POPE, ALEXANDER.--(I.) Of the Use of Riches, an Epistle To the Right
Honorable Allen Lord Bathurst. [one of Pope's Executors] By Mr. Pope.
London: Printed by J. Wright, for Lawton Gilliver at Homer's Head
against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleetstreet, 1732. Price 1s.

(II.) The First Satire of the Second Book of Horace, Imitated in a
Dialogue between Alexander Pope of Twickenham in Com. Midd. Esq; on
the one Part, and his Learned Council on the other. [Line from Horace]
London: Printed by L.[awton] G.[illiver] and sold by A. Dodd, near
Temple-Bar; E. Nutt, at the Royal Exchange; and by the Booksellers of
London and Westminster. M.DCC.XXXIII.

(III.) An Epistle [Of the Knowledge and Character of Men] to the Right
Honourable Richard [Temple] Lord Visc^{t}. Cobham. By Mr. Pope. [Six
lines from Horace, Sat. 10. Lib. 1.] London: Printed for Lawton
Gilliver, at Homer's Head against St. Dunstan's Church in
Fleetstreet, 1733. [Price one Shilling.]

(IV.) An Epistle from Mr. Pope to Dr. Arbuthnot. [Four lines from
Tully.] London: Printed by J. Wright for Lawton Gilliver at Homer's Head
in Fleetstreet, 1734.

(V.) Of the Characters of Women: an Epistle to a Lady. By Mr. Pope.
London: Printed by J. Wright, for Lawton Gilliver at Homer's Head
against St. Dunstan's Church in Fleetstreet, M DCCXXXV. (Price One
Shilling.)

(VI.) The Second Epistle of the Second Book of Horace, imitated by Mr.
Pope. Ludentis speciem dabit & torquebitur----London: Printed for R.
Dodsley, at Tully's Head, in Pall-Mall. M. DCC. XXXVII. (Price One
Shilling.) _Folio, six works in one volume, brown levant morocco, gilt
back, gilt edges, by Chambolle-Duru._

First editions. The Epistle to Lord Cobham, Of the Knowledge and
Character of Men, Of the Characters of Women, and Of the Use of Riches
are the first three of the four Moral Essays written in the form of
Epistles.

In this edition of the Characters of Women, Philomedé (Henrietta,
Duchess of Marlborough in her own right), Atossa (her mother the Duchess
Sarah), and Chloe (Lady Suffolk) do not appear. The Epistle to Dr.
Arbuthnot is the Prologue to the Satires.

The First Satire of the Second Book of Horace is presumably the first of
four issues of the first of two editions printed in 1733, with no
defective type on the title-page, and the catch-word on page 13
misprinted "In" for "Whether." It has been asserted that there were five
editions of this poem in 1733, but an examination of various copies
shows that defective type in the text occurs in the same places in four
out of five instances. This would indicate that the type was actually
reset only once, although variations of signature marks and marginal
signs show that slight typographical changes were made as the sheets
passed through the press. These, however, are not important enough to
constitute new editions. The real test is in the composition of the text
itself. The sheets of the four issues are the same, but on one
title-page the words "Price One Shilling" are added after the date.

It has been asserted that there are three editions of the Second Epistle
of the Second Book of Horace; but, on the same grounds as in the
previous poem, it seems more probable that there were three issues of
one edition, parts of which were possibly reset, as indicated by
occasional corrections of defective type. The present issue is
presumably the first, with the misprint "16" for "15" at the foot of
page 12, an error corrected in the other two issues.

Collation: I. Title with floral ornament, one leaf (verso blank). Text,
B1-F2, in twos, ending with an Erratum of one line. Pages 1-20.

II. Title, A1 (verso blank). Half-title in Latin, A2 recto. Text in
Latin and English, A2 verso-E2 (verso blank), in twos. Pages 1-19.

III. Title, one leaf (verso blank). Text, B1-E1 (verso blank), in twos.
Pages 1-13. Leaf of Advertisement, E2 (verso blank).

IV. Title with ornament of flowers and birds, A1 (verso blank).
Advertisement, A2. Text, B1-F2, in twos. Pages 1-20, misprinted 30.

V. Title with ornament of a head, A1 (verso blank). Advertisement, A2
(verso blank). Text, B1-D2, in twos. Pages 1-16.

VI. Title with ornament of a vase of flowers, A1 (verso blank). Text,
A2-E2 (verso blank), in twos. Pages 1-19.

POPE, ALEXANDER.--(I.) The First Epistle of the First Book of Horace
imitated. By Mr. Pope. London: Printed for R. Dodsley . . . and sold by
T. Cooper . . . M DCC XXX VII. (II.) The Sixth Epistle of the First Book
of Horace imitated. By Mr. Pope. London: Printed for L. Gilliver . . . M
DCC XXXVII. . . . (III.) The First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace,
imitated. [Line from Horace] London: Printed for T. Cooper, . . . M.
DCC. XXX VII. . . . (IV.) The Second Epistle of the Second Book of
Horace, 1737. _Folio, four works in one volume, cloth, by The Club
Bindery_.

First editions. No. IV is of the issue with the correct numbering of the
note, 15, at the foot of page 12, and no numeral in the lower right-hand
corner of the page.

Collations: I. Title, one leaf (verso blank). Half-title, B1 recto. Text
(Latin on the verso, English on the recto), B1 verso-F2 (verso blank),
in twos. Pages 1-19; 18-19 misprinted 20-21.

II. Half-title, A1 (verso blank). Title, A2 (verso blank). Second
half-title, B1 recto. Text (Latin on the verso, English on the recto),
B1 verso-E2 (verso blank), in twos. Pages 1-15.

III. Title with large floral ornament containing figures and birds, A1
(verso blank). Advertisement, A2. Text, B1-G2 (verso blank), in twos.
Pages 1-23.

IV. Title with ornament of a vase of flowers, A1 (verso blank). Text,
A2-E2 (verso blank), in twos. Pages 1-19.

POPE, ALEXANDER.--The Universal Prayer. By the Author of the Essay on
Man. London: Printed for R. Dodsley, at Tully's-Head, in Pall-mall. M
DCC XXX VIII. (Price Six-Pence.) _Folio, red morocco, uncut edges, by
The Club Bindery_.

First edition. Title and three leaves without signatures.

POPE, ALEXANDER.--(I.) One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight. A
Dialogue Something like Horace. By Mr. Pope. London: Printed for T.
Cooper at the Globe in Pater-noster-row. (Price One Shilling.) [1738]
(II.) One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty Eight. Dialogue II. By Mr.
Pope. London: Printed for R. Dodsley at Tully's Head in Pall-mall, M DCC
XXX VIII. (Price One Shilling.) _Folio, red levant morocco, by The Club
Bindery_.

First editions.

Collation: I. Half-title, A1 (verso blank). Title with ornament of a
basket of flowers, A2 (verso blank). Text, B1-D1, in twos. Pages 1-10.
"Books lately Printed for T. Cooper," D2 (verso blank).

II. Title with ornament as in I, A1 (verso blank). Text, A2-D2, in twos.
Pages 1-16.

POPE, ALEXANDER.--Verses Upon the Late D----ss of M----. [Duchess of
Marlborough] By Mr. P----. [woodcut] London: Printed for W. Webb, near
St. Paul's, 1746. (Price Sixpence.) _Small folio, red levant morocco, by
The Club Bindery_.

The Announcement on the last page reads: "These Verses are Part of a
Poem, entitled _Characters of Women_. It is generally said, the
D----ss gave Mr. P. 1000 l. to suppress them: He took the Money,
yet the World sees the Verses; but this is not the first
Instance where Mr. P's practical Virtue has fallen very short of
those pompous Professions of it he makes in his Writings."

Collation: [No signatures] Title with woodcut of a winged man with a
scythe and a headless statue, one leaf (verso blank). Text, two leaves,
on the verso of the second, an Announcement. Pages 1-5, last page
unnumbered.

POPE, ALEXANDER, _translator_.--The Odyssey of Homer, translated by A.
Pope London: Printed for F. J. Du Roveray, By T. Bensley . . . 1806.
_Royal 8vo, six volumes in three, red levant morocco, gilt back and
sides, gilt edges, by Bedford_.

Illustrated by the portrait and twenty-four plates by Fittler and others
from the designs of Fuseli, Smirke, Singleton, Burney, Howard, etc.,
each in three states, and in addition eighteen scenes (eight on India
paper) and two portraits of Homer.

POPE, ALEXANDER.

  See Ayre, William.
      Dilworth, W. H.
      Parnell, Thomas.
      Ruffhead, Owen.
      Swift, Jonathan. Miscellanies, 1742.
      Thoms, W. J.
      Warton, Joseph.
      Young, Edward.

POPEIANA.--Love's Invention: or, the Recreation in Vogue. An excellent
new Ballad upon the Masquerades. To the Tune of, O! London is a fine
Town, &c. Honi Soit Qui Mal y Pense. London: Printed for E. Curll . . .
and R. Francklin . . . M. DCC. XVIII. . . . _4to, boards, uncut edges,
by The Club Bindery_.

Pages 18-22 contain a poem, "To the Ingenious Mr. Moore, Author of the
Celebrated Worm-Powder, By Mr. Pope."

POPEIANA.--The Progress of Dulness. By an Eminent Hand. Which will
serve for an Explanation of the Dunciad. . . . London: Printed in the
year M. DCC. XXVIII. . . . _Small 8vo, silk covers, uncut edges, by The
Club Bindery_.

A poem of eight pages, "The Progress of Dulness. To Duncan Campbell," by
H. Stanhope, dated White-Hall, June 6, 1720, is followed by
"Observations on Windsor Forest, the Temple of Fame, and the Rape of the
Lock," twenty-one pages, Verses to the Countess of Warwick, two pages by
J. Markland, and five other pages, two of them advertisements.

POPEIANA, 1732-1741.-(I.) Stowe, the Gardens Of the Right Honourable
Richard Lord Viscount Cobham. Address'd to Mr. Pope. . . . London:
Printed for L. Gilliver . . . M DCCXXX II. . . .

(II.) A Dialogue on One Thousand Seven Hundred and Thirty-eight: together
with a Prophetic Postscript as to One Thousand Seven Hundred and
Thirty-nine. London: Printed for T. Cooper, . . . M. DCC. XXXVIII. . . .

(III.) Are these Things So? the Previous Question, from an Englishman
in his Grotto, to a Great Man at Court. . . . [by James Miller] London:
Printed for T. Cooper, . . . MDCCXL.

(IV.) The Great Man's Answer to Are these Things So? in a Dialogue
between His Honour and the Englishman in His Grotto. . . . By the Author
of Are these Things So. [by James Miller] London: Printed for T.
Cooper, . . . M DCC XL.

(V.) Yes, they are: being an answer to Are these Things so? the
previous question from An Englishman in his Grotto to a Great Man at
Court. . . . London: Printed for T. Cooper . . . M. DCC. XL. . . .

(VI.) What of that! Occasion'd by a Pamphlet, intitled, Are these
Things so? And its Answer, Yes, they are. . . . The Second Edition.
London: Printed for T. Cooper, . . . M DCC XL. . . .

(VII.) They are Not. . . . The Third Edition. London: Printed for T.
Cooper, . . . M DCCXL. . . .

(VIII.) Pro and Con. . . . London: Printed for J. Roberts, . . . M DCC
XLI. . . . _Folio, eight works in one volume, red morocco, gilt edges,
by The Club Bindery_.

POPEIANA.--The Court Dunciad. Inscrib'd to the Honourable Mrs.
Fitz----ms.

/p
    This Book's a Meaning, and, no Doubt,
    Ye all have Wit enough to find it out.
p/

London: Printed for J. Irons, and sold at the Pamphlet-Shops of London
and Westminster. 1733. [Price 1s.] _8vo, green morocco, gilt edges.
Bound with "Spiller's Jests" and three other works_.

Engraved frontispiece with four lines of verse beneath.

George Daniel's copy, with the following note on the fly-leaf: "Of 'The
Court Dunciad' I have never seen a second copy."

POPEIANA.--A Tryal of Skill Between a Court Lord, and a Twickenham
'Squire. Inscrib'd to Mr. Pope. [Quotation of ten lines and
copper-plate vignette] London: Printed and sold by J. Dormer, . . .
[Price One Shilling.] M. DCC. XXXIV. _Folio, cloth, by The Club Bindery.
Bound with three other works, all POPEIANA._

POPEIANA.--Sober Advice from Horace, to the Young Gentlemen about Town.
As deliver'd in his Second Sermon. Imitated in the Manner of M^{r} Pope.
Together with the Original Text, as restored by the Revd. R. Bentley,
Doctor of Divinity. And some Remarks on the Version. London: Printed for
T. Boreman, . . . [1735] _Folio, red levant morocco, by The Club
Bindery. Bound with ten other works_.

The text is in Latin and English.

POPEIANA.--Mr. P--pe's Picture in Miniature, but As Like as it can
stare; a poem: With notes. . . . London: Printed for G. Lion, . . .
1743. (Price Sixpence.) _Folio, cloth, by The Club Bindery. Bound with
three other works, all POPEIANA._

POPEIANA.--A Plan of Mr. Pope's Garden, As it was left at his Death:
with a Plan and Perspective View of the Grotto. All taken by J. Serle,
his Gardener. With An Account of all the Gems, Minerals, Spars, and Ores
of which it is composed, and from whom and whence they were sent. To
which is added, A Character of all his Writings. London: Printed for R.
Dodsley, . . . and Sold by M. Cooper . . . 1745. [Price 1s. 6d.] _4to,
green morocco, uncut edges, with the original blue wrappers bound in, by
The Club Bindery._

Folded plate, "A Plan of Mr. Pope's Garden as it was left at his Death.
Taken by Mr. Serle his Gardener," and two other plates after Serle, "A
Plan of the Grotto" and "A Perspective View of the Grotto."

POPEIANA.--A Plan of Mr. Pope's Garden. 1745. _4to, red levant morocco,
Janseniste, gilt top, uncut edges, by Rivière._

Another copy, extra-illustrated by the insertion of three sepia, two
wash, and five pencil drawings of the grotto, four engravings, and an
autograph letter from Pope to Jonathan Richardson, the painter, ending,
"Yours most affectionately and faithfully."

POPEIANA.--Remarks on 'Squire Ayre's Memoirs of the Life and Writings of
Mr. Pope.   in a Letter to Mr. Edmund Curl, Bookseller, with Authentic
Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the said E---- C--l [Four lines
from the Dunciad] London: Printed for M. Cooper, . . . 1745. _8vo, red
straight-grain morocco, gilt edges, by The Club Bindery._

Contains half-title. The Letter is signed J. H.

POPEIANA.--Eloisa en dishabille: being a new version of that lady's
celebrated epistle to Abelard. Ascribed to Professor [Richard] Porson
. . . . London: printed in the year M DCCC XXII. _Post 8vo, original paper
wrappers, uncut edges._

One of fifty copies printed.

PORSON, RICHARD.--See Popeiana. Eloisa en dishabille.

PORTER, GEORGE RICHARDSON.--A Treatise on the Origin, Progressive
Improvement, and Present State, of the Manufacture, of Porcelain and
Glass, [vignette by E. Finden after H. Corbould] London. Printed for
Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, . . . 1832. _Post 8vo, cloth, uncut
edges._

Fifty woodcuts in the text.

[PORTLAND, DUKE OF.]--Catalogue of the Pictures belonging to His Grace
the Duke of Portland, at Welbeck Abbey, and in London M. D. CCC.
LXXXXIIII. [56 plates] London: printed at the Chiswick Press M. D. CCC.
LXXXX IIII. _4to, half green morocco, gilt top, uncut edges._

PORTRAITS.--A Series of Proof Portraits and Embellishments executed by
first rate Artists, to illustrate the best English Novelists, Poets, and
Essayists . . . Got up under the direction of, and printed for, Charles
Cooke . . . 1805, _8vo, four volumes, old red morocco, gilt back panels
and side border, gilt edges._

Three hundred and forty plates, twenty-three being portraits.

PORTRAITS.--Physiognomical Portraits. One hundred Distinguished
Characters, From undoubted Originals, Engraved in the Line Manner by the
most eminent British Artists   London: published for the proprietor,
[John Johnson] by J. Major . . . 1824. _4to, two volumes, half purple
morocco, gilt top, uncut edges._

Largest paper copy, proofs of the plates on India paper, including the
portrait of George IV. engraved on silver by Cosmo Armstrong and the
cancelled portraits of Aremberg, Michael Angelo, Vandyck, Pitt the
Younger, and Reynolds, and the engraver's etching of Lord William
Russell and Wolsey.

POTTER, ROBERT.--Poems by Mr. Potter. London: Printed for J. Wilkie, . . .
M DCC LXXIV. _8vo, cloth, uncut edges, by The Club Bindery._

Contains final leaf of Errata.

PRAED, WINTHROP MACKWORTH.--The Poetical Works of Winthrop Mackworth
Praed. New and Enlarged Edition . . . Redfield . . . New York   1860.
_4to, two volumes, half blue morocco, gilt top, uncut edges_.

Large paper copy, "Editor's edition," fifty printed.

PRATT, SAMUEL JACKSON.--The Fair Circassian. A tragedy. As performed at
the Theatre-Royal, Drury-Lane, by the Author of Sympathy, a poem.
London: printed for R. Baldwin, . . . M DCC LXXXI. _8vo, morocco, by The
Club Bindery_.

First edition. The date 1780 in "Biographia Dramatica" is obviously a
misprint, as the play was not acted until 1781.

PRAYERS.--The Book of Common Prayer . . . according to the Use of the
Church of England; together with the Psalter . . . Oxford, printed by T.
Wright and W. Gill . . . M DCCLXXII. _12mo, contemporary red morocco,
gilt back, sides in mosaic of blue, red, and green elaborately tooled,
silk linings_.

PRAYERS.--The Book of Common Prayer, and Administration of The
Sacraments, And other Rites and Ceremonies of The Church, According to
the Use of the United Church of England and Ireland. With Notes.
Illuminated: And Illustrated with Engravings from the Works of the Great
Painters. London: John Murray, mdcccxlv. _8vo, grey velvet, back and
side borders embroidered in gold and colours to simulate jewels, gilt
edges, by The Club Bindery._

Twelve inserted plates.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING.--History of the Conquest of Mexico; with a
Preliminary View of the Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of
the Conqueror, Hernando Cortéz. By William H. Prescott London: R.
Bentley . . . MDCCCXLIII. _8vo, three volumes, cloth, uncut edges._

First edition: with three portraits, two maps, and a facsimile.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING.--Biographical and Critical Miscellanies. By
William H. Prescott, . . . London: Richard Bentley, . . . 1845. _8vo,
cloth, uncut edges._

First edition. Portrait by W. Greatbatch after Ames.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING.--History of the Reign of Ferdinand and
Isabella the Catholic, of Spain. By William H. Prescott. . . . Fourth
edition revised. London: Richard Bentley, . . . 1846. _8vo, three
volumes, cloth, uncut edges._

Five portraits.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING.--History of the Conquest of Peru, with a
Preliminary View of the Civilization of the Incas. By William H.
Prescott   London: R. Bentley . . . 1847. _8vo, two volumes, cloth,
uncut edges._

First English edition. Two portraits and a map.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING.--History of the Reign of Philip the Second,
King of Spain. By William H. Prescott, . . . Boston: Phillips, Sampson,
and Company. 1855. [-1859] _8vo, three volumes, cloth._

First edition: with four portraits on steel by J. Brown, a facsimile,
and a map.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING.--History of the Reign of Philip the Second,
King of Spain. By William H. Prescott, . . . London: Richard Bentley, . . .
1855. [-1859] _8vo, three volumes, cloth, uncut edges._

First English edition. Seven portraits by J. Brown and W. Greatbatch,
and a facsimile.

Presentation copy from the Author to Sir Archibald Alison.

PRETENDER.--An authentick Account Of the Conduct of the Young Chevalier,
[Charles James Edward] from His first Arrival in Paris, after his
Defeat at Culloden, to the Conclusion of the Peace at Aix-la-Chapelle.
Wherein The Motives of his late Behaviour are fully laid open and
explained; with the various Messages which passed between him
and the French King; and many other curious and interesting Particulars.
Never before made publick. In a Letter from a Gentleman residing at
Paris, to his Friend in London. . . . The Third Edition. London:
Printed and sold by Nutt . . . Dodd . . . Barnes . . . M,DCC,XLIX.
_8vo, Spanish calf, gilt back, gilt top, uncut edges, by Pratt._

PRETENDER.--Virtue in Distress: or, Heroism Display'd.
Containing A succint and true Relation of the Politick Methods taken
by the Court of France to save the young Pretender [Charles James
Edward] from being made a Sacrifice to the late Peace. Also the Steps
taken at the Congress at Aix la Chapelle, to frustrate any
Resolutions that might be formed to the Prejudice of his Claims and
Pretensions in E--d. With a just and particular Account of every
Thing that happened before, at, and after his being arrested at Paris,
to his Arrival at Avignon. To which is added, A short Narrative of the
various Hardships and Accidents that befell him in Scotland, after the
Battle of Culloden, till his Escape to France. London: Printed for B.
Dickinson, . . . 1749. _8vo, Spanish calf, gilt back, gilt top, uncut
edges, by Pratt._

Portrait of the Young Pretender by J. G. after L. Tocqué.

PRETENDER.--The young Chevalier: [Charles James Edward] or, a Genuine
Narrative Of all that befell that Unfortunate Adventurer, from His fatal
Defeat to his final Escape, after wandering about the Isles and
Highlands of Scotland, for the space of five Months, while continually
pursued by his Enemies, from whom all his narrow Escapes are
Circumstantially and Honestly related. The whole Interspersed With
many Curious Anecdotes of the Lives and Characters of the Chiefs who
accompanied, as well as those who abandoned him in his Distresses.
In Particular The Characters of Lord Lovat, and some others are
cleared up, all the Facts, hitherto unknown, are related on the most
indisputable Evidence, in the most Candid Manner, and every
fictitious Embellishment avoided. By a Gentleman, who was personally
acquainted not only with the Scenes of Action, but with many of the
Actors themselves. London: Printed for the Author, and by his
Appointment sold by R. Griffiths . . . [n. d.] _8vo, Spanish calf,
gilt back, red edges._

PRICE, H.--Poems on Several Subjects. By a Land-Waiter in the Port of
Poole. . . . London: Printed for T. Astley, . . . M. DCC. XLI. _8vo,
cloth, by The Club Bindery._

PRIDEAUX, SARAH T.--An historical Sketch of Bookbinding by S. T.
Prideaux with a Chapter on Early Stamped Bindings   By E. Gordon Duff.
London Lawrence & Bullen . . . 1893. _Post 8vo, buckram, uncut edges._

No. 30 of one hundred and thirty large paper copies printed, with two
illustrations.

PRIME, WILLIAM COWPER.--Pottery and Porcelain of all times and nations
with tables of factory and artists' marks for the use of collectors
[with 300 illustrations] By William C. Prime . . . [coloured ornament]
New York   Harper and Brothers, . . . 1878. _4to, cloth, gilt top, uncut
edges._

First edition.

PRIOR, JAMES.--The Life of Oliver Goldsmith, M. B. from a variety of
original sources. By James Prior, . . . London: John Murray, . . . M
DCCC XXX VII. _8vo, two volumes, cloth, uncut edges._

Frontispiece, Goldsmith's monument, engraved by E. Finden after
Nollekens, and facsimile.

PROCTER, BRYAN WALLER.--(I.) Dramatic Scenes and other Poems, by Barry
Cornwall [Bryan Waller Procter] London. Printed for C. and J. Ollier . . .
1819. (II.) A Sicilian Story, with Diego de Montilla, and other
Poems. By Barry Cornwall   London: C. and J. Ollier . . . 1820. _12mo,
two volumes in one, blue morocco, back and sides, gilt and blind-tooled,
gilt edges._

First editions.

PROCTER, BRYAN WALLER.--Effigies Poeticæ: or The Portraits of the
British Poets illustrated by notes biographical, critical, and poetical,
[by Bryan Waller Procter]   London: James Carpenter and Son, . . .
MDCCCXXIV. _Folio, two volumes, half green morocco, gilt back, gilt top,
uncut edges._

Large paper copy. One hundred and forty portraits, proofs on India
paper.

PROCTER, BRYAN WALLER.--English Songs, and Other small Poems. By Barry
Cornwall, [vignette] London: Edward Moxon, . . . M DCCCXXXII. _12mo,
boards, uncut edges._

First edition.

PROCTER, BRYAN WALLER.--Charles Lamb: A Memoir. By Barry Cornwall
London: Edward Moxon & Co., . . . 1866. _8vo, cloth, uncut edges_.

Portrait of Lamb by Vinter after Hazlitt.

PROCTOR, ROBERT.--The Printing of Greek in the fifteenth century   By
Robert Proctor Printed for the Bibliographical Society at the Oxford
University Press December, 1900. _4to, original paper wrappers, uncut
edges._

Twenty-four plates.

No. VIII of Illustrated Monographs issued by the Bibliographical
Society.

PROCTOR, ROBERT.--See Duff, E. Gordon.

PROPERTIUS, PETRONIUS ARBITER, AND OTHERS.--Erotica. The Elegies of
Propertius, the Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, and the Kisses of
Johannes Secundus. Literally translated, and accompanied by poetical
versions from various sources. To which are added, the Love Epistles of
Aristænetus. Translated by R. Brinsley Sheridan and Mr. Halked. Edited
by Walter K. Kelly. London: Henry G. Bohn, . . . M DCCC LIV. _Post 8vo,
cloth, uncut edges._

PROPHECY OF LIBERTY.--The Prophecy of Liberty: a poem. Humbly Inscrib'd
to The Right Hon. Robert Lord Romney. . . . London, Printed for G.
Pearch, . . . and S. Steare, . . . MDCCLXVIII. _4to, paper wrappers, by
The Club Bindery._

PSALMS, ETC.--The Psalms Hymns and Spiritual Songs, of the Old and
New-Testament: Faithfully translated into English Meeter. For the Use,
Edification and Comfort of the Saints in Publick and Private, especially
in New-England . . . The Twenty-third Edition. Boston: Printed for D.
Henchman . . . 1730. _12mo, brown levant morocco, gilt back, gilt edges,
by David._

PSALMS.--The Book of Psalms translated by the Rev. T. K. Cheyne London
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PUCKLE, JAMES.--The Club, or, a Grey-Cap, for a Green-Head, in a
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PUSHKIN, ALEXANDER.--See Borrow, George.

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impossible, and it was dropped for more than thirty years.

But Von Moltke picked up the idea, and incorporated it in the intensely
modern army of modern Germany. It helped to win the great Franco-Prussian
War, and when the other nations of Europe began to examine it it had a
name; it was beginning to be a tangible something. Military men called it
the "staff idea," and when you asked them to explain it they told you
that officers who handled men were known as "line officers," and those who
handled things as "staff officers." In other words, men could be
lifted--as it were, in an aëroplane of scientific organization--away from
their commands and their narrow environments, up to a point where they
could have perspective, where they could handle men, regiments, small
arms, heavy ordnance on a large scale. The staff officers work in things
in the abstract, just as the line officers mould men in the concrete.

There then is the rough theory of staff organization which was picked up
and adapted to its use by the United States army at about the time of the
Spanish-American War. Of its value there can be no doubt; of its
efficiency no question.

A young man--Major Charles Hine--who had seen the operation of modern
staff in the regular army, decided that it was a good thing for the great
railroad systems of the country. Hine knew railroads. In order that he
might know them thoroughly, he one day packed his uniforms and his saddle
away in his trunk and went quietly out and got a job as brakeman on a
freight train. He did not stay on the car roofs very long; he has served
in about every conceivable post in railroad divisional organization, and
he has had a good chance to study the weaknesses of those very
organizations.

"We have got to eliminate government by chief clerks," said Major Hine at
the very beginning. "We are growing too rapidly for the men higher up. We
are forced to delegate official authority to clerks and foremen, and then
we build up an autocracy around some person of official rank. It is
pernicious feudalism, this permitting the chief clerk, and a good many
times some other clerks, to sign the name of the officer whom they attempt
to represent."

A railroad is really so spread out that its officers live a double
official life; a part of the time they are at their desks, and another
part out upon the line. Yet the average railroad officer, be he of high or
low degree, flatters himself that by some subtle method of personal
superiority, he is enabled to act intelligently in two places at the same
time.

Major Hine saw how that worked at the very beginning of a special service
with the Southern Pacific Railroad. He was down in the Yaqui River country
in Mexico, where heavy construction work was under way. In company with
the division engineer, he was riding the line mule-back. The division
engineer had several parties under him, each in charge of a resident
engineer, and all engaged in laying out and checking the contractor's
work. The headquarters of the division engineer were presided over by a
ninety-dollar-a-month chief clerk, who was dealing in the absence of his
superior with one hundred and twenty-five dollar resident engineers. The
division engineer assured his guest that the telephone permitted close
personal contact with headquarters, that every hour questions were
referred to him. The vice-president of the company, desiring to change the
assembling point for luncheon, sought for two hours from engineering
headquarters to locate the division engineer, who was on the grade all the
time.

The condition mentioned necessitates the chief clerk's signing the name of
his superior to heads of departments lower down, which heads are receiving
lower salaries, and are presumably of wider experience than the chief
clerk who essays to be their monitor. This is done in the name of routine
business. Unfortunately no two men often agree upon what constitutes
routine business. Almost every railroad officer will tell you that "my
chief clerk handles only routine business and never assumes too much
authority." When closely questioned, the same officer will reveal in the
utmost confidence the fact that the same condition does not obtain with
the chief clerk of the officer who is over the informant. Strangely
enough, if the complaining witness is promoted to his boss's job, the same
condition still exists, showing that the system is at fault, rather than
its individual members. Worst of all, the chief clerk has to break in all
the new bosses and thus has only limited promotion himself.

Major Hine has said that the bigness of things on the Harriman lines, the
breadth of the policies of Napoleon Harriman and Von Moltke Julius
Kruttschnitt, the vice-president in the change of the operation of that
far-reaching group of railroads, strengthened his nerve to advocate
radical departure from preconceived notions of railway organization. Hine,
at his home in Virginia, had once acted as receiver of a suburban trolley
system, where he had introduced a simplified organization. He found, at
that time, that the underlying principle of that organization would apply
to a thousand times as many men on the great Harriman lines. Incidentally,
after the receivership was lifted, the new owners of the property
discontinued the organization which Major Hine had created, for they took
the ground that no other electric road had such a system, and that
therefore there could be nothing in it.

Kruttschnitt decided to let Major Hine begin on the Harriman lines with
the reorganization of the divisions. He declined to order any changes, but
placed the burden of missionary work and conversions among his
subordinates on the shoulders of his special representative. There are not
a dozen letters bearing on this subject in Kruttschnitt's office. The work
was done by personal contact, which in two years involved over one hundred
thousand miles of travel by Hine. Major Hine states that, notwithstanding
the splendid spirit of the officers of the Harriman lines, little would
have been accomplished without the tactful support of Kruttschnitt, the
man whose supremacy and whose brilliant abilities are unquestioned in the
railway world. On the other hand, Kruttschnitt has been heard to say that
the credit lies with the enthusiastic younger man whom he attached to his
staff.

Most of the divisions of the Harriman lines had an assistant
superintendent, engaged mainly in outside duties, with an office near the
superintendent's, presided over by a chief clerk. Both the superintendent
and the assistant superintendent had his own chief clerk, who consumed
reams of paper annually in intercommunications over their respective
superior's signatures. The new system provides, as a first step, that if
the division has no assistant superintendent, one shall be appointed. The
next step is to order the assistant superintendent to remain at
headquarters in charge of the office, in effect, but not in name, the
chief-of-staff idea, so successfully applied by the Germans through Von
Moltke. When necessary, an additional trainmaster is appointed for the
previous outside duties of the assistant superintendent. The old chief
clerk is placed in line of promotion by appointing him, when possible, to
a position with outside duties on the road.

Next, the division shop is raided, the division master mechanic and the
travelling engineer (road foreman of engines) are moved bodily to the same
building with the division superintendent, where are usually already
located, the division engineer, the trainmaster, and the chief despatcher.
The old theory has been that the master mechanic should be at his shop to
supervise the shop force. The new conception is that the master mechanic
has passed the stage of a shop foreman; that, located at one shop, he
unconsciously comes to underestimate the importance of roundhouses and car
repair plants at outlying points on the division. He is brought to
division headquarters to get the atmosphere of transportation, to be in
touch with the train sheet, and to realize that motive power is one of the
component elements of transportation; that the shop is incident to the
railroad, not the railroad to the shop.

The official family, now being gathered under the parental roof of the
superintendent, are politely requested to deposit the official
shooting-iron, the typewriter, in one official arsenal, from which all
shooting will be done in the future. The office files are consolidated in
one office of record. This idea is borrowed from the courts of justice,
where one clerk of the court, with as many deputies as necessary, records
all transactions regardless of the number of judges and other officers.

You must have worked in a railroad office to appreciate the fearful
condition of official files in this year of grace, nineteen hundred
eleven. You ask for the file on that culvert at Jones' farm on the
Martinsburgh branch, and an anæmic office-boy staggers toward you with
enough manuscript to be the making of a novel. There are the contract
arrangements and the correspondence with the J. B. & G. concerning the
union station privileges that are enjoyed with it at Blissville; why,
there was a whole chapter given over to that episode of July, three
summers ago, when the leaders had to be renewed on that magnificent
structure, and its roof re-shingled. Here is the contract for handling
milk on a single side-line division--and the accompanying symposium of
thought from chief clerks and minor officers in the form of
miscellaneous--and entirely useless--correspondence. This is the agreement
with the bridge-builders' union--four inches thick. No wonder the shelves
of the record room sag, and that the clerks are hollow-eyed. Tons of
unprotected paper have been scrawled upon, perfect rivers of helpless
black ink have done the work--and all for that!

The heaviest file in the office of the Harriman system to-day is half an
inch in thickness, and there is no one to deny that the property is being
run at a high stage of efficiency--particularly in comparison with some
other railroad systems of the land. As the result of a single record
system at any division headquarters, the astounding saving has been to
that group of railroads, of five hundred thousand letters a year, and it
now goes without saying that they were unnecessary letters. In a year or
two, that figure will cross the million mark--and you must take second
breath to imagine the time and thought that goes into the making of a
million letters in a twelvemonth. The material saving in stationery is
considerable--although trifling in the operation of a system that spends
about $225,000,000 a year, but the logical claim is made that the five
hundred thousand letters eliminated retarded rather than helped
administration, that they produced more harm than good. Deeper than all
this is the dwarfing effect upon the individual initiative of the man
below, for whom the letter attempts to think.

Elimination of red tape is not the sole object of the new system. Mr.
Kruttschnitt regards this as incidental. What has appealed to him is the
final step in the organization which is to confer the uniform title of
"assistant superintendent" upon the former division engineer, master
mechanic, trainmaster, travelling engineer, roadmaster, and chief
despatcher. These officers retain their former duties and
responsibilities, but they broaden authority to meet emergencies on the
spot. This means increased supervision of employees, more scientific
management of men. The officials of the Harriman lines faced here a
ticklish problem. The attitude of organized labor was in doubt. Would the
men object to too many bosses? Would confusion result from several men
issuing orders that might possibly conflict? The results have been a
splendid vindication of the intelligence of the men who are close to
things. The men were often quicker to catch the idea than were the
officers. What appealed to them most of all was the dictum that no man
could sign another man's name or initials.

"We old men do our work, no matter how many bosses there are; we realize
that younger men need more instruction than supervision," said a veteran
conductor on the Union Pacific, when the matter was brought to his
attention. "We used to make one report to the master mechanic and another
to the superintendent. Now one report addressed simply 'assistant
superintendent' is enough. It means less red tape. But what we like best
of all is that some smart Aleck of a clerk can no longer jack us up."

That veteran ticket-puncher recalled that in older days conductors had
been dismissed for allowing operators to sign their names to telegraphic
train orders; perhaps the letter of dismissal was signed by the
superintendent's chief clerk. There was railroad system for you!

After a year and a half of what the local officers called trial--for Mr.
Kruttschnitt and Major Hine have always regarded that period as
demonstration rather than as experiment--the system was broadened. It was
applied to some of the higher units. For nearly a year, the U. P. general
officers at Omaha have had five assistant general managers. In other days
there were a general superintendent, a superintendent of motive power, a
chief engineer, a superintendent of transportation, and an assistant to
the general manager. The new million dollar general office building of the
U. P. at Omaha will have its office space arranged according to the new
conception. Until it is completed, the consolidation of office records
will not be practicable, because the various general offices are now
scattered over town. But a start has been made, and plans laid for full
development.

What is good at the east end of a railroad is generally as good at the
west end, and so the plan, working handily in general offices at Omaha,
has been transplanted to the general offices of another Harriman
road--the newly combined Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company
at Portland, Ore., and at Seattle, Wash. Other general headquarters of the
Harriman roads are only awaiting the construction of new and modern office
buildings, before they will be asked to fall in line with the plan.
Kruttschnitt does not order these things. He is far too wise a railroader
for that. He directs by suggestion and the family circle talks of Major
Hine. And yet twenty-three out of the thirty-three divisions of the
Harriman railroad group have fallen into the new groove within two short
years.

"Consider for an instant the overwhelming importance of a title to some
railroaders," says a high officer of one of that group as he sits at his
desk. He is one of the men to whom a title is as hollow as a brass
cylinder. "I have known a man to almost froth at the mouth because some
stupid underling wrote a letter and addressed him as 'assistant to the
general manager' instead of 'assistant general manager.' We have gone
title crazy on some of our railroads. Take that overworked word
'superintendent.' We have more superintendents on this system to-day than
there used to be track hands on a good sized road, and we have what is
even worse, a superintendent of motive power, and a superintendent of
transportation ranking the division superintendent who is the head of an
important subordinate unit, and entitled to respect among the rank and
file of our men as such. Under the new plan, the superintendent of
transportation together with the superintendent of motive power, as you
have already seen, become assistant general managers.

"Right there is an impersonality that is delightful--and efficient; it has
proved most efficient in division organization. Out on our ---- division
we had several washouts simultaneously last year. We sent at once an
assistant superintendent to each point of interruption and so we had at
each vital place, a man with sufficient brains and authority to use the
forces on the ground to the best advantage. Isn't that good railroading?"

It is good railroading all along the line. It is good railroading to
handle as big a question as the reorganization of a system employing a
quarter of a million men and women, without writing a whole library of
rules and regulations for its enforcement. Ask Major Hine, himself, how he
handles that problem.

"Easily enough," will be his reply to you. "We have a constitution--also
unwritten like that splendid old bulwark of English liberties--and any
superintendent, any general manager, can make his own rules for his
division or his stretch of railroad as long as they will stand the tests
of that constitution. And the railroad's bulwark consists of but three
very simple principles:

"The first of these is that no man may sign the name or the initial of
another. That is rank feudalism, and out of place in the twentieth century
sort of railroading. Our second clause is that there must be at all times
an assistant superintendent in charge of the office. Normally, this
assistant, in effect chief-of-staff, is the senior or No. 1 on the list.
Here again, elasticity is introduced. The unwritten law provides that
whatever assistant may be assigned to the office is the senior of the
others for the time being. The chief-of-staff reviews the incoming and
outgoing correspondence and reduces it to its lowest terms. Each assistant
superintendent signs his own communications, but they pass through the
focus of the administrative hour-glass on the desk of the watchful
chief-of-staff.

"In the third place, correspondence must be addressed impersonally; from
below, 'assistant superintendent,' from above, 'superintendent.' This
requirement is based upon the idea that authority, as in the courts, is
abstract and impersonal, that the exercise of authority is highly
concrete and personal. The court exists if the judge is dead; the court is
silent until the judge speaks."

Already there is noted a greater willingness to take responsibility. More
and more is heard about "this division" and "the company" and less and
less about "my department." The mathematical axiom that "the whole is
greater than any of its parts" is sometimes violated in corporate
administration, because there is no chief-of-staff to balance the
specialization of some department head.

This system of playing trumps in the new science of railroads
incidentally, but not essentially, provides for rotation in the position
of senior assistant or chief-of-staff. Some conservative divisions have
not availed themselves of this feature. On one division the superintendent
in the first year of the new organization had four of his five assistant
superintendents, each occupy the senior chair at headquarters for three
months each. Finally, it came the turn of the old master mechanic.

"I am sweating blood," he said, "but I never knew before how much there is
about a railroad."

When that master mechanic returned to his shop interests, his vision had
been broadened, and he was more alert to protect the company's interests
when riding over the road. The sponsors for the new system deny that this
may lead to the neglect of an official's own special responsibility. They
point to the superintendent as a balance wheel to maintain proper
equilibrium. Over two years' experience has led the high officials of the
Harriman lines to lay some stress upon urging the assistant
superintendents forward rather than holding them back. The tendency has
been to settle back in former grooves. As long as no harm is done, those
who avail themselves of their new opportunities are becoming more valuable
assets both for themselves and for the company.

When a division is reorganized, the persons concerned are assembled to
listen to a lecture by Major Hine. To their great astonishment, he usually
leaves town the same evening. He takes the position that the system which
depends for its success upon the presence of any individual is a system
which the company has no business to adopt. He says, "We have pushed you
off the bank. Now swim ashore." They all do. On the next visit of his
grand rounds, the instructor often finds his pupils beating him at his own
game. Dropping in one day at the headquarters of a large division on the
coast, he found the senior assistant superintendent and the old master
mechanic in frequent conference. The senior assistant tossed a letter over
the desk, and asked, "Did Jim here need to write this letter?" "It looks
good to me," said the instructor; "what is the matter with it?" "You told
us," said the interlocutor, "that one record in this office is enough. I
handled a letter this morning from the mechanical assistant telling the
foreman to repair this outfit car. Now I get another letter this afternoon
about the same thing." "You are dead right," said the major; "you fellows
will soon have me worked out of a job."

The old master mechanic caught the spirit of the occasion and said: "Yes,
Jack, you caught that one, but there were two just like it this morning
that you didn't catch. Next time I won't have to dictate them."

There then is efficiency through organization--the playing of trumps in
the developing science of railroading. Other railroads have been watching
the reorganization plan upon the Harriman system with critical eyes, and
can find nothing but success in its workings. It is paving its own way,
and shouldering itself abreast of a railroad generation that figures not
in lines of from five hundred to a thousand miles each, but giant systems
of grouped lines that may easily stretch their steel cobwebs for fifteen
thousand miles--over whole sovereign States, from ocean to
ocean--properties whose management calls for a degree of skill not yet
demanded in the very greatest of our industrial or manufacturing
corporations.

The old order changeth and giveth way to the new.

INDEX

  Acworth, the English economist, 330, 331.

  Adams, Alvin, 371, 372.

  Adams, Maude, 293, 294.

  Adams Express Company, 371-373.

  Adams & Company, 372.

  Ade, George, 303.

  Advertising, railroad, 276;
    bill for newspaper, 288;
    open territory, 356.

  Agricultural schools maintained by the railroads, 360, 361, 363.

  Air-brake, 42, 125, 134, 249, 250.

  Albany, bridge at, 14.

  Albany & Syracuse Railroad, 371.

  Algomah Central, 417.

  _Algomah_, ferry, 415.

  Alleghany Portage Railroad, 11, 12, 48, 149.

  Allen, Horatio, 5, 6, 7, 8, 119.

  Altoona shops of Pennsylvania Railroad, 12, 61, 154, 394, 395-398.

  American bridge-builders do work of world, 74.

  American Express Company, 372, 373.

  American Locomotive Company, 126, 127.

  "American Notes," Dickens, quoted, 11.

  Anchor Line, the, _see_ Erie & Western Transportation Company.

  Ann Arbor railway, 416.

  _Arabian_, locomotive, 120.

  Armstrong, Col. G. B., 377.

  Ashtabula, Ohio, bridge disaster, 61.

  Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 2, 32, 126, 127, 358, 386, 429.

  Atlantic City, 367, 368.

  Atlantic City Railroad, 127.

  Atlantic Coast Line, 127.

  Atlantic type of locomotive, 127.

  Baggage, handling of, 93;
    duties of baggagemen, 251, 252;
    use of baggage-car, 322, 323.

  Baldwin, Matthias, 122, 123.

  Baltimore, railroad connections of, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19;
    tunnels in, 49;
    stations in, 96, 436.

  Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 2, 9, 15-23, 41, 49, 58-60, 64, 65, 77, 96,
        120, 126, 132, 139, 144, 376, 377, 394, 421, 427, 436.

  Baltimore & Potomac R. R., 20.

  Bangs, Col. George S., 377, 378.

  "Bends," cause and treatment of, 68, 70.

  Bergen Tunnel, 318.

  Bessemer, Sir Henry, 61.

  _Best Friend of Charleston_, locomotive, 8, 120.

  Big Muddy River, Illinois Central's bridge over, 78.

  Big Four, 27, 418.

  Binghampton, N. Y., 81.

  Black Diamond Express (Lehigh Valley Railroad), 286.

  Black River Road, 217.

  Blair, Postmaster General Montgomery, 377.

  Blizzards, fighting of, 268-275.

  Boards of directors of railroads, 156-158.

  Bollman, --, designer of bridges, 61, 63.

  Bonds, railroad, 36, 37.

  Boston Elevated Railway, 428.

  Boston, in 1831, 9;
    railroad connections of, 10;
    Josiah Perham's excursions to, 29;
    stations in, 88, 95-99, 313, 319, 320, 384;
    suburban traffic of, 98, 99, 319.

  "Boston Special" (New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad), 384.

  Boston & Albany Railroad, 60, 77, 98, 106, 136, 370.

  Boston & Lowell Railroad, 9, 10, 96, 98.

  Boston & Maine Railroad, 1, 98, 319, 320, 333, 384, 437.

  Boston & Providence Railroad, 95, 370.

  Boston & Worcester line, 10, 124, 370.

  Brakeman, duties of, 248-250.

  Brandeis, Louis, 451, 452.

  Brandywine Viaduct, 77.

  Brennan, Louis, 442, 443.

  Bridge-builders, personality and nationality of, 72-74.

  Bridges--
    at Albany, across Hudson, 14.
    first across Mississippi, 28.
    building of, 42, 56-79.
    at Trenton, across Delaware, 57, 77.
    at Springfield, across Connecticut River, 57.
    of timber, 57-60, 62-64.
    at Waterford, across Hudson River, 57.
    Permanent Bridge, across Schuylkill River, 58.
    of stone, 58, 59, 76, 77.
    Starucca Viaduct, 58.
    Thomas Viaduct, 58, 59, 76.
    of iron, 60, 61.
    of Rider design, 60.
    B. & O. Monongahela River, 60.
    Ashtabula, 61.
    of steel, 61, 62, 76, 77.
    at Portage, over Genesee River, 62.
    forms of, 62-64.
    through span, 64.
    deck span, 64.
    over Susquehanna River, between Havre-de-Grace and Aiken, 64, 65.
    at Cincinnati, over Ohio River, 65.
    suspension, 65.
    cantilever, 65, 66.
    over Kentucky River, 66.
    Minnehaha, at St. Paul, 66.
    over Niagara River, 66.
    over Frazer River, 66.
    at Poughkeepsie, 66.
    personality of builders of, 72-74.
    over Pend Oreille River, 73.
    on line of Rio Grande & Western, 74.
    replacing of, 75, 76.
    Roebling's, at Niagara Falls, 75.
    at Steubenville, Ohio, 75, 76.
    over Hackensack River, 76, 206, 207.
    of concrete, 76-79.
    Brandywine Viaduct, 77.
    Pennsylvania, over Susquehanna River, 77.
    New Brunswick, over Raritan River, 77.
    over Florida Keys, 78.
    at Slateford, Pa., 78.
    over Big Muddy River, 78.
    at Washington, D. C., 78.
    Moodna Valley, steel trestle over, 143.
    at Towanda, Pa., 144.
    first steel bridge in America, 144.
    across the Delaware, 367.

  Brilliant cut-off (Pennsylvania Railroad), 148, 149.

  Britton, H. M., 269.

  Broad Street Station, Philadelphia, 88, 96, 97, 154, 320, 440.

  Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, its care for employees, 427, 428.

  Brooks plant, Dunkirk, 127.

  Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 423.

  Brown, George, 16.

  Brown, W. C., 167, 168, 362.

  "Brown system," _see_ Demerit plan.

  Bryant, Gridley, 6, 132.

  Buffalo & Attica Railroad, 27.

  Buffet sleepers, 307, 309.

  Burlington, _see_ Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R.

  Burr, Theodore, 57, 63.

  Burwick, J. M., 420.

  Cab, use of, 123.

  Caissons, their use in tunnel-construction, 52.
    in bridge-building, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77.

  Calvert Station, Baltimore, 96.

  Camden Station, Baltimore, 96, 436.

  Camden & Amboy Railroad, 10, 121.

  Campbell, Henry R., 122.

  Canadian Pacific Railway, 2, 32, 141, 142, 406, 414, 417.

  Canals, 4, 5, 9, 13, 34, 35.

  Car-ferries, 416, 417.

  Car-inspectors, duties of, 402, 403.

  Cars, storage of, 89;
    cleaning of, 90;
    construction of, 132;
    platforms and vestibules of, 134, 135, 308;
    use of steel for, 135;
    "foreign cars," 389.

  Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 17.

  Carter, C. F., quoted, 24.

  Cascade Tunnel, 436, 437, 441.

  Cassatt, A. J., 160, 166.

  Cathedral Mountain, the spiral tunnel under, 142.

  Cattle, shipping of, on railroads, 328, 329.

  Central Pacific Railroad, 30, 31, 32, 45, 357.

  Central Railroad of New Jersey, 2, 313, 412.

  Central Vermont, 333.

  Charleston & Hamburg Railroad, 8, 123.

  Cheney, Benjamin F., 372.

  Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, 2, 10, 16, 18.

  Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 2, 127.

  Chicago City Railway Company, 177.

  Chicago Fast Mail, 189.

  Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, 3, 32, 300, 313, 356, 358.

  Chicago-Montreal flyer, 414.

  Chicago, railroad connections of, 27;
    Northwestern station at, 88, 101, 106, 321;
    La Salle Station at, 101.

  Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 3, 28, 364, 386.

  Chicago & Alton Railroad, 144, 300-304.

  Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 3, 27, 28, 313, 356, 386.

  Chicago & St. Louis Express (West Shore Railroad), 265-267.

  Chief clerk, duties of, 220.

  Civil War, railroad building during period of, 19, 20;
    might have been averted by railroad development, 35.

  Claim-agents, 174-179.

  Cleveland stations in, 96, 418, 419.

  Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad, 418.

  Coal, handling of, 13;
    as a freight business, 108, 109, 126, 339, 342;
    substituted for wood as a fuel, 124;
    mining of, 340.

  Collinwood, Ohio, the Lake Shore's plant at, 394.

  Columbia & Philadelphia Railroad, 12, 122, 401.

  Commuter, the, 311;
    his use of rapid transit, 313-324, 327, 384.

  Competition among railroads, 355.

  Complaints of public in regard to railroad service, 290, 291.

  Conductor, duties of, 250, 251.

  _Consolidation_, locomotive, 124, 125.

  Construction work of railroads, 454.

  Cooper, Peter, 17-19, 120.

  Coöperation of railroads, 328.

  Cornell University, agricultural school at, 360.

  "Corridor trains," 134.

  Cowan, John F., 22.

  Crede, the English railroad town, 393.

  _Crédit mobilier_, 31.

  _Crescent City_, the, 299.

  Crocker brothers, 30.

  Crossings, railroad, 42.

  Cumberland, on the National Highway, 16, 19, 394.

  Cumberland Valley Railroad, 299.

  Daly, C. F., 284.

  Daniels, George H., 277.

  Davis, Phineas, 120-122.

  Davis, W. A., 377.

  Davis & Gartner Co., 120.

  _Decapod_, locomotive, 126.

  Dee, River, bridge, 60.

  Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, 2, 44, 78, 88, 102, 145,
        313, 315, 317, 385, 412.

  Delaware & Hudson Railroad, 1, 5, 119, 126.

  _Delmonico_, the, 304, 305.

  Demerit plan, 211, 212.

  Depew (New York), shops of the New York Central at, 394.

  Detroit River tunnel, 54, 55, 413, 436, 441.

  Devereux, John H., 418.

  _De Witt Clinton_, locomotive, 13, 120.

  Dexter, Judge, 29.

  Dickens's "American Notes," quoted, 11.

  Dining-cars, conveniences of, 134, 304-307.

  Division superintendent, duties of, 187-189, 202-219, 272-275.

  Dorsey, John M., 314.

  Dresden, Germany, train-sheds in, 103.

  Duluth & Iron Range Railroad, 420.

  Eagle Pass, 40.

  Edison, Thomas A., 432.

  Efficiency in railroad service, 449-464.

  Eighteen-hour trains, between New York and Chicago, 298.

  Electricity, its use in tunnel-construction, 51, 52.
    in bridge-building, 70.
    substituted for steam, 104, 105, 137, 432-441.
    used for lighting, 303, 315-321.

  Elevated and subway lines, 440.

  _El Gobernador_, locomotive, 126.

  Elkhart, Indiana, railroad shops of the Lake Shore Railroad at, 394.

  Embankment, construction of, 44;
    largest, 45.

  Emigration bureaus, 356, 358.

  Empire State Express (New York Central), 285, 286.

  Employees, protection of, 176-179, 422, 423.

  "Engine sheds," 390.

  Engine wheels, first turning of, in America, 7.

  Engineer, duties of, 90, 247, 248.

  Engines in yards and roundhouses, 89, 90.

  English roundhouse principle, 89.

  Enterprise line, the, 405.

  Erie Canal, New York State, 4, 13, 14, 15.

  Erie, Pa., transfer of passengers at, 14.

  Erie Railroad, 22-25, 59, 60, 124, 126, 142, 143, 164, 299, 313-315,
        317, 361, 392-394, 412, 417, 429, 430, 435.

  Erie & Western Transportation Company, 417.

  _Evening Star_, the, 299.

  Excursions, use of, 358.

  Express business, 369.

  Express messenger, duties of, 251, 252.

  Fargo, William G., 371, 372.

  "Farmers' special," 360, 361, 363.

  Felton, S. M., 124.

  Ferry fleets, 412-415.

  Fillmore, President, his trip on the Erie, 23.

  Finances of railroad, 179-186.

  Fireman, duties of, 90, 246, 391, 392.

  Fish, shipping of, 345, 346.

  Fisk, Jim, 299.

  Fitchburg, Railroad, 96, 98.

  Florida East Coast Railroad, 77, 78.

  Florida Keys, 78.

  Folders, bill for printing of, 288.

  Food, shipping of, to the city, 343, 344.

  Forbes, James M., 27.

  Forney, M. N., 125.

  Fort Wayne subsidiary, the, 147, 148.

  France, railroad in, 35.

  Frankfort, Germany, train-sheds in, 103.

  Franklin, Benjamin, 375.

  Frazer River bridge, 66.

  Freehold & Jamesburg Agricultural Railroad (Pennsylvania Railroad), 359.

  Freight claims, 183.

  Freight, railroads once prohibited from carrying, 9;
    Erie's profits from, 25;
    handling of, 34, 88, 107-118, 194;
    traffic, 318, 325-354;
    rate system for, 329-331;
    threefold classification of, 330-332;
    "back haul," 334;
    Australian system of, 334-336;
    "demurrage," 338;
    fast trains for, 343.

  Freight terminals, 107-115, 408.

  Freight traffic-manager, duties of, 326, 327.

  Fruit, shipping of California, 344, 345.

  Fullerton, H. B., 362.

  Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 27.

  Gallitzin Tunnel, 12, 50, 149, 441.

  Garrett, John W., 20, 21.

  Garrett, Robert, 21, 22.

  Gasolene engine, use of, 137.

  Gauge, standard, 46.

  General attorney of the railroad, duties of, 170-174.

  General counsel of the railroad, duties of, 170-174.

  General manager, duties of, 187-201.

  General passenger agent, duties of, 276-291, 366.

  General superintendent, duties of, 190.

  Genesee Valley Road, 143.

  Geneva, N. Y., agricultural experimental school, 360.

  _George Washington_, locomotive, 122.

  Gould roads, 2, 3, 32.

  Government regulation of railroads, 329.

  _Governor Paine_, locomotive, 123.

  Grades, railroad, 40, 41, 48, 139-151.

  Grand Central Railroad, 316, 317, 420.

  Grand Canal (Erie), 4.

  Grand Central Station, New York, 88, 95, 96, 104, 315, 321, 384, 419,
        421, 438, 439, 440.

  Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad, 416.

  Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, 3, 32, 42, 304, 333, 414, 416, 417, 436.

  "Grangers," 3.

  Grant, General, 302, 303.

  _Grasshopper_, locomotive, 120.

  Great Lakes, highway up the, 414.

  Great Northern Express Company, 373.

  Great Northern Railroad, 2, 32, 126, 147, 300, 358, 417, 437.

  Great Western Railway, _see_ Grand Trunk.

  Greenville, freight station at, 109, 110.

  Gyroscope, _see_ Mono-rail.

  Hackensack River Bridge, 76, 206, 207.

  Hadley, President, of Yale, 17.

  Hand-brakes, use of, 250.

  Hanson, Inga, 177.

  Harbor fleet, a, 406, 407, 408.

  Harlem River Branch (New Haven), 316, 317, 438.

  Harnden, William F., 370, 371, 372.

  Harriman, E. H., 139-141, 159, 166, 167, 358.

  Harriman lines, 2, 297, 358, 406, 455-458, 460-463.

  Harsemus Cove, 109, 110.

  _Harvard_, the, 405, 406.

  Haupt, Herman, 451, 452.

  Hazard, Ebenezer, 374.

  Headlight, first use of, 124.

  "Head-room," 42.

  Hill, J. J., his roads, 2, 147, 159, 166, 167, 358, 373, 406.

  Hinckley, --, a locomotive builder, 122.

  Hine, Charles, 453-455, 459-461, 463.

  Hoboken, Lackawanna Terminal at, 88, 102, 109.

  Honesdale, Pa., switchback at, 41.

  Hoosac Tunnel, 49, 437.

  Hopkins, Mark, 30.

  Hornellsville, Erie shops at, 392-394.

  Horse Shoe Curve, 12.

  Hotel-cars, _see_ Dining-cars.

  Howe, --, designer of bridges, 63.

  Hudson, Commodore, bronze statue of, 354.

  Hudson River Tunnel, 102, 412.

  Huntington, Collis P., 30, 32.

  Ice-floes, obstructions to the railroad marine, 416.

  Idaho & Washington Northern Railroad, 73.

  Illinois Central Railroad, 1, 28, 78, 313, 320, 321, 385, 429.

  Imperial Limited (Canadian Pacific Railway), 141.

  Inland Water Ways, 404-417.

  Insurance, for railroad employees, 423.

  Interstate Commerce Commission, 13, 329, 333, 335, 355, 374, 451.

  Interstate Commerce Law, 210.

  Interurban electric service, 432-434.

  Ithaca, N. Y., switchback at, 41.

  Jamaica, station at (Long Island), 318, 319.

  Jamestown Exposition of 1907, 441.

  _Jay Gould_, the, 299.

  Jersey City, 109.

  Jersey Heights Tunnel, 102.

  Jervis, John B., 121.

  Jewell, Postmaster General, 378.

  _John Bull_, locomotive, 121.

  Joy line, the, 405.

  Judah, Theodore D., 29, 30, 31.

  Kansas, boom in, 357.

  Kentucky River bridge, 66.

  Kicking Horse River, tunnel near, 142.

  Kingwood Tunnel, 41, 49, 122.

  Kirkwood, James P., 59, 77.

  Kruttschnitt, Julius, 298, 455, 456, 458-460.

  Lackawanna cut-off, 145.

  Lackawanna Railroad, _see_ Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad.

  Lake Michigan, an obstruction to land traffic, 415.

  Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, 14, 27, 205, 378, 385, 394,
        418, 419, 421.

  Lane cut-off (Union Pacific), 44, 140.

  Lard, shipping of, 342.

  La Salle Street Station, Chicago, 101.

  Latrobe, B. H., 19, 41, 49, 58, 60, 63, 122.

  Lehigh Valley Railroad, 2, 144, 286, 361, 385.

  Leiper, Thomas, 6.

  Lewis, Isaac, Erie engineer, 25.

  Lickey plane, 122.

  Lights, code of, 86.

  Lincoln, Abraham, 300, 302.

  Link device, use of, 124.

  Liquor, prohibition of use of, 421.

  Livingston & Company, 372.

  Locomotives, 5, 7, 8, 18, 26, 119-131.

  Long Island commuters, 102, 103.

  Long Island Express Company, 373.

  Long Island Railroad, 1, 109, 313, 318, 320, 362, 412.

  Long Key Viaduct, 78.

  Loree, L. F., 22.

  Lowell, Mass., in 1831, 9.

  Lucin cut-off, The (Southern Pacific), 139, 140.

  M. K. & T., 450.

  McAdoo Tunnel, 317.

  McCrea, James, 167, 194, 195.

  McCrea, the engineer, 420, 421.

  McGraham, James, 331.

  McPherson, Logan G., quoted, 20.

  Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad, 26, 124.

  Magazines, railroad employees', 429.

  Mail clerks, duties of, 251, 252, 377-383.

  Mail-service, railway, 369-387.

  Maintenance Way Department, 388.

  Mallet articulated compound, 126, 127.

  Manchester & Liverpool line, 9.

  Mann, Col. W. D., 135.

  Manunka Chunk, tunnel at, 145.

  Marine, the railroad, 404-417.

  Market Street Station, Philadelphia, 88, 97.

  Martin, T. E., 363.

  _Maryland_, the, 413.

  Mason, a locomotive builder, 122.

  Master Car Builders, organization of, 136, 137, 390, 401.

  Master mechanic, duties of, 389, 400, 401.

  _Mastodon_, locomotive, 125, 126.

  Mauch Chunk, colliery railroad at, 9, 41, 136.

  Metropolitan Line, the, 405.

  Metropolitan Street Railway Company, New York City, 172.

  Meyers, George, 418, 419.

  Michigan Central Railroad, 27, 28, 54, 302, 385, 413, 414, 436.

  Michigan Southern Railroad, 27, 28.

  _Michigan_, the transport, 414.

  Middlesex Canal, traffic on, in 1829, 9.

  Milholland, James, 124.

  Military Academy at West Point, parade-ground of, 265.

  Milk, carrying of, to city, 347-351.

  Mills, James C., quoted, 415, 416.

  Minnehaha Bridge, at St. Paul, 66.

  Minot, Charles, 25.

  Missouri Pacific Railroad, 29.

  Missouri, steel bridge across the, 144.

  Moguls, locomotives, 124.

  Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, 13, 41, 121.

  Mono-rail, 441-445.

  Monon Railroad, 385.

  Monongahela River Bridge, 60.

  Moodna Valley, steel trestle over, 143.

  Morgan, J. P., 296, 328.

  _Morning Star_, the, 299.

  Morris Run, the, 133.

  Morse, William, 265-267.

  Mott Haven yards, 439.

  Mount Clare yards, Baltimore, 120, 132.

  Mount Royal station, Buffalo, 436.

  Murray, Oscar G., 22.

  National Express Company, 373.

  Naugatuck Railroad, 135.

  New Brunswick bridge, over Raritan River, 77.

  New England Navigation Company, 405.

  New Haven Railroad, 1, 109, 147, 300, 313, 315, 316, 413, 419, 438-440.

  New York Central, 2, 14, 22, 27, 41, 104, 126, 147, 151, 154, 155, 167,
        205, 268, 284, 285, 297, 298, 313, 315-317, 320, 361-363, 370,
        384, 394, 407-410, 419-421, 435, 438.

  New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, 14, 104, 353, 378, 417, 434.

  New York Connecting Railroad, 109.

  New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 98, 104, 315, 320, 404-406,
        412, 433.

  New York, railroad connections of, 10, 21;
    tunnels in, 49;
    stations at, 88, 95, 96, 102-104, 159-162, 315, 318, 319, 321, 412,
        419, 421, 438-440;
    harbor and commerce of, 409-412;
    ferries in, 413-415.

  New York & Harlem Railroad, 14, 60.

  New York & New England Railroad, 98.

  Newspapers, rapid delivery of, 382.

  Niagara River bridge, 66.

  Norfolk & Western Railroad, 144, 421.

  Norris, William, 122.

  North Station, Boston, 88, 97, 98, 313, 319, 320, 324, 384.

  Northern Central Railroad, 11, 96.

  Northern Cross Railroad, 26.

  Northern Pacific Railroad, 2, 29, 32, 50, 51.

  Northern Steamship Company, 417.

  Northwestern station, Chicago, 88, 101, 106, 321.

  Norwich, Conn., 10.

  Observation cars, 308, 309.

  Officials of railroads, 170-219.

  Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, 19.

  Old Colony Railroad, 98, 405.

  _Olympic_, the, 407.

  Oneida Railways Company, 435.

  Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company, 460.

  Organization, as a means to secure efficiency, 449-464.

  Osgood, Samuel, 375.

  "Our Inland Seas," quotation from, 416.

  Oxford Furnace, tunnel at, 145.

  Pacific coast, railroad connections of, 28-32.

  Pacific type of locomotive, 127.

  Paderewski at Vassar, 294, 295.

  Palmer, Timothy, 58.

  Panhandle subsidiary, The, 147, 148.

  Panic, of '37, 13;
    of '07, 162, 359, 360.

  Pape, Edward, 176, 177.

  Park Avenue Tunnel, 439.

  Park Square Station, Boston, 95, 96, 98.

  Parkersburg, W. Va., railroad connections of, 19;
    grade at, 41.

  Parsons, Superintendent, 430.

  Passenger coaches, 132-134, 398-400.

  Passenger service, first road to have regular, 8.

  Paterson works, 121, 122, 124.

  Pay-car, gradual disappearance of the, 180.

  Pend Oreille River bridge, 73.

  Pennsylvania Railroad, 2, 12, 49, 50, 61, 76, 77, 96, 109, 110, 123,
        135, 145, 146, 154, 159, 167, 170, 194, 297, 298, 300, 313, 317,
        320, 359, 379, 385, 386, 394, 401, 406, 412, 413, 417, 421,
        423-427, 435, 441, 451.

  Pennsylvania Station, New York, 88, 102-104, 159-162, 318, 319, 412,
        440.

  Pensions, granted to employees, 425, 426.

  People's line, 12.

  People's Pacific Railroad, 29.

  Pere Marquette Railway, 416, 429.

  Perham, Josiah, 29, 30.

  Permanent Bridge, across Schuylkill River at Philadelphia, 58.

  Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown Railroad, 123.

  Philadelphia, railroad connections of, 10, 11, 15, 21;
    stations at, 88, 96, 97, 154, 320, 440.

  Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad, 20.

  Philadelphia & Columbia Railroad, 12.

  Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, 2, 97, 124.

  "Piano-box" system of switches, 84, 85, 86.

  Pig iron, handling of, 341, 342.

  _Pioneer_, locomotive, 27.

  _Pioneer_, sleeping-car, 301, 302, 303.

  Pittsburgh, railroad connections of, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19;
    suburban traffic of, 147, 148;
    Union Station at, 148.

  Planes, inclined, disuse of, 11, 12.

  Plumbe, John, 29.

  Pomeroy, George, 371.

  Pooling, objections to, 328, 331.

  Portage, N. Y., bridge at, 62.

  Portage Railroad, _see_ Alleghany Portage Railroad.

  Post-office Department, United States, 372-387.

  Poughkeepsie Bridge, 66.

  Prairie, type of locomotive, 127.

  Pratt, --, designer of bridges, 61.

  _President_, the, 304.

  President of the railroad, the, 152-169.

  Prince Rupert, on Grand Trunk Pacific Railroad, 32.

  Private car lines, 13, 293-298.

  Promotion in railroad service, 245, 255.

  Providence, R. I., railroad connections of, 10.

  "Public service stations," 287.

  Pullman, George M., 134, 299, 393.

  Pullman and its railroad shops, 393, 394.

  Pullman cars, construction of, 303.

  Pullman Palace Car Company, 303.

  _Queen City_, the, 299.

  Quincy Granite Railroad, 132.

  Railroad, The.
    history of, in United States, 3-33.
    English, 5, 7.
    first American, 6.
    horse-power, 6, 12, 17.
    communal nature of early, 12.
    paper of, 23.
    treatment of bankrupt, 23.
    telegraph first used by, 23.
    development and building of, 34-48.
    grants for, 35, 36.
    cost of, 36.
    financing of, 36, 37, 179-186.
    keeping open for winter traffic, 38, 268-275.
    water for use of, 41.
    crossings on, 42.
    tunnels, 48-55, 145-150, 436, 437.
    bridges, 42, 56-79.
    stations, 80-106.
    suburban service, 80, 81, 90, 311-324.
    roundhouses, 88-90.
    yards, 83-91, 115-118.
    freight terminals, 107-115, 408.
    locomotives and cars, 119-137, 388-404.
    building of the locomotive, 128-132.
    building of cars, 132-137.
    reconstruction of, 138.
    grades, 139-151.
    officials, 152-169, 187-219, 276-287.
    legal department, 170-179.
    financial department, 179-186.
    tickets, 181-183, 288-290.
    operating, 220-242.
    time table, 221-223.
    signals, 225-227, 236-238.
    use of telephone, 235.
    employees, 243-255, 418-431.
    wrecking trains, 256.
    rates, 282-287.
    special trains and private cars, 292-310.
    commuters' trains, 311-324.
    freight traffic, 325-355.
    freight rates, 327-337.
    scientific farming, 359-366.
    express service, 369-374.
    mail service, 374-387.
    marine, 404-418.
    ferries, 407-418.
    electricity, 432-445.
    mono-rail, 441-445.
    organization, 449-464.

  Rails laid on stone sleepers, 11.

  Reading Railroad, 123, 313, 320.

  Rebating, prohibition of, 328, 329.

  Reconstruction of railroads, 138-151.

  Red Line, All-British, 141.

  Red Spot, Order of the, 430, 431.

  Repair shops, locomotive and car, 400.

  "Residences," in railroad construction, 43.

  Richardson, the architect, 106.

  Rider, Nathaniel, 60.

  Rio Grande & Western Railroad, 74.

  Roadmaster, duties of, 239, 240.

  Roads as compared with canals, 5.

  Rochester, railroad connections of, 13, 14;
    depot, 96.

  Rock Island, _see_ Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R.

  Rockaway section, Long Island, home of Lillian Russell, 294.

  Rockefeller, Mr., 296.

  Roebling's suspension at Niagara Falls, 75.

  Rogers, Grosvenor, and Ketchum, locomotive builders, of Paterson, N. J.,
        26;
    locomotive works, 121, 122, 124.

  Ronkonkoma, Long Island, home of Maude Adams, 293, 294.

  Roosevelt, Governor, 217, 218.

  Rotary plough, 271.

  Roundhouses, 88-90, 270, 388-402.

  Rural free delivery, development of, 376.

  Russell, Lillian, 294.

  Rutland Railroad, 417.

  Sacramento Valley Railroad, 30.

  Sails on cars, experiments with, 17.

  St. Albans, Vt., 333, 335.

  St. John's Church, New York, 354.

  St. John's Park, New York, 353, 354.

  St. Louis, railroad connections of, 19, 29;
    Union Station at, 88, 97, 99, 100, 106.

  St. Paul, _see_ Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R.

  Salaries, paid to railroad presidents, 168, 169;
    to the general attorney, 171.

  "Sand-hogs," 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73.

  _Sandusky_, first locomotive with whistle, 26, 124.

  Santa Fe, _see_ Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R.

  Schedules, Train, _see_ Time Tables.

  Scherl, August, 443.

  Secret service, the railroad's, 177-179.

  Section-boss, duties of, 239, 240, 431.

  Seibert, Leonard, 301.

  Signal, bell-rope, 124, 225, 226, 227;
    along line of railroad, 236;
    interlocking, 236;
    block system of, 237;
    operation of, 236-239;
    maintenance of, 239.

  Signal towers, 82, 84-87.

  _Situation_, The, the official daily report, 196, 197.

  Slateford, Pa., bridge, 78.

  Sleeping-cars, introduction and use of, 299, 301, 302.

  Smith, A. H., 205.

  Smith, C. Shaler, 66.

  Smith, Reuben F., 418.

  Snow-belt of Great Lakes, 268.

  Snow ploughs, 38.

  Snow-sheds, 268.

  South Carolina Railroad, 8.

  South Station, Boston, 88, 97-99, 313, 319, 320, 384.

  Southern California, interurban electric line in, 297.

  Southern Express company, 373.

  Southern Pacific Railroad, 2, 32, 126, 139, 144, 159, 441, 454.

  Spearman, Frank H., 144.

  Spiral tunnels, 141, 142.

  Spokane case, the, 334, 335.

  Springfield, Mass., bridge, 57.

  Springfield, station at, 106.

  Springstead, Harvey, 431.

  Stage, Henry W., 418.

  Stampede Tunnel, 50, 51.

  Stanford, Leland, 30, 31.

  Starucca Viaduct, 58, 59, 77.

  Station-agent, multifarious duties of, 253-255.

  Stations, _see under_ Railroad.

  Statistics, making of railroad, 184-186.

  Steam brake, 125.

  Steamships, 352, 353, 404, 405.

  Steel, use of, 56, 61, 72, 125, 386, 397-400.

  Stephenson, George, inventor, 5, 121.

  Stephenson, George & Robert & Company, 121.

  Stephenson, Robert, 125.

  Steubenville, Ohio, bridge, 75, 76.

  Stonington, Conn., railroad connections of, 10.

  _Stourbridge Lion_, locomotive, 7, 8, 119.

  Street railroad systems, 427, 428.

  Stubbs, of the Union Pacific, 298.

  Suburban service, 80, 81, 90, 98, 99, 147, 148, 315-319, 440.

  Superintendent of bridges, 239, 240.

  Superintendents, 153-155, 187, 220, 221-242.

  Susquehanna Railroad, _see_ Northern Central Railroad.

  Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania R. R. bridge over, 77.

  Susquehanna River bridge, between Havre-de-Grace and Aiken, 64, 65.

  Susquehanna shop, 393, 394.

  Swindon, the English railroad town, 393.

  Switchback principle, 41.

  Switches and switchmen, 84-86, 111-118, 252, 253, 320.

  Tacony, Philadelphia trains stopped at, 10.

  Taylor, President Zachary, 123.

  Telegraph, Erie first railroad to use, 24;
    development of, in 1851, 24;
    introduction of, 25, 224;
    substitution of telephone for, 235, 236;
    crippling of service of, 267, 268.

  Telephone, use of, 235, 236.

  Terminal, keeper of the, 82;
    map of tracks and station of, 83, 84;
    guarded by interlocking switches, 84, 85.

  Terminals, _see_ Railroad stations;
    _also_ Freight terminals.

  Thomas, Philip E., 16, 19.

  Thomas Viaduct, 58, 59, 76.

  Thompson, A. W., 65.

  Thomson, J. Edgar, 6.

  Thomson, John, 6.

  "Throat" of station yard, 87, 88.

  Tickets and mileage-books, 182, 276-278, 286;
    bill for printing, 288;
    rate-sheet for, 289;
    redemption of, 289, 290.

  Time Tables, 221.

  Tioga Railroad, 133.

  _Tom Thumb_, locomotive, 18, 120.

  Towanda, Pa., bridge at, 144.

  Towermen, 82, 83, 85, 274.

  Townsend, Oscar, 418.

  Track-laying, world's record of, 45;
    profession of, 45, 46;
    machine for, 46.

  Track, on which _Stourbridge Lion_ locomotive ran, 7.

  Track-walker, responsibility of, 253.

  Traffic, making of freight and passenger, 355-368.

  Trailer, the, 128, 129.

  Train-despatcher, 221, 223, 224, 228-231, 233-235, 261.

  Trainman, _see_ Brakeman, duties of.

  Train-master, duties of, 221.

  Transcontinental railroads, 357, 358.

  Transfer-house, 111-116.

  Travelling passenger agents, duties of, 278.

  Trenton, bridge at, 57, 77.

  "Trolley arrangement" in freight-houses, 450.

  Trumbull, --, bridge-builder, 60.

  Tug, use of, 407, 409, 412.

  Tunnels, 41, 48-55, 102, 104, 122, 141, 142, 145, 160, 161, 317-319,
        412-414, 436, 437, 439, 441.

  Turner, John B., 28.

  Turn-tables, 89.

  Underwood, F. D., 23, 142, 143, 164.

  Union line, 13.

  Union Pacific Railroad, 2, 28, 31, 32, 44, 137, 139-141, 298, 357, 459.

  Union Station, Cleveland, 96, 418, 419.

  Union Station, Pittsburgh, 148.

  Union Station, St. Louis, 88, 97, 99, 100, 106.

  Union Station, Washington, 88, 100, 101, 106.

  United States Express Company, 372, 373.

  Utica, railroad connections of, 13, 14.

  Vanderbilt, Commodore, 14, 22, 378, 379.

  Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 419.

  Vanderbilt, William H., 378, 379.

  Vanderbilt family, the, 354, 419, 434.

  Vermont Central Railroad, 123.

  Vice-presidents of railroads, 156.

  Voluntary Relief Department, 423-425.

  Von Moltke, his reconstruction of the German army, 452.

  Wabash Railroad, 26, 51, 414.

  Wagner Palace Car Company, 300.

  Walcott, --, builder of Springfield, Mass., bridge, 57.

  Walsheart gears, 128.

  Washington, George, 375.

  "Washington cars," 132, 133.

  Washington, Connecticut Avenue Bridge at, 78;
    Union Station at, 88, 100, 101, 106.

  Water for use of railroad, 41.

  Water transportation, _see_ Inland Water Ways.

  Waterford bridge, over Hudson River, 57.

  Watertown, blizzard at, 268.

  Waverley, the interchange yard, 110.

  Webster, Daniel, and his trip on the Erie, 23, 25.

  Weehawken "bridge," 411.

  Wells, Henry, 371, 372.

  Wells, Fargo & Co., 372, 373.

  West Penn Road, 149.

  _West Point_, locomotive, 9.

  West Shore Railroad, 75, 151, 265, 412, 434, 435.

  Western Pacific Railroad, 29, 32.

  Western Railroad, 10.

  Westinghouse, George, 125.

  Wheeling, railroad connections of, 18, 19.

  Whipple, Squire, 61, 63.

  Whistle on locomotive, first use of, 26, 124.

  Whitney, Asa, 29, 30.

  Whitney, Silas, 6.

  Whyte's classification, 127, 128.

  Wiley, Dr., 397.

  Willard, Daniel, 22.

  Winans, Ross, 19, 122, 124, 132, 133.

  Winnipeg shops, 393.

  Women, conveniences for travelling, 309.

  Woodruff Company, 299, 300.

  Worcester, station at, 106.

  World's Fair of 1904, St. Louis, 99.

  Wrecks, railroad, 189, 194-196;
    wrecking-trains for, 257-265.

  _Yale_, the, 405, 406.

  Yardmaster, duties of, 189, 190, 193, 227-229.

  _York_, _see_ _Arabian_, locomotive.

  Young Men's Christian Association, 418, 419.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Modern Railroad, by Edward Hungerford