet kollha rilevanti tal-protezzjoni ċivili fi ħdan il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni;
(ii)
promozzjoni tal-implimentazzjoni tat-tagħlimiet meħuda sabiex jinkiseb pedament ibbażat fuq l-esperjenza għall-iżvilupp ta’ attivitajiet fiċ-ċiklu ta’ ġestjoni tad-diżastri; u
(iii)
żvilupp ta’ metodi u għodod għall-ġbir, l-analiżi, il-promozzjoni u l-implimentazzjoni tat-tagħlimiet meħuda.
Dak il-programm għandu jinkludi wkoll, fejn xieraq, it-tagħlimiet meħuda mill-interventi barra l-Unjoni fir-rigward tal-isfruttar tal-konnessjonijiet u s-sinerġiji bejn l-għajnuna pprovduta fl-ambitu tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni u r-rispons umanitarju;
(c)
tistimola r-riċerka u l-innovazzjoni, u tinkoraġġixxi l-introduzzjoni u l-użu ta’ approċċi jew teknoloġiji ġodda rilevanti jew it-tnejn għall-fini tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni;
(d)
tistabbilixxi u tamministra pjattaforma online li sservi n-Network biex tappoġġja u tiffaċilita l-implimentazzjoni tal-kompiti differenti msemmija fil-punti (a), (b) u (c).
2. Meta twettaq il-kompiti stabbiliti fil-paragrafu 1, il-Kummissjoni għandha tqis b’mod partikolari l-bżonnijiet u l-interessi tal-Istati Membri li jiffaċċjaw riskji ta’ diżastri ta’ dan it-tip, kif ukoll tal-ħtieġa li tissaħħaħ il-protezzjoni tal-bijodiversità u l-patrimonju kulturali.
3. Il-Kummissjoni għandha ssaħħaħ il-kooperazzjoni dwar it-taħriġ, u tippromwovi l-kondiviżjoni ta’ għarfien u esperjenza, bejn in-Network u l-organizzazzjonijiet internazzjonali u l-pajjiżi terzi, b’mod partikolari biex tikkontribwixxi għall-ilħuq tal-impenji internazzjonali, b’mod partikolari dawk fil-Qafas ta’ Sendai għat-Tnaqqis tar-Riskju ta’ Diżastri 2015-2030.”;
(12)
fl-Artikolu 14(1), l-ewwel subparagrafu huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“1. Fil-każ ta’ diżastru ġewwa l-Unjoni, jew ta’ diżastru imminenti, li jikkawża jew jista’ jikkawża effetti transkonfinali f’bosta pajjiżi jew li jaffettwa jew li jista’ jaffettwa Stati Membri oħra, l-Istat Membru fejn iseħħ jew x’aktarx iseħħ id-diżastru għandu, mingħajr dewmien, jinnotifika lill-Istati Membri potenzjalment affettwati u, meta l-effetti jkunu potenzjalment sinifikanti, lill-Kummissjoni.”;
(13)
Fl-Artikolu 15(3), il-punt (b) huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“(b)
tiġbor u tanalizza informazzjoni validata dwar is-sitwazzjoni, flimkien mal-Istat Membru milqut, bil-għan li tiġġenera għarfien komuni tas-sitwazzjoni u r-rispons għaliha, u xxerrdu dik l-informazzjoni direttament fost l-Istati Membri;”;
(14)
Fl-Artikolu 17, il-paragrafi 1 u 2 jiġu sostitwiti b’dan li ġej:
“1. Il-Kummissjoni tista’ tagħżel, taħtar u tibgħat tim ta’ esperti magħmul minn esperti pprovduti mill-Istati Membri:
(a)
fuq talba għal għarfien espert fil-prevenzjoni f’konformità mal-Artikolu 5(2);
(b)
fuq talba għal għarfien espert fit-tħejjija f’konformità mal-Artikolu 8(2);
(c)
fil-każ ta’ diżastru ġewwa l-Unjoni kif imsemmi fl-Artikolu 15(5);
(d)
fil-każ ta’ diżastru barra l-Unjoni kif imsemmi fl-Artikolu 16(3).
Fit-tim jistgħu jiġu integrati esperti mill-Kummissjoni u minn servizzi oħra tal-Unjoni sabiex jappoġġjaw lit-tim u jiffaċilitaw il-kuntatti mal-ERCC. Fit-tim jistgħu jiġu integrati esperti mibgħuta mill-aġenziji tan-NU jew minn organizzazzjonijiet internazzjonali oħra sabiex isaħħu l-kooperazzjoni u jiffaċilitaw valutazzjonijiet konġunti.
Fejn l-effikaċja operazzjonali tkun tirrikjedih, il-Kummissjoni, b’kooperazzjoni mill-qrib mal-Istati Membri, tista’ tiffaċilita l-involviment ta’ esperti addizzjonali, permezz tal-istazzjonament tagħhom, u appoġġ tekniku u xjentifiku, u ssejjaħ għarfien xjentifiku speċjalist espert kif ukoll għarfien espert settorjali u f’emerġenzi mediċi.
2. Il-proċedura għall-għażla u għall-ħatra ta’ esperti għandha tkun kif ġej:
(a)
l-Istati Membri għandhom jaħtru esperti, li jkun fir-responsabbiltà tagħhom, li jkunu jistgħu jiġu stazzjonati bħala membri ta’ timijiet ta’ esperti;
(b)
il-Kummissjoni għandha tagħżel l-esperti u l-mexxej għal dawk it-timijiet abbażi tal-kwalifiki u l-esperjenza tagħhom, inkluż il-livell tat-taħriġ dwar il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni mwettaq, l-esperjenza preċedenti ta’ missjonijiet taħt il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni u ħidma oħra internazzjonali ta’ sokkors; L-għażla għandha tkun ibbażata wkoll fuq kriterji oħra, inklużi l-ħiliet lingwistiċi, biex ikun żgurat li t-tim fl-intier tiegħu jkollu l-ħiliet meħtieġa għas-sitwazzjoni speċifika;
(c)
il-Kummissjoni għandha taħtar esperti u mexxejja tat-tim għall-missjoni bi qbil mal-Istat Membru li jinnominahom.
Il-Kummissjoni għandha tinnotifika lill-Istati Membri dwar appoġġ espert addizzjonali li jingħata b’konformità mal-paragrafu 1.”;
(15)
L-Artikolu 18 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“Artikolu 18
Trasport u tagħmir
1. Fil-każ ta’ diżastru, kemm ġewwa kif ukoll barra l-Unjoni, l-Kummissjoni tista’ tappoġġja lill-Istati Membri fil-kisba ta’ aċċess għal tagħmir jew riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport billi:
(a)
tipprovdi u tikkondividi informazzjoni dwar it-tagħmir u dwar ir-riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport li jistgħu jsiru disponibbli mill-Istati Membri, bil-ħsieb li jiġi ffaċilitat il-ġbir flimkien ta’ tali tagħmir jew riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport;
(b)
tiżviluppa materjal kartografiku għall-istazzjonar u l-mobilizzazzjoni rapidi tar-riżorsi, speċjalment fid-dawl tal-partikolaritajiet tar-reġjuni transfruntiera għall-fini ta’ riskji transkonfinali f’bosta pajjiżi;
(c)
l-assistenza lill-Istati Membri biex jidentifikaw, riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport li jistgħu jkunu disponibbli minn sorsi oħra, inkluż mis-suq kummerċjali, u jiffaċilitaw l-aċċess tagħhom għal tali riżorsi; jew
(d)
tgħin lill-Istati Membri biex jidentifikaw tagħmir li jista’ jkun disponibbli minn sorsi oħrajn, inkluż is-suq kummerċjali.
2. Il-Kummissjoni tista’ tikkomplementa r-riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport ipprovduti mill-Istati Membri billi tipprovdi r-riżorsi addizzjonali tat-trasport meħtieġa biex jiġi żgurat rispons rapidu għad-diżastri.
3. L-assistenza mitluba minn Stat Membru jew minn pajjiż terz tista’ tikkonsisti biss minn riżorsi loġistiċi u tat-trasport sabiex tirrispondi għal diżastri bi provvisti ta’ sokkors jew tagħmir akkwistat f’pajjiż terz mill-Istat Membru rikjedenti jew mill-pajjiż terz.”;
(16)
L-Artikolu 19 huwa emendat kif ġej:
(a)
jiddaħħal il-paragrafu li ġej:
“1a. Il-pakkett finanzjarju għall-implimentazzjoni tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni għall-perjodu mill-1 ta’ Jannar 2021 sal-31 ta’ Diċembru 2027 għandu jkun ta’ EUR 1 263 000 000 fi prezzijiet attwali.”;
(b)
il-paragrafu 2 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“2. Approprjazzjonijiet li jirriżultaw mir-rimborż magħmul mill-benefiċjarji għal azzjonijiet ta’ rispons għad-diżastri għandhom jikkostitwixxu dħul assenjat fis-sens tal-Artikolu 21(5) tar-Regolament Finanzjarju.”;
(c)
il-paragrafu 3 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“3. L-allokazzjoni finanzjarja msemmija fil-paragrafi 1 u 1a ta’ dan l-Artikolu u fl-Artikolu 19a tista’ tkopri wkoll spejjeż marbuta mal-attivitajiet ta’ tħejjija, monitoraġġ, kontroll, awditjar u evalwazzjoni, li huma meħtieġa għall-ġestjoni tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni u għall-ksib tal-objettivi tiegħu.
Tali nefqa tista’, b’mod partikolari, tkopri studji, laqgħat ta’ esperti, azzjonijiet ta’ informazzjoni u komunikazzjoni, inkluża komunikazzjoni korporattiva tal-prijoritajiet politiċi tal-Unjoni, sa fejn huma relatati mal-objettivi ġenerali tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni, spejjeż marbuta man-networks tal-IT li jiffokaw fuq l-ipproċessar u l-iskambju ta’ informazzjoni, inkluża l-interkonnessjoni tagħhom ma’ sistemi eżistenti jew futuri mfassla biex jippromwovu skambju ta’ data transsettorjali u tagħmir relatat, flimkien mal-ispejjeż l-oħra kollha tal-għajnuna teknika u amministrattiva mġarrba mill-Kummissjoni għall-ġestjoni tal-programm.”;
(d)
il-paragrafu 4 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“4. Il-pakkett finanzjarju msemmi fil-paragrafu 1a ta’ dan l-Artikolu u l-ammont imsemmi fl-Artikolu 19a(1) għandu jiġi allokat, għall-perjodu 2021-2027, skont il-perċentwali u l-prinċipji stabbiliti fl-Anness I.”;
(e)
il-paragrafu 5 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“5. Il-Kummissjoni għandha tivvaluta r-ripartizzjoni mniżżla fl-Anness I fid-dawl tal-eżitu tal-evalwazzjoni imsemmija fl-Artikolu 34(3).”;
(f)
il-paragrafu 6 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“6. Fejn meħtieġ, għal rispons għal diżastri minħabba raġunijiet imperattivi ta’ urġenza jew fid-dawl ta’ avvenimenti mhux mistennija li jaffettwaw l-eżekuzzjoni tal-baġit jew l-istabbiliment tal-kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU, il-Kummissjoni għandha tingħata s-setgħa li tadotta atti delegati f’konformità mal-Artikolu 30 biex temenda l-Anness I fi ħdan l-allokazzjonijiet baġitarji disponibbli u f’konformità mal-proċedura prevista fl-Artikolu 31.”;
(17)
Jiddaħħal l-Artikolu li ġej:
“Artikolu 19a
Riżorsi mill-Istrument tal-Unjoni Ewropea għall-Irkupru
1. Il-miżuri msemmija fil-punti (d) u (e) tal-Artikolu 1(2) tar-Regolament tal-Kunsill (UE) 2020/2094 (*3) għandhom jiġu implimentati skont din id-Deċiżjoni permezz tan-nefqa ta’ ammont ta’ mhux aktar minn EUR 2 056 480 000 fi prezzijiet attwali kif imsemmi fil-punt (a)(iii) tal-Artikolu 2(2) ta’ dak ir-Regolament fil-prezzijiet tal-2018, soġġetti għall-Artikoli 3(3), (4), (7) u (9) ta’ dak ir-Regolament.
2. L-ammont imsemmi fil-paragrafu 1 ta’ dan l-Artikolu għandu jikkostitwixxi dħul estern assenjat kif stabbilit fl-Artikolu 3(1) tar-Regolament (UE) 2020/2094.
3. Il-miżuri msemmija fil-paragrafu 1 ta’ dan l-Artikolu għandhom ikunu eliġibbli għal assistenza finanzjarja f’konformità mal-kundizzjonijiet stabbiliti f’din id-Deċiżjoni u għandhom jiġu implimentati b’rispett sħiħ tal-objettivi tar-Regolament (UE) 2020/2094.
4. Mingħajr preġudizzju għall-kundizzjonijiet ta’ eliġibbiltà ta’ azzjonijiet favur pajjiżi terzi stabbiliti f’din id-Deċiżjoni, l-assistenza finanzjarja msemmija f’dan l-Artikolu tista’ tingħata lil pajjiż terz biss meta din l-assistenza tiġi implimentata b’rispett sħiħ tal-objettivi tar-Regolament (UE) 2020/2094, irrispettivament minn jekk dan il-pajjiż terz jipparteċipax jew le fil-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni.
(*3) Ir-Regolament tal-Kunsill (UE) 2020/2094 tal-14 ta’ Diċembru 2020 li jistabbilixxi Strument tal-Unjoni Ewropea għall-Irkupru biex jappoġġja l-irkupru wara l-kriżi tal-COVID-19 (ĠU L 433I, 22.12.2020, p. 23).”;"
(18)
L-Artikolu 20a huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“Artikolu 20a
Viżibbiltà u għotjiet
1. Ir-riċevituri tal-finanzjament tal-Unjoni, kif ukoll il-benefiċjarji tal-għajnuna mogħtija, għandhom jirrikonoxxu l-oriġini ta’ dawk il-fondi u jiżguraw il-viżibbiltà tal-finanzjament tal-Unjoni, b’mod partikolari meta jippromwovu l-azzjonijiet u r-riżultati tagħhom, billi jipprovdu informazzjoni mmirata koerenti, effettiva u proporzjonata lil diversi udjenzi, inkluż lill-midja u lill-pubbliku.
Kwalunkwe finanzjament jew assistenza pprovduti fi ħdan din id-Deċiżjoni għandhom jingħataw viżibbiltà xierqa skont il-gwida speċifika maħruġa mill-Kummissjoni għal interventi speċifiċi. B’mod partikolari, l-Istati Membri għandhom jiżguraw li l-komunikazzjoni pubblika għal operazzjonijiet iffinanzjati taħt il-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni:
(a)
tinkludi referenzi xierqa għall-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni;
(b)
tipprovdi mmarkar viżiv fuq il-kapaċitajiet iffinanzjati jew kofinanzjati mill-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni;
(c)
twettaq azzjonijiet bl-emblema tal-Unjoni;
(d)
tikkomunika b’mod proattiv id-dettalji tal-appoġġ tal-Unjoni lill-midja nazzjonali u lill-partijiet ikkonċernati, kif ukoll permezz tal-mezzi ta’ komunikazzjoni tagħhom stess; u
(e)
tappoġġja l-azzjonijiet ta’ komunikazzjoni tal-Kummissjoni dwar l-operazzjonijiet.
Meta l-kapaċitajiet ta’ RescEU jintużaw għal finijiet nazzjonali kif imsemmi fl-Artikolu 12(5), l-Istati Membri għandhom, permezz tal-istess mezzi msemmija fl-ewwel subparagrafu ta’ dan il-paragrafu, jirrikonoxxu l-oriġini ta’ dawk il-kapaċitajiet u jiżguraw il-viżibbiltà tal-finanzjament tal-Unjoni użat biex jinkisbu dawk il-kapaċitajiet.
2. Il-Kummissjoni għandha timplimenta azzjonijiet ta’ informazzjoni u ta’ komunikazzjoni relatati ma’ din id-Deċiżjoni, mal-azzjonijiet meħuda skont din id-Deċiżjoni u mar-riżultati miksuba, u tappoġġja lill-Istati Membri fl-azzjonijiet ta’ komunikazzjoni tagħhom. Ir-riżorsi finanzjarji allokati għal din id-Deċiżjoni għandhom jikkontribwixxu wkoll għall-komunikazzjoni korporattiva tal-prijoritajiet politiċi tal-Unjoni, sakemm dawk il-prijoritajiet ikunu relatati mal-objettivi msemmija fl-Artikolu 3(1).
3. Il-Kummissjoni għandha tagħti midalji sabiex tirrikonoxxi u tonora impenji u kontributi straordinarji dejjiema lill-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni.”;
(19)
L-Artikolu 21 huwa emendat kif ġej:
(a)
Fil-paragrafu 1, il-punt (g) huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“(g)
l-iżvilupp tal-ippjanar tal-ġestjoni tar-riskji tad-diżastri, kif imsemmi fl-Artikolu 10.”;
(b)
il-paragrafu 3 huwa sostitwit b’dan li ġej:
“3. L-assistenza finanzjarja għall-azzjoni msemmija fil-punt (j) tal-paragrafu 1 għandha tkopri l-ispejjeż meħtieġa biex ikunu żgurati d-disponibbiltà u l-istazzjonabbiltà tal-kapaċitajiet tar-rescEU permezz tal-Mekkaniżmu tal-Unjoni f’konformità mat-tieni subparagrafu ta’ dan il-paragrafu. Il-kategoriji tal-ispejjeż eliġibbli meħtieġa biex jiżguraw id-disponibbiltà u l-istazzjonabbiltà tal-kapaċitajiet ta’ rescEU għandhom ikunu kif stabbilit fl-Anness Ia.
Il-Kummissjoni hija mogħtija s-setgħa li tadotta atti delegati f’konformità mal-Artikolu 30 biex jiġi emendat l-Anness Ia fir-rigward tal-kategoriji ta’ spejjeż eliġibbli.
| 11,784
|
5669951_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 449
| 586
|
In an action, inter alia, to recover damages for medical malpractice, the plaintiff appeals from so much of an order of the Supreme Court, Dutchess County (Pagones, J.), dated November 22, 2002, as granted the defendants’ respective motions to preclude expert witness “E” from testifying at the trial and to strike his amended bill of particulars and as denied those branches of his cross motions which were to deem the service of expert witness “E” disclosure and the amended bill of particulars before reinstatement of the note of issue to be proper, or alternatively, for leave to serve the amended bill of particulars.
Ordered that the order is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law and as a matter of discretion, without costs or disbursements, the defendants’ respective motions to preclude expert “E” from testifying at the trial and to strike the amended bill of particulars are denied, and those branches of the plaintiff’s cross motions which were to deem the service of expert witness “E” disclosure and the amended bill of particulars before reinstatement of the note of issue to be proper are granted.
Under the circumstances of this case, the Supreme Court’s vacatur of the plaintiffs note of issue pursuant to 22 NYCRR 202.21 (e), upon the plaintiffs letter request, did not bar the plaintiff from engaging in reasonable further disclosure, including the service of expert disclosure and an amended bill of *430particulars (see generally Carte v Segall, 134 AD2d 396 [1987]). Contrary to the defendants’ arguments, the case of Lyons v Saperstein (202 AD2d 401 [1994]), is not controlling here. In Lyons, the note of issue was not vacated, but the case was “marked off” the trial calendar to permit two discrete items of disclosure. As this Court held in Basetti v Nour (287 AD2d 126, 132 [2001]), a case marked off the calendar pursuant to CPLR 3404 does not automatically result in the vacatur of the note of issue. Thus, marking a case off pursuant to CPLR 3404 would not necessarily result in permission to conduct further disclosure and, therefore, the holding of that case is distinguishable from the case at bar.
Similarly, the Supreme Court should have granted that branch of the plaintiff’s cross motion which was to deem proper the service of the amended bill of particulars before reinstatement of the note of issue (see CPLR 3042 [b]). The amendment to the bill of particulars consisted merely of a specification of the more general statement in the original bill of particulars that the defendants were negligent in failing to administer, perform, and order treatments and procedures in order to prevent the injuries complained of. Santucci, J.P., Adams, Crane and Cozier, JJ., concur.
| 33,501
|
6910928_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 95
| 117
|
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals from a judgment allowing plaintiff increased compensation for the aggravation of a back injury suffered while at work.
Defendant contends that there is no evidence to *160prove aggravation. Further defendant contends that even if it is assumed that there was such evidence, the aggravation could have been the result of a previous back condition and there was no evidence to show that the aggravation resulted from the industrial injury rather than from the previous condition.
We are of the opinion that there was sufficient evidence to support the verdict.
Judgment affirmed.
| 29,367
|
US-475885D-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 339
| 529
|
Friedrich caesar nehse
(No Model.)
F. C. NBHSE. DEVICE EOE FILLING GOAL INT0 REGULATION `STQVES. No. 475,885. Patented May 31,1892,
vNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
FRIEDRICH CAESAR NEIISE, OF DUSSELDORF, GERMANY.
DEVICE FOR FILLING COAL INTO REGULATION STOVES.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 475,885, dated May 31, 1892..
Application filed January 20, 1892. Serial No. 418.718. (No model.) Patented in Germany November 5, 1890, No. 59,931.
To @ZZ whom it may concern;
Be it known that I, FRIEDRICH CAESAR NEHSE, a subject of the Emperor of Germany, residing at Dusseldorf, in the Empire ot' Germany` have invented a new and useful Device for Filling Coal into Regulation Stoves, (for which I have obtained a patent in Germany, No. 59,931, bearing date November 5, 1890,) of which the following is a speci lication.
The device shown by the annexed drawings and forming the object of this invention serves to fili coal into regulation stoves with the avoidance of the escape of dust.
Figure l is a rear View of the ooatreceptacle, and Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the regulation stove and coal-receptacle.
To the coal pail or seuttle A is joined by a hinge a the conio knee After thc pail A has been illed the knee Bis secured by a closing device b on the side opposite to the hinge a. By the knee B, which is shifted into the opening of the stove, the coal falling out by its own Weight is deflected horizontally, so as to fall with but moderate pressure on the burning lire. The knee B, moreover, prevents the coal-dust from escaping into the room, as is the oase when using coal-shovels or the usual pails with slanted mouth.
What I claim is In a device for filling coal into regulation stoves, ithe combination ot' the conic knee B, the pail A, the hinge a, and the closing device, as and for the purpose specified.
In testimony that I claim the foregoing as my invention Ihave signed my name in pres- 35.
| 14,368
|
CETATEXT000041548557
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,020
|
CAA de BORDEAUX, 4ème chambre, 06/02/2020, 18BX00582, Inédit au recueil Lebon
|
JADE
|
French
|
Spoken
| 2,386
| 3,839
|
Vu la procédure suivante :<br/>
<br/>
Procédure contentieuse antérieure :<br/>
<br/>
L'association de défense contre la démolition, l'expropriation ou l'expulsion des habitants de l'immeuble Messager et pour sa réhabilitation a demandé au tribunal administratif de Toulouse d'annuler l'arrêté du 29 décembre 2014 par lequel le préfet de la Haute-Garonne a mis fin au plan de sauvegarde de la copropriété Messager et d'enjoindre au préfet de reprendre le plan de sauvegarde. <br/>
<br/>
Par un jugement n° 1501114 du 6 décembre 2017, le tribunal administratif de Toulouse a rejeté sa requête.<br/>
<br/>
Procédure devant la cour :<br/>
<br/>
Par une requête enregistrée le 12 février 2018, l'association de défense contre la démolition, l'expropriation ou l'expulsion des habitants de l'immeuble Messager et pour sa réhabilitation, représenté par Me C..., demande à la cour :<br/>
<br/>
1°) d'annuler le jugement du tribunal administratif de Toulouse du 6 décembre 2017 ;<br/>
<br/>
2°) d'annuler l'arrêté du préfet de la Haute-Garonne du 29 décembre 2014 mettant fin au plan de sauvegarde de la copropriété Messager ;<br/>
<br/>
3°) de mettre à la charge de l'Etat une somme de 2 350 euros au titre de l'article L. 761-1 du code de justice administrative. <br/>
Elle soutient que :<br/>
- le jugement est entaché d'erreurs de fait : les chiffrages du coût de la démolition-reconstruction et de celui de la réhabilitation ainsi que le chiffrage du coût de la prise en charge par chaque propriétaire pour la réhabilitation, mentionnés dans le jugement sont inexacts ;<br/>
- le jugement est entaché d'erreur d'appréciation du fait que les chiffrages retenus par la juridiction de première instance sont inexacts ;<br/>
- le projet de rénovation urbaine n'implique pas nécessairement la démolition de la résidence Messager ;<br/>
- le commissaire enquêteur a émis un avis défavorable à la demande de déclaration d'utilité publique ainsi qu'aux demandes d'expropriation ;<br/>
- la circonstance que les copropriétaires n'aient pas mis en oeuvre tous les objectifs du plan de sauvegarde est insuffisante à fonder l'arrêté du 29 décembre 2014 et le jugement attaqué. <br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Par un mémoire en défense, enregistré le 25 mars 2019, le ministre de la cohésion des territoires et des relations avec les collectivités territoriales conclut au rejet de la requête.<br/>
<br/>
Il soutient que :<br/>
- la contestation des montants est sans influence sur la légalité de la décision ;<br/>
- le moyen tiré de l'avis défavorable du commissaire enquêteur est inopérant ; <br/>
- la fin du plan de sauvegarde était justifiée par la démolition programmée de l'immeuble Messager. <br/>
<br/>
Par ordonnance du 26 mars 2019, la clôture d'instruction a été fixée en dernier lieu au 26 avril 2019 à 12h00. <br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Vu :<br/>
- les autres pièces du dossier.<br/>
<br/>
Vu :<br/>
- le code de la construction et de l'habitation ; <br/>
- le code de justice administrative.<br/>
Les parties ont été régulièrement averties du jour de l'audience.<br/>
<br/>
Ont été entendus au cours de l'audience publique :<br/>
- le rapport de M. B... A..., <br/>
- et les conclusions de Mme Sabrina Ladoire, rapporteur public.<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Considérant ce qui suit :<br/>
<br/>
1. L'ensemble immobilier en copropriété dit " Messager " situé dans le quartier de la Reynerie à Toulouse est un immeuble érigé en 1968, composé de 16 niveaux et de 260 logements locatifs sociaux et de logements privés en location ou non. A la demande du conseil général de la Haute Garonne, suite à une expertise menée par le syndicat mixte chargé de l'aménagement des grands projets toulousains, conduite en 2006 et 2007, qui a révélé une nette dégradation physique, sociale et sécuritaire de la propriété, le préfet de la Haute-Garonne, par arrêté en date du 28 octobre 2008, pris sur le fondement de 1'article L. 615-1 du code de la construction et de 1'habitation, a institué une commission ayant pour mission d'élaborer un plan de sauvegarde destiné à résoudre les difficultés sociales, techniques et financières auxquelles était confronté l'ensemble immobilier en copropriété dit " Messager ". Ce plan de sauvegarde a été approuvé pour une durée de cinq ans, par un arrêté en date du 16 avril 2012 du préfet de la Haute-Garonne. Cependant, par arrêté du 29 décembre 2014, le préfet de la Haute-Garonne a mis fin à ce plan de sauvegarde. L'association de défense contre la démolition, l'expropriation ou l'expulsion des habitants de l'immeuble Messager et pour sa réhabilitation relève appel du jugement du 6 décembre 2017 par lequel le tribunal administratif de Toulouse a rejeté sa demande d'annulation de l'arrêté préfectoral du 29 décembre 2014. <br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Sur le bien-fondé du jugement :<br/>
<br/>
2. Aux termes de l'article L. 615-1 du code de la construction et de l'habitation : " I. -Lorsqu'un groupe d'immeubles ou un ensemble immobilier déterminé, à usage d'habitation (...), soumis au régime de la copropriété, (...) est confronté à de graves difficultés sociales, techniques et financières résultant notamment de complexités juridiques ou techniques et risquant à terme de compromettre leur conservation, le représentant de l'Etat dans le département peut (...) confier à une commission qu'il constitue le soin d'élaborer un diagnostic de la situation et de proposer un plan de sauvegarde destiné à résoudre les difficultés du groupe d'immeubles bâtis ou de l'ensemble immobilier concerné. Cette commission comprend obligatoirement des représentants des propriétaires et des locataires des immeubles concernés. II. -Le projet de plan de sauvegarde est soumis à l'approbation du représentant de l'Etat dans le département et à l'avis du maire, du président de l'établissement public de coopération intercommunale compétent en matière d'habitat (...) ". Aux termes de l'article L. 615-2 du même code : " I. -Le plan de sauvegarde fixe les mesures nécessaires pour, dans un délai de cinq ans, sur la base des engagements souscrits par les collectivités publiques, les organismes publics ou les personnes privées concernées : -redresser la situation financière de la copropriété; -clarifier et simplifier les règles de structure et d'administration du groupe d'immeubles bâtis ou de l'ensemble immobilier ; -clarifier et adapter le statut de biens et équipements collectifs à usage public ; -réaliser ou faire réaliser par un tiers des travaux de conservation de l'immeuble ou tendant à la réduction des charges de fonctionnement ; -assurer l'information et la formation des occupants de l'immeuble pour restaurer les relations sociales ; -organiser la mise en place de mesures d'accompagnement. Le plan de sauvegarde fait l'objet d'une convention de mise en oeuvre entre les personnes de droit public compétentes, (...) et, le cas échéant, les personnes privées intéressées aux fins, notamment, de préciser l'échéancier de ces mesures ainsi que les conditions de leur financement, les modalités d'intervention des différents opérateurs mandatés par les signataires (...). La convention précise également les modalités d'évaluation du plan de sauvegarde ainsi que les modalités de suivi de la copropriété au terme du plan. (...) III. -Le représentant de l'Etat peut, après évaluation et consultation de la commission mentionnée au I de l'article L. 615-1 et selon les modalités prévues au II du même article, modifier le plan de sauvegarde initial lors de la nomination d'un administrateur provisoire ou prolonger le plan de sauvegarde, par période de deux ans, si le redressement de la copropriété le nécessite ".<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
3. Il ressort des pièces du dossier, que le plan de sauvegarde destiné à résoudre les difficultés sociales, techniques et financières auxquelles était confronté l'ensemble immobilier en copropriété dit " Messager ", approuvé le 16 avril 2012, s'est donné pour objectifs de réaliser un programme de travaux urgents et conservatoires de mise en sécurité, de mettre en place des mesures d'accompagnement juridique et financier de la copropriété, d'accompagnement social et d'anticipation de la stratégie de relogement des habitants, dans la perspective du rachat des logements privés par l'Etat, de la dissolution de la copropriété, et de la démolition de l'immeuble en vue de sa reconstruction. Il ressort également des pièces du dossier, que dans le cadre de la convention portant sur le projet de rénovation urbaine de la zone urbaine sensible (ZUS) Reynerie-Bellefontaine conclu par l'Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine (ANRU) le 6 mars 2007 avec notamment la commune de Toulouse, la communauté d'agglomération du Grand Toulouse, la région Midi-Pyrénées, l'Etat et plusieurs offices publics de l'habitat, le conseil d'administration de l'ANRU, lors de sa séance du 2 avril 2014, a donné un avis favorable à la mise en oeuvre immédiate de la procédure de relogement des familles afin de procéder à une démolition effective de l'immeuble Messager en 2017. Cette démolition a d'ailleurs été intégrée dans l'avenant n°5 à la convention de rénovation urbaine, signé le 19 mars 2015. Ainsi, c'est dans ces conditions que la commission de suivi du plan de sauvegarde de la copropriété Messager, lors de sa réunion du 11 juillet 2014, a constaté la réalisation des travaux urgents de mise en sécurité de l'immeuble, a pris acte du refus des propriétaires de financer des travaux conservatoires eu égard " au devenir incertain de l'immeuble " et a constaté la réalisation partielle des objectifs de suivi social compte tenu du défaut de participation de certains propriétaires privés et, prenant acte de l'avis rendu par le conseil d'administration de l'ANRU le 2 avril 2014, a décidé de limiter les dépenses à l'entretien courant, de mettre en place la procédure d'accompagnement vers le relogement et de mettre fin au plan de sauvegarde. C'est ainsi, qu'à la suite de cet avis, le préfet de la Haute-Garonne a pris, le 29 décembre 2014, l'arrêté contesté mettant fin au plan de sauvegarde.<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
4. En premier lieu, pour contester le jugement du tribunal administratif rendu le 6 décembre 2017, ayant rejeté sa demande d'annulation de l'arrêté préfectoral du 29 décembre 2014, l'association requérante soutient qu'il serait entaché d'erreurs de fait concernant, d'une part, le chiffrage du coût de la démolition-reconstruction de l'immeuble et, d'autre part, le chiffrage du coût global de sa réhabilitation et du montant du coût de la prise en charge pour chaque propriétaire. A l'appui de son moyen, l'association se prévaut des résultats de l'enquête publique réalisée préalablement à la déclaration d'utilité publique des travaux nécessaires à la réalisation du projet urbain du quartier Reynerie qui s'est déroulée du 19 septembre au 27 octobre 2017, et notamment des conclusions du commissaire enquêteur qui a émis un avis défavorable au projet le 15 décembre 2017 avec, s'agissant de l'immeuble " Messager ", des réserves quant à sa démolition et recommandé d'étudier les conditions d'une réhabilitation. Cependant, il convient de rappeler, d'une part, que le rapport et les estimations du commissaire enquêteur contenues dans ce rapport ont été établis postérieurement à l'édiction de l'arrêté du 29 décembre 2014, et que, d'autre part, il ressort des termes mêmes de cet arrêté que le préfet ne s'est pas fondé sur cet élément afférent au coût respectif des projets de démolition-reconstruction de l'immeuble et de sa réhabilitation pour prendre la décision attaquée mais sur les motifs tirées de l'échec du plan de sauvegarde compte tenu notamment du refus des copropriétaires de financer les mesures conservatoires nécessaires à la réhabilitation de l'ensemble immobilier, de la réalisation seulement partielle des objectifs sociaux et, de manière prépondérante, sur la démolition de l'immeuble impliquée par le projet de rénovation urbaine du quartier. Dès lors, le moyen tiré de ce que le jugement et l'arrêté attaqué seraient entachés d'erreurs de fait comme étant en contradiction avec les éléments du rapport du commissaire enquêteur doit être écarté. <br/>
<br/>
<br/>
5. En deuxième lieu, et eu égard aux circonstances énoncées au point 4, l'association requérante n'est pas fondée à soulever une erreur d'appréciation dans les chiffrages des opérations de réhabilitation ou de destruction du bâtiment " Messager ". <br/>
<br/>
<br/>
6. En troisième lieu, l'arrêté préfectoral contesté n'ayant par lui-même ni pour objet ni pour effet de décider la démolition de l'immeuble, l'association requérante ne peut utilement soutenir que cette hypothèse ne correspondrait pas aux intérêts de ses habitants. Eu égard aux objectifs fixés par le plan de sauvegarde, à leur mise en oeuvre partielle, à la difficulté de réaliser les objectifs non atteints compte tenu de la programmation à moyen terme d'un plan de rénovation urbaine pour le quartier, le préfet de la Haute-Garonne n'a pas commis d'erreur d'appréciation en estimant qu'il n'était pas nécessaire de poursuivre le plan de sauvegarde initié le 28 octobre 2008.<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
7. Par ailleurs, la circonstance que le commissaire enquêteur ait émis en 2017 un avis défavorable à la demande de déclaration d'utilité publique ainsi qu'aux demandes d'expropriation est sans incidence sur la légalité de l'arrêté pris en 2014, qui au demeurant ne se prononce pas sur le bien- fondé de la démolition et n'implique pas la destruction de l'immeuble. De plus, et en tout état de cause, l'avis du commissaire enquêteur ne lie pas l'autorité administrative compétente <br/>
<br/>
<br/>
8. Il résulte de ce qui précède que l'association requérante n'est pas fondée à soutenir que c'est à tort que, par le jugement attaqué, le tribunal administratif de Toulouse a rejeté sa demande.<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Sur l'application de l'article L.761-1 du code de justice administrative : <br/>
<br/>
9. Les dispositions de l'article L. 761-1 du code de justice administrative font obstacle à ce que soit mis à la charge de l'Etat, qui n'est pas la partie perdante dans la présente instance, le versement à l'association de défense contre la démolition, l'expropriation ou l'expulsion des habitants de l'immeuble Messager et pour sa réhabilitation, de la somme qu'elle sollicite au titre des frais exposés par elle et non compris dans les dépens. <br/>
DECIDE :<br/>
Article 1er : La requête de l'association de défense contre la démolition, l'expropriation ou l'expulsion des habitants de l'immeuble Messager et pour sa réhabilitation est rejetée. <br/>
Article 2 : Le présent arrêt sera notifié à l'association de défense contre la démolition, l'expropriation ou l'expulsion des habitants de l'immeuble Messager et pour sa réhabilitation et au ministre de la cohésion des territoires et des relations avec les collectivités territoriales. <br/>
Copie en sera adressée au préfet de la Haute-Garonne.<br/>
Délibéré après l'audience du 9 janvier 2020 à laquelle siégeaient :<br/>
M. Philippe Pouzoulet, président,<br/>
M. B... A..., président-assesseur,<br/>
M. Stéphane Gueguein, premier conseiller,<br/>
Lu en audience publique, le 6 février 2020.<br/>
<br/>
Le rapporteur,<br/>
Dominique A...<br/>
Le président,<br/>
Philippe Pouzoulet<br/>
Le greffier,<br/>
Sylvie Hayet <br/>
La République mande et ordonne au ministre de la cohésion des territoires et des relations avec les collectivités territoriales en ce qui le concerne, et à tous huissiers de justice à ce requis, en ce qui concerne les voies de droit commun contre les parties privées, de pourvoir à l'exécution du présent arrêt.<br/>
2<br/>
N° 18BX00582<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
| 10,382
|
8109681_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 46
| 76
|
Opinion by
Donlon, J.
In accordance with stipulation of counsel that the merchandise consists of beef similar in all material respects to that the subject of United States v. J. H. Brown et al. (46 C.C.P.A. 1, C.A.D. 686), the claim of the plaintiff was sustained.
| 23,425
|
1680278_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,013
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,008
| 1,375
|
352 S.W.2d 849 (1961)
Max O. COULSON et al., D/B/A Brickstone of Fort Worth, Appellants,
v.
ALVIS AUTO RENTALS, INC., Appellee
No. 16271.
Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, Fort Worth.
December 22, 1961.
Rehearing Denied January 26, 1962.
John Whiteside, Fort Worth, for appellants.
DeVore, Ashworth & McGahey, and Philip C. McGahey, Jr., Arlington, for appellee.
RENFRO, Justice.
The plaintiff Alvis Auto Rentals, Inc., sued Max O. Coulson and Henry Potter, d/b/a Brickstone of Fort Worth, in the nature of a verified account for the sum of $2,054.30 due for lease money upon two automobiles.
Judgment was entered for plaintiff on said account. The court found that a lease contract was made between the parties. The defendants were to pay $100 per month per car. The plaintiff kept the account in the regular course of business and the account cards reflected the business dealings between the parties. The automobiles were used by the defendant partners in the course of their business, Brickstone of Fort Worth. At the time of termination of the leases, the defendants owed plaintiff $1,436.30 on one car and $618.00 on the other. The court concluded the amount sued for was a liquidated amount, based upon a written contract, upon which a systematic record was kept.
In points seven and eight, defendants contend there is no evidence to support the finding of partnership and no evidence showing that any act by Coulson was in the scope of any partnership business. As to the latter point, the evidence is ample to support the court's findings. As to point seven, the plaintiff alleged the defendants were partners. Neither defendant filed a sworn denial of partnership. When the fact *850 of partnership is alleged and is not denied under oath, it stands as admitted. 32 Tex. Jur. 262, § 28; Rule 93(f), Texas Rules of Civil Procedure; Petty v. First National Bank of Quitman, Tex.Civ.App., 278 S.W.2d 361. The points are overruled.
In points three through six, defendants contend plaintiff's exhibits 1 to 5 were improperly admitted, same being hearsay.
In the introduction of the exhibits plaintiff met all the requirements of Art. 3737e, Vernon's Tex.Civ.St. Hence, the exhibits were properly admitted. Moreover, defendants did not deny the justness of the claim. As a witness, defendant Coulson admitted the contract was made, and did not deny the amount sued for was due. Defendant Potter did not testify. The points are overruled.
Our holding on the above points necessarily rejects defendants' contention No. 10 that there was no evidence or insufficient evidence to support the judgment.
In their second point of error, defendants contend the plaintiff was not entitled to attorney's fees.
In Meaders v. Biskamp, 159 Tex. 79, 316 S.W.2d 75, wherein plaintiff sought attorney's fees in a suit in the nature of a sworn account for the balance due upon a lease contract, the Supreme Court said: "Respondent contends that the above language of Article 2226 (* * * or suits founded upon a sworn account or accounts * * * may also recover * * * a reasonable amount as attorney's fees) means that an attorney's fee is recoverable if suit is upon a sworn account as defined by Rule 185, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. This rule is not a rule of substantive law but is a rule of procedure with regard to evidence necessary to establish a prima facie right of recovery or defense, and is not the basis for any cause or causes of action. * * * It has been held that a sworn account is defined according to its popular sense and applies only to transactions between persons, in which there is a sale upon one side and a purchase upon the other, whereby title to personal property passes from one to the other, and the relation of debtor and creditor is thereby created by general course of dealing (which may include only one transaction between the parties). It does not mean transactions between parties resting upon special contract. * * *"
In Guay v. Schneider, Bernet & Hickman, Inc., Tex.Civ.App., 341 S.W.2d 461, the Court of Civil Appeals followed Meaders v. Biskamp, supra, and added: "Under Rule 185, however, summary judgment was proper as to the verified account. That rule does not deal with attorney's fees. It is a rule of evidence, as the Biskamp case points out, and not one of substantive law."
In Guay v. Schneider, Bernet & Hickman, Inc., 344 S.W.2d 429, the Supreme Court expressly approved the holding of the Court of Civil Appeals.
In Langdeau v. Bouknight, Tex., 344 S.W.2d 435, 441, a case wherein Langdeau, receiver, sued Bouknight for recovery of premiums and unearned commissions, the Supreme Court held: "The Court of Civil Appeals correctly held that under the heading `sworn account' a recovery of attorney's fees could not be had in a suit `resting upon special contracts'. Recovery of attorney's fees under some of the other classifications set out in Art. 2226 might be had under a contract between the parties covering such situation, but not under the part dealing with `sworn account."
In the instant case, plaintiff's claim for attorney's fees is based upon the sworn account provision of Rule 185. It is undisputed that title to personal property did not pass. It is undisputed that the automobiles were taken by defendants under lease contracts and that title to neither ever passed to the defendants or either of them. Hence, the transaction "rests in special contract" and lacks the element of sale and purchase whereby "title to personal property passes from one to the other."
*851 Under the above authorities, we conclude that plaintiff was not entitled to recover attorney's fees.
All points of error, except the point pertaining to attorney's fees, are overruled.
Judgment in favor of plaintiff for the debt sued upon is affirmed; that part of the judgment of the trial court allowing attorney's fees to the plaintiff is reversed and judgment here rendered that plaintiff recover nothing as attorney's fees.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
| 46,082
|
e92f885a8f993fd75221cd7fce439c9f
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,022
|
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20220039_00721.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 144
| 364
|
e
154 année. - N°39
Mardi 27 septembre 2022
JOURNAL OFFICIEL
DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE
D.I.L.A
serialNumber=S17140003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE
DILA,OU=0002
13000918600011,organizationIdentifier=NTRFR-13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2022-09-27 09:01:18
Associations et fondations d'entreprise
DIRECTION DE L'INFORMATION LÉGALE ET ADMINISTRATIVE
26, rue Desaix, 75727 PARIS CEDEX 15
www.dila.premier-ministre.gouv.fr
www.journal-officiel.gouv.fr
Annonce n° 721
37 - Indre-et-Loire
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Loches
CLOVER JUMPERS.
Objet : promouvoir et diffuser toute expression artistique, culturelle et corporelle liée de près ou de loin à la culture
celtique traditionnelle ou contemporaine sous toutes ses formes (cours de danse, stage, atelier, concert, évènement,
spectacle, répétition, etc ; ) , la liste n'étant pas exhaustive ; Pouvoir s'adapter aux différentes demandes qu'elle
recevra de tiers
Siège social : 19, route des Mares, Tauxigny, 37310 Tauxigny.
Date de la déclaration : 18 septembre 2022.
La Directrice de l’information légale et administrative : Anne DUCLOS-GRISIER
| 16,265
|
<urn:uuid:67e3bec3-47b8-4deb-9c5f-1bca70e55c2b>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.afd.fr/fr/actualites/communique-de-presse/situations-et-perspectives-inclusion-financiere-tunisie
|
afd.fr
|
French
|
Spoken
| 359
| 564
|
Quelles situations et perspectives pour...
Quelles situations et perspectives pour l’inclusion financière en Tunisie ?
Sonia Zoghlami, directrice générale du financement au ministère des Finances tunisien © : Sam Zekri/AFD
Le 15 juin 2022 s’est tenu un événement sur l’état des lieux de la stratégie nationale d’inclusion financière (SNIF), organisé par l’Agence française de développement (AFD), sous l’égide du ministère des Finances, en partenariat avec la Banque centrale de Tunisie, la Caisse des dépôts et consignations, l’Autorité de contrôle de la microfinance, le Comité général des assurances et l’Observatoire de l’inclusion financière.
Cet événement a permis de réaliser un diagnostic à mi-parcours de la SNIF et de ses réalisations, d’identifier les enjeux actuels sur l’inclusion financière en Tunisie et d’ouvrir des pistes de réflexion pour la poursuite de cette stratégie. Il sera suivi dans les semaines à venir par une série de tables rondes sur les thématiques clés du secteur de l’inclusion financière : le refinancement des institutions de microfinance, l’épargne et l’intermédiation bancaire, la finance digitale, l’assurance inclusive, la réorganisation des associations de microcrédits, le renforcement de l’Association professionnelle des institutions de microfinance ainsi que le pilotage et la supervision de l’inclusion financière. Ces ateliers participatifs, qui réuniront les acteurs publics et privés de l’écosystème de l’inclusion, seront suivis d’un événement de restitution visant à dégager une feuille de route sur les différents axes de la SNIF.
Cet événement s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un prêt de politique publique de 150 millions d'euros signé en 2020 entre la République tunisienne et l’AFD, dont l’un des volets est dédié à l’inclusion financière, secteur sur lequel l’AFD est très engagée, aux côtés des autorités tunisiennes, des banques, et des institutions de microfinance depuis 2011. Ce projet vise à appuyer des réformes socio-économiques en Tunisie pour une croissance durable créatrice d’emplois permettant d’améliorer les conditions de vie des populations. Le programme d’accompagnement, mis en œuvre par Horus, Grant Thornton et Amef Consulting, comprend plusieurs composantes, dont un état des lieux sur la SNIF suivi d’ateliers de réflexion sur les principales thématiques, l’accompagnement de certains régulateurs et superviseurs du secteur (ACM et CGA) ainsi que des formations dédiées aux acteurs de l’inclusion financière.
| 35,057
|
<urn:uuid:269eca9f-e68b-48b5-bb69-415bedbb18b3>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,023
|
https://cyber.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/document_type/ANSSI-CC-2023_21fr.pdf
|
ssi.gouv.fr
|
Haitian Creole (Latin script)
|
Spoken
| 313
| 572
|
A N S S I - C C - 2 0 2 3 / 2 1
2.1 Référentiels d’évaluation......................................................................................................................................... 8
Le produit évalué est « TachoDrive v4 on ID-One Cosmo X, Code SAAAAR : 41 63 06 » développé par
IDEMIA et INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES AG.
d’enregistrement des activités d’un véhicule de transport routier) ou par des ordinateurs personnels
(pour la réalisation d’opérations de contrôle de l’activité du véhicule).
- le stockage des identifiants de la carte et de son porteur en vue de l’identification du porteur
de la carte afin de fournir les droits d’accès appropriés aux fonctions et aux données, et
d’assurer l’imputation des activités ;
Les principaux services de sécurité fournis par le produit décrits dans la cible de sécurité [ST] au
chapitre 3 « Target of Evaluation Overview ». Ils comprennent notamment :
La procédure d’identification est décrite au chapitre 7 « Identification of the product » du guide
AGD_PRE (voir [GUIDES]). La version certifiée du produit correspond aux valeurs attendues décrites
Le cycle de vie du produit est présenté au chapitre 4 « Life Cycle » de la cible de sécurité [ST]. Il
Le certificat porte sur les configurations listées au chapitre 3.1 « TOE objective » de la cible de sécurité
standard [CC], utilisée pour les autres catégories de produits (par exemple : produits logiciels).
Cette évaluation a ainsi pris en compte les résultats de l’évaluation de la plateforme « ID-One Cosmo
X » (voir [CER_PLF].
0299, version 6, 06/04/2023.
- Security Target Lite TachoDrive v4 on ID-One Cosmo X, référence FQR 550
0336, version 5, 06/04/2023.
- Evaluation Technical Report – GARUDA-H, référence
LETI.CESTI.GARH.FULL.001, version 3.3, 22/05/2023.
TachoDrive v4 on ID-One Cosmo X Configuration List, FQR 401 9057, version 8,
401 9054, version 7, 29/03/23 ;
FQR 401 9119, version 1, 28/01/22.
- [OST] IDEMIA-2021_OST_STAR_v1.0 ;
- [SZN] IDEMIA2020_SZN_STAR_v1.0 ;
Certifiée par l’ANSSI sous la référence ANSSI-CC-2023/06.
| 30,294
|
US-201715642288-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,017
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,581
| 4,710
|
Pellet barbecue with exhaust gas recirculation
ABSTRACT
A pellet barbecue configured to recirculate exhaust gas, allowing for the reduction of oxygen in the cooking chamber. The pellet barbecue is configured with an exhaust gas recirculation system, and an angled bottom fire pot. The electric gas recirculation fan pulls gases from a gas recirculation channel, and blows it onto the angled bottom fire pot. The gas recirculation channel is equipped with a movable mixer flap to control how much of the gas pulled by the gas recirculation fan is exhaust gas or outside air. The pellet barbecue controller monitors the conditions in the cooking chamber, and controls the gas recirculation fan speed and positioning of the mixer flap to maintain a desired temperature, while optimizing the concentration of wood taste compounds from the pellets in the cooking chamber.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a pellet burning barbecue, and more particularly to a pellet burning barbecue with recirculation.
Description of the Related Art
Pellet barbecues aka pellet grills or pellet smokers were invented in 1985 by Joe Traeger and patented in 1987 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,823,684). In a pellet barbecue (see schematic cross section FIG. 1) wood pellets, comprised of highly compressed hardwood sawdust, are transported from a pellet hopper 1 by a motorized auger 2 to a flat bottomed cylindrical fire pot 3, disposed in a cooking chamber 4. Air is forced by an electric combustion fan 5 through an air channel 6 to the fire pot 3 where the air enters the fire pot through holes in its cylindrical walls.
The pellets in the fire pot are ignited by an electrically heated igniter 9, or, if pellets are already burning in the fire pot, by the burning pellets in the fire pot.
The resulting combustion gases are deflected by one or more heat deflector plates or baffles 7 to flow evenly through the cooking chamber 4.
The combustion fan 5 of a typical pellet barbecue is typically rated to a free-air flow rate of 50-100 cfm (cubic feet per minute). With the restrictions imposed by the air-channel 6 and holes in the fire pot 3, this reduces to an estimated 30-50 cfm, or 51-85 m3/hour.
Finally, the resulting combustion gases and excess air is exhausted through the exhaust port 8.
The air flow induced by the combustion fan 5 performs four main functions:
a) Supply oxygen for pellet combustion.
b) Produce the required gas flow for circulation of the gases through the cooking chamber 4.
c) Blow the solid combustion residuals (ash) out of the fire pot 3, which are then deposited in the bottom of the cooking chamber 4.
d) Cool the cooking chamber temperature to the desired barbecue temperature by diluting the hot combustion gases with air at ambient temperature.
The temperature of the gases in the cooking chamber is typically controlled by varying the feed rate of pellets into the fire pot by the electronic, typically computerized, pellet barbecue controller 10, by switching the auger motor periodically on and off. For example, 15 seconds on, followed by 65 seconds off. The resulting auger duty cycle would be Ton/(Ton+Toff), where Ton is the on-time of the auger in a cycle and (Ton+Toff) is the sum of on-time and off-time, the total cycle time. In the example, the duty cycle would be 0.1875, which means the average pellet feed rate is 18.75% of the feed rate the auger is capable of when always on.
Early pellet barbecue controllers operated with fixed, user-selectable pellet auger duty cycles. For example, Low, Medium and High, where High was equivalent to always on or 100% duty cycle.
Current pellet barbecues incorporate one or more temperature sensors 11, disposed in the cooking chamber and connected to the pellet barbecue controller 10, to continuously vary the pellet duty cycle to regulate the temperature to the user-selected temperature.
Some pellet barbecue manufacturers today also control the air-flow rate of the combustion fan to lower the pellet burn rate when low temperatures are required.
Barbecuing is the exposure of food, typically meat or meat products, to relatively low temperature exhaust gases (typically 90-120° C.) produced by glowing wood or charcoal for relatively long periods of time, in the order of hours. In contrast to baking or roasting in an electrically or gas heated oven, the food items acquire thereby the typical desired wood smoke smell and taste.
Pellet barbecues promise, compared to traditional charcoal or wood fired barbecues, the convenience of simple operation by just setting a temperature and automatic monitoring of the temperature and fuel feed. At the same time pellet barbecues promise to deliver the wood smoke smell and taste generated by burning wood or charcoal.
However, they fall short of the second goal for several reasons.
The air flow rate of the combustion fan, even when reduced to the lowest flow rate typical fan motors are capable of, causes the pellets to burn at relatively high temperature (est. 1000-1200° C.). Research has shown (see FIG. 2) that the wood smoke taste and smell is caused mainly by the phenolic compounds guaiacol and syringol, which are released when wood coals glow at ideally 600-700° C. At the high temperatures the pellets are burning, these phenolic compounds are also partially thermally decomposed in the actively burning gases released by the burning wood.
The pellet feed rate of a typical mid-sized pellet barbecue at barbecuing temperatures is 0.165 to 0.22 kg/hr (15-18% of a typical auger maximum feed rate of 1.1 kg of pellets per hour). The air-fuel ratio for complete (stoichiometric) combustion of wood by mass is around 6.1 according to the relevant literature, meaning 6.1 kg of air are required to burn 1 kg of wood. Therefore, the air-flow required to burn the pellets would be 0.915-1.342 kg/hr of air, equivalent to 0.69-1.11 m3/hr at sea level conditions at 25 degrees C. ambient air temperature.
However, the flow rate of the combustion fan for a typical pellet barbecue, as stated earlier is 51-85 m3/hour, equivalent to 60-100 kg/hr of air. Therefore, the wood combustion gases, and the wood taste compounds as part of the gases, are diluted (by mass) by a factor of 50 to 145 times.
Because many people in the barbecue community believe that the wood smoke taste and smell is caused by smoke, pellet barbecue manufacturers often incorporate a ‘smoke mode setting’ in their controller. During this ‘smoke mode’ setting pellets are burned in the fire pot until only a few glowing embers remain by using a long pellet feed cycle time (80 seconds in the example given earlier). During the next on-time of the auger motor, fresh pellets cover these embers, partially cutting them off from the combustion fan air flow, thereby reducing their glow/burn temperature. This, and the fact that these embers have a low remaining thermal mass, causes the fresh pellets to heat up slowly to their ignition temperature (190-260° C.) while giving off a lot of smoke. The temperatures at or below the ignition temperature of wood are of course far to the left of the curve in FIG. 2 where significant amounts of ‘wood taste and smell’ compounds are released. Therefore, this practice does little to produce the desired smoke taste, but creates air pollution in form of small smoke (soot) particles.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a preferred embodiment, a pellet burning barbecue is configured to recirculate what would conventionally be exhaust gas. The exhaust gas recirculation pellet barbecue is configured with a recirculation fan that pulls from a gas recirculation channel. The gas recirculation channel may control the amount of oxygen pulled from outside through a movable mixer flap. The recirculation fan blows onto an angled bottom fire pot. The angled bottom fire pot allows for slower burning of the pellets to produce glow zone, which has the advantage of producing more of the desired smoke taste and reducing pellet consumption. In one embodiment, a burner fan is utilized to assist in blowing oxygen into the angled bottom fire pot to assist with increasing the temperature to quickly ignite fresh pellets.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of the prior art.
FIG. 2 is a graph of the release of phenolic compounds.
FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of an embodiment of a pellet barbecue configured to recirculate exhaust gas.
FIG. 4a is a cross sectional view of the recirculation fan operation with the movable mixer flap partially open.
FIG. 4b is a cross sectional view of the recirculation fan operation with the movable mixer flap fully closed.
FIG. 4c is a cross sectional view of the recirculation fan operation with the movable mixer flap fully opened.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
To mitigate the described disadvantages of current pellet barbecues, this invention proposes to change the configuration of pellet barbecues by recirculating the combustion generated gases through the fire pot multiple times to achieve a reduced oxygen atmosphere in the cooking chamber.
During this recirculation, the desired smoke taste and smell compounds will be concentrated in the combustion chamber and not diluted by outside air. Recirculated smoke particles (comprised mainly of small carbon particles) will be burned to CO and CO2 when coming on contact with pellets burning/glowing at 600-700° C. (carbon ignites at 600° C.), reducing the particle pollution generated by the barbecue.
Because very little cooler fresh air needs to be heated to the cooking temperature and then continuously exhausted, overall pellet consumption is also reduced.
FIG. 3 shows a cross section of a pellet barbecue with a preferred embodiment of an exhaust gas recirculation configuration.
With this configuration of a pellet barbecue (see cross section FIG. 3) wood pellets are transported from a pellet hopper 1 by a motorized auger 2 to an angled bottom fire pot 17, disposed in the cooking chamber 4. The bottom of the angled bottom fire pot 17 is angled such that pellets fed in by the auger roll away from the auger feed point to the low point of the fire pot. The gaseous content of the cooking chamber 4 is drawn by an electric gas recirculation fan 18 through a gas recirculation channel 19 to the angle bottomed fire pot 17 where the gases enter the fire pot through holes in its cylindrical walls and through small holes in the bottom of the angle bottomed fire pot near its lowest point. The fan blades of the gas recirculation fan 18 will have to be made of a material of sufficient heat resistance.
The pellets in the fire pot are ignited by an electrically heated igniter 9, or, if pellets are already burning in the fire pot, by the burning pellets in the fire pot.
The gases exiting the fire pot are deflected by one or more heat deflector plates 7 to flow evenly through the cooking chamber 4. One or more additional baffles 20 near the entrance to the gas recirculation channel prevent solid combustion products (ash) from entering the gas recirculation channel 19.
A movable mixer flap 13, disposed in the gas recirculation channel, operated by an electrically controlled actuator 14, allows to mix in outside air to control the oxygen content of the gas entering the fire pot. Because of this, the fan blades of the gas recirculation fan 18 may only have to withstand the typical barbecue temperatures of up to 150° C. A temperature rating readily attainable by many plastic materials or metals. For operation at higher cooking chamber temperatures, the movable mixer flap 13 would typically need to be fully open, exposing the fan blades only to outside air.
Optionally a second burner fan or air pump 15 blows a small amount of air at the pellets near the feed point of the auger. This fan or pump is controlled by the pellet barbecue controller 10, and operated only when fresh pellets are fed into the angled bottom fire pot 17 and possibly shortly thereafter. Its function is to increase the glow temperature of the already burning/glowing pellets from the previous feed cycle so that the fresh pellets are readily ignited with minimum smoke production. Other methods of producing a temporarily higher burn temperature for the ignition of new pellets may also be used, like temporarily opening the mixer flap 13, a secondary mixer flap and others, or temporarily increasing the flow rate of the gas recirculation fan 18.
In many cases the amount of oxygen supplied by the optional burner fan or air pump 15 is not fully consumed during the ignition process of the fresh pellets and thereby provides sufficient oxygen in the recirculated exhaust gases to maintain the burning/glowing of the already burning pellets.
This arrangement divides the angled bottom fire pot 17 into two zones:
a) The burn zone where fresh pellets are ignited and burned.
b) The glow zone where pellets glow at low temperature because the combustion air admitted to them has a low oxygen content and also acts as coolant.
The additional functions of the gas flow through the angled bottom fire pot are to produce the required gas flow for circulation through the cooking chamber and to blow the solid combustion residuals out of the fire pot. These functions do not require an oxygen containing gas and can therefore be performed by the recirculated exhaust gases.
Excess combustion gases are exhausted through the exhaust port 8.
A pellet burn temperature sensor 16 disposed near the lowest point of the fire pot allows the pellet barbecue controller 10 to control the amount of air mixed in by the mixer flap 13, or the optional burner fan/pump 15, such that the optimum glow temperature for maximum wood smoke taste and smell production of the burning/glowing pellets in the lower part of the fire pot is achieved.
Because igniters used in pellet barbecues are resistive heaters with a typically positive temperature coefficient, it is in addition possible to use the igniter 9 itself also as burn temperature sensor by measuring its resistance and correlating it with the pellet burn temperature, as the igniter is only used at startup to initially ignite pellets.
The computer in the pellet barbecue controller 10 controls the barbecue temperature, measured by one or more cooking chamber temperature sensors 11, by controlling the feed duty cycle of the pellet auger 2. In addition, it controls the amount of fresh air mixed in through the mixer flap 13, or optionally the burner fan or air pump 15 to control the pellet glow temperature.
During startup, and if a high cooking chamber temperature is required for grilling or baking, the controller 10 will open the mixer flap 13 partially or fully to reach the desired temperature quickly. In this mode of operation this type of pellet barbecue operates like a conventional pellet barbecue.
When, or before the desired temperature of the gas temperature in the cooking chamber for barbecuing is reached, the pellet barbecue controller 10 will fully close the mixer flap 13 through the actuator 14. This reduces the oxygen content of the cooking chamber. The pellet barbecue controller 10 will then commence to control the pellet glow temperature, measured by the pellet burn temperature sensor 16 to the desired level and control the cooking chamber temperature by the pellet feed rate. A typical mid-sized pellet barbecue with a cooking chamber volume of 0.185 m3 will theoretically deplete the oxygen on the cooking chamber completely by burning just 0.034 kg of pellets. At a pellet feed rate of 50% of the maximum auger feed rate of such a typical mid-sized barbecue of 1.1 kg/hr, as required to heat up the cooking chamber initially, or compensate for the heat loss after the user opened the cooking chamber to check the food, the oxygen in the initially air filled cooking chamber would then be depleted in 3.7 minutes.
In another embodiment of this invention, instead of a pellet burn temperature sensor 16, an oxygen sensor, for example an automotive wideband oxygen sensor, disposed in the gas flow after the gas recirculation fan, may be used. The measured oxygen content of the gas entering the fire pot can then be correlated to the burn temperature of the pellets in the glow zone of the fire pot and also correlated to the flow rate of the gas recirculation fan (if of variable speed). The advantage of an oxygen sensor is its fast reaction speed compared to the burn temperature sensor.
When the operator opens the barbecue to see the cooking chamber, for example check the food, the hot and oxygen depleted gases in the cooking chamber will be quickly replaced by high oxygen content outside air. This will cause a fast rise in the temperature measured by the burn temperature sensor, or a fast rise in oxygen content when measured by an oxygen sensor. In such a case the pellet barbecue controller will operate as above at startup until the cooking chamber temperature stabilizes back to the desired temperature after the cooking chamber is closed again.
An enlarged version of the pellet burn area, fans and mixer flap 13 arrangement is shown in FIG. 4 a.
FIG. 4b shows the same with the mixer flap 13 closed so no outside air can enter.
FIG. 4c shows the same with the mixer flap 13 fully open, causing no or very reduced exhaust gas recirculation.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with respect to certain embodiments and examples, variations and modifications exist which are within the scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue comprising: a pellet hopper; an angled bottom fire pot, comprising of a higher bottom side and a lower bottom side; a motorized auger for moving a pellet from said pellet hopper to said angled bottom fire pot, wherein pellets are fed to said higher bottom side; a cooking chamber above said angled bottom fire pot; an electric gas recirculation fan capable of blowing to said angled bottom fire pot; a gas recirculation channel with an intake gas opening within said cooking chamber, leading to said electric gas recirculation fan; and a pellet barbecue controller for controlling said electric gas recirculation fan and said motorized auger.
2. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 1 further comprising of a mixer flap on said gas recirculation channel, wherein said mixer flap is controlled by said pellet barbecue controller and opening said mixer flap allows for air outside of said cooking chamber to enter into said gas recirculation channel.
3. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 2 further comprising of a pellet burn temperature sensor for sensing the temperature near the lowest point of said angled bottom fire pot and an electrically heated igniter.
4. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 3 wherein said pellet barbecue controller controls speed of said electric gas recirculation fan and controls opening of said mixer flap to maintain an optimum glow temperature of the pellet in said angled bottom fire pot.
5. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 4 wherein said pellet barbecue controller opens mixer flap and activates electric gas recirculation fan when a new pellet is added to said angled bottom fire pot.
6. The exhaust gas recirculation pellet barbecue of claim 1 further comprising of a burner fan capable of blowing air from outside of said cooking chamber to said angled bottom fire pot.
7. The exhaust gas recirculation pellet barbecue of claim 6 wherein said pellet barbecue controller activates said burner fan when a new pellet is added to said angled bottom fire pot.
8. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 6 further comprising of a pellet burn temperature sensor for sensing the temperature near the lowest point of said angled bottom fire pot and an electrically heated igniter.
9. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 8 wherein said pellet barbecue controller controls speed of said burner fan to maintain an optimum glow temperature of the pellet in said angled bottom fire pot.
10. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 2 further comprising of an oxygen sensor for measuring oxygen content of the gas entering said angled bottom fire pot and an electrically heated igniter.
11. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 10 wherein said pellet barbecue controller controls speed of said electric gas recirculation fan and controls opening of said mixer flap to maintain an optimum glow temperature of the pellet in said angled bottom fire pot.
12. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 11 wherein said pellet barbecue controller opens mixer flap and activates electric gas recirculation fan when a new pellet is added to said angled bottom fire pot.
13. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 6 further comprising of an oxygen sensor for measuring oxygen content of the gas entering said angled bottom fire pot and an electrically heated igniter.
14. The exhaust gas recirculating pellet barbecue of claim 13 wherein said pellet barbecue controller controls speed of said burner fan to maintain an optimum glow temperature of the pellet in said angled bottom fire pot..
| 33,794
|
ab9232d6587d1939dd21efe92ad61bb0
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| 2,019
|
JOAFE_PDF_Unitaire_20190050_02032.pdf
|
journal-officiel.gouv.fr
|
Danish
|
Spoken
| 87
| 237
|
e
151 année. - N°50
Samedi 14 décembre 2019
D.I.L.A
serialNumber=S6910003,CN=DILA - SIGNATURE
DILA,organizationIdentifier=NTRFR-13000918600011,OU=0002
13000918600011,O=DILA,C=FR
75015 Paris
2019-12-14 09:01:21
Associations
Fondations d'entreprise
Associations syndicales
de propriétaires
Fonds de dotation
Fondations partenariales
Annonce n° 2032
971 - Guadeloupe
ASSOCIATIONS
Créations
Déclaration à la sous-préfecture de Pointe-à-Pitre
PÉDALE DU LEVANT.
Objet : développer la pratique du sport cycliste en guadeloupe
Siège social : HOTEL DE VILLE DE ST FRANCOIS, 97118 Saint-François.
Date de la déclaration : 6 septembre 1948.
Le Directeur de l’information légale et administrative : Bertrand MUNCH
| 15,765
|
2997199_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,976
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 276
| 351
|
Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Broome County, rendered February 4, 1975, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crime of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree. We find present no error requiring reversal of the judgment of conviction and, accordingly, it should be affirmed. The most vexing issue is posed by the testimony of the undercover agent who consummated the purchase from the defendant wherein, as he narrated the facts leading up to the sale, he revealed how during the negotations defendant twice injected the contents of a foil packet into his vein with a hypodermic needle. Defendant urges that the People thereby elicited testimony that defendant had committed other crimes (see Penal Law, § 220.45; Public Health Law, § 3381) not charged in the indictment which action constituted prejudicial error (People v Molineux, 168 NY 264). However, there is also a long established exception to this rule or exclusion where the narrative description of the crime charged requires mention of the uncharged criminal conduct because of the interrelationship of the two events (People v Hop Sing, 216 App Div 404; see Parkinson v People, 135 Ill 401). The question of the existence of such interrelationship and the evaluation of its necessity thereto and probative value versus any undue prejudice is for the trial court's discretion which in this case we cannot fault. In any event, even if there were error in permitting this testimony into evidence, the evidence is so overwhelming as to preclude reversal on this ground alone (People v Crimmins, 36 NY2d 230). Judgment affirmed. Greenblott, J. P., Sweeney, Main, Herlihy and Reynolds, JJ., concur..
| 16,903
|
1551454_2013_3
|
SEC
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,323
| 4,381
|
The tax effect of significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at May 31, 2013 and 2012, are as follows:
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.
Because of the historical earnings history of the Company, the net deferred tax assets for 2013 and 2012 were fully offset by a 100% valuation allowance.
6.Commitments and Contingencies
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business. As of May 31, 2013 there were no pending or threatened lawsuits that could reasonably be expected to have a material effect on the results of our operations.
Item 9.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants.
In its two most recent fiscal years or any later interim period, the Company has had no disagreements with its independent accountants.
Item 9A.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
It is the responsibility of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of Stark Beneficial, Inc. to establish and maintain a system for internal controls over financial reporting such that Stark Beneficial, Inc. properly reports and files all matters required to be disclosed by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Michael Anthony is the Company’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer. The Company’s system is designed so that information is retained by the Company and relayed to counsel as and when it becomes available. As the Company is a shell company with no or nominal business operations, Mr. Anthony immediately becomes aware of matters that would require disclosure under the Exchange Act. After conducting an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of May 31, 2013, he has concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by it in its reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to temporary rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this quarterly report.
There were no significant changes in the Company’s internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect these controls subsequent to that evaluation, and there were no significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in such controls requiring corrective actions.
Evaluation of and Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The management of the Registrant is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and includes those policies and procedures that:
− Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;
− Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and
− Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Because of the inherent limitations of internal control, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of May 31, 2013. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework.
Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of May 31, 2013, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.
This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report is not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to temporary rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this annual report.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal controls over financial reporting identified in connection with the requisite evaluation that occurred during our last fiscal year that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 9B.
Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The following table sets forth the name, age and position held with respect to our present directors and executive officers:
Name
Age
Position
Executive
Officer
And Director
Since
Michael Anthony
Chief Executive Officer, President, Secretary, Treasurer, Director
September 24, 2007
Our directors are elected to serve until the next annual meeting of shareholders and until their respective successors will have been elected and will have qualified. Officers are not elected for a fixed term of office but hold office until their successors have been elected. Mr. Anthony is not a party to any arrangement or understanding pursuant to which he was or is to be elected as a director. As discussed in the Section “Acquisition of Opportunities”, it is likely that Mr. Anthony will resign his position as an officer and director of our Company upon consummation of a merger or acquisition. In light of Mr. Anthony’s experience as described in this section, we believe he is qualified to act as our director and to assist in the carrying out of our business plan.
Mr. Anthony, age 47, has been an officer and director of the Company since November 14, 2007. Mr. Anthony is the sole officer and director of Corporate Services International, Inc. and is the sole member of Century Capital Partners, LLC. Mr. Anthony utilizes both entities to conduct business affairs, including, but not limited to, making capital investments in corporate entities such as Stark Beneficial and offering consulting services and advice to corporate entities. Mr. Anthony is a promoter of Stark Beneficial as that term is defined by Rule 405 of Regulation C.
On or about July 15, 2005 Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Ubrandit.com, Inc. a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on October 31, 2006. On or about July 30, 2006 Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Standard Commerce, Inc. a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on August 24, 2007. On or about March 15, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director Apogee Robotics, Inc. a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on March 31, 2008. On or about May 25, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director or Aim Smart Corporation, a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on April 24, 2008. On or about July 2, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Diversified Opportunities, Inc., a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on May 30, 2008. On or about April 12, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Econometrics, Inc., a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on January 10, 2009. On or about September 5, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Dover Glen, Inc., a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on December 16, 2008. On or about October 12, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Highland Ridge, Inc., a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on January 13, 2010. On or about October 27, 2007 Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Ravenwood Bourne, Ltd, a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on April 5, 2010. On or about October 1, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Sabre Industrial, Inc., a reporting blank check company and resigned his position on September 13, 2010. On or about November 14, 2007, Mr. Anthony became an officer and director of Lightman Grant, Inc., a reporting blank check company, and resigned his position on November 13, 2012. In each case where Mr. Anthony resigned, his resignation occurred as a result of the sale of the public shell company that resulted in a reverse merger with a private operating company.
In the past five years Mr. Anthony has not been involved in any negative legal proceedings as enumerated in Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K.
SECTION 16(a) BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REPORTING COMPLIANCE
Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires the registrant’s officers and directors, and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the registrant’s equity securities, to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership of equity securities of the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Officers, directors and greater-than 10% shareholders are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission regulation to furnish the registrant with copies of all Section 16(a) forms that they file. Based solely on a review of Forms 3 and 4 and amendments thereto filed with the Commission during the fiscal year end May 31, 2013, all Section 16(a) forms were filed.
CODE OF ETHICS
Stark Beneficial has not adopted a code of ethics. Stark Beneficial is a shell company with one officer and director and no employees. The primary functions of a code of ethics include internal reporting and adherence to the code, compliance with government rules and regulations including the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act and the honest and ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest. As a shell company, with one officer and director, the functions of the code of ethics are properly met without the need of a formal document.
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
No executive compensation was paid during the fiscal years ended May 31, 2013 or 2012 by Stark Beneficial. Stark Beneficial has no employment agreement with any of its officers and directors.
The following tables show, as to the named executive officers, certain information concerning stock options:
SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
OUTSTANDING EQUITY AWARDS AT May 31, 2013 AND 2012
Compensation of Directors
Stark Beneficial’s directors are not compensated for their services as directors of the Company.
Employment Contracts
We do not have an employment contract with any executive officers. Any obligation to provide any compensation to any executive officer in the event of his resignation, retirement or termination, or a change in control of the Company, or a change in any named Executive Officers’ responsibilities following a change in control would be negotiated at the time of the event.
We may in the future create retirement, pension, profit sharing and medical reimbursement plans covering our Executive Officers and Directors.
The company has made no Long Term Compensation payouts (LTIP or other)
Item 12.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The following table sets forth, as of May 31, 2013 the number and percentage of outstanding shares of common and preferred stock which, according to the information supplied to the Company, were beneficially owned by (i) each current director of the Company, (ii) each current executive officer of the Company, (iii) all current directors and executive officers of the Company as a group, and (iv) each person who, to the knowledge of the Company, is the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. Except as otherwise indicated, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and dispositive power with respect to all shares beneficially owned, subject to community property laws (where applicable).
5% shareholders:
None
______________________________
(1)
Based on 2,379,935 shares of common stock outstanding as of May 31, 2013.
(2)
Common shares and Preferred Shares are held by Corporate Services International of which Mr. Anthony is the sole member. Mr. Anthony is a promoter as defined in Rule 405 of Regulation C.
(3)
Series B Preferred Stock is held by Corporate Services International, Inc. of which Mr. Anthony is the sole shareholder, officer and director. The Series B Preferred Stock entitles the holder thereof to 10 votes per share on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders; is convertible into 10 shares of common stock per one share of Series B Preferred Stock; has equal dividend rights with the common stock; and has a $1.00 per share liquidation preference.
There are no arrangements which may result in a change in control of Stark Beneficial.
Item 13.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
During the last three years, to the knowledge of the Company, there was no person who had or has a direct or indirect material interest in any transaction or proposed transaction to which the Company was or is a party. Transactions in this context relate to any transaction which exceeds $120,000 or one percent of the average of the Company’s total assets at year end for the last three completed fiscal years.
Michael Anthony is a promoter as that term is defined by Rule 405 of Regulation C. Mr. Anthony does not have any agreements with the Company to receive directly or indirectly, anything of value in the future. Mr. Anthony, through Century Capital Partners, LLC has invested $12,500 into the Company via a reduction in the Due to Related Party account, in exchange for 2,100,000 shares of common stock. In addition, Mr. Anthony, through Corporate Services International has invested $10,000 into the Company via a reduction in the Due to Related Party account in exchange for 5,000,000 shares of Series B Preferred Stock. In addition, he has, through related entities, loaned the Company $30,941 for ongoing expenses. Mr. Anthony hopes that in conjunction with a merger or acquisition of the Company, he will recoup these funds. In addition, Mr. Anthony hopes that he will make a profit on the sale of his stock at some point in the future, although he has no arrangement or agreements, either directly or indirectly, in that regard.
Laura Anthony, Esquire is corporate and securities counsel to the Company. Ms. Anthony’s legal fees for the fiscal years ending May 2010 through 2013 totaled $40,000. As indicated in the prior paragraph, management related parties, and in particular, Century Capital Partners, LLC., has loaned the Company $30,941 through May 31, 2013 for the payment of ongoing expenses. There is no loan agreement between the Company and Corporate Services International, Inc.
Stark Beneficial does not have any outside directors.
Item 14.
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.
The following table sets forth the fees billed by our principal independent accountants for each of our last two fiscal years for the categories of services indicated. Salberg & Company, P.A. audited our fiscal year ended May 31, 2013 financial statements and re-audited our fiscal year ended May 31, 2012 financial statements. Michael F. Cronin, CPA audited our fiscal year ended May 31, 2012 financial statements that had to be subsequently re-audited as Michael Cronin’s firm was de-registered by the PCAOB in May 2013.
Audit fees. Consists of fees billed for the audit of our annual financial statements and review of our interim financial information and services that are normally provided by the accountant in connection with year-end and quarter-end statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.
Audit-related fees. Consists of fees billed for services relating to review of other regulatory filings including registration statements, periodic reports and audit related consulting.
Tax fees. Consists of professional services rendered by our principal accountant for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning.
Other fees. Other services provided by our accountants.
The Company’s Board of Directors reviews and approves audit and permissible non-audit services performed by its independent accountants, as well as the fees charged for such services. In its review of non-audit service fees and its appointment of Salberg & Company, P.A. as the Company’s independent accountants, the Board of Directors considered whether the provision of such services is compatible with maintaining independence.
PART IV
Item 15.
Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
Exhibit No.
Document
2.1*
Articles and Plan of Merger - Nevada June 5, 1997
2.1.2*
Articles of Merger, Oregon June 16, 1997
2.1.3*
Agreement of Merger
2.1.4*
Certificate of Merger - Delaware - December 4, 2007
2.1.5*
Articles of Merger - Nevada - December 4, 2007
3.1.1*
Articles of Incorporation dated April 20, 1984
3.1.2*
Articles of Amendment dated June 29, 1984
3.1.3*
Articles of Amendment dated July 19, 1988
3.1.4*
Articles of Amendment dated October 18, 1988
3.1.5*
Articles of Amendment dated March 9, 1989
3.1.6*
Articles of Amendment dated August 23, 1994
3.1.7*
Articles of Amendment dated February 20, 1996
3.1.8*
Articles of Amendment dated April 26, 1996
3.1.9*
Articles of Incorporation - Nevada - June 4, 1997
3.1.10*
Certificate of Incorporation - Delaware, dated October 26, 2007
3.1.11*
Certificate of Amendment dated November 27, 2007
3.1.12*
Certificate of Amendment dated December 07, 2007
3.1.13*
Certificate of Amendment dated May 23, 2012
3.2*
By-Laws
31.1**
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1**
Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS***
XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH***
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL***
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF***
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB***
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE***
XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase
* Previously filed with the Company’s Form 10 Registration Statement.
** Filed Herewith.
*** In accordance with Regulation S-T, the XBRL related information on Exhibit No. 101 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K shall be deemed “furnished” herewith not “filed”.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Stark Beneficial, Inc.
/s/ Michael Anthony
Name: Michael Anthony
Title: President/CEO and Director and Chief Accounting Officer
August 23, 2013.
| 28,107
|
6937226_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,998
| 2,823
|
DEITS, J.
Petitioner, Oregon Management and Advocacy Center (OMAC), a provider of mental health services, seeks review of a final order of a Mental Health Division (MHD) hearing officer. The order requires OMAC to reimburse MHD for overpayments in the amount of $43,752.99, suspends OMAC from participation in MHD’s medical assistance program until that amount is repaid and imposes conditions for it to reestablish its participation in the program. We affirm.
Pursuant to ORS 430.610 to ORS 430.700, MHD provides community based mental health services. Generally, the agency contracts with local governments that either provide the services or subcontract with local private agencies for the services. OMAC is a local private agency that provides “semi-independent living services,” a transition program for persons who are moving to independent living from residential care facilities for the mentally ill. Marion County entered an agreement with OMAC to begin providing the services in July, 1984.
MHD’s program is funded by state general fund monies and Medicaid medical assistance program monies under Title XIX of the Social Security Act, 42 USC § 1396a-1396i. At the beginning of the contract period, OMAC was paid from general fund monies. In January, 1985, the source of funding for patients of OMAC who were eligible for Title XIX was changed to Title XIX funds. OMAC was so advised and applied to MHD for a Medicaid vendor number, which was issued to it on January 16, 1985. OMAC was sent the number and the applicable administrative rules, specifically, OAR 461-13-005 through OAR 461-13-225, relating to the Medicaid assistance programs, OAR 309-13-000 through OAR 309-13-017, relating to Medicaid payment for community mental health services, and Title XIX billing and payment instructions.
The billing procedures under the Title XIX program were significantly different from those under the general fund program. Under the general fund program, OMAC did not have to bill for specific services but was paid a monthly stipend. However, in the Title XIX system, OMAC was required to submit monthly billings. The billing codes and definitions of services under the two programs were also different. Under *531Title XIX, OMAC was required to keep records of services provided in each case file. In addition, it was required to establish a program of utilization review, a process for random internal review of the agency’s case files. OAR 309-13-005(6).
In December, 1985, MHD conducted a general review of services and billings by various service providers, including OMAC. It discovered that OMAC services and billings were unusually high. As a result, MHD conducted an audit, which revealed that there had been substantial overpayments to OMAC. MHD does not contend that OMAC knowingly or intentionally submitted false reimbursement requests. Rather, the overpayments apparently occurred because OMAC mischaracterized a number of the services as “individual therapy,” which has a high reimbursement value. The services should have been “socialization” services, which have a much lower reimbursement value. The audit also disclosed that OMAC had not maintained adequate records and had not established the required “utilization review” process.
MHD determined that OMAC had received an overpayment of $43,752.99. On April 17,1986, MHD sent a notice of sanction to OMAC, which contained the audit findings, including the amount of overpayment, and imposed additional conditions on OMAC’s continued participation in MHD’s medical assistance program. A contested case hearing was held before a MHD hearing officer, who issued an order upholding MHD’s action.
OMAC’s first assignment of error is that MHD does not have authority to decide the matter. OMAC argues that it had a contract with Marion County and that the county, not the state, is the true party in interest. However, even assuming that only the county could bring an action against OMAC for breach of contract, this is not a contract action. It is a regulatory proceeding brought to ensure that a user of federal funds complies with all requirements relating to the use of those funds. Under Title XIX, participating states must require providers receiving Medicaid funds to maintain adequate records and to make those records available to state and federal authorities. 42 USC § 1396(a)(27). MHD is designated as the appropriate state agency to carry out that responsibility. ORS 430.140. In accordance with that designation, MHD *532has specific regulations requiring providers who receive Medicaid funds to maintain adequate records and authorizing MHD to proceed administratively when it determines that an overpayment of Medicaid funds had been made. Former OAR 309-13-005 and OAR 309-13-015. MHD has the requisite authority.
OMAC also argues that MHD lacks authority to impose the sanctions, because the only authority for them is in OAR 461-13-005 et seq, the rules of the Adult and Family Services Division (AFSD), not MHD and, under these rules, only the AFSD administrator may impose sanctions. OMAC argues that, in order to have the appropriate authority, MHD must rely on the provisions of OAR chapter 461 and that it cannot, because those rules were adopted by AFSD, not MHD, and because OAR 461-13-095 specifically provides:
“(Except as otherwise noted, imposition of sanctions will be at the discretion of the Administrator of the Adult and Family Services Division.)”
We conclude that MHD had the requisite authority. In addition to its own administrative rules that provide authority for it to act,1 its own rules specifically adopt by reference the procedures in OAR chapter 461. Former OAR 309-13-005(7). In addition, the authority to impose sanctions and to recover overpayments in OAR chapter 461 is given to “the Division,”2 which under OAR 461-13-005 includes AFSD, MHD and the Senior Services Division of the Oregon Department of Human Resources. Finally, not even the language of OAR 461-13-095, on which OMAC relies, compels the *533conclusion that only AFSD has the authority to act. The provision states that it applies “except as otherwise noted.” Because other sections of OAR chapter 461 give MHD authority to impose sanctions, that section does not deprive MHD of authority.
OMAC also argues that the notice given was inadequate. Specifically, it contends that the notice of sanctions letter included only conclusions, did not inform OMAC of the laws or administrative rules authorizing the claim and was insufficient for it to prepare a defense or response. We disagree. The notice stated the authority for the action and gave a clear and detailed statement of the matters charged. The notice complied with both the notice requirements of OAR 461-13-095(3) and OAR 461-13-190(2), and with the requirements of ORS 183.415(2).
OMAC also contends that the hearings officer erred in overruling its objections to MHD’s evidence concerning the amount of overpayment, which was based on a statistical sampling procedure. MHD’s evidence of how it calculated the overpayment was that it reviewed randomly selected billings and payments during each of the fiscal years in question. The amount of overpayment for the sampled billings was then compared to the amount that should have been paid, and those numbers were extrapolated to the total number of billings for the applicable time period. The 1984-85 sample used 41 billings to determine the overpayments for 1,199 billings. In the sample $1,324.43 was paid, whereas $346.16 should have been paid. That amount was then extrapolated to the total billings, 1,199, and it was determined that $39,500.38 was paid out; the correct payment should have been $10,324.03, resulting in an overpayment of $29,176.35. The random sample for fiscal 1985-86 was 41 of 752 total billings. That sample resulted in a finding of $1,301.22 paid, when the correct billing should have been $494.89. That sample resulted in the conclusion that $23,523.14 was paid out, when the correct billing should have been $8,946.50, resulting in an overpayment of $14,576.64.
OMAC first argues that, before the statistical sampling method could be used, it had to have been adopted as an *534administrative rule.3 However, MHD’s method of calculation is not a “rule” under ORS 183.310(8). Rather, it is one method of quantifying data for evidentiary purposes. In the notice of sanctions, OMAC was informed of its right to dispute the allegations and its right to present its own evidence in rebuttal, using the same or different methods of calculation. The notice summarized the sampling method used to calculate the overpayment, and copies of the samples and extrapolations were attached. See Illinois Physicians Union v. Miller, 675 F2d 151 (7th Cir 1982). The agency’s method of calculation is not given any presumptive effect. The hearings officer could accept the evidence that he found most persuasive. OMAC had ample notice of the evidence and was given a reasonable opportunity to rebut it.
OMAC also argues that the statistical sampling used was not reliable. OMAC asserts that
“the sampling did not take into account gender of the individual receiving services, no effort was made to equalize services provided by different OMAC employees, it was not possible to determine whether all billings reviewed occurred within one month or were evenly distributed over six months, and it was not possible to determine whether or not some billings may have originated outside of the sample period of time.”
However, OMAC does not explain how these omissions affected the accuracy of the survey. MHD presented two expert witnesses who testified that the method was a sound and commonly used procedure, that it was accurate and reliable when properly applied and that, in their opinions, MHD’s data and conclusions derived by the method were correct and reasonably accurate.4 They testified that the method was 95 percent accurate. Contrary to OMAC’s assertion, evidence *535presented at an administrative hearing need not be 100 percent accurate but must be “of a type commonly relied upon by reasonably prudent persons in conduct of their serious affairs.” ORS 183.450(1). The data is sufficiently accurate to meet that standard, particularly when it is recognized that the 5 percent margin of error could fall either in favor of or against OMAC. It is not inherently biased against OMAC.
OMAC’s final assignment is that MHD did not meet its burden of proof. It basically reasserts the prior assignments of error and also argues that it did not make as many billing errors as MHD alleges because the services billed were actually provided. MHD’s determination of the overpayment was supported by substantial evidence.
Affirmed.
Pursuant to ORS 430.140 and ORS 430.041, MHD adopted administrative rules, former OAR ch 309, div 13, to prescribe standards and procedures for Title XIX funds. The rules cited were repealed effective July 1,1987, and were replaced by the rules now codified as OAR 309-16-000 et seq. Former OAR 309-13-005 prescribed the requirements for a “service provider,” such as OMAC, to participate in the Title XIX program, which included maintenance of adequate records, performance of “utilization reviews” and compliance with MHD’s rules and the “General Rules of the Administrative Rules for Oregon Medical Assistance Programs published by AFSD.” Former OAR 309-13-005(7) provided for sanctions to be imposed on a provider for abuse or misutilization of Title XIX funds and former OAR 309-13-015(4) provided for recapture of overpayment of Medicaid funds.
OAR 461-13-095(l)(d) provides for sanctions by “the division” against providers who abuse or misuse Oregon’s Medical Assistance Program. OAR 461-13-095(5) (g) provides for monetary sanctions against providers, and OAR 461-13-190(1) provides for recapture of overpayments to providers.
On July 29, 1988, AFSD adopted a sampling method for use in calculations of medical provider overpayments, effective August 4, 1988. OAR 461-13-190.
Other jurisdictions have come to the same conclusion. See Illinois Physicians Union v. Miller, 675 F2d 151 (7th Cir 1982); State of Georgia v. Califano, 446 F Supp 404 (ND Ga 1977); Meyers v. Ill. Dept. of Public Aid, 114 Ill App3d 288, 448 NE2d 1176 (1983); Quality Clinical Lab. v. Dept. of Social Services, 141 Mich App 597, 367 NW2d 390 (1985); Del Borrello v. Dept. of Public Welfare, 96 Pa Cmwlth 507, 508 A2d 368 (1986), all approve the use of statistical sampling. Some courts have expressed a concern that a claimant must have an adequate opportunity to rebut the sample. However, OMAC had such an opportunity and did, in fact, present rebuttal evidence.
| 14,124
|
US-71196110-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,010
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,177
| 8,194
|
Image forming apparatus including a device that updates stored program based on updating data which is selected based on program that is started or startable
ABSTRACT
An image forming apparatus includes a storage section that stores programs for carrying out processes, an updating data selection section that selects an updating data for at least one of programs from an updating data group, based on a program that is started or is startable, and an updating section that updates at least one arbitrary program stored in the storage section based on the selected updating data.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 from, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/000,094, filed Dec. 1, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 6,915,085, issued Jul. 5, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 6,952,535, issued Oct. 4, 2005, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from Japanese Patent Applications No. 2001-257043 filed Aug. 27, 2001, and No. 2002-242528 filed Aug. 22, 2002, in the Japanese Patent Office. The entire contents of each of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to image forming apparatuses, program updating methods and recording media, and more particularly to an image forming apparatus which rewrites a program stored in a storage section by updating data received via a network, a program updating method for updating the program by the updating data received via the network, and a computer-readable recording medium which stores a computer program for causing a computer to update the program by such a program updating method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, apparatuses such as a printing apparatus, a copying machine, a scanner and a facsimile machine, were set up independently. But recently, an image forming apparatus (hereinafter referred to as a composite apparatus) has been developed which includes the functions of a plurality of apparatuses such as the printing apparatus, the copying machine, the scanner and the facsimile machine. The composite apparatus has a display section, a printing section, an image pickup section and the like provided within a single housing. In addition, the composite apparatus is provided with three kinds of software respectively corresponding to the printing apparatus, copying machine and the facsimile machine, and the composite apparatus is operated as the printing apparatus, the copying machine, the scanner or the facsimile machine by switching the kind of software.
In the conventional composite apparatus, the software is provided independently for the functions of each of the printing apparatus, the copying machine, the scanner and the facsimile machine and stored in a non-rewritable read only memory (ROM), and this ROM is mounted on a controller board to realize the various functions.
For this reason, if a function is to be modified or added in the conventional composite apparatus, a new ROM which stores a program reflecting the modification or addition of the new function must be prepared, and the ROM mounted on the controller board must be replaced by this new ROM. As a result, it requires a troublesome operation to carry out the program updating process because of the need to prepare the new ROM which stores the updated program (software) and the need to replace the hardware, that is, to replace the ROM by the new ROM.
Accordingly, a composite apparatus has been proposed, which stores the programs for realizing the functions of each of the printing apparatus, the copying machine, the scanner and the facsimile machine in an electrically rewritable ROM such as a flash memory or flash card, to realize the various functions.
According to this proposed composite apparatus, when modifying or adding the function, the program of the modified or added function is recorded in the flash card as updating data, and the composite apparatus is restarted in a state where this flash card is inserted into a flash card interface of the composite apparatus.
In this state, the composite apparatus reads the updating data from the flash card by an updating program, and the program recorded in the flash card is rewritten by the updating data. Hence, in this proposed composite apparatus, the ROM is updated by utilizing the characteristic of the electrically rewritable flash memory.
For example, a Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2001-268306 proposes a technique for flexibly coping with the software modification or addition.
On the other hand, an image forming apparatus having a platform was proposed in a Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2002-82806. The proposed image forming apparatus uses hardware resources such as the display section, the printing section and the image pickup section, and is provided with a plurality of application programs (hereinafter simply referred to as applications) for carrying out processes peculiar to each user service of the printing apparatus, the copying machine and the facsimile machine. The platform is interposed between the applications and the hardware resources. The platform includes various control services for managing the hardware resources which are commonly required by at least two applications, controlling execution and carrying out an image forming process, when providing the user service. The user service refers to a service which is related to the image forming apparatus and is provided with respect to the user. On the other hand, the control service refers to a service which provides a hardware resource related to the image forming process with respect to the application.
According to the proposed image forming apparatus, the platform manages the hardware resources which are commonly required by at least two applications, controls the execution and carries out the image forming process. Hence, it is possible to more easily develop the software for future modification or addition of the applications compared to the conventional composite apparatus, and the functions of the composite apparatus can be expanded with more ease. For this reason, in the proposed image forming apparatus, the need to update the ROM depending on the modification or addition of the functions is extremely high compared to that of the conventional composite apparatus.
For example, only the functions of the printing apparatus, the copying machine and the scanner may originally be used under the terms of a rental contract of the composite apparatus, but the terms of the rental contract may be changed later to allow the functions of the facsimile machine to be used. In such a case, the facsimile application must be added and the addition or modification of the platform becomes necessary due to the addition of the facsimile function.
In the case of the composite apparatus having the platform which carries out the plurality of applications and the common processes, the request to modify or add the functions may occur both irregularly and frequently. Hence, in the case of the conventional program updating method which acquires a flash card every time the program updating process is carried out, and rewrites the program stored in the ROM by reading the updating data from the flash card, it is impossible to quickly cope with the needs for the program updating process which occurs irregularly and frequently. In addition, the program updating method using the flash card requires an extremely troublesome operation to carry out the program updating process, and there is a problem in that the operation efficiency of the program updating process is poor.
The composite apparatus provides composite services including services of the copying machine, the printing machine, the scanner and the facsimile machine. However, the services that can be provided by the composite apparatus is not unified for all of the models of the composite apparatus. For example, some models of the composite apparatus may have all of the functions of the copying machine, the printing machine, the scanner and the facsimile machine, while other models may only have some of the functions such as the facsimile and copy functions. For this reason, the plurality of control services and the plurality of applications operating on a general purpose operating system (OS) naturally differ depending on the functions that may be provided by the composite apparatus.
But according to the conventional composite apparatus, when the flash card is inserted into the composite apparatus as described above and the power of the composite apparatus is turned ON, the updating program is executed immediately without starting the applications and the control services. Consequently, it is impossible to recognize the configuration of the composite apparatus, and there is a problem in that the programs cannot be updated accurately depending on the configuration of the composite apparatus.
For example, assume that a certain composite apparatus has a configuration such that no programs related to the facsimile communication, such as the facsimile application and the facsimile control service, are provided. If the program updating process is carried out with respect to this certain composite apparatus using the flash card which stores the updating data for all programs, there is a possibility that a program within the ROM which does not need to be updated is updated by the program updating process. In this case, the updating of the program which does not need to be updated may generate a failure in the composite apparatus.
Moreover, the technique proposed in the Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2001-268306 uses a device connected via a predetermined network to acquire and execute a program executed by a multi-function peripheral device, and does not update a program.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is a general object of the present invention to provide a novel and useful image forming apparatus, program updating method and computer-readable recording medium, in which the problems described above are eliminated.
Another and more specific object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus, program updating method and computer-readable recording medium which can quickly cope with a program updating process which occurs irregularly and frequently, and easily update programs quickly and accurately.
Still another specific object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus comprising hardware resources used by an image forming process; a storage section which stores one or more programs for carrying out processes of user services and control services related to the image forming process; a network control service which controls a network communication as an arbitrary control service and receives via a network an updating data group including an updating data for at least one of a plurality of programs; a program starting section which starts the arbitrary control service when the network control service receives the updating data group; an updating data selection section which selects an updating data from the updating data group received by the network control service, based on a program of the control service started by or is startable by the program starting section; and an updating section which updates at least one arbitrary program stored in the storage section based on the selected updating data. According to the image forming apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to update the program at an arbitrary time without the need to use a recording medium such as a flash card, because the updating data group including the updating data is received via the network and the program stored in the storage section is updated based on the received updating data. In addition, it is possible to approximately update the program by selecting the necessary updating data depending on the configuration of the program which operates in the image forming apparatus, since the program stored in the storage section is updated based on the updating data which is selected based on the program which is started by or startable by the program starting section. Therefore, it is possible to quickly cope with the program updating process which occurs irregularly and frequently, and easily update programs quickly and accurately by carrying out an optimum program updating process depending on the configuration of the image forming apparatus.
The control services may include a system control service carrying out processes of a normal mode thread which carries out a normal process and a program updating mode thread which carries out a process of selecting the updating data from updating data group received by the started or startable program, the program starting section may start the program updating mode thread of the system control service when the network control service receives the updating data group, and the updating section may update the at least one arbitrary program stored in the storage section based on the updating data selected by the program updating mode thread of the system control service. In this case, the system control service operates as a process having the program updating mode thread, and when the updating data group is received, it is possible to carry out the process of selecting the updating data by starting the program updating mode thread of the system control service. For this reason, the process of one system control service can separate the processes at the time of the normal process and at the time of the program updating by threads, so that it is unnecessary to provide independent processes and the process delay caused by the process starting at the time of the program updating process can be avoided. The starting timing of the program updating mode thread of the system control service by the program starting section may be when the network control service receives the updating data group.
The image forming apparatus may further comprise a memory control service which includes a memory control service carrying out processes of a normal mode thread which carries out a normal process and a program updating mode thread which carries out a process of securing an updating data region in a memory for temporarily storing the updating data group; and a program updating application which develops the received updating data group and stores the updating data group in the updating data region, wherein the program updating application causes the program starting section to start the program updating mode thread of the memory control service when the updating data group is received from the network control service. In this case, the memory control service operates as a process having the program updating mode thread, and when the updating data group is received, it is possible to carry out the process of securing the updating data region by starting the program updating mode thread of the memory control service. For this reason, the process of one memory control service can separate the processes at the time of the normal process and at the time of the program updating by threads, so that it is unnecessary to provide independent processes and the process delay caused by the process starting at the time of the program updating process can be avoided. Moreover, since the received updating data group is developed and the developed updating data group is stored in the updated data region which is secured in the memory, it is unnecessary to read the updating data from a flash card or the like, and the received updating data can be used as it is for the program updating process, thereby facilitating the program updating process. The starting timing of the program updating mode thread of the memory control service by the program starting section may be when the network control service receives the updating data group.
Each of the control services may include a normal mode thread which carries out a normal process and a program updating mode thread which stops processes related to the image forming process, and the program updating application may cause the program starting section to start the program updating mode thread of each of the control services when the updating data group is received from the network control service. In this case, each control service operates as a process having the program updating mode thread, and when the updating data group is received, each program updating mode thread of the control service is started, so that the program updating process can be carried out in a state where the processes related to the image forming process are stopped. For this reason, it is possible to prevent the program updating process from being interrupted or discontinued during the program updating process due to the copying function, the facsimile function or the like which are unnecessary for the program updating, and the program updating process can be carried out quickly.
The program updating application may receive the updating data group from the network control service, and the system control service may stop the normal mode thread which is started and starts the program updating mode thread of each of the control services depending on a request from the program updating application. In this case, the program updating mode thread of each control service is started when the updating data group is received, and thus, the program updating process can be carried out in a state where the processes related to the image forming process are stopped. For this reason, it is possible to prevent the program updating process from being interrupted or discontinued during the program updating process due to the copying function, the facsimile function or the like which are unnecessary for the program updating, and the program updating process can be carried out quickly.
The program updating mode thread of the system control service may acquire starting information of the started or startable program and select the updating data of the at least one arbitrary program based on the starting information and module identification information which is stored in the updating data group for each program. In this case, by selecting the updating data of the started or startable program based on the acquired starting information and the module identification information stored in the updating data group for each program, it is possible to be aware of the configuration of the program which operates in the image forming apparatus from the starting information. In addition, it is possible to select the appropriate updating data from the correspondence of the starting information and the module identification information to quickly carry out an appropriate program updating process.
The program updating mode thread of the system control service may search for a file stored in the storage section to acquire the starting information of the started or startable program and selects the updating data of the at least one arbitrary program based on the acquired starting information.
The program updating mode thread of the system control service may search for a file stored in the storage section to acquire the starting information of the started or startable program and selects the updating data of said at least one arbitrary program based on the acquired starting information. In this case, it is possible to be aware of the program which can operate in the image forming apparatus without actually starting the program, by selecting the updating data for the program based on the acquired starting information. Hence, it is possible to quickly and easily carry out an appropriate program updating process depending on the configuration of the image forming apparatus.
The image forming apparatus may further comprise a model identification information acquiring section which acquires a model identification information which is peculiar to a model of the image forming apparatus, wherein the program updating mode thread of the system control service selects the updating data based on module identification information of the at least one arbitrary program included in the updating data group, the starting information of the at least one arbitrary program, model identification information of a model which can operate the at least one arbitrary program stored for each module identification information, and the model identification information acquired by the model identification information acquiring section. In this case, even in a case where arrangements of the programs which can operate differ among the models of the image forming apparatus, it is possible to use in common a single updating data group which is received for the program updating process of a plurality of models of the image forming apparatus. For this reason, it is possible to prevent the program updating process from being erroneously carried out based on the updating data for a different model of the image forming apparatus, and it is possible to ensure an optimum program updating process for the configuration (or model) of the image forming apparatus. In addition, a transmitting end that transmits the updating data group does not need to transmit different updating data for the image forming apparatuses of each of the contractors, and the program updating operation is also facilitated for the transmitting end.
The updating data group may be recorded with an updating destination region of the storage section where the updating data is written for each module identification information, and the updating section may update the arbitrary program from the updating destination region of the storage section based on the selected updating data. In this case, it becomes unnecessary to carry out a process of determining the arrangement and updating destination of the program stored in the storage section, by updating the updating destination region of the storage section by the updating data. Hence, it is possible to carry out the program updating process accurately and quickly.
The recording medium may be recorded with the updating destination region for each model identification information. In this case, it is possible to accurately and quickly carry out the program updating process for a plurality kinds of models of the image forming apparatus, even in a case where the arrangements of the programs which can operate differ depending on the model of the image forming apparatus, because the updating destination region is recorded for each model identification information.
The updating section may check the at least one arbitrary program after being updated by comparing the updated arbitrary program and the updating data. In this case, it is possible to quickly detect an error which occurs during the program updating process, and the reliability of the program updating process can be improved.
The image forming apparatus may further comprise a non-volatile memory which stores updating information related to a program updating process, wherein the updating section stores the updating information in the non-volatile memory when carrying out the program updating process and judges whether or not the updating information is stored in the non-volatile memory prior to the program updating process, so as to update the at least one arbitrary program based on the updating information stored in the non-volatile memory if the updating information is stored in the non-volatile memory. In this case, it is possible to restore the updating information the next time the program updating process is started, even if the program updating process is discontinued halfway. Moreover, the program updating process can quickly be resumed the next time the program updating process is started, from the point where the previous program updating process was discontinued, and the program updating process can be continued smoothly after the discontinuance.
The program updating application may be started before the network control service receives the updating data group via the network. In this case, the updating data group received via the network by the network control service can quickly be transferred to the program updating application.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a program updating method for updating at least one arbitrary one of a plurality of programs stored in a storage section of an apparatus based on updating data received via a network, comprising a receiving step which receives via the network an updating data group including the updating data; a program starting step which starts the at least one arbitrary program in the apparatus; an updating data selection step which acquires starting information of the program which is started by or startable by the program starting step, and selects the updating data corresponding to the at least one arbitrary program, based on the acquired starting information and module identification information which is stored in the updating data group for each program; and an updating step which updates the at least one arbitrary program based on the selected updating data. According to the program updating method of the present invention, it is possible to update the program at an arbitrary time without the need to use a recording medium such as a flash card, because the updating data group including the updating data is received via the network and the program stored in the storage section is updated based on the received updating data. In addition, it is possible to approximately update the program by selecting the necessary updating data depending on the configuration of the program which operates in the image forming apparatus, since the program stored in the storage section is updated based on the updating data which is selected based on the program which is started by or startable by the program starting section. Therefore, it is possible to quickly cope with the program updating process which occurs irregularly and frequently, and easily update programs quickly and accurately by carrying out an optimum program updating process depending on the configuration of the image forming apparatus.
The updating data selection step may be executed by the program which is started in the program updating mode. In this case, it is possible to reduce a size of memory used by the starting program, and improve the speed of the program updating process.
The updating step may update the at least one arbitrary program based on the selected updating data, depending on an updating destination region of the updating data stored for each module identification information in the updating data group. In this case, by updating the program based on the updating data selected according to the updating destination region of the updating data, it becomes unnecessary to carry out a process of determining the arrangement or updating destination of the program stored in the storage section, thereby enabling an accurate and quick program updating process.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a computer-readable storage medium which stores a computer program for causing a computer to update a program which is stored in a storage section, where the computer program comprises a receiving procedure which causes the computer to receives an updating data group including updating data of at least one arbitrary program via a network; a program starting procedure which causes the computer to start the at least one arbitrary program; an updating data selection procedure which causes the computer to acquire starting information of the program which is started by or startable by the program starting procedure, and to select the updating data corresponding to the at least one arbitrary program, based on the acquired starting information and module identification information which is stored in the updating data group for each program; and an updating procedure which causes the computer to update the at least one arbitrary program by carrying out a program updating process based on the selected updating data. According to the computer-readable storage medium of the present invention, it is possible to update the program at an arbitrary time without the need to use a recording medium such as a flash card, because the updating data group including the updating data is received via the network and the program stored in the storage section is updated based on the received updating data. In addition, it is possible to approximately update the program by selecting the necessary updating data depending on the configuration of the program which operates in the apparatus such as the computer, since the program stored in the storage section is updated based on the updating data which is selected based on the program which is started by or startable by the program starting section. Therefore, it is possible to quickly cope with the program updating process which occurs irregularly and frequently, and easily update programs quickly and accurately by carrying out an optimum program updating process depending on the configuration of the apparatus.
Therefore, according to the present invention, it is possible to quickly cope with a program updating process which occurs irregularly and frequently, and easily update programs quickly and accurately.
Other objects and further objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a system block diagram showing a functional structure of a first embodiment of an image forming apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram showing a hardware structure of the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a data structure employed by an updating data packet received by the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus after developing the updating data packet;
FIG. 4 is a system block diagram showing a structure of a composite apparatus starting section of the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus;
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are block diagrams for explaining an entire processing procedure of a remote ROM updating process in the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart for explaining a processing procedure carried out by a ROM monitoring section of the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart for explaining a processing procedure of a process carried out by a program starting section of the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart for explaining a processing procedure of an updating data selection process carried out by a ROM updating mode thread of a SCS in the first embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart for explaining the processing procedure of the updating data selection process carried out by the ROM updating mode thread of the SCS in the first embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a flow chart for explaining a processing procedure of the ROM updating process carried out by a ROM updating section of the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus;
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a data structure employed by an updating data packet received by a second embodiment of the image forming apparatus according to the present invention after developing the updating data packet;
FIG. 12 is a flow chart for explaining a processing procedure carried out by a ROM monitoring section of the second embodiment of the image forming apparatus;
FIG. 13 is a flow chart for explaining a processing procedure of an updating data selection process carried out by a ROM updating mode thread of a SCS in the second embodiment;
FIGS. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A description will be given of various embodiments of an image forming apparatus, a program updating method and a computer-readable recording medium according to the present invention, by referring to the drawings.
(First Embodiment)
FIG. 1 is a system block diagram showing a functional structure of a first embodiment of the image forming apparatus according to the present invention. A composite apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes a black and white line printer (B&W LP) 101, a color line printer (Color LP) 102, hardware resources 103 such as a scanner and a facsimile machine, a software group 110, and a composite apparatus starting section 140. The software group 110 is formed by a platform 120 and applications 130. The composite apparatus starting section 140 is executed when turning ON the power of the composite apparatus 100.
The composite apparatus starting section 140 is first executed when turning ON the power of the composite apparatus 100, so as to execute the platform 120 and the applications 130 depending on a starting mode. The starting mode includes a normal mode and a ROM updating mode. The normal mode starts the composite apparatus 100 to carry out normal composite services such as copying, printing, scanning and facsimile functions. The normal mode is started when a remote ROM updating flag in an SRAM 208 shown in FIG. 2 which will be described later is set to an OFF state. On the other hand, the ROM updating mode starts the composite apparatus 100 to update a storage section such as a flash memory. The ROM updating mode is started when the remote ROM updating flag in the SRAM 208 is set to an ON state.
The platform 120 manages control services which generate hardware resource acquisition requests by interpreting processing requests from the applications 130, and one or a plurality of hardware resources 103. The platform 120 includes a system resource manager (SRM) 123 which carries out arbitration of the acquisition requests from the control services, and a general purpose operating system (OS) 121.
The control services are formed by a plurality of service modules, including a system control service (SCS) 122, an engine control service (ECS) 124, a memory control service (MCS) 125, an operation panel control service (OCS) 126, a facsimile control service (FCS) 127, and a network control service (NCS) 128. The platform 120 includes an application program interface (API) which enables reception of the processing requests from the applications 130 using a predefined function.
The general purpose OS 121 is formed by a UNIX (registered trademark) operating system or the like which executes in parallel each software of the platform 120 and the applications 130 as processes.
The MCS 125 is started as a memory control process. The process of the MCS 125 includes a normal mode thread, and a ROM updating mode thread. The normal mode thread of the MCS 125 is executed when carrying out the composite services of the copying machine, printing apparatus (printer), facsimile machine and scanner, such as releasing acquisition of an image memory, utilization of the HDD and compression and expansion of image data. The ROM updating mode thread of the MCS 125 secures an updating data region in the SDRAM 203 for storing updating data developed from an updating data packet by a remote ROM updating application which will be described later, when the composite apparatus 100 is started in the ROM updating mode. The updating data packet forms an updating data group of the present invention.
The updating data includes program data for modifying or adding functions of a program of a user service or a control service. On the other hand, the updating data is grouped for one or a plurality of user services or control services which are updating targets, so as to form the updating data group. The updating data group may include header information in addition to the updating data itself. The header information may include module identification information of the program corresponding to the updating data, model information of the image forming apparatus, updating destination address of the updating data in the storage section, and relative address of the updating data.
The process of the OCS 126 includes a normal mode thread and a ROM updating mode thread. The normal mode thread of the OCS 126 is started when carrying out the composite services such as controlling an operation panel which forms an information transfer means (or section) between the operator (user) and the main body control of the composite apparatus 100. The ROM updating mode thread of the OCS 126 does not carry out the operation panel control, and is simply started.
The process of the FCS 127 includes a normal mode thread and a ROM updating mode thread. The normal mode thread of the FCS 127 is started when carrying out the composite service to provide the API for facsimile transmission and reception using a PSTN and/or an ISDN from each application layer of the system controller, registration or referral to various facsimile data managed in a backup SRAM (BKM), facsimile reception printing, and united transmission and reception. The ROM updating mode thread of the FCS 127 does not execute such functions for providing the API, and is simply started.
The process of the NCS 128 provides services which may be used in common with respect to the applications which require the network I/O interface. The process of the NCS 128 includes a normal mode thread and a ROM updating mode thread. The normal mode thread of the NCS 128 is executed when carrying out the composite service to intermediate, such as distributing to the applications the data received from the network according to the protocols and transmitting the data from the applications to the network. The normal mode thread of the NCS 128 also receives a ROM updating request packet of the flash memory from a host computer of a developer who develops the composite apparatus 100 or a third vendor of a developer who develops the applications, for example, where the host computer or the third vendor is connected to the network. The ROM updating mode thread of the NCS 128 receives via the network the updating data packet which includes the updating data of the program in the flash memory from the host computer of the developer who develops the composite apparatus 100 or the third vendor of the developer who develops the programs.
The process of the SRM 123 manages the resources and controls the system together with the SCS 122. The process of the SRM 123 carries out an arbitration depending on requests from an upper layer which uses the hardware resources such as engines of the scanner section and the printer section, memory, hard disk drive (HDD) file, host input/output (I/O) interface (centronics interface (I/F)), network interface (I/F), IEEE1394 interface (I/F), RS232C interface (I/F) and the like. The process of the SRM 123 includes a normal mode thread which is executed when carrying out a composite service for controlling execution, and a ROM updating mode thread which does not manage the resources and is simply started.
More particularly, the normal mode thread of the SRM 123 judges whether or not the requested hardware resource is usable (or not used by another request), and if the requested hardware resource is usable, notifies the upper layer that the requested hardware resource is usable. In addition, the SRM 123 carries out a scheduling of the use of the hardware resources with respect to the requests from the upper layer, and directly executes the requested contents such as paper transport and image formation by the printer engine, securing memory and file generation.
The process of the SCS 122 includes a normal mode thread which is executed when carrying out a composite service such as application management, operation section control, system screen display, light emitting diode (LED) display, resource management and interrupt application control. For example, the normal mode thread of the SCS 122 carries out a process of setting the remote ROM updating flag in the SRAM 208 to the ON state and issuing a restart command with respect to the composite apparatus 100, when the NCS 128 receives the ROM updating request packet via the network.
The process of the SCS 122 includes, separately from the normal mode thread, a ROM updating mode thread which is started only when the composite apparatus 100 is started in the ROM updating mode. When the composite apparatus 100 is started in the ROM updating mode, the ROM updating mode thread of the SCS 122 carries out a process of selecting the updating data depending on the configuration of the applications and the control services which operate in the composite apparatus 100, from the data developed in the SDRAM 203.
The process of the ECS 124 includes a normal mode thread, and a ROM updating mode thread which does not carry out an engine control and is simply started. The normal mode thread of the ECS 124 is executed when carrying out as the composite service the engine control of the hardware resources 103 which include the black and white line printer 101, the color line printer 102, the scanner, the facsimile machine and the like.
As described above, the ROM updating mode thread of each of the ECS 124, the OCS 126, the FCS 127, and the SRM 123 is simply started, so as to indicate the existence of a control service which operates within the composite apparatus 100 when carrying out the ROM updating process. The ROM updating mode thread of each of the MCS 125, the SCS 122 and the NCS 128 carries out the process required to carry out the ROM updating process, and is started to indicate the existence of the control service which operates within the composite apparatus 100.
The applications 130 include a remote ROM updating (RRU) application 117, a process checking application 116, a network file application 115, a scanner application 114, a facsimile application 113, a copy application 112, and a printer application 111 in page description language (PDL), PCL and postscript (PS). The printer application 111 is used by the printer. The copy application 112 is used by the copying machine. The facsimile application 113 is used by the facsimile machine. The scanner application 114 is used by the scanner. The network file application 115 is used by a network file. The process checking application 116 is used for process checking. The RRU application 117 develops the updating data in the SRAM 208.
Each of the applications 111 through 117 is started as a process, similarly to the platform 120. The process of the RRU application 117 may be started when the composite apparatus 100 is started in the ROM updating mode. The applications 130 form the user services of the present invention.
For example, the RRU application 117 may be started by a program starting section which will be described later, when the NCS 128 receives the ROM updating request packet and the composite apparatus 100 is restarted in the ROM updating mode. In addition, the RRU application 117 may also be started when the composite apparatus 100 is started in the normal mode, similarly to the platform 120.
The RRU application 117 develops the updating data packet received via the network by the NCS 128, and stores the updating data in the updating data region of the SDRAM 203 secured by the ROM updating mode thread of the MCS 125.
FIG. 2 is a system block diagram showing a hardware structure of the first embodiment of the image forming apparatus. As shown in FIG. 2, the composite apparatus 100 includes a controller board 200, an operation panel 210, a facsimile control unit (FCU) 220, a USB device 230, an IEEE1394 device 240, a blue tooth device 250, and an engine section 260.
The controller board 200 shown in FIG. 2 includes an ASIC 201, a CPU 202, the SDRAM 203, a flash memory 204, a HDD 205, the SRAM 208, and a network interface controller 209.
The operation panel 210 is directly connected to the ASIC 201. The PCU 220, the USC device 230, the IEEE1394 device 240, the blue tooth device 250 and the engine section 260 are connected to the ASIC 201 via a PCI bus 261.
| 25,275
|
<urn:uuid:cbfbfd38-cb8c-47b8-b3ae-e0cb7f835f91>
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
https://www.centrepompidou.fr/fr/recherche?terms=Squelette
|
centrepompidou.fr
|
Basque
|
Spoken
| 8
| 24
|
Oops, an error occurred! Code: 2024032212425763535d0cNous sommes sociaux
| 14,468
|
US-69354203-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,003
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 5,045
| 7,808
|
According to the culturing method of the present invention, cells or apiece of a tissue are concentrated or restrictively located in a hollow(i.e., a local place) that is surrounded by a gel or the like.Therefore, it becomes possible to have the cells or the tissue growingin a good condition from the beginning of the culture and to study orobserve them for a long period of time. If a medicine or the like hasbeen held to a gel or the like, it becomes possible to study or observethe influences of the medicine or the like on the cells or the tissuefor a long period of time. For example, even in the case where cells arecultured in a volume that corresponds to that of a well of aninety-six-well culture plate (i.e., 200 μl), the cells can be readilycultured for a long period of time while studying or observing them.Thus, it is possible to study or observe the influences of the medicineor the like on the cells or the like for a long period of time.
In the culturing method of the present invention, cells or a piece of atissue are concentrated in a local place. Therefore, this method isespecially advantageous when the states of the cells or the tissue areoptically or electrically studied.
EXAMPLES Example 1
To 5 ml of distilled water, 0.05 g of agarose (Takara, L 03 “TaKaRa”)was suspended (concentration: 1 w/v %). Then, to dissolve the agarosethe suspension was heated at 121° C. for 15 minutes in an autoclave(Tomy Seiko, SS-320). A bottle containing the thus-obtained agarosesolution was immersed in a water incubator set at 41° C. and the agarosesolution was cooled to be 41° C.
While, a 0.3% trypan blue-containing 2×PBS solution (phosphate bufferedsaline, 2×PBS) was prepared. This solution was sterilized by making thesolution pass through a nitrocellulose filter membrane having a poresize of 0.2 μm. A bottle containing the sterilized 0.3% trypanblue-containing 2×PBS solution was immersed in a water incubator set at41° C. and the solution was heated to be 41° C.
At 41° C., the 1 w/v % agarose solution was mixed with the 0.3% trypanblue-containing 2×PBS solution in a volume ratio of 1:1 under an asepticcondition. The mixed solution (a PBS solution containing 0.5 w/v %agarose and 0.15% trypan blue) thus obtained was poured into wells of atwelve-well culture plate (Becton Dickinson and Company, FALCONMULTIWELL TISSUE CULTURE PLATE, Catalog No. 353043) in a volume of 2.3ml per well. Theoretically, the depth of the liquid becomes about 6.1mm. Also, this depth is nearly equal to that of the mixed solution inthe case where the solution is poured into wells of a ninety-six-wellculture plate in a volume of 0.2 ml per well.
After the mixed solution was poured into the wells, the culture platewas left cooling down for 30 minutes under room temperatures. Thus, themixed solution was gelatinized. Hereafter, the gelatinized mixedsolution will be designated as “a trypan blue-containing agarose gel.”
In each well the layer of the trypan blue-containing agarose gel waspunched out in its center by using a biopsy punch having a diameter of 6mm and then a piece of the agarose gel was taken out while aspiratingthe gel with a Pasteur pipet. Thus, a hollow was formed.
Into each of thus-formed hollows 0.17 ml (theoretical depth: about 6.1mm) of 1×PBS was poured. Then, the culture plate was left for five hoursunder conditions of a temperature of 37° C., humidity of 100%, and anatmosphere of 5% gaseous carbon dioxide and 95% air.
At appropriate time intervals, 0.02 ml of the PBS (it seemed that thiscontained trypan blue) in the hollow that had been made in the center ofthe gel layer in a well of the culture plate was taken out. The PBS thustaken out was diluted with 0.08 ml of pure water to reduce theconcentrations of components by a factor of 5. The absorbance of thediluted PBS was determined at a wave length of 550 nm. The backgroundwas determined by using a diluted PBS (concentration: ⅕) containing notrypan blue. The value that was obtained by subtracting the absorbanceof the background from that of the PBS that had been taken out from thePBS in the hollow and had diluted was specified as a true absorbance ofthe diluted PBS.
Before the start of the experiment, i.e., before the PBS is added to thehollow, the trypan blue-containing agarose gel was crushed and subjectedto centrifugal separation at 14,000 rpm for 10 minutes (centrifuge: TomySeiko, MRX150, TMS-4). Also, after the PBS in the hollow was taken out(i.e., after the completion of the experiment), the trypanblue-containing agarose gel was crushed and subjected to centrifugalseparation at 14,000 rpm for 10 minutes (centrifuge: Tomy Seiko, MRX150,TMS-4). From each of six samples (before the start of the experiment:three samples; after the completion of the experiment: three samples)supernatant (0.02 ml) was taken out and was diluted with 0.08 ml of purewater to reduce the concentrations of components by a factor of 5. Theabsorbance of the diluted supernatant was determined at a wave length of550 nm. The value that was obtained by subtracting the absorbance of thebackground from that of the supernatant that had been extracted from thegel and had diluted was specified as a true absorbance of the dilutedand gel-derived trypan blue-containing PBS (i.e., the dilutedsupernatant derived from the gel).
The ratio of the true absorbance of the diluted PBS derived from the PBSin the hollow to that of the diluted and gel-derived trypanblue-containing PBS was calculated and expressed in percentage. FIG. 9shows the result. Experiment was carried out in triplicate and theresults were averaged. In FIG. 9 average values and error bars thatindicate the ranges of standard deviations are shown.
From the result shown in FIG. 9, it can be understood that the trypanblue that had been held in the gel diffused and transferred to the PBSin the hollow of the gel. The concentration (expressed by the absorbanceat a wave length of 550 nm) of the trypan blue in the diluted PBSderived from the PBS in the hollow became above 50% of the equilibriumvalue one hour after the incubation had started and above 80% of theequilibrium value three hours after the incubation had started.
The equilibrium value means the trypan-blue concentration when thetrypan-blue concentration of the diluted PBS that is derived from thePBS in the hollow is the same as that of the diluted and gel-derivedtrypan blue-containing PBS that is derived from the PBS held in the gel.The total volume of the PBS in the hollows of the gel is extremely lowerthan the volume of the PBS in the gel. Therefore, the concentration ofthe trypan blue in the diluted and gel-derived trypan blue-containingPBS (i.e., in the diluted supernatant derived from the gel) is nearlythe same as the equilibrium value.
As stated above, it was confirmed that the trypan blue that had beenheld in the gel diffused and transferred in a short time of period tothe PBS in the hollow that had been made by hollowing the gel.
Example 2
Agarose (Takara, L 03 “TaKaRa”) was added to ultrapure water in a ratioof 1 gram per 100 ml of the water and was suspended (concentration: 1w/v %). Then, to dissolve the agarose the suspension was heated at 121°C. for 15 minutes in an autoclave (Tomy Seiko, SS-320). A bottlecontaining the thus-obtained agarose solution was immersed in a waterincubator set at 41° C. and the agarose solution was cooled to be 41° C.
While, a powdery GIBCO™ Medium RPMI 1640 (INVITROGEN CORPORATION, Cat.No. 31800-014) (glutamine was contained) was added to ultrapure water ina ratio of 10.4 gram per 500 ml of the water and was dissolved(concentration: about twice the final concentration). This solution wassterilized by making the solution pass through a nitrocellulose filtermembrane having a pore size of 0.2 μm. Thus, 2×RPMI 1640 medium solutionwas prepared.
To 30 ml of this medium solution, 2-mercaptoethanol, penicillin, andstreptomycin were added under an aseptic condition in such amounts as tobe concentrations of 100 μM, 50 U/ml, and 50 ng/ml, respectively. Then,to the thus-obtained solution, 6 ml of heat-inactivated bovine fetalserum was added. To the thus-obtained heat-inactivated bovine fetalserum/233 RPMI 1640 medium solution, interleukin 2 (IL-2, mouse,recombinant, SIGMA I-0523) was added in a ratio of 5 ng per ml of thesolution. A bottle containing the thus-prepared heat-inactivated bovinefetal serum/2×RPMI 1640 medium solution was immersed in a waterincubator set at 41° C. and the solution was heated to be 41° C.
At 41° C., the 1 w/v % agarose solution was mixed with theheat-inactivated bovine fetal serum/2×RPMI 1640 medium solution in avolume ratio of 1:1 under an aseptic condition. The mixed solution thusobtained was poured into wells of a twelve-well culture plate (BectonDickinson and Company, FALCON MULTIWELL TISSUE CULTURE PLATE, CatalogNo. 353043) in a volume of 2.5 ml per well.
After the mixed solution was poured into the wells, the culture platewas left cooling down for 30 minutes or more under room temperatures.Thus, the mixed solution was gelatinized. Hereafter, the gelatinizedmixed solution will be designated as “an IL-2-containing agarose gel.”
In each well the layer of the IL-2-containing agarose gel was punchedout in its center by using a biopsy punch having a diameter of 6 mm toform a hollow.
Into each of the thus-formed hollows, 0.15 ml of a solution was poured,which solution had been made by mixing an heat-inactivated bovine fetalserum/2×RPMI 1640 medium solution not containing IL-2 with ultrapurewater in a volume ratio of 1:1. Then, the culture plate was left underconditions of a temperature of 37° C., humidity of 100%, and anatmosphere of 5% gaseous carbon dioxide and 95% air. The volume ratio ofthe gel to the hollow is 3.80:0.322. Thus, when the IL-2 concentrationreaches to equilibrium between solutions contained in the gel and in thehollow, the concentration should be about 4.6 ng/ml.
At appropriate time intervals after the solution was poured into thehollows, from three hollows solutions were taken out in an amount of0.02 ml per hollow. The three solutions that were taken out at the sametime were gathered, poured into a tube having a volume of 0.2 ml, andrefrigerated at −20° C. After sampling and refrigeration of thesolutions were completed, all refrigerated samples were thawed. Then, byusing mouse IL-2 Elisa Ready-SET-Go! (e-Bioscience, Cat. No.88-70224-77), IL-2 concentrations of the samples were determinedaccording to the protocol stated in the instruction.
FIG. 10 shows the result. The numerical values of the vertical axis werecalculated as follows: After the solutions in the hollows were takenout, the IL-2-containing agarose gel was crushed and a solution wassqueezed of the gel. For this solution an IL-2 concentration wasdetermined in the same way as explained above. The ratios of the IL-2concentrations of the solutions that had been taken out from the hollowsto the IL-2 concentration of the solution that had been squeezed outfrom the gel were calculated and expressed in percentage.
From the result shown in FIG. 10, it can be understood that IL-2 thathad been held in the gel diffused and transferred to the solution in thehollow of the gel. The IL-2 concentration of the solution contained inthe hollow became about 10% of the equilibrium value two hours after theincubation had started, at least 30% of the equilibrium value within sixhours, and about 70% forty-eight hours after the incubation had started.
From the above result, it was confirmed that IL-2 that was held in thegel diffused and transferred to the solution in the hollow at arelatively slow rate.
Example 3
In a medium bottle, 0.2 g of Agarose (Takara, L 03 “TaKaRa”) wassuspended in 20 ml of ultrapure water (concentration: 1 w/v %). Then, todissolve the agarose the suspension was heated at 121° C. for 15 minutesin an autoclave (Tomy Seiko, SS-320). A bottle containing thethus-obtained agarose solution was immersed in a water incubator set at41° C. and the agarose solution was cooled to be 41° C.
While, 10.4 g of a powdery GIBCO™ Medium RPMI 1640 (INVITROGENCORPORATION, Cat. No. 31800-014) was dissolved in 500 ml of ultrapurewater (concentration: about twice the final concentration). Thissolution was sterilized by making the solution pass through anitrocellulose filter membrane having a pore size of 0.2 μm. Thus,2×RPMI 1640 medium solution was prepared.
To 100 ml of the 2×RPMI 1640 medium solution, 100 ml of heat-inactivatedbovine fetal serum was added under a aseptic condition. Thethus-obtained heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum/2×RPMI 1640 mediumsolution was poured into four sterile bottles in an amount of 30 ml perbottle. The sterile bottles were immersed in a water incubator set at41° C. and the medium solutions therein were heated to be 41° C.
To medium solutions in three sterile bottles among the above foursterile bottles, aminopterin (Sigma, Hybri-Max, Code No. A5159, a folicacid antagonist) (concentration: fifty times the aminopterinconcentration in a HAT medium in the case where a HAT selective cultureis conducted to prepare a monoclonal-antibody productive hybridoma) wasadded in an amount such that its volume is one-twenty fifth ({fraction(1/25)}) of the total volume of the medium solution and aminopterin(i.e., 1.2 ml of 50×aminopterin). The concentration of aminopterinbecame twice that in the HAT medium.
To a medium solution containing aminopterin in one sterile bottle, HTsupplements (GIBCO/Invitrogen, Code No. 11067-030, a mixture ofhypoxanthine and thymidine) (concentrations: one hundred times theconcentrations of hypoxanthine and thymidine in the HAT medium) wereadded in amounts such that their total volume is one-fiftieth ({fraction(1/50)}) of the total volume of the medium solution containingaminopterin and the HT supplements (i.e., 0.6 ml of 100×HT). Theconcentrations of hypoxanthine and thymidine became twice those in theHAT medium.
To a medium solution containing aminopterin in another sterile bottle,the HT supplements were added in amounts such that their total volume isone-five hundredth ({fraction (1/500)}) of the total volume of themedium solution containing aminopterin and the HT supplements. Theconcentrations of hypoxanthine and thymidine became one-fifth of thosein a HAT medium. The sterile bottles were continuously heated at 41° C.
As explained above, medium solution No. 1 contained no aminopterin norHT supplements [hereafter “A(−), H(−)”], medium solution No. 2 containedaminopterin and no HT supplements [hereafter “A(+), H(−)”], mediumsolution No. 3 contained aminopterin and HT supplements [hereafter“A(+), H(+)”], and medium solution No. 4 contained aminopterin and HTsupplements with the proviso that the concentrations of hypoxanthine andthymidine were one-tenth of those of medium solution No. 3 [hereafter“A(+), H(0.1+)”].
Then, at 41° C., 20 ml of the 1 w/v % agarose solution was mixed with 20ml of medium solution No. 3 under an aseptic condition. By this,concentrations of the culture medium components of RPMI 1640 medium,heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum, aminopterin, and HT supplements,each of which had been prepared in an concentration of twice the finalconcentration, became one half of their concentrations in mediumsolution No. 3. The concentrations of hypoxanthine, aminopterin, andthymidine are equal to those, respectively, in a HAT medium in the casewhere a HAT selective culture is conducted to prepare amonoclonal-antibody productive hybridoma.
The mixed solution thus obtained was poured into wells (diameter: 22 mm)of a twelve-well culture plate (Becton Dickinson and Company, FALCONMULTIWELL TISSUE CULTURE PLATE, Catalog No. 353043) in a volume of 2.3ml per well.
While, 10 ml of ultrapure water which had been sterilized by filtrationwas added to 10 ml of medium solution No. 3. Thus, a culture mediumsolution having the same composition as that of the mixed solution thathad been poured into wells of the twelve-well culture plate, except thatit did not contain agarose, was prepared. This solution was used as acontrol solution.
After the mixed solution was poured into the wells, the culture platewas left cooling down for 60 minutes or more under room temperatures.Thus, the mixed solution was gelatinized. Hereafter, the gelatinizedmixed solution will be designated as “an aminoprerin/HT-containingagarose gel.”
In each well the layer of the aminoprerin/HT-containing agarose gel waspunched out in its center by using a biopsy punch having a diameter of 6mm to form a hollow.
Into each of the thus-formed hollows, 0.17 ml of the culture mediumsolution not containing agarose (i.e., the control solution) was poured.Then, the culture plate was left in an incubator under conditions of atemperature of 37° C., humidity of 100%, and an atmosphere of 5% gaseouscarbon dioxide and 95% air.
The culture plate was taken out from the incubator. Then, the culturemedium solutions in the hollows were removed by aspiration. While, ahybridoma suspension was prepared. This suspension contained the culturemedium solution and KNA14.2 (a hybridoma which produces a mousemonoclonal antibody against human Aggrecan peptide position 342-350) inan amount of 1×10⁶ per ml of the solution. Into the hollows, thehybridoma suspension were poured in an amount of 0.1 ml per well. Then,the culture medium solutions was added in an amount of 0.05 ml per well.The culture plate was incubated under conditions of a temperature of 37°C., humidity of 100%, and an atmosphere of 5% gaseous carbon dioxide and95% air.
As a control for comparison, a ninety-six-well culture plate (Nalge NuncInternational, Nunc 96-well plate, Catalog No. 167008) was used. Intowells of the culture plate having a diameter of 6.4 mm, the hybridomasuspension and the culture medium solution were poured in amounts of 0.1ml per well and 0.1 ml per well, respectively. Thus, the total volume ofa liquid in a well was 0.2 ml. This 96-well plate was incubated underthe same conditions.
A calculated depth of a liquid in the case where 0.2 ml of the liquid ispoured into a well of the ninety-six-well culture plate is almost equalto that of a liquid in the case where 2.3 ml of the liquid is pouredinto a well of the twelve-well culture plate. Namely, influence of thedifference between their depths is theoretically minimized.
Two, three, and four days after the culture was started, from each ofthe well of the ninety-six-well culture plate and the hollow that hadbeen formed in a gel in a well of the twelve-well culture plate(hereafter, they may be written as “the well and the hollow” for ouraccommodation), 10 μl of culture supernatant (1) was sampled. Then, tosubstitute for culture supernatant (I), 10 μl of TritonX-100/PBS waspoured into the well and the hollow. The ninety-six-well culture plateand the twelve-well culture plate were left under room temperatures forthirty minutes. By this, living cells died and a liquid containing LDH(lactose dehydrogenase) that had been held in the cells became todiffuse into culture supernatant.
Thirty minutes after the TritonX-100/PBS was poured, from each of thewell and the hollow 10 μl of culture supernatant (hereafter “culturesupernatant (2)”) was cautiously taken out. Culture supernatants (1) and(2) were diluted with PBS in a ratio of 1:9 (culture supernatant: PBS).To each of diluted supernatants (1) and (2), MTX-LDH Reagent (KyokutoPharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd.) was added. A color reaction wascaused by LDH that had diffused into the culture supernatants. Then, theabsorbance was determined at a wave length of 550 nm.
Because the gel is readily crushed, in this experiment the gel cannot bepreviously centrifuged to wash it. Therefore, if only culturesupernatant (2) is used to determine the amount of LDH, LDH that isderived from cells that had already died during the culture (hereafter“died cells”) is also determined. To exclude the LDH that is derivedfrom died cells, the LDH value (after dilution with PBS) of culturesupernatant (1) that had been taken out before 1% Triton X-100 was addedwas subtracted from the LDH value (after dilution with PBS) of culturesupernatant (2) that was taken out after 1% Triton X-100 had been added.
Three samples were determined for each culture supernatant. In FIG. 11(Inventive Examples in which gel and a twelve-well culture plate wereused) and FIG. 12 (Examples as controls, a ninety-six-well culture platewas used), the average values are shown.
The above experiment was repeated except that medium solution No. 1([A(−), H(−)]), medium solution No. 2 ([A(+), H(−)]), or medium solutionNo. 4 ([A(+), H(0.1+)]) was used instead of medium solution No. 3([A(+), H(+)]). FIGS. 11 and 12 also show the results of theseexperiments.
From FIGS. 11 and 12, it can be understood that the amount of LDHproduced in the culture in the hollows that were formed in gels is morethan that of LDH produced in the culture in the wells (volume: 200 μl)of the ninety-six-well culture plate. Namely, the cells cultured in thehollows that were formed in gels were more active. Therefore, in thecase where the cells were cultured in the hollows that were formed ingels, it is more clearly shown that inhibition against cellproliferation by aminopterin ([A(+), H(−)]) was compensated withhypoxantin ([A(+), H(0.1+)] and [A(+), H(+)]) through the salvagepathway.
Example 4
The experiment in Example 3 was repeated except that a hybridomasuspension containing hybridoma KNA14.2 in an amount of 1×10⁵ per ml wasused instead of the hybridoma suspension containing that hybridoma in anamount of 1×10⁶ per ml, for culturing the hybridoma for a longer periodof time.
Four and six days after the culture was started, from each of the welland the hollow, 10 μl of culture supernatant (1) was sampled. Then, tosubstitute for culture supernatant (1), 10 μl of Triton X-100/PBS waspoured into the well and the hollow. The ninety-six-well culture plateand the twelve-well culture plate were left under room temperatures forthirty minutes. Thirty minutes after the Triton X-100/PBS was poured,from each of the well and the hollow 10 μl of culture supernatant (2)was cautiously taken out. Culture supernatants (1) and (2) were dilutedwith PBS in a ratio of 1:9 (culture supernatant: PBS). To each ofdiluted supernatants (1) and (2), MTX-LDH Reagent (KyokutoPharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd.) was added. By the same way as thatin Example 3 the amount of LDH was determined.
Three samples were determined for each culture supernatant. In FIG. 13(measurements after four days' culture) and FIG. 14 (measurements aftersix days' culture), the average values and standard deviations areshown.
From FIG. 13, it can be understood that in the conventional method(culture by using a ninety-six-well culture plate) inhibition againstcell proliferation by aminopterin ([A(+), H(−)]) could be compensatedwith hypoxantin ([A(+), H(0.1+)] and [A(+), H(+)]) only in a level ofabout 40%. On the other hand, in the method of the present invention(culture in a hollow that was formed in a gel) the inhibition could becompensated in a level of about 100%, because the cells were moreactive.
Further, from FIG. 14 it can be understood that in the conventionalmethod inhibition against cell proliferation by aminopterin could bescarecely compensated with hypoxantin when the culture was conductedunder a condition that the concentration of hypoxantin is low ([A(+),H(0.1+)]). This is because the hypoxantin was depleted with the lapse oftime. On the other hand, in the method of the present invention, even ifthe culture was conducted under a condition that the concentration ofhypoxantin is low ([A(+), H(0.1+)]) the inhibition could be compensatedwith hypoxantin in the same level as that in the culture using thehypoxantin in its usual concentration ([A(+), H(+)]) and in a higherlevel than that of the conventional method. This is because in themethod of the present invention the hypoxantin was continuously suppliedthrough the gel.
Example 5
The cell culture in Example 3 was repeated except that a hybridomasuspension containing hybridoma KNA14.2 in an amount of 5×10⁵ per ml wasused instead of the hybridoma suspension containing that hybridoma in anamount of 1×10⁶ per ml.
Three days after the culture was started, states of cells that werecultured in a RPMI1640 medium solution containing aminopterin and serum([A(+), H(−)]) and that were cultured in a RPMI1640 medium solutioncontaining aminopterin, HT supplements, and serum ([A(+), H(+)]) werephotographed under a microscope (magnification: ×200).
FIGS. 15 and 16 show cells that were cultured in the RPMI1640 mediumsolution containing aminopterin and serum ([A(+), H(−)]) and cells thatwere cultured in the RPMI1640 medium solution containing aminopterin, HTsupplements, and serum ([A(+), H(+)]), respectively, by the conventionalmethod (culture by using a ninety-six-well culture plate). FIGS. 17 and18 show cells that were cultured in the RPMI1640 medium solutioncontaining aminopterin and serum ([A(+), H(−)]) and cells that werecultured in the RPMI1640 medium solution containing aminopterin, HTsupplements, and serum ([A(+), H(+)]), respectively, by the method ofthe present invention (culture in a hollow that was formed in a gel).
As is clear by comparing FIG. 16 with FIG. 18, in the case where thecells were cultured by the method of the present invention (see FIG.18), the number of the cells were large (i.e., the cells were dense) andtheir states were well. Namely, inhibition against cell proliferation byaminopterin had been compensated with hypoxantin. Also in comparison ofFIG. 15 (conventional method) with FIG. 17 (method of presentinvention), both of which show the level of the inhibition against cellproliferation by aminopterin, it can be understood that in the casewhere the cells were cultured by the method of the present invention(see FIG. 17), the number of the cells were large (in other words, therewere only a small number of voids, i.e., places where there were nocells) and their states were well.
In the specification and drawings, the present invention has beenspecifically explained with reference to preferable embodiments. Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that numerous modifications may bemade without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Thus,it should not be recognized that the present invention is limited tothose embodiments and the scope of the present invention is to bedetermined only by the following claims.
1. An apparatus for culture comprising a container having at least oneconcave part and at least one member (x) selected from the groupconsisting of a gelatinous material, a sponge material, and a meshmaterial, wherein the member (x) is placed within the concave part ofthe container, has at least one hollow by which a part or parts of asurface of the container in the concave part is bared, and holds asolution containing culture medium components.
2. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the solution containing culture mediumcomponents further comprises at least one substance to be examined. 3.The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the container is alaboratory dish for culture or a multi-well plate.
4. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the member (x) is a gelatinous materialthat has been made by gelatinizing an aqueous solution of at least onemember selected from the group consisting of agar, an agarose, and acellulose derivative.
5. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein thesubstance to be examined is selected from the group consisting of amedicine, a nutrient, a growth factor, and an inhibitory factor.
6. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the hollow has a cylindrical,inverted circular truncated conic, prismatic, or inverted truncatedpyramidal shape.
7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein theheight of the hollow is at least a quarter of a diameter or length of adiagonal of the bottom of the hollow where the surface of the containeris bared.
8. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein on the baredpart of the surface of the container, an electrode is pasted or printed.9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the member (x) furtherhas at least one member selected from the group consisting of a holewhere the surface of the container in the concave part is not bared anda large hollow that has a volume larger than that of the hollow.
10. Aprocess for preparing an apparatus for culture comprising: step (a) ofplacing within a concave part of a container an article that can cover apart of a surface of the container and has a certain height; step (b) ofpouring into the concave part a solution that contains culture mediumcomponents and that can be gelatinized; and step (c) of gelatinizing thesolution.
11. The process according to claim 10, wherein the solutionfurther comprises at least one substance to be examined.
12. The processaccording to claim 10, which further comprises step (d) of removing thearticle wherein the step (d) is conducted after the step (c).
13. Theprocess according to claim 10, wherein the container has an electrodethat has been pasted or printed on the surface of the container in theconcave part and in step (a) the article is placed so that it covers atleast a part of the electrode.
14. The process according to claim 10,which further comprises step (e) of (i) holing a part of a layer thathas been made by gelatinizing the solution to form a hole where asurface of the container in the concave part is not bared or (ii)hollowing a part of a layer that has been made by gelatinizing thesolution to form a large hollow which has a volume larger than that of ahollow which is made by removing the article and by which a part of asurface of the container in the concave part is bared, wherein the step(e) is conducted after the step (c).
15. A process for preparing anapparatus for culture comprising: step (A) of making within a concavepart of a container a layer of at least one member (x) selected from thegroup consisting of a gelatinous material, a sponge material, and a meshmaterial, wherein the member (x) holds a solution that contains culturemedium components; and step (B) of hollowing a part of the layer so thata part of a surface of the container in the concave part is bared toform a hollow.
16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the layeris composed of a sponge material and/or a mesh material, and the step(A) comprises impregnating the solution into the sponge material and/orthe mesh material.
17. A process for preparing an apparatus for culturecomprising: step (I) of making within a concave part of a container alayer of at least one member (x) selected from the group consisting of agelatinous material, a sponge material, and a mesh material; step (II)of hollowing a part of the layer so that a part of a surface of thecontainer in the concave part is bared to form a hollow; and step (III)of impregnating a solution that contains culture medium components intothe layer.
18. A process for preparing an apparatus for culturecomprising: step (1) of making a hollow in a layered sponge or meshmaterial; step (2) of placing the layered sponge or mesh material in aconcave part of a container; and step (3) of impregnating a solutionthat contains culture medium components into the layered sponge or meshmaterial.
19. A kit for making an apparatus for culture comprising acontainer having at least one concave part, medium components, asubstance of which aqueous solution can be gelatinized, and (i) at leastone article that can cover a part of a surface of the container in theconcave part and has a certain height or (ii) a tool for hollowing apart of a layered gelatinous material which is made by gelatinizing anaqueous solution of the substance.
20. A flat substrate for culture,which is made of a sponge or mesh material, which has a hollow, andwithin which culture medium components or at least one substance to beexamined are held..
| 23,753
|
4201372_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,942
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,198
| 1,468
|
TUTTLE, District Judge.
Petitioner is an- Arab, being a native of Yemen, located in the southwestern part of the Arabian peninsula. Petitioner was before the court and 'his skin was undisputedly dark brown in color. The issue here presented is whether petitioner is a "white person" within the meaning of the provisions of the Nationality Code enumeratinga the classes of people who are eligible for citizenship in the United States. 8 U.S.C.A. § 703. Affidavits filed by petitioner and one other person state that the extremely dark complexion of petitioner's skin is typical of a majority of the Arabians from the region from which he comes, which fact is attributed to the intense heat and the blazing sun of that area. Petitioner claims that, as has been established by ethnologists, the Arabs are remote descendants of and therefore members of the Caucasian or white race, and that he is therefore eligible for citizenship.
The decisions of the Supreme Court in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204, 43 S.Ct. 338, 67 L.Ed. 616; and Ozawa v. United States, 260 U.S. 178, 43 S.Ct. 65, 67 L.Ed. 199, intetpreting the statute in question, control the result here. In those cases, the court held that the statute imported a racial rather thaii an individual test, the actual color of the skin of the particular individual not being decisive; that the phrase "white person" was generally synonymous with that of a member of the Caucasian race, as popularly understood; and that scientific or ethnological classifications of races were not significant in the application of the act. In the Thind case, the court pointed out that the framers of the statute in employing the term "white persons" had primarily in mind European peoples, who constituted the class from which virtually all of the immigration to this country had come and who readily became assimilated into our civilization. It accordingly-held that the petitioner therein, a high caste Hindu, who claimed to be of Caucasian race from a scientific classification based upon remote ancestry, was not eligible for citizenship. The court indicated serious doubt as to whether any peoples of Asiatic stock could be considered white persons within the meaning of the statute, but left open for future determination the question of whether some Asiatics might be so closely related to Europeans as to be eligible for citizenship.
It appears that the status of an Arabian under the act has not been definitely settled by the courts. The decision of this court in United States v. Ali, 7 F.2d 728, is not precisely in point, because the defendant Ali in that -case at the time he was admitted to citizenship claimed to be a high caste Hindu, but later in the proceedings to cancel his citizenship claimed that although he was a native of India he was an Arabian of Arabian blood from remote ancestry.
Consideration of the question leads to the conclusion that petitioner is not eligible for citizenship in the United States. The court is of the opinion that when one seeking citizenship is in fact clearly not white of skin a strong burden of proof devolves upon him to establish that he is a white person within the meaning of the act. It would appear that petitioner's skin is of somewhat darker complexion than that of many Arabs. However, this court does not rest its decision on that ground, but rather upon the ground that Arabs as a class are not white and therefore not eligible for citizenship. In view of the evident intent of Congress, as interpreted by the Supreme Court in the Thind case, supra, the court should be presented with a convincing case before it holds a person of Asiatic stock to be white. Apart from the dark skin of the Arabs, it is well known that they are a part of the Mohammedan world and that a wide gulf separates their culture from that of the predominately Christian peoples of Europe. It cannot be expected that as a class they would readily intermarry with our population and be assimilated into our civilization. The small amount of immigration of these peoples to the United States is in itself evidence of that fact. Arabia, moreover, is not immediately contiguous to Europe or even to the Mediterranean. It is true that most of the Arabian peninsula (including Yemen) is outside the zone from which Asiatic immigration to this country is excluded, and the Supreme Court in the Thind case pointed out that Congress could not have intended that natives from the excluded zone could become American citizens. However, it does not follow that all those outside the excluded zone are white persons under the act.
To summarize the approach which must be followed in deciding whether a particular person applying for citizenship is a "white person" within the meaning of the statute, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, it is necessary to determine first the particular group or- racial subdivision to which the individual belongs. In practical effect, proof of this fact is a matter of genealogy. An individual who presents an aberration from the color of skin of the group of which he is a m-ember, such as a light-skinned Chinese or Japanese or a dark-skinned Anglo-Saxon, does not thereby acquire a different status under the act from other members of his group. Of course, when an individual applying for - citizenship has a skin of a different color than is usual for the members of the group from which he claims to come, a strong burden of proof then rests upon him to show by the usual methods of proving genealogy that he is in fact a member of that group. After the individual has been traced into his group, the second qestion which the court must answer is whether the members of the group as a whole are white persons as Congress understood the term in 1790 when it first enacted the statute. In deciding this latter question, the test is not how the group in question would be classified by ethnologists who have made a study of racial origins, 'but, rather, what groups of peoples then living in 1790 with characteristics then existing were intended by Congress to' be classified as "white persons". Applying these principles the court finds that petitioner is an Arab and that Arabs are not white persons within the meaning of the act.
It is recognized that in United States v. Cartozian, D.C., 6 F.2d 919, decided subsequent to the Thind case, the District Court held an Armenian from Asia Minor eligible to citizenship as a white person. The court there found, however, that the Armenians are a Christian people living in an area close to the European border, who have intermingled and intermarried with Europeans over a period of centuries. Evidence was also presented in that case of a considerable amount of intermarriage of Armenian immigrants to the United States with other racial strains in our population. These facts serve to distinguish the case of the Armenians from that of the Arabians. This court expresses no opinion as to the eligibility of Armenians for citizenship.
The petition is denied..
| 50,350
|
920814_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 894
| 1,142
|
Parella, J.
This action was tried without a jury. The cause of action is one to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by plaintiff on or about May 4, 1943, when struck by a portion of a ceiling which fell in the bathroom of the apartment occupied by her under a written lease.
Plaintiff testified that oral notice of an alleged out-of-repair, cracked, defective and dangerous condition of the ceiling in said bathroom was given to defendant; that said condition existed and continued for some period of time prior to the time of the alleged accident; that defendant failed to have said condition repaired by reason of which she was caused to sustain injuries and that she herself was free from contributory negligence.
Defendant, however, denies liability especially since oral notice was given instead of written notice, as provided for in the lease. Following is the pertinent provision: " The tenant is to give the landlord notice direct by registered mail and not otherwise of all defects and of all repairs in this apartment." It is conceded that plaintiff did not give written notice to the defendant as required in the lease, .but defendant contends that by reason thereof plaintiff cannot now maintain this action.
I shall first concern myself with the proposition as to whether or not a provision under a lease .providing for written notice of alleged defects is binding upon and enforcible against plaintiff.
Defendant's building and premises constitute a multiple dwelling in' relation to which section 78 of the Multiple Dwelling Law (as amd. by L. 1931, ch. 228) is applicable. It provides: " Every multiple dwelling and every part thereof shall be kept in good repair . The owner of such multiple dwelling shall be responsible for compliance with the provisions of this section." Consequently, the primary duty of keeping the premises in suitable repair rested upon the defendant as the owner thereof. That duty was imposed for the protection, both of tenants and" their visitors. (See Berenson v. Minov Realty Corporation, 22 N. Y. S. 2d 472, affd. 25 N. Y. S. 2d 220; Lewis v. Morewood Realty Corporation, 19 N. Y. S. 2d 203.) However, an action by a tenant against a landlord for personal injuries sustained as a result of a defective condition cannot be maintained unless it is shown that the landlord had actual or constructive notice of the particular defective condition.
Prior to the enactment of section 234 of the Real Property Law, the court in the cases of Hirsch v. Radt (228 N. Y. 100) and Gutman v. Folsom (61 Misc. 304) established the rule that a provision in a written lease, such as the one in question, would relieve the landlord of liability for failure to make repairs unless the tenant gave written notice as provided therein. However, section 234 (a new section added by L. 1937, ch. 907, eff. June 5, 1937) provides: " Every covenant, agreement or understanding in or in connection with or collateral to any lease of real property exempting the lessor from liability for dam ages for injuries to person s caused by or resulting from the negligence of the lessor, his agents, servants or employees, in the operation or maintenance of the demised premises shall be deemed to be void as against public policy and wholly unenforceable. ' ' The constitutionality of the provisions of this section was tested and the court held (in the case of Billie Knitwear, Inc., v. New York Life Ins. Co., 174 Misc. 978, affd. 262 App. Div. 714, affd. 288 N. Y. 682) that this section is valid since it is not an arbitrary and capricious invasion of a lessor's liberty of contract nor is it repugnant to the " due process " and " equal protection " clauses of the Federal and State Constitutions.
There can be no question that this section was enacted to prevent a landlord's circumvention of long-established rules of liability arising out of the relationship of a landlord and tenant. (Katz, Inc., v. East 30th Street Corp., 172 Misc. 873, affd. 259 App. Div. 707.)
Accordingly, a clause in a lease purporting to relieve a landlord of responsibility in case of negligence is void. (Jones v. Railroad Federal Savings and Loan Assn., 264 App. Div. 725; see, also, Mutual Life Ins. Co. of N. Y. v. Winslow, 183 Misc. 754.)
It seems to me and I conclude, upon the authorities above stated, that the provision in the lease requiring written notice is void as against public policy and wholly unenforcible.
I shall now consider the alleged negligence of the defendant in the maintenance of said premises and, more particularly, the ceiling in the bathroom occupied by plaintiff. In this connection, I am satisfied that .the preponderance of the evidence supports the claim of plaintiff concerning the negligence and carelessness of defendant and her own freedom from contributory negligence and, accordingly, I find that she is entitled to recover.
I, therefore, find judgment in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant in the sum of $300.
Counsel having waived findings of fact and conclusions of law, the Clerk may enter judgment accordingly.
All motions upon which decision was reserved and not otherwise hereby disposed of are denied.
Five days' stay of execution of judgment.
Thirty days to make and serve a case..
| 45,376
|
6183519_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,982
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,457
| 6,025
|
Justice White
delivered the opinion of the Court.
Under Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U. S. 424 (1971), a prima facie violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 78 Stat. 253, as amended, 42 U. S. C. §2000e et seq. (1976 ed. and Supp. IV), "may be established by policies or practices that are neutral on their face and in intent but that nonetheless discriminate in effect against a particular group." Teamsters v. United States, 431 U. S. 324, 349 (1977). A seniority system "would seem to fall under the Griggs rationale" if it were not for § 703(h) of the Civil Rights Act. Ibid. That section, as set forth in 42 U. S. C. § 2000e-2(h), provides in pertinent part:
"Notwithstanding any other provision of this sub-chapter, it shall not be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to apply different standards of compensation, or different terms, conditions, or privileges of employment pursuant to a bona fide seniority or merit system, . . . provided that such differences are not the result of an intention to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, nor shall it be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to give and to act upon the results of any professionally developed ability test provided that such test, its administration or action upon the results is not designed, intended or used to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. ."
Under § 703(h), the fact that a seniority system has a discriminatory impact is not alone sufficient to invalidate the system; actual intent to discriminate must be proved. The Court of Appeals in this case, however, held that § 703(h) does not apply to seniority systems adopted after the effective date of the Civil Rights Act. We granted the petition for certiorari to address the validity of this construction of the section. 452 U. S. 937 (1982).
H-I
Petitioner American Tobacco Co. operates two plants m Richmond, Va., one which manufactures cigarettes and one which manufactures pipe tobacco. Each plant is divided into a prefabrication department, which blends and prepares tobacco for further processing, and a fabrication department, which manufactures the final product. Petitioner Bakery, Confectionery & Tobacco Workers' International Union and its affiliate Local 182 are the exclusive collective-bargaining agents for hourly paid production workers at both plants.
It is uncontested that prior to 1963 the company and the union engaged in overt race discrimination. The union maintained two segregated locals, and black employees were assigned to jobs in the lower paying prefabrication departments. Higher paying jobs in the fabrication departments were largely reserved for white employees. An employee could transfer from one of the predominately black prefabrication departments to one of the predominately white fabrication departments only by forfeiting his seniority.
In 1963, under pressure from Government procurement agencies enforcing the antidiscrimination obligations of Government contractors, the company abolished departmental seniority in favor of plantwide seniority and the black union local was merged into the white local. However, promotions were no longer based solely on seniority but rather on seniority plus certain qualifications, and employees lost accumulated seniority in the event of a transfer between plants. Between 1963 and 1968, when this promotions policy was in force, virtually all vacancies in the fabrication departments were filled by white employees due to the discretion vested in supervisors to determine who was qualified.
In November 1968, the company proposed the establishment of nine lines of progression, six of which are at issue in this case. The union accepted and ratified the lines of progression in 1969. Each line of progression generally consisted of two jobs. An employee was not eligible for the top job in the line until he had worked in a bottom job. Four of the six lines of progression at issue here consisted of nearly all-white top jobs from the fabrication departments linked with nearly all-white bottom jobs from the fabrication departments; the other two consisted of all-black top jobs from the prefabrication departments linked with all-black bottom jobs from the prefabrication departments. The top jobs in the white lines of progression were among the best paying jobs in the plants.
On January 3, 1969, respondent Patterson and two other black employees filed charges with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging that petitioners had discriminated against them on the basis of race. The EEOC found reasonable cause to believe that petitioners' seniority, wage, and job classification practices violated Title VII. After conciliation efforts failed, the employees filed a class action in District Court in 1973 charging petitioners with racial discrimination in violation of Title VII and 42 U. S. C. § 1981. Their suit was consolidated for trial with a subsequent Title VII action filed by the EEOC alleging both race and sex discrimination. Following trial, the District Court held that petitioners' seniority, promotion, and job classification practices violated Title VII. The court found that six of the nine lines of progression were not justified by business necessity and "perpetuated past discrimination on the basis of sex and race." App. 32. The court enjoined the company and the union from further use of the six lines of progression. The Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed and remanded for further proceedings with respect to remedy, Patterson v. American Tobacco Co., 535 F. 2d 257 (1976), and we denied a petition for certiorari. 429 U. S. 920 (1976).
On remand petitioners moved to vacate the District Court's 1974 orders and to dismiss the complaints on the basis of this Court's decision in Teamsters v. United States, 431 U. S. 324 (1977), which held that § 703(h) insulates bona fide seniority systems from attack even though they may have discriminatory impact on minorities. The District Court denied the motions, holding that petitioners' seniority system "is not a bona fide system under Teamsters . . . because this system operated right up to the day of trial in a discriminatory manner." App. 110. A divided panel of the Court of Appeals agreed that "Teamsters requires no modification of the relief we approved with regard to . . . lines of progression . . . ," because they were not part of a seniority system within the meaning of § 703(h). 586 F. 2d 300, 303 (1978).
The Court of Appeals reheard the case en banc. It did not decide whether the lines of progression were part of a seniority system. Instead, it held that even if the lines of progression were considered part of a seniority system, "Congress intended the immunity accorded seniority systems by § 703(h) to run only to those systems in existence at the time of Title VIPs effective date, and of course to routine post-Act applications of such systems." 634 F. 2d 744, 749 (1980). We reverse.
II
Petitioners argue that the plain language of § 703(h) applies to post-Act as well as pre-Act seniority systems. The respondent employees claim that the provision "provides a narrow exemption [from the ordinary discriminatory impact test] which was specifically designed to protect bona fide seniority systems which were in existence before the effective date of Title VII." Brief for Respondent Patterson et al. 29. Respondent EEOC supports the judgment below, but urges us to interpret § 703(h) so as to protect the post-Act application of a bona fide seniority system but not the post-Act adoption of a seniority system or an aspect of a seniority system.
As in all cases involving statutory construction, "our starting point must be the language employed by Congress," Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U. S. 330, 337 (1979), and we assume "that the legislative purpose is expressed by the ordinary meaning of the words used." Richards v. United States, 369 U. S. 1, 9 (1962). Thus "[a]bsent a clearly expressed legislative intention to the contrary, that language must ordinarily be regarded as conclusive." Consumer Product Safety Comm'n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U. S. 102, 108 (1980). The plain language of § 703(h) is particularly cogent in light of the circumstances of its drafting. It was part of the Dirksen-Mansfield compromise bill which represented "not merely weeks, but months of labor." 110 Cong.Rec. 11935 (1964) (remarks of Sen. Dirksen). As Senator Dirksen explained: "I doubt very much whether in my whole legislative lifetime any measure has received so much meticulous attention. We have tried to be mindful of every word, of every comma, and of the shading of every phrase." Ibid.
On its face § 703(h) makes no distinction between pre- and post-Act seniority systems, just as it does not distinguish between pre- and post-Act merit systems or pre- and post-Act ability tests. The section does not take the form of a saving clause or a grandfather clause designed to exclude existing practices from the operation of a new rule. Other sections of Title VII enacted by the same Congress contain grandfather clauses, see § 701(b), 78 Stat. 253, as amended, 42 U. S. C. §2000e-(b), a difference which increases our reluctance to transform a provision that we have previously described as "defining what is and what is not an illegal discriminatory practice . . . ," Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., 424 U. S. 747, 761 (1976), from a definitional clause into a grandfather clause.
The EEOC's position, which is urged by Justice Brennan's dissent, is no more supportable. In permitting an employer to "apply" different terms of employment pursuant to a seniority system, § 703(h) does not distinguish between seniority systems adopted before and those adopted after the effective date of the Act. That distinction would require reading § 703(h) as though the reference to a seniority system were followed by the words "adopted prior to the effective date of this section." But the section contains no such limitation. To be cognizable, a claim that a seniority system has a discriminatory impact must be accompanied by proof of a discriminatory purpose.
Furthermore, for the purpose of construing § 703(h), the proposed distinction between application and adoption on its face makes little sense. The adoption of a seniority system which has not been applied would not give rise to a cause of action. A discriminatory effect would arise only when the system is put into operation and the employer "applies" the system. Such application is not infirm under § 703(h) unless it is accompanied by a discriminatory purpose. An adequate remedy for adopting a discriminatory seniority system would very likely include an injunction against the future application of the system and backpay awards for those harmed by its application. Such an injunction, however, would lie only if the requirement of § 703(h) — that such application be intentionally discriminatory — were satisfied.
Under the EEOC's interpretation of the statute, plaintiffs who file a timely challenge to the adoption of a seniority system arguably would prevail in a Title VII action if they could prove that the system would have a discriminatory impact even if it was not purposefully discriminatory. Post, at 86. See Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U. S. 424 (1971). On the other hand, employees who seek redress under Title VII more than 180 days after the adoption of a seniority system — for example, all persons whose employment begins more than 180 days after an employer adopts a seniority system — would have to prove the system was intentionally discriminatory. Yet employees who prevailed by showing that a bona fide seniority system had a discriminatory impact although not adopted with discriminatory intent would not be entitled to an injunction forbidding the application of the system: § 703(h) plainly allows the application of such a seniority system.
A further result of the EEOC's theory would be to discourage unions and employers from modifying pre-Act seniority systems or post-Act systems whose adoption was not timely challenged. Any modification, if timely challenged, would be subject to the Griggs standard — even if it benefited persons covered by Title VII — thereby creating an incentive to retain existing systems which enjoy the protection of § 703(h).
Statutes should be interpreted to avoid untenable distinctions and unreasonable results whenever possible. The EEOC's reading of § 703(h) would make it illegal to adopt, and in practice to apply, seniority systems that fall within the class of systems protected by the provision. We must, therefore, reject such a reading.
Ill
Although the plain language of § 703(h) makes no distinction between pre-Act and post-Act seniority systems, the court below found support for its distinction between the two in the legislative history. Such an intepretation misreads the legislative history.
We have not been informed of and have not found a single statement anywhere in the legislative history saying that § 703(h) does not protect seniority systems adopted or modified after the effective date of Title VII. Nor does the legislative history reveal that Congress intended to distinguish between adoption and application of a bona fide seniority system. The most which can be said for the legislative history of § 703(h) is that it is inconclusive with respect to the issue presented in this case.
As we have previously described, see Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., 424 U. S., at 759-761, the initial bill passed by the House of Representatives on February 10, 1964, did not contain § 703(h) and neither the bill nor the majority Judiciary Committee Report even mentioned seniority. However, the House Minority Report warned that the bill, if enacted, would destroy seniority. H. R. Rep. No. 914, 88th Cong., 1st Sess., 64-65 (1963). Following a 17-day debate over whether the bill should be referred to committee, the Senate voted to reject the motion to refer it to committee and began to formally consider the merits of the bill on March 30, 1964. Meanwhile, a bipartisan group led by Senators Dirksen, Mansfield, Humphrey, and Kuchel worked to reach agreement on amendments to the House bill which would ensure its passage. Vaas, Title VII: Legislative History, 7 B. C. Ind. & Com. L. Rev. 431, 445 (1966). The Mansfield-Dirksen compromise, which contained § 703(h), was introduced on the Senate floor in the form of a substitute bill on May 26, 1964. Prior to the introduction of the Mansfield-Dirksen substitute, supporters of the House bill responded to charges that it would destroy existing seniority rights. On April 8, 1964, Senator Clark made a speech in which he stated that "it is clear that the bill would not affect seniority at all." 110 Cong. Rec. 7207 (1964). In support of his conclusion, he inserted three documents into the Congressional Record which this Court has characterized as "authoritative indicators" of the purpose of § 703(h), Teamsters v. United States, 431 U. S., at 352, and which the court below relied upon for its conclusion that post-Act seniority systems were not intended to be protected by § 703(h). See 634 F. 2d, at 749-750, n. 5.
The first document was a Justice Department memorandum which stated, in part, that "Title VII would have no effect on seniority rights existing at the time it takes effect." The second document was an interpretive memorandum which had been prepared by Senator Clark and Senator Case, and it also said Title VII would "have no effect on established seniority rights." Senator Clark also introduced written answers to questions propounded by Senator Dirksen which included the statement, "Seniority rights are in no way affected by the bill."
On the basis of the statements that Title VII would not affect "existing" and "established" seniority rights, respondents infer that Title VII would affect seniority rights which were not "established" or "existing" when the Act became ef fective. Such an inference is unjustified. While the materials which Senator Clark inserted into the Congressional Record did speak in terms of Title VII not affecting "vested," "existing," or "established" seniority rights, they did so because they were responding to a specific charge made by the bill's opponents, namely, that the bill would destroy existing seniority rights. Had Senator Clark intended that the bill not protect post-Act seniority systems, it is highly unlikely he would have stated on the floor of the Senate that "the bill would not affect seniority at all," 110 Cong. Rec. 7207 (1964), or introduced a written response to a question posed by Senator Dirksen which said:
"Seniority rights are in no way affected by the bill. If under a 'last hired, first fired' agreement a Negro happens to be the "last hired,' he can still be 'first fired' so long as it is done because of his status as 'last hired' and not because of his race." Id., at 7217.
Respondents' argument also ignores numerous other references to seniority by proponents of Title VII which were couched in terms of "seniority" rather than "existing seniority rights." See, e. g., id., at 5423 (remarks of Sen. Humphrey); id., at 6564 (remarks of Sen. Kuchel); id., at 6565-6566 (memorandum prepared by House Republican sponsors); id., at 11768 (remarks of Sen. McGovern). In addition, the few references to seniority after § 703(h) was added to the bill are to the effect that "the Senate substitute bill expressly protects valid seniority systems." Id., at 14329 (letter from Sen. Dirksen to Sen. Williams). See also id., at 14331 (remarks of Sen. Williams).
Going behind the plain language of a statute in search of a possibly contrary congressional intent is "a step to be taken cautiously" even under the best of circumstances. Piper v. Chris-Craft Industries, Inc., 430 U. S. 1, 26 (1977). "[I]n light of its unusual legislative history and the absence of the usual legislative materials," Franks v. Bowman Construction Co., 424 U. S., at 761, we would in any event hesitate to give dispositive weight to the legislative history of § 703(h). More importantly, however, the history of § 703(h) does not support the far-reaching limitation on the terms of § 703(h) announced by the court below and urged by respondents. The fragments of legislative history cited by respondents, regardless of how liberally they are construed, do not amount to a clearly expressed legislative intent contrary to the plain language of the statute. Consumer Product Safety Comm'n v. GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U. S., at 108.
> ) — I
Our prior decisions have emphasized that "seniority systems are afforded special treatment under Title VII itself," Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison, 432 U. S. 63, 81 (1977), and have refused to narrow § 703(h) by reading into it limitations not contained in the statutory language. In Teamsters v. United States, supra, we held that § 703(h) exempts from Title VII the disparate impact of a bona fide seniority system even if the differential treatment is the result of pre-Act racially discriminatory employment practices. Similarly, by holding that "[a] discriminatory act which is not made the basis for a timely charge is the legal equivalent of a discriminatory act which occurred before the statute was passed," United Air Lines, Inc. v. Evans, 431 U. S. 553, 558 (1977), the Court interpreted § 703(h) to immunize seniority systems which perpetuate post-Act discrimination. Thus taken together, Teamsters and Evans stand for the proposition stated in Teamsters that "[s]ection 703(h) on its face immunizes all bona fide seniority systems, and does not distin guish between the perpetuation of pre- and post-Act" discriminatory impact. Teamsters, 431 U. S., at 348, n. 30 (emphasis added). Section 703(h) makes no distinction between seniority systems adopted before its effective date and those adopted after its effective date. Consistent with our prior decisions, we decline respondents' invitation to read such a distinction into the statute.
Seniority provisions are of "overriding importance" in collective bargaining, Humphrey v. Moore, 375 U. S. 335, 346 (1964), and they "are universally included in these contracts." Trans World, Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison, supra, at 79. See also Aaron, Reflections on the Legal Nature and Enforceability of Seniority Rights, 75 Harv. L. Rev. 1532, 1534 (1962). The collective-bargaining process "lies at the core of our national labor policy . . . ." Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Hardison, supra, at 79. See, e. g., 29 U. S. C. § 151. Congress was well aware in 1964 that the overall purpose of Title VII, to eliminate discrimination in employment, inevitably would, on occasion, conflict with the policy favoring minimal supervision by courts and other governmental agencies over the substantive terms of collective-bargaining agreements. California Brewers Assn. v. Bryant, 444 U. S. 598, 608 (1980). Section 703(h) represents the balance Congress struck between the two policies, and it is not this Court's function to upset that balance.
Because a construction of § 703(h) limiting its application to seniority systems in place prior to the effective date of the statute would be contrary to its plain language, inconsistent with our prior cases, and would run counter to the national labor policy, we vacate the judgment below and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
. Title VII became effective July 2, 1965, one year after its enactment.
The en banc court remanded the case to the District Court for additional proceedings to determine whether the plantwide seniority system in effect since 1963 is a bona fide seniority system within the contemplation of § 703(h). See 634 F. 2d, at 750. This issue is not before the Court.
Prior to 1972, Title VII generally required charges to be filed within 90 days of an alleged discriminatory practice. Section 706(e), 78 Stat. 260, was amended in 1972. It now requires aggrieved persons to file a charge "within one hundred and eighty days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred . . . ." 42 U. S. C. §2000e-5(e).
The facts of this case give rise to just such an anomaly under the EEOC theory. The respondent employees filed race discrimination charges within 90 days of the adoption of the lines of progression but sex discrimination charges were filed more than 90 days after the adoption. Under the EEOC theory, the lines of progression would be analyzed under two different tests: the Griggs impact test and the § 703(h) intentional discrimination test.
"Significant freedom must be afforded employers and unions to create differing seniority systems." California Brewers Assn. v. Bryant, 444 U. S. 598, 608 (1980). Respondents' interpretation of § 703(h) would impinge on that freedom by discouraging modification of existing seniority systems or adoption of new systems.
Justice Brennan's dissent admits that the legislative history "does not contain any explicit reference to the distinction between adoption and application." Post, at 83. Nor is there explicit basis for the proposition that § 703(h) applies only to those plans "adopted" prior to the effective date of the Act. It is nevertheless claimed that the legislative history supports reading this distinction into the statute. Post, at 83, n. 8. Had Congress intended so fundamental a distinction, it would have expressed that intent clearly in the statutory language or the legislative history. It did not do so, however, and it is not this Court's function "to sit as a super-legislature," Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U. S. 479, 482 (1965), and create statutory distinctions where none were intended.
H. R. 7152, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963).
H. R. Rep. No. 914, 88th Cong., 1st Sess. (1963).
110 Cong. Rec. 11926 (1964).
For examples of charges that the bill would destroy existing seniority rights see, e. g., H. R. Rep. No. 914, supra, at 64-66 (Minority Report); 110 Cong. Rec. 486-489 (1964) (remarks of Sen. Hill); id., at 11471 (remarks of Sen. Javits discussing charges made by Governor Wallace).
Senator Humphrey, one of the drafters of the Mansfield-Dirksen substitute, explained that § 703(h) did not alter the meaning of Title VII but "merely clarifie[d] its present intent and effect." Id., at 12723. Therefore statements made prior to the introduction of § 703(h) by proponents of Title VII are evidence of the meaning of § 703(h).
Id., at 7207. The full text of the statement with respect to seniority may be found in Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., 424 U. S. 747, 760, n. 16 (1976).
110 Cong. Rec. 7213 (1964). The full text of the statement with respect to seniority may be found in Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., supra, at 759, n. 15.
110 Cong. Rec. 7217 (1964). The questions and answers with respect to seniority may be found in Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., supra, at 760-761, n. 16.
Strictly speaking, Senator Clark's statement that Title VII would not affect seniority is incorrect. Title VII does affect seniority rights, for Franks v. Bowman Transportation Co., supra, allows awards of retroactive seniority to victims of unlawful discrimination. However, Senator Clark's technical error does not alter our conclusion that he and other key proponents of the bill intended that it have minimal impact on seniority systems.
Nowhere in Teamsters v. United States does the Court indicate when the seniority system at issue there was adopted, and examination of the record illustrates the difficulty of fixing an adoption date. Article V of the National Motor Freight Agreement of 1964 contains a seniority provision subject to modification by area agreements and local union riders. See Brief for Petitioner Teamsters, O. T. 1976, No. 75-636, pp. 24-25. However, National Motor Freight Agreements are of 3-year duration, and the 1970 Agreement was in effect when the complaint was filed. If a seniority system ceases to exist when the collective-bargaining agreement which creates it lapses, then the seniority system in Teamsters was adopted post-Title VII. On the other hand, if in practice the seniority system was continuously in effect from 1964, it can be argued that its adoption predates Title VII. However, Teamsters places no importance on the date the seniority system was adopted, and we follow Teamsters by refusing to distinguish among seniority systems based on date of adoption. Given the difficulty of determining when one seniority system ends and another begins and the lack of legislative guidance, we think it highly unlikely Congress intended for courts to distinguish between pre-Act and post-Act seniority systems.
Justice Brennan's dissent makes no mention of the importance which Congress and this Court have accorded to seniority systems and collective bargaining. It reads the legislative history as showing that Congress' basic purpose in enacting § 703(h) was to protect employee expectations. Post, at 81-84. In doing so, it ignores the policy favoring minimal governmental intervention in collective bargaining.
All parties agree that on remand the court should decide whether the lines of progression are part of a seniority system, and if so, whether they are bona fide within the meaning of § 703(h). We decline to reach those issues because, as the court below noted, their resolution requires additional factual development. See 634 F. 2d, at 749, n. 3..
| 2,239
|
s_G_TBTN13_USA858A2_1
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 204
| 378
|
G/TBT/N/USA/858/Add.2
31 de julio de 2015
(15-3974) Página: 1/1
Comité de Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio Original: inglés
NOTIFICACIÓN
Addendum
La siguiente comunicación, de fecha 30 de julio de 2015, se distribuye a petición de la delegación
de los Estados Unidos de América.
_______________
TÍTULO: Programa de ahorro de energía - Normas de eficiencia energética aplicables a equipos comerciales de refrigeración
ORGANISMO: Oficina de Eficiencia Energética y Energía Renovable del Departamento de Energía MEDIDA: Publicación de una determinación
RESUMEN: La Ley de Política Energética y Ahorro de Energía de 1975 (EPCA) establece, en su
versión modificada, que el Departamento de Justicia (DOJ) de los Estados Unidos deberá
determinar las repercusiones, en su caso, de una propuesta de norma de ahorro de energía del Departamento de Energía (DOE) de los Estados Unidos, en el sentido de inhibición de
competencia. Se establece además que el DOE publicará la determinación en el Federal Register.
El DOE publicó una norma definitiva de eficiencia energética para aparatos de refrigeración comerciales el 28 de marzo de 2014, y ahora publica la determinación del DOJ de 25 de noviembre de 2013 respecto del proyecto de norma correspondiente.
FECHAS: la determinación del DOJ fue publicada el 25 de noviembre de 2013. https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2015/TBT/USA/15_3003_00_e.pdf
__________.
| 11,608
|
3298658_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,914
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 784
| 1,073
|
PUTNAM, J.
A nonresident creditor coming to New York to attend a creditors' meeting in bankruptcy before a register, under the act of 1874 (chapter 390, 18. Stat. 178), is exempt from civil process. Matthews v. Tufts, 87 N. Y. 568. Hearings in bankruptcy before referees under the present act of 1898 are judicial, so as to protect an attending creditor from being subjected to the service of process. Morrow v. U. H. Dudley & Co. (D. C.) 144 Fed. 441. The bankrupt himself, attending a hearing before the re'feree as a party or a witness, is privileged from arrest and from service of state court' process, Goldsmith v. Haskell, 120 App. Div. 403, 105 N. Y. Supp. 327. In Netograph Mfg. Co. v. Scrugham, 197 N. Y. 377, 382, 90 N. E. 962, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 333, 134 Am. St. Rep. 886, a citizen of Ohio, who had been arrested in this state and admitted to bail, and had then returned home, but afterwards came herd to attend the trial of an indictment against him, was regarded as in this jurisdiction "constructively in the custody of the law," and therefore not privileged from service.
The defendants here were, respectively, president and vice president of a local corporation which had been adjudicated bankrupt by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, with an order of reference to one of the referees in bankruptcy. Both defendants resided in Hagerstown, Md. The moving papers do not disclose the form of this order of reference. But the General Orders, with the General Forms, in bankruptcy, having been adopted and promulgated by the United States Supreme Court, in pursuance of section 30 of the Bankrupt Act (Act July 1, 1898, c. 541, 30 Stat. 554 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 3434]), have the force of law (Collier on Bankruptcy [9th Ed.] p. 572), and are therefore to be judicially noticed (Caha v. United States, 152 U. S. 211, 14 Sup. Ct. 513, 38 L. Ed. 415; Chamberlayne on Evidence, § 652).
General Form 14 prescribes the wording of the order of reference, which directs the bankrupt to attend before the referee at the first meeting. Collier, p. 1120. It is not shown that any subpoena to attend had been served upon either of the defendants, or upon any of the corporate officials. The officers of such a corporation represent it, and may be required to submit to examination at this first meeting. Collier on Bankruptcy, 453. While the officials of a bankrupt corporation are under a duty to attend the creditors' meeting, so that if the president or vice president 'remained absent they might perhaps be put to inconvenience, any compulsion by contempt proceedings seems to require that such an officer should be regularly served with a subpoena, and paid his witness fees, including mileage. Bankrupt Act, § 7. The affidavit of Mr. Thomas Pangborn shows that he had been examined as a witness before the referee, and that on this adjourned day of the first meeting, while both defendants were still in the office of the referee in bankruptcy, they were served with the summons in this action.
As these appellants came before the referee although not personally named in the order of reference, and without subpoena, their attendance must be deemed voluntary. They were in no respect in the cus tody of the law, like a person extradited, or one arrested and released on bail. The order of reference notified them to appear, but it was no more compulsory in effect than a notice of taking depositions before a notary public, under Rev. St. U. S. § 863 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 661). A nonresident litigant induced to come within this state to attend the taking of such a deposition is privileged from service of process. This exemption is not simply personal, but, as declared by Maynard, J., is "the privilege of the court, and is deemed necessary for the maintenance of its authority and dignity and in order to promote the due and efficient administration of justice." Parker v. Marco, 136 N. Y. 585, 589, 32 N. E. 989 (20 L. R. A. 45, 32 Am. St. Rep. 770).
Public policy and comity towards the federal courts charged with the administration of the Bankrupt Law require that the parties litigant, as well as witnesses, who come to participate in the bankruptcy meetings and hearings before referees, should be free from interference by service of process from the state courts.
The order appealed from should be reversed, with $10 costs and disbursements, and the motion to vacate the service granted, with $10 costs. All concur..
| 32,530
|
US-51751921-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,921
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 1,244
| 1,583
|
Drive wheel for beaters
Dec, 9, 1924.
G. WESSELL DRIVE WHEEL FOR BEATERS Original Filed Aug. 18. 1921 Patented Dec. 9, 1924.
UNITED STATES 1,518,285 PATENT* OFFICE.
GEQRGE wEssELL, oEERooigLrn, NEW YORK.
DEIVE WHEEL ron EEA'rERs Original appdication iled August 18, 1921, Serial No; 493,382.` Divided and this application November 25, 1921.
To all 'whom it mayv concern Be it known that I, GEORGE VEssELL, a citizen of the United States,l and residingat Brooklyn, in the county of KingsV and Stat-e, of New York, have invented' certain new and useful Improvements in Drive Wheels,l for Beaters, ofl which the following is a speciication, such as will enable those skilled in the art to which it appertains tov make and use the same.
This invention relates to heaters and particularly to what are known as egg beaters, and the obj ect of the invention is t0. provide a drive wheel for devices of this class. which is of suc-h construction as to permit of the free and positive operation of the device at all tim-es, and which will eliminate the jamming or binding of such wheels with the beaters now commonly employed; and with this and other objects in view the invention consists in a drive wheel of the class and for the purpose specified which is simple in construction, efficient in use and which is constructed as hereinafter described and claimed. y
The invention shown and described herein is a division of application No. 493,382, filed by me August. 18, 1921 and is fully disclosed in the following specification, of which the accompanying drawing forms a part, in lwhich the separate parts of my improvement are designated by suitable reference characters in each of the views, and in which Fig. 1 is a sectional side View of the upper end portion of.l a beater showing my improved drive wheel mounted therein;
Fig. 2 a partial section on the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 a face view of my improved drive wheel detached; and,
Fig. 4 Ian edge view thereof.
For the purpose of illustrating one use of my improvement, I have shown in Fig. 1 of the drawing the upper end portion of a beater 5 of any kind or class and at 6 is shown the upper frame structure of the beater in which my improved drive wheel 7 is mounted, andV in said figure I have indi-cated at 8 the upper end portion of the lower end structure in which the beater blades '9 are mounted, and secured to said beater blades are pinions 10 the addendum circles of which are tangent and said pinions mesh with the drive wheel 7.
led serial No. 517,519. Y
The drive wheel 7 is preferably composed of sheet metal and provided centrally with oppositely directed sleeve bearingsv 11 throughwhich the shank of a crank handle 12; is adapted to pass and secured toi. said wheel whereby the rotation of said crank handle will correspondingly rotate the drive wheel 7.
The distinctive feature of the invention, or of the drive wheel 7 is in the formation of the teeth or projections thereof and in accomplishing this result the periphery portion of the drive wheel 7 is pressed laterally and alternately in opposite direc-tions to form recesses 13. and 14 on the opposite side faces of the wheel, and said recesses also form correspond-ingprojecting members or teeth 15 and 16 on the opposite faces; of the,` wheel. VIt will be noted that the teeth or projections 15 and 16 as well as the recesses 13 and 14 taper inwardly and radially of the wheel and are also arranged at an angle to the plane of the wheel or taper inwardly at right angles to the axis of the wheel as clearly shown in Fig. 1 of the drawing, whereby in the operation of said wheel in connection with the pinions 10 or the teeth of said pinion, as clearly illust-rated in Figs. 1 and 2 ofl t-he drawing, said pinions are capable of radial movement upon the drive wheel 7 whereby they may adjust themselves to predetern'iined positions on the tapered projecting members or teeth 15 and 16 of said wheel thus limiting any possible jamming of the drive wheel in or upon the pinions 10, or the pinions upon said drive wheel. Another distinctive feature of the invention resides in the fact that the teeth of the pinions 10 or the addendum circles thereof are tangent and the drive wheel passes therebetween and meshes therewith thus producing a strong and durable drive mechanism for beaters of the class specified.
Heretofore it has been customary to provide a straight face on drive wheels of the class under consideration, or a face in common alinement with the plane of the wheel in connection with which the pinions operate and the result of this construction is that if the drive wheel and pinions are properly fitted they have a tendency to jam, and if a loose fit is provided in order to avoid jamming the drive wheel has a tendency to slip by either one of the pinions in the operation thus destroying the utility of the device, and itis theprineipal object of my invention to avoid the above objections and to provide a gear construction for beaters of the class under consideration which may be properly fitted and in which the drive pinions will automatically adjust themselves to a freely operative position on the tapered teeth ort-projections 15 and 16 of the drive Wheel;
It will be understoodthat while I have shown a speciiic form of beater for illustrating one use of my improvement, I am not necessarily limited tothe beater con struction `herein shown and described, and various" other changes in and modifications of the invention may be made, Within the scope of the appended claims, without departing from the spirit of my invention or sacrificing its advantages.
`Having fully described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Lettersk Patent is 1 1. 'A `drive wheel for beaters of the class described, Vsaid beater `employing two drive pinions, the addendum circles of said pinions being tangent, said drive wheel being provided on the opposite facesthereof and at the periphery portion thereof with tapered semi-conical teeth or projections ranging radially and in the plane of said wheel and tapered from the periphery of said wheel inwardly, and the periphery portion of said Wheel being adapted to be positioned and operating between the teeth of said ainions.
2. A drive wheel for beaters, sai beater employing pinions the addendum circles of which are tangent, said wheel being provided on the opposite faces thereof With projecting radially tapered teeth and the taper of said teeth being continuous from the periphery of said Wheel inwardly, and the teeth of said wheel being positioned between the teeth of said pinions whereby the rotation of said Wheel will correspondingly rotate said pinions.
3. The combination with a beater employing pinions, t-he addendum circles of which are tangent, of a drive wheel, the periphery portion oi' which is provided on opposite faces with grooves and corresponding teeth substantially semi-circular in form in cross section, and the teeth of said pinions being' adapted to enter the grooves on the opposite faces of said drive wheel.
In testimony that I claim the foregoing as my invention I have signed my name this 22nd day of November 1921.
GEORGE VVESSELL.
| 26,217
|
US-38854353-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,953
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,329
| 9,143
|
Powder-filling machine
*lkml Oct. 28,- 1958 E. A. WAHL POWDER-FILLING MACHINE Filed Oct. 27, 1955 10 Sheets-Sheet 1 Oct. Z8, 1958 E. A. WAHL POWDER-FILLING MACHINE l0 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed oct.V 27. 1955 Oct. 28, 1958 l A; WAHL 2,857,938
l POWDER-FILLING MACHINE Filed oct. 27. 195s. 1o Sheets-sheet s Oct. 28, 1958 E. A. WAHL 2,857,938
POWDER-FILLING MACHINE l Filed Oct. 27. 1953 10 Sheets-Sheet 4 v 22 55 Zzg wf oct. 28,1958
E. A. WAHL POWDER-FILLING MACHINE 10 Shee's-Sheet 5 Filed Oct. 27. 1953 Oct. 28, 1958 Filed Oct. 27, 1953 E. A. WAHL 2,857,938`
POWDER-FILLING MACHINE 10 Sheets-Sheet 6 Oct. 28, 1958 W E. A. WAHL 2,857,938
' POWDER-FILLING MACHINE Filed Oct. 27, 1953 10 Sheets-Sheet 7 mail!! @gene fig oct. 28, 1958 E, A, WAHL 2,857,938
POWDER-FILLING MACHINE Filed oet. 27, 1953 1o sheets-sheet Oct. 28, 1958 E. A. WAHL POWDER-FILLING MACHINE 1o sheetS-sheet 9 Filed Oct. 27, 1953 E. A. WAHL POWDER-FILLING MACHINE Oct. 28, 1958 10 Sheets-Sheet 10 Filed Oct. 27, 1953 New United States Parent O 2,857,938 POWDER-FILLING MACHINE Eugene A. Wahl, Glen Ridge, N. J.
Application October 27, 1953, Serial No. 388,543 17 Claims. (Cl. 141-71) This invention relates to a bottle-filling machine and more particularly to a novel machine for automatically filling bottles with a measured amount of powder at a relativelyhigh rate of speed and accuracy.
Various automatic powder filling machines have been provided heretofore. However, such prior machines are of complex construction, operate unreliably and at a relatively slow speed and the amount of powder fed into a plurality of bottles varies considerably. Further, such machines are not adapted to the filling of powders of widely different ow characteristics, i. e. free ilowing granular dry powder, and sticky amorphous powder. They are also not readily adjusted to compensate for the greatly varying densities found in powders of even the same composition; nor is the adjustment for changing the measured amount easily accomplished. Still further,
and importantly from a practical standpoint, the prior machines are not readily converted for operation with bottles of a different size and are not capable of convenient dismantling and reassembly, by unskilled help, for purposes of periodic sterilization as is required particularly in the pharmaceutical eld.
The majority of machines heretofore employed for powder-filling include a rotating auger, the rate of powder movement being controlled by the auger speed. In such arrangement, a sticky powder Will adhere to the auger thereby variably reducing the quantity of powder fed into the bottle. n the other hand, free-flowing, granular powder tends to over-run the auger when the latter is disposed in the customary, vertical position. Other machines involve the use of differential air pressure wherein the powder is drawn into a measuring chamber having a screen bottom. In these machines the screens become progressively clogged thereby resulting in serious volume variations. Further, the latter type machines are not adjustable over a wide operating range and are of a comproducing means that supports a hopper and a plurality Simple valve meansof associated measuring chambers. alternately control the supply of powder from the hopper to the measuring chambers and the discharge of the powder from the measuring chambers into a plurality of bottles positioned therebelow. Automatic timing means are provided to control the vibration of the hopper and measuring chambers, the operation of the valve means, and the movement of the bottles to and from the filling stations. The timing means assures a predetermined vibration period whereby the powder in the measuring chambers is compacted to the same degree for eachbottlelling cycle thereby assuring a uniform quantity ofu Various adjustment means arej powder in each bottle.
"ice
provided whereby the machine may readily be conditioned for operation with bottles of another size and for changing the volume of the measuring chambers to increase or decrease the amount of powder fed into a given series of bottles. Additionally, my machine is of simple, rugged construction and those parts which must be sterilized periodically, as for example, each day in the pharmaceutical industry, are adapted for easy dismantling and reassembly. i
An object of this invention is the provision of an automatic powder-filling machine of simple, straight forward design, rugged construction, of positive, high operating speed and one having a degree of operating precision exceeding that available in prior machines of this class.
An object of this invention is the provision of an automatic machine for filling bottles with powder and comprising a storage hopper for the powder, an adjustable measuring chamber communicating with the hopper, a slide valve member controlling the discharge of powder from the hopper into the measuring chamber, Valve means controlling the discharge of powder from the measuring chamber into a bottle, electro-magnetic means to vibrate the hopper and measuring chamber and means controlling the operation of the electro-magnetic means and the alternate operation `of the slide valve and valve means.
An object of this invention is the provision of an automatic machine for iilling bottles with powder and comprising a hopper, a plurality of measuring chambers having a predetermined volume, means to feed powder from the hopper to the measuring chambers in a manner such that the powder is always -compacted to a constant degree, means to feed a plurality of bottles into bottle-lling association with the measuring chambers, means controlling the discharge of thepowder from the measuring chambers into the bottles and automatic means to remove the j illed bottles.
`An `object of this invention is the provision of an automatic machine for lling bottles with powder comprising means effective to open and close the hopper with respect to the chamber, means to feed a bottle into bottle-lling registry with a discharge opening in the chamber, means controlling the discharge of powder from the chamber into the bottle, means to move the lled bottle out of registry with the discharge opening in the chamber, mechanical-vibration-producing means, and means securing the hopper and chamber to the vibration-producing means, the ow of powder from the hopper into the measuring chamber and from the measuring chamber into the bottle being efrected by the mechanical vibrations imparted to the hopper and chamber by the said vibration-producing means.
An object of this invention is the provision of an automatic powder-lling machine comprising a housing, a conveyor belt carried by the housing, means for setting a plurality of bottles in upright, spaced position on the conveyor belt, a super-structure disposed over and carried by the housing, a powder-storage ihopper carried by the super-structure, a plurality of measuring charnbers `of predetermined and variable volume disposed under the hopper and communicating therewith, each measuring chamber having a discharge iopening alined with' a bottle, a slide valve operable to close-oif the hopper` from the measuring chambers, gate means operable to close ot the discharge openings of the measuring chambers, electro-magnetic means for vibrating the superstructure, means for energizing the electro-magnetic means for a predetermined period of time, cyclic control means for alternately operating the slide valve and gate means, and means for imparting movement to the belt after the powder is discharged from the measuring chambers.
An object of this invention is the provision of an automatic powder-filling machine comprising a housing supporting a conveyor belt, an electro-magnetic vibrator supported by thehousing, a super-structure' supported by the vibrator, a storage hopper for powder carried by the super-structure and including an inclined base, a plurality of measuring chambers of predetermined volume carried by the super-structure and communicating with the hopper,-said chambers having individual discharge openings, a slide plate slidable along an'inclined base of the hopper and eifective to open and close the measuring chambers with respect to the hopper, fluid-pressure operated means carried by thesuper-structure and controlling the position of the said slide plate, a second fluidpressure operated'means carried by the super-structure and adapted to raise for lower the measuring chambers with respect to the hopper, means effective when the measuring chambers arein'the raised position to closeoi the discharge openings thereof, means for positioning a plurality of bottles on the belt each bottle having its open end alined with a discharge opening of one of the measuring chambers, means eifective when the measuring chambers are in the lowered position to discharge powder from the measuring cham-bers into the bottles, means for energizing the electro-magnetic means at least during that portion of the machine-operating cycle when powder is discharged into and out yof the measuring chambers, and means to impart movement to the belt after the powder is discharged from the measuring chambers.
An object of this inventionv is the provision of apparatus for useV on automatic powder-filling machines, said apparatus comprising a rigid member supported by mechanical vibration-producing means, a'hopper carried by the rigid member and providedwith an opening communicating with a measuring chamber having a discharge opening, closure means for closing and opening the saidopening in the hopper, means for raising and lowering the lower part of the measuring chamber, means effective when the said lower part of the chamber is raised to close the discharge opening thereof and effective when such part of the chamber is lowered to open the discharge opening' thereof, and means `controlling said closure means so that the hopper opening is open and closed when the measurin'g'cha'mberis 4in the raised and lowered positions, respectively.
These and other objects'and advantages will become apparent from the following description when taken with the accompanying -drawings illustrating the construction and operating principles of my automatic powder-filling machine. It will be understood the drawings are for purposes of illustration and are not to be construed as dening the scope or limits of the invention, reference being had for the latter purpose to the appended claims.
Reference is now made to Figure 1 showing the base member 10, forming a substantially closed housing for the lower portion of the machine, and the super-structure 11 supported on the base by a vibration-producing device 12. It is here pointed out that the super-structure is secured rigidly to the vibration-producing member by a plate 13 and suitable bolts and nuts as shown. The vibration-producing member, which includes an electrical solenoid 14 and an armature 15, is secured to a mounting plate `16 by vibration mountings 17. The mounting plate 16 is, in turn, secured to the base member by cooperating bolts and nuts 18 and 19 from which it will be apparent that the entire super-structure may be raised and lowered with respect to the base member by a suitable adjustment of the nuts 19. As will become more apparent hereinbelow such vertical adjustment of the super-structure with respect to the base member alters the spacing between the funnel 20 and the bottle 21 that is shown disposed under the lfunnel in the bottle-lilling position. A plurality of bottles are spaced along the conveyor belt 22 and in registry with the corresponding funnels, said conveyor belt being driven by a motor 23 coupled to the belt pulley by a chain drive 24. In operation, the bottles arev stationary during the bottle lling operation and thereafter are automatically moved out of range' of the funnels to, say, a bottle capping machine, the time of such bottle movement'being controlled bya timing cam as will be described in detail hereinbelow.
A more detailed description of the yarrangement for feeding the bottles on to the `conveyor belt will be described with specific reference to Figures 4 and 5. For the moment suice to say that the horizontal extension or ledge 25, forming a portion of the base member, supports a suitable rack that extends along the length of the machine. Such rack is provided with a series of compartments corresponding to the number of funnels and the `operator places a bottle into each such compartment. Having so lled the rack compartments with bottles the operator then slides the rack toward the funnels whereby the bottles are transferred on to the conveyor belt. A suitable bumper rail, or stop, 26, preferably made of somewhat resilient material, defines the limit of movement of the bottles when the rack is moved forward and when the rack is withdrawn to its initial position the bottles remain on the conveyor belt, each bottle ready to receive powder discharged from the associated funnel.
` The super-structure includes a storage hopper 30 having an inclined base 31 and provided with windows 32 through which the level of the contained powder 33 may be ascertained without removing the hopper cover 34. The super-structure also includes a plurality of measuring chambers adapted for communication with the hopper, each chamber carrying a funnel such as the funnel 20 visible in Figure l; the specic construction of such measuring chambers being illustrated in Figure 6 to be described in detail hereinbelow. The side walls of the hopper support a pair of air cylinders such as the cylinder 35 visible in Figure l. These cylinders have pistons connected to a crossbar 36 whereby said crossbar is moved to one of two positions in response to air pressure fed to the cylinders through suitable connecting hoses 37. The air cylinders are of the conventional two-way type whereby air pressure admitted into one of the hoses will force the crossbar outwardly relative to the hopper and air pressure admitted into `the other hose will move the crossbar inwardly relative to the hopper. Such movement of the crossbar controls the position of a slide plate 40 that serves as the means for closing and opening the hopper with respect to the measuring chambers, as will be described in detail hereinbelow with specific reference to Figure 6. Mounted on the vertical frame 41 of the super-structure are another pair of air cylinders, such as the cylinder 42 visible in Figure 1, and which cylinders have pistons connected to another crossbar 43. This cross bar, which extends along the entire front of the super-structure, is solid and of generally rectangular cross section throughout substantially its entire length; the ends of the cross bar being channeled (see Figure 17) to facilitate attachment of the cross bar to the pistons of the air cylinders. These cylinders are likewise of the two-way type and control the lowering and raising of the crossbar 43 at the proper point in the operating cycle of the machine. The raising and lowering of the crossbar 43 controls the discharge of the powder from the measuring chamber through the funnels and into the bottles as will be described in detail hereinbelow with reference to Figure 6. Having now given an overall description of the machine as Shown in Figure 1, it appears desirable to point out the operating cycle of the machine before proceeding to a more detailed description of the construction of the various parts making up the numerous assemblies. Assuming the hopper has been filled substantially with the powdered material and that a plurality of bottles are positioned on the conveyor belt, in the bottle-filling position, the operator starts the machine by closure of a readily-accessible electrical switch 50. The closure of the switch 50 energizes a motor `51 which drives a suitable timng mechanism enclosed4 within the housing 52.
Such timing mechanism controls the entire operating cycle of the machine which, briefly, is as follows:`
(l) The electro-magnetic vibrator 12 vibrates the entire super-structure;
(2) The air cylinders 35 operate to raise the slide plate 40 outwardly of the hopper whereby powder is fed from the hopper into the measuring chambers;
(3) The air cylinders 35 operate to close the hopper with respect to the measuring chambers;
(4) The air cylinders 42 lower the funnels into the bottles and the powder from the measuring chamber is simultaneously discharged into the bottles;
(5) The air cylinders 42 operate to raise the funnels and thereby simultaneously close off the discharge opening of the measuring chambers;
(6) The motor 23 is energized and the conveyor belt moves the bottles to the next station out of range of all the funnels;
(7) The air cylinders 35 operate to open the hopper with respect to the measuring chambers whereby such chambers are again filled with the powder;
(8) The operator slides the loading rack forwardly so as to feed another series of bottles under the funnels, the operator having lled the loading rack with bottles while the machine has been going through the above operating cycle.
Movement of the powder from the hopper into the measuring chambers and from the latter through the funnels into the bottles is accomplished by vibration, it being noted that the entire super-structure is supported by the vibration-producing means. The amplitude of the vibration is such that the powder is caused to llow freely and uniformly from the hopper into the measuring chambers. Further, and importantly, the absolute timing of the slide plate which closes olf the hopper from the measuring chambers and the time period during which the measuring chambers are being supplied with powder from the hopper assures a uniform compacting of the powder within the measuring chambers for each operating cycle of the machine. This, together with the fact that the' measuring chambers each have a precise volumetric capacity, results in a uniform quantity of powder fed into the bottles.
Reference is now made to Figure 2 which is a longitudinal sectional view taken along the line A-A of Figure l. The super-structure which, obviously, is set back from the ledge supporting the bottle-loading rack, is here shown in elevation. While I show the entire superstructure supported by the single vibration-producing means resting on the mounting plate 16 it is apparent that two or more of such vibration-producing mechanisms may be employed. The side frames 41 of the superstructure carry the air cylinders 42, the latter being secured thereto by the screws 55. The pistons of the air cylinders are attached to the channeled ends of the crossbar 43 which crossbar has secured thereto the entire funnel and bottom gate assembly generally identified by the numeral 56. Such funnel and bottom gate assembly spans the space between the frames 41 and constitutes an element separate from the front Wall 57 of the hopper. The threaded rodsu80, carrying the thumb screws 46, are secured to and extend laterally forward from the crossbar 43 and are disposed within the triangular spaces 59 formed in the assembly 56. It will be apparent that when the pistons of the air cylinders 42 are moved downwardly under air pressure the crossbar 43 and the laterally-extending, threaded rods are moved downwardly causing the entire assembly 56, including the funnels 20, to be lowered. The amount of downward movement of the assembly 56 is predetermined so that the tip of the funnels 20 will enter in to the bottles 21 when the air cylinder pistons reach the limit of their downward travel. It is here pointed out that when the funnels are so lowered into the bottles the powder is emptied `from theindividual measuring chambers into the bottles, as will be described more specifically hereinbelow. As was described with reference to Figure l, the ledge 50 of the base member 10 supports the bottle-loading rack. This rack comprises a base 60 having a plurality of parallel -spaced partitions 66 forming chambers individually alined with the numerous tunnels 20. A pair of air cylinders 62' are arranged to move the bottles in a plane normal to that of the funnels 20. Reference is made for the moment to Figure which better illustrates the partitions 66 and the air cylinders 62. Reference is now made to Figure 3 which is a longitudinal sectional view taken along the line B-B of Figure l and therefore presents the machine as it appears from the rear. The bottles 21 are shown against the bumper rail 26 and alined with the associated tunnels 20. lnasmuch as the bottles are in position to be filled with powder discharged through the funnels, it will be clear that at this point in the machine operating cycle the conveyor belt 22 is stationary. After the bottle-filling cycle has been completed, the timing mechanism closes a suitable switch which results in a movement of the belt whereby the bottles are moved from their illustrated position to another station such as, for example, a bottle capping machine. It will be noted that the sectional line through which Figure 3 has been taken, namely, line B-B of Figure l, extends through the hopper at a point close to the side frames 41 of the super-structure. Consequently, Figure 3 shows a plurality of partition walls 70 attached to and extending downwardly from the front wall 57 of the hopper. These partitions serve to hold down the slide plate 40 against the hopper bottom. A clear understanding of this construction may be had by immediate reference to Figures 14 and l5 which clearly show the partitions 70 extending rearwardly from the front wall 57 of the hopper.
Reference is now made to Figure 4 which is a horizontal sectional view taken along the line C-C of Figure l. This View clearly shows the mounting plate 16 which supports the vibration-producing member and the resilient bumper rail 26 which serves as a stop for the bottles 21 when'the air cylinders 62 move the back rail 67 of the loading rack toward the `funnels to thereby position the bottles on the conveyor belt 22. Whereas, in the Figure`5 view the bottles 21 are shown in the positions whenV the loading rack has just been loaded, Figure 4 shows the rack advanced with the bottles disposed on 'the belt and in the bottle-filling position.
Reference is now made to Figure 6 which is a transverse, vertical section taken through the super-structure and drawn to an enlarged scale. Here is shown the tie plate 13 secured to the super-structure, which tie plate supports the entire super-structure on the vibration-producing member. Also shown is one of the partitions 70 extending from the front wall 57 of the hopper. The slide plate 40, having a knife edge end, is secured to the crossbar 36, said crossbar being connected to the pistons of the air'cylinders 35, see also Figure l. Consequently, the slide plate 40v is movable along the sloping bottom wall 31 of the hopper so that the knife edges are either abutting the base of the channel 76 formed in the surface of the vertical member'75, as shown, or are spaced there- -shown in Figure 12. This member may be made of a single piece of' material with the various channels 76 milled therein or may be made up of separate pieces. vIts main function is to form the vertical Walls for the measuring chambers and such member is secured in xed position relative to the frames 41 of the super-structure. The channels 76 are adapted to be alined with the similar channels 77 formed in the funnel and bottom gate assembly 56, the latter being shown in Figure 13 and having already been referred to in connection with Figure 2. Having here referredI to Figure 13, it is well to call attention to the fact that the funnel and bottom gate assembly 56 may be made out of a plurality of individual parts secured together to form a unitary assembly. More .f.:i.f`ically, the member 56 is adapted to be raised and /ered as a unit at the proper time in the operating cycle of the machine. It is also to be noted that the rear portion of the assembly 56 includes an inclined surface 78 having a slope corresponding precisely to that ofthe sloping bottom end of the vertical member 75. Referring back to Figure 6, it will be noted that the inclined surface '78, just mentioned, of the funnel and bottom gate assembly 56, conforms to the plane of the slide plate 40 and is spaced somewhat below the knife edge of the slide plate. The funnel and bottom gate assembly 56 is secured to the channeled crossbar 43 by spring-backed thumb nuts 46 operating on the bolts 80. Thus, when the crossbar is lowered the entire assembly 56 moves downwardly to increase the space between ther knife edge of the slide plate 40 and the inclined surface 78 of the assembly 56. On the other hand, the vertical member 75, having the channels 76 therein, remains stationary at all times. move the entire hopper up or down relative to the vertical member 75 and the sloping surface 78 of the horizontal bar 113. The specific arrangement for accomplishing this will be described hereinbelow with specific reference to Figure 18 but I here wish to point out that the purpose j of the adjustable positioning of the hopper relative to the sloping surface 78 of the bar 113 is to change the volumetric capacity of the measuring chambers. end frames of the super-structure are channeled and the entire assembly of the hopper and measuring chambers is secured in proper position within such channels by means of the thumb screws 44. It is believed such assembly is apparent from Figure 6. The end frame 41 has a U-shaped cross and the vertical, co-planar, forward surfaces of the vertical member 75 and the horizontal bar 113 abut against the inner surface of one leg forming the U-shaped end frame. The lower end of the other leg 96 of the end frame is rigidly secured to the tie bar 13 and the lower portion of the hopper assembly is disposed between such leg 96 and members 75 and 113. Each of the knurled thumb screws 46 operate in threaded holes in the leg 96 and have ends pressing against the relatively heavy angled frame 59 that supports the hopper. Thus, when these thumb screws are loosened slightly the entire hopper assembly may be moved up or down relative to the bar 113 and vertical member 7S thereby varying the volume of the chamber X. Once the hopper is positioned properly, the thumb screws are tightened and the hopper thereafter remains stationary relative to the vertical member 75 and is subject only to vibrational movement as a part of the super-structure. The assembly arrangement just described makes it .pos-4 sible readilyI to dissassemble` those operating parts lof 'the super-structure which must periodically be sterilized."
Adjustment screws 81 (see also Figure 2)' The As shown in Figure 6, the knife edge of the slide plate 40 extends through an opening 82 formed in the front wall 57 of the hopper and into abutment with therecessed wall of the vertical member 75. The space X between the knife edge and the inclined surface 78 constitutes the actual measuring chamber. It will be apparent that when the slide plate 40 is withdrawn upwardly relative to the hopper, powder from the hopper` will flow through the opening 82 down on to the inclined surface 78. The operating cycle of the machine issuch that the slide plate is so withdrawn for a periodv of time sufficient to assure a complete filling of the space X under the vibration imparted to the super-structure by the vibration-producing means. The slide -plate is then moved downwardly to the illustrated position thereby closing olf the measuring chamber X from the hopper. The discharge of the powder from the measuring chamber will be described with specific reference to Figure 20 hereinbelow. F
I have already described the construction of the funnel and bottom gate assembly with reference to Figure 13. With continued reference to Figure 13 it is pointed out that the various chambers 77 are individually in communication wtih the tapered extensions 85 each such extension carrying a funnel 20. These tapered extensions 85 are also clearly shown in Figure 2 and they serve as more or less individual rectangular chutes for directing the flow of powder from the measuring chamber into the individual funnels. It may be well here to refer to Figure 7 which is a fragmentary horizontal sectional view taken along the line E-E of Figure 2. Here are clearly shown the tapered extensions or chutes 85 and the funnels 20 positioned over the conveyor belt 22 and adjacent to the resilient bumper rail 26. The bottles 21 are shown in the loadingrack preparatory for movement on to the belt and into bottle-filling registry with the individual funnels.
Figure 8 which is a horizontal sectional view taken along the line F-F of Figure 2 shows the tapered chutes 85 at a somewhat higher level than that shown in Figure 7. The level of the sectional view, Figure 8, is such that it shows the partition wall 70 extending from the front wall 57 of the hopper and disposed at the lower hopper end, see also Figures 6 and 15. The arrows indicate the ow of the powder along the inclined slide plate 40, said slide plate 40 being provided with a plurality of recesses 90, see Figure 1l, so as to permit the knife edges 91 of the slide plate to abut the inner surface of the front wall 57 of the hopper.
In order to facilitate a proper understanding of the construction and assembly of the lower portion of the hopper, reference is again made to Figures 14, and 16. Figure 14 is looking from the front of the machine towards the hopper whereas Figure 15 is a similar view looking from the rear of the machine. It will be noted that the front wall 57 of the hopper is provided with a rearwardly sloping Wall 95 and with a plurality of openings 82. The partition members 70, extending from the front hopper wall 57, are disposed between such openings and the slide plate 40, see Figure 16, slides along the sloping surface 95 with the recesses 90 alined with the partitions 70. As shown in Figure 15, the bottom edges of the partitions 70 are spaced from the sloping wall 95 a distance slightly greater than the thickness of the slide plate 40. From this, it will be apparent that with the the hopper by the reference numeral 31. Having now` given a detailed description of the assembly shown in Figures 14-16 it will be apparent that the bottom `wall 10 of the hopper is constituted by the sloping wall 95 extending from the front hopper wall57. In order to promote` a clearer understanding of the construction, reference is again made to Figure 6 which clearly shows the bottom wall of the hopper sloping upwardly from the lower portion of the hopper front wall 57. The openings 82, shown in Figure 6, have a generally rectangular shape as clearly shown in Figure 14.
I have already explained that the chamber X, Figure 6, constitutes the measuring chamber and that the volume of such chamber can be varied by movement of the hopper up or down in the super-structure end frames. With continued reference to Figure 6, it isapparent that when the hopper is raised the operating plane of the slide plate 40 is raised with respect to the inclined surface 78 of the horizontal bar 113, thereby increasing the effective Volume of the chamber X and all similar chambers. Conversely, a lowering of the hopper will bring the operating plane of the slide plate closer to the inclined surface 78, thereby decreasing the effective volume of the measuring chambers. Such adjustment of the volumetric capacity of the individual measuring chambers is accomplished by rotation of the two adjusting screws 81, see Figure 2, and the specific structural arrangement involved will now be described.
As shown in the enlarged, fragmentary view of Figure 18, the upper portion of the front wall 57 of the hopper is secured, as by welding, ,to a relatively heavy plate 100, extending across the vertical hopper wall. 'I'he adjusting screw 81 is provided with a head 101 that is freely rotatable within an undercut keyway formed in the upper side edge of the plate 100. Each such adjusting screw 81 operates in a threaded hole formed in a top plate 102, which plate is rigidly secured to the super-structure end frames 41 as by the screws 103. It will be clear that if the thumb screw 45 is loosened and the adjusting screw 81 is rotated in a clockwise direction (looking downwardly) the supporting plate and hopper wall 57 will be moved downwardly relative to the vertical member 75. Such relative movement between the hopper and the member 75 increases the capacity of the measuring chamber.
While I have just described the single measuring chamber X, shown in Figure 6, it should be borne in mind that the machine is provided with a plurality of such chambers each associated with a funnel and the `individual knife edge serrations of the slide plate 40, see Figures l1 and 16, operate as gates to either open or close the chambers relative to the hopper. In summary, then, the powder is stored in the general hopper and is fed into the measuring chambers by the action of gravity and Vibration when the slide plate 40 is in the withdrawn position. The operating cycle of the machine is so set as `be had by reference to Figure 9 which is a fragmentary,
vertical section taken along the line G-G of Figure 6.
Here is shown the top wall 111 of the dispensing chambers, such wall having a plurality of downwardly depending partitions 112 each of which branches out to form the tapered side Walls of the individual dispensing chambers 110. It will now be clear `that the powder discharged from the individual measuring chambers flows downwardly through the individual dispensing chambers and funnels and'into the bottles 21. Figure 9 also clear- 1y shows the horizontal crossbar 43 and the laterally-extending pins'80` secured 'thereto'. These pins extend toward the front of the machine between` the dispensing charn-y bers and are employed` to removably securethe measuring chamber and bottom gate assembly to the superstructure by the spring-backed thumb `nuts 46 shown in Figure 6. Further, Figure 9 also shows the front surface of the vertical member 75, said member havingv a sloping lower end which mates closely withwthe cooperating sloping surface 78 formed in the member 113, see also Figure 6. These cooperating sloping surfaces form what may be termed a lower gate controlling the flow of the powder from the measuring chambers into the dispensing chambers and from thence through, the funnels into the bottles. A
Figure 10, which isha View similar to that of Figure 9 but taken along the line H--H of Figure 6, is presented to further illustrate `the arrangement ofthe various parts' at the lower end of the hopper. Here again, are visible the crossbar 43, the sloping surface of the member 113 and the upper and lower portions of the'front hopper wall 57. The plane throughn whichv Figure 10 is taken exposes to view the `s lidenplate 40 and the measuring chambers X, said slide plateyconstituting what may be termed an upper gate controlling vthe ow of the powder from the hopperinto the measuringV chambers.
Having now described the construction of the various individual components landthe co-acting assembly thereof in the machine, a thorough understanding of the operation of theupper and lower gates andthe flow of the powder will be `had by reference to Figures 19 and 20 which are fragmentary, transverse sectional views of the lower portion ofthe super-structure. These gures clearly show the powder in the lower portion of the hopper 30; the front wall 57 of the hopper; one of the channels 76 in the vertical member 75;'the sloping lower end of the member 75, which end is adapted for precise surface contact with the sloping surface 78 of the member 113; the crossbar 43; the dispensing chamber 110 formed by the forwardwall of the member 113, the top wall 111 and front wall 115; the funnel 20 carried by the dispensing chamber; and a portion of the tie plate 13 which supports the entire super-structure on the electro-magnetic vibrator. In Figure 19 the slide plate 40 is shown in its retracted position whereby powder ows from the hopper into the measuring chamber X. During this portion of the operating cycle the lower gate is closed, that is, the lower, sloping end of the vertical member 75 abuts the sloping surface 78. It may here be pointed out that these surfaces are ground to a close tolerance so that even exceedingly tine powder will not pass therebetween when the surfaces are in abutting relationship. Further, during this part of the operating cycle the air in the cylinders 42 (see Figure 1) is maintained under pressure so as to retain these surfaces underpressure contact. In a short time interval, lthe powder will completely ll the measuring chambers after which the slide plate 40 is moved forwardly tothe position shown in Figure 20, thereby closing-off the hopper from the measuringY chambers. The vibration of the entire super-structure is maintained and immediately the -crossbar 43 is lowered, thereby opening the measuring chambers whereby the powder is discharged through the dispensing chamber into the bottle. The crossbar 43 is then raised, thereby again closing-off the measuring chambers from the discharge chambers 110 after which the slide plate 40 is again moved to the retracted position shown in Figure 19. I have already pointediout that the lvolumetric capacity of the measuring chambers can be adjusted by rotation ofY the adjusting screws 81 disposed at the sides of the hopper, see Figures 1 and 2. Figure 21 shows' the relativeposition of the parts when the capacity ofthe meas-v uring chambers has been increased above` that'shown `in ber (said bottom being constituted by the sloping sur` face 78 of the member 113) which, obviously, increasesV the volumetric capacity of each measuring chamber.
Having now given a detailed description of the struetural elements of my machine, I proceed to ade'scription of the timing mechanism with kspecific reference to Figures 23 and 24 which are side elevation and top plan views, respectively, of the mechanism enclosed within the housing 52, see also Figure 1. The timing mechanism comprises a plurality of cams -124 secured to a shaft 125 which is driven by the motor' 51 through a reducing gearing 126 and associated drive belts 127, 128. Associated with each cam are the individual levers 1304-134, each lever being pivotally mounted on a fulcrum4 shaft and spring-biased in a counter-clockwise direction by associated coiled springs 136-140. When so biased, the rollers' 141-144 lare maintained in rolling contact with the peripheral surface of the associated cams. The
pivotedlever's 13'0-134 each rotate about the fulcrum shaft as the associated rollers `follow the specific contour of the controlling cam. Suchpivotal movements of the levers control the operation of suitable electrical switches or air valves which, in turn, control the timed-operation of the various machine parts. More specifically, the lever 130, operated by the Vibrator Switch Cam 120, controls the opening and closing of a'normallywpen micro-switch 148; lever ,131, operatedby the Conveyor Switch Camk 121, controls the opening and closing ofa similar micro-;k
switch 14,9; the lever 132, operated bythe Bottle In-Feed Cam 122, controls the operation of a three-way air valve` 150 which controls the flow of air into the air cylinders 'y 62 (see Figures 1 and 5), for forward and reverse movement of the bottle-feed rack; lever 133, operated'by Upper Gate Cam 123, controls the operationof a similar., three-way airl valve 151 which controls the ilow of `air into the air cylinders 35 (see Figure 1) for the forward and reverse movement of the slide plate 40; and lever d 134, operated by the Lower Gate Cam 134, controls the operation of a similar, three-way air valve 152 which controls the flow lof air into the air cylinders 42 (see Figures 1 and 2) for lowering and raising the measuring-dispensing chamber assembly. A` complete operating cycle of the machine will now be described with particular reference to Figure 25 which is a side elevation of the cams and showing the individual cam contours in proper operatingI relationship. For purposes of clarity, the rollers 141-144 are shown positioned at the top of cams rather than in the preferred practical position as shown in Figure 24. In Figure 25,
the cams are shown in a position representing the beginning of an operating cycle and it will'be noted that all cams revolve in a counter-clockwise direction. It will be assumed the hopper is substantially lled with powder and that the measuring chambers are filled to capacity. The sequence of operations, then, is as follows:
(l) The roller 4141 is raised by the cam 120, thereby closing the associated "micro-switch to energize the electromagnetic vibrator. As is apparent, the vibrator is energized throughout substantially the entire operating cycle and, consequently, the super-structure of the machine is continuously vibrated except for a very short period at the beginning and end of each cycle.
(2) The roller 145 is raised by the lobe on cam 124 shortly after the start of the cycle. Such roller movement sets the associated three-way air valve so that the pistons of the air cylinders, controlling the vertical movement of the tunnels, move the funnels downwardly into the bottlelling position. Such downward movement of the funnels and associated mechanism results in a discharge of the powder from the measuring chambers, through the discharge chambers and tunnels into the bottles.
(3) Shortly after the funnels have been lowered into the bottle-filling position, the roller 143 is raised on the large radius portion of the associated cam 122. This operates the associatedair valve in such manner that air pressure is admitted into the air cylinders, controlling the sliding movement of the bottle-feed rack so as to move the rack away from the tunnels and to its initial position so that the operator can insert another series of bottles thereinto. It will be noted that the rack is retained in its forward position while the funnels are being lowered and for a short time thereafter. When the rack is in the forward position, it presses the bottles against the resilient, rear bumper rail, thereby holding the bottles firmly in true, alined Vertical position a-s the funnels descend, thus, any slight misalinement between the bottle opening and the end of the funnel will not result in a tipping of the 14 bottle. Once the tunnels are inserted into the bottles, the rack is removed to its original bottle-loading position.
(4) During the above 3 phases of the operating cycle, the rollers 144 and 142 ride on the small radius portions of their respective cams and, consequently, the upper gate or slide plate remains closed and the conveyor belt remains stationary. p
(5) Just prior to the completion of one half revolution by the cams, the roller 145 will return to the small radius section of its cam 124, whereby the funnels will be raised. This closes oi the lower gate, that is, the measuring chambers are closed-off from the discharge chambers and funnels.`
(6) Shortly after the funnels are raised, the roller 144 will ride on the large radius section of the cam 123, thereby actuating the associatedair valves to admit air under pressure to the air cylinders, controlling the position of the slide` plate, in such direction that the slide plate is moved outwardly of the hopper. Such movement of the slide plate which, actually, constitutes the upper gate of the assembly, opens the measuring chambers to the hopper whereby the chambers are again lled to capacity with powder. It will be noted that y,the slide plate is not returned to the closed position untiljust prior to the completion of the operating cycle. Further, and quite obviously, since the time period during which the measuring chambers are open to the hopper is identical for each operating cycle, and since the `entire superstructure is vibrated at a constant amplitude during such period, thepowder in the measuring chambers will always be compacted to `a uniform extent throughout every cycle, thereby assuring a precise, constant amount of powder discharged into each and every bottle.
| 6,736
|
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/25aca9d4-0a73-11e9-81b4-01aa75ed71a1_312
|
Eurovoc
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,018
|
Decisão (UE) 2018/1908 do Conselho, de 6 de dezembro 2018, relativa à adesão de Samoa ao Acordo de Parceria Provisório entre a Comunidade Europeia, por um lado, e os Estados do Pacífico, por outro
|
None
|
Croatian
|
Spoken
| 11,657
| 25,670
|
) 8421. 91. 00 Dijelovi centrifuga, uključujući centrifuge za sušenje, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8421. 99. 00 Dijelovi uređaja i aparata za filtriranje ili pročišćavanje tekućina ili plinova, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8422. 11. 00 Strojevi za pranje suđa (suđerice), za kućanstvo 20 % C (15 god. ) 8422. 19. 00 Strojevi za pranje suđa (suđerice) (osim onih za kućanstvo) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8422. 20. 00 Strojevi za čišćenje ili sušenje boca ili drugih spremnika (osim strojeva za pranje suđa) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8422. 30. 00 Strojevi za punjenje, zatvaranje, pečaćenje ili etiketiranje boca, limenki, kutija, vreća ili drugih spremnika; strojevi i uređaji za stavljanje poklopaca na boce, staklenke, tube i slične spremnike; strojevi za gaziranje pića 8 % B (10 god. ) 8422. 40. 00 Strojevi za pakiranje ili zamatanje, uključujući strojeve za zamatanje termoskupljajućom folijom (osim strojeva za punjenje, zatvaranje, pečaćenje ili etiketiranje boca, limenki, kutija, vreća ili drugih spremnika te strojeva za stavljanje poklopaca na boce, staklenke, tube i slične spremnike) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8422. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za pranje suđa, strojeva za pakiranje ili zamatanje i ostalih strojeva i aparata iz tarifnog broja 8422 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8423. 10. 00 Osobne vage, uključujući vage za dojenčad; kućanske vage 8 % B (10 god. ) 8423. 20. 00 Vage za kontinuirano vaganje robe na transportnim trakama 8 % B (10 god. ) 8423. 30. 00 Vage za konstantnu masu i vage za ispuštanje unaprijed određene mase materijala u vrećice, vreće ili spremnike, uključujući odmjerne (dozirne) vage (osim onih za kontinuirano vaganje robe na transportnim trakama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8423. 81. 00 Vage najveće mase vaganja 30 kg ili manje (osim vaga osjetljivosti 5 centigrama i finijih, osobnih vaga, kućanskih vaga, vaga za kontinuirano vaganje robe na transportnim trakama, vaga za konstantnu masu i vaga za ispuštanje unaprijed određene mase materijala u vrećice, vreće ili spremnike, uključujući odmjerne (dozirne) vage) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8423. 82. 00 Vage najveće mase vaganja veće od 30 kg, ali ne veće od 5 000 kg (osim osobnih vaga, vaga za kontinuirano vaganje robe na transportnim trakama, vaga za konstantnu masu i vaga za ispuštanje unaprijed određene mase materijala u vrećice, vreće ili spremnike, uključujući odmjerne (dozirne) vage) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8423. 89. 00 Vage najveće mase vaganja veće od 5 000 kg 8 % B (10 god. ) 8423. 90. 00 Utezi za vage, svih vrsta; dijelovi vaga, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8424. 10. 00 Aparati za gašenje požara, neovisno jesu li napunjeni ili ne 8 % B (10 god. ) 8424. 20. 10 Pištolji za štrcanje i slični uređaji (osim električnih strojeva, uređaja i drugih sprava za štrcanje rastaljenih kovina ili metalnih karbida iz tarifnog broja 8515 , strojeva za izbacivanje pijeska i sličnih strojeva za izbacivanje mlaza) Pištolji za štrcanje i slični uređaji za poljoprivredu ili hortikulturu 5 % B (10 god. ) 8424. 20. 90 Pištolji za štrcanje i slični uređaji (osim električnih strojeva, uređaja i drugih sprava za štrcanje rastaljenih kovina ili metalnih karbida iz tarifnog broja 8515 , strojeva za izbacivanje pijeska i sličnih strojeva za izbacivanje mlaza) Pištolji za štrcanje i slični uređaji osim onih za poljoprivredu ili hortikulturu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8424. 30. 00 Strojevi za izbacivanje mlaza pare ili pijeska i slični strojevi za izbacivanje mlaza, uključujući uređaje za čišćenje mlazom vode, s ugrađenim motorom (osim uređaja za čišćenje posebnih spremnika) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8424. 81. 00 Mehanički uređaji za poljoprivredu ili hortikulturu, neovisno o tome jesu li na ručni pogon ili ne, za izbacivanje, štrcanje ili raspršivanje tekućina ili praha 8 % B (10 god. ) 8424. 89. 00 Mehanički uređaji, neovisno o tome jesu li na ručni pogon ili ne, za izbacivanje, štrcanje ili raspršivanje tekućina ili praha, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8424. 90. 00 Dijelovi aparata za gašenje požara, pištolja za štrcanje i sličnih uređaja, strojeva za izbacivanje mlaza pare ili pijeska i sličnih strojeva za izbacivanje mlaza te strojeva i uređaja za izbacivanje, štrcanje ili raspršivanje tekućina ili praha, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8425. 11. 00 Koloturni sustavi i dizalice-koloturnici, na elektromotorni pogon (osim vjedričnih elevatora ili onih koje se rabi za dizanje vozila) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8425. 19. 00 Koloturni sustavi i dizalice-koloturnici (osim vjedričnih elevatora ili onih koje se rabi za dizanje vozila), koji nisu na elektromotorni pogon 8 % B (10 god. ) 8425. 31. 00 Vitla na elektromotorni pogon 8 % B (10 god. ) 8425. 39. 00 Vitla koja nisu na elektromotorni pogon 8 % B (10 god. ) 8425. 41. 00 Nepokretne dizalice za ugradnju u automehaničarske radionice 8 % B (10 god. ) 8425. 42. 00 Hidraulične dizalice (osim nepokretnih dizalica za ugradnju u automehaničarske radionice) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8425. 49. 00 Dizalice vrsta koje se rabi za dizanje vozila, nehidraulične 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 11. 00 Mosne dizalice na fiksnim nosačima 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 12. 00 Portalni prijenosnici na pneumatskim kotačima i portalna nasložna kola 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 19. 00 Mosne dizalice, portalne dizalice, prekrcajni mostovi i portalni prijenosnici (osim mosnih dizalica na fiksnim nosačima, portalnih prijenosnika na pneumatskim kotačima, portalnih nasložnih kola i portalnih ili konzolnih dizalica, s okretnim postoljem ili pokretnim dohvatnikom) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 20. 00 Toranjske dizalice 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 30. 00 Portalne ili konzolne dizalice, s okretnim postoljem ili pokretnim dohvatnikom 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 41. 00 Mobilne dizalice i radna kolica s dizalicom, samokretni, na pneumatskim kotačima (osim dizalica na nepneumatskim kotačima, portalnih prijenosnika na pneumatskim kotačima i portalnih nasložnih kola) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 49. 00 Mobilne dizalice i radna kolica s dizalicom, samokretna (osim dizalica na pneumatskim kotačima i portalnih nasložnih kola) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 91. 00 Dizalice konstruirane za ugradnju na cestovna vozila 8 % B (10 god. ) 8426. 99. 00 Brodske dizalice (samarice); dizalice (kranovi), uključujući kabelske dizalice (osim mosnih dizalica, portalnih dizalica, prekrcajnih mostova, portalnih ili konzolnih dizalica, s okretnim postoljem ili pokretnim dohvatnikom, portalnih prijenosnika i portalnih nasložnih kola, toranjskih dizalica, radnih kolica s dizalicom, mobilnih dizalica i dizalica konstruiranih za ugradnju na cestovna vozila) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8427. 10. 00 Samokretni uređaji opremljeni uređajem za dizanje ili rukovanje, na elektromotorni pogon 8 % B (10 god. ) 8427. 20. 00 Samokretni uređaji opremljeni uređajem za dizanje ili rukovanje, koji nisu na elektromotorni pogon 8 % B (10 god. ) 8427. 90. 00 Radna kolica opremljena uređajima za dizanje ili rukovanje, nesamokretna 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 10. 00 Dizala i vjedrični elevatori 8 % C (15 god. ) 8428. 20. 00 Pneumatski elevatori i transporteri 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 31. 00 Elevatori i transporteri za kontinuirani rad, za robu ili materijal, za podzemnu uporabu (osim pneumatskih elevatora i transportera) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 32. 00 Elevatori i transporteri za kontinuirani rad, za robu ili materijal, s vjedricama (osim za podzemnu uporabu) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 33. 00 Elevatori i transporteri za kontinuirani rad, za robu ili materijal, s trakom (osim za podzemnu uporabu) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 39. 00 Elevatori i transporteri za kontinuirani rad, za robu ili materijal (osim za podzemnu uporabu i onih s vjedricama, trakom ili pneumatskih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 40. 00 Pokretne stube i pokretne staze 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 60. 00 Žičare s kabinama, žičare sa sjedalima, skijaške vučnice; vučni mehanizmi za tračničke uspinjače 8 % B (10 god. ) 8428. 90. 00 Strojevi za dizanje, rukovanje, utovar ili istovar, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8429. 11. 00 Samokretni buldožeri i angldozeri, gusjeničari 8 % B (10 god. ) 8429. 19. 00 Samokretni buldožeri i angldozeri, na kotačima 8 % B (10 god. ) 8429. 20. 00 Samokretni grejderi i ravnjači 8 % B (10 god. ) 8429. 30. 00 Samokretni skrejperi 8 % B (10 god. ) 8429. 40. 00 Samokretni strojevi za nabijanje i cestovni valjci 8 % B (10 god. ) 8429. 51. 00 Samokretni utovarivači s čeonom žlicom 8 % E (isklj. ) 8429. 52. 00 Samokretni bageri (jaružala), rovokopači i utovarivači sa žlicom s nadgradnjom koja se okreće za 360° 8 % E (isklj. ) 8429. 59. 00 Samokretni bageri (jaružala), rovokopači i utovarivači sa žlicom (osim samokretnih bagera (jaružala) s nadgradnjom koja se okreće za 360 ° i utovarivača s čeonom žlicom) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8430. 10. 00 Zabijala i strojevi za vađenje pilona (osim montiranih na željezničkim vagonima, šasijama motornih vozila ili kamionima) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 20. 00 Ralice za snijeg i bacači snijega (osim montiranih na željezničkim vagonima, šasijama motornih vozila ili kamionima) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 31. 00 Samokretni strojevi za rezanje ugljena ili stijena i strojevi za bušenje tunela (osim hidrauličnih samopomičnih potpornja za rudnike) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 39. 00 Strojevi za rezanje ugljena ili stijena i strojevi za bušenje tunela, nesamokretni (osim ručno pogonjenih alata i hidrauličnih samopomičnih potpornja za rudnike) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 41. 00 Samokretni strojevi za bušenje ili dubinsko bušenje zemlje ili vađenje minerala ili rudača (osim montiranih na željezničkim ili tramvajskim vagonima, šasijama motornih vozila ili kamionima i strojeva za bušenje tunela) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 49. 00 Strojevi za bušenje ili dubinsko bušenje zemlje ili vađenje minerala ili rudača, nesamokretni i nehidraulični (osim strojeva za bušenje tunela i ručno pogonjenih alata) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 50. 00 Samokretni strojevi za premještanje zemlje, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 61. 00 Strojevi za nabijanje ili kompaktiranje, nesamokretni (osim ručno pogonjenih alata) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8430. 69. 00 Strojevi za premještanje zemlje, nesamokretni, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 10. 00 Dijelovi koloturnih sustava i dizalica-koloturnika (osim vjedričnih elevatora), vitala i dizalica malog hoda za velike terete, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 20. 00 Dijelovi viličara i ostalih radnih kolica opremljenih uređajima za dizanje ili rukovanje, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 31. 00 Dijelovi dizala, vjedričnih elevatora ili pokretnih stuba, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 39. 00 Dijelovi strojeva iz tarifnog broja 8428 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 41. 00 Lopate, žlice, zahvatne lopate (grajferi), kliješta i škare za strojeve iz tarifnih brojeva 8426 , 8429 i 8430 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 42. 00 Noževi buldožera ili angldozera, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 43. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za bušenje ili duboko bušenje iz podbroja 8430. 41 ili 8430. 49 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8431. 49. 00 Dijelovi strojeva iz tarifnih brojeva 8426 , 8429 i 8430 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8432. 10. 00 Plugovi za uporabu u poljoprivredi, hortikulturi ili šumarstvu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8432. 21. 00 Tanjurače za uporabu u poljoprivredi, hortikulturi ili šumarstvu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8432. 29. 00 Drljače, prozračivači travnjaka, kultivatori, pljevilice i kopačice za uporabu u poljoprivredi, hortikulturi ili šumarstvu (osim tanjurača) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8432. 30. 00 Strojevi za sjetvu, sadnju i presađivanje za uporabu u poljoprivredi, hortikulturi ili šumarstvu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8432. 40. 00 Raspodjeljivači stajnjaka i gnojiva za uporabu u poljoprivredi, hortikulturi ili šumarstvu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8432. 80. 00 Strojevi za pripremu ili kultiviranje zemlje za poljoprivredu, hortikulturu ili šumarstvo; valjci za travnjake ili sportske terene (osim uređaja za štrcanje i prašenje, plugova, drljača, prozračivača travnjaka, kultivatora, pljevilica i kopačica, strojeva za sjetvu i sadnju te raspodjeljivača stajnjaka i gnojiva) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8432. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za pripremu ili kultiviranje zemlje za poljoprivredu, hortikulturu ili šumarstvo ili valjaka za travnjake ili sportske terene, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 11. 00 Kosilice za travnjake, parkove ili sportske terene, motorne, s reznim uređajem koji se vrti u horizontalnoj ravnini 20 % C (15 god. ) 8433. 19. 00 Kosilice za travnjake, parkove ili sportske terene, motorne, s reznim uređajem koji se vrti u vertikalnoj ravnini ili s polužnim kosilicama 20 % C (15 god. ) 8433. 20. 00 Kosilice, uključujući polužne kosilice za priključivanje na traktor (osim kosilica za travnjake, parkove ili sportske terene) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 30. 00 Strojevi za pripravu sijena (osim kosilica) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 40. 00 Strojevi za baliranje slame ili stočne hrane, uključujući one koji prikupljaju bale 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 51. 00 Kombajni za žetvu i vršidbu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 52. 00 Strojevi za vršidbu (osim kombajna za žetvu i vršidbu) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 53. 00 Strojevi za vađenje korjenastih ili gomoljastih plodova 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 59. 00 Strojevi za berbu ili žetvu poljoprivrednih proizvoda (osim kosilica, strojeva za pripravu sijena, strojeva za baliranje slame ili stočne hrane, uključujući one koji prikupljaju bale, kombajna za žetvu i vršidbu, ostalih strojeva za vršidbu i strojeva za vađenje korjenastih ili gomoljastih plodova) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 60. 00 Strojevi za čišćenje, sortiranje ili gradiranje jaja, voća ili drugih poljoprivrednih proizvoda (osim strojeva za čišćenje, sortiranje ili gradiranje sjemenja, zrnja ili sušenog mahunastog povrća iz tarifnog broja 8437 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8433. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za berbu ili žetvu, vršidbu, kosilica i strojeva za čišćenje, sortiranje ili gradiranje poljoprivrednih proizvoda, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8434. 10. 00 Strojevi za mužnju 8 % B (10 god. ) 8434. 20. 00 Strojevi za mljekarstvo (osim opreme za hlađenje ili toplinsku obradu, separatora za vrhnje, centrifuga za pročišćavanje, filtarskih preša i druge opreme za filtriranje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8434. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za mužnju i strojeva za mljekarstvo, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8435. 10. 00 Preše, muljače i slični strojevi koji se rabe u proizvodnji vina, jabukovače, voćnih sokova ili sličnih pića (osim strojeva za tretiranje tih pića, uključujući centrifuge, filtarske preše, ostalu opremu za filtriranje i kućanske aparate) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8435. 90. 00 Dijelovi preša, muljača i sličnih strojeva koji se rabe u proizvodnji vina, jabukovače, voćnih sokova ili sličnih pića, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8436. 10. 00 Strojevi za pripravu hrane za životinje na poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima i u sličnim poduzećima (osim strojeva za industriju hrane za životinje, kombajna za silažu i autoklava za kuhanje stočne hrane) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8436. 21. 00 Inkubatori za liježenje i uzgoj pilića 8 % B (10 god. ) 8436. 29. 00 Strojevi za peradarstvo (osim strojeva za sortiranje ili gradiranje jaja, za čerupanje peradi iz tarifnog broja 8438 i inkubatora za liježenje i uzgoj pilića) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8436. 80. 00 Strojevi za poljoprivredu, hortikulturu, šumarstvo ili pčelarstvo, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8436. 91. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za peradarstvo ili inkubatora za liježenje i uzgoj pilića, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8436. 99. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za poljoprivredu, hortikulturu, šumarstvo ili pčelarstvo, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8437. 10. 00 Strojevi za čišćenje, sortiranje i gradiranje sjemenja, zrnja ili sušenoga mahunastog povrća 8 % B (10 god. ) 8437. 80. 00 Strojevi za mlinsku industriju ili za preradu žitarica ili sušenog mahunastog povrća (osim strojeva za seoska gospodarstva, opreme za toplinsku obradu, centrifuga za sušenje, zračnih filtara te strojeva za čišćenje, sortiranje ili gradiranje sjemenja, zrnja ili sušenoga mahunastog povrća) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8437. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za mlinsku industriju ili za preradu žitarica ili sušenoga mahunastog povrća te strojeva za čišćenje, sortiranje ili gradiranje sjemenja, zrnja ili sušenoga mahunastog povrća, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8438. 10. 00 Pekarski strojevi i strojevi za industrijsku pripremu ili proizvodnju makarona, špageta ili sličnih proizvoda (osim peći, strojeva za sušenje makarona i valjaka za tijesto) 8 % E (isklj. ) 8438. 20. 00 Strojevi za industrijsku pripremu ili proizvodnju slatkiša, kakaa ili čokolade (osim centrifuga i opreme za filtriranje, grijanje ili hlađenje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8438. 30. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju šećera (osim centrifuga i opreme za filtriranje, grijanje ili hlađenje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8438. 40. 00 Strojevi za pivarstvo (osim centrifuga i opreme za filtriranje, grijanje ili hlađenje) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8438. 50. 00 Strojevi za industrijsku pripremu mesa ili mesa peradi (osim uređaja za kuhanje i druge opreme za grijanje, hlađenje ili zamrzavanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8438. 60. 00 Strojevi za industrijsku pripremu voća, orašastih plodova ili povrća (osim uređaja za kuhanje i druge opreme za grijanje, hlađenje ili zamrzavanje i strojeva za sortiranje ili gradiranje voća i povrća) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8438. 80. 00 Strojevi za industrijsku pripremu ili proizvodnju hrane ili pića, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8438. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za industrijsku pripremu ili proizvodnju hrane ili pića, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8439. 10. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju celuloze od vlaknastih celuloznih materijala (osim autoklava, kotlova i drugih uređaja za grijanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8439. 20. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju papira ili kartona (osim sušara i drugih uređaja za grijanje, kalandera i strojeva za proizvodnju celuloze) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8439. 30. 00 Strojevi za dovršavanje papira ili kartona (osim kalandera) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8439. 91. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za proizvodnju celuloze od vlaknastih celuloznih materijala, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8439. 99. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za proizvodnju ili dovršavanje papira ili kartona, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8440. 10. 00 Knjigoveški strojevi, uključujući strojeve za šivanje knjiga (osim strojeva iz tarifnog broja 8441 , preša opće namjene, strojeva za tiskanje iz tarifnog broja 8443 i strojeva za namjene pomoćne tiskanju) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8440. 90. 00 Dijelovi knjigoveških strojeva, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8441. 10. 00 Strojevi za rezanje za preradu papirne mase, papira ili kartona (osim knjigoveških strojeva iz tarifnog broja 8440 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8441. 20. 00 Strojevi za izradu vrećica, vreća ili omotnica od papirne mase, papira ili kartona (osim strojeva za šivanje i strojeva za pričvršćivanje ušica) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8441. 30. 00 Strojevi za izradu kutija, tuljaka, cijevi, bubnjeva ili sličnih spremnika (osim prešanjem), od papirne mase, papira ili kartona (osim opreme za sušenje i strojeva za šivanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8441. 40. 00 Strojevi za oblikovanje proizvoda od papirne mase, papira ili kartona prešanjem (osim opreme za sušenje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8441. 80. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju papirne mase, papira ili kartona, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8441. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za proizvodnju papirne mase, papira ili kartona, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8442. 30. 00 Strojevi, aparati i uređaji za pripremu ili izradu tiskarskih klišeja, ploča, valjaka ili ostalih tiskarskih formi (osim alatnih strojeva iz tarifnih brojeva 8456 do 8465 i strojeva za lijevanje slova i slaganje slova) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8442. 40. 00 Dijelovi strojeva, aparata i uređaja za pripremu ili izradu tiskarskih klišeja, ploča, valjaka ili ostalih tiskarskih formi, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8442. 50. 00 Ploče, valjci i ostale tiskarske forme; ploče, valjci i litografski kamen, pripremljeni za tiskarske namjene, na primjer brušeni, nazrnčani ili polirani 8 % C (15 god. ) 8443. 11. 00 Strojevi za offset tisak, za papir u svitcima 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 12. 00 Strojevi za ofset tisak, za papir u listovima (uredski), za listove dimenzija 22 x 36 cm ili manjih u nepresavijenom stanju 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 13. 00 Strojevi za ofset tisak (osim onih za papir u listovima, za listove dimenzija 22 x 36 cm ili manjih i strojeva za ofset tisak za papir u svitcima) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 14. 00 Strojevi za visoki tisak, za papir u svitcima (osim strojeva za fleksografski tisak) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 15. 00 Strojevi za visoki tisak (osim za fleksografski tisak i za papir u svitcima) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 16. 00 Strojevi za fleksografski tisak 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 17. 00 Strojevi za duboki tisak 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 19. 00 Tiskarski strojevi za tiskanje pomoću ploča, valjaka i ostalih tiskarskih formi iz tarifnog broja 8442 (osim hektografskih ili matričnih strojeva za umnožavanje, strojeva za adresiranje i ostalih strojeva za ofset tisak iz tarifnog broja od 8469 do 8472 , tintnih (ink-jet) pisača i strojeva za ofset, fleksografski, visoki i duboki tisak) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 31. 00 Uređaji s dvije ili više funkcija tiskanja, kopiranja ili faksiranja, koje se može povezati na stroj za automatsku obradu podataka ili na mrežu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 32. 00 Uređaji sa samo jednom od funkcija tiskanja, kopiranja ili faksiranja, koje se može povezati na stroj za automatsku obradu podataka ili na mrežu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 39. 00 Pisači, strojevi za kopiranje i telefaksni uređaji, neovisno jesu li kombinirani ili ne (osim onih koji se može povezati na stroj za automatsku obradu podataka ili na mrežu i tiskarskih strojeva za tiskanje pomoću ploča, valjaka i ostalih tiskarskih formi iz tarifnog broja 8442 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 91. 00 Dijelovi i pribor tiskarskih strojeva za tiskanje pomoću ploča, valjaka i ostalih tiskarskih formi iz tarifnog broja 8442 8 % B (10 god. ) 8443. 99. 00 Dijelovi i pribor pisača, uređaja za kopiranje i faksiranje, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu (osim tiskarskih strojeva za tiskanje pomoću ploča, valjaka i ostalih tiskarskih formi iz tarifnog broja 8442 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8444. 00. 00 Strojevi za ekstrudiranje, izvlačenje, teksturiranje i rezanje umjetnih ili sintetičnih tekstilnih vlakana 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 11. 00 Grebenaljke (karde) za pripravu tekstilnih vlakana 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 12. 00 Strojevi za češljanje za pripravu tekstilnih vlakana 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 13. 00 Istezalice za izvlačenje ili rovings 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 19. 00 Strojevi za pripravu tekstilnih vlakana (osim grebenaljki (kardi), strojeva za češljanje, izvlačenje ili roving) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 20. 00 Strojevi za predenje tekstilnih materijala (osim strojeva za ekstrudiranje, izvlačenje ili roving) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 30. 00 Strojevi za dubliranje ili končanje tekstilnog materijala 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 40. 00 Strojevi za namatanje tekstilnog materijala (uključujući za namotavanje potke) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8445. 90. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju tekstilne pređe i strojevi za pripravu tekstilne pređe za uporabu na strojevima iz tarifnog broja 8446 ili 8447 (osim strojeva iz tarifnog broja 8444 te strojeva za predenje, dubliranje ili končanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8446. 10. 00 Strojevi za tkanje tkanina širine 30 cm ili manje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8446. 21. 00 Tkalački stanovi na motorni pogon za tkanje tkanina širine veće od 30 cm, s čunkom 8 % B (10 god. ) 8446. 29. 00 Tkalački stanovi na ručni pogon za tkanje tkanina širine veće od 30 cm, s čunkom 8 % B (10 god. ) 8446. 30. 00 Strojevi za tkanje tkanina širine veće od 30 cm, bez čunka 8 % B (10 god. ) 8447. 11. 00 Strojevi za kružno pletenje, promjera cilindrične iglenice 165 mm ili manje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8447. 12. 00 Strojevi za kružno pletenje, promjera cilindrične iglenice većeg od 165 mm 8 % B (10 god. ) 8447. 20. 00 Strojevi za ravno pletenje; prošivno-pletaći strojevi 8 % B (10 god. ) 8447. 90. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju obavijene pređe, tila, čipke, veza, pozamenterije, pletenica ili mreža te tafting strojevi (osim strojeva za kružno i ravno pletenje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 11. 00 Listovni i žakarski strojevi; strojevi za umanjivanje, kopiranje, bušenje ili slaganje kartica, za uporabu s tim strojevima 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 19. 00 Pomoćni strojevi za strojeve iz tarifnog broja 8444 , 8445 , 8446 ili 8447 (osim listovnih i žakarskih strojeva te strojeva za umanjivanje, kopiranje, bušenje ili slaganje kartica za uporabu s tim strojevima) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 20. 00 Dijelovi i pribor strojeva za ekstrudiranje, izvlačenje, teksturiranje i rezanje umjetnih ili sintetičnih tekstilnih vlakana ili njihovih pomoćnih strojeva, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 31. 00 Obloge za grebenaljke (karde) strojeva za pripremu tekstilnih vlakana 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 32. 00 Dijelovi i pribor strojeva za pripremu tekstilnih vlakana, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu (osim obloga za grebenaljke (karde)) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 33. 00 Vretena, krilca za vretena, prsteni i trkači na prstenima predilica, za strojeve iz tarifnog broja 8445 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 39. 00 Dijelovi i pribor za strojeve iz tarifnog broja 8445 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 42. 00 Brda za tkalačke strojeve, kotlaci i listovi za kotlace 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 49. 00 Dijelovi i pribor za strojeve za tkanje (tkalačke stanove) i njihove pomoćne strojeve, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 51. 00 Platine (potiskivači igala), igle i drugi predmeti koje se rabi za oblikovanje očica, za strojeve iz tarifnog broja 8447 8 % B (10 god. ) 8448. 59. 00 Dijelovi i pribor za strojeve iz tarifnog broja 8447 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8449. 00. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju ili završnu obradu pusta ili netkanog tekstila u metraži ili u određenim oblicima, uključujući strojeve za izradu šešira od pusta; kalupi za izradu šešira njihovi dijelovi (osim strojeva za pripremu vlakana pusta i kalandera) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8450. 11. 00 Potpuno automatske perilice za kućanstvo ili praonice, kapaciteta suhog rublja 6 kg ili manjeg 20 % C (15 god. ) 8450. 12. 00 Perilice za kućanstvo ili praonice, s ugrađenom centrifugom za sušenje (osim potpuno automatskih perilica) 20 % C (15 god. ) 8450. 19. 00 Perilice za kućanstvo ili praonice, kapaciteta suhog rublja 6 kg ili manjeg (osim potpuno automatskih perilica i perilica s ugrađenom centrifugom za sušenje) 20 % C (15 god. ) 8450. 20. 00 Perilice za praonice, kapaciteta suhog rublja većeg od 10 kg 20 % C (15 god. ) 8450. 90. 00 Dijelovi perilica za kućanstvo ili praonice, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8451. 10. 00 Strojevi za suho (kemijsko) čišćenje gotovih tekstilnih proizvoda 8 % B (10 god. ) 8451. 21. 00 Strojevi za sušenje, kapaciteta suhog rublja 10 kg ili manjeg (osim centrifuga za sušenje) 20 % C (15 god. ) 8451. 29. 00 Strojevi za sušenje tekstilne pređe, tkanina ili gotovih tekstilnih proizvoda (osim strojeva kapaciteta suhog rublja 10 kg ili manjeg i centrifuga za sušenje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8451. 30. 00 Strojevi i preše za glačanje, uključujući preše za termofiksiranje (osim kalandera) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8451. 40. 00 Strojevi za pranje, bijeljenje ili bojenje tekstilne pređe, tkanina ili gotovih tekstilnih proizvoda (osim perilica za kućanstvo ili praonice) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8451. 50. 00 Strojevi za namatanje, odmatanje, presavijanje, rezanje ili zupčasto narezivanje tekstilnih materijala 8 % B (10 god. ) 8451. 80. 00 Strojevi za apretiranje, doradu, prevlačenje ili impregniranje tekstilne pređe, tkanina ili gotovih tekstilnih proizvoda i strojevi koje se rabi u proizvodnji linoleuma i drugih podnih obloga za nanošenje paste na tkaninu ili drugu podlogu (osim strojeva za apretiranje ili doradu pusta, kalandera i preša opće namjene) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8451. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za pranje, čišćenje, cijeđenje, sušenje, glačanje, prešanje, bijeljenje, bojenje, apretiranje, doradu, prevlačenje ili impregniranje tekstilne pređe, tkanina ili gotovih tekstilnih proizvoda; dijelovi strojeva koje se rabi u proizvodnji linoleuma i drugih podnih obloga za nanošenje paste na tkaninu ili drugu podlogu; dijelovi strojeva za namatanje, odmatanje, presavijanje, rezanje ili zupčasto narezivanje tekstilnih materijala, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8452. 10. 00 Šivaći strojevi vrsta koje se rabi u kućanstvu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8452. 21. 00 Automatski šivaći strojevi, industrijskog tipa 8 % B (10 god. ) 8452. 29. 00 Šivaći strojevi, industrijskog tipa (osim automatskih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8452. 30. 00 Igle za šivaće strojeve 8 % B (10 god. ) 8452. 90. 00 Pokućstvo, postolja i poklopci za šivaće strojeve i njihovi dijelovi; ostali dijelovi šivaćih strojeva 8 % B (10 god. ) 8453. 10. 00 Strojevi za pripremu, štavljenje ili obradu sirove ili štavljene kože (osim strojeva za sušenje, pištolja za štrcanje, strojeva za skidanje dlaka sa svinja, šivaćih strojeva i preša opće namjene) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8453. 20. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju ili popravak obuće od sirove ili štavljene kože (osim šivaćih strojeva) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8453. 80. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju ili popravak predmeta od sirove ili štavljene kože (osim obuće i šivaćih strojeva) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8453. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za pripremu, štavljenje ili obradu sirove ili štavljene kože, proizvodnju ili popravak obuće ili drugih predmeta od sirove ili štavljene kože, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8454. 10. 00 Konvertori vrsta koje se rabi u metalurgiji ili ljevaonicama kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8454. 20. 00 Kalupi za ingote i lonci za lijevanje, vrsta koje se rabi u metalurgiji ili ljevaonicama kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8454. 30. 00 Strojevi za lijevanje vrsta koje se rabi u metalurgiji ili ljevaonicama kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8454. 90. 00 Dijelovi konvertora, lonaca za lijevanje, kalupa za ingote i strojeva za lijevanje, vrsta koje se rabi u metalurgiji ili ljevaonicama kovina, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8455. 10. 00 Valjački stanovi za valjanje cijevi od kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8455. 21. 00 Valjački stanovi za toplo ili kombinirano toplo i hladno valjanje kovina (osim za cijevi) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8455. 22. 00 Valjački stanovi za hladno valjanje kovina (osim za cijevi) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8455. 30. 00 Valjci za valjačke stanove za valjanje kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8455. 90. 00 Dijelovi za valjačke stanove za valjanje kovina, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8456. 10. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu svih vrsta materijala odvajanjem materijala, laserom ili drugim svjetlosnim ili fotonskim snopom (osim strojeva za meko lemljenje i zavarivanje, uključujući one koji se mogu rabiti za rezanje, strojeva za testiranje materijala i strojeva za proizvodnju poluvodičkih elemenata ili elektroničkih integriranih krugova) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8456. 20. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu svih vrsta materijala odvajanjem materijala za obradu ultrazvukom (osim aparata za čišćenje za obradu ultrazvukom i strojeva za testiranje materijala) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8456. 30. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu svih vrsta materijala odvajanjem materijala, za obradu elektroerozijom 8 % B (10 god. ) 8456. 90. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu svih vrsta materijala odvajanjem materijala, elektrokemijskim postupkom ili snopom elektrona, snopom iona ili mlazom plazme; strojevi za rezanje mlazom vode (osim za meko lemljenje i strojeva za zavarivanje, strojeva za testiranje materijala i strojeva za proizvodnju poluvodičkih elemenata ili elektroničkih integriranih krugova) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8457. 10. 00 Obradni centri za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8457. 20. 00 Strojevi konstruirani od standardnih jedinica (s jednom stanicom) za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8457. 30. 00 Transfer strojevi s više stanica za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8458. 11. 00 Vodoravne tokarilice, uključujući centre za tokarenje, za obradu kovina odvajanjem čestica, numerički upravljane 8 % B (10 god. ) 8458. 19. 00 Vodoravne tokarilice, uključujući centre za tokarenje, za obradu kovina odvajanjem čestica, bez numeričkog upravljanja 8 % B (10 god. ) 8458. 91. 00 Tokarilice, uključujući centre za tokarenje, za obradu kovina odvajanjem čestica, numerički upravljane (osim vodoravnih tokarilica) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8458. 99. 00 Tokarilice, uključujući centre za tokarenje, za obradu kovina odvajanjem čestica, bez numeričkog upravljanja (osim vodoravnih tokarilica) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 10. 00 Strojevi s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama za bušenje, razvrtanje, glodanje, urezivanje ili narezivanje navoja 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 21. 00 Numerički upravljani strojevi za bušenje za obradu kovina (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 29. 00 Strojevi za bušenje za obradu kovina, bez numeričkog upravljanja (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama i ručno upravljanih strojeva) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 31. 00 Numerički upravljani kombinirani strojevi za razvrtanje i glodanje za obradu kovina (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 39. 00 Kombinirani strojevi za razvrtanje i glodanje za obradu kovina, bez numeričkog upravljanja (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 40. 00 Strojevi za razvrtanje za kovine (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama i kombiniranih strojeva za razvrtanje i glodanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 51. 00 Numerički upravljane konzolne glodalice za kovine 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 59. 00 Konzolne glodalice za kovine, bez numeričkog upravljanja 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 61. 00 Numerički upravljane glodalice za kovine (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama, kombiniranih strojeva za razvrtanje i glodanje, konzolnih glodalica i strojeva za ozubljivanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 69. 00 Glodalice za kovine, bez numeričkog upravljanja (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama, kombiniranih strojeva za razvrtanje i glodanje, konzolnih glodalica i strojeva za ozubljivanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8459. 70. 00 Strojevi za urezivanje ili narezivanje navoja, za kovine (osim strojeva s radnim jedinicama na vodilicama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 11. 00 Strojevi za ravno brušenje, za obradu kovina, s točnošću pozicioniranja po bilo kojoj osi od najmanje 0,01 mm, numerički upravljani 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 19. 00 Strojevi za ravno brušenje, za obradu kovina, s točnošću pozicioniranja po bilo kojoj osi od najmanje 0,01 mm, bez numeričkog upravljanja 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 21. 00 Strojevi za brušenje, za obradu kovina, s točnošću pozicioniranja po bilo kojoj osi od najmanje 0,01 mm, numerički upravljani (osim strojeva za ravno brušenje i strojeva za ozubljivanje, brušenje ili završnu obradu ozubljenja) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 29. 00 Strojevi za brušenje, za obradu kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta, s točnošću pozicioniranja po bilo kojoj osi od najmanje 0,01 mm, bez numeričkog upravljanja (osim strojeva za ravno brušenje i strojeva za ozubljivanje, brušenje ili završnu obradu ozubljenja) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 31. 00 Strojevi za oštrenje (alatni ili za brušenje), numerički upravljani 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 39. 00 Strojevi za oštrenje (alatni ili za brušenje), bez numeričkog upravljanja 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 40. 00 Strojevi za honanje ili lepanje, za obradu kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta (osim strojeva za ozubljivanje, brušenje ili završnu obradu ozubljenja) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8460. 90. 00 Strojevi za uklanjanje srha, brušenje ili poliranje kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta (osim strojeva za brušenje s točnošću pozicioniranja po bilo kojoj osi od najmanje 0,01 mm te strojeva za ozubljivanje, brušenje ili završnu obradu ozubljenja i strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8461. 20. 00 Kratkohodne blanjalice i dubilice, za obradu kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta 8 % B (10 god. ) 8461. 30. 00 Provlakačice, za obradu kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta 8 % B (10 god. ) 8461. 40. 00 Strojevi za ozubljivanje, brušenje ili završnu obradu ozubljenja, za obradu kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta (osim strojeva za dugohodno blanjanje, dubljenje i provlačenje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8461. 50. 00 Strojne pile ili strojevi za rezanje reznom pločom, za obradu kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta (osim strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8461. 90. 00 Strojevi za dugohodno blanjanje i drugi alatni strojevi za obradu kovina, metalnih karbida ili kermeta odvajanjem čestica, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 10. 00 Strojevi za slobodno kovanje ili kovanje u ukovnju, uključujući preše, i batovi 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 21. 00 Numerički upravljani strojevi za savijanje, presavijanje ili ravnanje, uključujući preše, za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 29. 00 Strojevi za savijanje, presavijanje ili ravnanje, uključujući preše, bez numeričkog upravljanja, za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 31. 00 Numerički upravljane strojne škare, uključujući preše, za obradu kovina (osim probijačica kombiniranih sa strojnim škarama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 39. 00 Strojne škare, uključujući preše, za obradu kovina, bez numeričkog upravljanja (osim probijačica kombiniranih sa strojnim škarama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 41. 00 Numerički upravljane probijačice i strojevi za zarezivanje, uključujući preše, i probijačice kombinirane sa strojnim škarama, za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 49. 00 Probijačice i strojevi za zarezivanje, uključujući preše, i probijačice kombinirane sa strojnim škarama, bez numeričkog upravljanja, za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 91. 00 Hidraulične preše, za obradu kovina (osim preša za kovanje, savijanje, presavijanje i ravnanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8462. 99. 00 Nehidraulične preše, za obradu kovina (osim preša za kovanje, savijanje, presavijanje i ravnanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8463. 10. 00 Strojevi za vučenje šipki, cijevi, profila, žice i slično, od kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8463. 20. 00 Strojevi za valjanje navoja, za obradu kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8463. 30. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu i preradu žice od kovine, bez odvajanja čestica (osim strojeva za savijanje žice iz tarifnog broja 8461 i strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8463. 90. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu kovina, srašćenih (sinteriranih) metalnih karbida ili kermeta, bez odvajanja čestica (osim preša za kovanje, savijanje, presavijanje i ravnanje, strojnih škara, probijačica i strojeva za zarezivanje, preša, strojeva za vučenje, strojeva za valjanje navoja, strojeva za obradu žice od kovine i strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8464. 10. 00 Strojne pile za obradu kamena, keramike, betona, azbestnog cementa ili sličnih mineralnih materijala ili za hladnu obradu stakla (osim strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8464. 20. 00 Strojevi za brušenje ili poliranje za obradu kamena, keramike, betona, azbestnog cementa ili sličnih mineralnih materijala ili za hladnu obradu stakla (osim strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8464. 90. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu kamena, betona, azbestnog cementa ili sličnih mineralnih materijala ili za hladnu obradu stakla (osim strojnih pila, strojeva za brušenje ili poliranje i ručno upravljanih strojeva i strojeva za graviranje ili urezivanje poluvodičkih pločica (wafera)) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 10. 00 Strojevi za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala koji mogu izvoditi različite vrste strojnih obrada bez izmjene alata između tih obrada 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 91. 00 Strojne pile za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala (osim strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 92. 00 Strojevi za blanjanje, glodanje ili oblikovanje rezanjem, za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala (osim strojeva za rad u ruci i strojeva iz podbroja 8465. 10 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 93. 00 Strojevi za brušenje, glačanje ili poliranje za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala (osim strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 94. 00 Strojevi za savijanje ili spajanje za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala (osim strojeva za rad u ruci) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 95. 00 Strojevi za bušenje ili upuštanje, za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala (osim strojeva za rad u ruci i strojeva iz podbroja 8465. 10 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 96. 00 Strojevi za cijepanje, rezanje na slojeve ili ljuštenje, za obradu drva 8 % B (10 god. ) 8465. 99. 00 Alatni strojevi za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala (osim strojeva za rad u ruci i strojeva iz podbroja 8465. 10 , strojnih pila, strojeva za blanjanje, glodanje ili oblikovanje rezanjem, strojeva za brušenje, glačanje ili poliranje, strojeva za savijanje ili spajanje, strojeva za bušenje ili upuštanje te strojeva za cijepanje, rezanje na slojeve ili ljuštenje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8466. 10. 00 Držači alata, uključujući držače alata za sve vrste alata za rad u ruci i samootvarajuće glave za narezivanje navoja 8 % B (10 god. ) 8466. 20. 00 Držači izradaka za alatne strojeve 8 % B (10 god. ) 8466. 30. 00 Podione glave i drugi posebni dodatni uređaji za alatne strojeve, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8466. 91. 00 Dijelovi i pribor za alatne strojeve za obradu kamena, keramike, betona, azbestnog cementa ili sličnih mineralnih materijala ili za hladnu obradu stakla, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8466. 92. 00 Dijelovi i pribor za alatne strojeve za obradu drva, pluta, kosti, tvrde gume, tvrde plastične mase ili sličnih tvrdih materijala, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8466. 93. 00 Dijelovi i pribor za alatne strojeve za obradu kovina odvajanjem čestica, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8466. 94. 00 Dijelovi i pribor za alatne strojeve za obradu kovina bez odvajanja čestica, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 11. 00 Alati za rad u ruci, pneumatski, rotacijski, uključujući kombinirane rotacijsko-vibracijske 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 19. 00 Pneumatski alati za rad u ruci, nerotacijski 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 21. 00 Bušilice svih vrsta za rad u ruci, s ugrađenim električnim motorom 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 22. 00 Pile za rad u ruci, s ugrađenim električnim motorom 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 29. 00 Elektromehanički alati za rad u ruci, s ugrađenim električnim motorom (osim pila i bušilica) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 81. 00 Lančane pile za rad u ruci, s ugrađenim neelektričnim motorom 0 % A (5 god. ) 8467. 89. 00 Alati za rad u ruci, hidraulični ili s ugrađenim neelektričnim motorom (osim lančanih pila i pneumatskih alata) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 91. 00 Dijelovi lančanih pila za rad u ruci, s ugrađenim električnim ili neelektričnim motorom, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 92. 00 Dijelovi pneumatskih alata za rad u ruci, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8467. 99. 00 Dijelovi pneumatskih alata za rad u ruci, hidrauličnih ili s ugrađenim električnim ili neelektričnim motorom, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8468. 10. 00 Ručni plinski plamenici, za meko lemljenje, tvrdo lemljenje ili zavarivanje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8468. 20. 00 Plinski strojevi i aparati za meko lemljenje, tvrdo lemljenje, zavarivanje ili površinsku toplinsku obradu (osim ručnih plinskih plamenika) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8468. 80. 00 Strojevi i aparati za zavarivanje, osim plinskih (osim električnih strojeva i aparata iz tarifnog broja 8515 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8468. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva i aparata za meko lemljenje, tvrdo lemljenje, zavarivanje ili površinsku toplinsku obradu, neelektrični, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8469. 00. 10 Pisaći strojevi i strojevi za obradu teksta (osim strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka i njihovih jedinica iz tarifnog broja 8443 i laserskih, termalnih i elektroosjetljivih pisača) Pisaći strojevi osim pisača iz tarifnog broja 8471 8 % B (10 god. ) 8469. 00. 20 Pisaći strojevi i strojevi za obradu teksta (osim strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka i njihovih jedinica iz tarifnog broja 8443 i laserskih, termalnih i elektroosjetljivih pisača) Strojevi za obradu teksta 8 % B (10 god. ) 8470. 10. 00 Elektronički strojevi za računanje, sposobni raditi bez vanjskog izvora električne energije i džepni strojevi (dimenzija 170 mm x 100 mm x 45 mm ili manjih) za pohranu, reprodukciju i prikaz podataka, s računskim funkcijama 8 % B (10 god. ) 8470. 21. 00 Elektronički računski strojevi s ugrađenim pisačem, s priključkom za električnu mrežu (osim strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka iz tarifnog broja 8471 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8470. 29. 00 Elektronički računski strojevi bez ugrađenog pisača, s priključkom za električnu mrežu (osim strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka iz tarifnog broja 8471 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8470. 30. 00 Neelektronički računski strojevi 8 % B (10 god. ) 8470. 50. 00 Registarske blagajne s ugrađenim uređajem za računanje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8470. 90. 00 Knjigovodstveni strojevi, strojevi za naplatu poštarine (frankiranje), strojevi za izdavanje karata i slični strojevi, s ugrađenim uređajem za računanje (osim računskih strojeva, registarskih blagajni i automata za prodaju robe) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8471. 30. 00 Prijenosni strojevi za automatsku obradu podataka, mase 10 kg ili manje, koji se sastoje barem od središnje jedinice, tipkovnice i pokaznika (osim perifernih jedinica) 8 % D (20 god. ) 8471. 41. 00 Strojevi za automatsku obradu podataka, koji u istom kućištu imaju barem jednu središnju jedinicu te jednu ulaznu i jednu izlaznu jedinicu, neovisno o tome jesu li međusobno kombinirane ili ne (osim prijenosnih strojeva mase 10 kg ili manje i onih podnesenih u obliku sustava te perifernih jedinica) 8 % D (20 god. ) 8471. 49. 00 Strojevi za automatsku obradu podataka, podneseni u obliku sustava (koji imaju barem jednu središnju jedinicu te jednu ulaznu i jednu izlaznu jedinicu) (osim prijenosnih strojeva mase 10 kg ili manje i perifernih jedinica) 8 % D (20 god. ) 8471. 50. 00 Procesorske jedinice za strojeve za automatsku obradu podataka, neovisno sadržavaju li u istom kućištu jednu ili dvije od sljedećih vrsta jedinica ili ne: memorijske jedinice, ulazne jedinice, izlazne jedinice (osim onih iz tarifnog broja 8471. 41 ili 8471. 49 te perifernih jedinica) 8 % D (20 god. ) 8471. 60. 00 Ulazne ili izlazne jedinice strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka, neovisno sadrže li u istom kućištu memorijske jedinice ili ne 8 % D (20 god. ) 8471. 70. 00 Memorijske jedinice strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka 8 % D (20 god. ) 8471. 80. 00 Jedinice strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka (osim procesorskih jedinica, ulaznih ili izlaznih jedinica i memorijskih jedinica) 8 % D (20 god. ) 8471. 90. 00 Magnetni ili optički čitači, strojevi za bilježenje podataka u kodiranom obliku na nosače podataka i strojevi za obradu takvih podataka, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % E (isklj. ) 8472. 10. 00 Strojevi za umnožavanje (hektografski ili matrični) (osim strojeva za tiskanje i fotokopiranje ili termokopiranje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8472. 30. 00 Strojevi za razvrstavanje ili presavijanje pošte ili za ubacivanje pošte u omotnice ili omote, strojevi za otvaranje, zatvaranje ili pečaćenje pošte i strojevi za lijepljenje ili poništavanje poštanskih maraka 8 % B (10 god. ) 8472. 90. 00 Uredski strojevi, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8473. 10. 00 Dijelovi i pribor pisaćih strojeva ili strojeva za obradu teksta iz tarifnog broja 8469 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % C (15 god. ) 8473. 21. 00 Dijelovi i pribor elektroničkih računskih strojeva iz podbroja 8470. 10 , 8470. 21 ili 8470. 29 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % C (15 god. ) 8473. 29. 00 Dijelovi i pribor neelektroničkih računskih strojeva za knjigovodstvene strojeve, registarske blagajne ili druge strojeve, s ugrađenim uređajem za računanje, iz tarifnog broja 8470 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % C (15 god. ) 8473. 30. 00 Dijelovi i pribor strojeva za automatsku obradu podataka ili drugih strojeva iz tarifnog broja 8471 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % D (20 god. ) 8473. 40. 00 Dijelovi i pribor ostalih uredskih strojeva iz tarifnog broja 8472 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % C (15 god. ) 8473. 50. 00 Dijelovi i pribor podjednako pogodni za uporabu s dvama sljedećim strojevima ili više njih: pisaćim strojevima, strojevima za obradu teksta, računskim strojevima, strojevima za automatsku obradu podataka ili drugim strojevima, opremom ili uređajima iz tarifnih brojeva od 8469 do 8472 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % C (15 god. ) 8474. 10. 00 Strojevi za sortiranje, prosijavanje, separaciju ili pranje mineralnih tvari u krutom stanju, uključujući tvari u obliku praha ili paste (osim centrifuga i filtarskih preša) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8474. 20. 00 Strojevi za drobljenje ili mljevenje mineralnih tvari u krutom stanju 8 % E (isklj. ) 8474. 31. 00 Miješalice za beton ili mort (osim montiranih na željezničke vagone ili šasije kamiona) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8474. 32. 00 Strojevi za miješanje mineralnih tvari s bitumenom 8 % B (10 god. ) 8474. 39. 00 Strojevi za miješanje ili gnječenje mineralnih tvari u krutom stanju, uključujući tvari u obliku praha ili paste (osim miješalica za beton i mort, strojeva za miješanje mineralnih tvari s bitumenom i kalandera) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8474. 80. 00 Strojevi za aglomeriranje, modeliranje ili oblikovanje krutih mineralnih goriva, keramičke mase, neočvrsnutog cementa, sadre ili drugih mineralnih tvari u obliku praha ili paste; strojevi za izradu kalupa za lijevanje od pijeska (osim onih za lijevanje ili prešanje stakla) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8474. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za obradu i preradu mineralnih tvari iz tarifnog broja 8474 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8475. 10. 00 Strojevi za sastavljanje električnih žarulja, elektronskih cijevi i žarulja-bljeskalica, u staklene omotače 8 % B (10 god. ) 8475. 21. 00 Strojevi za izradu optičkih vlakana i pripremaka za njih 8 % B (10 god. ) 8475. 29. 00 Strojevi za proizvodnju ili toplu obradu stakla ili staklenih proizvoda (osim strojeva za izradu optičkih vlakana i pripremaka za njih te aparata za grijanje za proizvodnju kaljenog stakla) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8475. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za sastavljanje električnih žarulja, elektronskih cijevi ili žarulja-bljeskalica, u staklene omotače i strojeva za proizvodnju ili toplu obradu stakla ili staklenih proizvoda, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8476. 21. 00 Automati za prodaju pića s ugrađenim uređajem za grijanje ili hlađenje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8476. 29. 00 Automati za prodaju pića bez ugrađenog uređaja za grijanje ili hlađenje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8476. 81. 00 Automati za prodaju robe s ugrađenim uređajem za grijanje ili hlađenje (osim automata za prodaju pića) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8476. 89. 00 Automati za prodaju robe bez ugrađenog uređaja za grijanje ili hlađenje; strojevi za mijenjanje novca (osim automata za prodaju pića) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8476. 90. 00 Dijelovi automata za prodaju robe, uključujući strojeve za mijenjanje novca, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 10. 00 Strojevi za lijevanje ubrizgavanjem za obradu i preradu gume ili plastične mase 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 20. 00 Ekstruderi za obradu i preradu gume ili plastične mase 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 30. 00 Strojevi za oblikovanje puhanjem za obradu i preradu gume ili plastične mase 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 40. 00 Strojevi za oblikovanje vakuumom i drugi strojevi za toplinsko oblikovanje za obradu i preradu gume ili plastične mase 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 51. 00 Strojevi za oblikovanje ili protektiranje vanjskih pneumatskih guma ili za oblikovanje zračnica od gume ili plastične mase 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 59. 00 Strojevi za lijevanje ili drukčije oblikovanje proizvoda od gume ili plastične mase (osim strojeva za lijevanje ubrizgavanjem, ekstrudera, strojeva za oblikovanje puhanjem, strojeva za oblikovanje vakuumom i drugih strojeva za toplinsko oblikovanje; strojeva za oblikovanje ili protektiranje vanjskih pneumatskih guma ili za oblikovanje zračnica) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 80. 00 Strojevi za obradu i preradu gume ili plastične mase ili za izradu proizvoda od tih materijala, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu u ovom poglavlju 8 % B (10 god. ) 8477. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za obradu i preradu gume ili plastične mase ili za izradu proizvoda od tih materijala, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8478. 10. 00 Strojevi za pripremu i preradu duhana (osim sušara i ostale opreme za zagrijavanje, centrifuga i filtarnih preša) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8478. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva za pripremu ili preradu duhana, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 10. 00 Strojevi za javne radove, građevinarstvo ili slično, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 20. 00 Strojevi za ekstrakciju ili pripremanje životinjskih ili nehlapivih (masnih) biljnih masti ili ulja (osim centrifuga, filtara i uređaja za grijanje) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 30. 00 Preše za proizvodnju ploča iverica ili ploča vlaknatica od drva ili drugih drvnih materijala i ostali strojevi za obradu drva ili pluta (osim strojeva za sušenje, pištolja za štrcanje i slično i strojnih alata) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 40. 00 Strojevi za izradu užadi, konopa ili kabela (osim strojeva za končanje vrsta koje se rabe u predionicama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 50. 00 Industrijski roboti, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 60. 00 Evaporacijski hladnjaci zraka, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 71. 00 Mostovi za ukrcaj putnika, vrsta koje se rabi u zračnim lukama 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 79. 00 Mostovi za ukrcaj putnika (osim vrsta koje se rabi u zračnim lukama) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 81. 00 Strojevi za obradu kovina, uključujući uređaje za namatanje električnih zavojnica, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu (osim industrijskih robota, peći, sušara, pištolja za štrcanje i sličnih uređaja, opreme za čišćenje visokim pritiskom i drugih uređaja za čišćenje mlazom, valjačkih stanova ili strojeva, alatnih strojeva i strojeva za izradu užadi, konopa ili kabela) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 82. 00 Strojevi za miješanje, gnječenje, drobljenje, mljevenje, prosijavanje, rešetanje, homogenizaciju ili emulzifikaciju, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu (osim industrijskih robota) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 89. 00 Strojevi i mehanički uređaji, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8479. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva i mehaničkih uređaja, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 10. 00 Kalupnici za ljevaonice kovina 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 20. 00 Modelne ploče (osim od grafita ili drugih vrsta ugljena, keramičkih materijala ili stakla) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 30. 00 Modeli za izradu kalupa (osim kalupa od grafita ili drugih vrsta ugljika, keramike ili stakla) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 41. 00 Kalupi za lijevanje ubrizgavanjem ili pod pritiskom, za kovine ili metalne karbide (osim kalupa od grafita ili drugih vrsta ugljika te keramike ili stakla) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 49. 00 Kalupi za kovine ili metalne karbide (osim kalupa od grafita ili drugih vrsta ugljika, keramike ili stakla, kalupa ili matrica za linotip, kalupa za lijevanje ubrizgavanjem ili pod pritiskom i kalupa za ingote) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 50. 00 Kalupi za staklo (osim kalupa od grafita ili drugih vrsta ugljika i keramike) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 60. 00 Kalupi za mineralne materijale (osim kalupa od grafita ili drugih vrsta ugljika, keramike ili stakla) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 71. 00 Kalupi za lijevanje ubrizgavanjem ili pod pritiskom, za gumu ili plastičnu masu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8480. 79. 00 Kalupi za gumu ili plastičnu masu (osim kalupa za lijevanje ubrizgavanjem ili pod pritiskom) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8481. 10. 00 Ventili za smanjenje pritiska 8 % C (15 god. ) 8481. 20. 00 Ventili za uljnohidraulične ili pneumatske prijenose 8 % B (10 god. ) 8481. 30. 00 Nepovratni ventili za cjevovode, kotlove, spremnike, posude ili slično 8 % B (10 god. ) 8481. 40. 00 Sigurnosni ventili 8 % B (10 god. ) 8481. 80. 10 Uređaji za cjevovode, kotlove, spremnike, posude ili slično (osim ventila za smanjenje pritiska, ventila za upravljanje pneumatskim prijenosom snage, nepovratnih ventila i sigurnosnih ventila) – – – vrsta i veličine pogodne za opskrbu vodom i zbrinjavanje otpadnih voda u domaćinstvima 8 % B (10 god. ) 8481. 80. 90 Uređaji za cjevovode, kotlove, spremnike, posude ili slično (osim ventila za smanjenje pritiska, ventila za upravljanje pneumatskim prijenosom snage, nepovratnih ventila i sigurnosnih ventila) – – – ostalo 8 % B (10 god. ) 8481. 90. 00 Dijelovi ventila i sličnih uređaja za cjevovode, kotlove, spremnike, posude i slično, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 10. 00 Kuglični ležajevi 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 20. 00 Stožastovaljkasti ležajevi, uključujući sklopove od unutarnjeg prstena i valjnog vijenca 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 30. 00 Bačvasti ležajevi 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 40. 00 Igličasti ležajevi 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 50. 00 Valjkasti ležajevi (osim igličastih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 80. 00 Ležajevi, uključujući kombinirane kugličnovaljkaste ležajeve (osim kugličnih ležajeva, stožastovaljkastih ležajeva, uključujući sklopove od unutarnjeg prstena i valjnog vijenca, bačvastih ležajeva, igličastih ležajeva i valjkastih ležajeva) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 91. 00 Kuglice, iglice i valjčići za ležajeve (osim čeličnih kuglica iz tarifnog broja 7326 ) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8482. 99. 00 Dijelovi kuglastih ili valjnih ležajeva (osim kuglica, iglica i valjčića), nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8483. 10. 00 Transmisijska vratila, uključujući bregaste osovine i koljenasta vratila, i poluge 20 % C (15 god. ) 8483. 20. 00 Kućišta ležajeva, s ugrađenim kuglastim ili valjnim ležajevima, za strojeve 20 % C (15 god. ) 8483. 30. 00 Kućišta ležajeva za strojeve, bez ugrađenih kuglastih ili valjnih ležajeva; klizni ležajevi za strojeve 20 % C (15 god. ) 8483. 40. 00 Zupčani prijenosi za strojeve (osim zupčanika, lančanika i ostalih transmisijskih elemenata podnesenih posebno); navojna vretena s kuglicama ili valjcima; mjenjačke kutije i drugi mjenjači brzina, uključujući pretvarače momenta vrtnje 20 % C (15 god. ) 8483. 50. 00 Zamašnjaci, remenice i užnice, uključujući koloturnike 20 % C (15 god. ) 8483. 60. 00 Uključne spojke i spojke za vratila, uključujući univerzalne spojke, za strojeve 20 % C (15 god. ) 8483. 90. 00 Zupčanici, lančanici i ostali transmisijski elementi podneseni posebno; dijelovi transmisijskih vratila, navojna vretena s kuglicama, kvačila i ostali predmeti iz tarifnog broja 8483 , nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 20 % C (15 god. ) 8484. 10. 00 Brtve od kovinskih listova kombinirane s drugim materijalom ili od dvaju ili više metalnih slojeva 20 % C (15 god. ) 8484. 20. 00 Mehaničke brtve 20 % C (15 god. ) 8484. 90. 00 Setovi ili sortimenti brtava, različitog sastava, pripremljeni u vrećicama, omotima ili sličnim pakiranjima 20 % C (15 god. ) 8486. 10. 00 Strojevi i aparati za proizvodnju poluvodičkih blokova ili pločica (wafera) 20 % C (15 god. ) 8486. 20. 00 Strojevi i aparati za proizvodnju poluvodičkih elemenata ili elektroničkih integriranih krugova 20 % C (15 god. ) 8486. 30. 00 Strojevi i aparati za proizvodnju ravnih pokaznika 20 % C (15 god. ) 8486. 40. 00 Strojevi i aparati navedeni u napomeni 9 C uz poglavlje 84 20 % C (15 god. ) 8486. 90. 00 Dijelovi i pribor strojeva i aparata vrsta koje se rabi isključivo ili uglavnom za proizvodnju poluvodičkih blokova ili pločica (wafera), poluvodičkih elemenata, elektroničkih integriranih krugova ili ravnih pokaznika; strojevi i aparati navedeni u napomeni 9 C uz poglavlje 84, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 20 % C (15 god. ) 8487. 10. 00 Brodski vijci ili vijci za brodice i njihove lopatice 20 % C (15 god. ) 8487. 90. 00 Dijelovi strojeva iz poglavlja 84, bez posebne namjene, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 20 % C (15 god. ) 8501. 10. 00 Motori izlazne snage 37,5 W ili manje 8 % C (15 god. ) 8501. 20. 00 Univerzalni izmjenični/istosmjerni motori izlazne snage veće od 37,5 W 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 31. 00 Istosmjerni motori izlazne snage veće od 37,5 W, ali ne veće od 750 W i istosmjerni generatori izlazne snage 750 W ili manje 8 % C (15 god. ) 8501. 32. 00 Istosmjerni motori i istosmjerni generatori izlazne snage veće od 750 W, ali ne veće od 75 kW 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 33. 00 Istosmjerni motori i istosmjerni generatori izlazne snage veće od 75 kW, ali ne veće od 375 kW 8 % C (15 god. ) 8501. 34. 00 Istosmjerni motori i istosmjerni generatori izlazne snage veće od 375 kW 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 40. 00 Izmjenični motori, jednofazni, izlazne snage veće od 37,5 W 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 51. 00 Izmjenični motori, višefazni, izlazne snage veće od 37,5 W, ali ne veće od 750 W 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 52. 00 Izmjenični motori, višefazni, izlazne snage veće od 750 W, ali ne veće od 75 kW 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 53. 00 Izmjenični motori, višefazni, izlazne snage veće od 75 kW 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 61. 00 Izmjenični generatori (alternatori), izlazne snage 75 kVA ili manje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 62. 00 Izmjenični generatori (alternatori), izlazne snage veće od 75 kVA, ali ne veće od 375 kVA 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 63. 00 Izmjenični generatori (alternatori), izlazne snage veće od 375 kVA, ali ne veće od 750 kVA 8 % B (10 god. ) 8501. 64. 00 Izmjenični generatori (alternatori), izlazne snage veće od 750 kVA 8 % C (15 god. ) 8502. 11. 00 Generatorski agregati s klipnim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem na paljenje pomoću kompresije (dizelskim ili poludizelskim motorima), izlazne snage 75 kVA ili manje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8502. 12. 00 Generatorski agregati s klipnim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem na paljenje pomoću kompresije (dizelskim ili poludizelskim motorima), izlazne snage veće od 75 kVA, ali ne veće od 375 kVA 8 % B (10 god. ) 8502. 13. 00 Generatorski agregati s klipnim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem na paljenje pomoću kompresije (dizelskim ili poludizelskim motorima), izlazne snage veće od 375 kVA 8 % B (10 god. ) 8502. 20. 00 Generatorski agregati s klipnim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem na paljenje pomoću svjećica 8 % E (isklj. ) 8502. 31. 00 Generatorski agregati, pogonjeni vjetrom 8 % C (15 god. ) 8502. 39. 00 Generatorski agregati (osim onih pogonjenih vjetrom i s klipnim motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem na paljenje pomoću svjećica) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8502. 40. 00 Električni rotacijski pretvarači (konvertori) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8503. 00. 00 Dijelovi prikladni za uporabu isključivo ili uglavnom s električnim motorima i generatorima, električnim generatorskim agregatima i rotacijskim pretvaračima, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % C (15 god. ) 8504. 10. 00 Balasti za žarulje ili cijevi s izbijanjem 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 21. 00 Transformatori s tekućim dielektrikom, snage 650k kVA ili manje 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 22. 00 Transformatori s tekućim dielektrikom, snage veće od 650 kVA, ali ne veće od 10 000 kVA 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 23. 00 Transformatori s tekućim dielektrikom, snage veće od 10 000 kVA 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 31. 00 Transformatori snage 1 kVA ili manje (osim s tekućim dielektrikom) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 32. 00 Transformatori snage veće od 1 kVA, ali ne veće od 16 kVA (osim s tekućim dielektrikom) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 33. 00 Transformatori snage veće od 16 kVA, ali ne veće od 500 kVA (osim s tekućim dielektrikom) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 34. 00 Transformatori snage veće od 500 kVA (osim s tekućim dielektrikom) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 40. 00 Statički pretvarači (konvertori) 8 % E (isklj. ) 8504. 50. 00 Indukcijske zavojnice (osim indukcijskih zavojnica za žarulje i cijevi s izbijanjem) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8504. 90. 00 Dijelovi električnih transformatora i indukcijskih zavojnica, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8505. 11. 00 Trajni magneti od kovina i proizvodi predviđeni da postanu trajni magneti poslije magnetiziranja (osim steznih glava, steznih naprava i sličnih držača) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8505. 19. 00 Trajni magneti i proizvodi predviđeni da postanu trajni magneti poslije magnetiziranja, od materijala koji nisu kovine 8 % B (10 god. ) 8505. 20. 00 Elektromagnetne spojke, kvačila i kočnice 8 % B (10 god. ) 8505. 90. 00 Elektromagneti i elektromagnetne glave za dizanje (isključujući magnete koji se koriste u medicinske svrhe); stezne glave, stezne naprave i slični držači, na osnovi elektromagneta ili trajnih magneta i slični držači i njihovi dijelovi, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8506. 10. 00 Ćelije i baterije s manganovim dioksidom (osim istrošenih) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8506. 30. 00 Ćelije i baterije sa živinim oksidom (osim istrošenih) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8506. 40. 00 Ćelije i baterije sa srebrnim oksidom (osim istrošenih) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8506. 50. 00 Litijeve ćelije i baterije (osim istrošenih) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8506. 60. 00 Zrak-cinkove ćelije i baterije (osim istrošenih) 8 % C (15 god. ) 8506. 80. 00 Primarne ćelije i primarne baterije, električne (osim istrošenih, sa srebrnim oksidom, živinim oksidom, manganovim dioksidom, litijevih i zrak-cinkovih) 8 % E (isklj. ) 8506. 90. 00 Dijelovi primarnih ćelija i primarnih baterija, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % C (15 god. ) 8507. 10. 00 Olovni akumulatori za pokretanje klipnih motora (startni akumulatori) (osim istrošenih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8507. 20. 00 Olovni akumulatori (osim istrošenih i startnih akumulatora) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8507. 30. 00 Nikal-kadmijevi akumulatori (osim istrošenih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8507. 40. 00 Nikal-željezovi akumulatori (osim istrošenih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8507. 50. 00 Nikal-metal hidridni akumulatori (osim istrošenih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8507. 60. 00 Litij-ionski akumulatori (osim istrošenih) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8507. 80. 00 Električni akumulatori (osim istrošenih te olovnih, nikal-kadmijevih, nikal-željezovih, nikal-metal hidridnih i litij-ionskih akumulatora) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8507. 90. 00 Ploče, separatori i ostali dijelovi električnih akumulatora, nespomenuti niti uključeni na drugom mjestu 8 % B (10 god. ) 8508. 11. 00 Usisavači, uključujući usisavače za usisavanje suhih i vlažnih materijala, s ugrađenim električnim motorom, snage 1 500 W ili manje i s vrećom za prašinu ili drugim spremnikom od 20 l ili manjim 8 % B (10 god. ) 8508. 19. 00 Usisavači, uključujući usisavače za usisavanje suhih i vlažnih materijala, s ugrađenim električnim motorom (osim onih snage 1 500 W ili manje i s vrećom za prašinu ili drugim spremnikom od 20 l ili manjim) 8 % B (10 god. ) 8508. 60.
| 37,555
|
3457171_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 371
| 493
|
Reversing.
Atlas Raymer was indicted at the November, 1928, term of the Edmonson circuit court for the offense of unlawfully detaining a female against her will, a felony. Section 1158, Kentucky Statutes. Raymer was arrested on January 4, 1929, and executed bond for his appearance at the next term of the Edmonson circuit court, which appellants J.N. Raymer, G.W. Skaggs, and Walter Houchin signed as sureties.
Raymer appeared at the March, 1929, term of the circuit court and was tried. The jury failed to agree on a verdict, and the case was continued to the June, 1929, term of the court. Raymer failed to appear at the June term of court, and the commonwealth then took a forfeiture of his bail bond, and summons was issued against the sureties directing them to appear at the November, 1929, term of the Edmonson circuit court and show cause why a judgment should not be entered against them for $500. Raymer appeared at the November term of court, but the case was continued on motion of the commonwealth because of the absence of a material witness. Raymer was also present at the March, 1930, term, but the case was again continued on motion of the commonwealth because of the absence of the same witness.
At the March, 1930, term the sureties filed a response to the summons requiring them to show cause why a judgment should not be rendered against them, and at the June, 1930, term a judgment was rendered against them for the sum of $500.
In Huffman v. Commonwealth, 236 Ky. 48, 32 S.W.2d 562, it was held that the sureties on a bail bond were discharged when the commonwealth retook the person bailed and put him on trial for a felony. Here Raymer was accused of a felony, and at the March, 1929, term of the court he was put on trial. He was taken from the control of his bail and put into the custody of the court. The commonwealth having repossessed itself of the custody of the accused, the bail bond was discharged for the reasons set forth in the Huffman case.
Wherefore the judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings consistent herewith. *Page 539.
| 41,535
|
90c863fdf54368dc343a496d19b3a81d
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
SLOVAQUIE_cle811738.pdf
|
diplomatie.gouv.fr
|
Slovak
|
Spoken
| 866
| 2,886
|
Bo
dr
o
nica
u pi
Ipel'
San
Wislok
Cir
Okna
uj
a
T
vers BRNO
av
Fa
tra
lá
a
M
Zitav
a
VÁH
Á
d
Dudváh
ba
UKRAINE
L
TCHOP
ato
r it s a
a
vers BUDAPEST
na
ar
JÁSZBERÉNY
20° vers SZOLNOK
TISZAFÜRED
Lac
Tisza
vers KARCAG
TOKAJ
g
T is
KISVÁRDA
za
za
Kr
e
it
et
Uh
Vel'ké
Kapusany
v. BEREHOVE
P
Tourj
a
O
OUJHOROD
vers NYÍREGYHÁZA
Capitale d'État
(plus de 400 000 hab.)
Plus de 200 000 hab.
Plus de 75 000 hab.
Plus de 50 000 hab.
Plus de 25 000 hab.
Plus de 10 000 hab.
Autre ville ou localité
Autoroute
Route principale
Autre route
Tis
ná
O der
(Odr
a)
ava
Mor
Mor
av
a
S
vers MOUKATCHEVE
MORAV
A
j
Ou
Ubl'a
vers LVIV
vers VIENNE
49°
Sobrance
a
vers
VIENNE
rec
ore c
vers EISENSTADT
Os
L a bo
O n dav
19°
La b
vers
vers SZÉKESFEHÉRVÁR
VESZPRÉM
vers PÁPA
18°
17°
Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international, direction des Archives (pôle géographique) © Novembre 2014
yv
g
BUDAPEST
a
TATABÁNYA
d y
Stakcín
Ulic
1076
Král'ovsky´ Chlmec
ava
on
-ér
HATVAN
Za
l
lta
'a
Rá
E ger
ó
H
N
a
GYONGYOS
Lask
O
To p l
ESZTERGOM
J a sio l k
(DUNA)
átr
EGER
a
BE
DANU
M
DEBRECEN vers DEBRECEN
G
48°
vers MISKOLC
vers
Komárno
KOMÁROM
a
á
Hurbanovo
R
I
G alg
GYOR
E MISKOLC
T
va
gy
Za
NUBE
DA
Rábca
Snina
Trebisov
r
He
SALGÓTARJÁN
BALASSAGYARMAT
I
E
UB
KAPUVÁR
l
z
SÁROSPATAK
Sajó
R i m a va
Fil'akovo
Ipel'
VÁC
c
Lac
Zemplínska
Sírava
Pavlovce
nad Uhom
Secovce
aca
Rak
wa
San
z
ha
oc
E
Michalovce
895
ÓZD
Stúrovo
( D UN A J )
Druzstevná
pri Hornáde
s
Humenné
R
Tornal'a
na
ar
I
l
Kolárovo
1246
Moldava
nad Bodvou
Sl a n
I
l
Vel'ky Krtís
Nové Zámky
VÁH
I
l
Sahy
Nitra
Gabcikovo
I
l
k
I
DA
N
l
Surany
Tvrdosovce
Dunajská
Streda
Vel'ky
Meder
Rimavská
Sobota
Poltár
Lucenec
í
I
I
váh
I
E
ta
I
Levice
Sal'a
Tis ovn
I
ha
I
Tlmace
Vráble
Galanta
Dud
l'
1092
Id a
on
Hr
H
R I C
Nitra
BRATISLAVA
I
Banská Stiavnica
901
Presov
Plesivec
Krupina
Sered'
Maly' D
una
j
Samorín
Kr
Hnúst'a
THanusovce
Vranov
nad Topl'ou
ilec
B ó d va
Zlaté Moravce
Senec
Lac de
Neusiedl
l
Nová Bana
Roznava
Mu
r
Giraltovce
ysa
Tor
Hlohovec
e
s
Kokava
nad Rimavicou
Slatina
Javorie
1044
Trnava
Stupava
L aj
Ziar nad Hronom
'a
Topol'cany
n t s Revúca
Stropkov
nad Topl'ou
s
a q u e Kosice
S l o vMedzev
1322
Métallifères
Zvolen Detva
Zarnovica
Pezinok
I
tra
Ni
Mo
1458
1346
Hn
Dobsiná
Sla n á
1476
e
la
1200
Spisská Hornád
Gelnica
Nová Ves
1948
1439
n
ivá
754
48°
Piest'any
Brezno
Ip
T
Malacky
C
p
ar
Partizánske
es
Sabinov
Krompachy
Hron
Banská Bystrica
Kremnica
a
Spisské Podhradie
Tatras
Valaská
Cierny Balog
Tory s
rnád
Ho
Nováky
s
Top
l
A
Lipany
i
Medzilaborce
Bardejov
1157
Levoca
Strba Svit
B
Ondava
án
Smolenice
Leit
l
Bánovce nad
Bebravou Handlová
Nové Mesto
nad Váhom
se
Poprad
^
USTRZYKI
DOLNE
s
Popra
Kezmarok
Blh
A U
768
at
s
Ba
Prievidza
1042
Brezová
pod Bradlom
SastínStráze
Turcianske Teplice 1592
Trencín
970
Dumbier
2043
á
l
a Vel'ká Javorina
Myjava
Senica
Vel' k
Nová Dubnica
Drietoma
Stará Turá
Dubnica nad Váhom
Liptovsky´
Hrádok
Ruzomberok
B ia
Holíc
rp
a n Nemsová
V áh
e
Spisská Belá
Stary´ Smokovec
vers
PRZEMYSL
SANOK
KRYNICA
1289
2655
22°
Svidník
R a s Podolínec P
tr
H a u t e s T a Gerlachovka
DUKLA
d
Ca
s
te
Bl
ch
Dolny´ Kubín
A
d
Stará L'ubovna
ZAKOPANE
Liptovsky 2248
Lac
Liptovská Mara Mikulás
Martin
i
Trstená
Or
C
a
tr
a 1709
Rajec
Povazská
Bystrica
Ilava
k
a
ad
Dy
Skalica
Zilina
F
Belusa
es
Zákamenné
Tvrdosín
Kysucké Nové Mesto
h
Vá
a
vers KROSNO
P o pr
HODONÍN
je
Krásno
nad Kysucou
Púchov
UHERSKÉ
HRADISTE
49°
s
NámestovoOrava
suca
Ky
a
tav
Li
vers
SOPRON
a
vers PRAGUE
O
^
or
J a v Bytca
ZLÍN
BRECLAV
ní
1071
jec
na
Du
RABKA
B Lac e
1557
Cadca
ky
W
i
E
JASLO
WISLA
Turzovka
N
Rop
1725
Babia Hora
VYSKOV
G
SLOVAQUIE
NOWY SACZ
^
Makov
O
•
Becva
VSETÍN
L
ZYWIEC
TRINEC
PREROV
O
R
OLOMOUC
PROSTEJOV
50°
TARNÓW
ka
slo
BIELSKO-BIALA
CIESZYN
´
FRYDEK-MÍSTEK
a
P
OSTRAVA
Wisl a
vers ZD'AR
NAD SÁZAVOU
KARVINÁ
RÉPUBLIQUE
TCHÈQUE
dr
wa
Mor a v a
ice
Opav
a
vers VARSOVIE
DEBICA
Ska
OPAVA
Sola
Mora
v
SUMPERK
CRACOVIE
(KRAKÓW)
21°
vers VARSOVIE
sla)
Wi
e (
l
u
st
Vi
BRZESKO
RYBNIK
´
WODZISLAW SLASKI
50°
vers VARSOVIE
ab
vers JESENÍK
20°
vers OLKUSZ
vers RZESZÓW
vers
SLOVAQUIE
vers
KATOWICE
TYCHY
vers GLIWICE
jec
na
Du
KRNOV
vers OPOLE
22°
vers
MÁTÉSZALKA
Voie ferrée principale
Aéroport, aérodrome
Barrage
I
I
I
I
Canal
Limite de région (kraj)
Nitra
Capitale de région
Senica
Chef-lieu de district
(okres)
Parc national
0
50 km
| 44,050
|
5274310_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,892
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 564
| 664
|
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hoyt, J.
Plaintiff brought this action to recover of the defendant a certain sum of money which he had paid to one Leadbetter, as the first annual premium upon a policy of insurance upon his life for the sum of five thousand dollars, to be thereafter issued by the defendant. The ground upon which he sought to recover this premium back was that the defendant had failed to approve his application, and issue him a policy as required by the terms of his ap plication. Defendant in its answer, after making certain denials, alleged by way of affirmative defense that it had delivered to the plaintiff a policy of insurance for the sum of ten thousand dollars, with the understanding that at the end of the first year it should be reduced at the request of the plaintiff to the sum of five thousand dollars. The plaintiff recovered a judgment for the amount of the premium paid by him, and defendant has brought the case here, and alleges three reasons why the judgment should be reversed. First, Because it was not alleged or proved that defendant was a corporation, or any other association or body capable of being sued. Second,, That there was no sufficient proof that Leadbetter had authority to contract for the defendant, or that the money was ever paid to the defendant. Tim'd, For error on the part of the court in .allowing a certain written instrument, wherein a demand was made by the defendant upon the plaintiff for payment of the second year's premium on the ten thousand dollar policy, to be introduced in evidence.
As to the first alleged error, we think the answer of the defendant, in which it by way of affirmative defense asserted the issuance of a policy by it, was a sufficient admission of its corporate capacity. The rule laid down by this court in the case of Frost v. Ainslie Lumber Co., 3 Wash. 241 (28 Pac. Rep. 354), is decisive of this question, for, while it is true that in that case the complaint was not challenged by demurrer, while in this case it was, yet the demurrer being general was under the circumstances of .this case waived by, the answer, and this question must be decided as though it had never been interposed.
As to the second ground, the proof clearly showed that Leadbetter was the agent of-the company for the purpose ,of receiving applications for insurance, and we think that this, and the other facts shown by the proofs, clearly established his authority to act for the company.
The paper to which the third allegation is pointed was clearly entitled to be put in evidence. Under the allegations of its answer, defendant was attempting to show the delivery of the ten thousand dollar policy with the understanding that after the first year it should be reduced to one for five thousand dollars. Hence it was competent for plaintiff to show that the company, through its proper channels, had made a demand upon him for the'full amount of premium for the second year upon the ten thousand dollar policy. The paper to which objection was made clearly tended to establish this fact. We find no error in the record.
The judgment must be affirmed.
Anders, C. J., and Stiles. Dunbar and Scott, JJ., concur..
| 45,234
|
US-79090504-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,004
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 4,543
| 7,681
|
Elastic stitched composite fabric using inextensible yarns
ABSTRACT
The present invention is directed to a stitch-bonded elastic polymeric composite comprising a non-fibrous elastically extensible substrate stitched with a substantially inextensible yarn system. The composite may have an optional fibrous layer stitch-bonded to the non-fibrous substrate either over or under the non-fibrous elastic substrate. The composite preferably has a shrinkage during boil-off of less than about 10%. The stitching yarn network preferably allows stretch beyond the as-stitched dimensions of about 10–100% in at least one direction, and the composite can recover from this stretch to within 5% in at least one direction.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention generally relates to a composite fabric consisting of anon-fibrous elastic polymeric sheet stitched with substantiallyinextensible yarns.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Stitch-bonded elastic fabrics are generally known in the art. Theelasticity of these fabrics is typically provided by an elastic stitchedyarn system, which includes elastomeric yarns, composite yarns made fromelastomeric yarns wrapped or tangled with hard yarns, or textured yarns.The stitch-bonded substrate can be a woven, nonwoven or knit fabric oreven a film, foil or paper. The yarn system shrinks after stitching byreleasing the tension on the elastomeric yarns or by subjecting theelastomeric or textured yarns to heat and moisture. The yarn shrinkagecauses the substrate to gather between the stitches. When pulled, thestitch-bonded composite is elastic because the yarns stretch back andthe substrate is pulled out flat again. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,773,238,4,876,128 and 5,187,952, issued to D. Zafiroglu, among others, describethis technique of building elastic stitched fabrics from fibroussubstrate and elastic yarns. A limitation of this technique is that thesubstrate is buckled out-of-plane between the stitch insertion points,creating a bulky product with a characteristically “bumpy” surface, andin essence stiffening the product, because its thickness increases morethan its weight as it gathers.
Another method for forming elastic stitch-bonded products, described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,891,957 issued to Strack, uses a stretched elastomericfibrous web, stitched under tension. The yarns can be elastic orsubstantially inelastic. As the substrate shrinks, the yarns maybuckle-up, but as the substrate/yarn composite is stretched during use,the yarns take over to reinforce the product. Thus, the yarns supply“strength” and “body,” and the fibrous substrate provides the elasticityto this stitch-bonded fabric. One or more non-elastic fibrous substratesmay also be stitched to this elastomeric fibrous web during thestitching process. The elastic fibrous webs used in the '957 patent tendto be expensive, and the buckled yarns and/or added fibrous webs presentthe same bulk, stiffness and surface unevenness problems as the gatheredproducts using elastic stitching yarns.
Additionally, the requirement of the known fabrics to shrink and gatherafter stitching increases material and process costs in proportion tothe shrinkage ratio, and adds the cost of finishing and heat-setting tothe cost of the composite fabric.
Hence, a need exists to produce a stitch-bonded fabric with elasticproperties that does not require extensive shrinkage after stitching,remains relatively flat on the surface, and, preferably, utilizesreadily available lower-cost components, such as inextensible ornon-elastomeric yarns and cast or extruded non-fibrous elastic films orgrids.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Hence, the present invention is directed to a stitch-bonded elasticpolymeric composite comprising a non-fibrous elastically extensiblesubstrate stitched with a substantially inextensible yarn system. Thecomposite may have an optional fibrous layer stitch-bonded to thenon-fibrous substrate either over or under the non-fibrous elasticsubstrate. The composite preferably has a shrinkage during boil-off ofless than about 10%. The stitching yarn network preferably allowsstretch beyond the as-stitched dimensions of about 10–100% in at leastone direction, and the composite can recover from this stretch to withinabout 5% in at least one direction.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the elasticmodulus of the composite in the stretch direction(s) within about10–100% stretch range is less than about 400 grams per centimeter widthper about 10% stretch. The non-fibrous elastic substrate can be anelastomeric polyurethane film having basis weight in the range of about20–100 g/m², or the substrate can be a polyolefin, such as polyethyleneor polypropylene film having basis weight in the range of about 20–120g/m². The non-fibrous substrate can be a perforated or discontinuousgrid.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, thestitching yarns can be flat or inextensible hard yarns. Alternatively,the stitching yarns can be textured yarns or a combination thereof.Suitable stitching patterns include, but are not limited to, “Ripple,”“Atlas” or “Tricot” patterns. The stitching pattern may leave at leasthalf of the technical back of the fabric partially exposed, or may fullycover the technical back. In accordance with another aspect, thenon-fibrous elastic substrate amounts to at least half the weight of thecomposite. Preferably, the composite has a basis weight in the range ofabout 70 to about 350 grams/m².
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, thecomposite can be elastically stretched in the cross direction.Alternatively, it can be elastically stretched in the machine direction.The composite can also be elastically stretchable in both directions.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, thecomposite can be heat treated after the stitching operation to provideelastic stretchability in at least one direction, preferably in themachine direction. The composite can shrink up to 30% to 35% and remainelastic.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, thenon-fibrous elastically extensible substrate may contain additives,fillers, powders or flakes or the like to provide desirable propertiesto the composite, such as fire retardants, fragrance, antimicrobials,and shield against radio waves and/or magneto-electrical interferences.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, thecomposite can be embossed into any desirable shape. The composite can belaminated to a backing by heat pressing and melting the composite to thebacking.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The inventor of the present invention had previously observed that ashrinkable, non-fibrous substrate stitch-bonded by relativelyinexpensive, inextensible yarns or textured yarns when shrunk causes theyarns to buckle out of plane, while the shrunk substrate remainsrelatively flat. The shrunk, stitch-bonded product is substantiallyinextensible and durable and has many desirable end uses. This productis fully described in commonly owned, co-pending patent applicationentitled “Stitch-bonded and Gathered Composite and Methods for MakingSame,” bearing Ser. No. 10/611,287 and filed on Jul. 1, 2003. Thisapplication is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The inventor further observed that certain polymeric non-fibrous solidor perforated films, “nets,” or “grids” such as polyurethane,polyethylene or polypropylene can stretch and fully recover even afterbeing penetrated with stitching needles spaced at relatively smallintervals (2–8/cm). The amount of recovery depends upon the polymer,with the polyurethanes being elastically stretchable up to 200%, andsome of the polyolefins up to 35%. Unlike fibrous sheets, however, thesefilms or grids are weakened by the stitch-needle perforations and maytear. To allow “soft stretch,” these films also need to be relativelylightweight, thereby further decreasing their tear-strength. As usedherein, “soft stretch” refers to a stretching force of less than about400 gm/cm for 10% stretch.
In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, relativelyelastic lightweight non-fibrous polymeric sheets or substrates arestitched with substantially inextensible, non-elastomeric yarns usingstitching patterns that allow stretching without reaching the limit ofelastic recovery of the elastic sheet perforated by the stitchingneedles. The product cannot extend beyond this limit, because thesubstantially inextensible yarn network locks-up. The yarn network maycontain textured polymeric yarns or a combination of hard and texturedyarns. The composite may also be shrunk after stitching so long as itselastic modulus remains relatively low to preserve “soft-stretch.”
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, thesenon-fibrous polymeric substrates do not require extensive gathering orshrinking to become elastic. Also whether it is post-shrunk or not, thecomposite preferably shrinks less than 10% when subjected to boilingwater during washing cycles, and preferably will not shrink when driedat temperatures under about 150° C., more preferably under about 120° C.The preferred drying temperatures are within the range used in mostdryers, i.e., under 120° C. The product of the present invention is asoft, flexible, drapeable fabric that can be dyed in boiling waterwithout substantial shrinking, and remains elastic in at least onedirection after multiple washings and dryings.
Another advantage of this invention is that the polymeric non-fibrouselastic substrates can provide additional color and other decorativeeffects (shiny, dull, textured, partially exposed film surfaces, etc.).Moreover, the non-fibrous polymeric elastic substrates can be in theform of a non-fibrous grid or “mesh,” and can also contain fillers, suchas fibers, fibrils or powders. The fillers can be glass, metal,carbonaceous, polymeric, etc. For example, fiberglass fillers are fireresistant and metallic powders provide electromagnetic or radiationshields (EMI/RFI protection). Other additives can provide anti-bacterialor anti-microbial protection. Others can provide fragrance to thesubstrates.
The non-fibrous polymeric elastic substrates can be stitched or builtwith colored yarns and colored films or grids to create composite withspecial visual effects. The stitch-bonded composites can be dyed,providing that the processing temperatures are kept relatively low so asnot to melt or harden the non-fibrous polymeric substrates. Thestitch-bonded non-fibrous polymeric substrates or composites containingsame can also be permanently embossed into durable/reusable threedimensional elastic fabrics using embossing patterns that allow stretchbetween embossments. The embossing process can reach temperatures wellabove 125° C. with the areas between the embossments left intact,resulting in highly textured, soft and still elastic structures. Thisembossed product can be washed and dried without losing their elasticityor texture and without pilling. Suitable embossing techniques aredisclosed in commonly owned, co-pending patent application entitled“Textured Composite Material,” bearing Ser. No. 10/611,470 and filed onJul. 1, 2003. This application is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, suitablenon-fibrous polymeric substrates include low-cost polymeric films orsheets. Such films include polyolefin films with basis weight in therange of 0.5 to 4 oz/yd² (or about 16.9 to about 118.5 grams/m²),because of their relatively low cost and their elastic stretchability,which can be up to 30–35% using low stretching forces. Preferred stitchfrequencies are in the range of 6–18/inch across (6 to 18 gauges) and7–20 CPI (7 to 20 penetrations per inch in the machine direction). Theperforating action of the needles softens these polyolefin films, andreduces the force necessary to stretch them. On the other hand, as thefilms are softened, the stitching yarn networks lock-up to preventfurther stretching and keep the films from tearing. So long as the tearpoint is not reached, the perforated films provide the elastic forceneeded to recover from relatively small elongations, e.g., between 15and 30%.
The inventor has also found that thin polyolefin films, e.g., havingbasis weight in the range of 0.5 to 4.0 oz/yd² (or about 16.9 to about118.5 grams/m²), can be shrunk by heating to temperatures near theirmelting temperatures (around 130–150° C. for polyethylene) and remainelastic. This enables shrinkage in the machine direction, so that thesubstantially inextensible overlaps of the stitching yarns can buckle orcurl as they accommodate the shrinkage, and subsequently allow machinedirection elastic stretch as the shrunk film stretches elastically andthe yarn overlaps are pulled straight and taut. Preferably, the stitchedcomposite has a total basis weight in the range of about 70 to about 350grams/m².
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention,preferred non-fibrous polymeric substrates also include elastomericfilms, such as polyurethane. Elastomeric films when stitched withinextensible yarns can also be heat-shrunk to allow machine-directionelasticity. Elastomeric films can provide substantial levels ofcross-stretching, when stitched with yarn systems allowing high crossstretching. The basis weight of the polyurethane sheet is in a range ofabout 20 grams/m² to about 100 grams/m².
The non-fibrous elastomeric or polyolefin films or grids, whenperforated, offer the additional advantage of being less damaged by theneedle perforation action of the stitching process.
Suitable stitching yarns include “hard” flat polyester, nylon, acrylic,or polypropylene yarns or their textured equivalents. Suitable yarnsfurther include any synthetic or natural yarns that are substantiallyinextensible. Preferably, the stitching patterns are selected to allowcross-direction stretching without requiring cross-direction shrinkageafter the stitching process. This can be achieved by balancing thestitch frequency (CPI or stitches per inch) in view of the cross-travelof the underlaps. The underlap cross angle should be such that theproduct allows no more stretch than what the needle-perforated elasticfilm can bear. Suitable stitch patterns for cross-directional stretchinclude, but are not limited to, stitching systems utilizinginextensible hard or flat yarns or non-elastomeric stretch texturedyarns stitched in highly cross-extensible stitch patterns, such as a“Ripple” pattern (such as 1-0,1-0,1-2,1-2) , or an “Atlas” pattern (suchas 1-0,1-0,2-1,2-1,2-3,2-3,1-2,1-2), or a single-spaced Tricot pattern(such as 1-0,1 -2). Such stitch patterns allow extensive crossstretching, especially when used in conjunction with relativelyclose-spaced and long (high gauge and low CPI) stitches. Stitching forhigh cross-direction stretch is fully disclosed in co-pending patentapplication entitled, “Stitch-bonded Fabrics Utilizing StretchableSubstrates,” bearing Ser. No. 10/725,238 and filed on Dec. 1, 2003. Thisapplication is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, thenon-fibrous polymeric elastic substrates preferably do not shrink, warpor otherwise change when subjected to boiling water and/or ambienttemperatures under 125° C. Preferably, the stitched non-fibrouspolymeric elastic composites also do not shrink when subject to boilingwater and/or ambient temperatures under 125° C., before being subjectedto any finishing processes. Shrinkage of the stitched substrates, ifany, can, however, be performed at temperatures above 125° C., so longas the product are not affected by hot washing and drying at moderatetemperatures, under 125° C.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, fibroussubstrates can be optionally stitched over or under non-fibrouspolymeric elastic substrates to form composites to improve textile handor bulk. Such composites may be used with and without shrinkage afterbeing stitched. Bulky fibrous substrates (needled or spunlaced webs,bulked knits, etc.) are preferred, because they can be gathered withintheir plane and do not substantially buckle out-of-plane when thecomposites shrink.
The elastic properties of the products of this invention originate fromthe non-fibrous polymeric elastic substrates, and not substantially fromthe stitching yarns. Even if the stitching yarns are textured and arebulkable (such as textured polyesters, polypropylenes or nylons) theproduct does not change dimensions or shrink in boiling water to asignificant degree. Preferably, the product changes (shrinks or grows)less than 10% at water boil, in either direction, as demonstrated in thefollowing examples.
EXAMPLES
In the following examples, non-fibrous, elastic polyolefin films havingthickness in the range of about 2.5 to about 3.5 mils (0.6 to 0.85 mm)and basis weight in the range of 1.6 to 2.3 oz/yd² (54 to 78 gm/m²) arestitch-bonded with inextensible flat or textured yarns to produceone-direction or two-direction soft, elastic and stretchable fabrics,with or without added fibrous layers. The elastic properties of thefabrics are substantially controlled by the films and not by the yarns.To allow machine direction elastic stretch, the product is heated toelevated temperatures that shrink the films in the machine direction andloosen the underlaps. The composites do not substantially shrink atboil-off (˜100° C.), even when the stitching yarns are textured yarns.As used herein, boil-off includes immersion in boiling water for about 2minutes or more. Elastic stretch is limited to the range of about10–30%. Higher stretch levels can be obtained using elastomeric films,such as polyurethane films (not included in the following Examples).
Two relatively thin polyethylene films, a black film having a thicknessof about 2.5 mils and a clear film having a thickness of about 3.5 mils,were purchased from AEP Industries in Charlotte, N.C., and were used inthe Examples below. A thicker black film having a thickness of about 6.5mils was used in comparative Examples C and D. The thicker film requiredhigh stretching forces, and did not truly recover from stretch over10–15%, even after being shrunk by heat treating at 150° C.
An optional fibrous web was added in Examples 1, 2, 7 and 8. The fibrousweb is a carded directional web made from 1.5 denier, 1.5 inch polyesterfibers, and has a basis weight of about 0.7 oz/yd². The fibrous webcontains about 20% Kosa type 252 sheath-core binder/core fibers and 80%Wellman type 310 polyester fibers, activated/bonded at 210° C.
The stitching system comprises two types of polyester yarns: a 150denier, 34 filament flat yarn, and a 150 denier, 34 filament texturedyarn from Unify in North Carolina. Two opposing tricot stitches (1-0/2-3and 2-3/1-0) were applied with two knitting bars at 14 gauge and 14 CPIin all cases, some with the flat hard/inextensible yarns, and some withthe textured versions of the hard/inextensible yarns. This stitchingsystem allows a cross-stretch of approximately 30% before the stitchingyarns lock-up, but allows negligible machine direction stretch. To allowmachine direction stretch (Examples 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12) the stitchedfilm/composite was heated to 150° C. for 30 seconds to produce up to 35%machine direction shrinkage.
The shrinkage and stretch levels shown in Table I are within 5%increments (i.e., a reading of 18% was recorded as 20%, and 12% wasrecorded as 10%, etc.) In this embodiment, the 5% increments areappropriate, because the measurements of shrinkage and stitch have anuncertainty range of about ±3–5%.
In all the Examples below and specifically in Examples 1–12, the forceapplied to the products to achieve about 10% stretch is any directionremained below about 400 grams/cm of width. (See Table II). The appliedforce can approach the elastic modulus limit of 400 grams/cm/10% stretchfor the shrunk product when the film's basis weight exceedsapproximately 100 grams/m². Hence, in accordance with one aspect of thepresent invention, the basis weight of the non-fibrous polymericsubstrates is about 120 grams/m² or less.
Comparative Example A
This example demonstrates conventional fabrics. The carded web wasstitched with two textured yarns. As it exited the stitch-bonder thecomposite had approximately 5% stretch in the machine direction beforeit “locked”, which it recovered after being allowed to relax. It couldbe stretched up to 35% in the cross direction but it was not able torecover from more than 10% cross-stretch without acquiring a set of atleast 5%. Therefore the “elastic” stretch is listed as 5% and 10% forthe machine and cross directions.
The stitched product was immersed in boiling water for 1 minute anddried in a hot air circulating oven heated to 120° C. It shrunk by about30 and 35% in the machine and cross directions and could withstand 25%machine direction stretch and 30% cross direction stretch withoutacquiring a set over 5%. The textured yarns were activated and thenrelaxed, and acquired a sinusoidal/helical configuration forcing thenonwoven to buckle, as expected.
Comparative Example B
The carded web used Example A was stitched with flat/hard polyesteryarns in the same manner as Example A. The stitched product hadnegligible elastic stretch, as expected. Boil-off produced negligibleshrinkage or elastic stretch, also as expected.
Example 1
The carded web was stitched together with the black 2.5 mil polyethylenefilm with two flat/hard polyester yarns. The stretch property in themachine direction did not change; however, the composite stretches andrecovers from up to 25% strain in the cross direction due to the elasticrecovery of the film. Immersing the product in boiling water did notcause any significant shrinkage and did not change the elastic stretchproperty of the composite.
Example 2
The composite of Example 1 was heated to 150° C. for 1 minute in anair-circulating oven. It shrunk 20% in the machine direction and 5% inthe cross direction. The shrinking buckled the flat stitching yarnsslightly above the surface of the composite. The nonwoven web alsobuckled slightly. The heat-shrunk composite was essentially unchangedwhen immersed in boiling water. The shrunk composite had a balancedelastic recoverable stretch of approximately 15% in the machinedirection and 25% in the cross direction. Boil-off after the 150° C.heat treatment did not affect the elastic stretch properties, but didsomewhat soften the composite.
Examples 3 and 4
Examples 3 and 4 are substantially similar to Examples 1 and 2,respectively, except that the carded web was omitted. Only the black 2.5mil polyethylene film was stitched. The overall results were verysimilar, with two slight exceptions. First, the elastic cross stretch ofthe stitched and boiled-off film (Example 3) was 5% higher, and secondthe 150° C. heat treated, stitched and boiled-off film (Example 4) grew5% in the cross-direction rather than shrunk.
Without being bound to any particular theories, the inventor believesthat the small amounts of expansion may be attributed to the dominanceof machine direction shrinkage and simultaneous thermal expansion of thefilm in the cross direction that could not be recovered before cooling.The expansion may also be attributed to the absence of the carded webthat was in Example 2. The carded web might have prevented thermalexpansion in the cross direction.
Examples 5 and 6
Examples 5 and 6 were substantially similar to Examples 3 and 4,respectively, except that textured stitching yarns were used instead offlat yarns that were used in Examples 3 and 4. Surprisingly, the elasticstretch properties did not change to a substantial degree. This isattributed to the dominating role of the elastic substrate, i.e., thethin polyethylene film, relative to the yarn system.
Examples 7 to 12
Examples 7–12 are substantially similar to Examples 1–6, except that theclear 3.5 mil polyethylene film replaced the black 2.5 mil polyethylenefilm. The differences in elastic stretch properties between the two setswere very small. The level of elastic stretch with full recoveryincreased somewhat, especially in the machine direction, probably due tothe higher elastic and shrinking power of the heavier film.
Comparative Examples C and D
The flat stitching yarns were applied to the 6.5 mil thick (141grams/m²) polyethylene film, with an added web on top. As shown on Table1, the stitched film had negligible machine direction stretch asstitched or after boil-off. It could stretch up to 25% in the crossdirection using very high force levels, i.e, above 400 grams/cm/10%stretch (Table II), with rather low recovery (set of 10–15%). Whensubjected to heat shrinkage at 150° C., the stitched film's basis weightincreased to about 185 grams/m² and the stitched, shrunk film requiredhigher force, i.e., above 1000 grams/cm/10% to stretch (Item D, TableII). Comparative Examples C and D are comparable to the fabrics andcomposites disclosed and claimed in commonly owned, co-pending '287application.
TABLE I Elastic Elastic Stretch as Boil Off Elastic 150° C. Boil OffStretch Stitched Shrinkage Stretch Shrinkage After After FibrousPolyolefin Yarns MD/XD MD/XD After Boil MD/XD 150° C. 150° C. ExampleWeb Film Bar 1 Bar 2 (%) (%) Off (%) (%) (%) (%) A Yes None Text Text5/10 30/35 25/30 NA NA NA B Yes None Flat Flat 0/5 0/0 5/5 NA NA NA CYes 6.5 mil Flat Flat 0/25* 0/0 5/25* NA NA NA D Yes 6.5 mil Flat Flat 0/25* NA NA 35/−5 0/0 20*/20* 1 Yes 2.5 mil Flat Flat 0/25 5/0 5/25NA NA NA 2 Yes 2.5 mil Flat Flat 0/25 NA NA 20/5 0/0 15/25 3 No 2.5mil Flat Flat 0/30 5/0 5/30 NA NA NA 4 No 2.5 mil Flat Flat 0/30 NA NA 30/−5 0/0 20/25 5 No 2.5 mil Text Text 0/30 5/0 5/30 NA NA NA 6 No2.5 mil Text Text 0/30 NA NA 30/−5 0/0 20/20 7 Yes 3.5 mil Flat Flat0/25 0/0 5/25 NA NA NA 8 Yes 3.5 mil Flat Flat 0/25 NA NA 30/0 0/020/20 9 No 3.5 mil Flat Flat 0/30 0/0 5/30 NA NA NA 10 No 3.5 mil FlatFlat 0/30 NA NA 35/5 0/0 25/25 11 No 3.5 mil Text Text 0/30 5/0 5/30NA NA NA 12 No 3.5 mil Text Text 0/30 NA NA 35/−5 0/0 25/25 *denotesnon-recoverable stretch
TABLE II Stitched Boiled/Off 150° C. Shrunk % Stretch/Force (g/cm)/Force per % Stretch/Force (g/cm) /Force per % Stretch/Force (g/cm)/Force per 10% Stretch 10% Stretch (g/cm) 10% Stretch (g/cm) Example MDXD MD XD MD XD A 5/110/220 10/50/50 25/130/52 30/60/20 — — B — 5/50/100 5/80/160 5/120/24 — — C — 25/1800/720 5/410/820 25/2000/800 — — D —25/1920/768 — — 20/2600/1300 20/2300/1150 1 — 25/380/152 5/80/16025/280/112 — — 2 — — — — 15/380/ 25/630/252 3 — 30/400/133 5/70/14030/350/116 — — 4 — — — — 20/480 25/720/288 5 — 30/320/106 5/100/20030/340/113 — — 6 — — — — 20/510/ 20/700/350 7 — 25/530/212 5/170/24025/510/204 — — 8 — — — — 20/560/280 20/730/365 9 — 30/670/223 5/190/18030/570/190 — — 10 — — — — 25/580/232 25/780/312 11 — 30/580/193 5/190/180 30/620/207 — — 12 — — — — 25/590/236 25/800/320 * BOLDdenotes non recoverable stretch or outside the present invention (over400 gm/cm/10% stretch).
While it is apparent that the illustrative embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein fulfill the objectives stated above, it is appreciatedthat numerous modifications and other embodiments may be devised bythose skilled in the art. One such modification is that elastomericfilms or grids can be used to produce higher levels of elastic stretch.Therefore, it will be understood that the appended claims are intendedto cover all such modifications and embodiments, which would come withinthe spirit and scope of the present invention.
1. A stitch-bonded elastic composite comprising a non-fibrous elasticsheet, stitch-bonded in a substantially unstretched state withsubstantially inextensible yarns, wherein the composite can elasticallyrecover from 10–100% stretch within 5%, in at least one direction,wherein the stitch-bonded substantially inextensible yarns comprise astitched yarn network that allows stretch beyond as-stitched dimensionsof 10–100%, in at least a machine or transverse direction and thecomposite has an elastic modulus in the stretch direction of less thanabout 400 grams per centimeter width per 10% stretch.
2. Thestitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1, wherein the elastic sheethas a boil-off shrinkage in any direction of less than about 10%.
3. Thestitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1, wherein the elastic sheetcomprises a polyolefin sheet.
4. The stitch-bonded elastic composite ofclaim 3, wherein the polyolefin sheet comprises polyethylene orpolypropylene.
5. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 3,wherein the basis weight of the polyolefin sheet is in a range of about20 grams/m² to about 120 grams/m².
6. The stitch-bonded elasticcomposite of claim 1, wherein the elastic sheet comprises polyurethane.7. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 6, wherein the basisweight of the polyurethane sheet is in a range of about 20 grams/m² toabout 100 grams/m².
8. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1,wherein the elastic sheet is non-continuous.
9. The stitch-bondedelastic composite of claim 8, wherein the elastic sheet is perforated.10. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1, wherein the stitchedyarns comprise hard/nonelastomeric flat or textured yarns.
11. Thestitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1, wherein the stretch is inthe cross direction.
12. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim11, wherein the stretch is also in the machine direction.
13. Thestitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1, wherein the stretch is inthe machine direction.
14. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim1, wherein the yarn system comprises Ripple, Atlas, or Tricot pattern.15. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1, wherein the elasticsheet comprises of more than about half of the composite's weight. 16.The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1, wherein the composite ispartially exposed on its technical back.
17. The stitch-bonded elasticcomposite of claim 1, wherein the composite is fully covered with yarnoverlaps on its technical back.
18. The stitch-bonded elastic compositeof claim 1, wherein the basis weight of the composite is in a range ofabout 70 to about 350 grams/m².
19. The stitch-bonded elastic compositeof claim 1 further comprises a fibrous layer stitch-bonded to theelastic sheet.
20. The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 19,wherein the fibrous layer is on top of the elastic sheet.
21. Thestitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 19, wherein the fibrous layeris on the bottom of the elastic sheet.
22. The stitch-bonded elasticcomposite of claim 1, wherein the elastic sheet comprises fillers. 23.The stitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 22, wherein the fillerscomprise fibers, fibrils, dust or powders.
24. The stitch-bonded elasticcomposite of claim 22, wherein the fillers comprise glass, metal,carbonaceous or polymeric materials.
25. The stitch-bonded elasticcomposite of claim 1, wherein the elastic sheet is capable of shrinkingup to about 35% after being heat treated and remains elastic.
26. Thestitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1 being embossed.
27. Thestitch-bonded elastic composite of claim 1 being laminated to anotherlayer by melting the elastic sheet.
28. The stitch-bonded elasticcomposite of claim 27, wherein the laminate comprises a smooth surface..
| 34,475
|
2014/E2013J0026_4/E2013J0026_EN.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,014
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 285
| 438
|
C_2015068EN.01000301.xml
26.2.2015
EN
Official Journal of the European Union
C 68/3
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
of 27 June 2014
in Case E-26/13
The Icelandic State v Atli Gunnarsson
(Free movement of persons — Article 28 EEA — Directive 2004/38/EC — Directive 90/365/EEC — Right of residence — Right to move from the home State — Less favourable tax treatment)
(2015/C 68/03)
In Case E-26/13, The Icelandic State v Atli Gunnarsson — REQUEST to the Court under Article 34 of the Agreement between the EFTA States on the Establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice from the Supreme Court of Iceland (Hæstiréttur Íslands) concerning the interpretation of Article 28 of the EEA Agreement and Article 7 of Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States, the Court, composed of Carl Baudenbacher, President, Per Christiansen (Judge-Rapporteur) and Páll Hreinsson, Judges, gave judgment on 27 June 2014, the operative part of which is as follows:
It is not compatible with Article 1 of Directive 90/365/EEC and Article 7(1)(b) and (d) of Directive 2004/38/EC that an EEA State does not give spouses who have moved to another EEA State the option of pooling their personal tax credits in connection with the assessment of income tax, whereas they would be entitled to pool their personal tax credits if they lived in the home State, in a situation where one of them receives a pension from the home State, and that pension constitutes all or nearly all of that person’s income, while the other spouse has no income.
| 18,026
|
CETATEXT000008165583
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 2,005
|
Conseil d'Etat, Président de la section du Contentieux, du 8 juillet 2005, 267664, inédit au recueil Lebon
|
JADE
|
French
|
Spoken
| 737
| 1,250
|
Vu la requête, enregistrée le 18 mai 2004 au secrétariat du contentieux du Conseil d'Etat, présentée par le PREFET DU RHONE ; le PREFET DU RHONE demande au président de la section du contentieux du Conseil d'Etat :
<br/>
<br/>
1°) d'annuler le jugement du 20 avril 2004 par lequel le magistrat délégué par le président du tribunal administratif de Lyon a annulé son arrêté du 16 avril 2004 décidant la reconduite à la frontière de M. Ali X ;
<br/>
<br/>
2°) de rejeter la demande présentée par M. X devant le tribunal administratif de Lyon ;
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Vu les autres pièces du dossier ;
<br/>
<br/>
Vu la convention des Nations-Unies relative aux droits de l'enfant, signée à New York le 26 janvier 1990 ;
<br/>
<br/>
Vu l'ordonnance n° 45-2658 du 2 novembre 1945, modifiée ;
<br/>
<br/>
Vu le code de justice administrative ;
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Après avoir entendu en séance publique :
<br/>
- les conclusions de M. Laurent Vallée, Commissaire du gouvernement ;
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'aux termes du I de l'article 22 de l'ordonnance du 2 novembre 1945 en vigueur à la date de l'arrêté litigieux : Le représentant de l'Etat dans le département et, à Paris, le préfet de police peuvent, par arrêté motivé, décider qu'un étranger sera reconduit à la frontière dans les cas suivants : (...) 3° Si l'étranger auquel la délivrance ou le renouvellement d'un titre de séjour a été refusé ou dont le titre de séjour a été retiré, s'est maintenu sur le territoire au-delà du délai d'un mois à compter de la date de notification du refus ou du retrait (...) ; qu'il ressort des pièces du dossier que M. X, ressortissant turc, s'est maintenu sur le territoire français plus d'un mois après la notification, le 29 novembre 2003, de la décision du PREFET DU RHONE, en date du 27 novembre 2003, lui refusant la délivrance d'un titre de séjour et l'invitant à quitter le territoire français ; que l'intéressé était ainsi dans le cas visé au 3° du I de l'article 22 de l'ordonnance du 2 novembre 1945 où le préfet peut décider la reconduite à la frontière ;
<br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'il ressort des pièces du dossier que M. X est entré en France en juillet 2001 ; qu'il est marié, depuis le mois de mars 2001, avec une compatriote venue en France en 1982 et titulaire d'une carte de résident ; que la proche famille de sa femme réside en France ; que le couple a eu deux enfants, nés en France en juin 2002 et janvier 2004 ; qu'il n'est pas établi que les conditions de ressource nécessaires pour bénéficier d'un regroupement familial soient réunies ; que, par suite, eu égard aux effets d'une mesure d'éloignement et alors même que l'intéressé garderait des attaches familiales dans son pays d'origine, l'arrêté du PREFET DU RHONE, en date du 16 avril 2004, décidant sa reconduite à la frontière a porté au droit de l'intéressé au respect de sa vie familiale une atteinte disproportionnée aux buts en vue desquels il a été pris ; qu'il a ainsi méconnu tant les stipulations de l'article 8 de la convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales que les dispositions du 7° de l'article 12 bis de l'ordonnance du 2 novembre 1945 ; que, dès lors, le PREFET DU RHONE n'est pas fondé à soutenir que c'est à tort que, par le jugement attaqué, le magistrat délégué par le président du tribunal administratif de Lyon a annulé, pour ce motif, son arrêté décidant la reconduite à la frontière de M. X ;
<br/>
<br/>
Sur les conclusions tendant à l'application de l'article L. 761-1 du code de justice administrative :
<br/>
<br/>
Considérant qu'il y a lieu, dans les circonstances de l'espèce, de faire application des dispositions de l'article L. 761-1 du code de justice administrative et de mettre à la charge de l'Etat la somme de 2 000 euros que M. X demande au titre des frais qu'il a exposés et qui ne sont pas compris dans les dépens ;
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>D E C I D E :
<br/>
--------------
<br/>
Article 1er : La requête du PREFET DU RHONE est rejetée.
<br/>
Article 2 : L'Etat versera à M. X la somme de 2 000 euros en application de l'article L. 761-1 du code de justice administrative.
<br/>
Article 3 : La présente décision sera notifiée au PREFET DU RHONE, à M. Ali X et au ministre d'Etat, ministre de l'intérieur et de l'aménagement du territoire.
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
<br/>
| 4,862
|
8715255_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 1,645
| 2,130
|
PINE, District Judge.
Plaintiffs, who were meat slaughterers, filed these actions to obtain meat subsidy payments authorized by the Emergency Price Control Act of 19421 and Directive 41, Office of Economic Stabilization;2
Defendant, by answer, alleged that plaintiffs had violated Maximum Price Regulation 574, Office of Price Administration, during and prior to the periods for which plaintiffs sought payments. By counterclaim, it grayed for a determination of such violations under said Directive 41 as a basis for non-payment.
Plaintiffs filed motions for summary judgment, asserting that this Court had no jurisdiction to make the determination after the institution of suits by plaintiffs. These motions were denied, and on special appeal the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed, holding that defendant could properly ask this Court for such determination and withhold payments pending the same.3
Thereupon plaintiffs filed protests with the defendant, attacking the validity of de*438fendant’s Regulation 3,4 on which it relied as authority for refusal of subsidy payments, and upon denial of the protests, filed suit in the United States Emergency Court of Appeals, praying that the regulation be declared invalid. This the Emergency Court of Appeals refused to do, and decided that the regulation as interpreted by the Court of Appeals was valid and correctly interpreted.5
Plaintiffs then moved in this Court for a dismissal of their actions without prejudice. This motion was granted, but defendant’s counterclaims were expressly left pending for adjudication. Thereupon defendant moved for summary judgment on its counterclaims in each of the above cases, and these motions are now before this Court for decision. The motions were consolidated for hearing; the issues raised are identical, and both are therefore decided herein.
Maximum Price Regulation 574 prescribes so-called drove ceilings, that is,. “Maximum amounts which certain slaughterers may pay for all cattle slaughtered during an accounting period” (Sec. 9), and provides that “no person in the course of trade or business shall pay for live cattle ■bought or received during any accounting period an amount higher than the maximum amount-fixed by this regulation for such live cattle during such accounting period” (Sec. 2(a). The basic formula for determining the maximum permissible cost is contained in Secs. 9(b) and (c), and employing this formula, plaintiffs submitted monthly reports. Each showed an overage in the amount paid of from 4% to 10% for the accounting periods for which subsidy payments were sought,6 and of from 1% to 7% for preceding periods for which subsidies had been paid.7 These reports are attached as exhibits to the motions here under consideration. Their authenticity is not disputed, and their accuracy is not denied. They were certified by plaintiffs to be true, and formed the basis of their subsidy claims. They conclusively show, and there is no genuine issue to the contrary, that plaintiffs bought livestock at prices so high as to violate MPR 574 during the months covered by defendant’s motion. Indeed, the Emergency Court of Appeals has so found.8 The legal question, therefore, is whether such undisputed fact, without more, is sufficient to warrant a judicial determination of violations contemplated by the directive and regulation hereinbefore referred to, and thereby provide a defense to any future attempts to collect the subsidies and a basis, for recapturing subsidies erroneously paid. Defendant contends that it is sufficient, but plaintiffs take the position that there must be in addition a finding of wilful violation, on their part to warrant such determination, and that there is a genuine issue as to such question.
Prior to May 1945, Regulation 3, revised (Section 7003.10(a), of Defense Supplies Corporation (defendant’s predecessor) provided that it “shall have the right to declare invalid, in whole or in pact, * * *■ any claim [for subsidy payments] filed by an applicant who, in the judgment of the War Food Administrator or the Price Administrator, has wilfully violated any regulation of their respective agencies applicable to the purchase or sale of livestock or-to, livestock slaughter or to the sale or distribution of meat.”
On April 23, 1945, the Economic Stabilization Director issued his Directive 41 effective April 24, 1945, in which, in Section-7(b)(1) thereof, the Defense Supplies Corporation was directed as follows : “Defense Supplies Corporation is directed to continue, its present procedure of declaring invalid, in whole or in part, any claim for subsidy payment filed by an applicant who, in the judgment of the Price Administrator, has. *439wilfully violated any meat or livestock regulation or order issued by the Price Administrator.”
But in the following section of Directive 41, namely Section 7(b) (2), an entirely new provision was added, reading as follows : “Upon a nisi prius determination in a civil action or proceeding * * * against a subsidy applicant, that such applicant has violated any substantive 9 provision of an Office of Price Administration meat or livestock regulation or order, the Office of Price Administration shall certify the determination to Defense Supplies Corporation, including the period of time during which the violation is found to have occurred. Defense Supplies Corporation shall thereupon withhold payment on all subsidy claims of the applicant for the accounting period in which the violation is found to have occurred.”
It will be noted that in the new provision for a nisi prius determination, the requirement for a finding of wilfulness is omitted.
On April 24, 1945, defendant’s Revised Regulation No. 3 was amended, effective May 5, 1945, pursuant to Directive No. 41, supra, and as amended it added to its Regulation 3, hereinabove set forth, a new provision requiring that Defense Supplies Corporation shall also declare invalid “any claim of any applicant who the Price Administrator certifies to Defense Supplies Corporation has been determined in a civil proceeding to have violated a substantive provision of any regulation or order of the Office of Price Administration applicable to the purchase or sale of livestock or to livestock slaughter or to the sale or distribution of meat.”
It therefore appears that the Office of Economic Stabilization in the promulgation of its Directive No. 41, and the Defense Supplies Corporation in the promulgation of its amendment to Revised Regulation No. 3, not only omitted, but intentionally omitted, the necessity for a finding of wilfulness in the case of a judicial determination of violations of OPA Regulations as a basis for withholding sulbsidy payments, but retained the necessity for such a finding in the case of a determination of such violations by the War Food Administrator or the Price Administrator. I am therefore of the view that a finding of wilfulness is not necessary to warrant a judicial determination of violation in this proceeding.
The Court of Appeals having held that such determination can be made in the instant cases, and there being no genuine issue of the fact that there have been violations, the conclusion is inescapable that defendant is entitled to the declaratory judgment sought in its counterclaim.
It does not assist plaintiffs to note that in the spring of 1946, one year l'ater, the requirement for a judicial determination of violations of MPR 574 for non-payment of a subsidy claim and invalidation thereof was eliminated and an automatic sliding scale for subsidy invalidation was put into effect. This sliding scale was made necessary because the delay inherent in a judicial determination of violations permitted dangerous pressures upon the price control structure to develop. Under this automatic device, if the violations were 2% or more of the permissible cost, the subsidy claims were completely invalidated. Assuming, arguendo, that the sliding scale device had some retroactive significance, in the case of Federated Meat Corporation, the overage rounded to the nearest percent was 2% or greater for every month involved, and the overage in the case of United was 2% or greater for every month involved save one, when it was 1%. For the months involved in the complaint the overage was from 4% to 10%.
It is true that the United States Court of Appeals in this case on special appeal, in affirming the denial of plaintiffs’ motions for summary judgment, stated that “the issues of fact, particularly those relative to willful violations of price regulations, must be determined as a prerequisite to judg*440merits in the actions.”10 This statement concerns an allegation by defendant of wilful violations of OPA Regulations; these cases as they went to the Court of Appeals on motions for summary judgment contained this additional defense, and this phase of the opinion related to this defense. The defendant now, although still maintaining that wilfulness is established by' the record, claims that wilfulness is not essential to a decision in its favor, and it is so decided herein.
Other contentions of the plaintiffs have been examined and are found to be without merit.
The motions for summary judgment will be granted. Counsel will submit appropriate orders.
. 50 U.S.C.A.Appendix, § 902(e).
. 10 F.R. 4494.
. United Meat Co., Inc., v. R. F. C.; Federated Meat Corp. v. R. F. C.; 85 U.S.App.D.C. 9, 174 F.2d 528.
. Defense Supplies Corporation was initially directed to act in the subsidy program; its powers and functions were transferred to defendant as of July 1, 1945, by the Act of June 30, 3945, 59 Stat. 310, 15 U.S.C.A. § 611 note. “Dofendant” will be used to include both Defense Supplies Corporation and defendant Reconstruction Finance Corporation.
. Federated Meat Corp. v. Reconstruction Finance Corp., 183 F.2d 588.
. December 1945, January, February, and March 1946.
. May through November 1945.
. Federated Meat Corp. v. R. F. C., 183 F.2d 588, 589.
. This section further provided that “every provision of a regulation or order shall be deemed substantive in nature unless the Office of Price Administration determines otherwise.” No contrary determination has been made.
. United Meat Co., Inc., v. R. F. C., supra, 85 U.S.App.D.C. at page 12, 174 F.2d at page 531.
| 4,498
|
5608046_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 53
| 75
|
Broyles, J.
Under the undisputed evidence the accused was clearly guilty of robbery by force. Harris v. State, 1 Ga. App. 136 (57 S. E. 937). The court therefore did not err in restricting the jury to the consideration of the first count in the indictment, which charged robbery by .force. Judgment affirmed.
| 20,739
|
197900040037
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,978
|
Amicale des sapeurs-pompiers d'Alise-Sainte-Reine
|
ASSOCIATIONS
|
French
|
Spoken
| 39
| 57
|
subvenir aux frais de fêtes ayant pour but de venir en aide aux sapeurs-pompiers victimes d'un accident en service commandé ; servir un repas aux anciens de la commune chaque année ; venir en aide aux pupilles des sapeurs-pompiers
| 19,268
|
US-3640727D-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,970
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 6,962
| 8,917
|
Coffee brewing packet
ABSTRACT
A coffee packet, containing flaked coffee particles in a waterpermeable pouch, for brewing coffee is disclosed.
0 Elmted States Patent 1151 3,640,727
Heusinkveld Feb. 8, 1972 COFFEE BREWING PACKET [56] References Cited [72] Inventor: Merlyn R. Heusinkveld, Springfield UNITED STATES PATENTS Twnsmp Ohm 1,903,362 4/1933 McKinnis ..99/65 [73] Assignee: The Procter 8: Gamble Company, Cincin- 2,281,320 4/1942 Odell, .Ir. ....99/68 nail, Ohio 2,531,594 1 H1950 Abrahams.. ..99/77.l June 2 HlscOCk 1 3,386,834 6/1968 Nolset et 211.... ...99/77 1 PP N04 50,365 3,387,553 6/1968 Tavera 99/77.l X 3,420,675 l/l969 Costas ..99/77.1 3,51 1,666 5/1970 Hudson et al. ..99/65 x [63] Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 849,169, Aug. 11,
1969, abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Primary Examiner-Frank W. Lutter Ser. No. 763,411, Sept. 27, 1968, abandoned. Assistant ExaminerWilliam L. Mentlik Attorney-Edmund J. Sease and Richard C. Wine [52] US. Cl ..99/77.1,99/l71 P [SI] Int. Cl. ....A23f 1/08, 865d 29/02 [57] ABSTRACT [58] Field ofSearch ..99/65, 68, 77.1,171 I A coffee packet, containing flaked cofi'ee particles in a waterpermeable pouch, for brewing cofiee is disclosed.
12 Claims, No Drawings corms BREWING PACKET CROSS-REFERENCE This is a continuation-impart application of my copending application, Ser. No. 849,169, filed Aug. 11, 1969, now abandoned, which application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 763,411, filed Sept. 27, 1968, now abandoned.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a coffee packet for the brewing of coffee. Additionally, this invention relates to a coffee packet of a water-permeable pouch containing coffee particles whereby a, coffee beverage is brewed by the infusion of hot water through the pouch into contact with the coffee particles inside the pouch. More particularly, this invention relates to a coffee packet containing flaked coffee in a waterpermeable pouch for the brewing of coffee.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The use of packets for the brewing of tea is commonplace. Tea has been marketed in tea bags for many years and'has enjoyed a great deal of commercial success. Packets, particularly water-permeable packets, containing roasted and ground coffee are also old and well known in the art. Many attempts have been made to prepare a packet for the brewing of coffee in an attempt to duplicate the success of the tea bag but have not resulted in the commercial success and ready acceptance of the tea bag.
Examples of coffee in a packet as an old and well-known product in the art are as follows: C. B. Holland in 0.8. Pat. No. 1,454,739 discloses a substantially circular cartridge constructed from a suitable fabric material containing coffee for use in a percolator, L. H. Abrahams in US. Pat. No. 2,531,594 discloses coffee packaged in a nonwoven fabric tea bag"; in addition, E. F. Hiscock in US Pat. No. 3,183,096 discloses a coffee packet of a synthetic filter paper containing particles of coffee. The coffee packets heretofore known had definite disadvantages. For example, to obtain a satisfactory coffee beverage, e.g., one with acceptable flavor and strength characteristics, the level of sediment or the amount of fines in the coffeebeverage was too high to be acceptable. Conversely, to reduce the level of sediment to an acceptable level, the coffee beverage obtained was unsatisfactory in strength and flavor characteristics.
The compressing or flaking of coffee also is well known in the art. R. B. McKinnis in US. Pat. No. 1,903,362 discloses the subjection of coffee to a mechanical pressure to crush the particles, to reduce the outgassing of coffee and to give a better flavored brew. F. P. McColl, et al., in US. Pat. No. 1,535,233, disclose the crushing of roasted coffee beans to liberate the oil contained in the cells and the fiber to obtain an impermeable tablet.
Other patents exist in the art where coffee is compacted or compressed into a tablet or disc. Examples of these patents are J. C. Donnelley, US. Pat. No. 2,235,315; I. Brenzinger, US. Pat. No. 2,345,320; F. L. Savageau, US. Pat. No. l,2l0,542; and H. .Ieszenik, Austrian Pat. No. 197,187. The primary import of these patents is the compressing of coffee into a tablet or disc to prevent the outgassing of coffee, to minimize the action of air or oxygen on the flavor and aroma components, and to obtain a stronger and more flavorful brew.
As can be seen from the art hereinbefore cited, pressing of coffee into a tablet or disc and the packaging of coffee in an infusable, water-permeable packet are well known in the art. However, it was not known in the art to use flaked roasted coffee in a water-infusable package to obtain the advantages available in using flaked coffee and a water-permeable packet. These combined advantages are numerous and unexpected. When flaked coffee is used, less coffee is needed per'cup to brew a beverage of comparable strength than is the case with loose or tableted ground coffee in a packet, because flaking disrupts the cellular structure of coffee allowing a beverage of greater strength to be obtained using the same amount of coffee. A more flavorful beverage is obtained when coffee is brewed from flaked coffee due to the extraction from flaked coffee of more of the flavor components. The packeting of coffee results in less sediment and oil in the beverage since the beverage is filtered 'by the packeting material. One of the wellknown problems in preparing a coffee beverageis consistency in measuring the correct amount of coffee for the flavor and strength desired. The packeting of coffee with a preset amount of coffee in each packet eliminates this variability in measurement in the the preparing of a coffee beverage. The packeting of coffee also permits easy disposability of the coffee grounds once the beverage has been prepared.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a new and novel coffee packet containing flaked coffee in a water-penneable pouch for the brewing of coffee. in addition it is an object of this invention to prepare acoffee packet for infusion brewing of coffee which is easy and simple to use. Additionally, it is an object of this invention to provide users and preparers of coffee beverages with an easy to dispose of coffee brewing packet containing flaked coffee in a water-permeable pouch. It is also an object of this invention to provide a coffee packet which will reduce variability and aid consistency in measurement in the preparing of a coffee beverage by providing a coffee packet containing a premeasured amount of coffee for each cup to be prepared.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention, in its broadest aspects, is a coffee packet for the brewing of coffee comprising l coffee flakes, said coffee flakes being obtained by roll-milling of roasted coffee; and (2) a pouch containing said coffee flakes, said pouch being comprised of a water-permeable material.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In order to accomplish the objects of this invention, whole coffee beans are first roasted in the usual way and then ground, broken or cut to a suitable size. In the normal operation of preparing conventional roasted and ground coffee, coffee beans are roasted in a hot gas media whereby the coffee bean temperature is raised to a temperature of from about 350 F. to about 425 F. with the time of roasting being dependent on the flavor characteristics desired in the coffee beverage when brewed. Where coffee beans are roasted in a batch process, the batch roasting time at the hereinbefore given temperatures is from about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes. Where coffee beans are roasted in a continuous process, the residence time of the coffee beans in the roaster are from about 4 minutes to about 8 minutes, preferably about 5 minutes. Subsequently the roasted coffee is passed through a grinder to obtain either the traditional regular," drip, or fine grind. The degree of coarseness or fineness of the resulting grind is dependent upon the brewing method by which the coffee beverage is to be prepared, e.g., regular grind" is normally recommended for use in a percolator, drip grind is normally recommended for use in a drip pot, and fine grind is normally recommended for use in a vacuum pot.
In-preparing the flakes for use in the coffee packet of this invention any of the grinds described above and in general use in the coffee industry can be used. The standards of these grinds, as suggested in the 1948 Simplified Practice Recommendation by the US. Department of Commerce (See Coffee Brewing Workshop Manual," p. 33 published by the Coffee Brewing Center of the Pan-American Coffee Bureau), are as follows: regular grind," 33 percent is retained on a l4-mesh Tyler standard sieve, 55 percent is retained on a 28-mesh Tyler standard sieve, and 12 percent passes through a 28-mesh Tyler standard sieve; drip grind," 7 percent is retained on a 14- mesh Tyler standard sieve, 73 percent on a 28-mesh Tyler standard sieve, and 20 percent passes through a 28-mesh Tyler standard sieve; and fine grind," percent passes through a l4-mesh Tyler standard sieve, 70 percent being retained on a 28-mesh Tyler standard sieve and 30 percent passing through a 28-mesh Tyler standard sieve. It is preferred that regular grind be used because with finer grinds a somewhat higher incidence of fine particles is present in the coffee beverage, i.e., the finer the grind the higher the incidence of fine particles.
Espresso grind, although not a common grind, is a finer grind than fine grind and is designed for use in espresso pots. Espresso grind can also be used in forming the flakes for use in the coffee packet of this invention. A relatively new grind designed primarily for use in automatic electric percolators is also being used in the coffee industry. This grind is somewhat coarser than regular grind" and is sold under various trade names, e.g., Electra-Perk, Lectric Perk and Electro- Perk. The electric percolator grind is also suitable for use in forming the coffee flakes used in the coffee packet of this invention.
Although the preferred'embodiment of the flaking operation to prepare the flaked coffee for use in the coffee packet of this invention is the use of ground coffee, it is contemplated that roasted whole coffee beans can be roll milled alone without any intermediate grinding operation. It will be appreciated that where whole coffee beans are used much larger rolls are necessary to crush the beans and form the flakes of coffee. In addition force feeding of the whole roasted beans into the rolls may be necessary due to the difficulty of small rolls in nipping larger particles of individual beans.
The roasted and ground coffee is subsequently subjected to a mechanical pressure by passing the roasted and ground coffee particles through parallel rolls of a roll mill. This results in the preparation of flakes of coffee, that is, the coffee particles are flattened out and elongated into flakes due to the flaking or roll mill operation. The flakes of coffee are formed simply by passing coffee through two parallel smooth or highly polished rolls so that the coffee particles passing between the rolls are crushed, flattened and formed into flakes. Smooth or highly polished rolls are desirable because these rolls are easy to clean. Other rolls can be used if the desired flaking of the coffee can be obtained. These flakes form integral units, are moderately firm, and can be easily handled. The coffee flakes can also be passed through a series of roll mills but in the preferred embodiment for forming the coffee flakes for use in the coffee packet of this invention passage of the coffee particles through two parallel rolls is used.
The flaking operation involves the passing of roasted and ground coffee particles between smooth rolls and results in these coffee particles being crushed and dropped from the rolls in the form of flakes. The roll milling, or flaking, of coffee can be accomplished in any of the well-known and commercially available roll mills, e.g., those sold under the trade names of Lehmann, Thropp, Farrel, Lauhoff, etc.
The temperature of operation of the roll mill in forming the flakes of coffee is normally from about 32 F. to about 300 F., preferably from about 50 F. to about 150 F. The temperature of the flaking of the coffee is not critical. Extremely high temperatures are to be avoided because degradation of the flavor and aroma components of the roasted coffee can result and extremely low temperatures necessitates the use of refrigeration equipment. In the usual method of operation, the coffee immediately after being ground is passed through the roll mill to obtain the flakes. The ground coffee can be allowed to cool to room temperature and subsequently passed through the roll mill to form flakes.
The pressures exerted on the ground coffee by the rollers in the roll mill to prepare the coffee flakes for use in the coffee packet of this invention can range from low pressures to high pressures. Suitable pressures which can be used can be found in the copending application of Frederick M. Joffe, Ser. No. 823,954, filed May 12, 1969, for Flaked Coffee Product, abandoned in favor of a continuation-in-part application, Ser. No. 30,246, filed Apr. 20, 1970.
Flakes can be made with one pass through a two-roll mill having roll diameters within a wide range, e.g., as small as about 2 inches or smaller and as large as about 80 inches or larger, preferably from about 3 inches to about 30 inches, and operating at peripheral speeds of about 1 foot per minute up to about 500 feet per minute, preferably from about 10 feet per minute to about 250 feet per minute. The optimum yield of desirable flakes is generally obtained when the rolls operate at approximately the same speeds. Different roll speeds, however, can be utilized. Roll speed ratios in excess of 1.5:1 are not desirable. Preferably, the roll speed ratio is within the range of from about 1:1 to about 1.4: l
The moisture level of the coffee to be flaked is not a critical consideration and can range from about 2 percent to about 8 percent on a coffee weight basis. It is preferred that the moisture level be that of the coffee after it is ground, i.e., from about 2.5 percent to about 6 percent. An extremely low moisture content is to be avoided because the resulting flake is brittle, and with a high moisture content water extrusion during roll milling occurs and there is an increased incidence of staling of the coffee flake.
The flaked coffee obtained from the milling operation is in the form of very thin flakes irregular in shape and size. The flakes often come off the rolls in irregular sheets of several square inches. The flakes produced have a thickness of from about 0.0005 inch to about 0.030 inch, preferably from about 0.005 inch to about 0.025 inch. The density of the flakes is not a critical consideration but will generally range from about 0.40 g./cc. to about 0.60 g./cc., preferably from about 0.43 to about 0.52 g./cc.
The use of flakes of coffee in a water-permeable packet has advantages over the use of loose or tableted ground coffee in a water-permeable packet. The customary grinds of loose ground coffee, i.e., regular, drip and fine, have a distribution of coarse particles, medium particles and fine particles. If a high percentage of coarse particles is present in the ground coffee in the packet used in preparing a coffee beverage, underextraction results and a weak, unacceptable coffee beverage is obtained. This can be counteracted to some extent by the use of finer particles. Where, however, the ground coffee in the packet contains a high percentage of fine particles an unacceptable level of coffee fines, or sediment will result in the coffee beverage. Increasing the time of brewing of the packet containing loose ground coffee does yield a stronger coffee beverage but also results in a bitter flavor. Since the coffee is packeted in a packeting material, the ability of water to infuse through the coffee particles decreases. As a result of the above factors with loose ground coffee in a packet, the necessity for fine particles of coffee to obtain the proper extraction results in an unacceptable level of sediment in the coffee beverage. With respect to compressed tablets, while the high levels of pot sediment have been eliminated, the use of a compressed cohesive tableted mass of ground coffee has the inherent disadvantage involved with all nonparticulate products, i.e., weaker beverages are produced.
The problems which exist with heretofore known coffee packets (e.g., loose ground or tableted coffee in a waterpermeable packet) can be eliminated by using flaked coffee in a water-permeable pouch. That is, when using flaked coffee in combination with a water-permeable pouch, a product which is of excellent extractability results and, very importantly, high extractability is achieved without increasing the level of pot or cup sediment which builds up during the percolation process. In other words, the dilemma faced in the prior art which teaches fine ground particles to improve extractability, but which particles pass through the coffee pouch material and cause high levels of pot and cup sediment, or the alternative teaching of coarse particles and/or compressed tablets which prevent sediment but result in weaker brews, has been solved. Particulate flaked coffee in a pouch provides extractability equal to or better than particulate roast and ground coffee and does not provide the high level of pot and cup sediment which highly particulate roast and ground coffee provides; on the other hand, the problem of pot and/or cup sediment is eliminated without any sacrifice in beverages strength or quality as occurs when using coarse particles and/or tableted cohesive masses of coffee in a pouch.
As previously indicated, the combination of flaked roast and ground coffee and a water-permeable filter pouch provides a highly extractable product which produces beverage of uniform strength and quality and a product which does not produce high levels of cup and/or pot sediment. No other known pouched product, particulate or otherwise, provides both of these advantages simultaneously. Previous patents teach the necessity of finely grinding particles and carefully controlling the pore size of the filter fabric. Fine grinding accomplishes size reduction in all dimensions. As the particles become smaller, they are more extractable as taught by the prior art, but also have the ability to pass through smaller openings in the filter fabric material and of course this results in cloudy brews and high levels of cup and pot sediment. Flaked coffee, on the other hand, accomplishes high levels of extraction in a different way, which results in less sediment for a given level of extraction. Whereas fine grinding promotes extractability by increasing the surface area of the coffee particles which allows a higher rate of diffusion, flaking promotes extractability primarily by rupturing cells which also promotes a higher level of diffusion. Thus, the key difference is that flaking produces higher levels of extractability by reducing particle size in one dimension only, whereas fine grinding reduces particle size in all dimensions more or less uniformly. Because most coffee flakes are much larger than most finely ground coffee particles in all but one dimension, there is much less tendency to pass through even large pores in a filter fabric. Finely ground particulate coffee, on the other hand, passes through even very small fabric filter pores and results in high levels of pot and cup sediment.
The flaked form of coffee used in a coffee packet thus gives a better flavored beverage due to the rapid and unifomt extraction during brewing and due to the accessibility to the extracting water of the better flavor components in the coffee. In addition, less coffee is necessary to produce an equally strong beverage and less time is required for making the beverage with flaked coffee in a packet than is the situation with coffee packets containing ground, even finely ground coffee.
The coffee flakes formed for use in the coffee packet of this invention are mechanically strong but can be tempered prior to the passing of the coffee particles through the rolls of the roller mill. The plasticity of the coffee particles may be modified by adding moisture to the coffee particles or heating the coffee particles prior to flaking. The moisture control can be accomplished by the passing of steam or a small amount of water over the coffee beans just prior to grinding or just after grinding. In addition the coffee particles may be tempered by passing them through the roll mill while they are still hot from grinding or by heating the rolls of the roll mill. When the tempered coffee particles are passed through rolls the flakes formed retain their structural integrity and are more easily handled.
ln forming the coffee flakes for use in the coffee packet of this invention no added binder material is used in compacting or compressing the ground coffee particles into coffee flakes, and it should be pointed out that any moisture and oil extruded due to the pressure used in the flaking of the coffee particles will, to a certain extent, act to preserve the structural integrity of each individual coffee flake. As has hereinbefore been mentioned, the strength of the coffee flakes will be de- Y pendent upon the moisture level of the coffee used, the pressure used in forming the flakes, and the degree of roasting used in the preparation of the roast and ground coffee partieles prior to flaking.
It is to be understood that the preferred embodiment of the flakes to be used in the coffee packet of this invention is the use of flakes of roast and ground coffee. In this preferred embodiment green coffee of different qualities and flavor characteristics are blended and this blend is subsequently roasted, ground and then milled into coffee flakes. In addition the coffee flakes can be formed by roasting, grinding and flaking of coffee beans of specific qualities and flavor characteristics. These coffee flakes can be then blended with other flaked coffees prepared from coffee beans having additional specific qualities and flavor characteristics to obtain the flavor characteristics desired in the end product. ln another embodiment of the coffee flakes for use in the coffee packet of this invention, green coffee beans can be roasted to different roast colors (e.g., different degrees of roasting), the different roast colors blended, and the roasted coffee ground before forming the coffee flakes, or the green coffee beans can be roasted to specific roast colors and the roasted coffee ground. The roasted coffee can be subsequently flaked and the flakes of different roast coffee flakes blended. The approach used (e.g., roasting, blending, grinding, then flaking or roasting, grinding, flaking then blending) will be dependent upon the flavor characteristics desired in the beverage prepared from the coffee packet, the economics of the processing steps involved in fabricating the coffee packet and the convenience of the processing steps involved. Flaked coffee in combination with loose ground cofiee can also be used where it is desired to have a filled packet of a specific size but to prepare a milder flavored beverage than would be obtained if flaked coffee alone were used. For the coffee packet of this invention each of the above approaches is equally acceptable and can be used in preparing the coffee flakes for use in the coffee packet of this invention.
It is to be understood the term coffee, as used herein, is used in its broadest sense and includes coffee particles which have been decaffeinated or coffee particles in which flavor additives are used in admixture with the coffee.
The fabric which can be used to form the water-permeable pouch of the cofiee packet of this invention is any type of fabric which is chemically inert and essentially taste-free. The coffee packet of this invention can be formed from both nonwoven and woven fabrics. Included within the class of nonwoven and woven fabrics are synthetic fabrics made of rayon, nylon, polyesters, polyacrylic and polypropylene fibers and natural fibers made of hemp and cotton fibers. It is to be understood that in order to accomplish the advantages of this invention of type of fabric, whether a natural or a synthetic fabric, which is used should be essentially taste-free. In addition it will be appreciated that combinations of fibers can be used to prepare the fabrics suitable for use as the pouch material of the coffee packet of this invention, e.g., where greater fabric strength or increased fabric porosity is desired. Particularly preferred are the nonwoven fabrics comprising fibers of rayon, nylon, polypropylene, and hemp and mixtures thereof. It is immaterial for the purposes of this invention the type offiber used as the water-permeable material for forming the pouch so long as it is chemically inert, essentially taste-free and sufficiently strong to remain an integral unit throughout normal handling, packaging, shipping of the coffee packet, brewing of the coffee beverage, and disposing of the spent packet.
it is essential that the fabric used for preparing the pouch of the coffee packet be permeable to water. Yet the pores in the fabric allowing water permeability should be of such a nature and size that the coffee flakes present in the packet do not pass through with the brewing water. The fabric must act as a filtering means to accomplish the objectives of preventing the formation of sediment in the brewed coffee. The fabric thickness used can vary but will generally range from about 0.002 in. to about 0.012 in., preferably from about 0.003 in. to about 0.009 in.
The size of the pores in the pouching material used in making the coffee packet of the present invention can vary in size from about 5 microns to about 1000 microns, preferably from about 20 microns to about 200 microns. If a substantial portion of the pores are smaller than approximately 5 microns, it may be impossible, irrespective of time, to extract all of the desired flavor components and constituents from the flaked coffee in the pouch into the brewed beverage since smaller pore sizes tend to clog during brewing of the coffee beverage. Where the pore size is extremely fine inordinately long brewing times are needed and with the high proportion of automatic brewing devices presently in use for brewing coffee small pore sizes would provide an unsatisfactory and unsavory cup of coffee. Pore openings larger than about 1000 microns are to be avoided since they permit passage of coffee fines into the beverage resulting in a high'level of sediment. in addition pore sizes larger than about 1000 microns will allow the smaller particles to sift out on agitation, as for example on shipping, and a dusty coffee packet having an undesirable appearance can result.
The coffee packet of this invention can be of any shape so as to contain the flaked coffee. The shape to be used will be determined to a certain extent by the brewing method employed. The coffee packet of this invention can be usedin any type of vessel. After brewing, the coffee packet containing the spent coffee particles may be easily disposed of as a unit.
The coffee packet of this invention is simply and easily formed. All that is necessary is to form a pouch out of the water-permeable materials hereinbefore described to contain the flaked coffee. This can be done by drawstring means whereby the pouch or packet is gathered at one end or by stitching the material together to form the packet. A preferred embodiment of this invention is the heat sealing of the waterpermeable material to form a packet for the flaked coffee. in this preferred embodiment the heat scaling is accomplished through the use of a heat-sealing binder. The binders which are acceptable for heat sealing are those binders having a melting point lower than the softening or charring point of the pouching material but a melting point higher than the temperature of boiling water. In addition the binder, similar to the pouching material must be chemically inert and essentially taste-free. it is desired that the binder be sufficiently inert and insoluble in hot water so that no adverse physiological effect from consumption of the coffee beverage can result. Examples of suitable binders for heat sealing of the pouching materials described above are the polymeric binders, as for example, the polymeric binder described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,183,096.
The flaked coffee in a water-permeable pouch when dropped into boiling water for brewing results in a stronger and better flavor than can be obtained with the use of ground coffee in a packet. This is due to the fact that the brewing water receives and adsorbs the highest possible amount of flavor and aroma constituents of the coffee. The beverage will be of a higher concentration or specific gravity per unit of coffee used because of the disruption and breakdown of the cellular structure which occurs during flaking and the increased ability with which hot water can come in contact with the extractable flavor constituents.
The use of flaked coffee in a packet results in an additional advantage over the advantages hereinbefore discussed. The flaking of coffee results in the expulsion of CO formed within the cells of the coffee during roasting. Thus, flaked coffee in packets can be packed in sealed containers either under vacuum or in an inert gas. No objectionable bulging or swelling of the walls of the container on aging results. Lighter weight materials can be used to package the coffee packets of this invention than can be used in the packing of ground coffee in a packet.
The methods for brewing coffee with the coffee packet of this invention are numerous. A coffee beverage can be brewed by placing the coffee packet in a pot of water which has been brought to a boil and allowed to cool just slightly (to about 180 F. to about 210 F.) and the coffee packet steeped in the hot water for from about 0.5 minutes with agitation of the packet to about 6 minutes with little or no agitation of the packet. The packet can then be removed and disposed of. A coffee beverage can also be prepared using the coffee packet of this invention and methods in general use for brewing a coffee beverage.
A very common method of brewing coffee is the use of either a nonelectric or electric percolator. A preferred embodiment of the cofiee packet of this invention is a coffee packet to be used in the percolator basket. The coffee packet to be used in a percolator is approximately circular in shape. The center of the packet is punched out so that the coffee packet may be inserted directly into the percolator basket and fit around the percolator pump.
The cofiee packet of this invention preferably is con structed so as to contain a specific amount of coffee designed for the brewing of one or more cups of coffee, e.g., one cup per packet, two cups per packet, four cups per packet, etc. The number of packets to be used can then be varied depending on the number of cups to be made. The brewing of the coffee beverage in a percolator using a coffee packet is the same as the brewing of a coffee beverage in a percolator using loose ground coffee. The brewing of coffee using a percolator is so well known as to render further discussion unnecessary. After from about 4 minutes to about 15 minutesof recirculating the brewing water with a standard size percolator pot,e.g., four cups to about 12 cups, the percolator cycle is completed. For larger size pots in which 30, 50,90 or more cups of coffee are brewed at one time a proportionately longer brewing time is required. Once the brewing of the coffee beverage is complete the used coffee packets can be easily removed and discarded. It is apparent that the ability to dispose of spent coffee grounds in this manner is quite an advantage in that there are no undesirable loose wet grounds to dispose of and the cleaning of the pot for its next use is simplified.
The coffee packets of this invention can also be adapted for the drip method of preparation, for the vacuum pot method of preparation and for other preparation methods. Again all that is necessary is that the coffee packet be of a shape and design compatible with the brewing method. One skilled in the art can design such coffee packets within the spirit and scope of this invention.
Application of the principles involved in the coffee packet of this invention can be suitably employed for the production of a tea bag type of coffee packet in which the coffee packet is attached to a string. The packet is placed in a cup, boiling water is poured into the cup and the mixture allowed to steep for from about 0.5 minute with agitation to about 6 minutes with little or no agitation. The length of time of steeping and the amount of agitation used will depend upon the strength and flavor desired. This embodiment has the advantage that a single cup can be brewed at one time.
A preferred embodiment of this invention is a tea bag" type of coffee packet having a triangular cross section, which packet can be formed from an elongated tube of the permeable fabric hereinbefore described. The tube is open at each end and has the desired quantity of coffee packaged therein. To form the packet, the tube is folded along two spaced, transverse lines to form three substantially equal compartments, each of which contains a substantially equal quantity of coffee. The open ends of the tube are brought together and folded over each other to effect a closure, which can be stapled to prevent inadvertent unfolding of the ends with consequent reopening of the tube. Preferably a string is provided to permit removal of the packet from a cup and this string can be attached to the packet by means of the staple. Thus, when formed, the packet comprises three substantially equal, generally rectangular, coffee-containing compartments arranged in end to end relationship to form a hollow packet of triangular cross section. Preparing coffee using this preferred embodiment is similar to the well-known method of brewing tea from a tea bag.
The amount of coffee in each packet is dependent on the number of cups of coffee that the packet is designed to brew but will depend somewhat on the brewing method used. For
each cup to be brewed, the coffee packet of this invention can.
contain from about 5 g. to about 12 g. of flaked coffee per cup, preferably from about 5 g. to about 9 g. of flaked coffee per cup. It is to be understood that the number of cups per packet is not a critical consideration but a matter of convenience and marketing strategy. A consumer product embodying the principles of this invention can be designed within the above-described concepts for brewing one cup at one time to or more cups at one time. The number of cups per packet can be so set so that more than one packet can be used depending upon the amount of coffee to be brewed. In addition within the packet the amount of flaked coffee per cup can be varied such that a stronger or milder beverage can be prepared. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that packets containing large amount, average amounts or small amounts of flaked coffee per cup can be prepared, advertised and sold for coffee drinkers who wish to be able to brew a strong, average or mild flavored coffee beverage.
EXAMPLE I Five hundred pounds of green coffee beans were roasted in a Therrnolo roaster at a bean temperature of about 400 F. for about 20 minutes. The roasted coffee was ground to a regular grind particle size distribution, e.g., 33 percent on 14 (Tyler), 55 percent on 28 (Tyler), and 12 percent through 28 (Tyler). Five pounds of the roast and ground coffee were passed through a Farrel roller mill having two parallel rolls 6 inches in diameter and 13 inches long, one-half inch of nip" with 1,000 pounds per inch of nip. The peripheral roll speed was about 70 feet per minute. The flakes formed were approximately 0.015 inch in thickness and had a density of 0.48 g./cc. Thirty grams of the flakes were then placed on a circular piece (4 inches in diameter) of nonwoven rayon fabric, strengthened with polypropylene fibers, of 0.006 inch in thickness, having an average pore size of 50 microns and containing a heatsealable binder. A second circular piece of the above-described fabric was placed over the coffee flakes and first piece of fabric. The periphery of the two fabric pieces were heated sealed together by applying a temperature of about 400 F. to the edges of the fabric for 0.5 seconds to form a pouch around the coffee flakes. The circular coffee pouch was then placed in 4 cups (24 fl. 02s.) of water at about 190 -200 F. At the end of minutes the coffee packed was removed and discarded. Four cups of a coffee beverage having an acceptable strength and good flavor characteristics were obtained.
The procedure used in the above example is followed in forming the coffee packet except that the center of the coffee packet is heat sealed in addition to the edges and a hole is punched in the heat-sealed center to form a doughnut"- shaped coffee packet. Substantially similar results are obtained when the packet is placed in the percolator basket of a percolator containing 4 cups (24 fl. oz.) of water and the coffee beverage is brewed using the percolator method of preparation. A coffee beverage having an acceptable strength and good flavor characteristics is obtained.
Substantially similar results are obtained when in the above example electric percolator grind, drip grind, fine grind, and espresso grind are substituted on an equivalent basis for the regular grind used in that a coffee packet for use in brewing a coffee beverage having acceptable strength and good flavor characteristics is obtained.
Substantially similar results are obtained when in the above example other synthetic fabrics such as nylon, polyester, polyacrylic and polypropylene and mixtures thereof, and naturai fabrics such as hemp and cotton are substituted on an equivalent basis for the rayon fabric used above in that a coffee packet for use in brewing a coffee beverage having acceptable strength and good flavor characteristics is obtained.
Substantially similar results are also obtained when in the above example the packet is seamed by stitching the fabric together or when other fastening means are used to fon'n the packet in that a coffee packet for use in brewing a coffee beverage having acceptable strength and good flavor characteristics is obtained.
EXAMPLE II The procedure of example I was repeated to form seven coffee packets. Only packet A contained flaked roast and ground coffee which was identical to that produced in example I. The other packets contained ground coffee in the amount and grind size indicated in the table.
TABLE Grams Packet Coffee Form in k Soluble Sediment Packet Solids Level A Flakes 28.4 0.94 9 8 Ground regular 37.5 0.86 6
grind D Ground fine grind 28.8 0.775 B Ground regular 28.8 0.60 6 C Ground regular 37.5 0.86 6 D Ground fine grind 28.8 0.77 5 F Ground fine grind 34.6 0.92 7 F Ground pulverized 28.8 0.54 5
(through 40 screen) 6 Ground (pulverized) 37.5 0.23 7
Product of the invention "Sediment level in the bottom of the percolator pot was determined visually by a panel of experts based upon the following scale:
taste l0 none taste 9 slight taste 8 moderate taste 7 substantial taste 6 heavy taste 5 very heavy The coffee used in making the pot sediment tests indicated in the table was brewed in a 4-cup electric percolator. 178 milliliters of water were used/cup and the coffee was brewed until it reached 180 F.
The percent soluble solids was determined by refractive index determination. Methods of refractive index determination are well known and all that is involved is placing a drop of the sample on a mount, placing the mount in a refractometer and reading the instrument. From the index of refraction, and previously determined calibration values, the percent soluble solids is determined. For conventional particulate roast and ground coffee brewed as described above, the percent soluble solids is generally about 0.90-0.97 percent. Thus, as can be seen from the above table, the percent soluble solids obtained with flaked coflee in a pouch is equal to that of unpouched regular particulate roast coffee, and yet the flaked coffee in a pouch has the lowest pot sediment level of any of the tested forms of coffee.
What is claimed is:
l. A coffee packet for brewing of coffee products comprisa. particulate compressed roast coffee flakes obtained by roll milling of roasted coffee said flakes having a substantial amount of cell rupture; and
b. a pouch containing said coffee flakes, said pouch comprised of a water-permeable material.
2. The coffee packet of claim 1 wherein said coffee flakes have a thickness of from about 0.0005 inch to about 0.03 inch.
3. The coffee packet of claim 2 wherein said water-permeable material is selected from the group consisting of woven and nonwoven fabrics and wherein said water-permeable material has an average pore size of from about 5 microns to about 1000 microns.
4. The coffee packet of claim 3 wherein said fabrics are comprised of fibers selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic fibers and mixtures thereof.
5. The coffee packet of claim 4 wherein said fabrics contain a heat-scalable polymeric binder.
| 46,630
|
4602882_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 8,673
| 11,697
|
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Union P. R. Co. v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 51530, 70183, 70219.United States Board of Tax Appeals32 B.T.A. 383; 1935 BTA LEXIS 956; April 16, 1935, Promulgated *956 1. In a consolidated return of affiliated railroad corporations, the cost of intercompany transportation of material used in capital construction must be eliminated from operating expense deduction. Such cost figure, upon the evidence, determined to be 7 mills per ton mile. 2. Section 203, Revenue Act of 1926, is designed, as a general rule, to recognize gain or loss upon the exchange of property and to provide specific exceptions. 3. Exchange of property originally acquired for a proposed new railroad line the construction of which was later abandoned, whereupon the property was held for disposition, for property thought to be more readily marketable, held not within section 203(b)(1), and involves recognizable gain or loss. 4. The recognition of gain or loss from the sale or disposition of land under a contract for periodic payments is not conclusively determined by the passage of title, but is more largely influenced by the accrual or rightful receipt of the price and the transfer of the substantial burdens and benefits of ownership. 5. The failure of a taxpayer, through simple error, to include gain in taxable income when realized in 1920 does not estop him*957 to contest a deficiency based on the inclusion of such amount in income of 1926, especially when the year 1920 was still open and in litigation before the Board at the time of the determination and proceeding involving 1926. 6. The computation of gain or loss upon retirement of equipment in 1924 requires no adjustment for depreciation stipulated to have been "sustained" in years prior to 1909 when there was no Federal tax in the measure of which depreciation was a factor, since such depreciation was not "previously allowed" within section 202(b), Revenue Act of 1924. 7. Contributions made by a railroad corporation to its hospital fund separately maintained, held, under the terms of the fund regulation, deductible as ordinary and necessary expenses. 8. The taxpayer, in 1923, agreed with H that H was to construct a branch line and if completed the cost thereof was to be reimbursed by taxpayer to H. Taxpayer, before completion or payment charged the full amount of cost to capital, and in 1925 advanced part to H. H failed, in 1926, to complete, and in 1930 taxpayer transferred the unpaid amount from capital to suspense. Held, no income in 1930. Henry W.*958 Clark, Esq., and Harry J. Gerrity, Esq., for the petitioner. E. C. Algire, Esq., and Gerald W. Brooks, Esq., for the respondent. STERNHAGEN *384 STERNHAGEN: The respondent determined the following deficiencies in the income taxes of the affiliated group of which the petitioner was a member: 1924$37,921.761925110,692.211926136,094.68192786,933.971928$108,380.54192940,007.62193078,561.10Of the numerous matters in controversy, many have been settled. These require no further consideration except that proper adjustment will be made by the parties in the computation of the correct deficiencies under Rule 50. This opinion is confined to the matters in controversy. I. INTERCOMPANY TRANSPORTATION FOR INVESTMENT. FINDINGS. - In each of the years 1924 to 1930, inclusive, the petitioner and its affiliated corporations transported for one another materials used in additions and betterments. For such transportation regular published tariff rates were credited by the carrying companies to revenue and charged by the receiving companies to investment. The total number of ton miles of such intercompany*959 transportation in each year is as follows: 192431,384,237192520,748,590192619,210,528192715,749,91619288,650,445192911,666,96519309,436,307116,846,988*385 The operating expenses of the various carriers which were included among the deductions on the consolidated return excluded no amount as cost of the above transportation of intercompany material. OPINION. - For each year the problem is presented of the proper treatment upon the consolidated return of the transportation by one affiliated corporation of the materials of another used in additions and betterments, the cost of which is capitalized. Unlike the transportation by a railroad corporation of its own men and materials, the transportation for another, even though affiliated under the revenue act, is covered by the published tariff rates and hence the earlier decisions treating of "transportation for investment - credit" are not entirely similar. Cf. Great Northern Railroad Co. v. Commissioner, 40 Fed.(2d) 372, affirming *960 8 B.T.A. 225">8 B.T.A. 225; Gulf Mobile & Northern Railroad Co.,22 B.T.A. 233">22 B.T.A. 233; Missouri Pacific Railroad Co.,22 B.T.A. 267">22 B.T.A. 267. The decision in Kansas City Southern Railway Co.,22 B.T.A. 949">22 B.T.A. 949, does, in issue 24, discuss the transportation of intercompany capital freight, but upon a background of evidence so inadequate as to leave the opinion with but little force as an authoritative precedent. Upon a consolidated return the determination of current consolidated taxable net income requires the elimination of intercompany transactions. Old Mission Portland Cement Co. v. Helvering,293 U.S. 289">293 U.S. 289; Regulations 65, art. 636; Regulations 69, art. 635; Regulations 74, art. 734; Regulations 75, art. 31. This means that the charges paid by the receiving company to the carrying company are eliminated from the consolidated gross income and deductions. Thus within the affiliated group is left the cost incurred by the carrying company in the transportation of the materials which are capitalized by the receiving company. To permit this cost to be deducted by the affiliated group as an operating cost would plainly be incorrect*961 because it represents not an operating expense but a part of capital investment of the group. Hence the respondent insists that the cost of such transportation by the carrying company must be disallowed as a deduction upon the consolidated return; and the greater the cost, the greater the disallowance. With the principle of this the petitioner does not seriously disagree. The conflict between the parties lies in the method and extent of its application. It is clear both from the evidence and in reason that the actual cost of such transportation can not be factually established by primary evidence from observation or knowledge. The best that can be done is to educe a figure by a statistical analysis of all of the accounting figures which have any bearing upon such transportation. Both parties agree that some sort of average ton mile transportation cost figure is the nearest approach available; but the method of *386 arriving at such a figure is the occasion of dispute. They agree upon the total number of ton miles of all freight in each year, and upon the total ton miles of intercompany investment freight for each year, and that the proper ton mile cost figure to be*962 used results from taking the all freight ton mile figure as the divisor, and that the proper annual intercompany investment freight cost should be arrived at by using the aforesaid average ton mile cost figure as the multiplier. But the petitioner contends that the total dividend to be used in ascertaining the quotient of ton mile cost is the sum of what it calls "out of pocket costs", such "out of pocket cost" being the aggregate of a group of transportation accounts called "Account IV Transportation Rail Line", properly apportioned as between freight and passenger transportation. To this the petitioner half-heartedly concedes the possibility of adding an apportioned part of the maintenance accounts. The respondent, however, insists that the dividend to which the divisor of total ton miles must be applied is the total freight portion of all the accounts, including not only those which the petitioner has used, but also many general accounts, even those of interest on funded debt. The primary position of the petitioner is that the cost of transporting intercompany materials is not determinable by any method of apportionment of transportation costs applicable to freight generally. *963 It insists that the experience of its officers indicates that the cost of transportation of intercompany freight is substantially less than a proportionate part of the cost of transportation of all freight. To this effect it introduced the testimony of three of its officers, who expressed these views and the reasons therefor. While such testimony is not without weight, it must still be regarded, not so much as evidence of fact which must be judicially accepted if uncontradicted, but as evidence of an opinion arrived at by a process of rationalization which may or may not be authoritative or convincing. Such evidence this Board is at liberty to weigh and perhaps disregard if its soundness a priori is not demonstrated or its factual premises not proven. The view of these witnesses is that since revenue transportation requires the carrier's facilities and operations in any event, and since the transportation of intercompany material is but incidental, the cost of such latter transportation must be regarded as only so much as exceeds the cost which would in any event be incurred. For this we can find no authority, and we have no hesitation in rejecting it as the theory upon which*964 the cost figure should be determined. Cf. Northern Pacific Ry. Co. v. North Dakota,236 U.S. 585">236 U.S. 585. By the petitioner's method of apportioning "transportation rail line" accounts as between passenger and freight and dividing the *387 figure by ton miles of all freight, it arrives at an average ton mile cost figure for the Union Pacific of 2.3411 mills, and similar figures for the other affiliated companies. These figures we are unable to adopt, and we are likewise unable to approve the higher figure computed by the petitioner by adding a proportion of the several maintenance items. We think that these figures do not go far enough to reflect the cost of transporting the capitalized material. On the other hand, those of respondent go too far. The difficulty lies in determining what items of the carrier's cost accounts should be excluded because not reasonably related to the cost of transporting intercompany freight. It seems probable, for example, that the large item of interest on funded debt and that of railway tax accruals have little or no relation to such transportation. At least, without more information on the subject than this Board has been*965 given, we could not say from the bare title of the account and the information about it which is contained in the classification of the Interstate Commerce Commission, that these two items reflect intercompany material transportation cost. Between these two extremes we find ourselves unable to identify the accounts which do reflect such cost or to adopt with assurance any method by which such allocated cost figure is to be computed. It is not enough that the Commissioner insists upon the inclusion of every account, for, in the first place, this is not the method which he used in the determination of the deficiency, and, in the second place, it seems obviously too extreme to justify its approval. In these circumstances the general rule of the burden of proof falls short of a solution, Helvering v. Taylor,293 U.S. 507">293 U.S. 507. The problem thus becomes one of arriving at the best practical figure to be used consistently with the evidence. The petitioner placed in evidence a certified copy of an official direction of the Director of Valuation of the Interstate Commerce Commission, to the effect that every carrier would be permitted to make a fair charge on its books*966 representing the expense of transporting its own construction material, and that only when the amount exceeded 7 mills per ton mile would the carrier be required to substantiate it. This may fairly be interpreted as a presumptive approval by the Commission of the 7-mill rate as not excessive for the purposes of valuation. This figure is in some instances more, and more often less, than that resulting from the respondent's method if the items not classified as operating expenses and those unapportioned to freight or passenger service be excluded from the computation. Although not binding, Old Colony R.R. Co. v. Commissioner,284 U.S. 552">284 U.S. 552, it seems to provide a fair figure for the present purposes, and in the present record we can find nothing better. *388 It is true, as both parties say, that the Interstate Commerce Commission applied the figure only to company freight and that the present controversy relates to intercompany freight, such freight being carried at tariff rates. It is, however, not unreasonable to import this figure into the computation of the consolidated tax of an affiliated group, not because the affiliated group is regarded as a taxpayer, *967 an outmoded concept, see Woolford Realty Co. v. Rose,286 U.S. 319">286 U.S. 319; Delaware & Hudson Co. v. Commissioner, 65 Fed.(2d) 292, but because the analogy may properly serve our present purpose and thus permit of the use of the only satisfactory available figure. Furthermore, since whatever figure is used will pro tanto become a factor of the depreciation base as well as the basis for future gain or loss, the possible inaccuracy of the figure will presumably be ultimately washed out. 1*968 We therefore hold, upon the present record, that in the determination of the consolidated taxable net income for each of the years in question, there shall be eliminated the amount charged by the carrying company to its affiliates for the transportation of company materials, and that the deduction representing the cost of operation shall be reduced by excluding therefrom a figure arrived at by applying the rate of 7 mills a ton mile to the stipulated number of ton miles of such intercompany transportation. II. EXCHANGE OF SEATTLE LOTS. FINDINGS. - In December 1925 the Oregon & Washington Railroad Co., one of the affiliated group, transferred lots 1 and 2, block 321, Seattle Tide Lands, to the Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co. in exchange for lots 4 and 19 and the northern 6 feet of lots 5 and 18, block 332. Neither the former nor the latter properties were held by the railroad company for productive use in trade or business or for investment. The cost to petitioner of lots 1 and 2 was $68,946.35. The fair market value of the property received in exchange was *389 $14,175. Upon the exchange the petitioner sustained a loss of $54,771.36. OPINION. - The petitioner*969 claims a deduction for loss sustained in this exchange measured by the difference between the cost of the lots in block 321 and the fair market value when received of the lots in block 332. The respondent denies the deduction upon the ground that both the property given up and the property received were held for investment and that in such an exchange the Revenue Act of 1926, section 203(b)(1) 2 prohibits the recognition of the loss. If it be held that the exchange is a transaction predicating the recognition of gain or loss, the parties are at odds as to the cost to the petitioner of the lots given up and as to the fair market value of the lots received. *970 1. From the evidence it appears that the railroad company originally acquired the lots in block 321 as part of a project for new line and terminals. Later, by reason of a joint facility arrangement with other carriers for the use of properties already constructed, the original project was discontinued and thereupon it became and has since been the continuing purpose of the railroad to dispose of the properties no longer needed. The lots were vacant and were apparently nonproductive. The railroad owned most of block 332, and made the exchange here in question in order to unify its holdings in that block, with the idea that thus they were more easily marketable as an industrial site. The scheme of section 203 is, as a general rule, to recognize gain or loss upon the exchange of property and to provide for specific exceptions in situations which are expressly described. Sarther Grocery Co.,22 B.T.A. 1273">22 B.T.A. 1273; Arctic Ice Machine Co.,23 B.T.A. 1223">23 B.T.A. 1223; Evert A. Bancker,31 B.T.A. 14">31 B.T.A. 14. In such a scheme, a transaction is not lightly to be classed among the exceptions, irrespective of whether the effect has been a loss or a gain. *971 But the evidence here indicates no purpose either of productive use or of investment, but rather a purpose of liquidation with a minimum of loss. Unlike the holding of bonds considered in Union Pacific R.R. Co. v. Commissioner, 69 Fed.(2d) 67; 69 Fed.(2d) 966, there was no present yield to support an inference that the property was being held for income. The present case is an indication that there are circumstances in which property may be held, *390 and that there are transactions, which elude the several classifications of section 203. When such situations occur they must be regarded within the terms of subdivision (a). In other words, if a catchall is to be found for nondescript sales or exchanges, subdivision (a) must serve the purpose. We are of opinion that subdivision (b)(1) is not applicable in the present case. 2. Since the exchange involves gain or loss, the question is, How much? We have found that the cost of the property given up was $68,946.35, and that the fair market value of the property received was $14,175. As to both of these figures, however, there is dispute. In considering the cost, the petitioner seeks*972 to add to the amount a figure of $1,884.16 which it represents to be a proportion of the general cost, including certain salaries, of the negotiations and other activities involved in the acquisition of numerous properties required for its railway project. This figure, we think, may not properly be included in the cost, both because on principle the salaries may not be so included, and because the evidence is insufficient to prove the apportionment. The fair market value of the property in block 332 is found as a fact upon a full consideration of evidence which includes prices in actual transactions involving property in the vicinity and opinions of witnesses more or less qualified to be helpful. The petitioner, upon the consolidated return, may therefore properly deduct $54,771.36 as a loss sustained in this exchange. III. SALE OF BLOCK 394, SEATTLE. FINDINGS. - By written "agreement" executed May 1, 1920, by the Oregon & Washington Railroad Co., called "vendor", and the East Waterway Dock & Warehouse Co., called "purchaser", for a consideration of $644,153.76, "the purchaser [agreed] to purchase from the vendor and the vendor [agreed] to sell and convey to the*973 purchaser" block 394, Seattle Tide Lands, subject to a then existing lease of a portion thereof. The purchase price of $644,153.76 was to be paid, $25,000 immediately in cash, including the application of a certain credit; $25,000 on each first June, July, August, September, October, and November, 1920; $50,000 on each following first July and January of 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, and January 1, 1925, and $69,153.76 on July 1, 1925, with interest on deferred payments at 6 percent. The purchaser was to keep the premises insured for the benefit of the vendor, upon failure of which the vendor might pay the premiums and be reimbursed by the purchaser. Purchaser was to repair, and to pay all taxes and assessments, *391 upon failure of which the vendor could pay and include the amount thereof in the purchase price, with interest. Purchaser was to comply with legal requirements as to use and save the vendor harmless in respect thereof. No improvements costing more than $500 were to be made without the vendor's written consent. The rent from the Swift leasehold was to be applied to the purchase price, except in case of forfeiture of this agreement. As to certain other existing leases, *974 the terms thereof were suspended, subject to reinstatement in the event of forfeiture. The risks of certain railway and navigation facilities and operations were shifted from the vendor to the purchaser. Default in performance of any of the purchaser's undertakings gave the vendor an election of a right of action for the unpaid portion or a forfeiture and reentry. Payments already made were to be forfeited as liquidated damages. After full performance by the purchaser, including the payment of the entire purchase price, the vendor was to deliver a warranty deed conveying title. The purchaser took possession May 12, 1920, and title was conveyed by deed dated October 16, 1926. OPINION. - The petitioner contends that, for purposes of tax determination, the transaction must be regarded as sufficiently complete in 1920 to require the gain resulting therefrom to be included in its 1920 income, and that the respondent's determination and contention here that the transaction must be attributed to 1926, when the deed was given, can not be sustained. We think the petitioner is correct, since its accounts were kept on the accrual basis, *975 Commissioner v. Nibley-Mimnaugh Lumber Co., 70 Fed.(2d) 843 (App. D.C.). The question is not conclusively determined by the date of passage of title, but is more largely influenced by the petitioner's accrual of the purchase price and the transfer by it of the substantial burdens and benefits of ownership, Charles J. Derbes,24 B.T.A. 276">24 B.T.A. 276; 69 Fed.(2d) 788; Birdneck Realty Corporation,25 B.T.A. 1084">25 B.T.A. 1084; Dakota Creek Lumber & Shingle Co.,26 B.T.A. 940">26 B.T.A. 940; Standard Lumber Co.,28 B.T.A. 352">28 B.T.A. 352. There can be no doubt that, in a proceeding affecting 1920, if the petitioner had sought to postpone the recognition of gain or loss, it would have failed, as the obligation for the deferred payments had accrued. Under no circumstances could it be said that the petitioner, although receiving the purchase price from year to year, was nevertheless entitled to postpone the recognition of gain therein until the delivery of the deed conveying title. However qualified might be the purchaser's right to and possession of the property prior to the transfer of title, there was no qualification of the vendor's*976 right to the price. *392 Earlier decisions have held that, where the deed had been delivered in escrow, the transaction was attributable to the year of the contract, Commissioner v. Moir, 45 Fed.(2d) 356 (C.C.A., 7th Cir.); Dakota Creek Lumber & Shingle Co., supra;Harris Trust & Savings Bank, Executor,24 B.T.A. 498">24 B.T.A. 498; Old Farmers Oil Co.,12 B.T.A. 203">12 B.T.A. 203; Seletha O. Thompson,9 B.T.A. 1342">9 B.T.A. 1342. We think it makes little difference whether the deed be delivered in escrow or withheld by the vendor until the purchaser's full performance. In neither case does the purchaser acquire title, and the withholding thereof is, for tax purposes, no more significant in the one case than in the other. The respondent argues that in any event the petitioner is estopped to deny the realization of gain in 1926, because it failed to include the gain in its return for 1920, and 1920 is now beyond his reach because of the statute of limitations. We find no evidence to support an estoppel, *977 Salvage v. Commissioner, 76 Fed.(2d) 112; Helvering v. Brooklyn City R.R. Co., 72 Fed.(2d) 274; Sugar Creek Coal & Mining Co.,31 B.T.A. 344">31 B.T.A. 344. There was simply an error of both the taxpayer and the Commissioner in omitting the income from the return and subsequent consideration of 1920. But 1920 was open to the Commissioner until long after the present proceeding was instituted. With a proceeding before the Board, Union Pacific Railroad Co.,26 B.T.A. 1126">26 B.T.A. 1126; Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Commissioner, 69 Fed.(2d) 67; Helvering v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.,293 U.S. 282">293 U.S. 282, directly involving 1920, to which the Commissioner was a party and in which it was available to him by affirmative pleading to demand inclusion of the gain in the petitioner's 1920 income, he nevertheless chose not to do so and instead to stand upon his determination in this proceeding that the amount was properly in 1926. Under these circumstances it is impossible to find that he has been misled or otherwise so imposed upon that the petitioner may not be heard to urge the correct determination*978 of its 1926 deficiency. IV. SALE TO KANSAS CITY TERMINAL. FINDINGS. - On June 27, 1917, for the purpose of providing terminal facilities in Kansas City, Missouri, the Union Pacific executed a written agreement with Kansas City Terminal Railway Co. to deliver immediate possession to the latter of certain real property, whereon the Terminal Co. should proceed at once to construct an elevated railroad line, and to convey title to said property upon payment *393 by the Terminal Co. of the agreed purchase price, which was to be paid within two years with interest. Upon abandonment of the project by the Terminal Co. the property should revert to the petitioner and the purchase price should be repaid and a new construction and operation agreement should be executed. The vendee took immediate possession and completed construction in 1919. The vendor executed a deed which in 1919 was deposited with a trustee. The purchase price was not paid until 1925, interest being paid in the meanwhile. The deed was delivered in 1925. OPINION. - Respondent determined a deficiency in respect of a gain from this sale in 1926, but both parties are now substantially agreed that the question*979 to be determined is whether the gain should be recognized in 1925, when title passed, or in 1917, when the agreement was made. This question is essentially the same as that just considered in respect of block 394, Seattle. Strictly speaking, the question is only whether the gain may properly be recognized in any of the taxable years now involved in this proceeding, and more particularly in 1925, as the respondent insists. Since all of the substantial burdens and benefits of ownership had theretofore passed, the income should not be attributed to that year. Upon the accrual system the vendor had both the right and the duty to be taxed upon the gain at the time either of the execution of the contract or the due date of the payments. The Interstate Commerce Commission, considering this very property for valuation purposes, had held (44 I.C.C.Val.Rep. 1) that the property could not after 1917 be included among those of the Union Pacific. As in respect of block 394, Seattle, we find no reason to hold the petitioner estopped to make this contention. There is no evidence of word or conduct by it misleading the respondent, but only of an erroneous omission from income of an earlier*980 year. This is not sufficient. Salvage v. Commissioner, supra.Furthermore, the record shows that the door to the proper tax in 1917 was not closed at the time the present proceeding was instituted, since that year was involved in a proceeding pending before the Board, final order in which was not entered until 1931. Cf. Union Pacific Railroad Co.,17 B.T.A. 793">17 B.T.A. 793. V. SALE OF TRACT IN MULTNOMAH COUNTY, OREGON. FINDINGS. - In 1925 the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Co. sold a tract of land consisting of 87.9 acres in Multnomah County, Oregon, for $49,903.90, the fair market value of which on March 1, 1913, was $98,887.50, and sustained a loss of $48,983.60. *394 OPINION. - The only difference between the parties is as to the fair market value of the tract on March 1, 1913. They agree upon the sale price and have adjusted an earlier dispute as to the propriety of spreading the deduction for loss and the year in which it is to be recognized. From the evidence, consisting of the testimony of an experienced real estate dealer familiar with the tract and its surroundings and transactions in the vicinity and the field notes*981 on file with the Bureau of Valuation of the Interstate Commerce Commission as of June 30, 1916, all of which has been fully considered, the foregoing finding has been made. The loss of $48,983.60 is deductible in 1925 and the deduction which has heretofore been allowed for 1926 in respect of this transaction should be disallowed. VI. INTERCOMPANY BOND DISCOUNT. The facts in respect of this issue are all agreed upon and stated in a written stipulation, and it is unnecessary to set them forth here. Several of the affiliated corporations owned the bonds of other corporations within the affiliated group. These bonds had originally been issued at a discount. Upon the consolidated returns deductions were taken for annual amortization of such discount, which deductions have been disallowed by the respondent. As to 1924, 1925, and 1926, the respondent had allowed such a deduction as to the discount upon certain bonds, and he now claims, consistently with the disallowance in other instances, that this was erroneous and should now be corrected. The argument is entirely one of law which has now been completely disposed of by *982 Old Mission Portland Cement Co. v. Helvering, supra, and Gulf Mobile & Northern R.R. Co. v. Helvering,293 U.S. 295">293 U.S. 295. The petitioners are entitled to no deductions for the amortization of discount upon bonds held within the affiliated group. The respondent's determination in this respect and his affirmative claim are in all respects sustained. VII. LOSS FROM RETIREMENT OF EQUIPMENT. The facts are stipulated. In 1924 the petitioners retired equipment which had been acquired prior to January 1, 1909, at an original cost of $640,336.45. The salvage realized was $96,197.63. Of the depreciation, amounting to $519,560.94, stipulated to have been actually "sustained" from the time of acquisition until retirement, $245,241.50 was sustained prior to January 1, 1909, and $274,319.44 *395 subsequently. Prior to January 1, 1909, the corporations accrued upon their books only $217,245.24. Upon their return for 1924, the taxpayers deducted as a loss the difference ($52,574.14) between original cost and the sum of depreciation accrued plus salvage. In the deficiency notice, the respondent increased the loss by disregarding the $217,245.24*983 depreciation accrued on the books before January 1, 1909. He now claims, by affirmative pleading, that the entire amount of $245,241.50, stipulated to have been the depreciation actually sustained prior to January 1, 1909, should have been taken into the computation, thus reducing the loss deduction to $24,577.88. The controversy is simply whether the computation of loss must include or exclude the depreciation of the period prior to January 1, 1909, which is the effective date of the corporation excise tax - the first occasion for recognizing depreciation as a factor in the determination of a Federal tax. No question is suggested as to the period subsequent to January 1, 1909. The petitioner, we assume, such annual depreciation as deductions in its excise and income tax returns, and raises no question as to the propriety of limiting its loss upon retirement by such amount as has already been deducted. See United States v. Ludey,274 U.S. 295">274 U.S. 295; Even Realty Co.,1 B.T.A. 355">1 B.T.A. 355. As to the depreciation of the earlier period, however, the proper computation of loss in 1924 requires the consideration of statutory language which is peculiar to the*984 Revenue Act of 1924 3 - language which is not found in any earlier statute and which is modified for the following year by the Revenue Act of 1926. For any year prior to 1924, the determination of gain or loss upon the sale or disposition of depreciable property was governed by a statute which made no mention of an adjustment for prior depreciation. Whether depreciation should be taken into account in the computation and, if so, whether the measure of such depreciation should be the amount "sustained", or the amount accounted for on the books, or the amount deducted on the returns, was a question upon which there was no consensus. 4*986 The Revenue Act of 1924 was *396 a deliberate attempt by Congress to set the question at rest. 5 The Treasury sought legislative sanction for its regulation and practice of reducing original cost by depreciation regarded*985 as actually sustained, Regulations 45, art. 1561, 6 or sustained and allowable, Regulations 62, art. 1561, 7 irrespective of the extent to which such depreciation had been actually used as a factor of tax computation. This, however, the Congress failed to adopt. It provided for an adjustment for prior depreciation, but expressly limited such adjustment to the depreciation "previously allowed." 8 Cost was left undisturbed in arriving at the basis, section 204, and the adjustment was provided for in the computation of gain or loss in section 202. *987 We can find no justification for the view, urged by respondent, that the term "cost", used in section 204, means depreciated cost or cost less depreciation. Since provision was explicitly made in section 202 for the depreciation adjustment in computing gain or loss, there is no ground for an inference that a similar adjustment is, by implication, to be imported into section 204. This would result in *397 the same sort of illogical computation as the Government was seeking, by the new statute, to prevent. That there was reason for Congress to limit the adjustment to so much as had inured to the taxpayer's tax benefit and to disregard the depreciation which had had no tax effect, is apparent from United States v. Ludey, supra, in which the Supreme Court reasoned to a similar conclusion under the earlier acts. The respondent sets forth supposititious cases to demonstrate what he regards as the absurd effect of disregarding actual depreciation of earlier years. These illustrations are, however, so commonplace that it is difficult to believe that they escaped legislative consideration. On the other hand, there is more to be said for the view that Congress*988 recognized the diverse views and practices which had marked the history of depreciation, and sought to adopt a simple computation which would avoid the difficulties which the concept of sustained depreciation would entail. Men have not yet reached a uniform view as to the treatment of depreciation, or even of its basic postulates, 9 and it is not unreasonable to suppose that Congress was willing that the Treasury should ignore the depreciation attributable to the period before any taxing statute recognized it - 1909 for corporations and 1913 for individuals. The present controversy demonstrates the legislative wisdom. We hold, therefore, that for 1924 the computation of loss resulting from the retirement of equipment was correctly made in the deficiency notice, and that the respondent may not reduce the basis or reduce the loss by an adjustment reflecting the depreciation of $245,241.50 stipulated to have been sustained prior to January 1, 1909. This accords with the established practice of the Commissioner set forth in Sol. Mem. 4249 (1925), C.B. IV-2, p. 15, and Gen. Counsel Mem. 8573*989 (1930), C.B. IX-2, p. 168. The memorandum opinion of the Board in Ann Arbor Railroad Co., Docket 34918, was incorrect, and we can not regard Gen. Counsel Mem. 10754 (1932), C.B. XI-2, p. 177, as well supported. VIII. HOSPITAL FUND. FINDINGS. - The petitioners maintained hospital departments for their employees, the conduct of which was under written regulations. Each such department was maintained by monthly contributions made by the officers and employees upon a scale graduated according to their monthly pay. * * * No *398 employe shall have any vested right in the funds of the Department or in the property pertaining thereto, which funds and property shall belong to the Hospital Department of the Company and be devoted to the treatment of its sick and injured employes. The Company will, at its sole expense collect and disburse all moneys contributed or otherwise made available for the maintenance of said Department. * * * The Company may from time to time at its option loan to the Hospital Fund any amount necessary to pay the current expenses of said Department in excess of its current funds but such loans shall be repaid to the Company out of contributions*990 subsequently collected. To these funds the companies made contributions of $63,286.73 in 1924, $61,169.77 in 1925, and $64,056.51 in 1926. The total receipts of the funds in these years, which consisted of contributions from employees and from the companies, interest on monthly balances, and miscellaneous amounts such as receipts from special services, were less than the expenditures, the deficits being $11,581.66 for 1924, $27,822.29 for 1925, and $25,143.92 for 1926. The accounts of the hospital departments were separately kept. The funds were commingled with the ordinary funds of the companies. The contributions made to the funds by the companies were charged by them to operating expenses and deducted in income tax returns. The aforesaid deficits were paid out of the surplus funds of the hospital departments accumulated in prior years. They were not deducted by the companies in their income tax returns. OPINION. - In the respondent's determination of deficiency nothing was said as to the hospital funds. The petitioners had deducted the regular contributions of $63,286.73 for 1924, $61,169.77 for 1925, and $64,056.51 for 1926, and these deductions were not disallowed. *991 In this proceeding, however, the petitioner raised the question as to its right to the additional deduction of the amounts of the deficits of $11,581.66 for 1924, $27,822.29 for 1925, and $25,143.92 for 1926, contending that the deficits had been likewise borne by the corporations and were therefore also deductible. The respondent challenged this and also, as new matter, claimed that the deduction of the contributions had been improperly allowed. At the trial it appeared that the deficits had been paid out of the surplus of the hospital funds accumulated in prior years, and in its reply brief the claims for the deduction of the amounts of such deficits were withdrawn. This leaves for decision only the respondent's affirmative claim that the deductions of the contributions should be disallowed. We think that this affirmative claim of the respondent can not be sustained. It is predicated upon the views, alternatively, that the corporation owns the fund or that the contributions made by the *399 corporation were in any event no more than loans. We think that both these views are incorrect. The contributions were made by the corporation in the discharge of a duty, assumed*992 by it, to provide, in part at least, for the hospitalization of its employees. The fund therefor was separately maintained under the written regulations, which constituted no less than a contract, if not an express trust. The separate accounting supports the treatment of the fund as a trust, notwithstanding the commingling of the receipts with those of the corporation. It is not true that the company is in all respects the owner of the fund, as respondent contends, for the regulations provide that the "funds and property shall belong to the Hospital Department of the Company and be devoted to the treatment of its sick and injured employes." Nor is there any evidence to support the respondent's view that the contribution made by the company is a loan. Nothing in the regulations forbids the company from making a contribution and nothing requires that every contribution shall be regarded as a loan. Certainly the provision which permits the company to "loan to the Hospital Fund any amount", which shall be repaid, does not require that every contribution must be repaid, in the absence of evidence that it was intended as a loan. There is in this record no evidence of such intention, *993 and it may be doubted whether any attempt by the company to recover the amount could succeed without more evidence than this record affords. We are thus brought to the simple question whether amounts expended by the railroad in each year for the maintenance and operation of the hospitals provided for its employees are deductible as an ordinary and necessary expense of its business. We hold that they are. The deficiencies thus remain unaffected both by the petitioner's original claim for the additional deduction of the deficits and the respondent's affirmative claim for the disallowance of the deduction of the regular contributions. IX. AMORTIZATION OF DISCOUNT AND COMMISSIONS ON BONDS ISSUED BEFORE MARCH 1, 1913. The facts have been stipulated and the only question presented is whether the petitioners are entitled in each taxable year to deduct the annual amortization of the discount and commissions sustained in respect of bonds issued prior to March 1, 1913. This question has been decided favorably to the petitioners in *994 Helvering v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., supra, and in accordance therewith the petitioners are entitled to the deductions claimed. *400 X. DISPOSITION OF PREFERRED SHARES IN C.M. & ST.P. REORGANIZATION. In 1928 the Oregon Short Line, one of the affiliated group, being the owner of preferred shares of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co., which it had acquired before March 1, 1913, deposited them, together with cash, and received in exchange therefor a similar number of new preferred, together with mortgage bonds, of a newly organized corporation. This transaction was part of a reorganization plan, a copy of which is in evidence and the substance of which is fully set forth in Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Reorganization, Finance Docket No. 6240, 131 I.C.C. 673">131 I.C.C. 673. The respondent has, as a matter of law, disallowed any deduction for loss in this transaction upon the ground that the transaction was a reorganization within the definition of the Revenue Act of 1928, section 112(i)(1), and that no loss may, therefore, be recognized, section 112(b)(3). The petitioner, although contending that the transaction was not a statutory*995 reorganization, primarily because the participation therein of the old corporation was not voluntary but through foreclosure (cf. De Blois v. Commissioner, 36 Fed.(2d) 11), and that the old corporation may not be regarded as a party to a reorganization, recognizes that "the question seems to be foreclosed by" Securities Co. v. Commissioner, 64 Fed.(2d) 330, and First National Bank of Champlain, N.Y.,21 B.T.A. 415">21 B.T.A. 415. The respondent's determination is sustained. XI. GAIN OR LOSS FROM SALE OF GUILD'S LAKE PROPERTIES. FINDINGS. - In 1930 the Portland Terminal Investment Co., one of the affiliated group, sold a parcel of land containing 6.797 acres in the Guild's Lake district of Portland, Oregon, for $27,188.80. The property had been acquired in 1910 at a cost of $12,450.67. The fair market value of the property on March 1, 1913, was $17,468. Expenditures subsequent to March 1, 1913, for local assessments and platting were $1,385.36. The gain realized in the sale was $8,335.44. In 1930 the Portland Terminal Investment Co., as a result of condemnation, conveyed to the city of Portland a parcel of land consisting*996 of 7.973 acres in the Guild's Lake district, and received therefor $31,892. This parcel had been acquired by the Terminal Co. in 1910 at a cost of $13,931.22. Its fair market value on March 1, 1913, was $15,000. After March 1, 1913, petitioner made expenditures for local assessments and platting amounting to $951.31. The *401 gain realized by the petitioner in the disposition of this property in 1930 was $15,940.66. OPINION. - The petitioner contests the respondent's determination of the fair market value of these properties on March 1, 1913. The question is purely one of fact, and evidence has been introduced on both sides by which the respective values are sought to be sustained. From a consideration of all of the evidence the foregoing findings have been derived. It is unnecessary to attempt a detailed exposition or appraisal of the evidence, but in view of the argument as to the soundness and effectiveness of the use by the respondent of a tracing superimposed upon an enlargement of a small scale map, it should be said that we do not regard this as of controlling importance in the determination of the value. XII. HERRICK CONTRACT. FINDINGS. - Under a contract*997 of 1923, Herrick agreed with the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Co. to construct for it a line of railroad, upon completion of which the Navigation Co. was to reimburse him for its cost. Upon Herrick's failure to perform, his claim to reimbursement should cease. Herrick spent $165,219.02 sometime before September 1926, when he failed to complete the performance of his contract obligation. Prior to this failure, the railroad company, in 1925, advanced to him $150,000. In December 1925 and September 1926 the railroad company charged $165,219.02 to its capital accounts, treating no part thereof at any time as an income tax deduction. On April 8, 1930, the railroad company transferred $15,219.02 to a suspense account. OPINION. - The respondent included $15,219.02 in the petitioner's gross income, the theory being that the petitioner discharged an obligation of $165,219.02 by the payment of a lower sum of $150,000, and that the difference constitutes gain under the doctrine of United States v. Kirby Lumber Co.,284 U.S. 1">284 U.S. 1, and *998 Helvering v. American Chicle Co.,291 U.S. 426">291 U.S. 426. This, we think, can not be sustained. All that happened in 1930 was the change by the petitioner of a bookkeeping entry which, so far as appears, had no substantial effect upon any obligation which the petitioner might have. If petitioner could be regarded as obligated to Herrick for the $15,219.02, it could not be said to have wiped out its obligation by its own change of bookkeeping. Furthermore, if it again be assumed that an obligation for the $15,219.02 at any time existed, it would not be a cash obligation nor one which at any time affected income as in the Kirby case, but rather one incurred for the nondeductible cost of a capital *402 investment, the reduction of which operated not to increase income, but only to reduce capital cost. That the mere reduction of a liability is not, per se, to be regarded as taxable income, is illustrated in Commissioner v. Rail Joint Co., 61 Fed.(2d) 751. Finally, it is clear from the contract in evidence that the Navigation Co. had never incurred a fixed obligation to pay the $15,219.02. Its undertaking was conditioned upon Herrick's*999 fulfillment of his contract to construct, and hence, the condition failing, the obligation never arose. The fact that the railroad entered the full amount of $165,219.02 upon its books, in anticipation of Herrick's completion of the construction, does not serve to fix that amount as a legal obligation. In these circumstances, we cannot regard the Kirby case or the Chicle case as controlling. The respondent erroneously included the $15,219.02 in the petitioner's income for 1930. Reviewed by the Board. Judgment will be entered under Rule 50.SMITH SMITH, dissenting: I dissent from the conclusion reached by the Board upon the first point - "Intercompany Transportation for Investment." It seems to me that it is improper to eliminate from the gross income of the carrying company the amount which is paid to it by another company of the affiliated group for the transportation of materials used in additions and betterments. The amount received by the carrier is a part of the revenues; the amount paid therefor by the other company is a capital expenditure. These intercompany transactions do not "wash out"; hence, they should not be eliminated. In Helvering v. Post & Sheldon Corporation (C.C.A., 2d Cir.), 71 Fed.(2d) 930,*1000 the court said: * * * But there are occasions when affiliates, despite their consolidation, must still be treated as separate entities, and indeed it is never a priori necessary to treat them otherwise. Burnet v. Aluminum Co.,287 U.S. 292">287 U.S. 292. One such occasion is when they cannot agree to the division between them of the single tax levied on their joint income, in which case it is to be divided "on the basis of the net income properly assignable to each." In that division, "intercompany transactions" should be included, because affiliates are always separate taxpayers, and because their corporate individuality has been preserved for some deliberate purpose. For instance, it might happen that the whole of the combined income was profits made by one affiliate in sales to another which had itself sold at cost. The first ought to bear the whole tax, and for purposes of the division the incomes would be stated without regard to affiliation. The maintenance and operating expenses paid by the carrying company constitute "ordinary and necessary expenses" and are legal deductions from gross income under the statute. Manifestly, *403 the railroad performing*1001 the services can not estimate accurately the cost of such services. The figure of 7 mills per ton mile used by the Board is merely an estimate of what the cost was. That may have been far less than 7 mills per ton mile, as estimated by the officers of the petitioner. I can not believe that it was the intention of Congress that the Board should "guess" at a figure to represent such cost. Footnotes1. This is a type of controversy to which the judicial method is entirely unsuited. The problem is no doubt common to all the railroads in the country in its application to the cost of transportation of company material for investment, and is probably common to all the large systems in its application to intercompany transportation. There is little to be said for the determination of a cost figure varying with each company as to each year in accordance with the particular evidence which the intelligence and industry of counsel and witnesses makes available. Since there is an authoritative uniform classification of railway accounts, it would seem practicable by means of a general investigation by the Commissioner, common to all carriers, to secure the scientific aid of statisticians and cost accountants informed in the field of railroad accounting, to the end of determining either a universally satisfactory ton-mile cost figure or a uniform statistical method of computing the correct figure each year as to each taxpayer. The railroads are not transient taxpayers, and any inaccuracy would probably be recouped in the long run. ↩2. SEC. 203(b)(1). No gain or loss shall be recognized if property held for productive use in trade or business or for investment (not including stock in trade or other property held primarily for sale, nor stocks, bonds, notes, choses in action, certificates of trust or beneficial interest, or other securities or evidences of indebtedness or interest) is exchanged solely for property of a like kind to be held either for productive use in trade or business or for investment, or if common stock in a corporation is exchanged solely for common stock in the same corporation, or if preferred stock in a corporation is exchanged solely for preferred stock in the same corporation. ↩3. SEC. 202(b). In computing the amount of gain or loss under subdivision (a) proper adjustment shall be made for (1) any expenditure properly chargeable to capital account, and (2) any item of loss, exhaustion, wear and tear, obsolescence, amortization, or depletion, previously allowed with respect to such property. ↩4. United States v. Ludey,274 U.S. 295">274 U.S. 295; Ludey v. United States,61 Ct.Cls. 126; N.C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. United States,269 Fed. 351; Ward v. Hopkins,U.S. Tax Cases (2d Supp.) 1571 (D.C.Texas 2/27/24); Even Realty Co.,1 B.T.A. 355">1 B.T.A. 355; Noaker Ice Cream Co.,9 B.T.A. 1100">9 B.T.A. 1100; Deposit Trust & Savings Bank, Executor,11 B.T.A. 706">11 B.T.A. 706; W. B. Brooks,12 B.T.A. 31">12 B.T.A. 31; J. A. Talbot,23 B.T.A. 792">23 B.T.A. 792; O.D. 600 (1920), C.B. 3, p. 46; I.T. 2516 (1930), C.B. IX-1, p. 268; I.T. 2533 (1930)↩, C.B. IX-1, p. 129; Holmes Federal Taxes, 1923 Ed., p. 501; Commerce Clearing House Rewrite Service, Series of 1925, Bulletin No. 9, May 22, 1925; Holmes Federal Taxes, 6th Ed., p. 702; Montgomery Income Tax procedure, 1925, pp. 654-658. 5. In a "critical analysis of the Revenue Act of 1924", published as a part of the Commerce Clearing House Unabridged Federal Tax Service, 1925, appears the following: Depreciation Previously Charged Must be Deducted. Adopting the established practice of the Treasury Department, which was held to be without authority in law by the recent decision of Ward v. Hopkins, the new statute provides that in computing gain or loss proper adjustment shall be made for "any item of loss, exhaustion, wear and tear, obsolescence, amortization, or depletion, previously allowed with respect to such property," as well as for any expenditure properly chargeable to capital account.
| 24,161
|
http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/080ca7e4-e701-11e7-9749-01aa75ed71a1_75
|
Eurovoc
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,014
|
P7_TA(2014)0380 Храните и фуражите, правилата относно здравеопазването на животните и хуманното отношение към тях, здравето на растенията и растителния репродуктивен материал, продуктите за растителна защита ***I Законодателна резолюция на Европейския парламент от 15 април 2014 г. относно предложението за регламент на Европейския парламент и на Съвета относно официалния контрол и другите официални дейности, извършвани с оглед гарантиране прилагането на законодателството в областта на фуражите и храните, правилата относно здравето на животните и хуманното отношение към тях, здравето на растенията и растителния размножителен материал, продуктите за растителна защита и за изменение на регламенти (EО) № 999/2001, 1829/2003, 1831/2003, 1/2005, 396/2005, 834/2007, 1099/2009, 1069/2009, 1107/2009, регламенти (ЕС) № 1151/2012, […]/2013 и директиви 98/58/EО, 1999/74/EО, 2007/43/EО, 2008/119/EО, 2008/120/EО и 2009/128/EО (регламент относно официалния контрол) (COM(2013)0265 — C7-0123/2013 — 2013/0140(COD)) P7_TC1-COD(2013)0140 Позиция на Европейския парламент, приета на първо четене н 15 април 2014 г. с оглед приемането на Регламент (ЕС) № …/2014 на Европейския парламент и на Съвета относно официалния контрол и другите официални дейности, извършвани с оглед да се гарантира прилагането на законодателството в областта на храните и фуражите, правилата относно здравеопазването на животните и хуманното отношение към тях, здравето на растенията и растителния репродуктивен материал, продуктите за растителна защита и за изменение на регламенти (ЕО) № 999/2001, 1829/2003, 1831/2003, 1/2005, 396/2005, 834/2007, 1099/2009, 1069/2009, 1107/2009, регламенти (ЕС) № 1151/2012 и …/2013 и директиви 98/58/ЕО, 1999/74/ЕО, 2007/43/ЕО, 2008/119/ЕО, 2008/120/ЕО и 2009/128/ЕО (Регламент относно официалния контрол) [Изм. 1]Текст от значение за ЕИП.
|
None
|
Portugueuse
|
Spoken
| 11,329
| 19,603
|
As autoridades competentes devem reter oficialmente as remessas referidas nos n. os 1 e 2 até obterem os resultados dos controlos oficiais previstos nesses números. Quando adequado, essas remessas devem ser isoladas ou sujeitas a quarentena e os animais devem ser abrigados, alimentados, abeberados e tratados enquanto se aguardam os resultados dos controlos oficiais. 4. Se as autoridades competentes tiverem motivos para suspeitar de comportamento fraudulento por parte de um operador ou os controlos oficiais permitirem inferir infração grave ou infrações repetidas às regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, essas autoridades devem, conforme adequado e em complemento das medidas previstas no artigo 64. o, n. o 3, intensificar os controlos oficiais das remessas com a mesma origem ou destinadas à mesma utilização, consoante o caso. [Alt. 175] 5. As autoridades competentes devem notificar a Comissão e os Estados-Membros, através do sistema TRACES, da sua decisão de intensificar os controlos, como previsto no n. o 4, indicando o comportamento alegadamente fraudulento ou as infrações graves ou repetidas. 6. A Comissão pode, por meio de atos de execução, estabelecer procedimentos para a realização coordenada, pelas autoridades competentes, dos controlos oficiais intensificados referidos nos n. os 4 e 5. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. Artigo 64. o Medidas a tomar em caso de remessas não conformes que entram na União em proveniência de países terceiros 1. Sempre que a autoridade competente comprove, em resultado dos controlos oficiais efetuados nos postos de controlo fronteiriços nos termos do artigo 45. o, que as remessas de animais e mercadorias não cumprem os requisitos do artigo 1. o, n. o 2, a autoridade deve emitir um parecer ou uma decisão: «Remessa não conforme» ou «controlo desfavorável» que deve ser registado no DSCE. Além disso, as autoridades competentes devem reter oficialmente todas as remessas de animais e mercadorias que entram na União em proveniência de países terceiros que não cumprem as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, e recusar a entrada dessas remessas na União. [Alt. 176] Quando adequado, essas remessas ou parte delas devem ser isoladas ou sujeitas a quarentena e os animais de que sejam constituídas devem ser mantidos e tratados em condições adequadas na pendência de uma decisão. Além disso, devem ser tidas em conta as necessidades especiais de outras mercadorias. [Alt. 177] 2. A Comissão deve, por meio de atos de execução, estabelecer modalidades para o isolamento e a quarentena previstos no n. o 1, segundo parágrafo. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. 3. As autoridades competentes, depois de devem ouvir, quando possível, o operador responsável pela remessa. As autoridades competentes podem dispensar-se de o fazer no caso de ser necessário tomar uma decisão imediata, seja por a demora representar um perigo seja por tal decisão ser de interesse público. Devem ordenar sem demora que esse operador: [Alt. 178] a) Destrua a remessa ou parte da mesma, da forma mais humana possível no caso de animais vivos , se adequado em conformidade com as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2; ou [Alt. 179] b) Reexpeça a remessa , ou parte da mesma, para fora da União, em conformidade com o artigo 70. o, n. os 1 e 2; ou [Alt. 180] c) Submeta a remessa , ou parte da mesma, a tratamento especial em conformidade com o artigo 69. o, n. os 1 e 2, ou a qualquer outra medida necessária para garantir o cumprimento das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, e, se adequado, dê à remessa um destino diferente do inicialmente pretendido. [Alt. 181] 4. As autoridades competentes devem notificar imediatamente qualquer decisão de recusa de entrada de uma remessa, como previsto no n. o 1, e qualquer ordem emitida nos termos dos n. os 3 e 5 e do artigo 65. o: a) À Comissão; b) Às autoridades competentes dos outros Estados-Membros; c) Às autoridades aduaneiras; d) Às autoridades competentes do país terceiro de origem; e) Ao operador responsável pela remessa. A notificação deve ser feita através do sistema computorizado de gestão da informação referido no artigo 130. o, n. o 1. 5. Se uma remessa de animais ou mercadorias das categorias referidas no artigo 45. o, n. o 1, não for apresentada para os controlos oficiais referidos nesse artigo, ou não for apresentada em conformidade com os requisitos estabelecidos no artigo 48. o, n. os 1 e 3, e no artigo 54. o, n. os 1, 2 e 3, ou com as regras adotadas de acordo com o artigo 46. o, o artigo 47. o, n. o 6, o artigo 49. o, o artigo 51. o, n. o 1, e o artigo 56. o, as autoridades competentes devem ordenar a respetiva imobilização ou recolha e retenção oficial sem demora. Os n. os 1, 3 e 4 do presente artigo são aplicáveis a essas remessas. Artigo 65. o Medidas a tomar em caso de animais ou mercadorias que entram na União tentativa de introduzir remessas não conformes na União em proveniência de países terceiros que apresentam um risco [Alt. 182] Quando um controlo oficial indicar que uma remessa de animais ou mercadorias apresenta um risco para a saúde humana, a saúde ou animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou, no que diz respeito aos OGM e aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos, o ambiente, essa remessa deve ser isolada ou sujeita a quarentena e os animais de que seja constituída devem ser mantidos e tratados em condições adequadas na pendência de uma decisão. [Alt. 183] As autoridades competentes devem reter oficialmente a remessa em questão e devem, sem demora: a) Ordenar que o operador destrua a remessa, da forma mais humana possível no caso de animais vivos, se adequado em conformidade com as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, tomando todas as medidas necessárias para proteger a saúde humana, a saúde animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou o ambiente; ou [Alt. 184] b) Submeter a remessa a tratamento especial em conformidade com o artigo 69. o, n. os 1 e 2. Artigo 66. o Acompanhamento das decisões tomadas em relação a remessas não conformes que entram na União em proveniência de países terceiros 1. As autoridades competentes devem: a) Invalidar os certificados oficiais e outros documentos que acompanham as remessas sujeitas a medidas nos termos do artigo 64. o, n. os 3 e 5, e do artigo 65. o; b) Cooperar, de acordo com o disposto no título IV, tendo em vista a adoção de quaisquer outras medidas necessárias a fim de tornar impossível a reintrodução na União de remessas cuja entrada tenha sido recusada em conformidade com o artigo 64. o, n. o 1. 2. As autoridades competentes do Estado-Membro em que os controlos oficiais tenham sido efetuados devem supervisionar a aplicação das medidas ordenadas nos termos do artigo 64. o, n. os 3 e 5, e do artigo 65. o, a fim de assegurar que a remessa não provoca efeitos adversos para a saúde humana, a saúde ou animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou o ambiente durante ou na pendência da aplicação dessas medidas. [Alt. 185] Quando adequado, a supervisão dessa aplicação será efetuada pelas autoridades competentes de outro Estado-Membro. Artigo 67. o Não aplicação pelo operador das medidas ordenadas pelas autoridades competentes 1. O operador deve executar todas as medidas ordenadas pelas autoridades competentes de acordo com o artigo 64. o, n. os 3 e 5, e o artigo 65. o sem demora e, no caso dos produtos, o mais tardar, no caso de produtos, no prazo de 60 dias a contar da data em que as autoridades competentes notificaram o operador da sua decisão em conformidade com o artigo 64. o, n. o 4. [Alt. 186] 2. Se, decorrido o prazo de 60 dias, o operador não tiver tomado medidas, as autoridades competentes devem ordenar: a) Que a remessa seja destruída ou submetida a qualquer outra medida adequada; b) Nos casos referidos no artigo 65. o, que a remessa seja destruída em instalações adequadas situadas tão próximo quanto possível do posto de controlo fronteiriço, tomando todas as medidas necessárias para proteger a saúde humana, a saúde animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou o ambiente. 3. As autoridades competentes podem prorrogar o prazo referido nos n. os 1 e 2 do presente artigo pelo tempo que for necessário para obter os resultados do segundo parecer de peritos referido no artigo 34. o, desde que tal não provoque efeitos adversos para a saúde humana, a saúde animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou, no que respeita aos OGM e aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos, o ambiente. Artigo 68. o Aplicação coerente dos artigos 64. o e 65. o A Comissão deve, por meio de atos de execução, estabelecer regras destinadas a garantir, em todos os postos de controlo fronteiriços referidos no artigo 57. o, n. o 1, e todos os pontos de controlo referidos no artigo 51. o, n. o 1, alínea a), a coerência das decisões e medidas tomadas e das ordens emitidas pelas autoridades competentes nos termos dos artigos 64. o e 65. o, sob a forma de instruções a respeitar pelas autoridades competentes para reagir a situações de incumprimento ou de risco comuns ou recorrentes. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. Artigo 69. o Tratamento especial das remessas 1. O tratamento especial das remessas previsto no artigo 64. o, n. o 3, alínea c), e no artigo 65. o, alínea b), pode incluir, conforme adequado: a) Um tratamento ou transformação que coloque a remessa em conformidade com os requisitos das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, ou com os requisitos de um país terceiro de reexpedição, incluindo, se for caso disso, a descontaminação, mas excluindo a diluição; b) Qualquer outra forma de tratamento adequada para o consumo animal ou humano seguro ou para outros fins que não o consumo animal ou humano. 2. O tratamento especial previsto no n. o 1 deve: a) Ser realizado de forma eficaz e assegurar a eliminação de qualquer risco para a saúde humana, a saúde animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou, no que diz respeito aos OGM e aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos, o ambiente; b) Ser documentado e realizado sob o controlo das autoridades competentes; c) Cumprir os requisitos estabelecidos nas regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2; 3. A Comissão fica habilitada a adotar atos delegados em conformidade com o artigo 139. o no que diz respeito aos requisitos e condições nos termos dos quais deve ser realizado o tratamento especial previsto no n. o 1. Na ausência de regras adotadas por ato delegado, o tratamento especial deve ser realizado em conformidade com as regras nacionais. Artigo 70. o Reexpedição de remessas 1. As autoridades competentes devem permitir a reexpedição de remessas, sob reserva do cumprimento das seguintes condições: a) O seu destino foi acordado com o operador responsável pela remessa; b) O operador responsável pela remessa informou previamente as autoridades competentes do país terceiro de origem, ou do país terceiro de destino se este for diferente do primeiro, sobre os motivos e as circunstâncias da recusa de entrada na União da remessa de animais ou mercadorias em questão; c) No caso de o país terceiro de destino ser diferente do país terceiro de origem, as autoridades competentes do país terceiro de destino notificaram as autoridades competentes do Estado-Membro de que estão dispostas a aceitar a remessa; d) No caso de remessas de animais, a reexpedição cumpre os requisitos de bem-estar animal. 2. As condições previstas no n. o 1, alíneas b) e c), não são aplicáveis a remessas de mercadorias das categorias referidas no artigo 45. o, n. o1, alínea c). 3. A Comissão deve, por meio de atos de execução, especificar os procedimentos a utilizar para a troca de informações e as notificações referidas no n. o 1. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. 3-A. Os Estados-Membros que recebem importações autorizadas por controlos prévios à exportação devem verificar regularmente se as importações cumprem realmente os requisitos da União. [Alt. 187] Artigo 71. o Aprovação de controlos prévios à exportação efetuados por países terceiros 1. A Comissão pode, por meio de atos de execução, aprovar controlos específicos prévios à exportação efetuados por um país terceiro a remessas de animais e mercadorias antes da sua exportação para a União com vista a verificar se as remessas exportadas satisfazem os requisitos fixados nas regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2. A aprovação só é aplicável às remessas originárias do país terceiro em causa e pode ser concedida para uma ou mais categorias de animais ou mercadorias. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. 2. A aprovação prevista no n. o 1 deve especificar: a) A frequência máxima dos controlos oficiais a efetuar pelas autoridades competentes dos Estados-Membros quando da entrada das remessas na União, se não houver motivos para suspeitar de incumprimento das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, ou de comportamento fraudulento; b) Os certificados oficiais que devem acompanhar as remessas que entram na União; c) Um modelo para esses certificados; d) As autoridades competentes do país terceiro sob cuja responsabilidade os controlos prévios à exportação devem ser efetuados; e) Se adequado, qualquer organismo delegado no qual essas autoridades competentes possam delegar certas tarefas. Esta delegação só pode ser aprovada se forem cumpridos os critérios previstos nos artigos 25. o a 32. o, ou condições equivalentes. 3. A aprovação prevista no n. o 1 só pode ser concedida a um país terceiro se as provas disponíveis e, quando adequado, um controlo efetuado pela Comissão em conformidade com o artigo 119. o demonstrarem que o sistema de controlos oficiais desse país terceiro permite garantir: a) Que as remessas de animais ou mercadorias exportadas para a União cumprem os requisitos estabelecidos nas regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, ou requisitos equivalentes; b) Que os controlos efetuados no país terceiro antes da expedição para a União são suficientemente eficazes para substituir ou reduzir a frequência dos controlos documentais, de identidade e físicos previstos nas regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2. 4. As autoridades competentes ou o organismo delegado especificados na aprovação: a) São responsáveis pelos contactos com a União; b) Devem assegurar que os certificados oficiais referidos no n. o 2, alínea b), acompanham cada remessa controlada. 5. A Comissão deve, por meio de atos de execução, estabelecer regras e critérios pormenorizados para a aprovação dos controlos prévios à exportação efetuados pelos países terceiros em conformidade com o n. o 1. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. Artigo 72. o Incumprimento e retirada da aprovação dos controlos prévios à exportação efetuados por países terceiros 1. Quando os controlos oficiais das remessas de categorias de animais e mercadorias relativamente às quais tenham sido aprovados controlos específicos prévios à exportação em conformidade com o artigo 71. o, n. o 1, revelarem um incumprimento grave e recorrente das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, os Estados-Membros devem, de imediato: a) Notificar a Comissão, os outros Estados-Membros e os operadores em causa através do sistema TRACES , incluindo as medidas a aplicar, e solicitar assistência administrativa em conformidade com os procedimentos estabelecidos no título IV; [Alt. 188] b) Aumentar o número de controlos oficiais das remessas do país terceiro relevante e, sempre que necessário para permitir um exame analítico correto da situação, reter um número razoável de amostras em condições de armazenagem adequadas. 2. A Comissão pode, por meio de atos de execução, retirar a aprovação prevista no artigo 71. o, n. o 1, sempre que se constatar, no seguimento dos controlos oficiais referidos no n. o 1, que os requisitos estabelecidos no artigo 71. o, n. os 3 e 4, deixaram de ser cumpridos. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. Artigo 73. o Cooperação entre autoridades no que respeita a remessas que entram na União em proveniência de países terceiros 1. As autoridades competentes, as autoridades aduaneiras e outras autoridades dos Estados-Membros devem cooperar estreitamente a fim de assegurar que os controlos oficiais das remessas de animais e mercadorias que entram na União são realizados em conformidade com os requisitos do presente regulamento. Para esse efeito, as autoridades competentes, as autoridades aduaneiras e as outras autoridades devem: a) Garantir o acesso recíproco a informações que sejam relevantes para a organização e a realização das suas atividades relacionadas com os animais e as mercadorias que entram na União; b) Assegurar o intercâmbio atempado dessas informações, incluindo por meios eletrónicos. 1-A. As autoridades aduaneiras apenas devem libertar as remessas de animais e mercadorias nos termos do artigo 45. o para as quais a autoridade competente do posto de controlo fronteiriço tenha efetuado os controlos oficiais previstos no artigo 47. o e emitido uma decisão registada no DSCE. [Alt. 189] 2. A Comissão deve, por meio de atos de execução, adotar regras uniformes sobre as disposições de cooperação que as autoridades competentes, as autoridades aduaneiras e as outras autoridades referidas no n. o 1 têm de estabelecer para garantir: a) O acesso das autoridades competentes às informações necessárias para a identificação completa e imediata das remessas de animais e mercadorias que entram na União e que estão sujeitas a controlos oficiais nos postos de controlo fronteiriços em conformidade com o artigo 45. o, n. o 1; b) A atualização recíproca, através do intercâmbio de informações ou da sincronização de conjuntos de dados relevantes, das informações recolhidas pelas autoridades competentes, pelas autoridades aduaneiras e por outras autoridades sobre as remessas de animais e mercadorias que entram na União; c) A rápida comunicação de decisões adotadas por essas autoridades com base nas informações referidas nas alíneas a) e b). Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. Artigo 74. o Cooperação entre autoridades no que respeita a remessas não sujeitas a controlos específicos nas fronteiras 1. No caso de remessas de animais e mercadorias que não estejam sujeitas a controlos quando da entrada na União como previsto no artigo 45. o, n. o 1, e para as quais tenha sido emitida uma declaração aduaneira de introdução em livre prática em conformidade com o artigo 4. o, n. o 17, e com os artigos 59. o a 83. o do Regulamento (CEE) n. o 2913/92, é aplicável o disposto nos n. os 2, 3 e 4. 2. Se tiverem razões para crer que a remessa pode apresentar um risco para a saúde humana, a saúde animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou, no que diz respeito aos OGM e aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos, o ambiente, as autoridades aduaneiras devem suspender a introdução em livre prática e notificar imediatamente as autoridades competentes dessa suspensão. 3. A suspensão da introdução em livre prática de uma remessa nos termos do disposto no n. o 2 deve ser levantada se, no prazo de três dias úteis a contar da suspensão, as autoridades competentes não tiverem solicitado às autoridades aduaneiras o prosseguimento da suspensão ou tiverem informado as autoridades aduaneiras de que não existe qualquer risco. 4. Se as autoridades competentes considerarem que existe um risco para a saúde humana, a saúde animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou, no que diz respeito aos OGM e aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos, o ambiente: a) Devem dar instruções às autoridades aduaneiras para que não autorizem a introdução da remessa em livre prática e que incluam a seguinte declaração na fatura comercial que acompanha a remessa, bem como em qualquer outro documento de acompanhamento relevante: «O produto apresenta um risco — introdução em livre prática não autorizada — Regulamento (UE) n. o …/… (*17)»; b) Não pode ser autorizado qualquer outro regime aduaneiro sem o consentimento das autoridades competentes; c) É aplicável o disposto no artigo 64. o, n. os 1, 3, 4 e 5, nos artigos 65. o a 67. o, no artigo 69. o, n. os 1 e 2, e no artigo 70. o, n. os 1 e 2. 5. No caso de remessas de animais e mercadorias que não estejam sujeitas a controlos quando da entrada na União como previsto no artigo 45. o, n. o 1, e para as quais não tenha sido emitida uma declaração aduaneira de introdução em livre prática, as autoridades aduaneiras, sempre que tiverem razões para crer que a remessa pode apresentar um risco para a saúde humana, a saúde animal, a fitossanidade, o bem-estar animal ou, no que diz respeito aos OGM e aos produtos fitofarmacêuticos, o ambiente, devem transmitir todas as informações relevantes às autoridades aduaneiras dos Estados-Membros de destino final. Artigo 75. o Regras relativas a controlos oficiais específicos e às medidas a adotar no seguimento desses controlos 1. A Comissão fica habilitada a adotar atos delegados em conformidade com o artigo 139. o no que diz respeito a regras relativas à realização de controlos oficiais específicos e à adoção de medidas em caso de incumprimento, a fim de ter em conta as especificidades das seguintes categorias de animais e mercadorias ou das modalidades e meios do seu transporte: a) Remessas de produtos da pesca frescos desembarcados diretamente de navios de pesca que arvorem pavilhão de um país terceiro em portos designados pelos Estados-Membros em conformidade com o artigo 5. o, n. o 1, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1005/2008 do Conselho (48); b) Remessas de caça selvagem de pelo, não esfolada; c) Remessas de mercadorias das categorias referidas no artigo 45. o, n. o 1, alínea b), que sejam entregues, com ou sem armazenamento num entreposto franco ou aduaneiro especialmente aprovado, a navios que saem da União e se destinem a abastecer os navios ou a ser consumidas pela tripulação ou pelos passageiros; d) Materiais de embalagem de madeira; [Alt. 190] e) Alimentos para consumo humano e animal que acompanhem os animais e se destinem a alimentar esses animais; f) Animais e mercadorias encomendados através de meios de venda à distância e entregues num endereço da União em proveniência de um país terceiro, e requisitos de notificação necessários para permitir a realização correta de controlos oficiais; g) Produtos vegetais que, tendo em conta o seu destino subsequente, podem implicar um risco de propagação de doenças animais infecciosas ou contagiosas; h) Remessas de animais e mercadorias das categorias referidas no artigo 45. o, n. o 1, alíneas a), b) e c), com origem na União e que regressam à União após recusa de entrada num país terceiro; i) Mercadorias a granel que entram na União em proveniência de um país terceiro, independentemente de serem originárias na sua totalidade desse país terceiro; j) Remessas de mercadorias referidas no artigo 45. o, n. o 1, provenientes do território da Croácia e que transitam pelo território da Bósnia-Herzegovina em Neum («corredor de Neum») antes de reentrarem no território da Croácia através dos pontos de entrada de Klek ou Zaton Doli; k) Animais e mercadorias isentos do disposto no artigo 45. o em conformidade com o artigo 46. o 2. A Comissão fica habilitada a adotar atos delegados em conformidade com o artigo 139. o no que diz respeito às condições de monitorização do transporte e da chegada de remessas de certos animais e mercadorias, desde o posto de controlo fronteiriço de chegada até ao estabelecimento do local de destino na União ou ao posto de controlo fronteiriço de saída. 3. A Comissão pode, por meio de atos de execução, estabelecer regras respeitantes: a) Aos modelos de certificados oficiais e às regras para a emissão desses certificados; b) Ao formato dos documentos que devem acompanhar as categorias de animais ou mercadorias referidas no n. o 1. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. Capítulo VI Financiamento dos controlos oficiais e de outras atividades oficiais Artigo 76. o Regras gerais 1. Os Estados-Membros devem garantir a disponibilização de recursos financeiros adequados a fim de proporcionar às autoridades competentes os recursos, humanos e outros, necessários para a realização dos controlos oficiais e de outras atividades oficiais. Para esse efeito, devem cobrar taxas ou contribuições para os custos ou disponibilizar recursos a partir de receitas da tributação geral. 2. Além das taxas previstas no artigo 77. o, os Estados-Membros podem cobrar taxas para cobrir custos ocasionados por controlos oficiais não referidos no artigo 77. o, n. os 1 e 2. 3. O presente capítulo é igualmente aplicável em caso de delegação de tarefas específicas de controlo oficial em conformidade com o artigo 25. o 4. Os Estados-Membros devem consultar os operadores em causa no que diz respeito aos métodos utilizados para calcular as taxas ou as contribuições para os custos. [Alt. 191] Artigo 77. o Taxas obrigatórias ou contribuições para os custos 1. A fim de garantir que as autoridades competentes dispõem de recursos adequados tendo em vista a realização de controlos oficiais, essas autoridades devem podem cobrar taxas ou contribuições para os custos para recuperar parte ou a totalidade dos custos em que incorram no que diz respeito: a) Aos controlos oficiais destinados a verificar se os seguintes operadores cumprem as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2: i) operadores de empresas do setor alimentar, como definidos no artigo 3. o, ponto 3, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 178/2002, que estejam registados ou aprovados, ou registados e aprovados, em conformidade com o artigo 6. o do Regulamento (CE) n. o 852/2004, ii) operadores de empresas do setor dos alimentos para animais, como definidos no artigo 3. o, ponto 6, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 178/2002, que estejam registados ou aprovados em conformidade com os artigos 9. o e 10. o do Regulamento (CE) n. o 183/2005 do Parlamento Europeu e do (49), iii) operadores profissionais, como definidos no artigo 2. o, ponto 7, do Regulamento (UE) n. o …/… (*18), iv) operadores profissionais, como definidos no artigo 3. o, ponto 6, do Regulamento (UE) n. o XXX/XXXX [ número do regulamento relativo à produção e disponibilização no mercado de material de reprodução vegetal ]; b) Aos controlos oficiais efetuados tendo em vista a emissão de certificados oficiais ou para supervisionar a emissão de atestados oficiais; c) Aos controlos oficiais efetuados a fim de verificar se são satisfeitas as condições para: i) a obtenção e manutenção da aprovação prevista no artigo 6. o do Regulamento (CE) n. o 852/2004 ou nos artigos 9. o e 10. o do Regulamento (CE) n. o 183/2005, ii) a obtenção e manutenção da autorização referida nos artigos 84. o, 92. o e 93. o do Regulamento (UE) n. o …/… (*19), iii) a obtenção e manutenção da autorização referida no artigo 25. o do Regulamento (UE) n. o XXX/XXXX [ número do regulamento relativo à produção e disponibilização no mercado de material de reprodução vegetal ]; d) Aos controlos oficiais efetuados pelas autoridades competentes nos postos de controlo fronteiriços ou nos pontos de controlo referidos no artigo 51. o, n. o 1, alínea a). 2. Para efeitos do disposto no n. o 1, os controlos oficiais referidos na alínea a) desse número incluem os controlos oficiais efetuados para verificar o cumprimento das medidas adotadas pela Comissão em conformidade com o artigo 137. o do presente regulamento, com o artigo 53. o do Regulamento (CE) n. o 178/2002, com o artigo 27. o, n. o 1, o artigo 29. o, n. o 1, o artigo 40. o, n. o 2, o artigo 41. o, n. o 2, o artigo 47. o, n. o 1, o artigo 49. o, n. o 2, e o artigo 50. o, n. o 2, do Regulamento (UE) n. o …/… (*20), com os artigos 41. o e 144. o do Regulamento (UE) n. o XXX/XXXX [ número do regulamento relativo à produção e disponibilização no mercado de material de reprodução vegetal ] e com a parte VI do Regulamento (UE) n. o …/… (*21), salvo disposição em contrário na decisão que estabelece as medidas. 3. Para efeitos do disposto no n. o 1: a) Os controlos oficiais referidos na alínea a) desse número não incluem os controlos oficiais efetuados para verificar o cumprimento de restrições, requisitos ou outras medidas temporárias de controlo de doenças adotadas pelas autoridades competentes em conformidade com o artigo 55. o, n. o 1, os artigos 56. o, 61. o, 62. o, 64. o, 65. o, o artigo 68. o, n. o 1, e o artigo 69. o, e das regras adotadas nos termos do artigo 55. o, n. o 2, dos artigos 63. o e 67. o e do artigo 68. o, n. o 2, do Regulamento (UE) n. o …/… (*22) e do artigo 16. o do Regulamento (UE) n. o …/… (*23); a-A) Os controlos oficiais referidos no presente número, alínea a), não incluem os controlos efetuados a nível da produção primária, conforme definida no artigo 3. o, n. o 17, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 178/2002, incluindo a transformação na exploração. Tal inclui os controlos destinados a verificar o cumprimento dos requisitos legais de gestão em matéria de saúde pública, saúde animal, fitossanidade e bem-estar animal, em conformidade com o artigo 93. o do Regulamento (UE) n. o 1306/2013. [Alt. 192, 343, 314 e 316] b) Os controlos oficiais referidos nas alíneas a) e b) desse número não incluem os controlos oficiais efetuados para verificar o cumprimento das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, alíneas j) e k). Artigo 78. o Custos 1. As autoridades competentes devem cobrar taxas podem considerar os seguintes critérios para o cálculo das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos em conformidade com o artigo 77. o a fim de recuperar os seguintes custos: a) Salários do pessoal, incluindo pessoal de apoio, envolvido na realização na medida em que correspondam aos custos reais dos controlos oficiais , nos termos do artigo 79. o, n. o 1, alínea b), excluindo as respetivas despesas de segurança social, pensões e seguros; b) Custos das instalações e do equipamento, incluindo de manutenção e seguros; c) Custos de consumíveis, serviços e instrumentos; d) Custos da formação do pessoal referido na alínea a), excluindo a formação necessária para a obtenção das qualificações requeridas a fim de entrar ao serviço das autoridades competentes; e) Custos das deslocações do pessoal para a realização de controlos oficiais, referido na alínea a) e ajudas de custo conexas , calculadas nos termos do artigo 79. o, n. o 2 ; f) Custos da amostragem e da análise, teste e diagnóstico laboratoriais. 2. Se as autoridades competentes que cobram taxas obrigatórias ou contribuições para os custos em conformidade com o artigo 77. o realizarem igualmente outras atividades, só deve ser tomada em consideração para o cálculo das taxas obrigatórias ou das contribuições para os custos a fração dos custos referidos no n. o 1 do presente artigo que resultar dos controlos oficiais referidos no artigo 77. o, n. o 1. [Alt. 193] Artigo 79. o Cálculo das taxas 1. As taxas ou as contribuições para os custos cobradas em conformidade com o artigo 77. o: a) Devem ser estabelecidas como montante fixo, com base nos custos globais dos controlos oficiais suportados pelas autoridades competentes durante um determinado período, e aplicadas a todos os operadores, independentemente de serem ou não efetuados controlos oficiais durante o período de referência a cada operador sujeito às referidas taxas; ao estabelecer o nível das taxas a cobrar em cada setor, a cada atividade e a cada categoria de operadores, as autoridades competentes devem ter em conta o impacto que o tipo e a dimensão da atividade em causa e os fatores de risco relevantes têm na distribuição dos custos globais desses controlos oficiais; ou b) Devem ser calculadas com base nos custos reais de cada controlo oficial individual e aplicadas aos operadores sujeitos a esse controlo oficial; essas taxas não podem ser superiores aos custos reais do controlo oficial efetuado e podem ser expressas, na totalidade ou em parte, como uma função do tempo despendido pelo pessoal das autoridades competentes para realizar os controlos oficiais. 2. As despesas de deslocação referidas no artigo 78. o, n. o 1, alínea e), devem ser tomadas em conta para o cálculo das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos referidas no artigo 77. o, n. o 1, sem que isso implique uma discriminação entre os operadores com base na distância entre as suas instalações e o local onde estão situadas as autoridades competentes. 3. Se as taxas ou as contribuições para os custos forem calculadas em conformidade com o n. o 1, alínea a), as taxas ou as contribuições para os custos cobradas pelas autoridades competentes em conformidade com o artigo 77. o não podem ser superiores aos custos globais respeitantes aos controlos oficiais efetuados durante o período referido no n. o 1, alínea a). [Alt. 194] Artigo 80. o Redução das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos no caso de operadores Se as taxas ou as contribuições para os custos forem estabelecidas com conformidade com o artigo 79. o, n. o 1, alínea a), o montante da taxa a aplicar a cada operador deve ser determinado tomando em conta os antecedentes do operador no que respeita ao cumprimento das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, comprovado através de controlos oficiais, de modo a que as taxas aplicadas a operadores que cumprem sistematicamente as regras sejam mais baixas do que as aplicadas aos outros operadores. [Alt. 195] Artigo 81. o Pagamento das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos 1. Os operadores devem receber um comprovativo do pagamento das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos previstas no artigo 77. o, n. o 1. 2. As taxas ou as contribuições para os custos cobradas em conformidade com o artigo 77. o, n. o 1, alínea d), devem ser pagas pelo operador responsável pela remessa ou pelo seu representante. [Alt. 196] Artigo 82. o Reembolso de taxas e isenção para as microempresas 1. As taxas previstas no artigo 77. o não podem ser reembolsadas, direta ou indiretamente, a menos que tenham sido cobradas indevidamente. 2. As empresas que empreguem menos de 10 pessoas e cujo volume de negócios anual ou balanço total anual não exceda 2 milhões de euros ficam isentas do pagamento das taxas previstas no artigo 77. o 3. Os custos referidos nos artigos 77. o, 78. o e 79. o não incluem os custos incorridos com a realização dos controlos oficiais às empresas referidas no n. o 2. Os Estados-Membros podem isentar as pequenas e médias empresas que cumpram determinados critérios objetivos e não discriminatórios do pagamento das taxas ou contribuições para os custos previstas no artigo 77. o. [Alt. 197, 315 e 348] Artigo 83. o Transparência 1. As autoridades competentes devem assegurar o mais elevado nível de transparência: a) Do método e dos dados utilizados para estabelecer as taxas ou as contribuições para os custos previstos no artigo 77. o, n. o 1; b) Da utilização dos recursos obtidos através dessas taxas ou dessas contribuições para os custos, incluindo o número de controlos efetuados ; c) Das disposições em vigor para garantir a utilização eficaz e parcimoniosa dos recursos obtidos com a cobrança dessas taxas ou dessas contribuições para os custos. 2. Cada autoridade competente deve disponibilizar ao público, relativamente a cada período de referência, as seguintes informações: a) Custos da autoridade competente pelos quais é devida uma taxa em conformidade com o artigo 77. o, n. o 1, com uma discriminação desses custos por cada atividade referida no artigo 77. o, no 1, e por cada elemento de custo referido no artigo 78. o, n. o 1; b) Montante das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos previstas no artigo 77. o, n. o 1, aplicado a cada categoria de operadores e a cada categoria de controlos oficiais; c) Método utilizado para estabelecer as taxas ou as contribuições para os custos previstas no artigo 77. o, n. o 1, incluindo dados e estimativas utilizados para determinar as taxas de montante fixo ou as contribuições para os custos referidas no artigo 79. o, n. o 1, alínea a); d) Se for aplicável o disposto no artigo 79. o, n. o 1, alínea a), o método utilizado para ajustar o nível das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos em conformidade com o artigo 80. o; e) Montante global das taxas ou das contribuições para os custos correspondentes à isenção referida no artigo 82. o, n. o 2. [Alt. 198] Artigo 84. o Despesas decorrentes de controlos oficiais complementares e de medidas coercivas As autoridades competentes devem cobrar taxas ou contribuições para os custos a fim de cobrir custos adicionais em que tenham incorrido em resultado de: [Alt. 199] a) Controlos oficiais complementares: i) que se tornem necessários no seguimento da deteção de um caso de incumprimento durante um controlo oficial efetuado em conformidade com o presente regulamento, ii) efetuados para avaliar a extensão e o impacto do incumprimento ou para verificar se este foi corrigido; b) Controlos oficiais efetuados a pedido do operador; c) Medidas corretivas tomadas pelas autoridades competentes, ou por terceiros a pedido das autoridades competentes, quando um operador não tiver levado a cabo as medidas corretivas ordenadas pelas autoridades competentes em conformidade com o artigo 135. o para corrigir o incumprimento; d) Controlos oficiais realizados e ação empreendida pelas autoridades competentes em conformidade com os artigos 64. o a 67. o, 69. o e 70. o, e medidas corretivas tomadas por terceiros a pedido das autoridades competentes, quando um operador não tiver levado a cabo as medidas corretivas ordenadas pelas autoridades competentes em conformidade com o artigo 64. o, n. os 3 e 5, e com os artigos 65. o e 67. o Capítulo VII Certificação oficial Artigo 85. o Requisitos gerais relativos à certificação oficial 1. Em conformidade com as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, a certificação oficial assume a forma de: a) Certificados oficiais; ou b) Atestados oficiais. b-A) Atestados sanitários oficiais. [Alt. 200] 2. Se as autoridades competentes delegarem tarefas específicas relacionadas com a emissão de certificados oficiais ou de atestados oficiais, ou com a supervisão oficial referida no artigo 90. o, n. o1, essa delegação deve respeitar o disposto nos artigos 25. o a 32. o Artigo 86. o Certificados oficiais 1. Quando as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, exigirem a emissão de um certificado oficial, são aplicáveis os artigos 87. o, 88. o e 89. o 2. Os artigos 87. o a 89. o são igualmente aplicáveis aos certificados oficiais que sejam necessários para efeitos da exportação de remessas de animais e mercadorias para países terceiros. 2-A. No que diz respeito à emissão de um certificado oficial para os produtos referidos no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, alínea j), além das disposições constantes do artigo 85. o, n. o 2, os organismos delegados trabalham e são acreditados em conformidade com a norma EN/ISO/IEC 17. 065: 2012. [Alt. 201] Artigo 87. o Assinatura e emissão de certificados oficiais 1. Os certificados oficiais devem ser emitidos pelas autoridades competentes ou pelos organismos delegados em conformidade com o disposto nos artigos 25. o a 32. o. [Alt. 202] 2. As autoridades competentes devem designar os certificadores autorizados a assinar certificados oficiais. Os certificadores: a) Não podem encontrar-se numa situação de conflito de interesses relativamente ao objeto do certificado e devem atuar com independência e imparcialidade; [Alt. 203] b) Devem receber formação adequada sobre as regras cujo cumprimento é confirmado pelo certificado oficial e sobre as disposições do presente capítulo. 3. Os certificados oficiais devem ser assinados pelo certificador e emitidos com base num dos seguintes fundamentos: a) Conhecimento direto pelo certificador dos factos e dados relevantes para a certificação, adquirido através de: i) um controlo oficial, ou ii) a obtenção de outro certificado oficial emitido pelas autoridades competentes; b) Factos e dados relevantes para a certificação, comprovados por outra pessoa autorizada para esse efeito pelas autoridades competentes e que atue sob o controlo dessas autoridades, na condição de que o certificador possa verificar a exatidão desses factos e dados; c) Factos e dados relevantes para a certificação obtidos através dos sistemas de autocontrolo dos operadores, completados e confirmados por resultados de controlos oficiais regulares, se o certificador considerar que são respeitadas as condições de emissão do certificado oficial. 4. Os certificados oficiais devem ser assinados pelo certificador e emitidos unicamente com base no n. o 3, alínea a), se as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, assim o exigirem. Artigo 88. o Garantias de fiabilidade dos certificados oficiais 1. Os certificados oficiais: a) Não podem ser assinados pelo certificador se estiverem em branco ou incompletos; b) Devem ser redigidos numa das línguas oficiais das instituições da União que seja compreendida pelo certificador e, quando relevante, numa das línguas oficiais do Estado-Membro de destino; c) Devem ser verdadeiros e exatos; d) Devem permitir a identificação da pessoa que os assinou e a respetiva data de emissão ; [Alt. 204] e) Devem permitir verificar facilmente a relação entre o certificado , a autoridade emissora e a remessa, o lote ou o animal ou mercadoria individual abrangidos pelo certificado. [Alt. 205] 2. As autoridades competentes devem tomar as medidas necessárias para prevenir e punir a emissão de certificados oficiais falsos ou enganosos ou a utilização abusiva de certificados oficiais. Tais medidas devem incluir, sempre que adequado: a) A suspensão temporária do certificador das suas funções; b) A retirada da autorização de assinar certificados oficiais; c) Qualquer outra medida necessária para impedir que se repita a infração referida na primeira frase do presente número. Artigo 89. o Competências de execução relativas aos certificados oficiais A Comissão pode, por meio de atos de execução, estabelecer regras para a aplicação uniforme dos artigos 87. o e 88. o no que diz respeito: a) Aos modelos de certificados oficiais e às regras para a emissão desses certificados; b) Aos mecanismos e disposições técnicas e legais destinados a garantir a emissão de certificados oficiais exatos e fiáveis e a prevenir o risco de fraude; c) Aos procedimentos a seguir no caso de retirada de certificados oficiais e relativamente à elaboração de certificados de substituição; d) Às regras para a elaboração de cópias autenticadas dos certificados oficiais; e) Ao formato dos documentos que devem acompanhar os animais e as mercadorias após a realização dos controlos oficiais; f) Às regras para a emissão de certificados eletrónicos e a utilização de assinaturas eletrónicas. Esses atos de execução devem ser adotados pelo procedimento de exame a que se refere o artigo 141. o, n. o 2. Artigo 90. o Atestados oficiais 1. Quando as regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, exigirem a emissão de atestados oficiais pelos operadores sob a supervisão oficial das autoridades competentes, ou pelas próprias autoridades competentes, é aplicável o disposto nos n. os 2, 3 e 4 do presente artigo. 2. Os atestados oficiais: a) Devem ser verdadeiros e exatos; b) Devem ser redigidos numa das línguas oficiais das instituições da União ou em qualquer uma das línguas oficiais de um Estado-Membro ; [Alt. 206] c) Se se referirem a uma remessa ou um lote, devem permitir verificar a relação entre o atestado oficial e a remessa ou lote. 3. As autoridades oficiais devem assegurar que o pessoal que efetua controlos oficiais a fim de supervisionar o procedimento de certificação ou, quando os atestados oficiais são emitidos pelas autoridades competentes, o pessoal encarregado da sua emissão: a) É independente, imparcial e não se encontra numa situação de conflito de interesses relativamente ao objeto dos atestados oficiais; [Alt. 207] b) Recebe formação adequada no que diz respeito: i) às regras cujo cumprimento é certificado pelos atestados oficiais, ii) às regras estabelecidas no presente regulamento. 4. As autoridades competentes devem efetuar controlos oficiais regulares a fim de verificar se: a) Os operadores que emitem os atestados cumprem as condições previstas nas regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2; b) Os atestados são emitidos com base em factos e dados relevantes, corretos e verificáveis. Título III Laboratórios e centros de referência Artigo 91. o Designação de laboratórios de referência da União Europeia 1. A Comissão pode deve , por meio de atos de execução, designar laboratórios de referência da União Europeia nos domínios regidos pelas regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, quando a eficácia dos controlos oficiais depender também da qualidade, uniformidade e fiabilidade: [Alt. 208] a) Dos métodos de análise, teste ou diagnóstico empregues pelos laboratórios oficiais designados em conformidade com o artigo 36. o, n. o 1; b) Dos resultados das análises, testes e diagnósticos realizados por esses laboratórios oficiais. 2. A designação prevista no n. o 1: a) Deve ser efetuada de acordo com um processo de seleção público; b) Deve ser reexaminada regularmente de cinco em cinco anos. [Alt. 209] b-A) Deve ser efetuada apenas em relação a laboratórios que tenham uma carta de recomendação da autoridade competente na matéria em causa. [Alt. 317] 2-A. A Comissão pode, quando considerar adequado, designar mais do que um laboratório de referência para uma mesma doença promovendo, assim, a rotação entre os laboratórios nacionais que cumpram os requisitos previstos no n. o 3 do presente artigo. [Alt. 210] 3. Os laboratórios de referência da União Europeia: a) Devem funcionar de acordo com a norma EN ISO/IEC 17025 «Requisitos gerais de competência para laboratórios de ensaio e calibração» e ser avaliados e acreditados de acordo com essa norma por um organismo nacional de acreditação que funcione em conformidade com o Regulamento (CE) n. o 765/2008; b) Devem ser independentes, imparciais e não podem encontrar-se em situação de conflito de interesses no que se refere ao exercício das suas tarefas como laboratórios de referência da União Europeia; [Alt. 211] c) Devem dispor de pessoal devidamente qualificado, com formação adequada sobre as técnicas de análise, teste e diagnóstico aplicadas na sua esfera de competências, bem como de pessoal de apoio adequado; d) Devem possuir ou ter acesso às infraestruturas, equipamentos e produtos necessários para a execução das tarefas que lhes são confiadas; e) Devem garantir que o respetivo pessoal conhece bem as normas e práticas internacionais e que os mais recentes progressos da investigação a nível nacional, da União e internacional são tomados em conta no seu trabalho; f) Devem estar equipados para realizar as tarefas que lhes competem em situações de emergência; g) Quando necessário, devem estar equipados para cumprir as normas de bioproteção relevantes. g-A) Se pertinente, devem colaborar com os centros de investigação da União e com os serviços da Comissão para desenvolver padrões elevados de métodos de análise laboratorial, teste e diagnóstico. [Alt. 212] g-B) Podem receber um contributo financeiro da União nos termos da Decisão 90/424/CEE do Conselho (50). [Alt. 213] g-C) Fazer respeitar pelo seu pessoal o caráter confidencial de certos assuntos, resultados ou comunicações. [Alt. 214] 3-A. Em derrogação dos n. os 1 e 2 do presente artigo, os laboratórios de referência mencionados no artigo 32. o, primeiro parágrafo, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1829/2003 e no artigo 21. o, primeiro parágrafo, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1831/2003, são laboratórios de referência da União Europeia com as responsabilidades e tarefas indicadas no artigo 92. o do presente regulamento, respetivamente no que diz respeito a: a) OGM e géneros alimentícios e alimentos para animais geneticamente modificados; b) Aditivos destinados à alimentação animal. [Alt. 215] Artigo 92. o Responsabilidades e tarefas dos laboratórios de referência da União Europeia 1. Os laboratórios de referência da União Europeia devem contribuir para a melhoria e a harmonização dos métodos de análise, teste ou diagnóstico a utilizar pelos laboratórios oficiais designados em conformidade com o artigo 36. o, n. o 1, e dos dados analíticos, de teste e de diagnóstico gerados por tais métodos. 2. Os laboratórios de referência da União Europeia são responsáveis pelas seguintes tarefas, em conformidade com programas de trabalho anuais e plurianuais aprovados pela Comissão: a) Fornecer aos laboratórios nacionais de referência informações pormenorizadas sobre os métodos de análise, teste ou diagnóstico laboratoriais, incluindo os métodos de referência; a-A) Fornecer material de referência gratuitamente e sem restrições de utilização (no caso da saúde animal, estirpes e soros) aos laboratórios nacionais de referência, a fim de facilitar a definição e harmonização dos métodos de análise, teste e diagnóstico; [Alt. 216] b) Coordenar a aplicação dos métodos referidos na alínea a) pelos laboratórios nacionais de referência e, se necessário, por outros laboratórios oficiais, nomeadamente através da organização de testes comparativos interlaboratoriais regulares e da garantia de um acompanhamento adequado de tais testes, em conformidade com protocolos aceites internacionalmente, sempre que existam. Informar as autoridades competentes sobre o acompanhamento e os resultados desses testes comparativos interlaboratoriais ; [Alt. 217] c) Coordenar as disposições práticas necessárias à aplicação de novos métodos de análise, teste ou diagnóstico laboratoriais e informar os laboratórios nacionais de referência sobre os progressos realizados neste domínio; d) Realizar cursos de formação gratuitos destinados ao pessoal dos laboratórios nacionais de referência e, se necessário, realizar cursos de formação destinados ao pessoal de outros laboratórios oficiais, bem como aos peritos de países terceiros; [Alt. 218] e) Prestar assistência técnica e científica à Comissão no âmbito da sua missão; f) Fornecer aos laboratórios nacionais de referência informações sobre as atividades de investigação relevantes realizadas ao nível nacional, internacional ou da União; g) Colaborar, no âmbito da sua missão, com laboratórios de países terceiros e com a Autoridade Europeia para a Segurança dos Alimentos, a Agência Europeia de Medicamentos e o Centro Europeu de Prevenção e Controlo das Doenças; h) Prestar assistência ativa no diagnóstico de surtos, nos Estados-Membros, de doenças de origem alimentar, doenças zoonóticas ou doenças dos animais, ou de pragas dos vegetais, efetuando para esse efeito diagnósticos de confirmação, a caracterização e estudos taxonómicos ou epizoóticos em isolados de agentes patogénicos ou espécimes de pragas; [Alt. 219] i) Coordenar ou efetuar testes de verificação da qualidade dos reagentes utilizados para o diagnóstico das doenças dos animais, zoonóticas ou de origem alimentar; j) Se necessário para a sua esfera de competências, estabelecer e manter: i) coleções de referência de pragas dos vegetais ou estirpes de referência de agentes patogénicos, [Alt. 220] ii) coleções de referência de materiais destinados a entrar em contacto com os alimentos utilizados para calibrar o equipamento analítico e fornecer amostras desses materiais aos laboratórios nacionais de referência; iii) listas atualizadas das substâncias e reagentes de referência disponíveis, assim como dos fabricantes e fornecedores dessas substâncias e reagentes. 2-A. Os n. os 1 e 2 do presente artigo devem aplicar-se sem prejuízo do artigo 32. o, primeiro parágrafo, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1829/2003 e da regulamentação adotada com base no artigo 32. o, quarto e quinto parágrafos, do referido regulamento, bem como do artigo 21. o, primeiro parágrafo, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1831/2003 e da regulamentação adotada com base no artigo 21. o, terceiro e quarto parágrafos, do referido regulamento. [Alt. 221] 3. Os laboratórios de referência da União Europeia devem publicar a lista dos laboratórios nacionais de referência designados pelos Estados-Membros em conformidade com o artigo 98. o, n. o 1. Artigo 92. o-A 1. A Comissão deve, por meio de atos delegados, designar um laboratório de referência da União Europeia para a autenticidade dos alimentos. 2. Os Estados-Membros podem designar laboratórios de referência nacionais que façam parte de uma rede de laboratórios em funcionamento na União. [Alt. 222] Artigo 93. o Designação de centros de referência da União Europeia para o material de reprodução vegetal 1. A Comissão pode, por meio de atos de execução, designar centros de referência da União Europeia encarregados de apoiar as atividades da Comissão, dos Estados-Membros e da Agência Europeia das Variedades Vegetais (EPVA) no que diz respeito à aplicação das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, alínea h). 2. A designação prevista no n. o 1: a) Deve ser efetuada de acordo com um processo de seleção público; b) Deve ser reexaminada regularmente. 3. Os centros de referência da União Europeia para o material de reprodução vegetal devem: a) Dispor de um nível elevado de conhecimentos técnicos e científicos especializados em matéria de inspeção, amostragem e teste de material de reprodução vegetal; b) Dispor de pessoal devidamente qualificado, com formação adequada nos domínios referidos na alínea a), bem como de pessoal de apoio adequado; c) Possuir ou ter acesso às infraestruturas, equipamentos e produtos necessários para a execução das tarefas que lhes são confiadas; d) Garantir que o respetivo pessoal conhece bem as normas e práticas internacionais nos domínios referidos na alínea a) e que os mais recentes progressos da investigação a nível nacional, da União e internacional são tomados em conta no seu trabalho; [Alt. 223] Artigo 94. o Responsabilidades e tarefas dos centros de referência da União Europeia para o material de reprodução vegetal Os centros de referência da União Europeia designados em conformidade com o artigo 93. o, n. o 1, são responsáveis pelas seguintes tarefas, em conformidade com programas de trabalho anuais e plurianuais aprovados pela Comissão: a) Fornecer conhecimentos técnicos e científicos especializados, no âmbito da sua missão, em relação a: i) inspeções no terreno, amostragem e testes tendo em vista a certificação do material de reprodução vegetal, ii) testes pós-certificação do material de reprodução vegetal, iii) testes de categorias de material de reprodução vegetal standard ; b) Organizar testes comparativos e ensaios de campo do material de reprodução vegetal; c) Realizar cursos de formação destinados ao pessoal das autoridades competentes e a peritos de países terceiros; d) Contribuir para o desenvolvimento de protocolos de teste destinados à certificação e pós-certificação do material de reprodução vegetal, bem como de indicadores de desempenho relativos à certificação do material de reprodução vegetal; e) Divulgar os resultados da investigação e as inovações técnicas nos domínios abrangidos pelo âmbito da sua missão. [Alt. 224] Artigo 95. o Designação de centros de referência da União Europeia para o bem-estar animal 1. A Comissão pode deve , por meio de atos de execução, designar centros de referência da União Europeia encarregados de apoiar as atividades da Comissão e dos Estados-Membros no que diz respeito à aplicação das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, alínea f). [Alt. 225] 2. A designação prevista no n. o 1: a) Deve ser efetuada de acordo com um processo de seleção público; b) Deve ser reexaminada regularmente. 3. Os centros de referência da União Europeia para o bem-estar animal devem: a) Dispor de pessoal adequadamente qualificado com um nível elevado de conhecimentos técnicos e científicos especializados no domínio da relação homem-animal, do comportamento animal, da fisiologia animal, da saúde e nutrição dos animais no contexto do bem-estar animal e dos aspetos de bem-estar animal relacionados com a utilização comercial e científica dos animais , tendo em conta aspetos éticos ; [Alt. 226] b) Dispor de pessoal devidamente qualificado, com formação adequada nos domínios referidos na alínea a) e nas questões éticas relacionadas com os animais, bem como de pessoal de apoio adequado; [Alt. 227] c) Possuir ou ter acesso às infraestruturas, equipamentos e produtos necessários para a execução das tarefas que lhes são confiadas; d) Garantir que o respetivo pessoal conhece bem as normas e práticas internacionais nos domínios referidos na alínea a) e que os mais recentes progressos da investigação a nível nacional, da União e internacional são tomados em conta no seu trabalho; Artigo 96. o Responsabilidades e tarefas dos centros de referência da União Europeia para o bem-estar animal Os centros de referência da União Europeia designados em conformidade com o artigo 95. o, n. o 1, são responsáveis pelas seguintes tarefas, em conformidade com programas de trabalho anuais e plurianuais aprovados pela Comissão: a) Fornecer conhecimentos científicos e técnicos especializados, no âmbito da sua missão, às redes ou organismos nacionais de apoio científico previstos no artigo 20. o do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1099/2009; b) Fornecer conhecimentos científicos e técnicos especializados tendo em vista a elaboração e aplicação dos indicadores de bem-estar animal referidos no artigo 18. o, n. o 3, alínea f); b-A) Coordenar uma rede de instituições dotadas de conhecimentos reconhecidos em bem-estar animal que possa auxiliar as autoridades competentes e as partes interessadas na aplicação da legislação pertinente da União. [Alt. 228] c) Desenvolver ou coordenar o desenvolvimento Contribuir para o desenvolvimento e coordenação de métodos de avaliação do nível de bem-estar dos animais e de métodos destinados a melhorar o bem-estar dos animais; [Alt. 229] d) Realizar Coordenar a realização de estudos científicos e técnicos sobre o bem-estar dos animais utilizados para fins comerciais ou científicos; [Alt. 230] e) Realizar cursos de formação destinados ao pessoal das redes ou organismos nacionais de apoio científico referidos na alínea a), ao pessoal das autoridades competentes e a peritos de países terceiros; f) Divulgar os resultados da investigação e as inovações técnicas e colaborar com os organismos de investigação da União nos domínios abrangidos pelo âmbito da sua missão. Artigo 96. o-A Designação dos centros de referência da União Europeia para a autenticidade e integridade da cadeia agroalimentar 1. A Comissão pode, por meio de atos de execução, designar centros de referência da União Europeia para apoiar as atividades da Comissão e dos Estados-Membros na prevenção, identificação e repressão de violações intencionais das normas previstas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2. 2. As designações previstas no n. o 1 devem ser efetuadas de acordo com um processo de seleção público e ser reexaminadas regularmente. 3. Os centros de referência da União Europeia para a autenticidade e integridade do setor agroalimentar: a) Devem possuir um elevado nível de competência científica e técnica nos domínios abrangidos pelas disposições do artigo 1. o, n. o 2, e em ciências forenses aplicadas a esses domínios, devendo assim ser capazes de realizar ou coordenar a investigação aos mais elevados níveis, em matéria de autenticidade e integridade das mercadorias, e de desenvolver, aplicar e validar os métodos a utilizar para a identificação de violações intencionais das normas previstas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2; b) Devem dispor de pessoal devidamente qualificado, com formação adequada nos domínios referidos na alínea a), bem como do necessário pessoal de apoio; c) Devem possuir ou ter acesso às infraestruturas, equipamentos e produtos necessários para a execução das tarefas que lhes são confiadas; d) Devem garantir que o respetivo pessoal conhece bem as normas e práticas internacionais sobre as matérias referidas na alínea a) e que são tidos em conta no seu trabalho os mais recentes progressos da investigação a nível nacional, da União e internacional nesses domínios. [Alt. 231] Artigo 96. o-B Responsabilidades e tarefas dos centros de referência da União Europeia para a autenticidade e integridade da cadeia agroalimentar Os centros de referência da União Europeia designados em conformidade com o artigo 96. o-A, n. o 1, são responsáveis, em conformidade com programas de trabalho anuais ou plurianuais aprovados pela Comissão, pelas tarefas seguintes: a) Fornecer conhecimentos específicos em matéria de autenticidade e integridade das mercadorias e dos métodos de identificação de violações intencionais das regras previstas no artigo 1. o, n. o 1, relativamente às ciências forenses aplicadas aos domínios abrangidos por tais regras; b) Fornecer análises específicas destinadas a identificar os segmentos da cadeia agroalimentar potencialmente sujeitos a violações intencionais, motivadas por razões económicas, das regras previstas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, bem como prestar assistência no desenvolvimento de técnicas e protocolos específicos de controlos oficiais; c) Sempre que necessário, realizar as tarefas previstas no artigo 92. o, n. o 2, alíneas a) a g); d) Sempre que necessário, estabelecer e conservar conjuntos ou bases de dados de materiais de referência autenticados, destinados à verificação da autenticidade ou da integridade das mercadorias; e) Divulgar os resultados da investigação e as inovações técnicas nos domínios abrangidos pelo âmbito da sua missão. [Alt. 232] Artigo 97. o Obrigações da Comissão 1. A Comissão deve publicar e atualizar, sempre que necessário, a lista: a) Dos laboratórios de referência da União Europeia previstos no artigo 91. o; b) Dos centros de referência da União Europeia para o material de reprodução vegetal previstos no artigo 93. o; [Alt. 233] c) Dos centros de referência da União Europeia para o bem-estar animal previstos no artigo 95. o 2. A Comissão fica habilitada a adotar atos delegados em conformidade com o artigo 139. o no que diz respeito à definição de requisitos, responsabilidades e tarefas dos laboratórios de referência da União Europeia, dos centros de referência da União Europeia para o material de reprodução vegetal e dos centros de referência da União Europeia para o bem-estar animal, em complemento dos requisitos, responsabilidades e tarefas previstos no artigo 91. o, n. o 3, no artigo 92. o, no artigo 93. o, n. o 3, no artigo 95. o, n. o 3, e no artigo 96. o [Alt. 234] 3. Os laboratórios de referência da União Europeia e os centros de referência da União Europeia devem ser sujeitos a controlos da Comissão a fim de verificar se são cumpridos os requisitos estabelecidos no artigo 91. o, n. o 3, no artigo 92. o, no artigo 93. o, n. o 3, no artigo 95. o, n. o 3, e no artigo 96. o [Alt. 235] 4. Se os controlos da Comissão referidos no n. o 3 revelarem que os requisitos estabelecidos no artigo 91. o, n. o 3, no artigo 92. o, no artigo 95. o, n. o 3, e no artigo 96. o não são cumpridos, a Comissão, após ter recebido as observações do laboratório de referência da União Europeia e do centro de referência da União Europeia: a) Deve retirar a designação desse laboratório ou centro; ou b) Deve adotar qualquer outra medida adequada. Artigo 98. o Designação de laboratórios nacionais de referência 1. Os Estados-Membros devem designar um ou mais laboratórios nacionais de referência para cada laboratório de referência da União Europeia designado em conformidade com o artigo 91. o, n. o 1. Os Estados-Membros podem designar laboratórios situados noutro Estado-Membro ou num país terceiro que seja parte contratante da Associação Europeia de Comércio Livre (EFTA). Pode designar-se um único laboratório como laboratório nacional de referência para vários Estados-Membros. 2. Os requisitos previstos no artigo 36. o, n. o 4, alínea e), no artigo 36. o, n. o 5, no artigo 38. o, no artigo 41. o, n. o1, no artigo 41. o, n. o 2, alíneas a) e b) e no artigo 41. o, n. o 3, são aplicáveis aos laboratórios nacionais de referência. 3. Os laboratórios nacionais de referência: a) Devem ser independentes, imparciais e não podem encontrar-se em situação de conflito de interesses no que se refere ao exercício das suas tarefas como laboratórios nacionais de referência; [Alt. 236] b) Devem dispor de pessoal devidamente qualificado, com formação adequada sobre as técnicas de análise, teste e diagnóstico aplicadas na sua esfera de competências, bem como de pessoal de apoio adequado; c) Devem possuir ou ter acesso às infraestruturas, equipamentos e produtos necessários para a execução das tarefas que lhes são confiadas; d) Devem garantir que o respetivo pessoal conhece bem as normas e práticas internacionais e que os mais recentes progressos da investigação a nível nacional, da União e internacional são tomados em conta no seu trabalho; e) Devem estar equipados para realizar as tarefas que lhes competem em situações de emergência; f) Quando necessário, devem estar equipados para cumprir as normas de bioproteção. 4. Os Estados-Membros devem: a) Comunicar à Comissão, ao laboratório de referência da União Europeia pertinente e aos restantes Estados-Membros o nome e o endereço de cada laboratório nacional de referência; b) Disponibilizar essa informação ao público; c) Atualizar essa informação sempre que necessário. 5. Os Estados-Membros que disponham de mais de um laboratório nacional de referência para um laboratório de referência da União Europeia devem garantir que esses laboratórios trabalham em estreita colaboração, por forma a assegurar uma coordenação eficiente entre eles, com os restantes laboratórios nacionais e com o laboratório de referência da União Europeia. 6. A Comissão fica habilitada a adotar atos delegados em conformidade com o artigo 139. o no que diz respeito ao estabelecimento de requisitos aplicáveis aos laboratórios nacionais de referência em complemento dos previstos nos n. os 2 e 3. 6-A. O presente artigo é aplicável sem prejuízo do artigo 32. o, segundo parágrafo, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1829/2003 e da regulamentação adotada com base no artigo 32. o, quarto e quinto parágrafos, do referido regulamento, bem como do anexo II do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1831/2003 e da regulamentação adotada com base no artigo 21. o, terceiro e quarto parágrafos, do referido regulamento. [Alt. 237] Artigo 99. o Responsabilidades e tarefas dos laboratórios nacionais de referência 1. Os laboratórios nacionais de referência devem, no respetivo domínio de competência: a) Colaborar com os laboratórios de referência da União Europeia e participar em cursos de formação e testes comparativos interlaboratoriais organizados por esses laboratórios; b) Coordenar as atividades dos laboratórios oficiais designados em conformidade com o artigo 36. o, n. o 1, tendo em vista harmonizar e melhorar os métodos de análise, teste ou diagnóstico laboratoriais e a sua utilização; c) Quando adequado, organizar testes comparativos interlaboratoriais entre os laboratórios oficiais, garantir um acompanhamento adequado desses testes e informar as autoridades competentes sobre os seus resultados e acompanhamento; d) Assegurar a transmissão das informações fornecidas pelo laboratório de referência da União Europeia às autoridades competentes e aos laboratórios oficiais; e) Prestar assistência científica e técnica às autoridades competentes, no âmbito da sua missão, para a aplicação dos planos de controlo coordenados adotados em conformidade com o artigo 111. o; f) Quando relevante, estabelecer e manter atualizadas listas das substâncias e reagentes de referência disponíveis, assim como dos fabricantes e fornecedores dessas substâncias e reagentes. f-A) Prestar assistência ativa no âmbito do diagnóstico de surtos, no território nacional, de doenças dos animais, doenças de origem alimentar ou doenças zoonóticas, efetuando para esse efeito diagnósticos de confirmação, caracterização e estudos epizoóticos ou taxonómicos em isolados de agentes patogénicos ou espécimes de pragas, tal como especificado para os laboratórios nacionais de referência da União no artigo 92. o, n. o 2, alínea h). [Alt. 238] 2. A Comissão fica habilitada a adotar atos delegados em conformidade com o artigo 139. o no que diz respeito ao estabelecimento das responsabilidades e tarefas dos laboratórios nacionais de referência, em complemento das previstas no n. o 1. 2-A. O presente artigo é aplicável sem prejuízo do artigo 32. o, segundo parágrafo, do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1829/2003 e da regulamentação adotada com base no artigo 32. o, quarto e quinto parágrafos, do referido regulamento, bem como do anexo II do Regulamento (CE) n. o 1831/2003 e da regulamentação adotada com base no artigo 21. o, terceiro e quarto parágrafos, do referido regulamento. [Alt. 239] Título IV Assistência e cooperação administrativas Artigo 100. o Regras gerais 1. As autoridades competentes dos Estados-Membros em causa devem prestar-se mutuamente assistência administrativa em conformidade com os artigos 102. o a 105. o a fim de garantir a correta aplicação das regras referidas no artigo 1. o, n. o 2, nos casos que sejam relevantes para mais de um Estado-Membro. 2. A assistência administrativa deve incluir, quando adequado, a participação das autoridades competentes de um Estado-Membro em controlos oficiais no local efetuados pelas autoridades competentes de outro Estado-Membro. [Alt. 240] 3.
| 12,153
|
269237_2020_IP_JPN_20_7334_00_e_3
|
WTO
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 7,378
| 9,961
|
(7) Notwithstanding item s (ii) and (iii) of the said paragraph, where, due to reasons
beyond the control of an applicant for a new patent under paragraph (1), the
applicant is unable to file the new patent application within the time limit as
provided under these item s, the applicant may file the new patent application
within 14 days (where overseas resident, within two months) from t he date on
which the reasons ceased to be applicable, but not later than six months following
the expiration of the said time limit.
Article 45 Deleted
(Conversion of application) 39 Article 46 (1) An applicant of a utility model registration may convert the
application into a patent application; provided, however, that this shall not apply
after the expiration of 3 years from the date of filing of the utility model
registration application.
(2) An applicant of a design registration may convert the applica tion into a patent
application; provided, however, that this shall not apply after the expiration of 3
months from the date the certified copy of the examiner's initial decision to the
effect that the application for a design registration is to be refused has been served
or after the expiration of 3 years from the date of filing of the design registration
application (excluding the period of a maximum of 3 months after the date the
certified copy of the examiner's initial decision to the effect that the app lication for
a design registration is to be refused has been served).
(3) Where the period as provided in Article 46(1) of the Design Act is extended under
Article 4 of the Patent Act as applied mutatis mutandis under Article 68(1) of the
Design Act, the 3 -month period as provided in the proviso to the preceding
paragraph shall be deemed to have been extended only for that period as extended.
(4) Where an application is converted under paragraph (1) or (2), the original
application shall be deemed to have b een withdrawn.
(5) Notwithstanding the proviso to paragraph (1) or the proviso to paragraph (2),
where, due to reasons beyond the control of a person who converts his or her
application under paragraph (1) , the person is unable to convert his or her
applic ation within the time limit as provided in the proviso to paragraph (1) or
within the time limit of three years as provided in the proviso to paragraph (2),
the person may convert his or her application within 14 days (where overseas
resident, within two m onths) from the date on which the reasons ceased to be
applicable, but not later than six months following the expiration of the time limit s
provided under these paragraphs.
(6) Paragraphs (2) to (4) of Article 44 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case of
conversion of an application under paragraph (1) or (2).
(Patent applications based on utility model registration)
Article 46 -2 (1) Except for the following cases, a holder of utility model right may
file a patent application based on his/her own utility model registration as
provided by Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.; In such
a case, the utility model right shall be waived:
(i) where 3 years have lapsed from the date of filing of an application for the said 40 utility model registration;
(ii) where a petition requesting the examiner's tec hnical opinion as to the
regist rability of the utility model claimed in the utility model registration
application or of the utility model registration, (in the following paragra ph
simply referred to as "utility model technical opinion"), is filed by the applicant
of the utility model registration or the utility model right holder;
(iii) where 30 days have lapsed from the date of receipt of initial notice under
Article 13(2) of th e Utility Model Act pertaining to a petition requesting the
utility model technical opinion on the application for the utility model
registration, or on the utility model registration filed by a person who is neither
the applicant of the said utility model registration nor the said holder of Utility
Model right; and
(iv) where the time limit initially designated under Article 39(1) of the Utility
Model Act for a utility model registration invalidation trial filed against the said
utility model registration under Article 37(1) of the Utility Model Act has
expired.
(2) A patent application under the preceding paragraph shall be deemed to have been
filed at the time of filing of the application for the said utility model registration,
provided that matters stat ed in the description, scope of claims or drawings
attached to the application in the said patent application are within the scope of
the matters stated in the description, scope of claims or drawings attached to the
application in the said utility model r egistration application on which the said
patent application is based; provided, however, that this shall not apply for the
purpose of application of Article 29 -2 of the Patent Act or Article 3 -2 of the Utility
Model Act, where the patent application falls under another patent application
under the said Article of the Patent Act or the patent application under the said
Article of the Utility Model Act, or for the purpose of application of Articles 30(3),
the proviso to 36 -2(2) and 48 -3(2).
(3) Notwithstandi ng item (i) or item (iii) of paragraph (1), where, due to reasons
beyond the control of an applicant for a patent under paragraph (1), the applicant
is unable to file an application for a patent within the time limit s as provided in
the said item s, the app licant may file the patent application within 14 days (where
overseas resident, within two months) from the date on which the reasons ceased
to be applicable, but not later than six months following the expiration of time
limit s under the se provisions.
(4) Where there is an exclusive licensee, a pledgee or, in the case where Article 35(1) 41 of the Patent Act as applied under Article 11(3) of the Utility Model Act or Article
77(4) of the Patent Act as applied under Article 18(3) of the Utility Model Act or
Article 19(1) of the Utility Model Act is applicable, a non -exclusive licensee, the
holder of a utility model right may file a patent application under paragraph (1),
provided that the consent of the said exclusive licensee, pledgee or non -exclusive
licensee is obtained.
(5) Articles 44(3) and 44(4) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case where a patent
application is filed under paragraph (1).
Chapter III Examination
(Examination by examiner)
Article 47 (1) The Commissioner of the Patent Office shall dire ct the examination
of patent applications by an examiner.
(2) The qualifications of examiners shall be as prescribed by Cabinet Order.
(Exclusion of examiners)
Article 48 Article 139 (excluding items (vi) and (vii)) shall apply mutatis mutandis
to examiners.
(Examination of patent applications)
Article 48 -2 The examination of a patent application shall be initiated after the
filing of a request for examination.
(Request for examination of application)
Article 48 -3 (1) Where a patent application is filed, any person may, within 3 years
from the filing date thereof, file with the Commissioner of the Patent Office a
request for the examination of the said application.
(2) In the case of a new patent application arising from the division of a patent
application under Article 44(1), or a patent application arising from the conversion
of an application under Article 46(1) or 46(2), or a patent application based on a
utility model registration under Article 46 -2(1), a request for the examinat ion of
the said patent application may be filed even after the lapse of the time limit
prescribed in the preceding paragraph, but not later than 30 days following the
division of a patent application, conversion of application or filing of patent
applicati on based on a utility model registration. 42 (3) A request for the examination of a patent application may not be withdrawn.
(4) Where a request for the examination of an application is not filed within the time
limit as provided in paragraph (1), the said pa tent application shall be deemed to
have been withdrawn.
(5) An applicant of a patent application that was deemed to have been withdrawn
under the preceding paragraph, where there are reasonable grounds for failing to
file a request for examination of the patent application, may file a request for
examination only within the time limit as provided in Ordinance of the Ministry,
Trade and Industry.
(6) The request for examination filed under the preceding paragraph shall be deemed
to have been filed to the C ommissioner of the Patent Office at the time of
expiration of the time limit provided in paragraph (1).
(7) Paragraph (3) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the case where the request for
examination has not been filed within the time limit provided in paragr aph ( 2).
(8) Where an request for examination of a patent application is filed under paragraph
(5) (including its mutatis mutandis application in the preceding paragraph; herein
after the same shall apply in this paragraph) and the establishment of a paten t
right for the patent application has been registered, a person who has been
working the invention or preparing for the working of the invention in Japan
without knowledge, after the fact that the patent application has been deemed to
be withdrawn under p aragraph (4) (including its mutatis mutandis application in
the preceding paragraph) has been published in the patent gazette and before the
fact that the request for examination of the patent application has been filed under
paragraph (5) is published in the patent gazette, shall have a non -exclusive license
on the patent right, only to the extent of the invention and the purpose of such
business worked or prepared.
Article 48 -4 A person(s) filing a request for the examination of an application shall
submit a written request to the Commissioner of the Patent Office stating the
following:
(i) the name and domicile or residence of the demandant; and
(ii) the identification of the patent application for which the examination is
requested.
Article 48 -5 (1) Where a request for the examination of an application is filed, in
the case where such request is filed prior to the laying open of the application, the 43 Commissioner of the Patent Office shall publish the fact thereof in the patent
gazette either at the time of laying open of the application or thereafter without
delay, and in the case where such a request is filed after laying open of the
application, without delay after laying open.
(2) Where a request for the examination of an applic ation is filed by a person other
than the applicant for a patent, the Commissioner of the Patent Office shall notify
the applicant thereof.
(Preferential examination)
Article 48 -6 Where it is recognized that a person other than the applicant is
working t he invention claimed in a patent application as a business after the
laying open of the application, the Commissioner of the Patent Office may, where
deemed necessary, cause the examiner to examine the patent application in
preference to other patent appli cations.
(Notice of statement of information concerning invention known to the public
through publication)
Article 48 -7 Where the examiner recognizes that a patent application does not
comply with the requirements as provided in Article 36(4)(ii), the examiner may
notify the applicant of the patent thereof and give the said applicant an
opportunity to submit a written opinion, designating an adequate time limit for
such purpose.
(Examiner's decision of refusal)
Article 49 The examiner s hall render an examiner's decision to the effect that a
patent application is to be refused where the patent application falls under any of
the following:
(i) an amendment made to the description, scope of claims or drawings attached to
the application of a patent application does not comply with the requirements
as provided in Article 17 -2(3) or (4);
(ii) the invention claimed in the patent application is not patentable under Article
25, 29, 29 -2, 32, 38 or 39(1) to 39(4);
(iii) the invention claimed in th e patent application is not patentable under the
provisions of any relevant treaty;
(iv) the patent application does not comply with the requirements under Article
36(4)(i), 36(6), or 37; 44 (v) where notice under the preceding Article has been given, followi ng the
amendment of the description or submission of the written opinion, the patent
application does not comply with the requirements under Article 36(4)(ii);
(vi) where the patent application is a foreign -language -written -application,
matters stated in t he description, scope of claims or drawings attached to the
application of the said patent application do not remain within the scope of
matters stated in foreign -language -documents; and
(vii) where the applicant for the patent does not have the right to o btain a patent
for the said invention.
(Notice of reasons for refusal)
Article 50 Where the examiner intends to render an examiner's decision to the
effect that an application is to be refused, the examiner shall notify the applicant
for the patent of th e reasons therefor and give the said applicant an opportunity
to submit a written opinion, designating an adequate time limit for such purpose;
provided, however, that in cases referred to in Article 17 -2(1) (i) or (iii) (in the case
of Article 17 -2(1)(i), limited to the case where the examiner has given a notice
under the next Article along with the notice of reasons for refusal), this shall not
apply where a ruling dismissing an amendment under Article 53(1) is rendered.
(Notice to the effect that the re asons for refusal stated therein are the same as
those stated in the previous notice)
Article 50 -2 Where the examiner intends to give a notice of reasons for refusal for
a patent application under the preceding Article, and these reasons for refusal are
the same as the reasons for refusal stated in the previous notice under the
preceding Article (including its application mutatis mutandis under Article 159(2)
(including its application mutatis mutandis under Article 174( 2)) and Article
163(2)) with regard to another patent application (limited to the case where both
patent applications are deemed to have been filed simultaneously by applying the
provision of Article 44(2) to either or both of them) (excluding such a notice of
reasons for refusal of which th e applicant of the patent application could have
never known the content prior to the filing of a request for examination of the
patent application), the examiner shall also give a notice to that effect.
(Examiner's decision to the effect that a patent is to be granted)
Article 51 Where no reasons for refusal are found for a patent application, the 45 examiner shall render a decision to the effect that a patent is to be granted.
(Formal requirements for decision)
Article 52 (1) The examiner's deci sion shall be in writing and specify the reasons
therefor.
(2) Where the examiner's decision is rendered, the Commissioner of the Patent Office
shall serve to the applicant of a Patent a certified copy of the examiner's decision.
(Dismissal of amendments)
Article 53 (1) In the case of Article 17 -2(1)(i) or 17 -2(1)(iii) (in the case of Article 17 -
2(1)(i), limited to the case where the examiner has given a notice under Article 50 -
2 along with the notice of reasons for refusal), where, prior to the service o f the
certified copy of the examiner's decision notifying to the effect that a patent is to
be granted, an amendment made to the description, scope of claims or drawings
attached to the application is found not to comply with paragraphs (3) to (6) of
Artic le 17 -2, the examiner shall dismiss the amendment by a ruling.
(2) The ruling dismissing an amendment under the preceding paragraph shall be
made in writing and state the reasons therefor.
(3) No appeal may be made against t he ruling dismissing an amendment under
paragraph (1); provided, however, that where a request for an appeal against an
examiner's decision of refusal has been filed, this shall not apply to the appeal
made in the proceeding in the said trial.
(In relation to litigation)
Article 54 (1) Where deemed necessary during an examination, the examination
procedure may be suspended until a ruling or a trial decision on an opposition to
a granted patent has become final and binding or court proceedings have been
concluded.
(2) Where an ac tion is instituted or a motion for an order of provisional seizure or
provisional disposition is filed, the court may, if it considers it necessary, suspend
the court proceedings until the examiner's decision becomes final and binding.
Articles 55 through 63 Deleted
Chapter III -2 Laying Open of Applications
46 (Laying open of applications)
Article 64 (1) After a lapse of one year and six months from the date of the filing of
a patent application, the Commissioner of the Patent Office shall lay open the
patent application, except in the case where gazette containing the patent has
already been published. The same shall apply where a request for the laying open
of the patent application under paragraph (1) of the following Article is filed.
(2) The laying op en of a patent application shall be effected by stating the following
matters in the patent gazette; provided, however, that this shall not apply to the
matters prescribed in items (iv) to (vi) where the Commissioner of the Patent Office
recognizes that pu blic order or morality is liable to be injured by stating such
matters in the patent gazette:
(i) the name, and the domicile or residence of the applicant(s) for the patent;
(ii) the number and the filing date of the patent application;
(iii) the name, and the domicile or residence of the inventor(s);
(iv) the matters stated in the description, scope of claims attached to the
application and the contents of the drawings attached to the said application;
(v) the matters stated in the abstract attach ed to the application;
(vi) in the case of a foreign -language -written -application, the matters stated in
documents in foreign language and the abstract in foreign language;
(vii) the number and the date of laying open of the patent application; and
(viii) other necessary matters.
(3) When anything stated in the abstract attached to the application does not comply
with Article 36(7), or in cases where the Commissioner of the Patent Office finds
it otherwise necessary, the Commissioner of the Patent Office ma y publish in the
patent gazette, in lieu of the matters stated in the abstract under item (v) of the
preceding paragraph, matters prepared by the Commissioner of the Patent Office.
(Request for laying open of a patent application)
Article 64 -2 (1) An app licant for a patent may file a request for the laying open of
the patent application with the Commissioner of the Patent Office except in the
following cases:
(i) where the patent application has already been laid open;
(ii) where the patent application co ntains a priority claim under Article 43(1),
Article 43 -2(1) (including its mutatis mutandis application under Article 43 -3(3)),
or Article 43 -3(1) or (2) , and documents relating thereto under Article 43(2)
(including its mutatis mutandis application under Article s 43-2(2) (including its 47 mutatis mutandis application under Article 43 -3(3)) and 43 -3(3)) and a
document relating thereto under Article s 43(5) (including its mutatis mutandis
application under Article 43 -2(2) (including its mutatis mutandis application
under Article 43 -3(3)) and 43 -3(3), have not been submitted to the Commissioner
of the Patent Office; and
(iii) where the patent application is a foreign -language -written -application and
translations of foreign -language -documents under Article 36 -2(2) have not been
submitted to the Commissioner of the Patent Office.
(2) A request for the laying open of a patent application may not be withdrawn.
Article 64 -3 An applicant filing a request for the laying open of a patent application
shall submit a written request to the Commissioner of the Patent Office stating
the following:
(i) the name and domicile or residence of the demandant; and
(ii) the identification of the patent application for which the laying open is
requested.
(Effect of the laying open of applications)
Article 65 (1) After the laying open of a patent application, where the applicant for
the patent has given warning with documents stating the contents of the invention
claimed in the patent application, the applicant may claim compensation against
a person who has worked the invention as a business after the warning and prior
to the registration establishing a patent right, and the amount of compensation
shall be equivalent to the amount the applicant would be entitled to receive for the
working of the invention if the invention were patented. Even where the said
warning has not been given, the same shall apply to a person who knowingly
commercially worked an invention claimed in a laid open p atent application, prior
to the registration establishing a patent right.
(2) The right to claim compensation under the preceding paragraph may not be
exercised until the registration establishing a patent right has been effected.
(3) Where a provisional e xclusive licensee or a provisional non -exclusive licensee has
worked an invention pertaining to the patent application to the extent permitted
by the contract granting a license, the applicant for the patent may not claim
compensation under paragraph (1).
(4) The exercise of the right to claim compensation under paragraph (1) shall not
preclude the exercise of the patent right. 48 (5) Where a patent application has been waived, withdrawn or dismissed after the
laying open of the patent application, or where th e examiner's decision or a trial
decision refusing the patent application has become final and binding, or where
the patent right has been deemed never to have existed from the beginning under
Article 112(6) (except in the case where it is further found th at the patent right is
deemed to have existed from the beginning under Article 112 -2(2)) , or where
revocation decision under Article 114(2) has become final and binding , or where,
with exception of cases coming under the proviso to Article 125, a trial dec ision to
the effect that the patent is to be invalidated has become final and binding, the
right to claim under paragraph (1) shall be deemed never to have been established
from the beginning.
(6) Articles 101, 104 to 104 -3, 105 to 105 -2-11, 105 -4 to 105-7 and 168(3) to 168(6) of
this Act and Articles 719 and 724 (tort) of the Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896) shall
apply mutatis mutandis to the exercise of the right to claim compensation under
paragraph (1). In this case, where a person having the right to claim compensation
has become aware of the fact that the invention claimed in the patent application
had been worked and of the person who had worked the invention prior to the
registration establishing a patent right, the term "by the victim or his/he r legal
representative within three years from the time when he/she comes to know of the
damages and the identity of the perpetrator" in Article 724 (i) of the Civil Code
shall be deemed to be replaced with "by the person having the right to claim within
three years from the date of the registration establishing a patent right."
Chapter IV Patent Rights
Section 1 Patent Rights (Article 66 to Article 99)
(Registration of establishment of a patent right)
Article 66 (1) A patent right shall become effective upon registration of its
establishment.
(2) The establishment of a patent right shall be registered where patent fees for each
year during the period from the first year to the third year under Article 107(1)
have been paid or an exemption or deferment the reof has been granted.
(3) Where the registration under the preceding paragraph has been effected, the
following matters shall be published in the patent gazette; provided, however, that
this shall not apply to the matters prescribed in paragraph (v) where the patent
application has already been laid open: 49 (i) the name, and the domicile or residence of the patentee(s);
(ii) the number and the filing date of the patent application;
(iii) the name, and the domicile or residence of the inventor(s);
(iv) the matters stated in the description and scope of claims attached to the
application and the contents of the drawings attached to the said application;
(v) the matters stated in the abstract attached to the application;
(vi) the patent number and the date of registration of establishment; and
(vii) other necessary matters.
(4) Article 64(3) shall apply mutatis mutandis where the matters stated in the
abstract as provided in Article 64(3)(v) are published in the patent gazette under
the preceding paragraph.
(Duration of patent rights)
Article 67 (1) The duration of a patent right shall expire after a period of 20 years
from the filing date of the patent application.
(2) The duration prescribed in the preceding paragraph may be extended upon the
filing of an ap plication to register an extension if the establishment of a patent
right is registered on or after the da te on which five years have passed since the
date of filing of the patent application , or the da te on which three years have
passed since the date of filing of a request for examination of the application,
whichever is later (hereinafter referred to as the "base date").
(3) The period which may be extended pursuant to the preceding paragraph
(hereinafter referred to as the "extendible period") shall not exceed the period
calculated by deducting a period equivalent to the total of the periods listed in the
following items (excluding an overlapping period among these periods, if there is
any) from a period equivalent to the period from the base date until the date of
registration of establishment of the patent right:
(i) where a notice or order under the provisions of this Act (excluding Article 39(6)
and Article 50), the Utility Model Act , or the Act on Special Provisions for
Procedures related to Industrial Property Rights (Act No. 30 of 1990) , or the
provisions of orders under these laws (limited to a notice or order issued by the
Commissioner of the Patent Office or the examiner) has been issued with regard
to the patent application , and the procedure to be undertaken upon receiving
the notice or order is undertaken: the period from the date on which the notice
or order has been issued until the date on which the procedure is undertaken;
(ii) where the time limit for undertaking the procedure under the provisions of this 50 Act or orders under this Act (hereinafter referred to as the "Patent Act and
orders" in the following item, item (v) and item (x)) has been extended with
regard to the patent appl ication: the period from the date on which the time
limit for undertaking the procedure has expired until the date on which the
procedure is undertaken;
(iii) where the procedure under the provisions of the Patent Act and orders with
regard to the patent a pplication for which the time limit for undertaking the
procedure is specified may be undertaken even after the expiration of the time
limit by which the applicant should undertake the procedure pursuant to the
provisions of the Patent Act and orders, and the procedure is undertaken : the
period from the date on which the time limit for undertaking the procedure has
expired until the day on which the procedure is undertaken;
(iv) where a disposition or notice under the provisions of this Act or the Act on
Special Provisions for Procedures related to Industrial Property Rights or the
provisions of orders under these laws (referred to as the "Patent Act and related
laws and regulations" in items (viii) and (ix)) is reserved with regard to the
patent application due to the applicant's request or any other act: the period
from the date on which the request or any other act was made until the date on
which the grounds for reserving the disposition or notice cease to exist;
(v) where a decision to grant a reduction in or exemption from, or a deferment for
payment of, the patent fees or other fees due to be paid under the provisions of
the Patent Act and orders is made with regard to the patent application: the
period from the date on which an application for the redu ction or exemption, or
deferment for payment was filed until the date on which the decision is made;
(vi) where a written supplement of the description, etc. under Article 38 -4(7) is
withdrawn with regard to the patent application: the period from the date on
which the written supplement of the description, etc. was submitted pursuant
to paragraph (3) of the said Article until the day on which the written
supplement of the description, etc. is withdrawn pursuant to paragraph (7) of
the said Article;
(vii) w here an appeal against an examiner's decision of refusal has been filed with
regard to the patent application: the period specified in (a) to (c) below according
to the categories set forth respectively therein:
(a) where an appeal decision to the effect t hat a patent is to be granted under
Article 51 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 159(3) (including
the cases where applie d mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 174(2)) is made: 51 the period from the date on which a certified copy of the examiner's decision
of refusal was served until the date on which a certified copy of the appeal
decision is served;
(b) where an appeal decision to order further examination under Article 160(1)
(including the cases where applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article
174(2)) is made: the period from the date on which a certified copy of the
examiner's decision of refusal was served until the date on which a certified
copy of the appeal decision is served; and
(c) where an examiner's decision to the effect t hat a patent is to be granted under
Article 51 as applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 163(3) is made: the
period from the date on which a certified copy of the examiner's decision of
refusal was served until the date on which a certified copy of t he examiner's
decision to the effect that a patent is to be granted is served;
(viii) where a determination for a request for review filed under the provisions of
the Administrative Complaint Review Act (Act No, 68 of 2014) has become final
and binding wit h regard to a disposition under the Patent Act and related laws
and regulations concerning the patent application: the period from the date of
filing of the request for review until the da te on which a certified copy of the
determination is served;
(ix) wh ere a judgment on an action filed under the provisions of the Administrative
Case Litigation Act (Act No. (4) Where there is a period during which the patented invention is unable to be
worked because approval prescribed by relevant Acts that are intended to ensure
safety, etc. or any other disposition designated by Cabinet Order as requiring
considerable time for its proper execution in light of its purpose, procedures, etc.,
is necessary to be obtained for the working of the patented invention, the duration
prescr ibed in paragraph (1) (if it is extended pursuant to paragraph (2), including
the period of extension; the same shall apply in the proviso to Article 67 -5(3),
Article 68 -2, and Article 107(1)) may be extended, upon the filing an application to 52 register an extension of the duration, by a period not exceeding 5 years.
(Registration of extension of duration)
Article 67 -2
(1) A person(s) filing an application to register an extension under paragraph (2) of
the preceding Article shall submit an application to the Commissioner of the
Patent Office , stating the following:
(i) the name and the domicile or residence of the applicant;
(ii) the patent number;
(iii) the period for which the extension is requested;
(iv) the number and the filing date of the patent application; and
(v) the date on which a request for examination of the application was filed.
(2) The written application under the preceding paragraph shall be accompanied by
documents stating the basis for the calculation of the period set forth in item (iii)
of the said paragraph as provided by Ordinance of the Ministry of Economy, Trade
and Industry.
(3) The application to register an extension under paragraph (2) of the preceding
Article shall be filed within the period of three months (if a person filing the
application is unable to file the application within that period due to reasons
beyond the person's control: within 14 days (in the case of an overseas resident,
within two months) from the date on which the reasons ceased to be applicable (if
the period exceeds nine months: within nine months)) from the date of registration
of establishment of the patent right ; provided, however, that the applic ation may
not be filed after the passage of the period prescribed in paragraph (1) of the said
Article.
(4) Where a patent right is jointly owned, none of the joint owners may file an
application to register an extension under paragraph (2) of the precedin g Article
unless jointly with all the other joint owners.
(5) Where an application to register an extension under paragraph (2) of the
preceding Article is filed, the duration prescribed in paragraph (1) of the said
Article shall be deemed to have been ext ended; provided, however, that this shall
not apply where the examiner's decision to the effect that the application is to be
refused has become final and binding or where the registration of extension under
paragraph (3) of the following Article has been made.
(6) Where an application to register an extension under paragraph (2) of the
preceding Article is filed, matters listed in the items of paragraph (1) shall be 53 published in the patent gazette.
Article 67 -3 (1) Where an application to register an ext ension under Article 67(2)
falls under any of the following items, the examiner shall render an examiner's
decision to the effect that the application is to be refused:
(i) where the establishment of the patent right has been registered before the base
date;
(ii) the period for which the extension is requested exceeds the extendible period
regarding the duration of the patent right ;
(iii) where the person filing the application is not the patentee; and
(iv) where the application does not meet the requiremen ts under paragraph (4) of
the preceding Article.
(2) Where no reasons for refusal are found for the application to register an extension
under Article 67(2), the examiner shall render an examiner's decision to the effect
that the extension is to be registe red.
(3) Where the examiner's decision under the preceding paragraph is rendered, the
extension shall be registered.
(4) Where the registration of extension under the preceding paragraph is made , the
following matters shall be published in the patent gazet te:
(i) the name and domicile or residence of the patentee;
(ii) the patent number;
(iii) the number and the filing date of the application to register an extension under
Article 67(2);
(iv) the date of the registration of extension;
(v) the period of exte nsion;
(vi) the number and the filing date of the patent application; and
(vii) the date on which a request for examination of the application was filed.
Article 67 -4 Article 47(1), Article 50, Article 52 and Article 139 (excluding item
(vii)) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the examination of an application to register
an extension under Article 67(2). In this case, the term " which is being appealed"
in Article 139(vi) shall be deemed to be replaced with "on the patent application
regarding the patent right for which an application to register an extension under
Article 67(2) is filed."
Article 67 -5 (1) A person(s) filing an application to register an extension under 54 Article 67(4) shall submit an application to the Commissioner of the Patent Office
stating the following:
(i) the name, and the domicile or residence of the applicant;
(ii) the patent number;
(iii) the period for which the extension is requested (not excee ding 5 years); and
(iv) the contents of the disposition designated by Cabinet Order under Article 67(4).
(2) The written application under the preceding paragraph shall be accompanied by
materials specifying the reason(s) for the extension, as provided by Ordinance of
the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
(3) The application to register an extension under Article 67(4) shall be filed within
the time limit prescribed by Cabinet Order after the disposition prescribed by
Cabinet Order under Article 67(4 ) is obtained; provided, however, that the said
written application may not be filed after the expiration of the duration of a patent
right under Article 67(1).
(4) Article 67 -2(4) to (6) shall apply mutatis mutandis to an application to register
an extens ion under Article 67(4). In this case, the term "paragraph (3) of the
following Article" in the proviso to Article 67 -2(5) shall be deemed to be replaced
with "Article 67 -7(3), and the term "items of paragraph (1)" in Article 67 -2(6) shall
be deemed to be replaced with "items of Article 67 -5(1)."
Article 67 -6 (1) Where the disposition designated by Cabinet Order under Article
67(4) is unlikely to be obtained prior to 6 months before the expiration of the
duration under Article 67(1), a person filing an ap plication to register an extension
under Article 67(4) shall submit to the Commissioner of the Patent Office, on or
before the time limit, a document stating the following:
(i) the name, and domicile or residence of the person filing the application;
(ii) the patent number; and
(iii) the disposition designated by Cabinet Order under Article 67( 4).
(2) Unless the document required to be submitted under the preceding paragraph is
submitted, an application to register an extension under Article 67(4) may not be
filed after 6 months before the expiration of the duration under Article 67(1).
(3) Where th e document as provided in paragraph (1) is submitted, the matters
prescribed in the said paragraph shall be published in the patent gazette.
(4) Where, due to reasons beyond the control of a person who submits a document
under paragraph (1), the person is unable to submit the document within the time
limit as provided in the said paragraph, the person may, notwithstanding the said 55 paragraph, submit the document within 14 days (where overseas resident, within
one months) from the date on which the reasons ce ased to be applicable, but not
later than two months following the date under the said paragraph.
Article 67 -7 (1) Where an application to register an extension under Article 67(4)
falls under any of the following items, the examiner shall render the exa miner's
decision to the effect that the application is to be refused:
(i) where the disposition designated by Cabinet Order under Article 67(4) is not
deemed to have been necessary to obtain for the working of the patented
invention;
(ii) where the patente e, or the exclusive licensee or the non -exclusive licensee of
the patent has not obtained the disposition designated by Cabinet Order under
Article 67(4);
(iii) where the period for which the extension is requested exceeds the period
during which the paten ted invention was unable to be worked;
(iv) where the person filing the application is not the patentee; and
(v) where the application does not meet the requirements under Article 67 -2(4) as
applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 67 -5(4).
(2) Where n o reasons for refusal are found for the application to register an extension
under Article 67(4), the examiner shall render an examiner's decision to the effect
that the extension is to be registered.
(3) Where the examiner's decision under the preceding p aragraph is rendered, the
extension shall be registered.
(4) Where the registration of extension under the preceding paragraph is made, the
following matters shall be published in the patent gazette:
(i) the name and domicile or residence of the patentee;
(ii) the patent number;
(iii) the number and the filing date of the application to register an extension under
Article 67(4);
(iv) the date of the registration of extension;
(v) the period of extension; and
(vi) the contents of the disposition designated b y Cabinet Order under Article 67(4).
Article 67 -8 The first sentence of Article 67 -4 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the
examination of an application to register an extension under Article 67(4). In this
case, the term "item (vii)" in the first sentence of Article 67 -4 shall be deemed to 56 be replaced with "items (vi) and (vii)."
(Effect of patent right)
Article 68 A patentee shall have the exclusive right to work the patented invention
as a business; provided, however, that where an exclusive license regarding the
patent right is granted to a licensee, this shall not apply to the extent that the
exclusive licensee is licensed to exclusively work the patented invention.
(Effect of patent right in the case of duration extension under Article 67(4))
Article 68 -2 Where the duration prescribed in Article 67(1) is extended under
Article 67(4) (including the case where the duration is deemed to have been
extended under the main clause of Article 67 -2(5) as applied mutatis mutandis
pursuant to Article 67 -5(4)), such patent right shall not be effective against any
act other than the working of the patented invention for the product which was
the subject of the disposition desi gnated by Cabinet Order under Article 67(4)
which constituted the reason for the registration of extension (where the specific
usage of the product is prescribed by the disposition, the product used for that
usage).
(Limitations of patent right)
Article 6 9 (1) A patent right shall not be effective against the working of the
patented invention for experimental or research purposes.
(2) A patent right shall not be effective against the following products:
(i) vessels or aircrafts merely passing through Japa n, or machines, apparatus,
equipment or other products used therefor; and
(ii) products existing in Japan prior to the filing of the patent application.
(3) A patent right for the invention of a medicine (refers to a product used for the
diagnosis, therapy , treatment or prevention of human diseases, hereinafter the
same shall apply in this paragraph) to be manufactured by mixing two or more
medicines or for the invention of a process to manufacture a medicine by mixing
two or more medicines shall not be eff ective against the act of preparation of a
medicine as is written in a prescription from a physician or a dentist and the
medicine prepared as is written in a prescription from a physician or a dentist.
(Technical scope of patented invention) 57 Article 70 (1) The technical scope of a patented invention shall be determined based
upon the statements in the scope of claims attached to the application.
(2) In the case of the preceding paragraph, the meaning of each term used in the
scope of claims shall be inte rpreted in consideration of the statements in the
description and drawings attached to the application.
(3) In the case of the preceding two paragraphs, statements in the abstract attached
to the application shall not be taken into consideration.
Article 71 (1) A request may be made to the Patent Office for its advisory opinion
on the technical scope of a patented invention.
(2) Where a request under the preceding paragraph is made, the Commissioner of
the Patent Office shall designate three administrativ e judge s to make an advisory
opinion on the requested matter.
| 23,052
|
US-5625196-F_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,996
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 73
| 114
|
Exercise bike
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exercise bike showing my new design;
FIG. 2 is a front elevational view thereof;
FIG. 3 is a rear elevational view thereof;
FIG. 4 is a left elevational view thereof;
FIG. 5 is a right elevational view thereof;
FIG. 6 is a top plan view thereof; and,
FIG. 7 is a bottom plan view.
The ornamental design for an exercise bike, as shown..
| 4,150
|
US-92239978-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,978
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,471
| 3,056
|
Directional fuze selector apparatus for artillery delivered mines
ABSTRACT
A gravity sensing disc slide interrupter in combination with dual chamberedetonating booster charges is used to automatically select one of a plurality of mine covers to be removed from a randomly ground oriented mine in order to insure maximum leathality against a target. Reliable selection of the mine cover to be explosively removed is accomplished by reduction of gap distance between the output side of a transfer lead charge and the input side of detonating fuze booster charges.
GOVERNMENTAL INTEREST
The invention described herein was made in the course of a contract with the U.S. Government and may be manufactured, used and licensed by or for the U.S. Government for governmental purposes without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Various means have been used in the prior art to quickly and remotely disperse mines in a target area. One of the methods for accomplishing this was to eject a plurality of mines from an artillery fired shell. One of the problems with this type of distribution has been the inability to predict the final orientation of the mine after it landed upon the ground. Generally the mine has protective covers thereon to prevent inadvertant firing or damage thereto during the assembly and delivery phases. In order to achieve maximum effectiveness against an overhead target, the upside cover had to be removed. Some prior art devices have accomplished this by utilizing a target sensing device to initiate a primary explosive train which could selectively fire an explosive charge which removed the upside cover. A rolling ball gravity positioning interrupter element was interposed between a pair of canted detonator charges and a transfer lead charge. The ball would uncover the booster charge fuze that is selected and initiated to remove the cover in the upper position. One of the problems encountered with the prior art ball selector design was its extremely low reliability. In some instances, each of the booster detonator pair would fire causing the upside cover and downside cover to be blown off simultaneously. The simultaneous removal of the upside and downside covers would rotate the mine upward and away from the intended target thereby reducing the mines effectively leathality. Another reason for the low reliability of the prior art canted booster-ball interrupter design was the excessive gap existing between the output side of the transfer load charge and the input side of the detonating fuze booster member. The reliability of the aforementioned prior art design was also decreased because of the tortuous path that the explosive blast had to follow within the ball selector chamber before it got to the input side of angularly positioned detonating fuze boosters.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a directional selector fuze apparatus for removal of the upside cover of artillery delivered mines. The present invention utilizes a stepped disc flat interrupter for positively covering an unselected mild detonating fuze booster and uncovering the selected detonating fuze booster used for firing a charge to remove the upside mine cover.
An object of the present invention is to provide a dual chamber directional fuze selector apparatus for randomly oriented artillery dispersed mines which will reliably remove a mine cover that is in an upside position for maximum terminal effect against a proximately positioned target.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a directional fuze selector apparatus for randomly oriented artillery dispersed mines which reduces the gap distances between the output side of a transfer lead charge and the input side of a selected mild detonating fuze (MDF) booster.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a directional fuze selector apparatus for randomly oriented artillery dispersed mines which insures a more direct path for a transfer lead blast into a booster chamber and into the input side of a parallel aligned MDF booster.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a gravity sensitive directional fuze selector apparatus for randomly oriented artillery dispersed mines which provides a more positive interrupter for an unselected MDF booster.
A further object of the invention is to provide a directional fuze selector apparatus for a dual chambered MDF booster which precludes the simultaneous firing of both MDF boosters.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects thereof, reference is made to the following descriptions taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a randomly dispersed mine oriented in two different positions with respect to the ground.
FIG. 2 is a partial cutaway cross-sectional view of a dual chambered primary mode explosive train of prior art directional fuze selector apparatus wherein the mine is in a first position "A" as shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a partial cutaway cross-sectional view of the dual chambered primary mode explosive train of the prior art device in a second position "B" as shown in FIG. 1, wherein the mine is oriented 180° with respect to the ground.
FIG. 4 is a partial cutaway cross-sectional view of the improved dual chambered primary mode explosive train of the present invention shown in a first position "A" as shown on FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a partial cutaway cross-sectional view of the improved dual chambered primary mode explosive train of the present invention shown in a second position "B" as shown in FIG. 1.
Throughout the following description like reference numerals are used to denote like parts of the drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The present invention will be better understood when the design of the prior art is first discussed. Referring now to FIGS. 1-3, two mine landing orientations are shown in FIG. 1. The first position "A" of the mine is shown with the round cover 10 of the mine disposed in an "up" position relative to ground surface 11. The second position "B" is shown with the flat cover 12 in an "up" position. The primary mode explosive train of the prior art comprises a microdetonator 14, located in microdetonator housing counterbore 15, transversely disposed in housing body member 16. Microdetonator 14 is axially aligned with the input side 18 of transfer lead charge 20 and communicates therewith through microdetonator body housing orfice 22 and axially aligned tubular transfer lead housing input orifice 24. Transfer lead charge 20 is transversely positioned in transfer lead charge housing 26 which is in turn fixedly attached to transfer lead charge tubular member 28, located in body housing central bore 29, by groove pin 30. Transfer lead charge 20 output communicates with the input sides 32 and 34 of two MDF angularly positioned booster charges 32' and 34'. Booster charges 32' and 34' communicate with the output side 36 of transfer lead charge 20 through selector chamber 38, housing blow hole 40 and transfer lead tubular housing output orifice 42.
In operation of the prior art shown in FIGS. 1-3, the mine cover that is "up" has to be ejected from a Miznay-Schardin dished liner plate located in the mine, not shown, in order for the mine to have maximum terminal effect against the target. An Interrupter ball member 44 located in selector chamber 38 drops by gravity toward the ground surface 11 covering the input side of lower MDF booster 34' of FIG. 2 or 32' of FIG. 3. The selected MDF booster initiates removal of either covers 10 or 12 by igniting either fuze 46 and 48 respectively leading to an ejection charge, not shown, attached to covers 10 or 12. The above sequence is initiated when microdetonator 14 is electrically activated by a target sensing means located in the mine and which is not shown in the drawing. The microdetonator 14 initiates transfer lead charge 20 which blasts into the selector chamber 38 firing the microdetonator booster 32' or 34' uncovered by the ball 44 to eject either the upper cover 10 or 12. The problem with the prior art design, shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, was the extremely low order of reliability for the reason previously aforementioned. The distance designated by the letter "θ" is between the output side 36 of the transfer lead charge 20 and the input side 32 of the MDF booster 32' and 34' has been determined as being excessive and a contributing factor to poor reliability.
Referring now to the present invention as illustrated by FIGS. 4 and 5 the primary mode explosive train comprises a dual chamber mild detonating fuze housing 50 transversely fixedly disposed in a second transverse counterbore hole 52 of body housing member 54. A pair of parallel aligned first and second MDF boosters 56 and 58 respectively are positioned one above each other in booster bores 57 and 59 in a rear section of the MDF housing 50. A stepped interrupted disc member 60 has larger diameter section 62 slidably positioned in chamber slot 64. The small diameter section 66 protrudes through chamber slot 64 and is slidably guided thereby while positioned in housing blow hole 68. An elongated transfer lead charge 70 is positioned in transverse lead housing 26 so that it is in axial alignment with housing blowhole 68 and body housing orifice 22, and microdetonator 14. The output side of microdetonator 14, located in a first transverse counterbore 15, communicates with the input side 72 via body housing orifice 22 and input orifice 24 of the transfer lead charge tubular member 28. Transfer lead charge housing 26 is fixedly connected to the transfer lead charge tubular member 28 by thru groove pin 30. Lead charge tubular member 28 is proximately disposed in body housing central bore 29 so that output orifice 42 is axially aligned with housing blow hole 68.
In operation when the mine lands on the ground the stepped interrupter 60 drops by gravity toward the ground, covering the booster charge 58 and uncovering the upper booster charge 56. When the microdetonator 14 is electrically signaled by a target sensing device located in the mine, and not shown, the microdetonator 14 initiates the elongated transfer lead charge 70 which in turn blasts through the output orifice 42 of tubular lead housing 28 and housing blow hole 68 into the selector chamber slot 68, firing the upper MDF booster charge 56 uncovered by interrupter 60 through a reduced standoff gap θ'. Booster 56 causes ejection of round mine cover 10, shown in position "A" of FIG. 1, by igniting ejection charge lighting fuze 46. The lower MDF booster 58 of FIG. 4 is adequately covered by the flat stepped interrupter 60 and consequently will not be initiated. FIG. 5 shows the operation of the interrupter 60 when the mine's landing orientation is as shown in position "B" of FIG. 1. Under the latter condition the MDF booster 58 is uncovered and the MDF booster 56 is covered. The firing of upper MDF booster 58 by the transfer lead charge 70 in this instance ignites ejection charge lighting fuze 48 ejecting the flat mine cover 12. The gap θ' between the output side 74 and the input side of the selected MDF booster 56 or 58 has been substantially reduced in the present design of FIGS. 4 and 5 to significantly improve the reliability of the directional fuze selector apparatus by providing a more direct path for the transfer lead charge blast through the dual chamber slot 64 and housing blow hole 68 into the input side 76 of the selected MDF booster 56 or 58. The reliability of the present invention is also improved by the flat stepped interrupter disc member 60 by providing a more positive cover for the unselected MDF booster charge.
While there has been described and illustrated specific embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious that various changes, modifications and additions can be made herein without departing from the field of the invention which should by limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Having thus fully described the invention, what is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. A directional fuze selector apparatus for ejecting an upwards positioned mine cover which comprises:a body housing member having a central bore therein, first and second transverse counterbores communicating therewith, and a housing blow hole in axial alignment with said first and second transverse counterbores; a microdetonator operatively disposed in said first transverse counter-bore; elongated transfer lead charge means transversely positioned in said body housing member having an input side axially aligned with an output side of said microdetonator; dual mild detonating fuze (MDF) means operatively disposed in said second transverse counterbore of said body housing member for selectively and reliably ejecting said upward positioned mine cover by substantially reducing a standoff gap distance θ between said output side of said elongated transfer lead charge and the input side of said mild detonating fuze means which includes; a dual chamber housing fixedly positioned in said second transverse counterbore of said body housing member, said dual chamber housing having a pair of booster bores disposed one above each other in parallel alignment, and a chamber slot for slidably holding interrupter means therein; a first mild detonating fuze (MDF) booster charge disposed in one of said pair of parallel aligned booster bores, the input side of said first MDF booster, being disposed at a substantially reduced standoff gap distance θ' from the output side of said elongated transfer lead charge means; a second mild detonating fuze booster charge disposed in another of said pair of parallel aligned booster bores, the input side of said second MDF booster being disposed at a substantially reduced standoff gap distance θ' from the output side of said transfer lead charge means; a first ejection charge igniting fuze operatively connected to the output side of said first mild detonating fuze booster; and a second ejection charge igniting fuze operatively connected to the output of said second mild detonating fuze booster; and gravity responsive interrupter means operatively disposed intermediate said mild detonating fuze means and the output side of said elongated transfer lead charge means for providing positive cover to prevent simultaneous firing of both elements of said dual mild detonating fuze means.
2. A directional fuze selector apparatus as recited in claim 1 whereing said gravity responsive interrupter means comprises a stepped disc member having a small diameter section slidably positioned in said chamber slot of said dual chamber housing, a large diameter section positively covering one of said unselected pair of MDF detonating fuze boosters and uncovering the other selected MDF detonating fuze booster to initiate the removal of an upsided mine cover, said stepped interrupter means preventing simultaneous ignition of said first and second MDF booster charges..
| 47,546
|
2021/02014O0060-20210628/02014O0060-20210628_ES.txt_5
|
Eurlex
|
Open Government
|
CC-By
| 2,021
|
None
|
None
|
Spanish
|
Spoken
| 6,904
| 11,096
|
Artículo 118
Ubicación del avalista
1.
El avalista estará establecido:
a)
en el caso de activos negociables de conformidad con el artículo 70, en el EEE, salvo que no se necesite aval para establecer las exigencias de calidad crediticia de un instrumento de deuda específico. La posibilidad de utilizar una calificación por ECAI de avalista para establecer las exigencias de calidad crediticia pertinentes para activos negociables se aborda en el artículo 84;
b)
para los instrumentos de deuda avalados por sociedades no financieras para las que una ECAI aceptada no haya proporcionado una evaluación crediticia de la emisión, el emisor o el avalista de conformidad con el artículo 70, el avalista estará establecido en un Estado miembro cuya moneda es el euro;
c)
en el caso de créditos de conformidad con el artículo 96, en un Estado miembro cuya moneda es el euro, salvo que no se necesite aval para establecer las exigencias de calidad crediticia de los activos no negociables. La opción de utilizar una calificación crediticia de avalista para establecer las exigencias de calidad crediticia pertinentes para créditos se establece en el artículo 108.
2.
No obstante lo dispuesto en el apartado 1, de conformidad con los artículos 70 y 96, los bancos multilaterales de desarrollo y las organizaciones internacionales serán avalistas admisibles independientemente de su ubicación.
TÍTULO V
SISTEMA DE EVALUACIÓN DEL CRÉDITO DEL EUROSISTEMA PARA ACTIVOS ADMISIBLES
Artículo 119
Sistemas y fuentes de evaluación crediticia aceptados
▼M7
1.
La información de evaluación crediticia en la que el Eurosistema base la evaluación de la admisibilidad de los activos como garantía en las operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema procederá de sistemas de evaluación crediticia pertenecientes a una de las tres fuentes siguientes:
a)
instituciones externas de evaluación del crédito (ECAI);
b)
Sistemas internos de evaluación del crédito de los BCN (ICAS);
c)
sistemas basados en calificaciones internas de las entidades de contrapartida (IRB);
2.
Cada fuente de evaluación crediticia enumerada en el apartado 1 puede incluir varios sistemas de evaluación crediticia. Los sistemas de evaluación crediticia cumplirán los criterios de aceptación establecidos en el presente título. En la dirección del BCE en internet se publicará una lista de los sistemas de evaluación crediticia aceptados, es decir, una lista de ECAI e ICAS que cumplen los criterios de aceptación.
▼B
3.
Todos los sistemas aceptados estarán sujetos al proceso de vigilancia del desempeño del ECAF establecido en el artículo 126.
4.
Por la publicación de información sobre los sistemas de evaluación crediticia aceptados en conjunción con sus operaciones de crédito, el Eurosistema no asumirá ninguna responsabilidad por su evaluación de los sistemas de evaluación crediticia aceptados.
5.
En caso de incumplimiento de las normas y procedimientos del ECAF, el sistema de evaluación crediticia de que se trate podrá ser excluido de los sistemas aceptados del ECAF.
Artículo 120
Criterios generales de aceptación de las ECAI como sistemas de evaluación crediticia
▼M4
1.
A efectos del ECAF, los criterios generales de aceptación de las ECAI serán los siguientes:
a)
las ECAI estarán registradas por la Autoridad Europea de Valores y Mercados de conformidad con el Reglamento (CE) n.o 1060/2009;
b)
las ECAI cumplirán criterios operativos y proporcionarán una cobertura adecuada con el fin de garantizar la aplicación eficiente del ECAF. En particular, la utilización de una evaluación crediticia de una ECAI estará sujeta a la disponibilidad por el Eurosistema de información sobre esa evaluación y de información para su comparación y asignación, es decir, para establecer la correspondencia entre la evaluación y las categorías de calidad crediticia del Eurosistema, y para el proceso de vigilancia del desempeño con arreglo al artículo 126.
▼M9
2.
Tras la aplicación del proceso expuesto en el anexo IX quater, el Eurosistema se reserva el derecho a decidir si inicia un procedimiento de aceptación en el ECAF previa petición de una agencia de calificación crediticia (ACC). Para esta decisión, el Eurosistema tendrá en cuenta, entre otras cosas, si la ACC proporciona una cobertura adecuada para la aplicación eficiente del ECAF de conformidad con los requisitos establecidos en el anexo IX bis.
2 bis.
Una vez iniciado el procedimiento de aceptación en el ECAF, el Eurosistema investigará toda la información adicional que se considere pertinente para garantizar la aplicación eficiente del ECAF, incluida la capacidad de la ECAI para: i) cumplir los criterios y las normas del proceso de vigilancia del desempeño del ECAF de conformidad con los requisitos establecidos en el anexo IX y los criterios específicos del anexo IX ter (en su caso), y ii) cumplir los criterios de aceptación establecidos en el anexo IX quater. El Eurosistema se reserva el derecho a decidir si acepta a una ECAI a efectos del ECAF teniendo en cuenta la información proporcionada y su propia evaluación de diligencia debida.
▼B
3.
Junto con los datos suministrados para la vigilancia del desempeño del ECAF de conformidad con el artículo 126, la ECAI enviará una certificación firmada por su consejero delegado, o por signatario autorizado responsable de las funciones de auditoría o cumplimiento dentro de la ECAI, por la que se confirme la exactitud y validez de la información suministrada para la vigilancia del desempeño.
Artículo 121
Criterios generales de aceptación y procedimientos operativos de los ICAS de los BCN
1.
Los BCN podrán decidir utilizar su propio ICAS con fines de evaluación crediticia. La decisión de un BCN de utilizar su propio ICAS estará sujeta a un procedimiento de validación por el Eurosistema.
2.
La evaluación crediticia por medio de ICAS podrá efectuarse por adelantado o a petición expresa de una entidad de contrapartida mediante la presentación del activo al BCN que utiliza ICAS (el BCN del ICAS).
3.
En relación con el apartado 2, al presentarse un activo al BCN del ICAS en relación con el cual deba evaluarse la admisibilidad del deudor o avalista, el BCN del ICAS informará a la entidad de contrapartida bien de su admisibilidad, bien del tiempo necesario para determinar su evaluación crediticia. Si el ICAS tiene un ámbito de actuación limitado y únicamente evalúa cierto tipo de deudores o avalistas, o si el BCN del ICAS no puede recibir la información y los datos necesarios para su evaluación crediticia, el BCN del ICAS informará de ello a la entidad de contrapartida sin demora. En ambos casos, el deudor o avalista pertinente se considerará inadmisible salvo que los activos cumplan las exigencias de calidad crediticia de un sistema o fuente de evaluación crediticia alternativo que la entidad de contrapartida pueda utilizar conforme al artículo 110. Si los activos movilizados se convierten en inadmisibles debido al deterioro de la solvencia del deudor o avalista, se eliminarán lo antes posible. Ya que no hay ni una relación contractual entre las sociedades no financieras y el BCN del ICAS ni una obligación legal de estas sociedades de proporcionar información que no sea pública a dicho banco, la información se proporcionará de forma voluntaria.
4.
En los países en que los RMBD se movilicen como activo de garantía en operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema, el BCN de origen aplicará un marco de evaluación crediticia de este tipo de activo de conformidad con el ECAF. Dicho marco estará sujeto a un procedimiento de validación por el Eurosistema y a un proceso anual de vigilancia del desempeño, como se detalla en el artículo 126.
Artículo 122
Criterios generales de aceptación de los sistemas basados en calificaciones internas
1.
Para que un sistema basado en calificaciones internas obtenga la aprobación del ECAF, la entidad de contrapartida deberá presentar una solicitud al BCN de origen.
2.
La exigencia del apartado 1 se aplicará a todas las entidades de contrapartida que pretendan utilizar un sistema basado en calificaciones internas independientemente de su situación de empresa matriz, filial o sucursal y de si el respaldo del sistema basado en calificaciones internas proviene de la autoridad competente en el mismo país, para la empresa matriz y posiblemente para las filiales, o de una autoridad competente en el país de origen de la empresa matriz, para las sucursales y posiblemente para las filiales.
3.
La solicitud presentada por la entidad de contrapartida de conformidad con el apartado 1 incluirá los documentos e información siguientes que, en caso necesario, se traducirán a la lengua de trabajo del BCN de origen:
a)
una copia de la decisión de la autoridad competente que autoriza a la entidad de contrapartida a utilizar su sistema basado en calificaciones internas a efectos de las exigencias de capital de forma consolidada y no consolidada, acompañada de cualesquiera condiciones específicas de utilización;
▼M4
b)
una evaluación reciente de la autoridad competente, que refleje la información disponible en ese momento, sobre todas las cuestiones que afectan al uso del sistema basado en calificaciones internas con fines de garantía y todas las cuestiones relativas a los datos utilizados en el proceso de vigilancia del desempeño del ECAF;
▼B
c)
información sobre cualquier cambio en el sistema basado en calificaciones internas de la entidad de contrapartida recomendado o exigido por la autoridad competente, acompañada del plazo de ejecución de los cambios;
d)
información sobre su enfoque acerca de la asignación de probabilidades de incumplimientoa los deudores, así como los datos sobre las calificaciones y las probabilidades anuales asociadas de incumplimientoutilizadas para determinar las calificaciones admisibles.
e)
una copia de la información más reciente del pilar 3 (disciplina de mercado) que la entidad de contrapartida debe publicar regularmente conforme a las exigencias de disciplina de mercado conforme al marco de Basilea III, la Directiva 2013/36/UE y el Reglamento (UE) no 575/2013;
f)
el nombre y dirección de la autoridad competente y el auditor externo;
g)
información sobre las tasas históricas de incumplimiento de las calificaciones del sistema basado en calificaciones internas de la entidad de contrapartida referida a los cinco años naturales anteriores a la solicitud pertinente. Si la autoridad competente concedió la autorización al sistema a efectos de las exigencias de capital durante esos años naturales, la información cubrirá el período transcurrido desde esa autorización. Los datos históricos anuales de las tasas de incumplimiento observadas y la posible información adicional cumplirán las disposiciones para vigilancia del desempeño del artículo 126 como si el sistema basado en calificaciones internas hubiera estado sujeto a esas disposiciones durante ese período de tiempo;
h)
información para la vigilancia del desempeño establecida en el artículo 126 conforme a la solicitada de sistemas basados en calificaciones internas ya aprobados por el ECAF del año natural en curso al tiempo de presentar la solicitud.
4.
La entidad de contrapartida no tendrá obligación de presentar la información de las letras a) a c), cuando dicha información la transmita directamente la autoridad competente al BCN de origen a solicitud de este.
5.
La solicitud presentada por la entidad de contrapartida según el apartado 1 estará firmada por el consejero delegado, director financiero o directivo de categoría similar de la entidad de contrapartida o por un signatario autorizado en nombre de uno de ellos.
Artículo 123
Obligaciones de presentación de información de las entidades de contrapartida que usen sistemas basados en calificaciones internas
1.
Las entidades de contrapartida comunicarán al BCN de origen la información del artículo 122, apartado 3, letras b) a f) anualmente o cuando lo exija el BCN de origen, salvo que la autoridad competente transmita directamente esa información al BCN de origen a solicitud de este.
2.
La comunicación anual del apartado 1 estará firmada por el consejero delegado, director financiero o directivo de categoría similar de la entidad de contrapartida o por un signatario autorizado en nombre de uno de ellos. La autoridad competente y, cuando proceda, el auditor externo de la entidad de contrapartida recibirán del Eurosistema copia de esta comunicación.
3.
Como parte de la vigilancia habitual de los sistemas basados en calificaciones internas, los BCN inspeccionarán in situ y a distancia la información estadística presentada por las entidades de contrapartida a efectos del proceso anual de vigilancia del desempeño. El objetivo de las inspecciones será verificar que los grupos estáticos son correctos, exactos y completos.
4.
Las entidades de contrapartida cumplirán cualquier otro requisito operativo especificado en las disposiciones normativas o contractuales aplicadas por el BCN de origen, incluidas las relativas a:
a)
las comprobaciones ad hoc de los procedimientos establecidos para comunicar las características de un crédito al BCN de origen;
b)
las comprobaciones anuales por el BCN de origen (o, cuando proceda, por la autoridad competente o auditor externo) para determinar la exactitud y validez de los grupos estáticos conforme al anexo IX;
c)
la presentación, a más tardar el siguiente día hábil, de información relativa a los cambios de admisibilidad y a la retirada inmediata de los créditos pertinentes, en caso necesario;
d)
las notificaciones al BCN de origen de los hechos o circunstancias que puedan afectar sustancialmente al uso continuado del sistema basado en calificaciones internas a efectos del ECAF o al modo en que el sistema lleva a la determinación de activos de garantía admisibles, incluidos en especial los cambios sustanciales del sistema que puedan afectar a la correspondencia entre las calificaciones o probabilidades de incumplimientodel sistema y la escala de calificación armonizada del Eurosistema.
▼M7 —————
▼B
Artículo 126
Proceso de vigilancia del desempeño del ECAF
1.
Anualmente, todos los sistemas de evaluación crediticia aceptados se someterán al proceso de vigilancia del desempeño del ECAF, de conformidad con el anexo IX, con el fin de garantizar que la correspondencia entre la información de evaluación crediticia facilitada por el sistema de evaluación crediticia y la escala de calificación armonizada del Eurosistema sigue siendo adecuada y que los resultados de las evaluaciones crediticias son comparables en todos los sistemas y fuentes.
2.
El Eurosistema se reserva el derecho a solicitar cualquier información adicional necesaria para ejecutar el proceso de vigilancia del desempeño.
3.
El proceso de vigilancia del desempeño podrá resultar en una corrección de la correspondencia entre la información de evaluación crediticia facilitada por el sistema de evaluación crediticia y la escala de calificación armonizada del Eurosistema.
4.
El Eurosistema podrá decidir suspender o excluir un sistema de evaluación crediticia basándose en el resultado del proceso de vigilancia del desempeño.
5.
En caso de incumplimiento de una norma relativa al proceso de vigilancia del desempeño del ECAF, el sistema de evaluación crediticia pertinente podrá ser excluido de la lista de sistemas aceptados por el ECAF.
TÍTULO VI
MARCO DE CONTROL DE RIESGOS Y VALORACIÓN DE LOS ACTIVOS NEGOCIABLES Y NO NEGOCIABLES
Artículo 127
Objetivo del marco de control de riesgos y valoración
1.
Los activos admisibles movilizados como activos de garantía en operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema estarán sujetos a las medidas de control de riesgos establecidas en el artículo 128, apartado 1, cuyo objetivo es proteger al Eurosistema frente al riesgo de pérdida financiera en caso de incumplimiento de una entidad de contrapartida.
2.
El Eurosistema podrá aplicar en cualquier momento las medidas adicionales de control de riesgos del artículo 128, apartado 2, si fuera preciso para garantizar su adecuada protección financiera, de conformidad con el artículo 18.1 de los Estatutos del SEBC. También podrán aplicarse medidas de control de riesgos adicionales al nivel de entidades de contrapartida específicas si fuera necesario para garantizar esa protección.
3.
Todas las medidas de control de riesgos aplicadas por el Eurosistema garantizarán condiciones coherentes, transparentes y no discriminatorias para todo tipo de activo admisible movilizado en todos los Estados miembros cuya moneda es el euro.
▼M3
Artículo 128
Medidas de control de riesgos
1.
El Eurosistema aplicará las siguientes medidas de control de riesgos para activos admisibles:
a)
recortes de valoración conforme establece la Orientación (UE) 2016/65 del Banco Central Europeo (BCE/2015/35) (
17
);
b)
márgenes de variación (ajuste a mercado):
el Eurosistema exigirá que se mantenga en el tiempo el valor de mercado, ajustado por el recorte de valoración, de los activos admisibles utilizados en las operaciones temporales de inyección de liquidez. Si el valor de los activos admisibles, que se mide diariamente, cae por debajo de un nivel determinado, el BCN de origen exigirá a la entidad de contrapartida que presente activos adicionales o efectivo mediante un ajuste de márgenes. De manera similar, si el valor de los activos admisibles supera un nivel determinado después de su revalorización, el BCN podrá devolver el exceso de activos o efectivo;
c)
límites al uso de bonos simples emitidos por una entidad de crédito o por cualquier otra entidad con la que la entidad de crédito tenga vínculos estrechos conforme al artículo 138;
d)
reducciones de valoración conforme establece la Orientación (UE) 2016/65 (BCE/2015/35).
2.
El Eurosistema podrá aplicar las siguientes medidas adicionales de control de riesgos:
a)
márgenes iniciales, es decir, que las entidades de contrapartida aporten activos admisibles cuyo valor es al menos igual a la liquidez proporcionada por el Eurosistema más el valor del margen inicial pertinente;
b)
límites en relación con los emisores, deudores o avalistas: el Eurosistema podrá aplicar otros límites, además de los aplicables al uso de bonos simples conforme al apartado 1, letra c), respecto del riesgo frente a emisores, deudores o avalistas;
c)
recortes adicionales;
d)
avales adicionales de avalistas que cumplen las exigencias de calidad crediticia del Eurosistema para aceptar ciertos activos;
e)
exclusión del uso de ciertos activos como activos de garantía en operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema.
▼B
CAPÍTULO 1
Medidas de control de riesgos para activos negociables
▼M3 —————
▼B
CAPÍTULO 2
Medidas de control de riesgos para activos no negociables
▼M3 —————
▼B
CAPÍTULO 3
Normas de valoración para activos negociables y no negociables
Artículo 134
Normas de valoración para activos negociables
A efectos de determinar el valor de los activos utilizados como activo de garantía en las operaciones de mercado abierto efectuadas por medio de operaciones temporales, los BCN aplicarán las siguientes normas:
a)
para cada activo negociable admisible, el Eurosistema establecerá el precio más representativo que se utilizará en el cálculo de su valor de mercado;
b)
el valor del activo negociable se calculará sobre la base del precio más representativo en el día hábil anterior a su fecha de valoración. En ausencia de precio representativo de un determinado activo el Eurosistema establecerá su precio teórico;
c)
el valor de mercado o teórico de un activo negociable se calculará teniendo en cuenta los intereses devengados;
d)
en función de diferencias en los sistemas legales y procedimientos operativos nacionales, el tratamiento de los flujos de renta, por ejemplo, los pagos de cupón relacionados con un activo recibidos durante la vida de una operación de crédito del Eurosistema, podrá diferir entre BCN. Si los flujos de renta se transfieren a la entidad de contrapartida, el BCN de origen se asegurará, antes de efectuar las transferencias, de que las operaciones correspondientes seguirán estando totalmente cubiertas por un importe suficiente de activos admisibles. Cada BCN velará por que el efecto económico resultante del tratamiento dado a los flujos de renta sea equivalente al que se alcanzaría si se transfiriesen a la entidad de contrapartida en la fecha de pago.
▼M7
Artículo 135
Normas de valoración para activos no negociables
El Eurosistema asignará un valor a los activos no negociables en función del correspondiente saldo vivo.
▼B
Artículo 136
Ajustes de los márgenes de garantía
1.
Los activos movilizados como activos de garantía en operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema estarán sujetos a una valoración diaria por los BCN de conformidad con las normas de valoración establecidas en los artículos 134 y 135. Si se hace uso de servicios tripartitos, el proceso de valoración diaria se delegará en el agente tripartito pertinente y se basará en la información enviada por el BCN pertinente al agente tripartito.
2.
Si, después de la valoración y los recortes, los activos movilizados no se ajustan a las exigencias calculadas ese día, deberán efectuarse ajustes de los márgenes de garantía. Si el valor de los activos admisibles movilizados como activos de garantía por una entidad de contrapartida, después de su revalorización, excede el importe debido por la entidad de contrapartida más el margen de variación, el BCN podrá devolver el exceso de activos o cualquier efectivo que la entidad de contrapartida haya aportado para el ajuste de los márgenes de garantía.
3.
Con el fin de reducir la frecuencia de estos ajustes, el BCN podrá aplicar un umbral igual al 0,5 % de la liquidez proporcionada. Dependiendo de la legislación nacional aplicable, si el valor de los activos movilizados como activos de garantía cayera por debajo del umbral inferior, el BCN podrá exigir que se efectúen ajustes de los márgenes de garantía bien mediante la aportación de activos adicionales, bien mediante pagos en efectivo, por la entidad de contrapartida. A la inversa, si el valor de los activos aportados en garantía excede el umbral superior, el BCN podrá devolver el exceso de activos (o de efectivo aportado para ajustar los márgenes de garantía) a la entidad de contrapartida.
4.
El tipo de interés de la facilidad de depósito se aplicará también a los márgenes de garantía en efectivo.
TÍTULO VII
ACEPTACIÓN DE ACTIVOS DE GARANTÍA NO DENOMINADOS EN EUROS EN CASOS IMPREVISTOS
Artículo 137
Aceptación de activos de garantía no denominados en euros en casos imprevistos
1.
El Consejo de Gobierno del BCE podrá decidir aceptar como activos de garantía ciertos activos negociables emitidos en moneda nacional por administraciones centrales del G10 no pertenecientes a la zona del euro. En su decisión, el Consejo de Gobierno del BCE informará a las entidades de contrapartida de:
a)
los criterios de admisibilidad;
b)
los procedimientos de selección y movilización;
c)
las fuentes y principios de valoración;
d)
las medidas de control de riesgos, y
e)
procedimientos de liquidación, que sean de aplicación.
▼M4
2.
Se aplicarán los criterios generales de admisibilidad de activos negociables establecidos en el título II de la parte 4, salvo por lo que respecta a que los activos negociables:
a)
se podrán emitir, mantener y liquidar fuera del EEE;
b)
podrán estar denominados en monedas distintas del euro, y
c)
no tendrán un valor de cupón que dé lugar a un flujo financiero negativo.
▼B
3.
Las entidades de contrapartida que sean sucursales de entidades de crédito constituidas fuera del EEE o Suiza no podrán movilizar como activos de garantía los activos negociables del presente artículo.
TÍTULO VIII
NORMAS DE USO DE LOS ACTIVOS ADMISIBLES
Artículo 138
Vínculos estrechos entre las entidades de contrapartida y el emisor, deudor o avalista de los activos admisibles
1.
Independientemente de que sean activos admisibles, la entidad de contrapartida no aportará o utilizará como garantía activos emitidos, debidos o avalados por ella misma o por cualquier otra entidad con la que tenga vínculos estrechos.
2.
Se entenderá por «vínculos estrechos» cualquiera de las situaciones siguientes en las que la entidad de contrapartida y la otra entidad a que se refiere el apartado 1 estén vinculadas:
a)
cuando la entidad de contrapartida posee directamente, o indirectamente a través de una o más empresas, el 20 % o más del capital de esa otra entidad;
b)
cuando la otra entidad posee directamente, o indirectamente a través de una o más empresas, el 20 % o más del capital de la entidad de contrapartida;
c)
cuando un tercero posee directamente, o indirectamente a través de una o más empresas, el 20 % o más del capital de la entidad de contrapartida y el 20 % o más del capital de la otra entidad.
Para evaluar la existencia de vínculos estrechos en el caso de las multicédulas, el Eurosistema seguirá un planteamiento «transparente», es decir, tendrá en cuenta los vínculos estrechos entre cada emisor de las cédulas subyacentes y la entidad de contrapartida.
3.
El apartado 1 no se aplicará en ninguno de los casos siguientes:
▼M9
a)
vínculos estrechos, según la definición del apartado 2, derivados de la existencia de una entidad del sector público del EEE con derecho a recaudar impuestos y que es: i) una entidad que posee directamente, o indirectamente a través de una o más empresas, el 20 % o más del capital de la entidad de contrapartida, o ii) un tercero que posee, directa o indirectamente a través de una o más empresas, el 20 % o más del capital de la entidad de contrapartida y el 20 % o más del capital de la otra entidad, siempre que no existan más vínculos estrechos entre la entidad de contrapartida y la otra entidad que los derivados de la existencia de una o varias entidades del sector público del EEE con derecho a recaudar impuestos;
b)
bonos garantizados legislativos del EEE:
i)
que cumplen los requisitos del artículo 129, apartados 1 a 3 y 6, del Reglamento (UE) n.o 575/2013,
ii)
cuyo conjunto de activos de garantía no incluye bonos simples emitidos por la entidad de contrapartida u otra entidad que tenga con ella vínculos estrechos según la definición del apartado 2, e íntegramente avalados por una o varias entidades del sector público del EEE con derecho a recaudar impuestos, y
iii)
que tienen una calificación de emisión por ECAI, según la definición del artículo 83, letra a), que cumple los requisitos del anexo IX ter;
c)
RMBD y DECC no negociables.
▼M6
d)
multicédulas emitidas antes del 1 de mayo de 2015 cuyas cédulas subyacentes cumplen los criterios establecidos en el artículo 129, apartados 1 a 3 y 6, del Reglamento (UE) n.o 575/2013.
▼M9
4.
Si debe verificarse el cumplimiento del apartado 3, letra b), inciso ii), es decir, para los bonos garantizados legislativos del EEE, cuando la legislación aplicable o el folleto no excluyan los instrumentos de deuda a que se refiere el apartado 3, letra b), inciso ii), como activos del conjunto de activos de garantía, y cuando la entidad de contrapartida o una entidad que tenga con ella vínculos estrechos haya emitido esos instrumentos de deuda, los BCN podrán tomar todas o algunas de las medidas siguientes para realizar comprobaciones específicas del cumplimiento del apartado 3, letra b), inciso ii):
a)
los BCN podrán obtener informes de vigilancia periódicos en los que se ofrezca una visión general de los activos del conjunto de activos de garantía de los bonos garantizados legislativos del EEE;
b)
si los informes de vigilancia no proporcionan suficiente información a efectos de la verificación, los BCN podrán obtener una autocertificación y compromiso de la entidad de contrapartida que aporte un bono garantizado legislativo del EEE por los que dicha entidad confirme que el conjunto de activos de garantía de los bonos garantizados legislativos del EEE no incluye, en contra del apartado 3, letra b), inciso ii), bonos bancarios simples emitidos por esa entidad de contrapartida u otra entidad que tenga con ella vínculos estrechos, y que estén íntegramente avalados por una o varias entidades del sector público del EEE con derecho a recaudar impuestos. ▼M2
Artículo 138 bis
Uso de los instrumentos de deuda en relación con la recapitalización en especie a través de instrumentos de deuda pública
Los instrumentos de deuda pública utilizados en la recapitalización en especie de una entidad de contrapartida solo podrán aportarse en garantía por esa entidad de contrapartida o por cualquier otra con la que tenga «vínculos estrechos», según se definen en el artículo 138, apartado 2, si el Eurosistema considera que el nivel de acceso al mercado de su emisor es adecuado, teniendo también en cuenta el papel desempeñado por dichos instrumentos en la recapitalización.
▼B
Artículo 139
Uso de bonos simples avalados emitidos por una entidad de contrapartida o una entidad estrechamente vinculada a ella
▼M9 —————
▼M9
2.
En casos extraordinarios, el Consejo de Gobierno del BCE podrá decidir exenciones temporales del artículo 138, apartado 1, permitiendo a una entidad de contrapartida utilizar, por un período máximo de tres años, bonos simples emitidos por ella o por otra entidad estrechamente vinculada con ella, e íntegramente avalados por una o varias entidades del sector público del EEE con derecho a recaudar impuestos. La entidad de contrapartida acompañará su solicitud de exención de un plan de financiación que indique el modo en que se eliminará gradualmente la movilización de los activos correspondientes en los tres años siguientes a la concesión de la exención. Esta exención solo se concederá cuando la naturaleza del aval otorgado por una o más administraciones centrales, regionales o locales u otras entidades del sector público del EEE con derecho a recaudar impuestos cumpla las exigencias para avales establecidas en el artículo 114.
▼M9 —————
▼B
Artículo 140
Vínculos estrechos respecto a bonos de titulización de activos y coberturas de riesgo de tipo de cambio
La entidad de contrapartida no podrá movilizar como activo de garantía un bono de titulización respecto del cual la propia entidad de contrapartida o cualquier entidad con la que tenga vínculos estrechos conforme al artículo 138 proporciona una cobertura en divisas mediante la celebración con el emisor de una operación de cobertura de riesgo de tipo de cambio.
▼M6
Artículo 141
Límites a los bonos simples emitidos por entidades de crédito y entidades estrechamente vinculadas con ellas
1.
La entidad de contrapartida no aportará ni utilizará como activos de garantía bonos simples emitidos por una entidad de crédito, o por cualquier otra entidad con la que esta tenga vínculos estrechos, en la medida en que el valor de dichos activos de garantía emitidos por esa entidad de crédito, o por cualquier otra entidad con la que esta tenga vínculos estrechos, exceda en su conjunto el
►M8
10 ◄ % del valor total de los activos utilizados como garantía por esa entidad de contrapartida después del recorte aplicable. Este umbral no se aplicará en los siguientes casos:
a)
si el valor de esos activos no excede 50 millones EUR después de cualquier recorte aplicable;
b)
si esos activos están avalados por una entidad del sector público con derecho a recaudar impuestos mediante un aval que cumple las características establecidas en el artículo 114, o
▼M7
c)
si esos activos son emitidos por una agencia, un banco multilateral de desarrollo o una organización internacional.
▼M6
2.
Si se establece un vínculo estrecho o tiene lugar una fusión entre dos o más emisores de bonos simples, el umbral del apartado 1 se aplicará a partir de los seis meses posteriores a fecha en la que se estableció el vínculo estrecho o fue efectiva la fusión.
3.
A efectos del presente artículo, «vínculos estrechos» entre una entidad emisora y otra entidad tendrá el mismo significado que «vínculos estrechos» entre una entidad de contrapartida y otra entidad conforme al artículo 138.
▼B
Artículo 142
Apoyo a la liquidez respecto a los bonos de titulización de activos
1.
Con efectos a partir del 1 de noviembre de 2015, la entidad de contrapartida no podrá movilizar como activo de garantía un bono de titulización de activos si ella misma o cualquier entidad con la que tenga vínculos estrechos proporciona un apoyo a la liquidez conforme se especifica a continuación. El Eurosistema toma en consideración dos formas de apoyo a la liquidez para bonos de titulización de activos: las reservas de efectivo y las facilidades de liquidez.
2.
En cuanto al apoyo a la liquidez en forma de reservas de efectivo, la entidad de contrapartida no podrá movilizar como activo de garantía un bono de titulización de activos si se cumplen las tres condiciones siguientes simultáneamente:
a)
la entidad de contrapartida tiene vínculos estrechos con el banco de cuenta del emisor en la operación de bonos de titulización de activos;
b)
el importe actual del fondo de reserva de la operación de bonos de titulización de activos es superior al 5 % del saldo vivo inicial de todos los tramos privilegiados y subordinados de la operación de bonos de titulización de activos;
c)
el importe actual del fondo de reserva de la operación de bonos de titulización de activos es superior al 25 % del saldo vivo actual de todos los tramos subordinados de la operación de bonos de titulización de activos.
3.
En cuanto al apoyo a la liquidez en forma de mecanismos de liquidez, la entidad de contrapartida no podrá movilizar como activo de garantía un bono de titulización de activos si se cumplen las dos condiciones siguientes simultáneamente:
a)
la entidad de contrapartida tiene vínculos estrechos con el proveedor del mecanismo de liquidez;
b)
el importe actual del mecanismo de liquidez de la operación de bonos de titulización de activos es superior al 20 % del saldo vivo inicial de todos los tramos privilegiados y subordinados de la operación de bonos de titulización de activos.
4.
Los vínculos estrechos del presente artículo tendrán el mismo significado que en el artículo 138, apartado 2.
▼M4 —————
▼B
Artículo 144
No aceptación de activos admisibles por motivos operativos
Independientemente de que un activo sea admisible, el BCN podrá, por motivos operativos, solicitar a la entidad de contrapartida que lo elimine antes de que tenga lugar un flujo financiero, incluido el pago de principal o cupones, como se detalla en la documentación nacional pertinente.
▼M4
Artículo 144 bis
Activos admisibles con flujos financieros negativos
1.
Los BCN dispondrán que las entidades de contrapartida sigan siendo responsables del pago puntual de la suma de flujos financieros negativos relativos a los activos admisibles aportados o utilizados por ellas como activo de garantía.
2.
Si una entidad de contrapartida no efectuara un pago de forma puntual de conformidad con el apartado 1, el Eurosistema podrá abonar el pago correspondiente, aunque no está obligado a ello. Los BCN dispondrán que las entidades de contrapartida devuelvan de inmediato a petición del Eurosistema la suma de flujos financieros negativos abonada por este como consecuencia del incumplimiento de la entidad de contrapartida. Si una entidad de contrapartida no efectuara un pago de forma puntual de conformidad con el apartado 1, el Eurosistema tendrá derecho a adeudar, de inmediato y sin necesidad de preaviso, una suma igual a la que tiene que abonar en nombre de dicha entidad de contrapartida, en:
a)
la cuenta del módulo de pagos en TARGET2 de la entidad de contrapartida pertinente, según se establece en el anexo II, artículo 36, apartado 6, de la Orientación BCE/2012/27, o
b)
con la autorización previa de un banco liquidador, la cuenta del módulo de pagos en TARGET2 de un banco liquidador utilizada en operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema por la entidad de contrapartida pertinente, o
c)
cualquier otra cuenta que pueda utilizarse en operaciones de política monetaria del Eurosistema y que la entidad de contrapartida pertinente tenga en el BCN.
3.
La suma abonada por el Eurosistema de conformidad con el apartado 2 que no devuelva la entidad de contrapartida de inmediato, previa solicitud, y que el Eurosistema no pueda cargar en la cuenta correspondiente según lo dispuesto en dicho apartado, se considerará un crédito del Eurosistema por el que se podrá imponer una sanción conforme al artículo 154.
▼B
Artículo 145
Notificación, valoración y retirada de activos que son inadmisibles o contravienen las normas de uso de los activos admisibles
1.
Si la entidad de contrapartida ha aportado o utilizado activos cuya utilización como activos de garantía no está permitida o ha dejado de estar permitida, inclusive debido a la identidad del emisor, deudor o avalista o a la existencia de vínculos estrechos, informará de ello inmediatamente al BCN de origen.
2.
Los activos a que se refiere el apartado 1 se valorarán como iguales a cero a más tardar en la siguiente fecha de valoración, y podrá activarse un ajuste de márgenes de garantía.
3.
La entidad de contrapartida que haya aportado o utilizado los activos a que se refiere el apartado 1 los retirará lo antes posible.
4.
Las entidades de contrapartida facilitarán al Eurosistema la información exacta y actualizada que afecte al valor de los activos de garantía.
Artículo 146
Sanciones por incumplimiento de las normas de uso de activos admisibles
El incumplimiento de las normas establecidas en el presente título estará sujeto a las sanciones que procedan de conformidad con los artículos 154 a 157. Las sanciones serán aplicables independientemente de que la entidad de contrapartida participe o no activamente en las operaciones de política monetaria.
Artículo 147
Intercambio de información en el Eurosistema
A efectos de la ejecución de la política monetaria, en particular para vigilar el cumplimiento de las normas de uso de los activos admisibles, el Eurosistema compartirá la información sobre tenencias de capital suministrada a tal fin por la autoridad competente. Esta información estará sujeta a normas de confidencialidad idénticas a las aplicadas por la autoridad competente.
TÍTULO IX
UTILIZACIÓN TRANSFRONTERIZA DE LOS ACTIVOS ADMISIBLES
▼M3
Artículo 148
Principios generales
1.
Las entidades de contrapartida podrán utilizar los activos admisibles con carácter transfronterizo en toda la zona del euro en todo tipo de operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema.
▼M9
2.
Las entidades de contrapartida podrán movilizar los activos admisibles que no sean depósitos a plazo para su utilización transfronteriza de conformidad con las normas siguientes:
a)
los activos negociables se movilizarán por uno de los medios siguientes: i) enlaces admisibles; b) los procedimientos aplicables del MCBC, y iii) enlaces admisibles en combinación con los procedimientos del MCBC;
b)
los DECC y los RMBD se movilizarán de conformidad con los procedimientos aplicables del MCBC, y
c)
los créditos se movilizarán: i) por los procedimientos aplicables del MCBC, o ii) por procedimientos internos, según se establezca en la documentación nacional pertinente del BCN de origen.
▼M3
3.
Los activos negociables podrán utilizarse a través de una cuenta de un BCN en un SLV situado en un país que no sea el del BCN en cuestión si el Eurosistema ha autorizado el uso de esa cuenta.
4.
Se autorizará al De Nederlandsche Bank a utilizar su cuenta en Euroclear Bank para liquidar operaciones con activos de garantía en eurobonos emitidos en ese DCVI. Se autorizará al Banc Ceannais na hÉireann/Central Bank of Ireland a abrir una cuenta similar en Euroclear Bank. Esta cuenta podrá utilizarse para todos los activos admisibles mantenidos en Euroclear Bank, es decir, incluidos los activos admisibles que se le transfieran a través de enlaces admisibles.
▼M6
5.
Las entidades de contrapartida efectuarán la transferencia de activos admisibles a través de sus cuentas de liquidación de valores en un SLV admisible.
6.
Las entidades de contrapartida que no tengan una cuenta de custodia en un BCN ni una cuenta de valores en un SLV admisible podrán liquidar las operaciones a través de la cuenta de liquidación de valores o de la cuenta de custodia de una entidad de crédito corresponsal.
▼B
Artículo 149
MCBC
1.
En el MCBC, la relación transfronteriza se dará entre los BCN. Los BCN actuarán como custodios (en adelante, «corresponsales») los unos de los otros y para el BCE en relación con los activos negociables aceptados en su depositario local, agente tripartito o sistema de liquidación. En el MCBC se aplicarán procedimientos específicos para créditos y RMBD. Los detalles sobre el MCBC y los procedimientos aplicables figuran en el anexo VI y en el folleto titulado «Modelo de corresponsalía entre bancos centrales (MCBC) — Procedimientos para las entidades de contrapartida del Eurosistema», disponible en la dirección del BCE en internet.
2.
Los activos depositados en un banco central corresponsal solo se emplearán en garantía de operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema.
▼M6
Artículo 150
Enlaces admisibles entre SLV
1.
Además del MCBC, las entidades de contrapartida podrán utilizar enlaces admisibles para la transferencia transfronteriza de activos negociables. El BCE publicará en su dirección web la lista de los enlaces admisibles.
2.
Los activos mantenidos a través de enlaces admisibles podrán utilizarse en operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema, así como con otros fines a discreción de la entidad de contrapartida.
3.
Las normas para el uso de enlaces admisibles se encuentran en el anexo VI.
Artículo 151
El MCBC en combinación con enlaces admisibles
1.
Las entidades de contrapartida podrán hacer uso de enlaces admisibles en combinación con el MCBC para la movilización transfronteriza de activos negociables admisibles.
2.
Cuando hagan uso de enlaces admisibles entre SLV en combinación con el MCBC, las entidades de contrapartida mantendrán los activos emitidos en el SLV emisor en una cuenta en el SLV inversor, directamente o a través de un custodio.
3.
Los activos movilizados en virtud del apartado 2 podrán emitirse en un SLV del EEE no perteneciente a la zona del euro que el Eurosistema considere que cumple los criterios de admisibilidad establecidos en el anexo VI bis, siempre que haya un enlace admisible entre el SLV emisor y el SLV inversor.
4.
Las normas para el uso del MCBC en combinación con enlaces admisibles se encuentran en el anexo VI.
▼B
Artículo 152
El MCBC y los servicios tripartitos de gestión de activos de garantía
1.
Los servicios transfronterizos tripartitos de gestión de activos de garantía permitirán a una entidad de contrapartida aumentar o reducir el importe de activos de garantía que moviliza con su BCN de origen a través de activos de garantía mantenidos con un agente tripartito.
▼M6
2.
El MCBC (inclusive el MCBC en combinación con enlaces admisibles) podrá servir de base para el uso transfronterizo de los servicios tripartitos de gestión de activos de garantía. El uso transfronterizo de servicios tripartitos de gestión de activos de garantía implicará a un BCN que ofrece servicios tripartitos de gestión de activos de garantía para su uso transfronterizo en el Eurosistema, que actuará como corresponsal para los BCN cuyas entidades de contrapartida han solicitado utilizar esos servicios tripartitos de gestión de activos de garantía con carácter transfronterizo en operaciones de crédito del Eurosistema.
| 3,311
|
JURITEXT000007081503
|
French Open Data
|
Open Government
|
Licence ouverte
| 1,988
|
Cour de cassation, Chambre sociale, du 22 décembre 1988, 85-45.284, Inédit
|
INCA
|
French
|
Spoken
| 278
| 498
|
<br/> LA COUR DE CASSATION, CHAMBRE SOCIALE, a rendu l'arrêt suivant :<br/>
<br/> Sur le pourvoi formé par l'ASSOCIATION "VIE ET JOIE AU SERVICE DE L'ENFANCE", dont le siège est à Paris (7e), ...,<br/>
en cassation d'un jugement rendu le 29 avril 1985 par le Conseil de prud'hommes de Longjumeau (section activités diverses), au profit de Madame Christine Z..., demeurant à Paris (13e), ...,<br/>
défenderesse à la cassation ; LA COUR, en l'audience publique du 24 novembre 1988, où étaient présents :<br/>
M. Cochard, président, M. Combes, conseiller rapporteur, MM. Le Gall, Goudet, Benhamou, Zakine, Hanne, conseillers, M. Y..., Mme X..., M. A..., Mme Pams-Tatu, conseillers référendaires, M. Dorwling-Carter, avocat général, Mme Collet, greffier de chambre ; Sur le rapport de M. le conseiller Combes, les conclusions de M. Dorwling-Carter, avocat général, et après en avoir délibéré conformément à la loi ; Sur la recevabilité du pourvoi :<br/>
<br/> Vu l'artilce 605 du nouveau Code de procédure civile ; Attendu, selon ce texte, que le pourvoi en Cassation n'est ouvert qu'à l'encontre des jugements rendus en dernier ressort ; Attendu que l'Association "Vie et Joie au Service de l'Enfance" s'est pourvue en cassation contre un jugement du Conseil de prud'hommes de Longjumeau du 29 avril 1985 qui a annulé la mise à pied de trois jours prononcée contre Mme Z..., en la condamnant à lui rembourser ses pertes de salaire ; Attendu, cependant, que la demande tendant à obtenir l'annulation d'une mise à pied présente un caractère indeterminé et que le jugement attaqué, inexactement qualifié en dernier ressort, était susceptible d'appel ; qu'il s'en suit que le pourvoi n'est pas recevable ; PAR CES MOTIFS :<br/>
<br/> Déclare le pourvoi irrecevable ;<br/>
| 18,867
|
00105372-2024_1
|
TEDEUTenders
|
Open Government
|
Various open data
| null |
None
|
None
|
French
|
Spoken
| 265
| 448
|
64019 / 23-454
Mission de contrôle technique portant sur les travaux de rénovation énergétique de l'école à BERNEUIL EN BRAY (60)
Le prestataire attributaire interviendra dans les conditions fixées dans le Code de la Commande Publique et les pièces contractuelles du marché listées et priorisées dans le contrat valant acte d'engagement et CCAP notifié au titulaire du marché
services
71356100
71356100
LOT-0000
no-eu-funds
price
Référé précontractuel : depuis le début de la procédure de passation jusqu'à la signature du contrat (article L. 551-1 du code de justice administrative).
Référé contractuel : 31 jours à compter de la date de publication de l'avis d'attribution du marché (article L. 551-13 à L. 551-23 et R. 551-1 à R. 551-9 du code de justice administrative).
Recours pour excès de pouvoir : dans un délai de 2 mois à compter de la notification de la décision de rejet (articles R. 421-1 à R. 421-3 du code de justice administrative).
Recours de plein contentieux : dans un délai de 2 mois à compter de l'accomplissement des mesures de publicité concernant l'attribution du marché
ORG-0003
ORG-0004
false
false
none
none
S-DD-1366123
Mission de contrôle technique portant sur les travaux de rénovation énergétique de l'école à BERNEUIL EN BRAY (60)
Le prestataire attributaire interviendra dans les conditions fixées dans le Code de la Commande Publique et les pièces contractuelles du marché listées et priorisées dans le contrat valant acte d'engagement et CCAP notifié au titulaire du marché
services
71356100
71356100
Le Maître d'ouvrage se réserve la possibilité d'appliquer l'article R2122-7 du Code de la Commande Publique.
Le marché ne sera pas reconduit.
| 4,395
|
6020925_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,022
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 23
| 49
|
—Order of suspension entered pursuant to Judiciary Law § 90 (4) (b) and (e). Present—Pine, J. P., Lawton, Wisner, Balio and Boehm, JJ.
| 18,934
|
5702920_1
|
Court Listener
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| null |
None
|
None
|
Unknown
|
Unknown
| 265
| 363
|
Appeal by the defendant from a judgment of the County Court, Nassau County (Belfi, J.), rendered February 25, 2004, convicting him of criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree, criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree, and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fifth degree, upon a jury verdict, and imposing sentence.
Ordered that the judgment is affirmed.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution (see People v Contes, 60 NY2d 620 [1983]), we find that it was legally sufficient to establish the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, upon the exercise of our factual review power, we are satisfied that the verdict of guilt was not against the weight of the evidence (see CPL 470.15 [5]).
The defendant argues that the trial court erred in sentencing him as a second felony offender. The defendant, however, failed to preserve this claim for appellate review since he did not contest or controvert his status as a second felony offender when he had the opportunity to do so at the sentencing hearing (see People v Hamilton, 205 AD2d 706 [1994]; People v Khatib, 166 AD2d 668 [1990]; see also People v Smith, 73 NY2d 961 [1989]).
*537The sentence imposed was not excessive (see People v Suitte, 90 AD2d 80 [1982]).
The defendant’s contention raised in point three of his brief is unpreserved for appellate review and, in any event, is without merit. The defendant’s remaining contention raised in point one of his brief is without merit. Adams, J.E, Mastro, Fisher and Covello, JJ., concur.
| 48,261
|
6730395_1
|
Caselaw Access Project
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 1,897
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 2,696
| 3,415
|
SIMONTON, Circuit Judge.
This case comes up on appeal from the circuit court of the United States for the district of West Virginia, sitting in equity. The bill of complaint was filed on 15th October, 1895, to remove a cloud on the title of real estate. The facts are these: Frederick Fickey, a resident of Baltimore, had a 'controversy with, one Cyrus Hall with regard to land situate in the county of Ritchie, W. Va. He employed, as his attorney to conduct the controversy, John R. Kenly, a lawyer residing in the same city of Baltimore. Kenly was to receive one-fourth, of the land recovered as his fee. On 4th March, 1872, the suit was compromised, and Hall conveyed to Fickey 468 acres of the land in dispute. Thereupon, pursuant to his agreement, Fickey conveyed to Kenly, by deed dated 19th April, 1872, 117 acres of the land so conveyed to him by Hall, — just one-fourth. The two deeds, that of Hall to Fickey, and that of Fickey to Kenly, were duly admitted to record in the same year, 1872. Both deeds conveyed the land, in each described by courses, distances, and monuments. It is said that the actual amount of land conveyed by the description in Kenly's deed was 165 acres. This is not specially important. Kenly owned no other parcel of land in Ritchie county. The.land vof Kenly was entered on the tax book of Ritchie county in the name of John R. Kenly as 177 acres, and wTas so charged with taxes for the years 1873, 1874. The taxes for 1874 were not paid, and the land was returned delinquent. On 11th October, 1875, 34 acres of this land was sold by the sheriff to Thomas Reeves, for the purpose of paying the taxes due for 1874. Reeves soon thereafter assigned his purchase to C. Ambrose. Ambrose, on 26th December, 1876, obtained a deed for these 34 acres from the clerk of the county court, and on 11th May, 1878, sold and conveyed the 34 acres to Richard Wanless, a defendant below, and one of the appellees here.. Notwithstanding this sale of a part of the Kenly tract, it was still carried on the land books as 177 acres, and for the years 1875-, 1876,1877, and 1878 was charged with taxes in the name of John R. Kenly. It was again returned delinquent, and on 14th October, 1879, the entire tract of 177 acres was sold by the sheriff to C. T. Harrison and the same Richard Wanless, in order to pay these taxes. On 27th April, 1880, Wanless redeemed the 34 acres from Harrison, taking a redemption receipt, which, however, he failed to record. ' On 18th February, 1881, having purchased Harrison's interest in the land, he obtained a deed from the clerk of the county court for the whole tract entered in the name of Kenly, Harrison joining in the deed. When Wanless purchased the 34-acre tract, and the whole tract charged in Kenly's name, he was the owner of coterminous tracts of land, and was then and at the commencement of this suit in actual possession of them. In June, 1880, after his last purchase, Wanless extended a fence on his adjacent lands across Elm run, which divided them from the Kenly tract. This extension was three rods in length, and was closed with a cross fence. The inclosure embraced 35 acres of his adjacent lands, and three-fourths of an acre of the Kenly land, and he has used this inclosure every year since then for pasture and grazing purposes. He had the Kenly tract entered in his own name on the land books, has paid the taxes annually thereon, claims to have exercised ownership over the whole tract by cutting and selling the timber on it, and in 1890 leased the land for oil purposes to one Gracy, who assigned the lease to the other appellees, known as the Cairo Oil Company. In 1894 this company began operations, and were drilling a well when this suit began. In the meantime the whole tract of 463 acres, conveyed by Hail to Hickey, was placed by the assessor in 1873 on the land books in the name of Hickey,' and taxes were assessed thereon. This was continued from that time to the year 1889. all the 463 acres being entered each year, except in the years 1883 and 1884, when the land was put down as 351 acres. Hickey paid the taxes each year in Ms own name on the whole tract, including the 117 acres he had conveyed to Kenly. He had an agent looking after his own interests, and not expressly charged, however, with ivenly's interest. Laches.
Whether a party has lost his right to come into a court of equity does not depend upon the lapse of time, but upon the question whether, during this time, such changes and circumstances have taken place as made it inequitable to recognize the claim of the party asserting title.
In Galliher v. Cadwell, 145 U. S. 368, 12 Sup. Ct. 873, the court says:
"Laches does not, like limitation, grow out of the mere passage of time. It is founded upon the inequity of permitting the claim to be enforced, an inequity-founded upon some change in the condition or relations of the property or parties."
So, also, in Alsop v. Riker, 155 U. S., at page 461, 15 Sup. Ct., at page 167, we find the doctrine thus expressed:
"Equity, in the exercise of its inherent power to do justice between the parties, will, when justice demands it, refuse relief even if the time elapsed without suit is less than that prescribed by the statute of limitations. [Quoting many authorities.] The length of time during which a party neglects the assertion of his rights, which must pass in order to show laches, varies with the peculiar circumstances of each case, and is not, like the matter of limitations, subject to an arbitrary rule. It is an equitable defense, controlled by equitable considerations; and the lapse of time must be so great, and the relations of the defendant to these rights such, that it would be inequitable to permit the plaintiff now to assert them."
See, also, Gildersleeve v. Mining Co., 161 U. S. 578, 16 Sup. Ct. 663.
In this case these equitable considerations do not exist. The lands in question were what are known as wild lands, — lands not in cultivation. The appellant has very recently acquired his title. Kenly, under whom he claims, was a nonresident oí the state, and up to 1890 the taxes on this land which he claimed had been paid regularly by his grantor. Wanless got the lands at a tax sale, which itself was a strong intimation of the existence of an adverse title. No improvements have been made on the lands, and no expenditure of money thereon, except by the Cairo Oil Company, whose rights stand on a different footing from those of the other defendants. Wanless purchased at tax sales. Upon the deeds obtained from those sales, and upon his possession, he must stand or fall. ' He has no special claim upon the protection of a court of equity. A crucial question in the case, therefore, is that made under the statute of limitations. But, although statutes of limitations strictly do not bind courts of equity, they will use the analogy of the statute, and will recognize rights acquired thereunder.
Are the Defendants Protected by the Statutory Bar?
Wanless obtained, in 1881, a deed for a whole tract of 177 acres, described by metes and bounds, and placed that deed on record. Assuming for the sake of argument that the tax sale was void, and the deed under it void also, can this operate as color of title?
In Pillow v. Roberts, 13 How. 477, the supreme court says:
"Statutes of limitation are founded on sound policy. They are statutes of repose, and should not be evaded by a forced construction. Tbe possession which is protected by them must be adverse and hostile to that of the true owner. It is not necessary that he who claims their protection should have a good title, or any title but possession. A wrongful possession, obtained by a forcible ouster of the lawful owner, will amount to a disseisin, and the statute will protect the disseisor. One who enters upon a vacant possession, claiming for himself upon any pretense or color of title, 'is equally protected with the forcible disseisor. Statutes of limitation would be of little use if they protected those only who could otherwise show an indefeasible title to the land. Hence color, of title, even under a void and worthless deed, has always been received as evidence that the person in possession claims for himself, and, of course, adversely to all the world. A person in possession of land, clearing, improving, and building on it, and receiving the profits to his own use, under a claim of title, is not bound to show a forcible ouster of the true owner in order to evade the presumption that his possession is not hostile or adverse to him. Color of title is received in evidence for the purpose of showing the possession to be adverse, and it is difficult to apprehend why evidence offered and competent to prove that fact should be rejected till the fact is otherwise proven."
And commenting on a law of tbe state of Arkansas, creating a bar as to tax titles after five years, tbe court add:
"In order to entitle the defendant to set up the bar of this statute, after five years' adverse possession, he had only to show that he and those under whom he claimed held under a deed from a collector of the revenue of lands sold for the nonpayment of taxes. He was not bound to show that all the requisitions of the law had been complied with in order to make the deed a yalid and indefeasible conveyance to the title. If the court should require such proof before a defendant could have the benefit of this law, it would require him to show that he had no need of the protection of the statute before he could be entitled to it. Such a construction would annul the act altogether, which was evidently intended to save the defendant from the difficulty, after such a length of time of showing the validity of his tax title."
This case was affirmed in Wright v. Mattison, 18 How., at page 57. Nor is this doctrine overruled in Redfield v. Parks, 132 U. S. 239, 10 Sup. Ct. 83. In that case plaintiff claimed under a patent from the United States, dated 15th April, 1875. The defendant: relied on his possession under color of title of a tax deed executed 11th August, 1871, upon a sale for taxes for the year 1868. .The deed was executed for default of payment of taxes on land, the title to which land was in the United States, and so not liable to the tax laws of the state. But the defendant in that case also set up in bar a short statute of limitation intended to protect tax titles. As to this, the court would not treat the tax deed as color of title, because on its face it showed that it was void. In this record it does not appeal' that the tax deed on its face showed invalidity.
In Bryant v. Groves, 24 S. E. 608, a decision by the supreme court of West Virginia, it is said to be settled law that a tax deed, though void, constitutes good color of title.
In Mullan's Adm'r v. Carper, 16 S. E. 527, 37 W. Va. 215, it is said that: "Any written instrument, however defective or imperfect, and no matter from what cause invalid, purporting to sell, transfer, or convey title to land which shows the nature and extent of the parties' claim, constitutes color of title, within the meaning of the law of adverse possession." The court add, "This has been held in many cases, especially in cases of void tax deeds," and then quotes and discusses the cases.
This principle is well established by decisions of the supreme court. "Color of title is that which in appearance is title, but which in reality is no title. 2io exclusive importance is to be attached to the invalidity of a colorable or apparent title if the entry or claim has been made in good faith." Wright v. Mattison, 18 How. 50; Beaver v. Taylor, 1 Wall. 637. Whenever an instrument, by apt words of transfer from grantor to grantee, whether such grantor act under the authority of judicial proceedings or other wise, in form passes what purports to be the title, it gives color of title. Even if invalid, possession under it for the period prescribed by statute bars the right of the true owner. It is an absolute defense to the action of ejectment, and a suit in equity brought after that period will not be entertained, as it is founded on a stale claim. Hall v. Law, 102 U. S. 461. An adverse possession under a deed for land previously granted is sufficient to give title, although the deed was void. Green v. Neal, 6 Pet. 291. In Cameron v. U. S., 148 U. S. 301, 13 Sup. Ct. 595, many of these cases are recognized and affirmed.
Richard Wanless, under whom the appellees claim, obtained a deed of conveyance in fee for the whole 177 acres, February 18,1881, and it was put on record, the deed describing the land by metes and bounds. Before that time, but after his purchase at the tax sale, he had extended his fence across Elm run, which separated this land from the contiguous lands some three rods, and inclosed the ends of the fence. He used the lands thus inclosed for his own purposes. This he did in his own right, without permission of any one, asserting title. The land was in his exclusive possession. It is true that Fickey had a man by the name of Hewitt on his land. But the record nowhere shows any agreement between him and Kenly that he or his agents should protect Kenly⅛ possession, nor any instructions or agreement by Kenly with Hewitt that the latter should hold possession for him. If we can infer from the action of the parties, it could easily be concluded that Fickey had not assumed any such office. His first act on getting title to his land was at once to ascertain and segregate the interest of Kenly in it by the execution of a conveyance to him in fee of his share therein. Nor does the record show that Hewitt really acted for Kenly. Wanless, besides inclosing and occupying this piece of land, under color of title of the whole tract, sold timber to one Wilson on that part of the tract outside of the fence, on the boundary line of Fickey, with the knowledge of Fickey and of his agreement. In 1890 he sold timber on the rest of the tract to Dick and Donahue, who were occupied for nine months in getting the timber out. In the same year he leased the land for oil purposes. These were acts of ownership, not fugitive trespasses. His testimony shows that Wanless, having obtained his deed, asserted title at once in the most open and public way by inclosing for his sole use a part of the land so held by him, and by disposing of the timber on the rest. He held from February, 1881, until July, 1895. The statutory bar is 10 years. This will bar relief in equity. Elmendorf v. Taylor, 10 Wheat. 152; Godden v. Kimmell, 99 U. S. 201; Hall v. Law, supra.
The other questions in the case are full of interest, but the result reached renders the consideration of them unnecessary. The decree of the circuit court is affirmed, with costs, without prejudice to any action at law the complainant may be advised to bring..
| 17,458
|
US-201715464809-A_3
|
USPTO
|
Open Government
|
Public Domain
| 2,017
|
None
|
None
|
English
|
Spoken
| 3,943
| 5,008
|
The faceplate may include a protective cover 1075 in accordance with the present disclosure. The protective cover 1075 may be oriented so as to protect at least a portion of the outer surface 1012 while provided in a first position (as shown). In the non-limiting example shown in FIG. 10b , the protective cover 1075 is attached to the mounting plate 1050 with a mechanism, (not explicitly shown) configured such that the protective cover 1075 may be reoriented between a covered position 1075 and a retracted position 178 during use (i.e. by following a predetermined trajectory 1077). The camera module and/or faceplate may include an actuation system (not explicitly shown) configured to actuate the protective cover 1075 so as to alter the orientation thereof during use (so as to selectively expose or cover at least a portion of the outer surface 1052 during use).
In aspects, the protective cover 1025, 1075 may be constructed from a lightweight material (i.e. to reduce the strength of the actuators necessary to reorient the protective cover 1025, 1075 during use), include a lubricious outer later (i.e. to reduce the amount of grime that may bond to the protective cover 1025, 1075 during use), be constructed with known optical properties (e.g. reflectivity, transmission, etc.), (i.e. to assess the state of cleanliness of the surroundings, to obtain an ambient temperature reading, etc.), and the like.
In aspects, the camera module may include an actuation system for adjusting the orientation of the protective cover during use. The actuation system may include or more actuators (e.g. electromechanical, electroactive material based actuators, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) and associated mechanisms (e.g. linkages, belts, gears, etc.) suitable for altering the orientation of the protective cover 1025, 1075 during use. The actuation system may optionally include one or more sensors suitable for assessing the orientation of the protective cover 1025, 1075 during use (i.e. so as to confirm operation of the protective cover 1025, 1075, to adjust the orientation of the protective cover 1025, 1075 between cleaning procedures, etc.). In one non-limiting example, the protective cover 1025, 1075 may be repositioned in combination with a cleaning procedure. Such a configuration may be advantageous for altering the flow pattern of the fluid across the outer surface 1012, 1052 during the procedure, thereby potentially increasing the efficiency of the cleaning operation, etc.
FIG. 10c shows a faceplate (i.e. equivalently the front of a camera, a portion of a camera housing, etc.) including one or more self-cleaning features in accordance with the present disclosure. The faceplate includes a mounting plate 1085, including a window pane 1087 (i.e. a lens, a window, a sheet, etc.), and a protective cover 1089. The protective cover includes one or more channels 1092, in fluid communication with one or more ports 1093 a-c in accordance with the present disclosure. The channels 1092 may be configured so as to accept one or more fluids 1096 from associated fluid sources and/or fluid delivery lines 1095 in accordance with the present disclosure. The ports 1093 a-c may be configured to direct flow of a fluid there through onto the window pane 1087, so as to provide a cleaning function during use.
In aspects, the protective cover 1089 may be oriented so as to protect at least a portion of the window pane 1087 while provided in a first position (as shown). In the non-limiting example shown in FIG. 10c , the protective cover 1025 is attached to the mounting plate 1085 at a hinge 1090 about which the protective cover 1089 may be pivoted 1091 during use. The camera module and/or faceplate may include an actuation system (not explicitly shown) configured to actuate the protective cover 1089 so as to alter the orientation thereof during use (so as to selectively expose or cover at least a portion of the window pane 1087 during use).
As shown in FIG. 10c , the protective cover 1089 may further be advantageous for directing the flow of one or more fluid jets from the ports 1093 a-c along at least a portion of the window pane 1087 during a cleaning, or test cleaning procedure in accordance with the present disclosure. Such a configuration may be advantageous for cleaning the window pane 1087 while maintaining a protective cover thereof and thus reducing the amount of contamination that may collect on the window pane 1087 prior to subsequent use thereof.
In aspects, a protective cover in accordance with the present disclosure may include a manual cleaning element (e.g. a sponge, a cloth, etc.) and/or a compartment/holder configured to accept a manual cleaning element. Such a configuration may be advantageous for allowing a user to manually clean the lens/window/pane in cases of extreme grime, or as part of routine maintenance procedures.
FIG. 11 shows aspects of a monitoring system in accordance with the present disclosure applied to a livestock monitoring application. The monitoring system may include one or more camera modules 1102 a-b, each in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more of the camera modules 1102 a-b may include a camera with a field of view 1108 a-b, oriented so as to face a target 1101 (e.g. a scene, a work station, a vehicle, a living target, an animal, a cow, etc.). One or more of the camera modules 1102 a-b may include a protective cover 1106 a-b, each protective cover configured to move about a trajectory 1109 a-b during use (i.e. so as to provide intermittent cover of one or more windows/lenses on the camera modules 1102 a-b during use). The monitoring system may also include one or more sensing subsystem 1150 (e.g. an RFID locating system, a pyrometer, an ultrasonic sensor, a light curtain, etc.) and/or surveillance cameras 1120 configured so as to assess the target 1101 and/or an environment in the vicinity of the camera modules 1102 a-b (i.e. a space encompassing at least a portion of the field of view 1108 a-b of one or more of the camera modules 1102 a-b) during use. The surveillance camera 1120 may include a field of view 1124 and a communication line 1122 to communicate an image and/or video feed of the target 1101 or an environment, in which the target 1101 resides, to one or more aspects of the monitoring system. In aspects, the target 1101 may include a tag 1155, the tag configured to store and/or collect identification information, physiological data, environmental data, kinematic data (i.e. movement, location tracking information, etc.) related to and/or from the target 1101. In aspects, one or more of the sensing subsystems 1150 may include a communication line 1160 to communicate one or more obtained signals to one or more aspects of the monitoring system.
One or more of the camera modules 1102 a-b may include a communication line 1104 a-b to communication an image and/or video feed, a status update, etc. to one or more aspects of the monitoring system.
In aspects, one or more of the sensing subsystems 1150 may include an RFID reader. The RFID reader may be configured to locate and/or identify one or more tags 1155 placed on the target 1101 or in the vicinity thereof. The RFID reader may be configured to periodically broadcast an RF signal 1153 to communicate with a local ID tag 1155 perhaps placed onto the target 1101. The sensing subsystem 1150 may be configured to communicate a target acquired signal 1160, to one or more aspects of the monitoring system (e.g. perhaps to one or more of the camera modules 1102 a-b). In one non-limiting example, the target 1101 may be an animal (e.g. a cow, a sheep, a lamb, a pig, etc.) equipped with an RFID tag 1155. A RFID tag reader 1150 may be positioned near to one or more camera modules 1102 a-b such that as the target 1101 moves within range of the reader 1150 (determined via broadcast and receipt of an RF signal 1153 between the reader 1150 and the tag 1155), the reader is configured to communicate the control signal 1160 to one or more entities in the monitoring system. Upon receipt of the control signal 1160, one or more of the camera modules 1102 a-b may be configured to awaken and continue with operations (i.e. opening a protective cover 1005 a-b, assessing cleanliness, obtaining one or more reading, capture a video, etc.).
In aspects, a sensing subsystem 1150 and/or tag 1155 may be configured to communicate one or more of identification data, physiological data, environmental data (e.g. temperature, humidity, light level, etc.) to one or more aspects of the monitoring system.
FIG. 12 shows images taken with a camera module in accordance with the present disclosure in various states of use: a clean image 1202, a wet grimy image 1204, a dry grimy image 1206, a cleaned image 1208. The clean image 1202 is taken while the lens/window/pane of the camera module is very clean. Such a clean image 1202 may be used as a reference image in a cleaning algorithm in accordance with the present disclosure, etc. The wet grimy image 1204 was taken just after an equipment wash-down procedure splashed a combination of wet and muddy grime over the lens (i.e. a combination of feces, mud, water, fibrous matter, etc.). As can be seen, the quality of the thermal image obtained in such a state is significantly reduced versus the clean image 1202. The grime is allowed to dry and a subsequent image is shown (the dry grimy image 1206). The quality of the thermal image obtained under such conditions is significantly reduced versus the clean image 1202. A cleaning process in accordance with the present disclosure is performed and a subsequent image is taken (the cleaned image 1208). As can be seen, the cleaned image 1208 has restored the quality of the thermal image that can be obtained with the camera module in this grimy environment. In this particular non-limiting example, the cleaning procedure included a step of applying a stream of purified water (i.e. purified with a limestone filter) over the surface of the lens/window/pane from 6 ports placed around the perimeter of the lens/window/pane and a step of applying a jet of dry air (i.e. provided by a pressurized air source) to remove residual purified water from the water cleaning step.
The monitoring system may include an array of camera modules each in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more camera modules may be operated synchronously by the monitoring system.
In an application relating to industrial monitoring, one or more camera modules may be positioned high above the assembly line, conveyor systems, etc. Such a camera module may be configured so as to observe one or more macro sized regions of the manufacturing space.
In aspects, a camera module and/or faceplate in accordance with the present disclosure may include and/or interface with a fluid recovery system. The fluid recovery system may include a fluid catch, arranged in the vicinity of the lens/window so as to retrieve fluid from the lens/window after an associated cleaning process. The fluid recovery system may include a fluid retrieval line connecting the fluid catch to the fluid control system and the fluid control system may include a pump, a filter system, etc. configured to recover the excess fluid from a previous cleaning cycle and recycle it for use in another cleaning cycle.
A camera module and/or monitoring system in accordance with the present disclosure may include one or more cleanliness assessment algorithms. The cleanliness assessment algorithm may be configured to assess the cleanliness of one or more lenses in accordance with the present disclosure and to manage and/or schedule cleaning of the lenses during use. The cleanliness assessment system may compare one or more aspects of two or more images (e.g. successive images, a current image with a reference image, etc.) to determine the state of cleanliness thereof.
In aspects, the cleanliness assessment system may include a scheduling algorithm for configuring when to clean one or more camera modules within a monitoring system. The cleanliness assessment system may include an adaptive algorithm, the adaptive algorithm configured to track cleaning and performance aspects of one or more camera modules over time and to adjust the cleaning schedule in accordance with the historical performance variation associated there with.
In aspects, a fluid control system in accordance with the present disclosure may be configured to perform a pre-cleaning procedure on the lens/window, coordinating a multistage cleaning process, coordinating protective cleaning processes, etc.
In aspects, a camera module, faceplate, and/or lens may include a combined cleaning and/or heating/cooling element, configured to provide additional temperature control features for the camera module.
In aspects, a camera module in accordance with the present disclosure may include one or more defrosting devices (e.g. heaters, heater bands, Peltier devices, etc.). The defrosting device may be embedded and/or attached to a faceplate, a camera housing, a lens, etc. in accordance with the present disclosure. The defrosting device may be configured so as to maintain an adequate temperature so as to prevent the formation of dew and/or frost on the lens during operation.
In aspects, a camera module in accordance with the present disclosure may include one or more air drying devices. The air drying device may be configured within the fluid control system, or situated along a fluid delivery line. The drying device may include one or more heating bands. Each band may be configured to warm the gas as it passes near to the heater band.
In aspects, a reservoir in accordance with the present disclosure may include on or more hygroscopic structures (e.g. desiccants, silica particles, etc.) arranged within the reservoir to draw out moisture from gaseous species contained therein. Such a configuration may be advantageous for drying a gaseous specie (e.g. air) for use in a cleaning process. Some non-limiting examples of suitable hygroscopic substances include cellulose fibers, sugars, honey, glycerol, ethanol, methanol, diesel fuel, sulfuric acid, methamphetamine, fertilizers, salts, zinc chloride, calcium chloride, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, combinations thereof, and the like.
In aspects, the camera module may be configured for gas analysis. In such applications, the chemical makeup of one or more constituents of the cleaning solution may be chosen so as to minimize cross over with an associated gas specie under study (e.g. methane). The evaluation of the quantity of gas may be performed by a plurality of differential infra-red imaging process (e.g. spatial, spectral, and temporal field analyses).
In particular, spatial differentiation enables the luminescence of the gas cloud to be eliminated and to only take its transmission into account. This characteristic may enable the system to detect the gas even when it is at an ambient temperature.
In aspects, spectral differentiation may be used to elucidate the spectral nature of the gas, which may be isolated through the successive utilization of several filters. Comparison of filter readings (i.e. comparison of readings from differently filtered spectra) may enable formulation of a value corresponding to the gas cloud concentration integrated along the line of sight within the field of view of the camera.
Such a system may be advantageous for providing another layer of safety to the detection of combustible and toxic gases in petrochemical production, refining, storage, and distribution operations. Such systems may also allow processing plants to operate at higher levels of safety, efficiency, and economy due to the enhanced ability to supervise large areas, identify the gas species when leaks occur, and observe gas movement in the atmosphere in real time.
In aspects, the camera module may be configured to conform to one or more health and safety standards. The global standard IEC 60529 or the European equivalent EN 60529 were formulated to specific criteria to protect the electronic devices in environments where the enclosure is subjected to external mechanical action required sustainable encapsulation of the components to minimize the risk of damage thereto. This protection is measured according to an NS-scale and is defined according to International Standard IEC 62262:2002 or the European counterpart, EN62262.
In aspects, one or more camera modules in accordance with the present disclosure may be included in a monitoring system. The monitoring system may include a computer system, a cloud based processing system, etc. including one or more camera management algorithms, configured to analyze data from one or more camera modules and control one or more aspects of the camera module (e.g. power settings, cleaning operations, optical controls, shutter controls, servomotion controls, etc.). The computer system may be configured to operate one or more cleaning modules sequentially, in parallel, in real-time, etc. The camera management algorithm may be configured to detect when a lens on a camera module is dirty via a method in accordance with the present disclosure. The system may also analyze the images received from the cameras to determine if a cleaning operation should be suspended until a more appropriate time. Such cleaning aspects may be suspended when system detects a suitable target (e.g. a crime scene, a crowd of people, an animal, a gas leak, an active manufacturing line, etc.) in the field of view of one or more of the camera module. Such suspension of cleaning may be performed until adequate analysis of the target can be completed and the associated camera module is free from more pressing matters.
In aspects, the camera module may be included as part of a livestock management system (e.g. managing a milking process, reproductive scheduling, herd health monitoring, etc.). In such systems, the management of cow movement is generally focused around feeding and milking processes as well as monitoring of livestock during the mating season. Often, the cows can go in to a milking robot to be milked and how often they have access to concentrates. The movement of animals within the farmyard may be broken down into aspects of free cow traffic and controlled cow traffic. The farms that make use of free cow traffic are generally configured without gates and the cows may decide how they want to move throughout the given space. In farms with controlled cow traffic, the cows remain in control of how they want to move, but their path may be restricted by means of gate systems and assets. In many systems with guided cow traffic, the cows often feed first before milking. Under this system, cows are milked after having had access to food.
Such path planning may be considered when positioning a camera module in accordance with the present disclosure within the monitoring environment. In some livestock monitoring applications, such freedom of movement may necessitate attachment of the camera module in close proximity to the feeding station, milking station, and/or gates leading there to or there from. Thus the environment surrounding the camera module may be particularly prone to contamination.
It will be appreciated that additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the disclosures presented herein and broader aspects thereof are not limited to the specific details and representative embodiments shown and described herein. Accordingly, many modifications, equivalents, and improvements may be included without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.
The invention claimed is:
1. A self-cleaning window kit for installation along an optical path of a camera, the self-cleaning window kit comprising: a housing configured to be attached to a lens of a camera such that the housing provides an aperture along an optical path of the camera; at least one port coupled to the housing configured to deliver a cleaning fluid; an optically transparent window pane coupled to the housing substantially coextensive with the aperture; one or more valves in fluid communication with the at least one port, the one or more valves being configured to control a flow of the cleaning fluid to the at least one port; and a controller configured to control the at least one port to deliver the cleaning fluid toward the optically transparent window pane to remove impurity on the optically transparent window pane.
2. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, wherein the optically transparent window pane is substantially transparent to infrared radiation and the camera is an infrared camera.
3. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 2, wherein the optically transparent window pane comprises a material selected from the group consisting of germanium, calcium fluoride, sapphire, lithium fluoride, zinc selenide, barium fluoride, IR transmitting polymers, and combinations thereof.
4. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, wherein the at least one port comprises a nozzle configured to form a fluid jet of a substantially controlled shape upon exiting the nozzle.
5. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 4, wherein the controlled shape is selected from the group consisting of a line, an ellipse, a crescent, a hemisphere, a fan, and combinations thereof.
6. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, wherein the at least one port is configured to accept a gas or a liquid based cleaning fluid.
7. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, wherein the at least one port includes a first port configured to accept a gas based cleaning fluid and a second port configured to accept a liquid based cleaning fluid.
8. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a fluid reservoir in fluid communication with the at least one port, the fluid reservoir configured to hold at least a portion of the cleaning fluid.
9. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a protective cover adapted to cover the optically transparent pane when the camera is not in use.
10. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 9, wherein the protective cover is adapted to be actuated between a first and a second position, the first position substantially covering the optically transparent window pane and the second position substantially exposing the optically transparent window pane.
11. A self-cleaning window kit for installation along an optical path of a camera, the self-cleaning window kit comprising: a housing configured to be attached to a lens of a camera such that the housing provides an aperture along an optical path of the camera; at least one port coupled to the housing configured to deliver a cleaning fluid; an optically transparent window pane coupled to the housing substantially coextensive with the aperture; a mixer in fluid communication with the at least one port, the mixer configured to mix a first fluid with a second fluid to form the cleaning fluid; and a controller configured to control the at least one port to deliver the cleaning fluid toward the optically transparent window pane to remove impurity on the optically transparent window pane.
12. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 11, wherein the first fluid is substantially water and the second fluid comprises one or more of a surfactant, a detergent, an acid, or combinations thereof.
13. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, wherein the cleaning fluid consists of food safe constituents.
14. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, further comprising a canister in fluid communication with the at least one port, the canister configured to house a quantity of gas.
15. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 1, wherein the housing comprises one or more channels in fluid communication with the at least one port.
16. The self-cleaning window kit in accordance with claim 15, wherein the channels are formed from a process selected from the group consisting of trench machining, milling, drilling, routing, etching processes, injection molding, EDM, microfluidic processes, micro-molding processes, screen printing, and combinations thereof..
| 49,080
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.