for ages in Rome, but the celebration of the festival, on the contrary,
had spread rapidly in all directions, and this rapid diffusion of the
festival shows in its turn that the 25th December is really the day of
Christ’s birth.

[301] _Cod. Justin._, 3, 12, 6.

[302] _Cod. Theod._, 2, 8, 27. _Cf._ the law of the year 425, _ib._, 15,
5, 5.

[303] COMBEFIS, _Hist. Hær. Monoth._, 304: Ἐξ ἐκείνου δὲ ἔλαβεν ἀρχὴ ἡ
τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐκκλησία τὴν ἡμὲραν τῶν γενεθλίων τοῦ σωτῆρος. Combefis was
the first to discuss the question, and his disquisition is excellent,
though now forgotten. _Cf._ MIGNE, viii. 964-968. Combefis has also
collected all the material for the history of Christmas in his _Bibl.
Patrum Conc._, 300 _et seq._

[304] COMBEFIS (_Hist. Hær. Monoth._, 302 and 314, A. 4) considered it
suspicious.

[305] RONCALLI, _Chronica Vetustiora_, Introd., xxix.

[306] Bucherius, in its Latinized form.

[307] JOS. STRZYGOWSKI, _Die Kalenderbilder des Chronographen vom Jahre
354_, with 30 plates, Berlin, 1888, published for the Archeological
Institute. The rest is to be found in _Mon. Germ. Hist. Auctores
Antiquissimi_, t. ix., vol. i., fasc. i., Berol., 1891. The Natales
Cæsarum and the Calendar are printed in the _Corp. Inscr. Lat._

[308] MOMMSEN, _Abhandl. der Sächs. Akademie d. Wissensch._, 1850, 1,
618. The figure XIII. signifies the Epact. This proves that the 1st
January fell on a Saturday, and that B was the dominical letter.

[309] _L’Art de vérifier les Dates dep. J. Chr._, I. 111.

[310] [This refers to the ancient practice of dating the years of an
emperor’s reign, not from the actual date of his accession, but from the
New Year’s Day either preceding or following his accession. The years
of the emperor’s reign were thus brought into artificial agreement with
the calendar year. Numbering the years of the emperor’s reign from the
actual date of his accession is, in Mommsen’s phrase, taking them as
_effektiv_.—Trans.]

[311] I have attempted to show how this difference is to be explained in
an article in the _Innsbr. Zeitschr. für Kath. Theologie_, xv. (1891),
519 _et seqq._

[312] Vid. Appendix vi.

[313] St Luke i. 5, 8.

[314] 1 Esdr. vi. 18.

[315] _Antiq._ vii. 14, 7.

[316] _Antiq._ vii. 11, 7, 1; 12, 6, 4; 7, 6. 1 Mach. i. 57; iv. 18.

[317] So LAMY (_Apparatus Chronol. et Geogr._, 61) referring to the
Tractate _Erachin and Taanit_.

[318] JOS., _Bell. Jud._, 4, 8, 5; 4, 5. According to IDELER (i. 400,
433) Josephus employs the Syro-Macedonian names of the months, not with
the intention of adjusting them to the Julian Calendar, but merely as
Greek names for the Jewish months.

[319] The attempt to fix the time of Christ’s birth by the help of
the course of Abia was undertaken by Scaliger, abandoned as useless
by Petavius, resumed by B. Lamy. In modern times, it was resumed by
SEYFFARTH (_Chronol. Sacra_, Leipsig, 1846, 97 _et seqq._), WEIGL
(_Theol. und Chronol. Abhandlungen über das wahre Geburts- und Sterbejahr
Christi_, Sulzbach, 1848), and STAVARS (_Tüb. Theol. Quartalschr._, 1866,
201 _et seq._).

[320] HIERON, _Opera_, ed. Migne, xi. 220. It is evident from St Jerome’s
commentary on Ezechiel that his views on the subject were not those of
the preacher of this sermon. The sermon for the 25th December, published
by Morin (_Anecdota Mareds._, iii. 2, 392, _et seqq._), agrees with the
sermon quoted above.

[321] CLEMENS ALEX., _Strom._, i., ed. Sylburg, 340.

[322] CYPRIANI, _Opera_, ed. Hartel, ii. 266.

[323] AUGUSTIN., _Sermo_ 190, 1; 192, 3; 196, 1.

[324] Luke ix. 13 _seqq._

[325] AMBR., _De Virg._, 3, 1; MIGNE, xvi. 219.

[326] PAULINUS, _Vita Ambr._, c. 4, and his life in the Benedictine
edition of his works, c. 7. The chronology of the youthful period of St
Ambrose’s life is unfortunately obscure.

[327] _Conc. Cathag._, iii. can. 4; BRUNS, i. 123.

[328] USENER (272 _seqq._) starts with the preconceived opinion that
Liberius delivered his address on the 6th Jan. 353, and so is of opinion
that Christmas was celebrated for the first time in Rome on the 25th
Dec. 353. On the other hand, DUCHESNE (_Bull. Crit._, 1890, No. 3, p. 41
_seq._), having the circumstance in view that the Depositio Episcoporum
begins the year with the 27th Dec. and the Depositio Martyrum with the
25th Dec., thinks he has proof for holding that the 27th Dec. for a long
time already, indeed even from about 243, had been a marked day in the
Church’s Calendar, and, accordingly, that the 25th Dec. had been kept as
the Natalis Domini as early as the third century. We leave these points
to the reader’s discretion. Christmas was kept in Rome certainly before
353.

[329] MOMMSEN, _Röm. Gesch._, v. 481.

[330] MARQUARDT-MOMMSEN, _Röm. Altert._, vi., 2nd. ed., 588.

[331] Hospinian (fol. iii.) and others held that the 25th December was
chosen purposely in order to supplant the Saturnalia. But the Saturnalia
did not last over the 25th, although Maximus of Turin seems to think it
did.

[332] _De Orat. Dom._, 35.

[333] SERMO, 7, 1, 3; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xvii. 614.

[334] ZENO VER., _Tract._, 2, 9, 2, calls Christ “Sol noster, sol verus.”
GREGOR. I., _Hom._, 29 _in Evang._, c. 10: “Quis solis nomine nisi
Christus designatur?” PRUD., _Cathem._, 11, 1: “Quid est, quod arctum
circulum sol jam recurrens deserit?” GREGOR. NAZ., _Orat. in S. lumina_,
calls Christ the sun.

[335] On the Vigil: “Sidus refulget jam novum”; at Lauds: “Orietur sicut
sol salvator mundi”: in the Preface: “Per incarnati Verbi mysterium nova
mentis nostræ oculis lux tuæ claritatis infulsit”: on the octave: “Tu
lumen et splendor Patris”; in the hymn: “In sole posuit tabernaculum
suum”; in the antiphons: “Hodie descendit lux magna in terris. In sole
posuit tabernaculum suum,” etc.

[336] MAXIMUS TAUR., _Hom._, 103; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lvii. 491.

[337] _Peregr. Silv._, 82 (59 cod.), ed. Geyer, c. 25.

[338] _Peregr. Silv._, 84 (60), ed. Geyer, 77. In c. 49, No. 3, the chief
festivals are Easter and Epiphany.

[339] In Ezech. 1, 3; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xxv. 18, written about A.D.
411.

[340] COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES, ed. Galland. Bibl., xi. 461; MIGNE,
lxxxviii. 198.

[341] So USENER, who quotes a passage from a sermon of Basil of Seleucia.
MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxxv. 469.

[342] COSMAS, _op. cit._ 462.

[343] _Evangeliarium Hierosol._, 482, 494. See USENER, 323, 327.

[344] COMBEFIS, _Hist. Hær. Monoth._, 314 A, 4.

[345] _Peregr. Silv._, 84 (60), ed. Geyer, 77.

[346] GREGOR TUR., _Microl._, 1, 88; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxi. 783.

[347] COMBEFIS, _op. cit._ 302 E.

[348] _Opera_, ZENONIS VER., ed. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xi. lib. 2, tract
7-9. Lib. i. tract 13 may be spurious.

[349] _Sermo 10 de sanctis_ according to the old enumeration, _sermo 220
inter suppos._ according to the new.

[350] _Peregr. Silv._, 84 (60).

[351] See Append. vii.

[352] MATISCON. 1, can. 9; TURON., 11, can. 27. _Cf._ GREGOR. TUR.,
_Hist. Franc._, 10, 31.

[353] _Synaxarium_ of MICHAEL of Atriba, under 15th November.

[354] GREGOR. M., _Hom. in Evang._, 1, 1, 6, 7, and 20. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, lxxvi. 1078 _et seqq._ CABROL (_Révue Bénéd._, 1905, 1, 1),
thought he had discovered traces of Advent in the fifth or even in the
fourth century. It is best to reserve judgment until clearer evidence is
forthcoming.

[355] MURATORI, _Lit. Rom. Vet._, ii. 133-135 and 342-346.

[356] Printed by Gerbert, _Lit. Allem._, 410-416, which also contains
the _Evangelarium_ of SPIRES, 8th Cent., 417-444, and _Kalendarium_ of
FRONTEAU, 155 _et seq._

[357] AMALARIUS, _De Eccl. Off._, 3, 40; 4, 30. ABBO, _Apolog._ MIGNE,
_Patr. Lat._, cxxxix. 472.

[358] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxxv. 139. BINTERIM, _Denkw._, v. 167.

[359] Thus the Comes Pamelii in RANKE’S supplement and the old
lectionaries of Cologne, Treves, and Münster. See SCHUE, _Die bibl.
Lesungen_, etc., Treves, 1861, 129 _et seqq._

[360] Since 1893, the third Sunday after Epiphany has also a special
character owing to the Feast of the Holy Family falling on it.

[361] See the critical edition of C. A. WILSON (Oxford, 1894), p. 9.

[362] AUGUSTIN., _Sermo 198_, c. 1. “Vos quasi solemniter hodie convenire
conspicimus.”

[363] _Turon._, 2, can. 17, 22; _Antissiod._, can. 1.

[364] TOLET., 4 (633), can. 11; _Lex Visigoth._, ii. tit. i. 12, and xii.
3, 6; Mon. Germ. Leges Sect. 1, tom. i. 1, 59 and 434. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, lxxxi. 478.

[365] MIGNE, i. 212, col. 70-73 for the text. See HEUSER,
_Kirchenlexikon_, iv., 2nd ed., 1395 _seqq._ The so-called Feast of
Asses, about which so much has been written, was a harmless affair. It
took its name from semi-theatrical performances inspired by passages of
Scripture which happen to mention an ass.

[366] In this document it is called “Natale S. Mariæ.”

[367] WIEGAND, 27.

[368] _Tractat._, 1, 13.

[369] LEO I., _Sermo 2 de Epiph._ FULGENTIUS, _Sermo_. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, lxv. 732.

[370] AMMIANUS MARCELL., 21, 2.

[371] CLEMENS ALEX., _Strom._, i. 21, § 45; ed. Potter, 407; Sylburg, 340.

[372] In the edition of BONWETSCH and ACHELIS, Leipsig, 1897, No. 22, p.
255 _et seq._, ACHELIS and others regard it as spurious but without just
reason. It is translated by PROBST, _Lehre und Gebet_, 247. Although not
a sermon, it was evidently an address delivered to certain individuals.
_Cf._ c. 6 and 9 (ἀγαπητέ and ἄνθρωπε).

[373] _Constit Apost._, 8, 33; _cf._ 5, 13.

[374] SELDENIUS, _De Synedriis_, iii. 15, 204, 220.

[375] See GREGOR. NAZ., _Orat._, 39, c. 2.

[376] _Synodus II. S. Patricii._, can. 20.

[377] St Matthew ii. 10 _seq._

[378] St Matthew ii. 1-12.

[379] _Poema_, 27; _Natal_, 9, v. 47 _et seqq._ MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxi.
649.

[380] SEDATUS, _Hom. de Epiph._ MIGNE, lxxii. 773. MAXIMUS TAUR., _Hom.
7 in Epiph._ MIGNE, lvii. 271. “Fuerunt enim hodie ... quid potissimum
præsenti hoc factum sit die, noverit ipse, qui fecit.”

[381] AUGUSTIN., _Sermo supposit._, 136, c. 1, and the hymn “Illuminans
Altissimus,” in KAYSER, _Hymnen_, 2nd ed., 370. See also the article
“Feste” by FUNK and KRIEG in KRAUS’S _Realenzyklopädie_.

[382] This also appears from the fact that some, as PHILASTRIUS (_De
Hær._, c. 140) informs us, omitted Epiphany and kept Christmas alone.

[383] _Comm. in Ezech._, i. 1.

[384] CHRYSOST., _Hom. ad Pop. Ant. de Bapt. Chr._, c. 2. _Migne_, _Patr.
Gr._, xlix. 363 _et seq._ It appears from this sermon that the Antiochene
Christians were in the habit of taking some of the baptismal water home
with them, and keeping it for a year without its becoming corrupt.

[385] AUGUSTIN., _Sermo 202_, c. 2.

[386] _Cæsaraug._, A.D. 380, can. 3. AMMIANUS MARC., _op. cit._ Passio S.
Philippi Heracleensis in Ruinart, _Acta_, 440, c. 2.

[387] EPIPHANIUS (_Hær._, 51, c. 16 and 24), Ephrem, Cassian, etc. See
above, pp. 128 _seqq._

[388] Testam. D. N. Jesu Chr., ed. Rahmani (Mainz, 1899), i. 28; iv. 67,
101. The discussion of the date of this document cannot be entered into
here from want of space.

[389] Cod. Theodos., 2, 8, 20, 25; 5, 2; Cod. Justin., 3, 12, 6.

[390] See Appendix No. viii.

[391] _Peregr. Silviæ_, 60, ed. Geyer, c. 26: “Quadragesimæ de Epiphania
valde cum summo honore _hic_ celebrantur, etc.”

[392] THEOPHANES, _Chronogr._, ed. Bonn, 345 ad ann. 534.

[393] NICEPHORUS, _Hist. Eccl._, 17, 28: καὶ τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος ὑπαπάντην
ἄρτι πρώτως ἁπανταχοῦ τῆς γῆς ἑορτάζεσθαι τάττει. See MURALT, _Chronogr.
Byz._, St Petersburg, 1855, i. 134.

[394] _Sacr. Gelasianum_, 2, 8, among the Natalitia Sanctorum. MIGNE,
_Patr. Lat._, lxxiv. 1158. There is no mention of a procession in the
Gregorian sacramentary either.

[395] MORCELLI, i. 86, 288.

[396] The statement was made by BARONIUS (ad ann. 534), repeated by PAGI,
and, in recent times, by WISSOWA (_Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, iii. 446) and
by USENER (332), but rejected by GRISAR (_Gesch. Roms._, i. 455).

[397] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxviii.

[398] See Appendix No. ix.

[399] CABROL (_Etude sur la Peregr. Silv._, 167 _et seqq._) gives a
survey of the lections then in use.

[400] Printed by BIANCHINI, _Opera Anast._, i. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
cxxvii. 994. DUCHESNE, _Lib. Pont._, I. cxlvi.

[401] BINTERIM’S statement (_Denkw._, v. 2, 133-152) is out of date. The
article “Fastenzeiten” by HEUSER in the _Kirchenlexikon_, iv., 2nd ed.,
must be supplemented by the investigations of Dom G. MORIN in the _Révue
Bénédictine_, 1897, 336-347—“L’Origine des Quatre-Temps.”

[402] LEO M., _Sermo_, 19 (18), c. 2.: “Per totius anni circulum
distributa sunt (jejunia), ut lex abstinentiæ omnibus sit adscripta
temporibus. Siquidem jejunium vernum in quadragesima, æstivum in
pentecoste, autumnale in mense septimo, hiemale in hoc qui est decimus
celebretur.”

[403] LEO M., _Sermo_, 16 (15), c. 1, 2; _Sermo_, 12 (11), c. 3.

[404] MORIN (_op. cit._ 345) quotes passages from the Leonine and
Gelasian sacramentaries. See MIGNE, lv. 153 _et seqq._

[405] Concerning the “feriæ conceptivæ” and “sementivæ” of the Romans,
see MARQUARDT-MOMMSEN, _Staatsverwaltung_, iii. 198 _seqq._

[406] _Liber Pont._, _Callistus_: “Hic constituit jejunium die sabbati
ter in anno fieri, frumenti, vini et olei secundum prophetiam.” Ed.
DUCHESNE, i. 141.

[407] LEO I., _Sermo_, 19, c. 2; _Sacram. Leon._, 101, No. xxvii. MIGNE,
_Patr. Lat._, liv. 186; lv. 105.

[408] _Epist. ad Episc. Luc._, c. 11. MIGNE, lix. 47.

[409] LEO I., _Epist. ad Dioscorum Al._, c. i. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, liv.
626.

[410] MIGNE, cli. 978; c. 24-27.

[411] MORIN, _Révue Bénédictine_, 1897, 338 _seqq._

[412] _Sermo 2 de Jejun. X. mensis_: “Decimi mensis celebrandum esse
jejunium, quo pro consummata perceptione omnium frugum dignissime
largitori earum Deo continentiæ libamen offertur.”

[413] In MURATORI, _Lit. Rom. Vet._, i. 511, 603; ii. 33, 94, 123, 136.

[414] H. MENARD, _Notæ et Observ. in Sacr. Greg._, in MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, lxxviii. 393.

[415] _Sacr. Gelas._ MIGNE, lxxiv. 1069, 1133, 1178 _seqq._

[416] _Sacr. Gregor._ MIGNE, lxxviii. 59-61, 113-115, 140-142.

[417] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xcvii. 124: “Ut jejunium quattuor temporum et
ipsi sacerdotes observent et plebi denuntient observandum.” This shows
that until then it had not been customary in the Frankish empire.

[418] See BINTERIM, _Gesch. d. d. Prov.- u. Diöz.-Konzilien_, ii. 273
_seqq._; iii. 517 _seqq._

[419] The disagreement arose from the fact that the ancient missals
(Sacramentorum libri), only mentioned the month without specifying the
week when the Ember fasts were to be observed. See BERNO of Reichenau
(MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxlii. 1097), whose small treatise, composed
between 1020 and 1031, deals with the question.

[420] _Micrologus_, c. 24.

[421] SERVIUS, Comm. on Virgil., _Bucol. Eccl._, 3, 77.

[422] See examples in USENER, 305 A. 22, 306-345.

[423] OBID., _Fasti_, 4, 905 _seqq._, and _Fasti Prænest._, _Corp.
Inser. Lat._ i. 392. For the “Robigaliæ” see MARQUARDT-MOMMSEN,
_Staatsverwaltung_, iii. 574.

[424] VIGILII, _Epist. ad Simpl._ i.; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xiii. 550.

[425] AVITUS, _Hom. de Rogat._ MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lix. 289. GREGOR.
TUR., _Hist. Franc_, 2, 34.

[426] This fact is mentioned by both the biographers of Gregory, JOAN.
DIAC. i. 41-43, and PAUL. DIAC. c. 10, as well as by AMALARIUS 4, 24, and
BELETH c. 122, etc., but all draw their information from GREGOR. TUR.,
_Hist. France_, 10, 1. See BAILLET ix, 2, 87-103, who also makes use of
the designations “Litaniæ Gallicanæ” and “Litaniæ Romanæ.”

[427] These words come from a letter without an address in the appendix
to the Register of Gregory the Great. MIGNE, lxxvii. 1329.

[428] _Lib. Pont._ ed., BIANCHINI, ii. 386.

[429] In Spain the litanies were on 10th Sept., 7th Nov., and 15th Dec.,
according to the lectionary of Silos.

[430] The Martyrium was erected on Golgotha, close to the site of
the present Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Anastasis, built by
Constantine, was the larger of the two, and served as the usual place of
assembly for the faithful in the fourth century. (_Peregr. Silviæ_, ed.
Geyer, c. 27, 30, 39, 43).

[431] J. P. KIRCH, _Die Christl. Kultusgeände in Altertum_, 34-40.

[432] St Gregory the Great ordered that the Anglo-Saxons should keep the
dedication of churches and the _natalitia martyrum_ in the same way as
they had previously observed the festivals while they were yet heathen,
that is to say by erecting huts of branches and by feasting. (Epist. ii.
76, of the year 601).

[433] For the East, see JOHANNES EUB., _Orat. in Concep. B.M.V._, c.
23. MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, xcvi. 1499. For the West, see the Sermons of St
Augustine on the “Dedicatio,” _Sermo 336-338_.

[434] Our informants are EUSEB., _Vita Constant_, 4, 6; SOZOMEN, _Hist.
Eccl._, 2, 26; 3, 5; SOCRATES, _Hist. Eccl._, 2, 6.

[435] EUSEB., _Hist. Eccl._, 10, 3; AMBROSE, _Ad Marcellinam Epist._, 22,
1 (MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xvi. 1019). PAULINUS of Nola, _Nat. S. Fel._, 9;
_Poema_, 27, 402 _seqq._ (MIGNE, lxi. 657); _Peregr. Silviæ_, as above.

[436] _Missale Francorum_ in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxii. 328.

[437] DIONYS, _De Hier. Eccl._, 4, 12. See RAHMANI, _Testam. D.N.I.
Chr._, 156.

[438] DURANDUS (_Rationale Div. Off._ 1, 23; 7, 262) expressly follows
the model of the Old Testament.

[439] MURATORI, _Lit. Rom. Vet._ i. 308, 609, 613.

[440] _Op. cit._ ii. 467-489 and 186.

[441] GREGOR., ix. c. 5, x. _de feriis_ 2, 9. See Burchard of Worms,
_Decr._ 2, 77; Ivo of Chartres, _Decr._, in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, clxi.
203.

[442] _Liber Ordin._ of Essen, 62 _et seqq._

[443] BINTERIM (_Denkw._, v. 1, 303 _et seqq._; _Conc._, v. 91) places
this synod in 1308. HARTZHEIM, _Conc. Germ._, iv. 106; vi. 498.

[444] Amongst others, Naogeorgius (Kirchmair aus Straubing) poured
contempt on the observance of these feasts and the abuses to which they
gave rise. HOSPINIANUS, 175.

[445] DUMONT, _Sammlung Kirchl. Erlasse für d. Erzd. Köhn_, 2nd ed., 165,
167.

[446] Remigius, a monk of St Germain, a diligent exegete who lived at the
end of the ninth century, attempted to give an allegorical interpretation
to the rites observed at the consecration of a church. The custom of
writing the letters of the alphabet in Greek and Latin on the floor of
the church seems to have presented difficulties to him. He commences his
explanation of this rite by the words: “Quæ res puerilis ludus videretur,
nisi ab apostolius viris instituta crederetur.” He interprets it as
meaning that the Church instructs the unlearned in the elements of faith.
His tractate in seven chapters is in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxxi. 846-866.
G. Mercati, however (_Studi et Testi_, Roma, 1902, 9) attributes it to
Ivo of Chartres.

[447] Literature: Lebrun, _De Martyrum Natalitiis Diss._ MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, lxi. 519, _seq._ Sollerius, Præf. to the _Mart. Usuardi_. MIGNE,
cxxiii. 459, _seqq._ Ruinart, Præf. to the _Acta mart. sincera et
genuina_. Le Blant, _Les Actes des Martyrs_, in _Mémoires de l’Institut_,
1888, 57-336.

[448] _Passio S. Pionii et Soc._, c. 2 in Ruinart, 188.

[449] DIGG., 48, tit. 24, No. 3: “Corpora animadversorum quibuslibet
petentibus ad sepulturam danda sunt.”

[450] _Lib. Pont._, ed. Duchesne, i. 52, 128.

[451] _Op. cit._ 65, 148, EUSEB., _Hist. Eccl._, 6, 45, § 11, also refers
to the seven deacons and seven subdeacons of Rome in the third century.

[452] _Lib. Pont._, I. xcv. 147.

[453] _Epist._, 12, 2.

[454] _Bullettino d. Comm. Arch. Communale di Roma_, 1894, 240 _seqq._

[455] RUINART, _Acta Sincera_, 630, with his Admonitio.

[456] GREGOR. NYSS., _Vita Greg. Thaum_. MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, xlvi. 954.

[457] SOZOM., _Hist. Eccl._, 5, 3.

[458] MAXIMUS TAUR., _Hom._ 81. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lvii. 427.

[459] _Lib. Pont._, _Symmachus_, c. 9.

[460] [See _The Legends of the Saints_, Delehaye, translated by Mrs V. M.
Crawford (London, 1907), especially chap. iv. Trans.]

[461] BÄUMER, _Gesch. des Breviers_, 456; see also 429, 447.

[462] _Regula ad Monachos_, ed. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxviii. 396. See
also N. PAULUS, _Martyrologium und Brevier als historische Quellen_;
Katholik, 1900, i. 355 _seqq._

[463] _De Gloria Martyrum_, c. 48.

[464] _Cf._ _Hist. Eccl._, 8, 13.

[465] MURATORI, in a valuable work, _De Martyrum Natalibus_, shows in
opposition to Pagi that “natales martyrum” indicates the actual day of
their death. The work is printed in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxi. 819-26;
_Dissert._ 19.

[466] _De Anima_, 51.

[467] AUGUSTIN., _Epist._ 288. GREGOR. TUR., _De Gloria Conf._, 104.

[468] See the fourth canon of the Council of Valentia in A.D. 524.

[469] Edited by Baluzius, _Capitul. Reg. Franc._, Appendix. Also in
MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xcix. 633. Other formulæ of the Carolingian period
are given in MIGNE, cxxxviii. 885-902.

[470] This branch of hagiography has been carefully dealt with by
Baillet. The entire first volume of his great work, _Les Vies des
Saints_, is devoted to Old Testament Saints, more than a hundred in
number, and to the history of their cultus.

[471] E. A. Kneller, in order to explain the choice of the 24th for
the 25th June, draws attention to the way in which the ancient Roman
Calendars were written, _i.e._ viii. Kal. Jan. = 25th December; viii.
Kal. Jul. = 24th July (_Innsbr. Zeitschr. für kath. Theol._, 1901, 527).

[472] _Agath. Can._ 31, 63.

[473] IVO CARN., _Decretum_, 4, 14. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, clxi. 266.

[474] According to St Augustine (_sermo 292_, c. i.) it was “traditione
majorum receptum.”

[475] MORCELLI, _Menol. Const._, ii. 13 _seq._ No less than fifteen
churches and chapels were dedicated to St John the Baptist in
Constantinople.

[476] JOSEPHUS, _Antt._, 18, 5, 2.

[477] TILLEMONT, _Mém._, i. 44; vii. 163.

[478] SELDENIUS, _De Synedriis_, iii. 220-47.

[479] Dionysius Exiguus translated this account into Latin (MIGNE,
_Patr. Lat._, lxvii. 418). See also TILLEMONT, _Mém._, i. 44; vii. 163.
MORCELLI, _Menol. Const._, i. 167; ii. 65, 222. BAILLET, iv. 825 _seqq._;
vi. 291 _seqq._ DU CANGE, _Traité du Chef de S. J. B._ (Paris, 1665),
wrote against the trustworthiness of Marcellus. The chronology of the
Paschal Chronicle was corrected by Du Cange and Pagi. See RAUSCHEN,
_Jahrbücher d. Theol._, 356 A.

[480] NILLES, i., 2nd ed., 111.

[481] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxviii. 120, 394.

[482] Pseudo-Alcuin, _De off. Eccl._, c. 30.

[483] _Ordo Rom. XI._, c. 66. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxviii. 1050. There
is not sufficient evidence to support Binterim’s view (_Denkw._, v. 379)
that the procession to the Baptistry proves that solemn baptism was
administered at Rome on the 24th June.

[484] _Sermo 287-93._ In _Sermo 292_, c. 1, appears the passage quoted on
page.... “Hoc majorum traditione suscepimus, etc.”

[485] A town of Gamala was situated on the eastern shore of the Lake
Genesareth, on a mountain. Josephus, _Bello Jud._, 4, 1, 1-7; _Antt._,
18, 1, 1, etc. Nothing is known of the village of Gamala near Jerusalem.

[486] For the fullest account of the particulars, see HYDATIUS, _Chron._
(RONCALLI, ii. 99), “Honorio X. et Theodosio VI. Conss.” With this date
agrees MARCELLINUS (_op. cit._, ii. 279), but not the _Chron. Breve._
(_op. cit._, ii. 259) or THEOPHANES, _Chrongr._, ed. Bonn, i. 133.

[487] GENNADIUS, _De Script. Eccl._, 46, 47. The writings relating to the
“Inventio S. Stephani” are in Latin. The translation is printed in MIGNE,
xli., _Opera S. Augustini VII._, 805-54.

[488] AUGUSTIN., _Sermo_, 316, 320-24; _Civ. Dei_, 22, c. 8.

[489] THEOPHANES, _Chrongr._, ad ann. 420.

[490] MURALT, _Chron. Byz._, i. 48.

[491] As, for example, to Antoninus. See GEYER, _Itinera Hierosol._, 176.

[492] CODINUS, ii.

[493] The Syrian list of Abul Barakat gives for the date of St Stephen’s
death the 12th Sept. A.D. 37, and for the date of the first discovery
of his relics the 27th Dec. A.D. 40. Chr. IV. Caji. BAUMSTARK, _Oriens
Christ._, i. 266.

[494] GRISAR, _Gesch. Roms und der Päpste_, i. 194 _seqq._

[495] See the Calendars in SELDENIUS, _op. cit._; also the Synaxaria in
MAI, _Bibl. Vet. Patr._, iv.

[496] USENER, _Der hl. Theodosius_, Leipsig, 1890, 38, 144.

[497] JULIAN of Toledo in the _Vita S. Ildephonsi Tol._, c. 6. MIGNE,
_Patr. Lat._, xcvi. 46.

[498] It is printed in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxi. 798, from _Pamelius
Liturgica Lat._, Col. Agr. 1571, tit. ii. 70. [See also an article in
the _Dublin Review_, vol. cxv., on “The Earliest Roman Mass-book,” by Mr
Edmund Bishop.—TR.]

[499] _Liber Pont._, SERGIUS, No. 86.

[500] In the calendar of Sonnatius of Reims (quoted on p. 21), dating
from ten or twenty years after Gregory the Great, these three feasts are
already mentioned.

[501] There are, however, among the sermons of Peter Chrysologus, three
(140, 142, and 143) entitled “de annuntiatione,” but of these No. 140
contains no allusion to a festival of our Blessed Lady, and the two
others belong to Christmas.

[502] ST THOMASSIN, 409. See MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxxv. 406. Fulbert,
however, speaks of the feast as of recent institution. _Sermo_, 4. MIGNE,
cxli. 320 _seqq._

[503] MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, xcvii. 806 _seqq._

[504] So in the passage from the _Liber Pontificalis_ quoted above and
in the _Kalend. Fronteau_. Bede calls it the “Annuntiatio Dominica.” The
Greek name for the feast is Εὐαγγελισμός τῆς ἁγίας θεοτόκου.

[505] _Chron. Pasch. Olymp._, 351, ed. Bonn, i. 713.

[506] PETRUS CHRYS., _Sermo_, 140, 142, ed. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lii.
Among the spurious sermons of Leo the Great is one which is believed to
be a translation of a discourse of Proclus, _Sermo 15_. See the note of
Ballerini in MIGNE, _Patr Lat._, liv. 508. PROCLUS, _Orat. I._ MIGNE,
_Patr. Gr._, lxv. 679.

[507] RADULFUS GLABER, _Hist._, 3, 3.

[508] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxxv. 170, 734.

[509] HOLWECK, 292. When the 25th March falls on one of the three last
days in Holy Week or Easter Week, it must be translated. BINTERIM
(_Denkw._, v. 356) gives several historical references concerning this.

[510] PROCLUS, _Oratio III._, c. 2. When we find in collections of
sermons (_e.g._ COMBEFIS, _Bibl. Conc._), some by the Fathers, such as
Origen, St Ambrose, St Athanasius, etc., ascribed to the feasts of our
Lady, we must not jump to the conclusion that these feasts were observed
at the period when the authors of these sermons lived. These reputed
sermons are only homilies on texts which suit the feast in question, and
on this account have been inserted into the collection.

[511] EPIPH., _Hær._, 79, c. 11: “I say not she did not die, yet I am not
certain that she did die.”

[512] VETTER, _Tüb. Theol. Quartalschr._, 1887, 133 _seqq._ The letter is
also given in the treatise by NIRSCHL, _Das Grab der heiligen Jungfrau
Maria_, Mainz, 1896, 80 _seqq._

[513] _Transitus Mariæ_ in TISCHENDORF, _Apocal. Apocr._, Lips., 1866,
114.

[514] We have three sermons of John on the Assumption (MIGNE, _Patr.
Gr._, xcvi.), one of Modestus, patriarch of Jerusalem (MIGNE, _Patr.
Gr._, lxxxvi. pars 2), three of Andrew of Crete, who, before becoming
bishop, was a monk in Palestine (MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, xcvii., oratio
12-14), and three of Germanus (MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, xcviii. 339-72).

[515] _De Gloria Mart._, i. 4.

[516] NICEPHORUS, _Hist. Eccl._, 17, 28.

[517] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxii. 225. See also MABILLON’S note in the
same col., 475.

[518] In the _Martyr. Luccense_ of FIORENTINI, on the 22nd January:
“Depositio B. Mariæ Matris D. N. J. C.”

[519] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxx. 446. In HARDUIN (iii. 2946) it is so
named.

[520] H. JÜRGENS, _Die kirchl. Uberlieferung von der leibl. Aufnahme
Mariens in den Himmel_: Innsbr. _Zeitschr. für kath. Theol._, 1880,
595-650.

[521] WÜSTENFELD, _Synaxarium_ of Bishop Michael of Atriba and Malidsch,
251. MAI, _Script. Vet. Nova Collectio_, iv. 1. 5. SELDENIUS, _De
Synedriis_, iii. c. 15, 320 _seqq._

[522] A form for the blessing of the fruits of the field appears in the
Ritual of Augsburg, 1487. See RAICH, _Katkolik_, 1901, ii. 144. FRANZ,
_Das Ritual von St Florian aus dem 12. Jahrhundert_; Freiburg, 1904.

[523] BAILLET (viii. 434-441) and BENEDICT XIV. (_De festis_, c. 184-210)
collected materials for this purpose.

[524] The Emperor Leo VI., the Philosopher (896-903), spread the
observance of the feast. Passaglia relied (iii. 1750) on a speech of his
preserved in the Sforza library in Rome. It does not appear among the
speeches of this Emperor printed in MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, cvii.

[525] Εἰ καὶ μὴ παρὰ τοῖς πᾶσι γνωρίζεται, c. 23. MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._,
xcvi. 1499. Observe the article with πᾶσιν. Οἱ παντες means all
collectively, _i.e._ the whole community or church.

[526] For the so-called Typicum S. Sabæ, see Appendix xi.

[527] It is the first among his sermons. MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, c. 1353.

[528] The change from the 9th Dec., the date of the festival among the
Greeks, to the 8th, is probably to be explained by the fact that in the
Roman Calendar vi., Idus Dec. corresponds to the vi. Idus Sept., the date
of our Lady’s Nativity, while the 9th Dec. is written v. Idus Dec.

[529] [The feast was, however, observed in England before the Norman
Conquest. The evidence for this is given by Mr Edmund Bishop in his
tract, _On the Origins of the Feast of the Conception of the Bl. V.
M._, London, Burns & Oates, 1904. From this the following is taken: (1)
Calendar contained in Cotton MS. Titus D., xxvii., has the entry in the
original hand at 8th Dec: “Conceptio sancte Dei genitricis Mariæ.” This
MS. was written in the New Minster, Winchester, under Abbot Aelfwin
(1034-57). (2) Calendar of the Old Minster, Winchester (Cotton MS.,
Vitellius E., xviii.), has the same entry. The MS. is attributed by Hicks
to or about 1030. (3) Add. MS., 28, 188, a pontifical and benedictional
of the eleventh century probably written for Bp. Leofric (1046-72),
and “distinctly pre-Norman.” In this, fol. 161, is a “Benedictio in
Conceptione Sancte Mariæ.” (4) Harl. MS. 2892, also a pontifical and
benedictional written for Canterbury in the first half of the eleventh
century (to judge from the handwriting); a similar benediction occurs,
ff. 189-90. (5) To these, in a letter to the translator, Mr Bishop adds:
I. In the Leofric Missal, among the Masses added to the book by Bp.
Leofric, is a Mass for the feast of the Conception (p. 268); II. In a
Worcester Calendar of about 1064, and written therefore under St Wulstan
and before the conquest, the feast of the Conception is entered at 8th
Dec. Trans.]

[530] See Appendix x.

[531] Two accounts of Elsinus are found among the spurious writings of St
Anselm (MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, clix. 319-326). Three others have recently
been published by Thurston & Slater, _Eadmeri Mon. Cant. Tractatus
de Conceptione S. Mariæ_, 88-98. Another by Lechler, _Mittelalterl.
Kirchenfeste_, 92 _et seq._

[532] _E.g._ in the Roman Breviary of 1473 (Univ. Bibl., Freiburg i.
Br.), in the Breviary of Sitten of 1493, National Mus., Zurich, and in
that of Constance of 1509.

[533] Gerberon in the introduction to Anselm’s works. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, clviii. 43 _et seq._

[534] Osbert’s letters were first published along with those of Herbert
de Losinga by Robt. Anstruther (Brussels, 1846), unfortunately very
imperfectly. Lately they are given by Thurston and Slater, _op. cit._, 53
_et seq._

[535] _Osbert de Clara_ in Thurston and Slater, App. B. 60 _et seq._

[536] [Mr Bishop, _op. cit._, 30, 31, says the Normans probably treated
the celebration of this feast by the English with contempt, as “a
product of insular simplicity and ignorance.” Its public celebration was
discontinued most probably at Winchester and Canterbury, but “it did not
die out of the hearts of individuals.”—Trans.]

[537] Osbert, Epist. i. _op. cit._ 55. “Et in hoc regno et in
transmarinis partibus a nonnullis episcopis et abbatibus in ecclesiis
Dei instituta est illius diei recordatio.” That the feast was introduced
“in hoc regno,” _i.e._ England, by abbots but not by bishops, is clear
from Osbert’s second letter, and from other evidence; and, therefore, his
remark is true only of Normandy. Of the one English bishop whom he names
as in favour of the feast, he can only say he was “de his sufficienter
instructus” (_op. cit._ 58). Osbert has no knowledge of his having
introduced the feast. By “transmarinæ partes,” British chroniclers of
that period always mean Normandy and Brittany.

[538] Matthæus Paris. ad ann., 1228, _Chron. maj._ 3, 161.

[539] Wilhelm. Malmsbur., _Gesta Reg. Angl._ 4, 338. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
clxxix., 1290. Eadmer., _Hist. Nov._, _Præf._ et passim. MIGNE, clix. 347.

[540] This appears from a decree of Bishop Walter of Rouen in 1207,
printed in the collection of Bigot in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, ccvii. 1179.
Walter had withheld certain endowments which his predecessor Rotricus
appointed for the metropolitan chapter on certain festivals. These he
now restored. Vacandard (_Les origines de la Fête d. C. Imm._: Révue des
Questions Hist., 1897, 166) was unacquainted with this decree, else he
would have arrived at a different conclusion. Moreover he himself brings
forward proof that the feast was celebrated during the twelfth century in
Jumièges and St Owen, but not until the thirteenth century at Fécamp.

[541] _Syn. Rotom._ of 1189, can. 1. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, ccvii. 1180.

[542] HENRICUS A GANDAVO, _Quæst. quodlib._, 15 qu. 13 fol., 584 B.:
“Normanni, in quorum territorio dicitur hujusmodi revelatio facta fuisse,
præ ceteris populis illam conceptionem praccipue celebrant.” Again, fol.
385 A., it is twice called “festum quod a Normannis celebratur.” It would
appear from this that the Normans before 1260 were still the only people
who kept the feast.

[543] This legend must have enjoyed a wide circulation, since the
Greek Breviary finds it necessary to attack it. See the edition of
Constantinople, 1843, 77.

[544] PASSAGLIA (_De Imm. Conc._, iii. 1755 _seqq._) is not at all
shaken in his opinion by the fact that Mabillion, as he himself admits,
has shown the falsified life was not written by ILDEFONSUS, _Acta Ord.
S. Bened._, ii. 521. The title “conceptio S.V.M. Genitricis Domini”
refers to Christmas. It is an altogether absurd idea that the Jews in
the seventh century joined in the celebration of the 8th December.
Unfortunately SCHWANE (_Dogmengesch._, iii. 414) has copied Passaglia’s
mistake.

[545] LESLÆUS, _Miss. Mixtum_. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxxv. 933 A.

[546] PASSAGLIA (_op. cit._, iii. 1760) relies on a deed of gift of
1047, in which occurs the expression “Conceptio Immac.,” at that period
unknown—a clear proof of falsification. The document comes from Antonio
Dragoni, an industrious fabricator. See SICKEL, _Acta Regum, etc._, i. 23.

[547] SICARDUS, _Mitrale_, c. 43. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, ccxviii.

[548] PETRUS CELL., _ad Nicolaum Mon. Epist._, 2, 171. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, ccii. 614.

[549] See BELETH, _Rationale Div. Off._, c. 146. SICARDUS, _Mitrale_, c.
43. DURANDUS, _Mim. Rationale_, also does not know of the feast.

[550] BERNARD., _Epist._, 171. Vacandard would like to place this letter
before 1128, but this is out of the question.

[551] BERNARD., _Epist._, 184.

[552] MANSI, _Conc._, xxiii. 764. CHEVALIER, _Bibl. Lit._, 7.

[553] WADDING, _Annales Minorum_.

[554] THOMAS, _S. Theol._, 3 q. 27, art. 2.

[555] SCHWANE, _Dogmengesch._, iii. 418.

[556] BINTERIM, _Konzil._, vi. 536, A. I.

[557] SCHATEN, _Annal. Pad._, ad ann. 1343.

[558] PASSAGLIA, _De Imm. Conc._, iii. 1767. BINTERIM, _Denkw._, v. 1,
302 _seq._

[559] BINTERIM and MOOREN, _Die Erzdiözese Köln I._, Düsseldorf, 1892,
538. WÜRDTWEIN, _Diplomat Magunt._, i., Mainz, 1788, 131, No. 69.
_Urkunde des Klosters Jechaburg in Thüringen_, see FALK, _Katholik_,
1903, 1.

[560] The 2nd Canon of this synod of Canterbury runs:—“Venerabilis
Anselmi, prædecessoris nostri, qui post alia quædam B.M.V. antiquiora
sollemnia Conceptionis festum superaddere dignum duxit, vestigiis
inhærentes, statuimus, etc.” On the one hand the synod does not say that
Anselm had actually introduced the feast, and, on the other, the words
are too plain to allow of us thinking, with some recent writers, that
the synod confused the uncle and the nephew. One cannot charge it with
ignorance of this kind. See HARDOUIN, _Conc._, vii. 1538; LABBE-COSSART,
_Conc._, ix. 2478.

[561] HARDOUIN, _Conc._, viii. 1266. SCHWANE, _Dogmengesch._, iii. 427.

[562] NAT. ALEXANDER., _Hist. Eccl._, 8, 546, ed. Paris, 1627.
LABBE-COSSART, _Conc._, viii. 1403.

[563] The feast was kept with special devotion by the Carmelite nuns in
their church in Rome. Under Innocent VIII. the order of the Conceptio
B.M.V. for women was also instituted in Rome. PASSAGLIA, _De Imm. Conc._,
iii. 1776.

[564] PASSAGLIA, _op. cit._, 1777, and, after him, TAPPEHORN,
_Predigtentwürfe_, ii. 9, give the date incorrectly as 1476.

[565] FERRARIS, _Prompta Bibl._, 3, 379.

[566] PASSAGLIA, _op. cit._, iii. 1788; Constitution of 10th November
1644: “In his quæ per.”

[567] From 1477-1854 is scarcely four hundred years.

[568] BENEDICT XIV., _De Festis._, 2, 152.

[569] EUSEBIUS, _De Nom. Hebr._ MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, xxiii. 789.

[570] See the excellent article by J. B. Kraus in the first ed. of the
_Kirchenlexikons_, with the additions of SCHROD in the 2nd ed. For
special treatises, see BENEDICT XIV., _Commentarius de Festis B.M.V._,
and for a more modern work, HOLWECK, _Fasti Mariani_, Freiburg, 1892.

[571] _Protoevangelium_, 7. _Evang. de Nativitate Mariæ_, 6. See
TAPPEHORN, _Ausserbibl. Nachrichten oder die Apokryphen_, 25.

[572] MORCELLI, i. 287. The title runs, τὰ εἰς τὸν ναὸν εἰσοδὶα τῆς
Θεομητέρος. J. B. KRAUS (_Kirchenlex._, vi., 1st ed., 884) states it
was observed in Constantinople in 730, on the authority of Simeon
Metaphrastes, without giving the passages. ALT (p. 52) and others have
copied from him, also without citing the passages. The statement is very
improbable, for in 725 the Iconoclastic controversy had broken out,
rendering its introduction unlikely. It might be considered probable if
the homily of TARASIUS, _De Præsentatione B.M.V._, were genuine. MORCELLI
(ii. 250) considers it spurious. The feast is also not included in the
Menologium of Constantinople.

[573] “Depositio,” κατάθεσις, etc., is the actual name of the feast in
the Calendars, and in the older menologies it is called “ἡ σορὸς τῶν
βλαχένων Σορός.” Arca or loculus is the wooden coffin in which Mary is
said to have been originally placed in Jerusalem, and which was brought
to Constantinople under Marcian. MORCELLI, ii. 151. MURALT, _Chronogr.
Byz._, i. 83.

[574] BINTERIM, _Denkw._, v. 407.

[575] _Constit. synodica Odonis Episc. Par._ MANSI, _Conc._, xxii. 681,
No. 10.

[576] MANSI, _op. cit._, 1108, i. 4. BINTERIM, _Konzilien_, iv. 480;
_Denkw._, vii. 1, 98-129. TH. ESSER, _Gesch. des Engl. Grusses_; Histor.
Jahrbuch, 1884, 92. [For the use of the Angelic Salutation in England,
see FR. BRIDGETT, C. SS. R., “_Our Lady’s Dowry_,” chap. iv. Trans.]

[577] [For questions connected with the history of the rosary, see a
series of articles in vols. 96 and 97 of _The Month_, by FR. HERBERT
THURSTON, S.J.; also, _Unserer Lieben Frauen Rosenkrantz_, by FR. TH.
ESSER, O.P., Paderborn, 1889. Trans.]

[578] HOLZAPFEL, _S. Dominicus und der Rosenkranz_, Munich, 1903.

[579] The originators of this form of prayer were Dominic of Prussia and
Adolf of Essen, two monks of the Charterhouse in Treves in the fifteenth
century. TH. ESSER, _Beitrag zur Gesch. des Rosenkranzes, Katholik_,
1897, ii. 409 _seqq._, and 1904, ii. 98 _seqq._

[580] There is historical proof for the existence of confraternities of
the Holy Rosary in the second half of the fifteenth century. That founded
in Cologne in 1474 by Prior Jacob Sprenger, O.P., was celebrated. TH.
ESSER, _U.L. Fr. Rosenkranz_, Paderborn, 1889, 289. It was confirmed by
Sixtus IV. in 1478. _Kirchenlexikon_, x., 2nd ed. 1281.

[581] _Kirchenlexikon_, viii. 2nd ed. 818; Brev. Rom. Dom i., Oct. lectio
7-9. On the 5th August takes place the local feast of Our Lady of the
Snows, “Maria ad Nives,” in the basilica of Sta. Maria Maggiore in Rome.
As the office has been incorporated in the Breviary, a short account of
it may be justified in this place. Pope Liberius erected a basilica on
the Esquiline, on the site of Livia’s market, which was called after him
“Liberiana.” In the next century, Sixtus III. restored the church and
changed its title, dedicating it to the Mother of God (_Lib. Pont._,
Liberius, No. 52, Xystus III., No. 63). From henceforth it was known as
“Basilica S. Mariæ,” at the present day, Sta. Maria Maggiore. The miracle
of the snow is not mentioned in any of the original documents, but
only in mediæval writings. The 5th August may have been the day of the
dedication of the basilica. See GRISAR, _Gesch. Roms._, i. 153 A. 1. The
legend of the translation of the Holy House of Loreto (10th Dec.) will
not stand historical investigation. According to trustworthy accounts,
pilgrims to Nazareth already in the eighth century found the holy house
there no longer, but only a church on the site where it had stood.
ADAMNAN, _De Locis Sanctis_, 2, 26; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxxviii. 304.
ANTONINUS PLAC., _Itinerarium_, c. 5, in GEYSER, _Itinerarium Hieros._,
161, 197; NICEPHORUS CALL., (_Hist. Eccl._, 8, 30), names Helena as
the foundress of the church built on the spot where the house of the
Anunnciation had stood. See L. DE FEIS, _La Santa Casa di Loreto ed il
Santuario di Nazareth_, Florence, 1904.

[For Our Lady’s feasts as observed in England, see Fr. Bridgett, _op.
cit._, chap. vi. For what may be urged in favour of the Holy House of
Loreto, see an article by the Rev. G. E. Phillips, S.J., in the _Ushaw
Magazine_, March 1908. Trans.]

[582] PFÜLF, _Die Verehrung des hl. Joseph in der Geschichte_, in Stimmen
aus Maria-Laach, xxxviii (1890), 117, _et seqq._ _Révue Bénédictine_,
xiv. 1897, 106 _seqq._, 145 _seqq._, 203 _seqq._ _Le Développement Hist.
du Culte de St Joseph._

[583] _De Syn._, iii. c. 15, 220 _et seqq._

[584] _Script. Vet. Nova Coll._, iv. 15, _et seqq._

[585] “In Antioch. natalis Josephi,” _Codex Epternac._

[586] Printed in the _Analecta Bolland._, i. 19.

[587] _Révue Bénédictine_, xiv. (1897) iii. _seqq._ and 145 _seqq._

[588] _Ib._, 145 _seqq._

[589] PANVINIUS _Vita Sixti IV._, in the continuation to Platina.

[590] GROTEFEND, _Handbuch der Chronol._, ii. _passim_.

[591] PROCOPIUS, _De Ædif._, i. 3.

[592] _De Hær._, 79.

[593] PANVINIUS, _op. cit._

[594] See the article “Anna” by Schegg, and “Joachim” by Jocham in the
_Kirchenlexikon_, 2nd ed., i. and vi. Trithemius wrote a tract on the
worship of St Anne in 1484.

[595] BAILLET, v. 363.

[596] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxix. 1023; _Sermo de S. Matth._, Acta SS.
Boll., 3 Febr. 487.

[597] _Opera S. Leonis I._; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lv. 57; lxxiv. 1168
under No. 33.

[598] BELETH, _Rationale Div. Off._ c. 124; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, ccii.
131.

[599] SOCR., _Hist. Eccl._, i. 16: μνήμη τῶν ἀποστόλων.

[600] EUSEB., _Vita Const._, 4, 71.

[601] Theophanes, Nicephorus, etc. MURALT, _Chron. Byz._, i. 197.

[602] Edited in Greek by Usener in the Bonn _Lektionskatalog_ for 1877.

[603] DUCHESNE, _Origines_, 255.

[604] GREGOR, Nyss. _Opera_; MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, xlvi. 725, 787.

[605] AMBROS., _De Virg._ c. 19, No. 124: “Dies factus est Petrus, dies
Paulus ideoque hodie natali eorum Spiritus Sanctus increpuit dicens,
etc.” MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xvi. 299.

[606] _Hom._, 68-73 and _Sermo_, 66-69; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lvii.

[607] AUGUSTIN., _Sermo_, 295, c. 8; 296, c. 1.

[608] See my article “Petrus und Paulus” in the _Katholik_, 1887, i.
11-39.

[609] CHRYSOSTOM, _Opera_, ed. Montfaucon, ii. 1.

[610] PRUDENTIUS, _Perist._, 12, 2: “Romam per omnem cursitant orantque;”
v. 52: “Aspice per bifidas plebs Romula funditur plateas,” and especially
v. 63: “Transtiberina prius solvit sacra pervigil sacerdos, Mox huc
recurrit duplicatque vota.”

[611] _Sermo_, 84, al. 81 of Leo the Great is entitled: In Octavis SS.
apostolorum. See AMALARIUS, _De Off. Eccl._, 3, 36.

[612] _Hist. Eccl._, 2, 16, ed. Vales, 518. THEOPHANES, ad an. 492.

[613] Among the Calendars published by Seldenius (_De Synedriis III._, c.
15) one contains it, another on 27th June has “Planctus Pauli” (see p.
212), and the third (p. 241) has another martyr called Basamon. Binterim
is mistaken in thinking the feast is absent from no ancient Calendar
(_Denkw._, v. 383).

[614] Eudocia lived as a widow at Jerusalem, 450-455, and died there. She
had previously visited Jerusalem in 438. MURALT, _Chron. Byz._, i. 47, 68.

[615] A priest of this church, called Philip, was papal legate at the
Council of Ephesus.

[616] DE ROSSI, _Inscr. Chr._, ii. 1, 110, 134, 164. GRISAR, _Gesch.
Roms._, i. 172, pt. I. Other witnesses for the existence of St Peter’s
chain at Rome are ARATOR, _Acta Apost._, i. 1067; JUSTINIAN, _Epist._, in
Labbe-Cossart, iv. 1416; GREGOR M., _Epist._, i. 30, ix. 122, xi. 53, etc.

[617] SIGEBERT of Gemblours mentions the event _ad ann._ 969. MIGNE,
_Patr. Lat._, clx. 191.

[618] It is not in the Kalendarium Gothicum, the Neapolitan Calendar, nor
in that of Charlemagne belonging to 781 (ed. Piper), nor in the Greek
menologies of Basil and Constantinople.

[619] _Römische Quartalschrift_, 1901, 244 _seqq._ Ranke is much mistaken
in thinking that Bede celebrated the conversion of St Paul “in the
ancient manner” on 30th June. See BEDA, _Martyrol._, ed. Migne, _Patr.
Lat._, xciv. 962.

[620] HIERON. _De Vir. Ill._, c. 7, _Chron. Pasch._ The FASTI IDAT. and
THEOD. LECTOR (_Hist. Eccl._, 2, 61) agree in giving the 3rd March as the
date.

[621] Edited by Usener from a Parisian MS. of the ninth to twelfth
century, in _Anal. Boll._, xiii. 373-78. See the author’s art., “Zur
Gesch. des Aposels Andreas,” in the _Katholik_, 1906, vol. iii.

[622] Printed by Mombritius & Surius in Latin only. C. Chr. Woog (Lips.,
1749) published the Greek text. MORCELLI, _Menol. Const._, i. 245, and
TISCHENDORF, _Acta Apost. Apocr._, Lips., 1861, 105 _seqq._ The πράξεις
τοῦ Ἀνδρέου καὶ Ματθεία (_op. cit._, 432 _seqq._) are full of childish
legends.

[623] _Passio S. Artemii auctore Johanne mon._, c. 16. MIGNE, _Patr.
Gr._, xcvi., 1266. PAULINUS NOL., _Poema_, 19, 33. See also the
_Enconium S. Lucæ_, printed for the first time in the August number of
the _Jahrbuch für protest. Theologie_ for 1890, by Ph. MEYER, and ABU’L
BARAKAT, _Oriens Chr._, Rome, 1902, 337, No. 6. _Tüb. Quartalsch._, 1905,
596 _et seqq._

[624] See the Calendar in SELDENIUS, _De Synedriis Hebr._, and that given
by Mai.

[625] VENANTIUS FORT., _Carmina_, 8, 6. See _Kirchenlexikon_, iii., 2nd
ed., 774, art. “Compostela,” by Hefele.

[626] NOTKER BALBULUS, ad VIII. Kal. Aug., says: “Iussu Herodis regis
decollatus est Hierosolymis.... Hujus ossa ad Hispanias translata.”
MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxxi. 1125.

[627] Pope Innocent I. flatly denies that any apostle had founded the
Church of Spain. _Epist. ad Decentium_, 25, c. 2: “Aut legant, si in his
provinciis alius apostolorum invenitur, etc.” MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xx.
552.

[628] Edited by Duchesne in _Acta SS. Nov._, vol. ii., pars. 1, 96.

[629] [And also on the 25th May.—Trans.]

[630] HIERON., _De Vir. Ill._, c. 2.

[631] For the proof of this, see the Author’s art. in the _Katholik_,
1887, i. 23.

[632] MORCELLI, i. 168. He can only produce as evidence the Calendars of
Reichenau and Rheinau, but they are sufficient for his purpose.

[633] The _Hieronymianum_ at least says so on the 27th December:
“Adsumptio S. Johannis Evangelistæ apud Ephesum et _ordinatio_
episcopatus S. Jacobi fratris Domini qui ab apostolis primus ex Judaeis
Hierosolymis episcopus est ordinatus.”

[634] THEODOSIUS (530 _circ._), _De Situ Terræ Sanctæ_, ed. Vindob.,
1898, 142, 174. VENANTIUS FORT., _Carmina_, 8, 6.

[635] So the Chronographer of 354. The _Hieronymianum_ in its oldest
recension (Weissenburg) has the entry: “In Africa natalis S. Philippi
Apostoli, Jacobi, Quintiani, etc.” The recensions of Echternach and Metz
have: “Natalis SS. Apostolorum Philippi et Jacobi,” and the incorrect
addition in Africa is transferred to another place.

[636] _Liber Pont._, ed. Duchesne, i. 303, 306, note 2.

[637] MORCELLI, ii. 97, gives more particulars. The name Manna implies
that the substance was white—probably the salt which gathers upon walls.

[638] _Op. cit._, i. 167 _et seq._

[639] BAUMSTARK, _Röm. Quartalschrift._, 1899, 314.

[640] There is no explanation of the entry on the 24th June, “VIII. Kal.
Jul. Natalis dormitionis S. Joannis Apost. et Evang. in Epheso.” The view
of those who ascribed the death of a martyr to St John on the grounds of
St Mark x. 39 has never found much support. See SCHANZ, _Kommentar zu
Joh._, 332.

[641] _De Præser._, c. 36.

[642] ABDIAS, _De Historia Certaminis Apostolorum Libri X._, GUTSCHMID
(_Kleine Schriften_, ii. 364-372), considers the author of the _Acta
Simonis_ _et Judæ_ contained in this history is familiar with Persian
customs and lived in the ante-Nicene period. Gutschmid adds that both
apostles preached in Armenia, A.D. 39-47, which was then subject to
Persia, and fancies he can discover allusions to the civil war waged by
the two Persian kings, Vardanes and Gotarzes. In the history Vardanes was
favourable to Greek customs and had been visited by Apollonius of Tyana.

[643] Suana is mentioned by Claud. Ptolem., 5, 13, § 119, as situated in
Greater Armenia. The Suani were a Caucasian tribe. See MURALT, _Chron.
Byz._, i. 85, 150, 211, 218, 250.

[644] _Chron. Pasch._, ed. Bonn, 471; see also 432, and _Cal. Calcasendi_
in Seldenius.

[645] Card. RAMPOLLA, _De Authentico Rom. Pontificis Magisterio_, in
_La Papauté et les Peuples_, ii., Paris, 1900, 8-48. ANDRIES, _Cathedra
Romana, etc._, Mainz, 1872. KELLNER, _Verfassung Lehramt u. Unfehlbarkeit
d. Kirche_, Kempten, 1873.

[646] BENEDICT XIV. (_Opera ined. Heiner_, 65-67) deals with the question
whether the feast commemorates St Peter’s ordination, or the day of his
arrival in Rome, or the foundation of the Roman Church, etc. His history
of the feast is based upon antiquated material, and the greater part of
the treatise is occupied with the proof that St Peter had visited Rome.

[647] MARQUARDT MOMMSEN, _Röm. Staatsverwaltung_, iii., 2nd ed., 311
_seqq._

[648] Such exclamations as “Bene vos! Bene te patriæ pater, Optime
Cæsar!” were common. OVID, _Fasti_, 2, 616-638. VALERIUS MAX., 2, 1, 8.
MARTIAL., 9, 54. BONGHI, _Die römischen Feste_, translated by Ruhemunn,
Vienna, 1892, 41.

[649] TERTULLIAN., _De Idol._, c. 10.

[650] AUGUSTIN., _Sermo_, 190, 191; _Opera_, v.

[651] See the second Council of Tours, A.D. 567, can. 22.

[652] _Rationale div. off._, c. 83. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, ccii. 87.

[653] GREG. I., _Epist. ad Mellitum_, 11, 76 al.; 9, 71. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, lxxvii. 1215. Statements to the same effect are found in
AUGUSTIN., _Epist._, 47; THEODORET, _De Græc. aff. cur._, 8; SIDONIUS
AP., _Epist._, 4, 15.

[654] Edited by Henschen, _Acta SS. Boll. Junii VII._; MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, xiii.; and recently by Mommsen in the _Corpus Inscr. Lat._, tit. i.

[655] The bishops of Sedunum attended the Councils of Maçon, and
belonged, at a later date, to the province of the Tarantaise. WILTSCH,
_Kirchl. Geographie u. Statistik_, i. 323, 355.

[656] MABILLON, _De Lit. Gall._, ii. 23. MIGNE, lxxii. 182; see also 472,
and DUCHESNE, _Origines du Culte Chrétien_, 266 _et seq._

[657] _Spicilegium_, t. ii.; see _infra_, p. 401.

[658] RANKE, VI. xxx.

[659] According to the edition of DE ROSSI and DUCHESNE in the _Acta SS.
Boll._, we find on the 20th Jan., XV. Kal. Febr., in the Weissenburg
Codex: “Dedicatio Cathedra (sic) S. Petri Apostoli, qua primo Romæ Petrus
Apostolus sedit.” Epternach Codex: “Depositio S. Mariæ et Cathedra Petri
in Roma.” The Bern Codex is imperfect here. On the 22nd February, VIII.
Kal. Mart., the Weissenburg Codex has: “Natale S. Petri Apostoli Cathedra
quam sedit apud Antiochia” (sic). The Epternach has: “Cathedra Petri in
Antioc. et Romæ.” The Bern Codex: “Cathedra S. Petri Apostoli quam sedit
apud Antiochiam.”

[660] BINTERIM & MOOREN, _Die Erzdiözese Köln im Mittelalter_, i., 2nd
ed., 528.

[661] _Bullarium_, ed. Lux., i. 832.

[662] See BÄUMER, 510.

[663] CLEMENTIS ROM., _Recogn_., 10, 70. For a different opinion, see FR.
X. KRAUS, in the third appendix to his _Roma Sott._, and MARUCCHI, who
wrongly considers the feast of the 22nd February commemorated the Vatican
chair of St Peter and that of the 18th January his chair at the Ostrian
Cemetery. Unfortunately the latter feast was unknown in Rome before the
16th century.

[664] Concerning this point, see SCHANZ, _Kommentar zu Matthäus_, 504;
_Markus_, 417; _Lukas_, 251.

[665] CLEMENTIS ROM., _Recogn._, 3, 68.

[666] According to Duchesne, it is the work of a student of Magdalen
College, Oxford, called Rabanus, and belongs to the year 1456. RIETSCH,
10. The work is printed in Migne, _Patr. Gr._, i. 112.

[667] MURALT, _Chron. Byz._, i. 468, 477.

[668] MORCELLI, i. 101, 288 note. Baumstark communicated to the _Röm.
Quartalschrift_, 1900, 310, a Syrian text independent of the Byzantine
tradition, which mentioned Citium as the place of Lazarus’ burial.

[669] EBNER, _Inter Ital._, Freiburg, 1896, 292, 5, 14, 104, etc.

[670] GREGOR. TUR., _De Gloria Mart._, c. 30. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
lxxi. 731. MODESTUS in _Photius_, _Bibl._, cod. 275; ed. Bekker, § 11.
ANONYMUS, in _Vita Willibaldi_, c. 5. MABILLON, _Vitæ SS. Ord. Bened._,
iii., 2, 384. TILLEMONT, _Hist. Eccl._, i. 4.

[671] GLYCAS, _Ann._, 4, 198; ed. Bonn, 554. ZONARAS, 16, 12, § 11, _op.
cit._

[672] See Sdralek, art. “Translation” in KRAUS’ _Realenzykl_., and
ACHELIS, _Die Martyrologien_, 74-76. The editors of the _Monumenta
Germaniæ_ are fully alive to the value of incidents of this kind for the
history of any period.

[673] JAFFÉ (_Reg. R.P._) is doubtful as to its authenticity.

[674] _Synodus S. Symmacho_, 499. THIEL., _Ep. Rom. Pont._, 653. _Lib.
Pontif._, ed. Duchesne, i. 305, 307. VENANTIUS FORT., _Miscellanea_, i.
20; 8, 6.

[675] PASCHALIS I., _Epist._, i. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cii. 1086.

[676] Printed in RUINART, _Acta Mart._, 633. The Calendar of
Münsterbilsen in BINTERIM is mentioned further on, page 411.

[677] Pope Symmacus is called “papa urbis” by Avitus in the inscription
of one of his letters. THIEL, _Epistolæ Romanorum Pontificum_, 730. In
an inscription in the catacombs the pope describes himself as: “Ego,
Damasus, urbis Romæ Episcopus.”

[678] GRISAR, art. “Liberius” in the _Kirchenlexikon_, vii., 2nd ed.,
1945, and J. WITTIG, _Papst Damasus: Röm. Quartalschrift_, 1902, 77-86.

[679] DESSAU and VON ROHDEN, _Prosographia Imperii Rom._, iii., Berlin,
1897, 349.

[680] See NORIS, _Cenotaphia Pisana_, Venet. 1781, 431 _et seq._, and
MURATORI, _Dissertatio_, i. and ii., in the _Opera S. Paulini Nol._
MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxi. 779 _et seqq._

[681] PAULINUS NOL., _Poema_, 21; v. 60-80, 210-215, 285-290, refer to
the father; v. 314-324, to the son Turcius Asterius. See MURATORI, _op.
cit._

[682] _Cf._ my articles in the _Tüb. Quartalschr._, 1902, 237 _seqq._;
1903, 321 _seqq._; 1905, 258 _seqq._ Fr. Hippolyte Delahaye, in
the _Analecta Bollandiana_ (xxii. 1903, 86 _seq._), when reviewing
my articles, characterised my statements as “trop ingenieuses” and
“fragiles,” without, however, being able to adduce any arguments on the
other side. My first opponent, Dr Kirsch, was at least sufficiently
fortunate as to ferret out a misprint. The sole attempt to overthrow my
conclusions reduces itself to the remark that the “Depositio Martyrum”
is not an exhaustive catalogue of all the Roman martyrs who had suffered
previously to its compilation. I never said it was. But did it not
contain all the _martyres recogniti_ in Rome at the commencement of the
fourth century (_cf._ below, page 350, for Mommsen’s remarks on this
point), it would be a worthless piece of paper from which nothing could
be gathered. Fr. Delahaye seems not to understand that, in dealing with
material of this kind, it is of the utmost importance to start with
what is actually known of the Roman officials and governments of the
period. When he scornfully criticises my work as “trop ingenieux,” I
must say that on my part I have found nothing in his obscure ex cathedra
assertions to upset the date given above to the martyrdom of St Cecilia.
[See LIGHTFOOT, _Apostolic Fathers_, pt. ii. vol. i. 516-522, for a
discussion on St Cecilia’s martyrdom.—Trans.]

[683] NILLES (_Kalendarium_), who usually pays no regard to his reader’s
desire for information on disputed questions, is entirely silent
concerning St Catherine. On the other hand, Kaulen has been satisfied
with following the much criticised article by PFÜLF (_Kirchenlexikon_,
vii². 335), an imperfect piece of work.

[684] _Carmina_, 22-24, ed. Ughelli, _Ital. S._, 10, 47. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, cxlvii. 1240 _seqq._

[685] See PETRUS DAM., _Epist._, 8, 5. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxliv. 471.

[686] Ἐγκώμιον ἐις τοὺς ἁγίους πάντας ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ μαρτυρήσαντες
MIGNE, _Patr. Gr._, l. 706-712.

[687] _Liber Pont._, ed. Duchesne, i. 317: “Fecit ecclesiam B. Mariæ
semper virginis et omnium martyrum.” See BEDE, _Hist. Angl._, 2, 4;
PAULUS DIAC., _Hist. Long._, 4, 37; RORBACHER-RUMP, _Kirchengesch._, x.
107 _seqq._

[688] _Liber Pont._, ed. Duchesne, i. 417.

[689] _Id. op._, i. 419. BIANCHINI, 200.

[690] BELETH, _Rationale_, 127. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, ccii. PROBST
(_Kirchenlexikon_, i., 2nd ed., art. “Allerheiligen”) is incorrect in
some of his statements concerning the parts played by Gregory III. and
Gregory IV.

[691] ADO, _Martyrol._, Kal. Nov.: “In Galiis monente s. record. Gregorio
pontifice piissimus Ludovicus imperator omnibus regni et imperii sui
episcopis consentientibus statuit, ut solemniter festivitas omnium
sanctorum in prædicta die annuatim perpetuo ageretur.” MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, cxxiii. 387. Sigebert Gembl. gives the year of its introduction:
“Monente Gregorio papa et omnibus episcopis assentientibus Ludovicus imp.
statuit, ut in Gallia et Germania festivitas omnium sanctorum in Kal.
Nov. celebraretur, quam Romani ex institutione Bonifatii papæ celebrant.”
_Chron._, ad ann. 835. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, clx. 159.

[692] NAT. ALEXANDER, _Hist. Eccl._, 8, 23; ed. Paris, 1699.

[693] See ISIDORI, _Reg. Mon._, c. 24, No. 2. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
lxxxiii. 894. A mass for the dead was to be celebrated for all the
departed on the day after Pentecost.

[694] Printed in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxlii. 1038, from the _Bibl.
Cluniac._, 338.

[695] _Consuet. Farf._; ed. Albers, 124 (where it is enjoined that the
masses be applied for all souls). _Consuet. of the Carthusians_, by Guigo
(† 1137), c. 11. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, clii. 655.

[696] BINTERIM, _Denkw._, v. 494.

[697] BINTERIM and MOOREN, _Die Erzdiözese Köln_, i., 2nd ed., 536.
The archivium of St Peter’s in Aix-la-Chapelle possesses a martyrology
belonging to the monastery of the “Kreuzherren,” formerly existing there.
It dates from 1382, and is preceded by a calendar. In this All Souls’ Day
does not appear, neither do St Peter’s Chair on the 18th January, nor St
Gereon and his companions; the eleven thousand virgins are mentioned, but
without St Ursula.

[698] BEROLDUS, 222 _seqq._ (ed. Magistretti). Magistretti is plainly
mistaken when he says the Church of Milan was the first to follow the
example of St Odilo.

[699] SOZOMENUS, _Hist. Eccl._, 2, 3. THEOPHANES, _Chronogr._, 18, ed.
Bonn, 33. PROCOP., _De Acclif._, i. 9. NICEPHORUS, _Hist. Eccl._, 7, 50.

[700] MORCELLI, i. 219, and _Acta SS. Boll._, _loc. cit._, 57.

[701] EPIPHANIUS, _Hær._, 21, and THEODORET on _Col._ ii. 18, speak of
the heresy in question. See THOMASSIN, 440.

[702] AMBROSIUS, _Epist._, 21 (11). HILARIUS, _Hom. in Matth._ xxviii.,
and on _Psalms_ 119 and 137. See BAILLET, vi. 2, 404-413.

[703] _Sacram. Leon._ MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lv. 103.

[704] This addition is also found in a missal at Padua belonging to the
ninth century. See EBNER, _Iter Ital._, 127.

[705] _Lib. Pont._, ed. Duchesne, i. 262: “intra civitatem,” and the note.

[706] _Acta SS. Boll._, Sept. tit. viii. ADO, _Mart._, 29th Sept. It
stood, according to Ado, in summitate circi, according to Baronius:
circuli molis Hadriani, _i.e._ on the terrace of the Castle of St Angelo.

[707] _Cf._ Lectionary of Silos.

[708] SPELMAN, _Conc._, i. 520.

[709] As, for example, in the ninth century Calendars of Stablo and
Cologne. Notker Balbulus is ignorant of the church on the Via Salaria,
but gives the story of Monte Gargano on the 29th September. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, cxxxi. 1154.

[710] It is the same with the missals of Ivrea and Florence in EBNER,
_Iter Ital._, 28 and 52.

[711] See SCHROD., art. “Schutzengelfest” in the _Kirchenlexikon_, x.,
2nd ed., 2015. The Spanish calendars printed in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
lxxxv. and lxxxvi., have not the Festival of the Guardian Angels.

[712] MARZOHL and SCHNELLER, iv. 707 note.

[713] TILLEMONT, _Hist. des Emp._, iv., art. ix. 251 _et seq._ Also 93,
art. lxii.

[714] NICEPH. CALL., _Hist. Eccl._, 8, 31. TILLEMONT, _Mém._, vii., art.
viii. 8.

[715] THEOPHANES, _Chronogr._, ed. Bonn, i. 37-40.

[716] AMBROSIUS, _De Obitu Theod._, c. 40. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xvi.
1399. PAULINUS NOL., _Epist. ad Severum_. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxi. 326.
THEODORET, _Hist. Eccl._, i. 18.

[717] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxiv. 374: “Via Lavicana S. Helenæ, matris
Constantini imperatoris.” The place of her first burial was the present
Torre Pignattara.

[718] [She appears, however, in the supplement to both the Breviary and
Missal. Trans.]

[719] MARUCCHI, _Nuovo Bull. di Arch. Christ._, iv. 163, takes the
opposite view.

[720] _Vita Constant._, 3, 25.

[721] _Op. cit._, cc. 26-28.

[722] _Op. cit._, cc. 33-40.

[723] _Op. cit._, cc. 42, 43.

[724] In this he says that wonderful things have taken place at the
Lord’s sepulchre during his own life-time. In Constantine’s letter to
Macarius also the references are expressed in general terms.

[725] SOCRATES, _Hist. Eccl._, i. 17. SOZOMENUS, 2, 1. THEODORET, i. 18.
THEOPHANES, _Chronogr._, i., ad ann. m. 5817, Chr. 317. CHRYSOSTOM., _In
Joann._, 84. RUFIN., _Hist. Eccl._, i. 8. SULPICIUS SEV., 2, 34.

[726] _Epist. ad Severum_, 21, 5.

[727] _Excerpta Lat. Barbari_, ed. Frick, 359. THEOPHANES gives a
still earlier date, _i.e._ 5817 of the world = 317 A.D. He also places
the death of Macarius and Helena in the same year as the discovery of
the cross. In the _Excerpta Barbari_ we find the words πρὸ ἡ καλανδῶν
Δεκεμβρίων, but this must be an error, for immediately afterwards follows
ὅ ἐστι Θώθ ιζ’. THOTH coincides with September, not with December.
See SCHOENE, _Euseb. Chron._, i. 234. The _Liber Pontificalis_, “Vita
Euseb.,” i. 167, places the finding of the cross on the 3rd May 310; but
this is obviously a mistake.

[728] DUCHESNE, _Lib. Pont._, i., preface, cviii.

[729] _Peregr. Silviæ_, c. 48, ed. Geyer, 74 cod.

[730] GEYER, _Itin. Hierosol._, 149.

[731] ARCULF in Adamnanus, _De Locis Sanctis_, 3, 3; _ib._ 287.

[732] MURALT, _Chronogr. Byz._, i., 272, 286. THEOPHANES, ed. Bonn, i.
504, ad ann. 6120. _Chron. Pasch._, ed. Bonn, i. 704, ad ann. 6122,
relates only the carrying away of the cross, and then concludes.

[733] The _Menologium Constantinopolitarium_ has an “Adoratio Pretiosæ
Crucis” on 31st July, the meaning of which is not stated. MORCELLI, i. 63.

[734] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxii. 285, 511.

[735] See the new edition by Wilson.

[736] The text of DE ROSSI and DUCHESNE in _Act. SS._ (54). A better word
would have been “recuperatio.”

[737] EBNER, _Quellen und Forschungen zur Gesch. des Missale_, _etc._,
Freiburg, 1896, 123. In addition to these two festivals in honour of the
Holy Cross, the Egyptians and Abyssinians celebrate one on the 6th March,
“Manifestatio S. Crucis per Heraclium Imp.,” instead of the 3rd May. See
the _Synaxaria_ in SELDENIUS and MAI.

[738] MAGISTRETTI, _op. cit._, 141.

[739] DUCHESNE, _Origines_, 113-137.

[740] EBNER (_Iter. Italicum_, 381) proves against Probst that the letter
deals not with an antiquated rite, but with the rite then actually in use
in Rome.

[741] _Epist. Hadr._, 49; _Cod. Carol._, 72. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xcviii.
435. The oldest of the numerous existing MSS. is the Codex Ottobonianus
313 (ninth century), originally belonging to Paris. The codex in the
library of the seminary at Mainz is of the middle of the ninth century.
In the Cathedral Library at Cologne are two codices, No. 137 belonging to
the end of the ninth century, and No. 88 somewhat more recent.

[742] Printed together in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxii., from the edition
of Mabillon. [See E. Bishop’s art. on the “Earliest Roman Mass-book,”
_Dublin Review_, Oct. 1894. Trans.]

[743] BINTERIM, _Denkw._, v. 18 _et seq._ HONTHEIM, _Prodromus_, i. 358.

[744] See the author’s article in the _Tüb. Quartalschrift_, 1905,
590-608.

[745] _E.g._, the Ordinarium of the diocese of Rouen, etc., in MIGNE,
_Patr. Lat._, cxlvii. 157; the _Consuetudines Avellanenses_, _ib._ cli.

[746] See Appendix xi.

[747] _Regula ad monachos._ MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxviii. 396.

[748] “Ut ad capitulum primitus martyrologium legatur et dicatur versus,
deinde regula aut homilia quælibet legatur, deinde a ‘Tu autem’ dicatur”
(HARDOUIN, _Conc._, iv. 1232).

[749] LEO ALLATIUS, _De Libris Eccl. Græcorum_, Romæ, 1645, 78, 82, 91.
DANIEL, _Cod. Lit._, iv. 320 _et seq._

[750] With regard to the Chronograph of 354, Leipzig, 1850, 581, the
title runs: Hic continentur dies nataliciorum martyrum et depositiones
episcoporum, quos ecclesia Carthaginis anniversaria celebrat.

[751] The statement in TEUFFEL (_Gesch. der Röm. Literatur_, iv. 118)
that everything savouring of heathen superstition is omitted, is
incorrect.

[752] W. WRIGHT, in _Journal of Sacred Literature_, October 1865 and
January 1866. A better edition is given by DUCHESNE, _Acta SS. Boll._,
Nov. II. 1, lii.-lxv., under the title: Breviarium Syriacum. [It is
perhaps only fair to add that all scholars are not agreed upon the Arian
character of this document. Trans.]

[753] PHILOSTORGIUS, _Hist. Eccl._, 4, 7, _passim_.

[754] LE QUIEN, _Oriens Christ._, ii. 718.

[755] _Op. cit._, ii. 1107 and 1237.

[756] SOZOMENUS, _Hist. Eccl._, 2, 13, 14.

[757] LE QUIEN, _Oriens Christ._, ii. 1102. NESTLE, _Theol.
Literaturztg._, 1894, No. 2, 43.

[758] SAMUEL ANIAN., ed. Mai, 43.

[759] See H. ACHELIS, _Die Martyrologien, ihre Geschichte und ihr Wert_,
Berlin, 1900, 61.

[760] The Bononia mentioned on the 30th December is not Bologna, but
Bononia in Mœsia, now Widdin, to which, according to other documents,
the martyr Hermes also belonged. The town of Tomi, now Kustendsche, was
called Constantia at the end of the fourth century, but in this document
and in Peutinger’s table it appears under its old name. Constantinople
(11th May) and Byzantium (19th May) appear side by side, which marks the
date when this document was drawn up. Babiduna is a slip for Noviodunum
in Mœsia, now Isaktscha.

[761] See ACHELIS, _op. cit._, 33 _et seq._, for the connection between
the Arian martyrology and the _Hieronymianum_.

[762] DUCHESNE, _Acta SS. Boll._, Nov. II., lviii. It is better to say
from the 8th to the 30th than from the 6th to the 30th; for Tirinus
and his sixteen companions are not to be found in the _Hieronymianum_,
and, instead of Arius on 6th June, the Bern Codex has: In Alexandria
Arthoci; the Epternach has Artotis; and the Weissenburg, Ari-thoti. It is
impossible to say whether these names are intended for Arius or not.

[763] See TILLEMONT, _Mém._, vi. 8, art. xxv.

[764] According to the view of DUCHESNE and ACHELIS, the 6th July was the
day of his death. In this case the year would be 335.

[765] The name Eusebius occurs very frequently in this calendar, both
with and without distinguishing additions.

[766] CHRYS., _Hom._, i. 291.

[767] _Hist. Eccl._, 6, 39, 4.

[768] It is printed in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xviii. 878.

[769] Nos autem pæne omnium martyrum distinctis per dies singulos
passionibus collecta in uno codice nomina habemus atque cotidianis
diebus in eorum veneratione missarum solemnia agimus. Non tamen in eodem
volumine quis qualiter sit passus indicatur, sed tantummodo nomen,
locus et dies passionis ponitur. Unde fit, ut multi ex diversis terris
atque provinciis per dies, ut prædixi, singulos cognoscantur martyrio
coronati.—GREG. M., _Registrum_, 8, 29.

[770] The passage is capable of receiving various interpretations. See
DUCHESNE, _Prolegg. ad Mart. Hieron. in Acta SS._, Nov. II. xi., xlvii.
The words are as follows: “Passiones martyrum legite constanter, quas
inter alia in epistola S. Hieronymi ad Chromatium et Heliodorum destinta
procul dubio reperietis, qui per totum orbem terrarum floruere, ut sancta
invitatio vos provocans ad cœlestia regna perducat.” CASSIODOR., _Instit.
Div. Lit._, 32. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxx. 1147.

[771] BEDA, _Liber Retractionis in Acta Ap._, c. i. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
xcii. 997: Liber martyrologii, qui B. Hieronymi nomine ac præfatione
intitulatur, quamvis Hieronymus illius libri non auctor sed interpres,
Eusebius autem auctor exstitisse videatur.

[772] HILDUIN., _Epist. ad Ludov. Pium._ MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cvi. 19.

[773] [Since the appearance of the second edition of Dr Kellner’s
_Heortologie_, a work of the first importance on the Roman martyrology
has been published, _Les martyrologes historiques du moyen âge, par Don.
Henri Quentin, bénédictin de Solesmes_, Paris, 1908, Lecoffre. Trans.]

[774] B. KRUSCH (_Neues Archiv für ältere deutsche Gesch._, xx. [1895]
437-440 and xxvi. [1901] 349-389) is in favour of Autun as the place of
its origin. But what is gained?

[775] GRISAR (_Gesch. Roms._, 291) thinks it may belong to the time of
Xystus III. (433-446).

[776] Aug. Urbain has attempted to reconstruct the original Martyrologium
Romanum, as it was at the end of the fifth century from the
_Hieronymianum_ HARNACK: _Texte und Unters._, vi. 3, Leipzig, 1901.

[777] Martyrs of the name of Felix, number 118, Saturniuus 86, Januarius
68, Donatus 64, Cajus 40, Alexander 42, Lucian 28, etc. Similarly the
common feminine names and Thecla. Afra occurs four times. Strange
sounding names are found everywhere: _e.g._ Piperion, Prunimus,
Tipecirus, Herifilius, Manira, Itercola, Eunuculus, and Eununculus,
Barbalabia, etc. We are, however, ignorant of the names which the wealthy
Romans were wont to give to their slaves.

[778] See GREGOR. TURON., _Mirac._, i. 63. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxxi. 762.

[779] ACHELIS sees in the phrase “in Africa” a reference to the massacres
of Christians by the Vandals. See 101, _seqq._

[780] ACHELIS gives examples, 209, 242, etc.

[781] ACHELIS, 115-118, has collected together 68 instances, which he has
analysed critically and historically as far as possible.

[782] The entries respecting St Gereon and his companions may serve as
an example. St Ursula and Palmatius with the “innumerabiles trevirenses”
have no existence in the _Hieronymianum_. viii. Id. Oct. (8th October):—

          BERNE          |EPTERNACH                |WEISSENBURG
                         |                         |
    Nothing.             |  Agrippin. sct. Gereon  |  Nothing.
                         |et aliorum cccxcii. mart.|
                         |                         |
    vii. Id. Oct. Gereon |  Et alibi Cassi, eusebi,|  Coloniæ Agrippine
  cum sociis suis        |florenti, jocundi;       |nat. sctorum cccxvii.
  trecentorum decim et   |Agrippinæ depos. scor.   |quorum nomina Deus
  vii martirum quorum    |mart. mart. maurorum cum |scit.
  nomina Deus scit.      |alis cccxxx.             |
                         |                         |
    vi. Id. Oct. Et      |  Nothing.               |  Et alibi ... Heracli,
  alibi Cassi, eusebi,   |                         |cassi, eusebi,
  florenti, victoris,    |                         |florenti, victoris,
  Agrippinæ mallusi      |                         |Agrippinæ mallus
  cum aliis trecentos    |                         |cum aliis cccxxx.
  xxx.                   |                         |

[783] ACHELIS, 91 _seqq._

[784] If this be the case, and it is not free from doubt, still the name
of Arius was not read out “at the altar,” as ACHELIS states (87 and 98),
for the martyrologies were not read at the altar but in the choir, and
it would have happened only were the Weissenburg Codex in use, for other
codices have different readings. The reading of the martyrology—not of
the “Passions” of the martyrs—at the choir office dates back, as far as
the evidence exists, to the ninth century. Bishop Gregorius of Corduba,
whom ACHELIS (98, note 4) places at a very early period, is not an
historical personage; he exists only in the list of bishops contained in
the letters ascribed to St Jerome.

[785] In Codex 2171 nov. acqu. of the Nat. Libr., Paris, ed. by G. Morin
in _Anecdota Maredsolana_, vol. i. 1893. _Cf._ præf., ii., viii., xiii.,
etc. [See also _Le Liber ordinum de l’Eglise d’Espagne du Vᵉ au XIᵉ
siècle_, published by Dom. M. Férotin, 1904. Trans.]

[786] JOH. SELDENIUS, _De Synedriis et Præf. Jurid. Vet. Ebreorum._,
Amstelod., 1679, lib. 3, c. 15, 204-247.

[787] F. WÜSTENFELD, _Synaxarium_, Gotha 1879. Introduction.

[788] LE QUIEN, _Oriens Christ._, ii. 453.

[789] MURALT, _Chronogr. Byz._, i. 286.

[790] LE QUIEN, _op. cit._, 452, 476.

[791] A. MAI, _Nova Collectio Veterum Script._, iv. 15-34.

[792] WÜSTENFELD, _Synaxarium_, 10, Hatur. The Patriarchs mentioned above
are also omitted.

[793] LE QUIEN, _op. cit._, ii. 479 and 445-466.

[794] When the name of St John Chrysostom occurs more than once in the
Byzantine, Egyptian, and Syrian calendars, it commemorates certain events
connected with him besides the day of his death (14th September). Such
dates are the 7th May and the 13th November, the 27th January is the day
of his return to Constantinople, _i.e._ his translation by Proclus under
Theodosius II., in 448, and is celebrated by the Greeks and Syrians. The
meaning of the other two days is unknown; See Morcelli, i. 223; ii. 41.

[795] A. MAI, _Nova Collectio Veterum Script._, iv. 92-122.

[796] WÜSTENFELD, _Synaxarium, etc._, 97.

[797] _Op. cit._, 120 _seqq._

[798] MORCELLI, _Calend. Eccl. Const._ i., 227.

[799] MORCELLI (_op. cit._, i. 15), declares it is the oldest, and older
than the Menologium Sirleti in particular.

[800] MURALT, _Chronogr. Byz._, i. 475.

[801] Both appear in the Calendar of the Syrian Church: Jacobus Zebedæi
on the 30th April, Jacobus Alphæi on the 9th October, and Jacobus frater
Domini on the 23rd October and 28th December.

[802] Printed in MORCELLI, i. 69-105.

[803] GAMS, _Series Epp._, 904.

[804] _Nova Collectio Script. Vet._, v., Romæ, 1821, 58-65.

[805] _E.g._ in Aurelian of Arles, † 553 (MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, lxviii.,
596): “In martyrum festivitatibus, etc.”

[806] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxxviii., 881. MONE, _Lat. und. Griech.
Messen aus dem 2-6 Jahrhundert_, Frankfurt, 1850.

[807] Projectus, deacon of Bishop Evasius of Asti, appears to belong
to the Lombard period, and his veneration dates from about the time of
Luitprand (713-743).

[808] _Calendarium Romanum nongentis annis antiquius_, ed. F. Joh.
Fronto, Parisiis, 1652. The title Calendarium is not well chosen.

[809] _Liber Pontif._, ed. Duchesne, i. 420.

[810] _Op. cit._, 402, Vita Gregorii, ii.

[811] _Introduction_, 98.

[812] [Much light has recently been thrown upon these calendars and their
relation to one another by Dom. Henri Quentin, _op. cit._ Trans.]

[813] BEDA, _Hist. Eccl._ iii., 24. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xcv. 290.

[814] Printed in the _Acta SS. Boll._, March, vol. ii. Both recensions
are placed side by side in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xciv. A “Kalendarium
Anglicanum” is in the same vol., 1147 _et seqq._ BEDE’S words under the
7th Feb. are remarkable: “Britaniis in Augusta natale Augusti Episcopi et
martyris.” The feast of All Saints is given on the 1st Nov. as well as
the feast on the 13th May, whose transference to the 1st Nov. only took
place later under Gregory IV. (827-844). No explanation has been given of
Andrew with 2597 companions on the 19th August.

[815] WANDELBERT, ed. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxi. 577. See also cxix. 10,
11.

[816] And the same is true of the other works mentioned: _e.g._, FLORUS
has admitted Gereon and 315 companions on the 10th October, who are
omitted by BEDE, but he knows nothing of Ursula. WANDELBERT mentions on
the 21st October flocks of virgins amounting to some thousands murdered
by the tyrant in Cologne, whose trophies adorn the banks of the Rhine.
Gereon has Cassius, Florentius, and Victor as his companions (MIGNE,
_Patr., Lat._, xciv. 1067, 1078; cxxi. 614).

[817] Edited with an introduction, English translation, and notes by
Whitley Stokes in the _Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy_, i.,
Dublin, 1880.

[818] Edited by the same under the title, _Felire hui i Gorman: The
Martyrology of Gorman_, among the publications of the Bradshaw Society,
London, 1895. See also _Analecta Boll._, xiii. 193. BELLESHEIM, _Gesch.
der kathol., Kirche in Irland_, i. 239 _seqq._

[819] DÜMMLER (_Das Martyrologium Notkers_, _etc._, in the _Forschungen
z. deutsch. Gesch._, xxv. 201), incorrectly dates it from between 860-870.

[820] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxiii. 146-178.

[821] _Ib._, 182-202.

[822] _Ib._, 292-419.

[823] _Ib._, 143, 144. Mosander, before Rosweyde, had edited the larger
Ado by itself without the smaller.

[824] “Quod ego diligenti cura _transscriptum_ ... in capite hujus libri
ponendum putavi.” _Transscriptum_ cannot be understood of mere copying
(describere) but of re-editing. The Roman Calendar makes no mention of
Old Testament names, Jeremias, Moses, etc., nor of Alban, Servatius, etc.
Accordingly this _Mart. Rom. Parvum_ has not the importance which ACHELIS
(p. 112) attributes to it.

[825] BÄUMER, 474.

[826] H. LÆMMER, _De Martyrol. Rom._, 19.

[827] BŒHMER-WILL, _Regesta Archiep. Mogunt._, i. 67, 68. The martyrology
of Rabanus is printed in MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cx.

[828] MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxxxi. 1070. See also BINTERIM, _Denkw._, v.
62. “Cujas causæ nos utpote barbari et in extremis mundi climate positi
sumus ignari.”

[829] LÆMMER, _op. cit._, 10-17.

[830] BENEDICT, xiv., _De Servorum Die Beatificatione_, i. 43, and iv.
2, 17. N. PAULUS, _Martyrolog. u Brevier als histor. Quellen_, Katholik,
1900, i. 355.

[831] [The reader will find much information bearing upon English
heortology in the following works:—_A Menology of England and Wales_, by
R. Stanton, 1887, London, Burns & Oates; _Die Heiligen Englands_, by F.
Liebermann, 1889, Hannover, Hahn; _The Bosworth Psalter_, ed. by Gasquet
and Bishop, 1908, London, Bell & Sons. Trans.]

[832] Edited by Ferd. Piper, Berlin, 1858.

[833] LANFRANC, i. 9. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cl. 472-478.

[834] HARTZHEIM, iv. 106, for A.D. 1307. The correct date, according to
Binterim, is 1307. _Conc._, vi. 118, note 1, 1308. JOERRES regards the
sixth canon as not authentic, _Röm. Quart. Schr._, 1902.

[835] HARTZHEIM, vi. 498.

[836] J. Braun (_Innsbr. Zeitschr. für Kath. Theol._, 1901, i. 155
_seqq._) contends that white was not the only liturgical colour in
antiquity, and rests his contention on some representation (not
miniatures) of the fifth to the ninth centuries in which yellow, brown
and other colours appear. But “white” is not to be taken as meaning
always “snow-white,” and the natural colour of silk and wool would border
on yellow. The representations may have grown darker through age, or been
painted over at a later date. At any rate the proofs on which he relies
are not sufficiently strong to overthrow the received view which is based
on many statements in original sources.

[837] SICARDUS, _Mitrale_, 2, 5 (MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, ccxiii. 77): In
colore pro qualitate temporis alternatur, albo utimur in resurrectione
... rubeo in pentecoste. The passage in Johannes Abrinc., _De Off. Eccl._
(MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, cxlvii., 62) is defective and obscure. It seems
only to refer to the high priest of the Old Testament.

[838] DURANDUS, _Rationale Div. Off._, 3, 18. The _Ordo Rom._ xiv., c.
49 _seqq._ of the thirteenth century mentions five colours: white, red,
green, violet and black.

[839] INNOCENT III., _De S. Alt. Myst._, i. 65; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
ccxvii., 799-802.

[840] For the history of liturgical vestments, see J. Braun, S.J., _Die
Priesterlichen Gewänder des Abendlandes_, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1897,
and a larger and more recent work by the same author, _Die Liturgische
Gewandlung im Occident u. Orient, etc._, Freiburg im Breisgau,
1907. [Also J. Wilpert, _Die Gewandlung der Christen in den ersten
Jahrhunderten_, Cologne, Bachem, 1898. Trans.]

[841] See THALHOFER, _Liturgik_, ii. 82, who points out this meaning in
Micrologus.

[842] “Sacramenta” is found, amongst others, in INNOCENT I., _Epist._,
17, c. 5, 12; 25, c. 4.

[843] TERTULL., _De Exhort. Cast._, 11; _Apol._, 2; _Ad uxor._, 2, 8; _De
Præscr._, 4; _De Virg. Vel._, 13; _De Corona_, 2; _De Carne Christi_, 2,
etc. Tertullian uses “sacrificium,” _De Cultu Fem._, 2, 11, etc. CYPRIAN,
_Epist._, 12, 2; 15, 1; _Ad Cæc._, 9 and 17, etc. AMBROSIUS, _De Obitu
Valent._, 2, 113; _In Psalm._, 38, c. 25; 118, c. 48; _Epist._, 39, 4.

[844] _De Civ. Dei_, 10, 6-20; _Cont. Faustum_, 20, 18; _Enarr. in
Psalm._, 33, c. 6; 106, c. 13; _Epist._, 54, 4; 149, 15; 159; _Sermo_,
137, 8; 310, 30; 311, 18; 345, 4, etc.

[845] BARONIUS, _Annales_, ad an. 34, c. 59.

[846] _Epist. I. ad Gundobadum_, c. i., and _Epist._, 3.

[847] _Test. De Anima_, c. 9.

[848] The formula in question runs: Ἀπολύεσθε ἐν εἰρήνῃ, _i.e._ “Depart
in peace,” or, Πορεύεσθε ἐν εἰρήνῃ, or, Ἐν εἰρήνῃ προελθῶμεν. DANIEL,
_Cod. Lit._, iv. 79, 131, 370, 449. “Ite missa est” literally means: Go,
it is the dismissal.

[849] _Peregr. Silviæ_, ed. Geyer, c. 24 _seqq._

[850] “Missa autem quæ fit ... hoc est oblatio”; the passage seems to
have been corrected. The other passage adduced by Professor Funk (_Tüb.
Theol. Quartalschr._, 1904, 56) to prove the contrary—“fit oblatio in
Anastase maturius, ita ut fiat missa ante solem”—ought to be translated:
“the Mass took place earlier, so that its conclusion came before
sunrise.” Missa here = the dismissal at the end of Mass.

[851] CASSIAN, _De Cœnobiorum Institutis_, 2, 7, 13 and 15; 3, 7; 11, 15.

[852] See LEO I., _Sermo_, 41, c. 3; _Epist._, 156, c. 5. Once, in
_Epist._, 9, c. 8, we find “missa.” But the general employment of the
term cannot be inferred from its use in one isolated instance.

[853] “Missa catechumenorum” meant originally not that part of the Mass
at which the catechumens assisted, but the dismissal of the catechumens.

[854] For _missæ_ in the sense of the canonical hours, we may cite
GREGOR. M., _Epist._, 2, 12; 3, 63; 11, 64; MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._,
lxxvii. 1187; in the sense of the Mass: _Epist._, 4, 39; _Hom._, 50,
8; as a general term for both, _Epist._, 3, 63; 4, 18, etc. As regards
St Benedict’s usage, Fr. Lindenbauer, O.S.B., draws our attention to
Mattins. It means dismissal at the hours: _Regula_, c. 17 (MIGNE, lxvi.
460), but Mass, _ib._ c. 35, 60.

[855] _Acta S. Ludgeri_, c. 20. MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, xcix. 779.

[856] _Agathense_ 506, can. 30: “missæ vespertinæ.”

[857] _E.g._, _Braccarense_, ii., can. 64; _Agath._, can. 47.

[858] _Epist._, 1, 20, c. 3-5.

[859] As by Prof. Funk, _Tüb. Theol. Quartalschr._, 1904, No. 1.

[860] It was published by B. Georgiades from a MS. discovered in the
Monastery of Chalki (Constantinople, 1885-86), then by Bratke, Bonn,
1891, and by BONWETSCH, _Hippolyts Werke_, vol. i., Leipsig, 1897.

[861] In Cyril of Scythopolis, the Arabian bishop, George of Horta
(before 724), and Photius, _Bibl. cod._, 222, 163 b, ed. Bekker, and
perhaps also in Germanus. The passages are collected in BONWETSCH, _op.
cit._, xv. _seqq._, and partially in GALLANDI, _Bibl. Vet. Patr._, II.
Such minute indications of time in so ancient a writer were too precious
to be passed over.

[862] The _Liber Generationis_ (MIGNE, _Patr. Lat._, iii. 651 _seqq._,
_Corp. Inscr. Lat._, and FRICK, _Chron. Min._, i. 1-77) is certainly a
part of the Chronicle of Hippolytus, as Mommsen has conclusively proved
(_Abhandl. der Sächs. Akademie d. Wissensch._, 1850, i. 586 _seqq._).

[863] That interpolations of this kind were formerly made by unskilful
hands is shown by the addition to the MS. belonging to Mount Athos, by
the Slav translation: Καὶ Γάϊου Καῖσαρος τὸ τέταρτον καὶ Γαίου Κεστίου
(instead of Sentii) Σατορνῖνου, the consuls for the year 41 A.D., which
Bonwetsch has placed in the text, although within brackets.

[864] LEO ALLATIUS, _De Dominicis et Hebdom. Recent. Græcorum_, Cologne,
1648, 1400 quoted by Daniel, _Cod. Lit._, iv. 212 _seqq._ ALT., 181-221.
NILLES, II. xvii.-xxi.

[865] The adjective is formed after the analogy of ἄκερως.

[866] ANSELM speaks of him, _Epist._, 3, 43 and 77; 4, 114. MIGNE, _Patr.
Lat._, clviii. EADMER refers to him, _Hist. Novorum._, 5, 492 and 497.
MIGNE, clix.

[867] It is found in MSS. among the works of the elder Anselm, to whom
it was at first ascribed. Fr. de Buck and others set it down to the
nephew, but in the earliest codex at Canterbury, belonging to the twelfth
century, it is expressly described as a work of Eadmer’s. See THURSTON
ET SLATER, _Eadmeri Mon. Cant. Tractatus de Conceptione S. Mariæ_, Frib.
Brisg., 1904.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

GIVING THE CHIEF EVENTS RELATING TO THE LITURGY AND FESTIVALS OF THE
CHURCH

1st cent. Reference to Easter by St Paul (1 Cor. v. 7 _et seqq._). Pascha
nostrum immolatus est Christus. Itaque epulemur, non in fermento veteri
... sed in azymis sinceritatis et veritatis.

2nd cent. The 6th Jan. observed as Christ’s birthday in Alexandria by a
section of the Christians.

3rd cent. The Festivals of Easter and Pentecost mentioned by Tertullian
(_De Bapt._, 19) and Origen (_C. Cels._, 8, 22).

304. Evidence for the Feast of the Epiphany in Thrace.

320. Discovery of the Holy Cross by St Helena. Excerpta lat. Barbari.

321. Constantine the Great, by the law of 3 July, forbids law courts to
sit on Sunday (_Cod. Theod._, 2, 8 de feriis i.).

325. The Ascension mentioned by Eusebius.

326. Death of St Helena at the age of 80, foundress of the churches at
Bethlehem and on the Mount of Olives.

335. Consecration of the church built by Constantine in Jerusalem on 14th
Sept. It was named Martyrium or Anastasis (Euseb., _Vita Constant._, 3,
25, and 35). The same day is also the Feast ὑψώσεως τοῦ τιμίου σταυροῦ.

340. Observance in Egypt of the fast of forty days mentioned by St
Athanasius.

337-352. Under Pope Julius I., 25th Dec. kept at Rome as Festival of
Christ’s Nativity.

354. In Rome, 22nd Feb. kept as Natale Petri de Cathedra, and 29th June
as day of the Apostles’ death.

356. Translation of St Timothy’s relics to Constantinople on 1st July
(Fasti Idat., _Hieron. Chron._).

357. 3rd March, translation of relics of St Andrew and St Luke to the
basilica of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople (Fasti Idat., _Chron.
Pasch. Hieron._, catal. 7).

360. The Festival of the Epiphany in Gaul mentioned by Ammianus
Marcellinus.

379. 25th Dec. celebrated for the first time as Christmas in
Constantinople by St Gregory Naz.

380. Evidence for Epiphany in Spain (_Syn. Sarag._, c. 3). Theodosius the
Great publishes a law on 27th March forbidding the sittings of law courts
during the forty days of Lent.

385-387 (_circ._). The Presentation of Christ in the Temple mentioned by
the pilgrim from Gaul in Jerusalem; also the feast of the 14th Sept.

370-380 (_circ._). Compilation of an Arian Calendar on Martyrology.

386. The Nativity of Christ celebrated for the first time in Antioch
on 25th Dec. By a law of 26th Feb., Theodosius forbids unauthorised
translations of the bodies of the saints, the dividing into parts of the
remains of the martyrs, and all traffic in relics.

386. By the law of 26th Feb., judges of arbitration were forbidden to
exercise their functions on Sunday. 20th May games in the circus and
theatrical representations were forbidden.

389. Theodosius I. and Valentinian II. publish a law forbidding the law
courts to sit for seven days before and seven days after Easter.

394. The relics of the Apostle St Thomas translated to the great church
in Edessa (Socrates, _Hist. Eccl._, 4, 18; _Chron. Edess._, ed. Assemani).

395. Christmas definitely established in Constantinople.

398. St John Chrysostom chosen patriarch of Constantinople, 26th Feb.

399. Honorius and Arcadius forbid races on Sunday (_Cod. Theod._, 2, 8,
23).

400. The same emperors forbid games in the circus on Christmas, Epiphany,
and during Eastertide.

402. Discovery of the relics of St Stephen, Gamaliel, and Nicodemus by
the priest Lucian of Jerusalem at Caphargamala. Some writers date this
5th Dec. 415.

405. The day of the death of SS. Peter and Paul mentioned as an
ecclesiastical festival in Rome by Prudentius (_Perist._, 12).

425. Theodosius extends prohibition of games to Whit-week.

431. Bishop Paul of Emesa mentions that Christmas had been introduced in
Alexandria.

348. The patriarch Proclus has the relics of St John Chrysostom brought
to Constantinople on 27th Jan.

439. The Empress Eudocia translates the relics of St Stephen from
Jerusalem to Constantinople and lays them in the basilica of St Lawrence,
21st Sept.

440 (_circ._). St Leo refers to the Ember fasts in Rome.

448 (_circ._). The Calendar of Bishop Polemius Silvius of Sion for
Southern Gaul.

452. Discovery of the head of John the Baptist, and its translation to
Constantinople on 24th Feb.

470 (_circ._). Rogation procession introduced by Mamertus of Vienne.

491. Perpetuus, Bishop of Tours, orders the Advent fast. The two
Festivals of the Nativity and Beheading of the Baptist celebrated in
Tours.

492. The Festival of SS. Peter and Paul on 29th June adopted in
Constantinople.

492-496. Pope Gelasius appoints the ordination of priests to take place
at the Embertides.

500 (_circ._). The monks of Palestine keep the annual commemoration of
the Holy Mother of God (μνημὴ τῆς θεοτόκου) in their monasteries.

504. The Emperor Anastasius has the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew
brought to the city of Daras, on the borders of Mesopotamia, which he had
fortified.

506. The Council of Agde (canon 63) includes the Nativity of St John
Baptist among the festivals of obligation.

534. Justinian I. renews the prohibition against the sittings of the law
courts on 25th Dec. and 6th Jan.

542. Candlemas celebrated for the first time in Constantinople on 2nd
Feb., and ordered to be observed throughout the empire by Justinian. The
patriarch Menas translates the relics of SS. Andrew, Luke, and Timothy to
the recently completed basilica of the Apostles in Constantinople.

Before 565. Justinian I. builds a church of St Anne in the second region
of Constantinople.

582-602. The three Festivals of Our Lady’s Nativity, Annunciation, and
Purification said to have been introduced by the Emperor Maurice.

Sixth cent. The Sundays in Advent to the number of five appear in the
Gelasianum.

592-600. Composition of the so-called Martyrologium Hieronymianum.

Before 604. Pope Gregory the Great increases the solemnity of the Litania
Major in Rome.

609 or 610. The Emperor Phocas grants the Pantheon to Pope Boniface IV.,
who adapts it as a church, and dedicates it to our Lady and all the Holy
Martyrs, on 13th May. Since then it has been called Maria ad Martyres.

629. King Siroes of Persia restores to the Emperor Heraclius the part of
the Holy Cross which had been taken from Jerusalem.

650 (_circ._). Evidence for the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross
for Spain in the Lectionary of Silos.

687-701. Pope Sergius I. orders processions (litaniæ) in Rome on the
Feasts of the Annunciatio Domini, Dormitio, and Nativitas B.V.M.

731. The Ven. Bede composes his martyrologium.

747. The Embertides legally established in England.

769. The same in Germany.

781 (_circ._). The Octava Domini (1st Jan.) appears as the Festum
Circumcisionis in the Calendar of Charlemagne.

Between 784 and 791. Under Adrian I., the Sacramentarium Gregorianum sent
to the Frankish Empire, and introduced there.

Between 786 and 797. Paul the deacon compiles a Homilarium at the command
of Charlemagne.

787. The second Council of Nicæa re-establishes the worship of images.

800 (_circ._). Compilation of the Menologium of Constantinople.

Between 827 and 835. Gregory IV. changes the Feast of All the Martyrs
(13th May) into a Feast of All Saints, and places it on the 1st Nov.

835. The Emperor Louis the Pious introduces the Feast of All Saints into
the Frankish Empire.

Between 902 and 920. The first Sunday after Pentecost kept as a Festival
of the Holy Trinity in Liège by Bishop Stephen.

993. The first papal canonisation—that of St Ulrich by Pope John XV.

998. Abbot Odilo of Cluny introduces the Commemoratio Omnium Fidelium
Defunctorum (2nd Nov.) in his Order.

10th cent. The Festum Conceptionis B.V.M (8th Dec.) appears in several
calendars (_e.g._ the Neapolitan).

1000-1025. Composition of the Menologium Basilianum.

1068-1071. Adoption of the Roman rite in Aragon under King Sancho Ramirez.

1078. Adoption of the Roman rite in Castile.

1080 (_circ._). Gregory VII. fixes the number of Sundays in Advent at
four, and suppresses deviations from the Roman custom of observing Advent.

Between 1093-1109. The Festum Conceptionis B.V.M. introduced into England
by St Anselm of Canterbury.

1128-29. The Feast of Our Lady’s Conception introduced into some English
monasteries.

1140. The same feast introduced at Lyons.

1166. The Emperor Manuel Comnenus puts out an order concerning festivals.

1198. Innocent III. enjoins the Bishop of Worms to celebrate the Festum
Conversionis S. Pauli Ap. in his diocese as it is in Rome (_Reg._, i.
44). In the statutes of the synod held by Bishop Odo of Paris it is
enjoined to say the Ave Maria.

Before 1216. Innocent III. regulates the use of liturgical colours.

1247. Corpus Christi celebrated for the first time in Liège.

1260. The Conversion of St Paul adopted in Cologne by Archbishop Conrad
von Hochstaden.

1263. The General Chapter of the Franciscans at Pisa enjoins the Feast of
Our Lady’s Conception for the whole Order.

1264. The Feast of Our Lady’s Visitation prescribed for the whole Church
by Urban IV.

1298. Boniface VIII. raises all festivals of Apostles to the rank of
Festa duplicia.

1311. Clement V. at the Synod of Vienne repeats the injunction to
celebrate Corpus Christi throughout the Church.

1316. John XXII. repeats and confirms the bull of Urban IV. with regard
to Corpus Christi.

1328. The Synod of London appoints the Conceptio B.V.M. as a holy day of
obligation for the province.

1334. The Festum SS. Trinitatis enjoined by John XXII. to be kept
throughout the Church.

1354. Innocent VI., at the request of the Emperor Charles IV., appoints
the Festum Lanceæ et Clavorum.

1371. Gregory XI. institutes the Festum Præsentationis B.V.M.

1389. Urban VI. makes the Festum Visitationis B.V.M. a universal feast
for the whole Church.

1408. Chancellor John Gerson finds fault with the number of festivals.

1416. Publication of the book of Nicholas of Clemangis against the
increase of holy days.

1423. The Festum VII. Dolorum B.V.M. adopted in Cologne.

1452. The Feast of the Seven Dolors approved by the provincial Synod of
Cologne.

1456. Calixtus III., following the precedent of the Greeks, orders the
Feast of Our Lord’s Transfiguration to be celebrated on 6th Aug.

1464. The Festival of Our Lady’s Presentation introduced into the Duchy
of Saxony, and, in 1468, into the province of Mainz.

1474. Sixtus IV. gives his approval to the public veneration of St Joseph
and St Anne.

1477. Sixtus IV. inserts the Conceptio Immaculatæ Virg. Mariæ into the
Roman Breviary.

1523. Publication of Luther’s little work on baptism in German.

1536. Cardinal Quiñones, O.S.F., puts out his edition of the Breviary for
the use of the secular clergy. It was approved by Clement VII. and Paul
III., and widely used, but withdrawn under Pius V. in 1568.

1536-37. The Devotion of the Forty Hours introduced in Milan.

1563. The Council of Trent in its session (xxv.) of 5th Dec. commits to
the Pope the final arrangements concerning the details of the Breviary
and Missal.

1568. The revised Roman Breviary published.

1570. The revised Roman Missal published.

1582. Reform of the Calendar by Gregory XIII. takes effect on 15th Oct.

1584. Publication by papal bull of 14th Jan. of the official
Martyrologium Romanum prepared by Baronius.

1588. Sixtus V. institutes the Congregatio Rituum by the bull Immensa
Æterni.

1596. Publication of the Pontificale Romanum.

1602. Clement VIII. takes steps for a revision of the Roman Breviary,
and, in 1604, of the Roman Missal.

1608. Paul V. institutes the Feast of the Guardian Angels.

1614. Paul V. publishes the Ritual prepared by the Cardinal of San
Severino.

1621. Gregory XV. appoints the 19th March as a Festival of St Joseph for
the universal Church.

1631. Urban VIII. proposes a fresh revision of the Breviary.

1634. Revision of the Roman Missal by Urban VIII.

1642. Urban VIII. reduces the number of festivals (in foro) by the bull
Universa per orbem.

1644. The Conceptio B.V.M. made a holy day of obligation for Spain.

1666. Archbishop Harduin of Paris suppresses the festivals of three
Apostles and St Michael. These feasts were restored by his successor, de
Harlay, in 1673.

1668. Publication of Thiers’ book “De Festorum Dierum Imminutione” at
Lyons. Commencement of the public worship of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

1669. Clement IX. institutes the Congregatio Indulgentiarum et SS.
Reliquarum.

1683. Innocent XI., at the request of the Emperor Leopold, establishes
the Festival of the Name of Mary in commemoration of the relief of Vienna.

1708. The Conceptio B.V.M. appointed a feast in choro of the universal
Church.

1721. Pope Innocent XIII., at the request of the Emperor Charles VI.,
appoints the Feast of the Name of Jesus to be celebrated on the second
Sunday after Epiphany.

1727. Benedict XIII. proposes a further reduction of feast days for Spain.

1741-1747. Commission in Rome, under the presidency of Cardinal
Gonzaga, for the improvement of the Breviary. The legends were severely
criticised, and much valuable material was collected for future use.

1747. Muratori speaks in favour of the reduction of feast days in his
work “Della Regolata Divozione de’ Cristiani.”

1765. Clement XIII. appoints the Feast of the Sacred Heart. M. Gerbert
writes his “De Dierum Festorum Numero Minuendo, Celebratione Amplianda.
S. Blasian.” Benedict XIV. discusses the same subject (_Diss. de Festorum
de Præcepto Imminutione._ _Cf._ _De Serv. D. Beatif._, 4, 2).

1772. New regulations for feast days in Prussia.

1788. Decrease of Catholic festivals in Prussia by Pius VI. This
arrangement forms the basis of that now in use.

1802. Concordat with France, by which the feasts falling on week days
were reduced to four.

1828. Convention of Leo XII. with Prussia concerning feast days.

1854. Definition of the Conceptio Immaculata and extension of the feast
to the whole Church.

INDEX

  Abbo of Fleury, 160

  Abdias [pseudo-Abdias], 298

  _Acta, The, of Martyrs_, 208 _seq._

  Ado, _see_ Martyrology

  Adolf III. (Archbishop of Cologne), 199

  ⸺ of Essen (Carthusian), 270 n.

  Adrian I. (Pope), 344

  Agde, Synod of, 68

  d’Ailly, Peter, 274

  Aix-la-Chapelle, Council of, enumeration of festivals, 22, 188, 194,
        348

  Alacoque, Marg. Mary, Bl., 126

  Alanus de Rupe, 269

  Albero II. (Bishop of Liège), 258

  Alcuin, 72, 78, 116 _seq._, 222

  Alexander II. (Pope), 116, 118

  ⸺ III. ” on rest from labour, 12

  ⸺ Severus (Emperor), 317 _seq._

  Alfanus (Abbot of Monte Cassino), 322

  Altfrid, his use of the word _Missa_, 436

  Alvarus Pelagius, 260

  Amadeus of Lausanne, 272

  Amalarius, 67, 98, 160, 193

  _Ambarvalia, The_, 190

  Ambrose, St, on the date of Easter, 53 n., 73, 92, 93, 148 _seqq._,
        196, 283, 334, 436 _seq._

  _Amburbalia, The_, 190

  Anastasius (Emperor), 286

  Andrew of Crete, 236

  Anne, St, festival of the Conception of, 242

  Anselm of Canterbury, St, 248 _seqq._, 255, 445

  ⸺ the younger, 248 _seqq._, 255, 445

  Antioch, the Lenten fast at, 99, 108;
    Christmas at, 131 _seq._

  Antony of Grenoble, 125.

  Apostles, The, on the date of Easter, 54

  _Apostolic Canons, The_, 41, 92, 96 _seq._

  ⸺ _Constitutions, The_, on observance of Sunday and Saturday, 12;
    list of feasts in, 20;
    on fasts, 91, 94 _seq._, 97, 106, 112, 114

  _Arabic Canons, The_, 40

  Arator, 284

  Arcadius (Emperor), forbids races on Sunday, 19, 131, 135

  _Arian Martyrology, The_, 282, 294, 349, 360;
    _see_ Calendars

  Arius (heretic), 360 _seq._

  Arles, Synods of, 118, 436

  Artemius, St (Martyr), 290

  Athanasius, St, 55, 92, 149, 220

  Augsburg, Corpus Christi procession at, 124

  Augustine, St, 57, 72;
    said to have composed the _Exsultet_, 81, 97, 100, 106, 113, 146,
        156, 159, 168, 172, 217 _seq._, 223, 229, 283 _seq._, 303

  Aurelian (Bishop of Arles), 210

  Austria, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Autpert (Abbot of Monte Cassino), 278

  Auxerre, Synods of, 61, 164, 171

  Avignon, Synod of (A.D. 1457), 260

  Avitus (Bishop of Vienne), 70, 192;
    on the word _Missa_, 432

  ⸺ (priest of Braga), 223

  Bacchylus of Corinth, 39

  Baillet, Adrien, on the Lenten fast, 97, 210, 216 n., 320, 420

  Baldwin (Archbishop of Treves), 124, 199;
    statutes of, 423

  Bardenhewer, O., 265

  Baronius (Cardinal), _see_ Martyrology

  Basel, Council of, 259 _seq._, 267

  Basil II. (Emperor), _see_ Menology

  _Basilidians, The_, 146, 167

  Bäumer, Dom. (O.S.B.), 210

  Bavaria, festivals for, 32, 201;
    _see_ Festivals of obligation: _German States_

  Bede, The Ven., on date of Easter, 58 _seq._, 231 n., 289 n., 297;
    _see_ Calendars; Martyrology

  Beleth (liturgist), 256, 280, 304

  Belgium, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Belgrade, Victory over the Turks at, 105

  Benedict IX. (Pope), 315

  ⸺ XIII. ” 31, 275

  ⸺ XIV. ” 32, 287, 302 n., 410, 420

  ⸺ Canon, the Ordo of, 222

  _Benedictines, The_, and the Immaculate Conception, 250 _seq._, 255,
        261

  Benevento, Council of (A.D. 1091), 102

  Bernard, St., 255 _seq._, 272, 274

  ⸺ (Bishop of St Davids), 250, 255

  Bernardine de Bustis, 274

  ⸺ of Siena, St., 166, 274

  Berno of Reichenau, 115, 160, 189 n.

  Bethlehem, Christmas at, 153

  Binterim, Ant., 62, 327, 420

  Bolsena, The miracle of, 122

  Bonaventure, St., on the Immaculate Conception, 258

  Boniface, St., on festivals, 22, 80 n., 116 _seq._, 160, 164, 188,
        238;
    _see_ Lectionary

  ⸺ IV. (Pope), 324

  ⸺ VIII. ” 16, 280

  ⸺ IX. ” 267

  Bonn, The Martyrs of, 373

  Borromeo, Charles, St., 186, 327

  Boucher [Bucherius] Ægidius (S.J.), 137

  Braun, J. (S.J.), 430 n.

  Brazil, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Brigid, St. (of Sweden), 274

  Burchard of Worms, Canons of, 24

  Byzantine Empire, festivals in the, 26 _seqq._

  Cecilia, St., 315 _seqq._

  Caius (Pope), 206

  Cajetan, James (Cardinal), the _Ordo Romanus_ of, 85

  Calcasendi, Abulaibsan Achmed, _see_ Calendars

  _Calendars_:—
    Alt-Corbie, 412
    Anglo-Saxon (Winchester), 413
    Arian, 352 _seq._
    Armenian, 283
    Bede, 218, 230, 287;
      _see_ Martyrology
    Besançon (S. Protadii), 414
    Bologna, 411
    Calcasendi, 26, 218, 225, 300 n., 331, 383
    Carthage, 206, 286, 294, 316, 350
    Charlemagne, 165, 282, 292, 300, 306, 412
    Cologne, 307, 327, 332 n., 412, 416
    Coptic, 168, 211, 218, 224 _seq._, 273, 299 _seq._, 312, 332, 338;
      description of the, 381 _seq._
    English (Church of England), 36
    Floriac, 414
    Freising, 416
    Fronteau (of St Geneviève), 165, 170, 175, 179 _seq._, 293, 300
        _seq._, 306;
      description of the, 400
    “Germanicum pervetustum sæc. X.,” 416
    Gotho-Gallican, 230, 306, 413
    Gregorian, 46, 211, 299
    Jewish (Semitic), 15, 44, 46, 47 _seq._, 49, 51
    Julian, 45, 46, 50 _seq._, 57
    Luxeuil, 230
    Mainz, 414
    Mantua, 414
    Mozarabic, 218, 230, 254
    Neapolitan, 218, 245, 275, 282, 290, 293 _seq._, 300, 306;
      description of the, 394 _seqq._
    Nestorian, 283
    Philocalian, 136 _seqq._, 151, 217, 350 _seq._;
      _see_ Chronograph
    Polemius Silvius, 69, 119, 169, 191, 217, 283, 351
    Roman (of the 7th century), 411
    ⸺ (Modern), 421
    Silos, 218
    Stablo, 332 n., 417
    Syro-Macedonian, 45, 46, 50, 211, 218
    Toledo, 230
    Tours, 412;
      _see_ Perpetuus
    Treves, 417
    Vallombrosa, 414
    Werden (Verdinense), 414
    _See_ Ideler; Mai; Maimonides; Selden; Sonnatius; Tondini

  _Calendars, Early_, 206 _seq._, 316, 345, 347 _seqq._, 410 _seq._

  Calixtus I. (Pope), 185

  ⸺ III. ” 105

  _Calvinism_, the festivals retained by, 35, 75

  Campeggio (Cardinal-legate), 30

  Capistran, John, St, 105

  Capocci, Peter (Cardinal), 121

  Carthage, fasts of the stations at, 97;
    dedication of churches at, 195, 206;
    _see_ Calendars

  Cassian, John, 110, 128, 434

  Cassiodorus, 141, 364

  Catulfus, on the Holy Trinity, 117 n.

  _Charistia, The_ (or _Cara Cognatio_), 302 _seq._

  Charlemagne, 84;
    Homilarium of, 165, 179;
    Capitulary of, 188, 344;
    _see_ Calendars

  Charles II. (King of Spain), 275

  Chosroes (King of Persia), 338 _seq._

  Chrodegang, Canons of, 100, 188

  _Chronograph, The_ (A.D. 354), 140 _seq._, 295 n., 306, 350 n.

  Chrysologus, Peter, St, 163, 218, 230, 233, 265, 284

  Chrysostom, John, St, 99, 108, 131 _seqq._, 143, 168, 170, 284, 324

  Ciofani (Prussian agent in Rome), 33

  Clemangiis, Nicholas de, 30

  Clement of Alexandria, 39, 89, 141, 167, 437

  ⸺ I. (Pope), 205

  ⸺ V. ” 122

  ⸺ VII. ” 166

  ⸺ VIII. ” 16, 262, 266

  ⸺ IX. ” 262, 333

  ⸺ X. ” 270, 333

  ⸺ XI. ” 262, 271, 274

  ⸺ XIII. ” 127

  ⸺ XIV. ” 32 _seq._, 200

  Cloveshove, Council of, 188, 403

  Codinus, George, the _de officiis_ of, 27, 224

  Cologne, Synod of, 123 n., 199, 258;
    feasts for archdiocese of, 422;
    the Three Kings at, 441 _seq._;
    _see_ Calendars; Lectionary; Sacramentary.

  Compostela, relics of St James at, 292

  Constance, Council of, 24, 115, 125 n.

  Constantine (Emperor), on the observance of Sunday, 9 _seq._, 17, 41,
        74, 81, 136, 196, 281, 297, 328, 333

  Constantinople, festival of the Ascension at, 108;
    _see_ Menology

  Constantius (Emperor), 149, 196, 281, 290, 318

  Copts, festivals observed by the, 26 _seq._, 70;
    Synaxaria of the, 105, 159, 238, 291;
    _see_ Calendars

  Cosmas Indicopleustes, 153

  Cuspinianus, John, 137

  Cyprian, St, 40, 72, 138, 146, 151, 206, 431

  Cyril, St, of Alexandria, 128

  ⸺ of Jerusalem, 92, 135, 154 _seq._

  Delahaye, Hipp. (S.J.), 320 n.

  _Depositio Episcoporum, The_, 137 _seq._, 149 n., 318, 349

  ⸺ _Martyrum_, 137 _seq._, 149 n., 320 n., 349, 356, 375, 417

  De Rossi, J. B., 138, 319, 365

  De Waal, 289

  Diocletian (Emperor), 205

  Dionysius of Alexandria, 91

  ⸺ the Areopagite, 235

  Dominic, St, and the Rosary, 269 _seq._

  ⸺ of Prussia (Carthusian), 270 n.

  _Dominicans, The_, and the Immaculate Conception, 259 _seq._

  Duchesne, L., Mgr., 315, 365, 368

  Durandus, on Lent, 104;
    on the Immaculate Conception, 256, 322

  Eadmer, 271, 446

  _Easter_, the centre of the Church’s year, 3;
    history of, 37 _seqq._;
    _see_ Martin; Nilles; Passover

  Ebner, 322

  Eccard, 137

  Eligius of Noyon, 70

  Elsinus, _see_ Helsinus

  Elvira, Synod of, 110 n.

  England, Feasts of the B.V.M. in, 271 n.;
    Christmas in, 439 _seq._;
    The Immac. Concept. in, 445 _seq._;
    _see_ Calendars; Festivals of obligation

  Ennodius (Bishop of Pavia), 81

  Ephesus, Death of St John at, 297 _seq._

  Ephrem Syrus, 129, 197

  Epiphanius, 56, 128

  Erfurt, Council of, 280

  Erwig (Spanish King), 164

  Essen, The _Liber Ordinarius_ of, 125;
    _see_ Sacramentary

  Ethelred (King), and the feast of St Michael, 331

  Eucherius (Bishop of Lyons), 304

  Eudocia (Empress), 224, 287

  Eugenius IV. (Pope), 124

  Eusebius (Eccl. historian), 9 _seq._;
    on Easter, 41, 55, 90;
    on Lent, 92 _seq._, 106, 149, 195 _seq._, 206, 211, 296, 308, 335,
        359 _seqq._

  Eustorgius (Bishop of Milan), 441

  Euthymius, on the Assumption, B.V.M., 236

  Eve (recluse at Liège), 120 _seq._

  Exeter, Synod of, 252

  Fabian, Pope, 205

  Felicitas, St (Martyr), 138

  Felix (anti-Pope), 149, 318

  ⸺ II. (Pope), 343

  _Feralia_ (concluding day of the _Parentalia_), 302 _seq._

  Ferdinand III. (Emperor), 275

  _Feriæ_, origin of the name, 2, 7;
    as distinguished from festivals, 14

  _Festivals_, their two chief divisions, 3;
    Jewish, 5 _seq._;
    their classification, 13 _seq._;
    increase in number of, 19;
    first lists of, 20 _seq._;
    in Canon law, 24;
    large number of, 25 _seq._;
    rights of bishops in respect of, 28 _seq._, 31;
    their reduction, 31 _seq._;
    of the Greek eccl. year, 442 _seqq._;
    _see_ Feriæ; Paleologi

  _Festivals of obligation in_:—
    Austria, 424;
    Belgium, 424;
    Brazil, 428;
    England, 426;
    France, 424;
    German States, 424 _seq._;
    Holland, 426;
    Italy, 424;
    Poland, 32, 427;
    Portugal, 427 _seq._;
    Prussia, 32 _seqq._, 424;
    Rome, 423 _seq._;
    Russia, 428;
    Spain, 427;
    Switzerland, 426;
    United States, 428.

  Festus (Senator), 286

  Flavian (Bishop of Antioch), 132

  _Forty Hours Prayer, The_, _see_ Plantanida

  France, alteration in festivals in, 34 _seq._;
    Holy Saturday in, 83;
    _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Franchi di Cavalieri, 210

  Francis of Assisi, St, introduces the Crib, 156

  _Franciscans, The_, influence on the Liturgy, 15 _seq._;
    and the Immac. Conc., 257 _seqq._;
    and Visit. B.V.M., 267;
    and cultus of St Joseph, 274

  Frederick William II. (King of Prussia), 33

  Fronteau, _see_ Calendars

  Formosus (Pope), 308

  Fulbert (Bishop of Chartres), 231

  Fulgentius, 166, 168, 230

  Gabriel the Archangel, 332.

  _Gallic pilgrim, The_, _see_ Silvia

  Gamaliel (Rabbi), on the Jewish Calendar, 49

  Gelasius I. (Pope), 175, 343;
    _see_ Sacramentary

  Gellonense, _see_ Martyrology

  George (Bishop of Nicomedia), 243

  Georgius Hamartolus, 174

  Gereon, St (Martyr), 373, 414 _seq._

  Germanus (Patr. of Constantinople), 236

  Germany, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Gerson, John (the Chancellor), 30, 274

  Gertrude, St, 126, 274

  Gerunda, Synod of, 61, 193

  Glycas, on St Mary Magdalen, 314

  Gorman (Abbot), _see_ Martyrology

  Grammont, Peter de (Bishop of Besançon), 126

  Gratian, decretal of, 24, 100

  Gregory the Great (Pope), 76, 96, 102, 151, 159, 179, 192, 229, 343,
        363, 407, 435;
    _see_ Calendars; Sacramentary

  ⸺ II. (Pope), 343, 400

  ⸺ III. (Pope), 324 _seq._, 400

  ⸺ IV. ” 325

  ⸺ VII. ” 16, 186, 189

  ⸺ IX. ” decretal of, 24 _seq._, 199

  ⸺ XI. ” 266

  ⸺ XII. ” 276

  ⸺ XIII. ” 270, 276, 409

  ⸺ XV. ” 275

  Gregory of Nazianzus, 130 _seq._, 151

  ⸺ of Nyssa, 131

  ⸺ of Tours, 192, 211, 237, 284, 314, 435

  ⸺ Thaumaturgus, 207

  Gretser, Jacobus (S.J.), 419

  Guyard (Bishop of Cambrai), 121

  Heinrich II. (Archbishop of Cologne), 199

  Helena (Empress), 107, 196, 333 _seq._

  Helperich (Monk of St Gall), 74

  Helsinus (_or_ Elsinus), 248

  Henry of Ghent, 253

  Henschen (Bollandist), 137, 210, 403

  Heraclius (Emperor), 232, 338 _seq._

  Hermas, on fasting, 89

  Hetto (Bishop of Basel), statute of, 23, 198

  Hilduin (Abbot), on the Martyrology, 365

  Hippolytus (Bishop of Porto), canons and cycle of, 40 _seq._, 57, 91,
        97, 99, 112, 141 _seq._, 146, 167 _seq._;
    on the date of Christmas, 437 _seq._

  Holland, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Honorius (Emperor), forbids races on Sunday, 19, 131

  Hugh (Abbot of Reading), and the Immac. Conc., 248

  Hugo (Cardinal-legate), approves feast of Corpus Christi, 121

  Hunyadi, George, 105

  Hydatius, on the date of Christ’s birth, 141

  Ibsung, Katharina, her legacy for feast of Corpus Christi, 124

  Ideler, on the Jewish Calendar, 49

  Ignatius, St (of Antioch), 39, 209, 212

  Ildefonsus, St (Bishop of Toledo), 227

  Ingelheim, Council of, 24

  Innocent I. (Pope), 76, 98, 292 n., 434

  ⸺ III. ” on liturgical colours, 429

  ⸺ VIII. ” 261 n.

  ⸺ IX. ” 272

  ⸺ X. ” 262

  ⸺ XI. ” 264

  ⸺ XIII. ” 166

  Irenæus, St, 39, 55, 90 _seq._, 111, 141, 431, 437

  Isaias, his prophecy on the Messias, 43

  Isidore of Seville, 54, 67, 73, 254

  Italy, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Ivo (Bishop of Chartres), Canons of, 24

  _Jacobites, The_, 297

  James of Landsberg (Carthusian), 126

  James of Nisibis (Bishop), 355

  James Pantaleon (afterwards Pope Urban IV.), 121

  Januarius (Bishop), his inquiries from St Augustine, 57, 72

  Jerome, St, 145, 153, 182, 273, 294, 300, 308, 364 _seq._, 431;
    _see_ Lectionary; Martyrology

  Jerusalem, practices observed at, 9, 62 _seq._, 99, 107, 112 _seq._,
        152 _seq._, 171, 173 _seqq._, 194 _seq._

  Joachim, St, in the Greek Breviary, 246

  John, St (Apostle and Evangelist), 43

  ⸺ Damascene, St, 235 _seq._, 242, 265, 390, 448

  ⸺ (Bishop of Eubœa), 242, 246

  ⸺ of Hildesheim (Carmelite), 442

  ⸺ (Bishop of Jerusalem), 223

  ⸺ of Lausanne, 121

  ⸺ (Bishop of Nicea), 131 n., 135 _seq._, 154, 167

  ⸺ III. (Pope), 296

  ⸺ XXII. ” 118, 124

  ⸺ II. (Archbishop of Prague), 268

  ⸺ (Bishop of Strassburg), 124

  Josephus, 143, 145 n., 155

  Juliana of Retinne, 120

  Julius I. (Pope), 135, 150, 154 _seq._

  ⸺ II. ” 276

  Justin (Emperor), 174

  Justin, Martyr, on Easter, 39, 44

  Justinian (Emperor), legislation about Sunday, 18, 173 _seq._, 275,
        281, 328

  Juvenal (Bishop of Jerusalem), 153, 236

  _Kings, The Three_, 441 _seq._

  Lacordaire, Père (O.P.), 315

  Lambeck, 137

  Lanfranc (Archbishop of Canterbury), statutes of, 198 _seq._, 421
        _seq._, 445

  Laodicea, Synod of, decree on celebration of Saturday, 11 _seq._, 73

  Launoi, 210

  Lazarus, St, 310 _seqq._

  ⸺ (Bishop of Aix), 314

  _Lectionary_:—
    of St Boniface, 160
    of Cologne, 161 n.
    “Comes Albini,” The, 161 n., 306
    of St Jerome, 182 _seq._
    of Luxeuil, 67, 159, 180, 232, 238, 281, 397
    of Münster, 161 n.
    of Silos, 67, 101, 159, 166, 175, 340;
      description of, 378 _seqq._, 397
    of Spires, 306
    Syrian, The, 225, 291, 294, 299, 331;
      description of, 393
    of Treves, 161 n.
    of Victor of Capua, 160

  Leo I. (Emperor), 267

  ⸺ VI. ” on the observance of Sunday, 10, 242 n., 312, 314

  Leo the Great, St (Pope), 76;
    on fasting, 94, 97, 100, 103, 106, 151, 159, 166, 183, 185 _seq._,
        229, 306, 435;
    _see_ Sacramentary

  ⸺ III. (Pope), 193, 275, 400

  ⸺ IV. ” 80 n., 237

  ⸺ XII. ” 33

  ⸺ XIII. ” 263, 276, 333

  Leopold I. (Emperor), 275

  Leslæus (S.J.), on feast of the Immac. Conc., 254

  Liberius (Pope), 142, 147 _seqq._, 191, 207, 271 n., 318

  Liège, Synod of, 258

  _Liturgy, The_, in time of Tertullian, 9

  Loménie, C. F. de (Bishop of Coutances), 126

  Loreto, the Holy House of, 271 n.

  Louis the Pious (Emperor), 325 _seq._

  Lucianus (priest of Jerusalem), 223

  Luther, on observance of festivals, 35

  Lyons, Second Council of, 193

  Mabillon (O.S.B.), 78, 159, 207, 237, 297, 340, 350, 397

  Macarius (Bishop of Jerusalem), 335 _seq._

  Maçon, Synod of, 21, 61, 158

  Mai (Cardinal), Calendars published by, 322, 384, 396

  Maimonides, on the Jewish Calendars, 49

  Mainz, Council of, directions about festivals, 23, 194, 198, 238,
        331;
    _see_ Calendars

  Maizières, Philip de, and feast of Present. B.V.M., 266

  Mamertus (Bishop of Vienne), and Rogation processions, 191

  _Mandatum, The_, 73

  Manuel Comnenus (Emperor), reduces number of holidays, 26, 242, 245,
        266, 288, 312, 329

  Marcellina (sister of St Ambrose), 148 _seq._

  Marcellus, his discovery of head of St John Baptist, 221

  “Maria,” explanation of the name, 264

  Maria Teresa (Empress), 32

  Martène, on the blessing of Palms, 62

  Martin (Bishop of Dumio), on date of Easter, 58

  ⸺ V. (Pope), 124

  _Martyrologies_, 214, 273, 292, 297, 345 _seq._

  _Martyrology_:—
    of Ado, 288, 307, 312, 316, 319, 335;
      description of the, 405 _seq._
    of Bede, 293, 307, 312, 335, 341;
      description of the, 401 _seq._
    of Besançon, 327
    of Corbie, 57, 306
    of Florus, description of the, 401 _seq._
    the Gellonense, 57, 413
    of Gorman, 404
    of St Jerome, 57, 288, 290, 293, 295, 297 _seqq._, 307, 312, 316,
        332, 335, 340, 359 _seq._, 363 _seq._
    of Notker Balbulus, description of the, 405 _seq._
    of Œngus, description of the, 401 _seq._
    of Rabanus Maurus, 312, 316;
      description of the, 405 _seq._
    the Roman (of Baronius), 409
    of Toledo, 299
    of Usuardus, 288, 307, 312 _seq._, 316, 319, 335;
      description of the, 405 _seq._
    of Wandlebert, 306;
      description of the, 401 _seq._

  Mary, the Blessed Virgin, position of her festivals, 3

  _Mass_ [Missa], explanation of the word, 430 _seqq._

  Maurice (Emperor), 237

  ⸺ de Sully (Bishop of Paris), 256

  Maximinus (Bishop of Aix), 311

  Maximus of Turin, 151 n., 169, 207, 218, 230, 283

  Melito of Sardis, 39

  _Menology_:—
    of Basil, 156, 218, 242, 273, 291, 296, 299 _seq._, 312,
        322, 331, 370, 390 _seqq._
    of Constantinople, 105, 218, 225, 273, 300, 322, 338, 339 n., 387
        _seqq._

  Metaphrastes, Simeon, 266 n., 321, 329

  Metrophanes (Bishop of Constantinople), 289

  Michael of Atriba, Synaxarium of, 238, 386

  _Micrologus, The_, 116 _seq._, 161, 186

  _Missa_, _see_ Mass

  _Missal_:—
    Gallican, 197, 232
    Gotho-Gallican, 67, 69, 76, 83, 101, 159, 237, 297, 397
    Leonine, 114, 397
    Roman, 103, 188, 399
    Trani, 322
    _See_ Sacramentary

  _Missals_, The earliest, 214, 343, 345

  Modestus (Patr. of Jerusalem), 236, 314

  Mommsen, T., 137, 320 n., 350

  _Montanists_, Xerophagiæ of the, 99, 110 n.

  Monte Gargano, 332

  Morcelli, S. A., 298, 390

  Morin, G. (O.S.B.), 186

  Naogeorgius, 200 n.

  Napoleon I. (Emperor), his regulations for holy days, 34 _seq._

  Narcissus (Bishop of Jerusalem), 39

  Neuching, Synod of, 61

  Nicæa, 1st Council of, 92, 106

  Nicephorus (historian), 174, 328

  Nicolas I. (Pope), 100

  Nilles, on the date of Easter, 52 n.

  Nisan, the 15th day of, 41;
    Jewish celebrations on, 42, 53 n.

  Nogaroli, Leonardo, composes office of the Immac. Conc., 261

  Noris (Cardinal), 137

  Normandy, Feast of the Immac. Conc. in, 251 _seqq._

  Notker Balbulus, 292, 332 n.;
    _see_ Martyrology

  ⸺ of Liège, 327

  _Octave_, origin of the, 15

  Odilo, St (of Cluny), 233, 326

  Odo de Sully (Bishop of Paris), 164, 268

  Œngus, _see_ Martyrology

  _Ordos_ [Ordinaria, Ordines], description of, 347

  Origen, festivals known to, 17, 106, 112, 127, 167, 172, 306, 308

  Orleans, Synods of, 95, 98, 101, 171, 192

  Orosius, on the date of Christ’s birth, 141

  Osbert de Clare (O.S.B.), and the Immac. Conc., 248, 250, 252

  Otgar, (Archbishop of Mainz), 165, 180

  Otho I. (Emperor), 288

  Otricus, (Bishop of Milan), 327

  Oxford, Synod of (A.D. 1222), 252

  Paleologi, The (Emperors of Constantinople), festivals under, 27

  _Palms_, blessing of, 62, 67 _seq._;
    figures carried in the procession of, 69

  Panvinius Onuphrius, 137

  _Parentalia, The_ (heathen festival of the dead), 302

  Paschal I. (Pope), 316

  Passaglia, on the Immac. Conc., 240 _seqq._

  _Passiones_, of Martyrs, 209, 317

  _Passover, The_, its connection with Easter, 38, 40, 41 _seqq._, 57

  Paul, St (the Apostle), on the Passover, 44;
    in Rome, 138

  ⸺ (the Deacon), 84, 165

  ⸺ (Bishop of Emesa), 128

  ⸺ IV. (Pope), 308

  ⸺ V. ” 263, 333

  Paulinus of Nola, 169, 290, 319, 334

  Peckham, John (Archbishop of Canterbury), 118

  Pelagius I. (Pope), 296

  ⸺ II. ” 192

  Perpetua, St (Martyr), 138

  Perpetuus of Tours, his list of festivals, 20;
    calendar of, 57;
    on fasts, 98, 158 _seq._, 218, 286

  Peter St (the Apostle), date of arrival and death in Rome, 138

  ⸺ (Cardinal-legate), 164

  ⸺ of Celle (Bishop of Chartres), 256

  ⸺ Damian, St, 322

  ⸺ (Bishop of Edessa), 62

  Philastrius, on Christmas, 169 n.

  Philip IV. (King of Spain), 262

  Philocalus, Furius, 136;
    _see_ Calendars

  Philogonius (Martyr), 132

  Philoponus, Joannes, on the date of Easter, 53 n.

  Philostorgius (historian), 290, 352

  Phocas (Emperor), 324

  Pilate, The spurious Acts of, 57

  Pius V. (Pope), 16, 119, 264, 266, 270, 431

  ⸺ VI. (Pope), 32 _seq._, 200

  ⸺ IX. ” 239, 262 _seq._, 275

  Plantanida, Joseph (O.S.F.C.), and the Forty Hours Prayer, 125

  Pliny, letters of, 8

  Poland, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Polemius Silvius, 304, 305;
    _see_ Calendars

  Polycrates of Ephesus, 39, 55, 281

  Porphyrius (Bishop of Antioch), 353

  Portugal, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Potho of Prüm, on feast of the H. Trinity, 118 n.;
    on the Immac. Conc., 256

  Preller, 137

  _Processions_, 189 _seqq._

  Proclus (Patr. of Constantinople), 233, 234

  Prosper (of Aquitaine), on date of Christ’s birth, 141

  Protadius (Bishop of Besançon), his Calendar, 327

  _Proto-evangelium_ of James, The, 246

  Protonika, legend of, and the Holy Cross, 337

  Prudentius, 98, 285

  Prussia, Good Friday in, 74 n.;
    _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Pulcheria (Empress), 236

  _Quartodecimans, The_, 39, 40, 50, 54

  Quedlinburg, Council of, 100

  Rabanus Maurus, 77, 87, 311;
    _see_ Martyrology

  Rainald of Dassel (Archbishop of Cologne), 441

  Raphael, The Archangel, 332

  Ravenna, The New Year at, 163

  Recceswinth (Spanish King), 164

  Reims, Synod of, 30

  Remigius (Monk and Bishop of Lyons), 202 n., 406

  Richardis (Empress), 315

  Rietsch, J., on St Mary Magdalen, 315

  Robert de Thorete (Bishop of Liège), 120 _seq._

  _Robigalia, The_, 191

  Roger II. (of Naples), 244

  ⸺ (Bishop of Salisbury), 250, 255

  Romanesia, Feast of the Ascension at, 108

  Rome, method of fixing Easter in, 51, 54;
    Synod of, 61;
    _see_ Calendars; Festivals of obligation; Martyrology

  Roncalli, on the Calendar, 137

  _Rosary, The_, 268 _seqq._;
    Confraternities of the, 270 n.

  Rotricus (Bishop of Rouen), 252

  Rouen, Council of (A.D. 650), 164

  Rudolph (Bishop of Bourges), 23

  Rufinus, 319

  Russia, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Sabas, St, _see_ Typicum

  _Sabbath, The_, its position in the Church, 6

  _Sacramentaries_, description of the, 342 _seqq._

  _Sacramentary_:—
    Cologne, in Cathedral library at, 415
    Düsseldorf, in library at, 415
    Essen, 84
    Gallican, 110
    Gelasian, 67 _seq._, 76, 78, 83, 102 _seq._, 114, 116, 156, 160,
        163, 169, 175, 178, 180, 184 n., 187, 198, 219, 222, 229, 280,
        285, 288, 292, 306, 330, 340;
      description of, 343, 398
    Gregorian, 62, 69, 72, 78, 83, 87, 101 _seqq._, 114, 116 _seq._,
        163, 165, 170, 175 n., 178 _seqq._, 187, 198, 222, 228, 288,
        292, 299, 306, 330, 340;
      description of, 344, 398 _seq._
    Leonine, 156, 178, 184 n., 198, 219, 222, 280, 285, 330;
      description of, 343
    Mozarabic, 101, 156

  Salbarus (Persian General), 339

  _Saturday_, its liturgical observance, 12

  Saxony, festivals in, 35

  Schrader, Clemens (S.J.,), on the Immac. Conc., 240 _seqq._

  Schulting, Cornelius, 419

  Scotus, Jo. Duns, 259

  Sedatus (Bishop of Béziers), 169

  Selden, John, Calendars published by, 218, 225, 238, 273, 286 n.,
        299, 322, 381

  Seligenstadt, Synod of, 223

  Serapion (Abbot of Thmuis), 92

  Sergius I. (Pope), 175, 229, 237, 344

  Servilius Paulus (proconsul), 39

  Severus, Sulpicius, 141

  Sicardus (Bishop of Cremona), 255 _seq._

  Siculus Peter, 247

  Sidonius Apollinaris, 191

  Siena, The _Liber Ordinarius_ of, 322

  Silos, _see_ Calendars; Lectionary

  Silvia (The Gallic pilgrim), on Christian worship, 8, 62 _seqq._, 86;
    on Fasts, 93, 99, 107, 112 _seq._, 129, 152, 154 _seq._, 171, 173,
        175, 196, 338, 433 _seq._

  _Simchah Thorah_, festival of the, 111

  Simplicius (Pope), 224

  Sirleto (Cardinal), 308, 409

  Siroes (King of Persia), 339

  Sixtus I. (Pope), 51, 55

  ⸺ III. ” 271 n.

  ⸺ IV. ” 261 _seq._, 266, 274, 276, 326

  ⸺ V. (Pope), 264, 266

  Socrates (Eccl. historian), 96, 106, 336

  Sonnatius (Bishop of Reims), statutes of, 21;
    Calendar of, 229 n., 238

  Sophronius (Patriarch), 448

  Sozomen (Eccl. historian), 9 _seq._, 207, 336

  Spain, reduction of festivals in, 31;
    Advent in, 159;
    Feasts of B.V.M. in, 227, 254, 262;
    St James in, 292 _seqq._;
    _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Sprenger, Jacob (O.P.), 270 n.

  Stachys (Bishop of Constantinople), 289

  Stephen (Bishop of Liège), 116 _seq._

  _Sunday_, origin of the name, 7;
    laws for its observance, 9 _seq._;
    law-courts cease to sit on, 18;
    races forbidden on, 19

  Switzerland, _see_ Festivals of obligation

  Symmachus (Pope), 208, 318 n., 331

  _Synagogue, The_, its influence on the Church’s year, 5

  _Synaxis_ [Synaxaria], of St John Baptist, 219, 345, 349;
    _see_ Copts, Michael of Atriba

  Szabolcs, Council of, 198

  Tarragona, Synod of, 31

  _Tenebræ_, The Office of, 71

  Tertullian, 5;
    his enumeration of feasts, 17;
    on Easter, 40, 44, 56, 89 _seqq._, 99, 106;
    on Pentecost, 111 _seq._, 127, 141, 172, 184;
    on Christian burial, 213, 310, 431, 437

  Theodore, on Feasts of B.V.M., 227

  Theodorus Lector, 286

  Theodosius II. (Emperor), his legislation about holy days, 19, 130,
        220, 224

  Theodulf, on Ember days, 188

  Theophanes (historian), 328, 337 n.

  Theophilus of Alexandria, 220

  Theophilus of Cæsarea, on Easter, 40, 59

  Thomas Aquinas, St, 122, 258

  Thomassin, Louis, 419

  Tillemont (historian), 210, 220, 320, 420

  Toledo, 4th Synod of, 74, 80, 100, 164
    6th ”, 193
    8th ”, 100
    10th ”, 232
    _See_ Calendars, Martyrology

  Tondini, Cæsar (Barnabite), on the Calendar, 52 n.

  Tours, festivals celebrated at, 20;
    second council of, 164, 331;
    _see_ Calendars

  Trani, _see_ Missal

  _Translation_, of relics, 220, 267, 281, 292

  Trent, Council of, 31, 263

  Treves, Synod of, 268;
    _see_ Calendars, Lectionary

  Tribonianus, 134

  Trithemius (Abbot), 274, 276 n., 403

  Trullan Synod, the, 73, 100, 105, 232, 387

  Turcius Almachius (Prefect of Rome), 317 _seqq._

  _Typicum, The_, of St Sabas, 243, 447 _seq._

  Tyre, Synod at, 195

  Uranius (Bishop of Emesa), 221

  Urban I. (Pope), 317

  ⸺ IV. ” _see_ James Pantaleon

  ⸺ VI. ” 267, 276

  Urban VIII. (Pope), his constitution _Universa per orbem_, 29, 30, 200

  Usuardus, _see_ Martyrology

  Valens (Emperor), 130, 220

  Valentia, council of, 213 n.

  Valentinian II. (Emperor), law on Sunday rest, 10;
    regulation of legal vacations, 17 _seq._, 134

  Valesius, on the Lenten fast, 97

  _Veil_, the Lenten [Hunger Veil], 104

  Venantius Fortunatus, 316

  _Vestments_, Liturgical, 428 _seqq._

  Victor (Bishop of Capua), _see_ Lectionary

  ⸺ (Pope), 39, 55, 59, 90

  Vienne, Council of, 124

  Vigilius (Bishop of Trent), 191

  Vincent Ferrer, St, 274

  Walter (Bishop of Orleans), 23

  ⸺ (Bishop of Rouen), 252 n.

  Wandelbert of Prüm, 57;
    _see_ Martyrology

  Warinus of Worcester, 248

  Willibald, St (Bishop of Eichstätt), 314

  Worcester, Synod of, 252

  Wüstenfeld, F., 381 _seq._

  _Xerophagiæ, The_, 99

  Zacharias (Patr. of Jerusalem), 339

  ⸺ (Pope), 80 n., 164

  Zeno of Verona, 151, 155, 165

  Zosimus (Pope), 81

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