THE

                                MEMOIRS

                                   OF

                        Lieut. HENRY TIMBERLAKE.

  A Draught of the
  CHEROKEE COUNTRY,
  _On the West Side of the Twenty four Mountains, commonly called Over
    the Hills_; _Taken by_ Henry Timberlake, _when he was in that
    Country in March 1762._ _Likewise the Names of the_ Principal _or_
    Headmen _of each_ Town _and what Number of Fighting Men they send to
    War._
]

 _Mialaquo, or the Great  _24_ _under the Governor of_ =Attakullakulla=.
   Island_

 _Toskegee_               _55_ =Attakullakulla= _Governor_.

 _Temmotley_              _91_ =Ostenaco= _Commander in Chief_.

 _Toqua_                  _82_ =Willinawaw= _Governor_.

 _Tennessee_              _21_ _under the Government of_ =Kanagatuckco=.

 _Cbote_                 _175_ =Kanagatuckco= _King & Governor_.

 _Chilbowey_             _110_ =Yachtino= _Governor_.

 _Settacoo_              _204_ =Cheulah= _Governor_.

 _Tellassee_              _47_ _Governor dead & none elected since_.

                         —————

                         _809_

                         —————

                                  THE
                                MEMOIRS
                                   OF
                        Lieut. HENRY TIMBERLAKE,
  (_Who accompanied the Three Cherokee Indians to England in the Year
                                 1762_)
                               CONTAINING
Whatever he observed remarkable, or worthy of public Notice, during his
   Travels to and from that Nation; wherein the Country, Government,
  Genius, and Customs of the Inhabitants, are authentically described.
                                  ALSO
      The PRINCIPAL OCCURRENCES during their Residence in LONDON.
                            Illustrated with
  An ACCURATE MAP of their Over-hill Settlement, and a curious Secret
JOURNAL, taken by the Indians out of the Pocket of a Frenchman they had
                                killed.

                                LONDON:

  Printed for the AUTHOR; and sold by J. RIDLEY, in St. James’s-Street;
    W. NICOLL, in St. Paul’s Church-Yard; and C. HENDERSON, at the
    Royal-Exchange.

                                MDCCLXV.

                                  THE
                                PREFACE.

After extracting this detail from my Journal, and supplying many
circumstances from my memory, I was very much at a loss what title to
give it. MEMOIRS seemed to answer my design with the greatest propriety;
but that being so commonly misapplied, I was afraid the public would
expect a romance, where I only intended laying down a few facts, for the
vindication of my own conduct. I do not, however, by this mean to
suggest to my reader, that he will find here only a bare uninteresting
narrative; no, I have added all in my power to make it useful and
agreeable to others, as it was necessary to myself; and indeed it was
highly so, since a person who bears ill treatment without complaining,
is generally held by his friends pusillanimous, or believed to be
withheld by secret motives from his own justification. I know not what
mine think, but it will not be amiss to inforce their good opinion of
me, by laying all my actions open to their view, And as once publishing
will be more general, and save many repetitions of a disagreeable
narration, this motive first induced me to write, to exchange my sword
for a pen, that I wield as a soldier, who never dreamt of the beauties
of stile, or propriety of expression. Excuse then, gentle reader, all
the faults that may occur, in consideration that these are not my
weapons, and that tho’ I received almost as good an education as
Virginia could bestow on me, it only sufficed to sit me for a soldier,
and not for a scholar; but tho’ this was the chief end I proposed from
it, I have, occasionally deviating from my main design, added whatever I
thought curious and entertaining, that occurred to my observation, in
the Cherokee country, and my travels to and from it, not omitting the
principal dangers I have passed through, and the expences I have been
at, that the reader, weighing them and the rewards I have received, may
judge where the balance is due. I do not doubt but I shall be censured
for exposing so freely the actions of Mr. Κακοανθροπος; but to this I
was constrained by the clamours made against the unnecessary and
extravagant expences into which the reception of the Indians had drawn
the government. To unveil where the unnecessary and extravagance of it
lay, became my duty; and I cannot say but I took some pleasure in
detecting the person in the crime he so arfully had laid to my charge:
It is, I presume, very pardonable in a person who has so much reason to
complain of his unfair practices towards him. As to the manners of the
Indians, I grant they have been often represented, and yet I have never
seen any account to my perfect satisfaction, being more frequently taken
from the reports of traders, as ignorant and incapable of making just
observations as the natives themselves, than from the writer’s own
experience. These I took upon the spot, and if I have failed in relating
them, it is thro’ want of art in expression, and not of due knowledge in
point of facts. As, however, I did not take upon me to write as an
author who seeks applause, but compelled by the necessity of vindicating
myself, I once more beg the public to pass over, with a candid
indulgence, the many faults that may deserve their censure.

                                  THE
                              MEMOIRS, &c.

Notwithstanding my aversion to formal beginnings, and any thing that may
relish of romance, as the reader may desire some knowledge of the person
who has submitted his actions to his judgment, I shall, in hastening to
my principal design, just acquaint him, that my father was an inhabitant
of Virginia, who dying while I was yet a minor, left me a small fortune,
no ways sufficient for my support, without some employment. For some
time, by the advice of my friends, I proposed following the more
lucrative one of commerce, but after my minorship was elapsed, my genius
burst out. Arms had been my delight from my infancy, and I now resolved
to gratify that inclination, by entering into the service. Pursuing this
resolution, I made my first campaign in the year 1756, with a company of
gentlemen called the Patriot Blues, who served the country at their own
expence; but whether terrified by our formidable appearance, or superior
numbers, the enemy still avoided us; so that, notwithstanding many
recent tracks and fires, we never could come to an engagement. On our
return, I made application for a commission in the Virginia regiment,
then commanded by Col. Washington; but there being at that time no
vacancy, I returned home.

In the year 1758, a new regiment was raised for that year’s service, to
be commanded by the Hon. William Byrd, Esq; from whom I not only
received an ensigncy, but as subalterns were to be appointed to a troop
of light-horse, he honoured me with the cornetcy of that also. I was
soon after ordered on an escort, in which service I continued till July,
when I joined the army at Ray’s-Town, where I found General Forbes
already arrived. The army then marched to Fort Ligonier, on the way to
Fort Du Quesne. I was seized here by a violent fit of sickness, caught
in searching for some of the troop-horses that were lost, by overheating
myself with running, and drinking a large quantity of cold water, which
rendered me incapable of duty. I got something better about the time the
troops marched for Fort Du Quesne and could sit my horse when helped on,
but was ordered back by the General, who, however, on my telling the
doctor I hoped to do duty in a day or two, permitted me to continue the
march. We heard the French blow up their magazine, while yet some miles
off; and, on our arrival, we found the barracks, and every thing of
value, in flames. My malady rather increased, so that I was at last
compelled to petition for my return. I lost my horse at Fort Ligonier,
the third I had lost during the campaign; and being obliged to mount a
very weak one, I met with great difficulty in crossing the Allegany
mountains; and before I reached Ray’s Town my horse was entirely knocked
up. I bought another, and proceeded to Winchester, where, in a little
time, I got perfectly recovered.

Those light-horsemen that survived the campaign, were herein want of all
necessaries; and no money being sent up from Williamsburg to pay them, I
advanced upwards of an hundred pounds, intending to reimburse myself
from the first that should arrive; mean while the troops I belonged to
were disbanded, and I, in consequence, out of pay. I had no further
business at Winchester than to wait for this money, which I did, till my
patience being quite exhausted, I resolved to go down the country in
search of it. On my arrival at Williamsburg, I was informed the money
had been sent up to me by the paymaster. I returned immediately to
Winchester, near 200 miles, where I found the paymaster had paid it to
the Lieutenant of the troop, who had appropriated it to his own use. He
returned me fifty pounds, but it has never been in his power to pay me
the remainder, and to all appearance it never will.

After such unfortunate essays I began to give over all thoughts of the
army, when Col. Byrd was appointed to the command of the old regiment,
in the room of Col. Washington, who resigned; on which I was
unfortunately induced to accept another commission. I served another
campaign in the year 1759, under General Stanwix, in the same quarter;
but on our arrival at Pittsburg, formerly Fort Du Quesne, I had little
employment, except looking over the men at work, till the fall of the
leaf, when the General gave me the command of Fort Burd, about sixty
miles to the eastward of Pittsburg, where I continued about nine months
at a very great expence, partly through hospitality to those who passed
to and from Pittsburg, and the dearness of necessaries, and partly by
building myself a house, and making several improvements, and finishing
the half-constructed fort, for which I never received any gratuity. I
was relieved by a company of the Pensylvania regiment in the spring, and
returned to Pittsburg, but found Col. Byrd with one half of the regiment
ordered against the Cherokees, now become our most inveterate enemies;
while the remainder under Col. Stephen were destined to serve on the
Ohio. I will not fatigue the reader with an account of campaigns
wherewith all our news-papers were filled, but confine myself to what
more immediately concerned me.

I remained at Pittsburg till autumn, when I obtained permission to pass
the winter at home. I accordingly set out in company with an Ensign
named Seayres, who had obtained the same permission: we found great
difficulties from the badness of the road, of which I may quote the
following instance. After marching three whole days from Pittsburg to
the place where General Braddock first crossed the Yawyawgany river
(little better than sixty miles), and leaving one of my horses fast in
the mire, we found, to our great surprise, the river about twelve feet
high. We waited a whole day in hopes of its falling, but had the
mortification to find it had rather rose a foot; our provisions
beginning to run short, we hunted to recruit them, but without any
success, which obliged us to come to an immediate determination. We at
last resolved to look for some other crossing-place; we found about two
miles lower, a part of the river, which by its breadth we judged to be
fordable; but as the water was muddy, and the bottom could not be seen,
there was a considerable risk in attempting it, especially as it lay
under a fall, from whence the current darted with great impetuosity.
After some deliberation, we resolved to venture it; pushed on by the
fears of starving, if we remained any longer where we were, Mr. Seayres
proposed himself to try it first; mounting therefore the best of our
horses, he plunged into the stream: for the first hundred yards the
water reached little higher than the horse’s belly, but before he got to
a small island in the middle, which we had resolved to rest at, he was
quite up to the saddle-skirts; after halting a little time, he set out
again for the opposite side, but found it impossible to proceed, a deep
channel lying between him and the shore, into which he often plunged,
but was as often obliged to turn back, at a great hazard of being
carried away by the current. Despairing at last of being able to cross
it, yet unwilling to return, he forced up the shallow part about an
hundred yards, towards the falls, making several attempts to cross,
which he at last effected; but the banks being excessively steep, he
found as much difficulty and danger in climbing them, as he had before
done in crossing. We then followed, and tho’ we now knew exactly what
course to keep, as our horses were weaker, and more heavily loaded, our
task was not less dangerous or difficult. We found the bottom so rocky
and irregular, that the horses staggered with their loads. The rapidity
of the stream, and the false steps they made, threatened every moment to
leave their burthens and lives in the middle of the stream. One of them,
on which my servant was mounted, actually fell, letting my portmantua
into the water, which luckily lodged among the limbs of an old tree,
that had been washed down by the current; the horse recovered himself,
and all the damage occasioned by this accident was, the spoiling of my
cloaths, and to the amount of forty pounds in paper money, which got so
wet, and stuck so fast together, that the greatest part of it was
rendered entirely useless. Happy, however, that this was our only loss,
and that we escaped with our lives.

In the spring 1761, I received orders to return to my division, which
was to proceed to the southward, and join the other half against the
Cherokees. Soon after this junction we began our march towards the
Cherokee country. Col. Byrd parted from us at a place called Stalnakres,
and returned down the country, by which the command devolved on Col.
Stephen. We marched, without molestation, to the great island on
Holston’s river, about 140 miles from the enemy’s settlements, where we
immediately applied ourselves to the construction of a fort, which was
nearly completed about the middle of November, when Kanagatucko, the
nominal king of the Cherokees, accompanied by about 400 of his people,
came to our camp, sent by his countrymen to sue for peace, which was
soon after granted by Col. Stephen, and finally concluded on the 19th
instant. All things being settled to the satisfaction of the Indians,
their king told Col. Stephen he had one more favour to beg of them,
which was, to send an officer back with them to their country, as that
would effectually convince the nation of the good intentions and
sincerity of the English towards them. The Colonel was embarrassed at
the demand; he saw the necessity of some officer’s going there, yet
could not command any on so dangerous a duty. I soon relieved him from
this dilemma, by offering my service; my active disposition, or, if I
may venture to say, a love of my country, would not permit its losing so
great an advantage, for want of resolution to become hostage to a
people, who, tho’ savage, and unacquainted with the laws of war or
nations, seemed now tolerably sincere, and had, seeing me employed in
drawing up the articles of peace, in a manner cast their eyes upon me as
the properest person to give an account of it to their countrymen. The
Colonel seemed more apprehensive of the danger than I was myself, scarce
giving any encouragement to a man whom he imagined going to make himself
a sacrifice, lest he should incur the censure of any accident that might
befall me.

The 28th was fixed for our departure; but, on making some inquiries
about our intended journey, the Indians informed me that the rivers
were, for small craft, navigable quite to their country; they strove,
however, to deter me from thinking of that way, by laying before me the
dangers and difficulties I must encounter; almost alone, in a journey so
much further about, and continually infested with parties of northern
Indians, who, though at peace with the English, would not fail to treat,
in the most barbarous manner, a person whose errand they knew to be so
much against their interest. They professed themselves concerned for my
safety, and intreated me to go along with them: but as I thought a
thorough knowledge of the navigation would be of infinite service,
should these people even give us the trouble of making another campaign
against them, I formed a resolution of going by water; what much
conduced to this, was the slowness they march with when in a large body,
and the little pleasure I could expect in such company. On the day
appointed the Indians set out on their journey, and a little after I
embarked on board a canoe to pursue mine: my whole company consisted of
a serjeant, an interpreter, and servant, with about ten days provisions,
and to the value of twenty odd pounds in goods to buy horses for our
return: this was all our cargo, and yet we had not gone far before I
perceived we were much too heavy loaded; the canoe being small, and very
ill made, I immediately ordered my servant out, to join the Indians,
giving him my gun and ammunition, as we had two others in the canoe;
little could I foresee the want we were soon to experience of them. We
then proceeded near two hundred weight lighter, yet before we had gone a
quarter of a mile ran fast a-ground, though perhaps in the deepest part
of the stream, the shoal extending quite across. Sumpter the serjeant
leaped out, and dragged us near a hundred yards over the shoals, till we
found deep water again. About five miles further we heard a terrible
noise of a water-fall, and it being then near night, I began to be very
apprehensive of some accident in passing it: we went ashore to seek the
best way down; after which taking out all the salt and ammunition, lest
it should get wet, I carried it along the shore, while they brought down
the canoe; which they happily effected. It being now near dark, we went
ashore to[1] encamp about a mile below the fall. Here we found a party
of seven or eight Cherokee hunters, of whom we made a very particular
inquiry concerning our future route: they informed us, that, had the
water been high, we might from the place we then were reach their
country in six days without any impediment; but as the water was
remarkably low, by the dryness of the preceding summer, we should meet
with many difficulties and dangers; not only from the lowness of the
water, but from the northward Indians, who always hunted in those parts
at that season of the year. I had already been told, and fortified
myself against the latter, but the former part of this talk (as they
term it) no way pleased me; it was however too late, I thought, to look
back, and so was determined to proceed in what I had undertaken. We
supped with the Indians on dried venison dipped in bears oil, which
served for sauce. I lay (though I was too anxious to sleep) with an
Indian on a large bear-skin, and my companions, I believe, lodged much
in the same manner.

Footnote 1:

  What is meant here by encamping, is only making a fire and lying near
  it, though the Indians often prop a blanket or skins upon small poles,
  to preserve them from the inclemency of the weather.

Early next morning we took leave of our hosts, and in less than half an
hour began to experience the troubles they had foretold us, by running
a-ground; we were obliged to get out, and drag the canoe a quarter of a
mile before we got off the shallow; and this was our employment two or
three hours a-day, for nineteen days together, during most part of which
the weather was so extremely cold, that the ice hung to our cloaths,
from the time we were obliged to get in the water in the morning, till
we encamped at night. This was especially disagreeable to me, as I had
the courses of the river to take for upwards of two hundred and fifty
miles.

We kept on in this manner, without any remarkable occurrence, till the
6th of December, when our provisions falling short, I went on shore,
with the interpreter’s gun, to shoot a turkey; singling one out, I
pulled the trigger, which missing fire, broke off the upper chap and
screw-pin; and, as I could find neither, after several hours search,
rendered the gun unfit for service. M‘Cormack was not a little chagrined
at the loss of his gun; it indeed greatly concerned us all; we had now
but one left, and that very indifferent; but even this we were shortly
to be deprived of, for we were scarce a mile from this unlucky place,
when seeing a large bear coming down to the water-side, Sumpter, to whom
the remaining gun belonged, took it to shoot; but not being conveniently
seated, he laid it on the edge of the canoe, while he rose to fix
himself to more advantage; but the canoe giving a heel, let the gun
tumble over-board. It was irreparably gone, for the water here was so
deep, that we could not touch the bottom with our longest pole. We were
now in despair: I even deliberated whether it was not better to throw
ourselves over-board, as drowning at once seemed preferable to a
lingering death. Our provisions were consumed to an ounce of meat, and
but very little flour, our guns lost and spoiled, ourselves in the heart
of woods, at a season when neither fruit nor roots were to be found,
many days journey from any habitation, and frequented only by the
northern Indians, from whom we had more reason to expect scalping than
succour.

We went ashore, as it was in vain to proceed, and, desponding, began to
make a fire; while thus employed, several large bears came down a steep
hill towards us. This, at another time, would have been a joyful sight;
it now only increased our affliction. They came within the reach of a
tommahawke; had we had one, and the skill to throw it, we could scarce
have failed of killing. In short, they were as daring as if they had
been acquainted with our misfortunes. Irritated by their boldness, I
formed several schemes for killing, among which, as mending the broken
gun seemed most probable, I instantly set about trying the experiment.
Notching a flint on each side, I bound it to the lower chap with a
leather thong. This succeeded so far, that in ten or twelve times
snapping, it might probably fire, which was matter of great joy to us.
Before I had finished it, the bears were frightened away; but as we had
now mended our gun, we conceived great hopes. It was very probable they
might return; and we were not long in expectation, for in less than a
quarter of an hour, another very large one stalked down towards us, tho’
not so near as the former ones had done. M‘Cormack snatched up his gun,
and followed him near a quarter of a mile. I had sat down in expectation
of the event, and pulled my shoes and stockings off to dry; when I heard
the report of the gun, my heart leaped for joy, since I imagined
M‘Cormack would have certainly taken all imaginable precautions; but
judge of my despair, when, after running myself out of breath, and
bare-footed among the rocks and briars, I found he had missed, and that
having left the ammunition at the place where we had encamped, he could
not charge again, till I returned for it. I ran back, unable as I was,
and brought it; then sat down, and he continued the chace. By this time
Sumpter, who had been gathering wood, joined me, and, we soon heard
M‘Cormack fire again; upon which, running with all our speed, to the
place from whence the report came, we had the inexpressible joy of
seeing a large bear, that might weigh near 400 weight, weltering in his
blood. It being late, we propped him for that night, on an old tree, to
prevent his being devoured by other beasts. Next morning my companions
skinned him, and taking as much of his meat as we could conveniently
carry, we left the camp in much better spirits than when we came to it.

Nothing more remarkable occurred, unless I mark for such the amazing
quantity of buffaloes, bears, deer, beavers, geese, swans, ducks,
turkeys and other game, till we came to a large cave; we stopped to
examine it, but after climbing, with great difficulty, near 50 feet
almost perpendicular, to get to it, we saw nothing curious, except some
pillars of the petrified droppings, that fell from the roof, of a
prodigious size. I could not, indeed, penetrate very far, for want of
light. Coming back to the edge of the rock, we perceived our canoe
a-drift, going down with the stream. Sumpter scrambled down the rock,
and, plunging into the river, without giving himself scarce time to pull
off his coat, swam a quarter of a mile before he could overtake her.
When he returned, every thing on him was stiff frozen. We instantly made
a fire to recover him; but this accident, joined to the severity of the
weather, obliged us to stay the day and night following. We laid
ourselves down to sleep in the mouth of the cave, where we had made our
fire, which we no sooner did, than, oppressed with the fatigues of the
preceding day, we fell into a sound sleep, from which we were awaked
before midnight, by the howling of wild beasts in the cave, who kept us
awake with this concert till a little before day. About four o’clock in
the morning, we had a more terrifying alarm, we were stunned with a
noise, like the splitting of a rock. As there had never been, to all
appearance, a fire near that place, I could no otherwise account for it,
than by laying it to the fire, which refining the air, might have
occasioned some pressure in the cavities, or fired some collected
vapour, the explosion of which had been the noise that waked us; yet, as
I could not clearly comprehend it, I was under the greatest
apprehensions, especially as I could perceive it hollow just under us.
The severity, however, of the weather obliged us to stay the next night
likewise, but the howling of the beasts, and thinking of the preceding
night’s noise, prevented me from getting any sleep. On the morning of
the 9th instant, we were, to my great satisfaction, obliged to decamp
for want of wood. We passed the place where the canoe was taken up, and
came to a fall about a quarter of a mile further, which, had she
reached, we should never have seen the least atom of her cargo more.

We continued our journey much in the same manner till the 11th: as
during the whole time we had seen or heard nothing of the northward
Indians, the Cherokees had so menaced us with, we began to imagine
ourselves secure, and that they had, for some reasons, imposed on us,
when the report of a gun on one side of the river undeceived us; for as
the Cherokees had told us how much the northward Indians frequented this
place, it was reasonable to conclude, that they themselves came only
here to fight, at which time they seldom fire, as that gives notice to
the enemy where to come and reconnoitre them, but seek to hear their
adversaries fire, that their scouts may measure their forces, and they
take all advantages of the enemy before they come to action. We
therefore concluded that this must certainly be a party of northern
hunters. We were talking of this, when another gun from the opposite
shore declared us in the midst of our enemies, whom there was no
resisting; we heard several more some time after, which made us go as
far as we possibly could before we encamped, which we did very
cautiously, retiring into a thicket of canes, and chusing to lay on our
wet and cold blankets, rather than make a fire to dry them, by which we
might be discovered. Next day we heard several more guns on both sides
of the river, which made us conjecture that the Indians had watched us,
but not finding our encampment the night before, were still following
us. I was resolved, however, to encamp in such an inconvenient manner no
more, and to make a fire at night, whatever might be the consequence. We
took all other imaginable precautions, encamping in a thicket of canes,
impenetrable to the eye, as we had done the preceding night. About
midnight some drops falling on my face from the trees under which we
lay, awaked me, on which I imagined I heard something walk round our
camp. I lay still some time to consider what could be patroling at that
time of night in the rain, a thing unusual for wild beasts to do, when
M‘Cormack, who had been awake for some time, asked me if I heard the
noise. I told him yes, very plain, for by the cracking of the sticks
that lay on the ground I could perceive it approached us. M‘Cormack
starting up, swore directly it was a party of northern Indians, and ran
down, in a pannic, to the canoe, and, had not I followed to prevent him,
would certainly have made off with it, and left us exposed to the mercy
of the enemy, if there were any pursuing us, without any means of
escape; but for my part, I imagined it some half-starved animal looking
for food; and Sumpter had been so certain of this, that he never moved
from where he lay; for when, in an hour after, I had persuaded M‘Cormack
to return to the camp, we found Sumpter fast asleep, and the noise
entirely gone. We set out early the next day, on account of this alarm,
and about 12 o’clock heard a noise like distant thunder. In half an hour
we reached the place called the Great Falls, from which it proceeded.
The river was here about half a mile broad, and the water falling from
one rock to another, for the space of half a mile, had the appearance of
steps, in each of which, and all about the rocks, the fish were sporting
in prodigious quantities, which we might have taken with ease, had we
not been too busy in working the canoe down, to look after them. I
observed here the same method I had with the other falls, by going
ashore and looking out the safest way for the canoe to pass; and lest
some accident should happen to it, I took what salt and ammunition we
had left, and carried it along the shore: if this was not so dangerous,
it was quite as difficult a task; and were I to chuse again, I should
prefer the danger in the canoe to the difficulty of passing such rocks,
both hands occupied, with the care of the gun and ammunition. Theirs was
no ways easy. Before they had passed half the fall, the canoe ran fast
on a rock, and it was with the greatest difficulty they got her clear;
notwithstanding which I was at last so entangled among the rocks, that I
was obliged to order the canoe ashore, at a place where the current was
more practicable than others, and proceed in it. We scarce advanced a
hundred yards, when we ran with such violence against another rock, that
Sumpter, breaking his pole in attempting to ward the shock, fell
over-board; and we narrowly escaped being partakers of the same
accident. Had not the canoe been of more than ordinary strength, she
must certainly have dashed to pieces; she turned broadside too, shipping
in a great deal of water, by which all the things were wet that I had so
much laboured to preserve. We got out to right her; and as I observed
some bad places below, I resolved to wade to the shore, being as much an
incumbrance as a help. The water was not then above knee-deep; but,
before I reached the shore, I got into a sluice as high as my arm-pits,
and was near forced away by the rapidity of the stream, entangled in my
surtout, and a blanket I had wrapped about me: when I got on shore,
examining the damage I had sustained, I found my watch and papers
spoiled by the wet, and myself almost frozen; so that, after shivering
on three miles further, we were constrained to encamp, and make a fire
to dry ourselves; but as it continued snowing, hailing, and raining
alternately, we were again obliged to lie in wet blankets; which, though
more intolerable, after the hardships we had sustained this day, we had
done half the time since our departure from the Great Island.

Next morning, when we decamped, it was so excessive cold, that coming to
a still place of the river, we found it frozen from bank to bank, to
such a degree, that almost the whole day was spent in breaking the ice
to make a passage. This, indeed, had already happened some days before,
but never so severe as now.

Next morning we had the pleasure of finding the ice entirely gone,
thawed, probably, by a hard rain that fell over-night, so that about two
o’clock we found ourselves in Broad River, which being very high, we
went the two following days at the rate of ten miles an hour, till we
came within a mile of Tennessee river, when, running under the shore, we
on a sudden discovered a party of ten or twelve Indians, standing with
their pieces presented on the bank. Finding it impossible to resist or
escape, we ran the canoe ashore towards them, thinking it more eligible
to surrender immediately, which might entitle us to better treatment,
than resist or fly, in either of which death seemed inevitable, from
their presented guns, or their pursuit. We now imagined our death, or,
what was worse, a miserable captivity, almost certain, when the headman
of the party agreeably surprised us, by asking, in the Cherokee
language, to what town we belonged? To which our interpreter replied, To
the English camp; that the English and Cherokees having made a peace, I
was then carrying the articles to their countrymen. On this the old
warrior, commonly called the Slave Catcher of Tennessee, invited us to
his camp, treated us with dried venison, homminy, and boiled corn. He
told us that he had been hunting some time thereabouts, and had only
intended returning in seven or eight days, but would now immediately
accompany us.

We set out with them next morning to pursue our voyage; but I was now
obliged to give over taking the courses of the river, lest the Indians,
who, tho’ very hospitable, are very suspicious of things they cannot
comprehend, should take umbrage at it.

Entering the Tennessee River, we began to experience the difference
between going with the stream, and struggling against it; and between
easy paddles, and the long poles with which we were constrained to
slave, to keep pace with the Indians, who would otherwise have laughed
at us. When we encamped about ten miles up the river, my hands were so
galled, that the blood trickled from them, and when we set out next
morning I was scarce able to handle a pole.

Within four or five miles of the nation, the Slave Catcher sent his wife
forward by land, partly to prepare a dinner, and partly to let me have
her place in his canoe, seeing me in pain, and unaccustomed to such hard
labour, which seat I kept till about two o’clock, when we arrived at his
house, opposite the mouth of Tellequo river, compleating a twenty-two
days course of continual fatigues, hardships, and anxieties.

Our entertainment from these people was as good as the country could
afford, consisting of roast, boiled, and fried meats of several kinds,
and very good Indian bread, baked in a very curious manner. After making
a fire on the hearth-stone, about the size of a large dish, they sweep
the embers off, laying a loaf smooth on it; this they cover with a sort
of deep dish, and renew the fire upon the whole, under which the bread
bakes to as great perfection as in any European oven.

We crossed the river next morning, with some Indians that had been
visiting in that neigbourhood, and went to Tommotly, taking Fort Loudoun
in the way, to examine the ruins.

We were received at Tommotly in a very kind manner by Ostenaco, the
commander in chief, who told me, he had already given me up for lost, as
the gang I parted with at the Great Island had returned about ten days
before, and that my servant was then actually preparing for his return,
with the news of my death.

After smoaking and talking some time, I delivered a letter from Colonel
Stephen, and another from Captain M‘Neil, with some presents from each,
which were gratefully accepted by Ostenaco and his consort. He gave me a
general invitation to his house, while I resided in the country; and my
companions found no difficulty in getting the same entertainment, among
an hospitable, tho’ savage people, who always pay a great regard to any
one taken notice of by their chiefs.

Some days after, the headmen of each town were assembled in the
town-house of Chote, the metropolis of the country, to hear the articles
of peace read, whither the interpreter and I accompanied Ostenaco.

The town-house, in which are transacted all public business and
diversions, is raised with wood, and covered over with earth, and has
all the appearance of a small mountain at a little distance. It is built
in the form of a sugar loaf, and large enough to contain 500 persons,
but extremely dark, having, besides the door, which is so narrow that
but one at a time can pass, and that after much winding and turning, but
one small aperture to let the smoak out, which is so ill contrived, that
most of it settles in the roof of the house. Within it has the
appearance of an ancient amphitheatre, the seats being raised one above
another, leaving an area in the middle, in the center of which stands
the fire; the seats of the head warriors are nearest it.

They all seemed highly satisfied with the articles. The peace-pipe was
smoaked, and Ostenaco made an harangue to the following effect:

“The bloody tommahawke, so long lifted against our brethren the English,
must now be buried deep, deep in the ground, never to be raised
again[2]; and whoever shall act contrary to any of these articles, must
expect a punishment equal to his offence[3]. Should a strict observance
of them be neglected, a war must necessarily follow, and a second peace
may not be so easily obtained. I therefore once more recommend to you,
to take particular care of your behaviour towards the English, whom we
must now look upon as ourselves; they have the French and Spaniards to
fight, and we enough of our own colour, without medling with either
nation. I desire likewise, that the white warrior, who has ventured
himself here with us, may be well used and respected by all, wherever he
goes amongst us.”

Footnote 2:

  As in this speech several allusions are made to the customs of the
  Indians, it may not be impertinent to acquaint the reader, that their
  way of declaring war, is by smoaking a pipe as a bond among
  themselves, and lifting up a hatchet stained in blood, as a menace to
  their enemies; at declaring peace this hatchet is buried, and a pipe
  smoaked by both parties, in token of friendship and reconciliation.

Footnote 3:

  The chiefs can inflict no punishment; but, upon the signing of the
  peace, it was agreed by both nations, that offenders on either side
  should be delivered up to be punished by the offended party, and it is
  to this the Chief alludes.

The harangue being finished, several pipes were presented me by the
headsmen, to take a whiff. This ceremony I could have waved, as smoaking
was always very disagreeable to me; but as it was a token of their
amity, and they might be offended if I did not comply, I put on the best
face I was able, though I dared not even wipe the end of the pipe that
came out of their mouths; which, considering their paint and dirtiness,
are not of the most ragoutant, as the French term it.

After smoaking, the eatables were produced, consisting chiefly of wild
meat; such as venison, bear, and buffalo; tho’ I cannot much commend
their cookery, every thing being greatly overdone: there were likewise
potatoes, pumpkins, homminy, boiled corn, beans, and pease, served up in
small flat baskets, made of split canes, which were distributed amongst
the crowd; and water, which, except the spirituous liquor brought by the
Europeans, is their only drink, was handed about in small goards. What
contributed greatly to render this feast disgusting, was eating without
knives and forks, and being obliged to grope from dish to dish in the
dark. After the feast there was a dance; but I was already so fatigued
with the ceremonies I had gone through, that I retired to Kanagatucko’s
hot-house[4]; but was prevented taking any repose by the smoke, with
which I was almost suffocated, and the crowd of Indians that came and
sat on the bed-side; which indeed was not much calculated for repose to
any but Indians, or those that had passed an apprenticeship to their
ways, as I had done: it was composed of a few boards, spread with
bear-skins, without any other covering; the house being so hot, that I
could not endure the weight of my own blanket.

Footnote 4:

  This Hot-House is a little hut joined to the house, in which a fire is
  continually kept, and the heat so great, that cloaths are not to be
  borne the coldest day in winter.

Some hours after I got up to go away, but met Ostenaco, followed by two
or three Indians, with an invitation from the headman of Settico, to
visit him the next day.

I set out with Ostenaco and my interpreter in the morning, and marched
towards Settico, till we were met by a messenger, about half a mile from
the town, who came to stop us till every thing was prepared for our
reception: from this place I could take a view of the town, where I
observed two stand of colours flying, one at the top, and the other at
the door of the town-house; they were as large as a sheet, and white.
Lest therefore I should take them for French, they took great care to
inform me, that their custom was to hoist red colours as an emblem of
war; but white, as a token of peace. By this time we were joined by
another messenger, who desired us to move forward.

About 100 yards from the town-house we were received by a body of
between three and four hundred Indians, ten or twelve of which were
entirely naked, except a piece of cloth about their middle, and painted
all over in a hideous manner, six of them with eagles tails in their
hands, which they shook and flourished as they advanced, danced in a
very uncommon figure, singing in concert with some drums of their own
make, and those of the late unfortunate Capt. Damere; with several other
instruments, uncouth beyond description. Cheulah, the headman of the
town, led the procession, painted blood-red, except his face, which was
half black, holding an old rusty broad-sword in his right hand, and an
eagle’s tail in his left. As they approached, Cheulah, singling himself
out from the rest, cut two or three capers, as a signal to the other
eagle-tails, who instantly followed his example. This violent exercise,
accompanied by the band of music, and a loud yell from the mob, lasted
about a minute, when the headman waving his sword over my head, struck
it into the ground, about two inches from my left foot; then directing
himself to me, made a short discourse (which my interpreter told me was
only to bid me a hearty welcome) and presented me with a string of
beads. We then proceeded to the door, where Cheulah, and one of the
beloved men, taking me by each arm, led me in, and seated me in one of
the first seats; it was so dark that nothing was perceptible till a
fresh supply of canes were brought, which being burnt in the middle of
the house answers both purposes of fuel and candle. I then discovered
about five hundred faces; and Cheulah addressing me a second time, made
a speech much to the same effect as the former, congratulating me on my
safe arrival thro’ the numerous parties of the northern Indians, that
generally haunt the way I came. He then made some professions of
friendship, concluding with giving me another string of beads, as a
token of it. He had scarce finished, when four of those who had
exhibited at the procession made their second appearance, painted
milk-white, their eagle-tails in one hand, and small goards with beads
in them in the other, which they rattled in time to the music. During
this dance the peace-pipe was prepared; the bowl of it was of red stone,
curiously cut with a knife, it being very soft, tho’ extremely pretty
when polished. Some of these are of black stone, and some of the same
earth they make their pots with, but beautifully diversified. The stem
is about three feet long, finely adorned with porcupine quills, dyed
feathers, deers hair, and such like gaudy trifles.

After I had performed my part with this, I was almost suffocated with
the pipes presented me on every hand, which I dared not to decline. They
might amount to about 170 or 180; which made me so sick, that I could
not stir for several hours.

The Indians entertained me with another dance, at which I was detained
till about seven o’clock next morning, when I was conducted to the house
of Chucatah, then second in command, to take some refreshment. Here I
found a white woman, named Mary Hughes, who told me she had been
prisoner there near a twelvemonth, and that there still remained among
the Indians near thirty white prisoners more, in a very miserable
condition for want of cloaths, the winter being particularly severe; and
their misery was not a little heightened by the usage they received from
the Indians. I ordered her to come to me to Ostenaco’s, with her
miserable companions, where I would distribute some shirts and blankets
I had brought with me amongst them, which she did some days after.

After a short nap, I arose and went to the town-house, where I found the
chiefs in consultation; after some time, I was called upon, and desired
to write a letter for them to the Governor of South Carolina, which
signified their desire of living in peace with the English, as long as
the sun shone, or grass grew, and desired that a trade might be opened
between them. These wrote, I sealed them up, with some wampum and beads
in the inside. I was the same day invited to Chilhowey, where I was
received and treated much in the same manner as at Settico. I wrote some
letters; and one that Yachtino the headman had brought from Col. Stephen
was interpreted to them, which seemed to give them great satisfaction. I
found here a white man, who, notwithstanding the war, lived many years
among them; he told me that the lower towns had been greatly distressed
when attacked by Colonel Montgomery; being obliged to live many months
upon horse-flesh, and roots out of the woods, occasioned partly by the
numbers drove among them, and the badness of the crops that year.

Returning home with Ostenaco the next day, being the 2d of January 1762,
I enquired whether he thought I should receive any more invitations? He
told me he believed not, because the towns to which I had already been
invited, having been our most inveterate enemies during the war, had
done this, as an acknowledgment and reparation of their fault.

I had now leisure to complete taking the courses of the river, from
which, as I have already mentioned, I was deterred by the Indians, as
likewise to make remarks upon the country and inhabitants.

The country being situated between thirty-two and thirty-four degrees
north latitude, and eighty-seven degrees thirty minutes west longitude
from London, as near as can be calculated, is temperate, inclining to
heat during the summer-season, and so remarkably fertile, that the women
alone do all the laborious tasks of agriculture, the soil requiring only
a little stirring with a hoe, to produce whatever is required of it;
yielding vast quantities of pease, beans, potatoes, cabbages, Indian
corn, pumpions, melons, and tobacco, not to mention a number of other
vegetables imported from Europe, not so generally known amongst them,
which flourish as much, or more here, than in their native climate; and,
by the daily experience of the goodness of the soil, we may conclude,
that, with due care, all European plants might succeed in the same
manner.

Before the arrival of the Europeans, the natives were not so well
provided, maize, melons, and tobacco, being the only things they bestow
culture upon, and perhaps seldom on the latter. The meadows or savannahs
produce excellent grass; being watered by abundance of fine rivers, and
brooks well stored with fish, otters and beavers, having as yet no nets,
the Indians catch the fish with lines, spears, or dams; which last, as
it seems particular to the natives of America, I shall trouble the
reader with a description of. Building two walls obliquely down the
river from either shore, just as they are near joining, a passage is
left to a deep well or reservoir; the Indians then scaring the fish down
the river, close the mouth of the reservoir with a large bush, or bundle
made on purpose, and it is no difficult matter to take them with
baskets, when enclosed within so small a compass.

North America, being one continual forest, admits of no scarcity of
timber for every use: there are oaks of several sorts, birch, ash,
pines, and a number of other trees, many of which are unknown in Europe,
but already described by many authors. The woods likewise abound with
fruits and flowers, to which the Indians pay little regard. Of the
fruits there are some of an excellent flavour, particularly several
sorts of grapes, which, with proper culture, would probably afford an
excellent wine. There are likewise plumbs, cherries, and berries of
several kinds, something different from those of Europe; but their
peaches and pears grow only by culture: add to these several kinds of
roots, and medicinal plants, particularly the plant so esteemed by the
Chinese, and by them called gingsang, and a root which never fails
curing the most inveterate venereal disease, which, however, they never
had occasion for, for that distemper, before the arrival of Europeans
among them. There are likewise an incredible number of buffaloes, bears,
deer, panthers, wolves, foxes, racoons, and opossums. The buffaloes, and
most of the rest, have been so often described, and are so well known,
that a description of them would be but tedious; the opossum, however,
deserves some attention, as I have never seen it properly described. It
is about the size of a large cat, short and thick, and of a silver
colour. It brings forth its young, contrary to all other animals, at the
teat, from whence, when of a certain size, and able to walk, it drops
off, and goes into a false belly, designed by providence in its dam for
its reception, which, at the approach of danger, will, notwithstanding
this additional load, climb rocks and trees with great agility for its
security.

There are a vast number of lesser sort of game, such as rabbits,
squirrels of several sorts, and many other animals, beside turkeys,
geese, ducks of several kinds, partridges, pheasants, and an infinity of
other birds, pursued only by the children, who, at eight or ten years
old, are very expert at killing with a sarbacan, or hollow cane, through
which they blow a small dart, whose weakness obliges them to shoot at
the eye of the larger sort of prey, which they seldom miss.

There are likewise a great number of reptiles, particularly the
copper-snake, whose bite is very difficult to cure, and the
rattle-snake, once the terror of Europeans, now no longer apprehended,
the bite being so easily cured; but neither this, nor any other species,
will attempt biting unless disturbed or trod upon; neither are there any
animals in America mischievous unless attacked. The flesh of the
rattle-snake is extremely good; being once obliged to eat one through
want of provisions, I have eat several since thro’ choice.

Of insects, the flying stag is almost the only one worthy of notice; it
is about the shape of a beetle, but has very large beautiful branching
horns, like those of a stag, from whence it took its name.

The Indians have now a numerous breed of horses, as also hogs, and other
of our animals, but neither cows nor sheep; both these, however, might
be supplied by breeding some tame buffaloes, from which, I have been
informed, some white prisoners among them have procured both butter and
cheese; and the fine long shag on its back could supply all the purposes
of wool.

The mountains contain very rich mines of gold, silver, lead, and copper,
as may be evinced by several accidentally found out by the Indians, and
the lumps of valuable ore washed down by several of the streams, a bag
of which sold in Virginia at a considerable price; and by the many salt
springs, it is probable there are many mines of that likewise, as well
as of other minerals. The fountains too may have many virtues, that
require more skilful persons than the Cherokees or myself to find out.

They have many beautiful stones of different colours, many of which, I
am apt to believe, are of great value; but their superstition has always
prevented their disposing of them to the traders, who have made many
attempts to that purpose; but as they use them in their conjuring
ceremonies, they believe their parting with them, or bringing them from
home, would prejudice their health or affairs. Among others, there is
one in the possession of a conjurer, remarkable for its brilliancy and
beauty, but more so for the extraordinary manner in which it was found.
It grew, if we may credit the Indians, on the head of a monstrous
serpent, whose retreat was, by its brilliancy, discovered; but a great
number of snakes attending him, he being, as I suppose by his diadem, of
a superior rank among the serpents, made it dangerous to attack him.
Many were the attempts made by the Indians, but all frustrated, till a
fellow, more bold than the rest, casing himself in leather, impenetrable
to the bite of the serpent or his guards, and watching a convenient
opportunity, surprised and killed him, tearing this jewel from his head,
which the conjurer has kept hid for many years, in some place unknown to
all but two women, who have been offered large presents to betray it,
but steadily refused, lest some signal judgment or mischance should
follow. That such a stone exists, I believe, having seen many of great
beauty; but I cannot think it would answer all the encomiums the Indians
bestow upon it. The conjurer, I suppose, hatched the account of its
discovery; I have however given it to the reader, as a specimen of an
Indian story, many of which are much more surprising.

The Cherokees are of a middle stature, of an olive colour, tho’
generally painted, and their skins stained with gun-powder, pricked into
it in very pretty figures. The hair of their head is shaved, tho’ many
of the old people have it plucked out by the roots, except a patch on
the hinder part of the head, about twice the bigness of a crown-piece,
which is ornamented with beads, feathers, wampum, stained deers hair,
and such like baubles. The ears are slit and stretched to an enormous
size, putting the person who undergoes the operation to incredible pain,
being unable to lie on either side for near forty days. To remedy this,
they generally slit but one at a time; so soon as the patient can bear
it, they are wound round with wire to expand them, and are adorned with
silver pendants and rings, which they likewise wear at the nose. This
custom does not belong originally to the Cherokees, but taken by them
from the Shawnese, or other northern nations.

They that can afford it wear a collar of wampum, which are beads cut out
of clamshells, a silver breast-plate, and bracelets on their arms and
wrists of the same metal, a bit of cloth over their private parts, a
shirt of the English make, a sort of cloth-boots, and mockasons, which
are shoes of a make peculiar to the Americans, ornamented with
porcupine-quills; a large mantle or match-coat thrown over all compleats
their dress at home; but when they go to war they leave their trinkets
behind, and the mere necessaries serve them.

The women wear the hair of their head, which is so long that it
generally reaches to the middle of their legs, and sometimes to the
ground, club’d, and ornamented with ribbons of various colours; but,
except their eyebrows, pluck it from all the other parts of the body,
especially the looser part of the sex. The rest of their dress is now
become very much like the European; and, indeed, that of the men is
greatly altered. The old people still remember and praise the ancient
days, before they were acquainted with the whites, when they had but
little dress, except a bit of skin about their middles, mockasons, a
mantle of buffalo skin for the winter, and a lighter one of feathers for
the summer. The women, particularly the half-breed, are remarkably well
featured; and both men and women are straight and well-built, with small
hands and feet.

The warlike arms used by the Cherokees are guns, bows and arrows, darts,
scalpping-knives, and tommahawkes, which are hatchets; the hammer-part
of which being made hollow, and a small hole running from thence along
the shank, terminated by a small brass-tube for the mouth, makes a
compleat pipe. There are various ways of making these, according to the
country or fancy of the purchaser, being all made by the Europeans; some
have a long spear at top, and some different conveniencies on each side.
This is one of their most useful pieces of field-furniture, serving all
the offices of hatchet, pipe, and sword; neither are the Indians less
expert at throwing it than using it near, but will kill at a
considerable distance.

They are of a very gentle and amicable disposition to those they think
their friends, but as implacable in their enmity, their revenge being
only compleated in the entire destruction of their enemies. They were
pretty hospitable to all white strangers, till the Europeans encouraged
them to scalp; but the great reward offered has led them often since to
commit as great barbarities on us, as they formerly only treated their
most inveterate enemies with. They are very hardy, bearing heat, cold,
hunger and thirst, in a surprizing manner; and yet no people are given
to more excess in eating and drinking, when it is conveniently in their
power: the follies, nay mischief, they commit when inebriated, are
entirely laid to the liquor; and no one will revenge any injury (murder
excepted) received from one who is no more himself: they are not less
addicted to gaming than drinking, and will even lose the shirt off their
back, rather than give over play, when luck runs against them.

They are extremely proud, despising the lower class of Europeans; and in
some athletick diversions I once was present at, they refused to match
or hold conference with any but officers.

Here, however, the vulgar notion of the Indians uncommon activity was
contradicted by three officers of the Virginia regiment, the slowest of
which could outrun the swiftest of about 700 Indians that were in the
place: but had the race exceeded two or three hundred yards, the Indians
would then have acquired the advantage, by being able to keep the same
pace a long time together; and running being likewise more general among
them, a body of them would always greatly exceed an equal number of our
troops.

They are particularly careful of the superannuated, but are not so till
of a great age; of which Ostenaco’s mother is an instance. Ostenaco is
about sixty years of age, and the youngest of four; yet his mother still
continues her laborious tasks, and has yet strength enough to carry 200
weight of wood on her back near a couple of miles. I am apt to think
some of them, by their own computation, are near 150 years old.

They have many of them a good uncultivated genius, are fond of speaking
well, as that paves the way to power in their councils; and I doubt not
but the reader will find some beauties in the harangues I have given
him, which I assure him are entirely genuine. Their language is not
unpleasant, but vastly aspirated, and the accents so many and various,
you would often imagine them singing in their common discourse. As the
ideas of the Cherokees are so few, I cannot say much for the copiousness
of their language.

They seldom turn their eyes on the person they speak of, or address
themselves to, and are always suspicious when people’s eyes are fixed
upon them. They speak so low, except in council, that they are often
obliged to repeat what they were saying; yet should a person talk to any
of them above their common pitch, they would immediately ask him, if he
thought they were deaf?

They have likewise a sort of loose poetry, as the war-songs, love-songs,
&c. Of the latter many contain no more than that the young man loves the
young woman, and will be uneasy, according to their own expression, if
he does not obtain her. Of the former I shall present the following
specimen, without the original in Cherokee, on account of the expletive
syllables, merely introduced for the music, and not the sense, just like
the toldederols of many old English songs.

      A TRANSLATION of the WAR-SONG.

              _Caw waw noo dee, &c._

      Where’er the earth’s enlighten’d by the sun,
      Moon shines by night, grass grows, or waters run,
      Be’t known that we are going, like men, afar,
      In hostile fields to wage destructive war;
      Like men we go, to meet our country’s foes,
      Who, woman-like, shall fly our dreaded blows;
      Yes, as a woman, who beholds a snake,
      In gaudy horror, glisten thro’ the brake,
      Starts trembling back, and stares with wild surprise,
      Or pale thro’ fear, unconscious, panting, flies.
      [5]Just so these foes, more tim’rous than the hind,
      Shall leave their arms and only cloaths behind;
      Pinch’d by each blast, by ev’ry thicket torn,
      Run back to their own nation, now its scorn:
      Or in the winter, when the barren wood
      Denies their gnawing entrails nature’s food,
      Let them sit down, from friends and country far,
      And wish, with tears, they ne’er had come to war.

      [6]We’ll leave our clubs, dew’d with their country show’rs,
      And, if they dare to bring them back to our’s,
      Their painted scalps shall be a step to fame,
      And grace our own and glorious country’s name.
      Or if we warriors spare the yielding foe,
      Torments at home the wretch must undergo[7].

Footnote 5:

  As the Indians fight naked, the vanquished are constrained to endure
  the rigours of the weather in their flight, and live upon roots and
  fruit, as they throw down their arms to accelerate their flight thro’
  the woods.

Footnote 6:

  It is the custom of the Indians, to leave a club, something of the
  form of a cricket-bat, but with their warlike exploits engraved on it,
  in their enemy’s country, and the enemy accepts the defiance, by
  bringing this back to their country.

Footnote 7:

  The prisoners of war are generally tortured by the women, at the
  party’s return, to revenge the death of those that have perished by
  the wretch’s countrymen. This savage custom has been so much mitigated
  of late, that the prisoners were only compelled to marry, and then
  generally allowed all the privileges of the natives. This lenity,
  however, has been a detriment to the nation; for many of these
  returning to their countrymen, have made them acquainted with the
  country-passes, weakness, and haunts of the Cherokees; besides that it
  gave the enemy greater courage to fight against them.

          But when we go, who knows which shall return,
          When growing dangers rise with each new morn?
          Farewel, ye little ones, ye tender wives,
          For you alone we would conserve our lives!
          But cease to mourn, ’tis unavailing pain,
          If not fore-doom’d, we soon shall meet again.
          But, O ye friends! in case your comrades fall,
          Think that on you our deaths for vengeance call;
          With uprais’d tommahawkes pursue our blood,
          And stain, with hostile streams, the conscious wood,
          That pointing enemies may never tell
          The boasted place where we, their victims, fell[8].

Footnote 8:

  Their custom is generally to engrave their victory on some
  neighbouring tree, or set up some token of it near the field of
  battle; to this their enemies are here supposed to point to, as
  boasting their victory over them, and the slaughter that they made.

Both the ideas and verse are very loose in the original, and they are
set to as loose a music, many composing both tunes and song off hand,
according to the occasion; tho’ some tunes, especially those taken from
the northern Indians, are extremely pretty, and very like the Scotch.

The Indians being all soldiers, mechanism can make but little progress;
besides this, they labour under the disadvantage of having neither
proper tools, or persons to teach the use of those they have: Thus, for
want of saws, they are obliged to cut a large tree on each side, with
great labour, to make a very clumsy board; whereas a pair of sawyers
would divide the same tree into eight or ten in much less time:
considering this disadvantage, their modern houses are tolerably well
built. A number of thick posts is fixed in the ground, according to the
plan and dimensions of the house, which rarely exceeds sixteen feet in
breadth, on account of the roofing, but often extend to sixty or seventy
in length, beside the little hot-house. Between each of these posts is
placed a smaller one, and the whole wattled with twigs like a basket,
which is then covered with clay very smooth, and sometimes white-washed.
Instead of tiles, they cover them with narrow boards. Some of these
houses are two story high, tolerably pretty and capacious; but most of
them very inconvenient for want of chimneys, a small hole being all the
vent assigned in many for the smoak to get out at.

Their canoes are the next work of any consequence; they are generally
made of a large pine or poplar, from thirty to forty feet long, and
about two broad, with flat bottoms and sides, and both ends alike; the
Indians hollow them now with the tools they get from the Europeans, but
formerly did it by fire: they are capable of carrying about fifteen or
twenty men, are very light, and can by the Indians, so great is their
skill in managing them, be forced up a very strong current, particularly
the bark canoes; but these are seldom used but by the northern Indians.

They have of late many tools among them, and, with a little instruction,
would soon become proficients in the use of them, being great imitators
of any thing they see done; and the curious manner in which they dress
skins, point arrows, make earthen vessels, and basket-work, are proofs
of their ingenuity, possessing them a long time before the arrival of
Europeans among them. Their method of pointing arrows is as follows:
Cutting a bit of thin brass, copper, bone, or scales of a particular
fish, into a point with two beards, or some into an acute triangle, they
split a little of their arrow, which is generally of reeds; into this
they put the point, winding some deers sinew round the arrow, and
through a little hole they make in the head; then they moisten the sinew
with their spittle, which, when dry, remains fast glewed, nor ever
untwists. Their bows are of several sorts of wood, dipped in bears oil,
and seasoned before the fire, and a twisted bear’s gut for the string.

They have two sorts of clay, red and white, with both which they make
excellent vessels, some of which will stand the greatest heat. They have
now learnt to sew, and the men as well as women, excepting shirts, make
all their own cloaths; the women, likewise, make very pretty belts, and
collars of beads and wampum, also belts and garters of worsted. In arts,
however, as in war, they are greatly excelled by their northern
neighbours.

Their chief trade is with those Europeans with whom they are in
alliance, in hides, furs, &c. which they barter by the pound, for all
other goods; by that means supplying the deficiency of money. But no
proportion is kept to their value; what cost two shillings in England,
and what cost two pence, are often sold for the same price; besides
that, no attention is paid to the goodness, and a knife of the best
temper and workmanship will only sell for the same price as an ordinary
one. The reason of this is, that, in the beginning of the commerce, the
Indians finding themselves greatly imposed upon, fixed a price on each
article, according to their own judgment; powder, balls, and several
other goods, are by this means set so low, that few people would bring
them, but that the Indians refuse to trade with any person who has not
brought a proportionable quantity, and the traders are cautious of
losing a trade in which 5 or 600 per cent. in many articles fully
recompences their loss in these.

As to religion, every one is at liberty to think for himself; whence
flows a diversity of opinions amongst those that do think, but the major
part do not give themselves that trouble. They generally concur,
however, in the belief of one superior Being, who made them, and governs
all things, and are therefore never discontent at any misfortune,
because they say, the Man above would have it so. They believe in a
reward and punishment, as may be evinced by their answer to Mr. Martin,
who, having preached scripture till both his audience and he were
heartily tired, was told at last, that they knew very well, that, if
they were good, they should go up, if bad, down; that he could tell no
more; that he had long plagued them with what they no ways understood,
and that they desired him to depart the country. This, probably, was at
the instigation of their conjurers, to whom these people pay a profound
regard; as christianity was entirely opposite, and would soon dispossess
the people of their implicit belief in their juggling art, which the
professors have brought to so great perfection as to deceive Europeans,
much more an ignorant race, whose ideas will naturally augment the
extraordinary of any thing the least above their comprehension, or out
of the common tract. After this I need not say that in every particular
they are extremely superstitious, that and ignorance going always hand
in hand.

They have few religious ceremonies, or stated times of general worship:
the green corn dance seems to be the principal, which is, as I have been
told, performed in a very solemn manner, in a large square before the
town-house door: the motion here is very slow, and the song in which
they offer thanks to God for the corn he has sent them, far from
unpleasing. There is no kind of rites or ceremonies at marriage,
courtship and all being, as I have already observed, concluded in half
an hour, without any other celebration, and it is as little binding as
ceremonious; for though many last till death, especially when there are
children, it is common for a person to change three or four times
a-year. Notwithstanding this, the Indian women gave lately a proof of
fidelity, not to be equalled by politer ladies, bound by all the sacred
ties of marriage.

Many of the soldiers in the garrison of Fort Loudoun, having Indian
wives, these brought them a daily supply of provisions, though blocked
up, in order to be starved to a surrender, by their own countrymen; and
they persisted in this, notwithstanding the express orders of
Willinawaw, who, sensible of the retardment this occasioned, threatened
death to those who would assist their enemy; but they laughing at his
threats, boldly told him, they would succour their husbands every day,
and were sure, that, if he killed them, their relations would make his
death atone for theirs. Willinawaw was too sensible of this to put his
threats into execution, so that the garrison subsisted a long time on
the provisions brought to them in this manner.

When they part, the children go with, and are provided for, by the
mother. As soon as a child is born, which is generally without help, it
is dipped into cold water and washed, which is repeated every morning
for two years afterward, by which the children acquire such strength,
that no ricketty or deformed are found amongst them. When the woman
recovers, which is at latest in three days, she carries it herself to
the river to wash it; but though three days is the longest time of their
illness, a great number of them are not so many hours; nay, I have known
a woman delivered at the side of a river, wash her child, and come home
with it in one hand, and a goard full of water in the other.

They seldom bury their dead, but throw them into the river; yet if any
white man will bury them, he is generally rewarded with a blanket,
besides what he takes from the corpse, the dead having commonly their
guns, tommahawkes, powder, lead, silver ware, wampum, and a little
tobacco, buried with them; and as the persons who brings the corpse to
the place of burial, immediately leave it, he is at liberty to dispose
of all as he pleases, but must take care never to be found out, as
nothing belonging to the dead is to be kept, but every thing at his
decease destroyed, except these articles, which are destined to
accompany him to the other world. It is reckoned, therefore, the worst
of thefts; yet there is no punishment for this, or any other crime,
murder excepted, which is more properly revenged than punished.

This custom was probably introduced to prevent avarice, and, by
preventing hereditary acquisitions, make merit the sole means of
acquiring power, honour, and riches. The inventor, however, had too
great a knowledge of the human mind, and our propensity to possess, not
to see that a superior passion must intercede; he therefore wisely made
it a religious ceremony, that superstition, the strongest passion of the
ignorant, might check avarice, and keep it in the bounds he had
prescribed. It is not known from whence it came, but it is of great
antiquity, and not only general over all North America, but in many
parts of Asia. On this account the wives generally have separate
property, that no inconveniency may arise from death or separation.

The Indians have a particular method of relieving the poor, which I
shall rank among the most laudable of their religious ceremonies, most
of the rest consisting purely in the vain ceremonies, and superstitious
romances of their conjurers. When any of their people are hungry, as
they term it, or in distress, orders are issued out by the headmen for a
war-dance, at which all the fighting men and warriors assemble; but
here, contrary to all their other dances, one only dances at a time,
who, after hopping and capering for near a minute, with a tommahawke in
his hand, gives a small hoop, at which signal the music stops till he
relates the manner of taking his first scalp, and concludes his
narration, by throwing on a large skin spread for that purpose, a string
of wampum, piece of plate, wire, paint, lead, or any thing he can most
conveniently spare; after which the music strikes up, and he proceeds in
the same manner through all his warlike actions: then another takes his
place, and the ceremony lasts till all the warriors and fighting men
have related their exploits. The stock thus raised, after paying the
musicians, is divided among the poor. The same ceremony is made use of
to recompence any extraordinary merit. This is touching vanity in a
tender part, and is an admirable method of making even imperfections
conduce to the good of society.

Their government, if I may call it government, which has neither laws or
power to support it, is a mixed aristocracy and democracy, the chiefs
being chose according to their merit in war, or policy at home; these
lead the warriors that chuse to go, for there is no laws or compulsion
on those that refuse to follow, or punishment to those that forsake
their chief: he strives, therefore, to inspire them with a sort of
enthusiasm, by the war-song, as the ancient bards did once in Britain.
These chiefs, or headmen, likewise compose the assemblies of the nation,
into which the war-women are admitted. The reader will not be a little
surprised to find the story of Amazons not so great a fable as we
imagined, many of the Indian women being as famous in war, as powerful
in the council.

The rest of the people are divided into two military classes, warriors
and fighting men, which last are the plebeians, who have not
distinguished themselves enough to be admitted into the rank of
warriors. There are some other honorary titles among them, conferred in
reward of great actions; the first of which is Outacity, or Man-killer;
and the second Colona, or the Raven. Old warriors likewise, or
war-women, who can no longer go to war, but have distinguished
themselves in their younger days, have the title of Beloved. This is the
only title females can enjoy; but it abundantly recompences them, by the
power they acquire by it, which is so great, that they can, by the wave
of a swan’s wing, deliver a wretch condemned by the council, and already
tied to the stake.

Their common names are given them by their parents; but this they can
either change, or take another when they think proper; so that some of
them have near half a dozen, which the English generally increase, by
giving an English one, from some circumstance in their lives or
disposition, as the Little Carpenter to Attakullakulla, from his
excelling in building houses; Judd’s friend, or corruptly the Judge, to
Ostenaco, for saving a man of that name from the fury of his countrymen;
or sometimes a translation of his Cherokee name, as Pigeon to Woey, that
being the signification of the word. The Over-hill settlement is by
these two chiefs divided into two factions, between whom there is often
great animosity, and the two leaders are sure to oppose one another in
every measure taken. Attakullakulla has done but little in war to
recommend him, but has often signalized himself by his policy, and
negotiations at home. Ostenaco has a tolerable share of both; but policy
and art are the greatest steps to power. Attakullakulla has a large
faction with this alone, while Oconnestoto, sir-named the Great Warrior,
famous for having, in all his expeditions, taken such prudent measures
as never to have lost a man, has not so much power, and Ostenaco could
never have obtained the superiority, if he had not a great reputation in
both.

On my arrival in the Cherokee country, I found the nation much attached
to the French, who have the prudence, by familiar politeness, (which
costs but little, and often does a great deal) and conforming themselves
to their ways and temper, to conciliate the inclinations of almost all
the Indians they are acquainted with, while the pride of our officers
often disgusts them; nay, they did not scruple to own to me, that it was
the trade alone that induced them to make peace with us, and not any
preference to the French, whom they loved a great deal better. As
however they might expect to hasten the opening of the trade by telling
me this, I should have paid but little regard to it, had not my own
observations confirmed me, that it was not only their general opinion,
but the policy of most of their headmen; except Attakullakulla, who
conserves his attachment inviolably to the English.

I shall be accused, perhaps, for mentioning policy among so barbarous a
nation; but tho’ I own their views are not so clear and refined as those
of European statesmen, their alliance with the French seems equal,
proportioning the lights of savages and Europeans, to our most masterly
strokes of policy; and yet we cannot be surprised at it, when we
consider that merit alone creates their ministers, and not the
prejudices of party, which often create ours.

The English are now so nigh, and encroached daily so far upon them, that
they not only felt the bad effects of it in their hunting grounds, which
were spoiled, but had all the reason in the world to apprehend being
swallowed up, by so potent neighbours, or driven from the country,
inhabited by their fathers, in which they were born, and brought up, in
fine, their native soil, for which all men have a particular tenderness
and affection. The French lay farther off, and were not so powerful;
from them, therefore, they had less to fear. The keeping these
foreigners then more upon a footing, as a check upon one another, was
providing for their own safety, and that of all America, since they
foresaw, or the French took care to shew them, that, should they be
driven out, the English would in time extend themselves over all North
America. The Indians cannot, from the woods of America, see the true
state of Europe: report is all they have to judge by, and that often
comes from persons too interested to give a just account. France’s
circumstances were not in such a flourishing condition as was
represented; the French were conquered, and a war carried into the heart
of the Cherokee country; many of their towns were sacked and plundered
without a possibility of relieving them, as they lay straggled on a
large extent of ground, many miles from one another; it was then their
interest, or rather they were compelled, to ask for peace and trade,
without which they could no longer flourish.

Were arts introduced, and the Cherokees contracted into a fortified
settlement, governed by laws, and remoter from the English, they might
become formidable; but hunting must be then laid more aside, and tame
cattle supply the deficiency of the wild, as the greater the number of
hunters, the more prey would be required; and the more a place is
haunted by men, the less it is resorted to by game. Means might be
taken, would the Cherokees follow them, to render the nation
considerable; but who would seek to live by labour, who can live by
amusement? The sole occupations of an Indian life, are hunting, and
warring abroad, and lazying at home. Want is said to be the mother of
industry, but their wants are supplied at an easier rate.

Some days after my reception at Chilhowey, I had an opportunity of
seeing some more of their diversions. Two letters I received from some
officers at the Great Island occasioned a great assembly at Chote, where
I was conducted to read them; but the Indians finding nothing that
regarded them, the greater part resolved to amuse themselves at a game
they call nettecawaw; which I can give no other description of, than
that each player having a pole about ten feet long, with several marks
or divisions, one of them bowls a round stone, with one flat side, and
the other convex, on which the players all dart their poles after it,
and the nearest counts according to the vicinity of the bowl to the
marks on his pole.

As I was informed there was to be a physic-dance at night, curiosity led
me to the town-house, to see the preparation. A vessel of their own
make, that might contain twenty gallons (there being a great many to
take the medicine) was set on the fire, round which stood several goards
filled with river-water, which was poured into the pot; this done, there
arose one of the beloved women, who, opening a deer-skin filled with
various roots and herbs, took out a small handful of something like fine
salt; part of which she threw on the headman’s seat, and part into the
fire close to the pot; she then took out the wing of a swan, and after
flourishing it over the pot, stood fixed for near a minute, muttering
something to herself; then taking a shrub-like laurel (which I supposed
was the physic) she threw it into the pot, and returned to her former
seat. As no more ceremony seemed to be going forward, I took a walk till
the Indians assembled to take it. At my return I found the house quite
full: they danced near an hour round the pot, till one of them, with a
small goard that might hold about a gill, took some of the physic, and
drank it, after which all the rest took in turn. One of their headmen
presented me with some, and in a manner compelled me to drink, though I
would have willingly declined. It was however much more palatable than I
expected, having a strong taste of sassafras: the Indian who presented
it, told me it was taken to wash away their sins; so that this is a
spiritual medicine, and might be ranked among their religious
ceremonies. They are very solicitous about its success; the conjurer,
for several mornings before it is drank, makes a dreadful howling,
yelling, and hallowing, from the top of the town-house, to frighten away
apparitions and evil spirits. According to our ideas of evil spirits,
such hideous noises would by sympathy call up such horrible beings; but
I am apt to think with the Indians, that such noises are sufficient to
frighten any being away but themselves.

I was almost every night at some dance, or diversion; the war-dance,
however, gave me the greatest satisfaction, as in that I had an
opportunity of learning their methods of war, and a history of their
warlike actions, many of which are both amusing and instructive.

I was not a little pleased likewise with their ball-plays (in which they
shew great dexterity) especially when the women played, who pulled one
another about, to the no small amusement of an European spectator.

They are likewise very dexterous at pantomime dances; several of which I
have seen performed that were very diverting. In one of these, two men,
dressed in bear-skins, came in, stalking and pawing about with all the
motions of real bears: two hunters followed them, who in dumb shew acted
in all respects as they would do in the wood: after many attempts to
shoot them, the hunters fire; one of the bears is killed, and the other
wounded; but, as they attempt to cut his throat, he rises up again, and
the scuffle between the huntsmen and the wounded bear generally affords
the company a great deal of diversion.

The taking the pigeons at roost was another that pleased me exceedingly;
and these, with my walking and observations, furnished me with amusement
for some time; but the season not always permitting my going abroad, and
as I had so little to do at home, I soon grew tired of the country. The
Indian senate indeed would sometimes employ me in reading and writing
letters for them; of which I generally acquitted myself to their
satisfaction, by adding what I thought would be acceptable, and
retrenching whatever might displease.

On the 17th, a party came home from hunting on Holston’s River, bringing
with them an eagle’s tail, which was celebrated at night by a grand
war-dance, and the person who killed it had the second war-title of
Colona conferred upon him, besides the bounty gathered at the war-dance,
in wampum, skins, &c. to the amount of thirty pounds; the tail of an
eagle being held in the greatest esteem, as they sometimes are given
with the wampum in their treaties, and none of their warlike ceremonies
can be performed without them.

This Indian acquainted the headman of a current report in the English
camp, that a large body of English were to march next spring through the
Cherokees country, against the French. There was little probability or
possibility in such a report, yet it was received with some degree of
belief; every thing of news, every flying rumour, is swallowed here by
the populace. The least probability is exaggerated into a fact, and an
Indian from our camp, who scarce understands four or five words of a
conversation between two common soldiers, who often know as little of
the state of affairs as the Indians themselves, turn all the rest of it
to something he suspects, and imagines he has heard what was never once
mentioned; and this, when he returns to his own country, is passed about
as a certainty. From hence flows the continual mistakes the Indians
unavoidably make in their councils; they must act according to
intelligence, and it requires a great penetration indeed to discern the
truth, when blended with so much falsity: thus they are often obliged to
act according to the report of a mistaken or lying Indian, who are all
but too much addicted to this vice, which proved a continual fund of
uneasiness to me all the time I remained in their country.

On the 26th of January, advices were received from the Great Island,
that some Cherokees had been killed by the northern Indians, who had
been encouraged, and much caressed, by the commanding officer. This
piece of news seemed greatly to displease them; they suspended however
their judgment, till further intelligence. I began to be very uneasy for
the return of an express I had sent out on my arrival, who was to come
back by the Great Island, and was the only person who could give me any
accounts I could rely on, as I was sensible the Indian one was
infinitely exaggerated. We were yet talking of this, when the _News
Hallow_ was given from the top of Tommotly town-house; whereupon
Ostenaco rose from the table, and went immediately to the town-house,
where he staid till day. On asking him next morning, What news? he
seemed very unwilling to tell me, and went out of the house, seemingly
very much displeased. I then made the same question to several other
Indians, whose different stories convinced me it was something they
endeavoured to conceal.

I was under some apprehension at this unusual incivility. It was no
wonder I was alarmed; had the English given any encouragement to these
northern ravagers, nay, had the French faction persuaded their
countrymen of our countenancing them in the slaughter, the meanest of
the deceased’s relations had it in his power to sacrifice me to their
manes, and would certainly have done it, since, in default of kindred,
their revenge falls on any of the same country that unfortunately comes
within their reach; and nothing could be a protection to an hostage,
when capitulating could not save the garrison of Fort Loudoun: a body of
Indians pursued them, and breaking through the articles, and all the
laws of war and humanity, surprised and butchered them. Disguising,
however, my uneasiness, I seemingly took to some diversions, while I
sent M‘Cormack to pry into the true cause of such a change; he following
my host, found no difficulty in shuffling amongst the crowd into the
town-house, where Ostenaco made the following speech.

“We have had some bad talks lately from the Great Island, which I hope
nevertheless are not true, as I should be very sorry that the peace, so
lately concluded with our brethren the English, should be broke in so
short a time: we must not judge as yet of what we have heard from the
Great Island. If Bench the express does not return soon, I myself will
raise a party, and go to the Great Island, where I shall get certain
information of all that has happened.”

This speech was received with shouts of applause, and the assembly
betook themselves to dancing.

On the 28th, I was invited to a grand eagle’s tail dance, at which about
600 persons of both sexes were assembled. About midnight, in the heat of
their diversion, news was brought of the death of one of their principal
men, killed at the Great Island by the northern Indians. This put a
sudden stop to their diversion, and nothing was heard but threats of
vengeance. I easily concluded that this could only proceed from the
confirmation of the ill news already received. I tried as much as laid
in my power to mollify their anger, by telling them, that, if any
accident had happened to their people, it was neither by consent or
approbation of the English; that tho’ the northern Indians were our
allies as well as they, I was certain more favour would be shewn them
than their enemies, as Capt. M‘Neil, who commanded the fort, was a good,
humane, brave officer, and had always shewn so much friendship for their
nation, as to leave no room to doubt of his protection to any of their
people who should be under his care. This satisfied them so well, that
some proposed dancing again; but as it was late, they agreed to give
over their diversion for that night.

On the 4th of February, an account came in almost contradictory to this.
An Indian woman from Holston’s River was the messenger, who related,
that the northern Indians had turned their arms against the English, and
were then actually building a breast-work within a quarter of a mile of
Fort Robinson; that, whilst one half were employed in carrying on the
work, the other observed the motions of our people; but this lie was
even too gross for Indians to digest; tho’ the next day, another who
came in confirmed it, and moreover affirmed the enemy’s fortifications
to be already breast high.

The 15th was the day appointed for the return of the Little Carpenter;
and his not arriving began to give his friends a great deal of
uneasiness. Ostenaco bore likewise his share in it, as his brother was
of the party. Here is a lesson to Europe; two Indian chiefs, whom we
call barbarians, rivals of power, heads of two opposite factions, warm
in opposing one another, as their interest continually clash; yet these
have no farther animosity, no family-quarrels or resentment, and the
brother of the chief who had gained the superiority is a volunteer under
his rival’s command.

For my part, I was no less anxious about the express. I dispatched my
servant out to meet him, and bring me the particulars of what had been
transacted at the Great Island; he returned in about five or six days,
with the letters the express had been charged with, leaving him to make
out the rest of the journey as his fatigue would permit. Among others
was a letter from Capt. M‘Neil, informing me, that a party of about
seventy northern Indians came to Fort Robinson a short time after I had
left it, who told him, that they came from Pittsburg, with a pass from
the commanding officer, to join us against the Cherokees, not knowing
that we had already concluded a peace. They seemed very much
dissatisfied at coming so far to no purpose, and demanded if any
Cherokees were near? They were answered, that a party were out a
hunting; but, if they would be looked upon as friends to the English,
they must not meddle with them, while under the protection of the
commanding officer. The Indians, however, paying but little regard to
this admonition, went immediately in pursuit of them, and finding them a
few hours after, as in no apprehension of any enemy, they fired on them
before they discovered themselves, killing one, and wounding another,
who however made his escape to the fort. His countrymen all did the
same, without returning the fire, as few of their guns were loaded, and
they inferior in number. Their enemies pursued them to the fort, but
could never see them after, as Capt. M‘Neil took great care to keep them
asunder. Finding therefore no more likelihood of scalping, the northern
Indians marched away from the fort.

This was the same party I encamped with the first night after my
departure from the Great Island, and were surprised at the same place,
where they had still continued.

He farther informed me, that I should probably find Fort Robinson, and
all the posts on the communication, evacuated, as the regiment was to be
broke.

I made this letter public, with which they seemed tolerably well
satisfied, particularly when I feigned the wounded Indian was under the
care of an English surgeon, who would not fail to cure him in a little
time.

I now began to be very desirous of returning, and acquainted Ostenaco of
my anxiety, desiring him to appoint fifteen or twenty headmen, agreeable
to the orders I had received from Col. Stephen, as likewise to collect
all the white persons and negroes, to be sent conformable to the
articles of peace, to Fort Prince George. He replied, that, as soon as
the white prisoners returned from hunting, where they then were with
their masters (the white people becoming slaves, and the property of
those that take them) he would set about the performance. Some time
after this, when all the prisoners were come in, I again attacked
Ostenaco; but then his horses could not be found, and there was a
necessity of having one or two to carry my baggage and his own. I then
waited till the horses were found; but I supposed all things ready for
our departure, I was greatly surprised to find it delayed. Ostenaco told
me, that one of the Carpenter’s party, which was on its return home, had
come in the night before, and reported, that the Carolinians had renewed
the war before they had well concluded a peace. The Indian had,
according to custom, a long account of it; but tho’ I shewed the
improbability of such a story, Ostenaco refused to set out before the
Carpenter arrived, which was not till the 23d following. He brought in
the same report, but owned he did not believe it, as it was told him by
a person who he thought wanted to raise some disturbance.

I now began to be very pressing with Ostenaco, threatening if he would
not set out immediately, to return without him. This however would have
been my last resource, as I was for the space of 140 miles ignorant of
every step of the way. I at last prevailed on him; but on the 10th of
March, while we were again preparing for our departure, the _Death
Hallow_ was heard from the top of Tommotly town-house. This was to give
notice of the return of a party commanded by Willinawaw, who went to war
towards the Shawnese country some time after my arrival. After so many
disappointments, I began to think I should never get away, as I supposed
this affair would keep me, as others had done, two or three days, and
till some new accident should intervene to detain me longer. About
eleven o’clock the Indians, about forty in number, appeared within sight
of the town; as they approached, I observed four scalps, painted red on
the fleshside, hanging on a pole, and carried in front of the line, by
the second in command, while Willinawaw brought up the rear. When near
the town-house, the whole marched round it three times, singing the
war-song, and at intervals giving the _Death Hallow_; after which,
sticking the pole just by the door, for the crowd to gaze on, they went
in to relate in what manner they had gained them. Curiosity prompted me
to follow them into the town-house; where, after smoaking a quarter of
an hour in silence, the chief gave the following account of their
campaign.

“After we left Tommotly, which was about the middle of January, we
travelled near 400 miles before we saw the least sign of the enemy; at
last, one evening, near the river Ohio, we heard the report of several
guns, whereupon I sent out several scouts to discover who they were, and
if possible where they encamped, that we might attack them early next
morning; about dark the scouts returned, and informed us they were a
party of Shawnese, hunting buffaloes; that they had watched them to the
river-side, where, taking to their canoes, they had paddled across the
river; and seeing a great many fires on the other side, where our scouts
directed our sight, we concluded it to be a large encampment; we
thereupon began to consult, whether it would be more adviseable to cross
the river over night, or early next morning: it was decided in favour of
the former, notwithstanding its snowing excessively hard, lest we should
be discovered. We accordingly stripped ourselves, tying our guns to our
backs, with the buts upwards, to which we hung our ammunition, to
prevent its getting wet; we then took water, and swam near half a mile
to the other side, where we huddled together to keep ourselves warm,
intending to pass the remainder of the night in that manner, and to fall
on the enemy at daybreak; but as it continued snowing the whole time, it
proved so cold, that we could endure it no longer than a little past
midnight, when we resolved to surround the enemy’s camp, giving the
first fire, and, without charging again, run on them with our
tommahawkes, which we had tucked in our belts for that purpose, should
there be occasion. We accordingly surrounded them; but when the signal
was given for firing, scarce one fourth of our guns went off, wet with
the snow, notwithstanding all the precautions we had taken to preserve
them dry: we then rushed in; but, before we came to a close engagement,
the enemy returned our fire; as, it was at random, not being able to see
us before we were upon them, on account of the darkness of the night,
and the thickness of the bushes, we received no damage. They had not
time to charge again, but fought us with the buts of their guns,
tommahawkes, and firebrands. In the beginning of the battle we took two
prisoners, who were continually calling out to their countrymen to fight
strong, and they would soon conquer us; this made them fight much
bolder, till the persons who had the prisoners in custody put a stop to
it, by sinking a tommahawke in each of their skulls, on which their
countrymen took to flight, and left every thing behind them. As soon as
it was day, we examined the field, where we found two more of the enemy
dead, one of which was a French warrior, which, with the prisoners we
had killed, are the four scalps we have brought in. We lost only one
man, the poor brave Raven of Togua, who ran rashly before us in the
midst of the enemy. We took what things we could conveniently bring with
us, and destroyed the rest.”

Having finished his account of the expedition, out of his shot-pouch he
pulled a piece of paper, wrapped up in a bit of birch-bark, which he had
taken out of the Frenchman’s pocket, and gave it to me to look at,
asking if I did not think it was his commission? I replied in the
negative, telling him it was only some private marks of his own, which I
did not understand. It appears to me to have been his journal, every
seventh line being longer than the others, to denote the Sunday; the
death’s head, and other marks, relate to what happened on the several
days; but having filled his paper long before his death, he had supplied
it by interlining with a pin. These are my conjectures, I have however
annexed it here from the original, still in my possession, that each
reader may make his own.

About one o’clock the baggage and all things being ready, Ostenaco took
leave of his friends, tho’ this ceremony is unusual among them, and we
began our march sooner than I expected. Passing thro’ Toqua, we saw
several Indians weeping for the death of their relations, killed in the
late battle. In an hour’s time we arrived at Chote, where we found a
great number of headmen assembled to give us a talk, containing
instructions to my Indian conductors, to remind the English of their
promises of friendship, and to press the Governor of Virginia to open a
trade; for the Indians to behave well to the inhabitants when they
arrived, as that was the only way to keep the chain of friendship
bright; that we should keep a good look-out, as the enemy were very
numerous on the path. What occasioned this precaution, and probably
Ostenaco’s delaying his departure so long, was, the defeat of a party of
about thirty Indians, who went cut to war some time before, the same way
that we were to go, eight of whom had been killed or taken. They
attributed this loss to the want of arrows, the northern Indians having
poured several vollies of arrows, and done great execution, before the
Cherokees could charge again, after the first fire. This was especially
disadvantageous to the Cherokees, as both parties met unexpectedly on
the top of a mountain, which they were both crossing, and engaged so
close, that the northern Indians availed themselves of this advantage,
and the superiority of their numbers.

Two pieces of cannon were fired when we had got about 200 yards from the
town-house, after which Ostenaco sung the war-song, in which was a
prayer for our safety thro’ the intended journey; this he bellowed out
loud enough to be heard at a mile’s distance. We did not march above
three miles before we encamped, in order to give time to some Indians
who were to accompany us, but had not yet joined us, which they did in
the evening, about fourteen or fifteen in number. Next morning, the 11th
of March, we rose tolerably early, marching to Little River, about
twenty miles from the nation, where we encamped.

At this place had formerly been an Indian town, called Elajoy; and I am
surprised how the natives should ever abandon so beautiful and fertile a
spot. Were it in a more polished country, it would make the finest
situation for a gentleman’s seat I ever saw.

We marched the next day to Broad River, which we crossed about four
o’clock in the afternoon, without much difficulty, by reason of the
lowness of the waters; but the river, which is here 700 yards over, runs
with great rapidity, and the banks extremely steep on either side. We
encamped directly, and were all employed in making a large fire to dry
ourselves, as most of us had got very wet.

Before sun-set I perceived a considerable number of Indians passing at
the same place, whom I at first imagined to be enemies; but the arrival
of some of them shewed them to be Cherokees, who kept continually
dropping in, so that I was greatly surprised next morning at their
numbers. I demanded where they were going? to which they replied, To
Virginia; that the headmen had thought proper to send a reinforcement,
thinking it unsafe for so small a body to march through a country so
much frequented by the enemy, where, if I met with any accident, the
blame would fall upon them. I thanked them; but at the same time told
them peremptorily to go back, and give themselves no further trouble on
my account; that I had no occasion for them; and that it would be
impossible for so large a body to subsist when passed the hunting
grounds, as the people on the frontiers of Virginia had been so
impoverished by the late war, they would not be able to supply us with
provisions. This made no impression on them, and they marched, on
without saying another word, and persisted in going, notwithstanding all
the efforts Osteco and I could make to prevent them. Indeed I was more
earnest to have them return, as I found it was the scent of presents,
more than the desire of escorting me, that was the real motive of all
this good-will.

We left the camp the next day, about 165 in number, and marched without
any extraordinary occurrence till the 15th, about mid-day, when we heard
our scouts on the left (for we always kept on both flanks) fire pretty
quick after one another, and in less than a minute seventeen or eighteen
buffaloes ran in amongst us, before we discovered them, so that several
of us had like to have been run over, especially the women, who with
some difficulty sheltered themselves behind the trees. Most of the men
fired, but, firing at random, one only was killed, tho’ several more
wounded. Our scouts likewise killed another, and brought in the best
parts of the meat, all which was cooked over-night for our departure
next morning.

After passing a very disagreeable night on account of the rain, which,
as the evening had been clear, I had taken no precaution to shelter
myself self against. We had as disagreeable a march, it proved very
rainy, and were again obliged to encamp to a great disadvantage for the
convenience of good water.

On the 17th, about two o’clock in the afternoon, we met an Indian who
left the Great Island some time after me, with a party of ten or twelve,
destined to Williamsburg, who, after he had eat, drank, and smoaked,
told us the party that he belonged to had been attacked two days before;
that two of them had been killed, two or three taken, and the rest
dispersed; that he had reason to believe there were a great many of the
enemy upon the path, as he had seen a great many tracks and other signs.

On this intelligence, Ostenaco ordered all his men to fresh prime their
guns, and those that had bows and arrows to put them in readiness,
sending out some scouts, and desiring all to keep a good look-out. After
these dispositions we parted with the fugitive Indian, and continued our
route. At night our scouts came in, and informed formed us, that they
had seen some old tracks, and a piece of an old red waistcoat, dropped
by the enemy, to inform us they were thereabouts. We made large fires to
dry ourselves, while Ostenaco, and four or five others, took out and
waved their eagles tails, then turning towards the place where the
tracks had been discovered, gave the war-hoop several times extremely
loud. This was to let the enemy know, if within hearing, and disposed
for an engagement, where he and his party lay. This however Ostenaco
probably would not have done, had he not confided in the number of his
party, being greatly superior to what commonly go to make war on one
another. Before the Indians went to sleep, he gave them a strong
caution, and instructions how to act in case they were attacked.

We decamped pretty early next morning, in order, if possible, to reach
the Great island that day; but the scouts had not been out an hour
before some returned with an account of fresh tracks and other signs of
the enemy. I really expected a skirmish with the northern Indians, as
they might probably imagine some Cherokees would return with me when I
left their country; and it was probable the party I had received an
account of, and had given so many checks to the Cherokees since, were
still waiting.

As we marched very slow, on account of receiving intelligence from our
scouts, which they brought in every two or three hours, we encamped
short of the Great Island about seven or eight miles.

The next morning we were in no great hurry to decamp, as we intended to
go no farther than the Great Island that day. By this retardment each
man had time to put his arms in proper order. We set out about eleven
o’clock, and, after four or five miles march, Ostenaco desired me to go
before, to see if any of the enemy were there. The northern Indians
being at peace with us, was urged as a sufficient protection, tho’, at
setting out, they seemed a little apprehensive of my falling into such
desperadoes hands, or rather of their losing their share of the
presents. I was to tell the enemy, if I met them, that the Cherokees
were but few in number, and but indifferently armed; after which Sumpter
and I were furnished with horses, and went forward pretty briskly, till
we reached Holston’s River, the crossing place of which was within a
mile of Fort Robinson. We had not forded above half-way over, when we
heard the report of a gun, which made us conclude that our suspicions of
the enemy’s being there were but too justly grounded; we rode gently
towards the fort to make our observations; but no enemy appearing, on
entering the clear ground about the fort, and perceiving some smoak from
one of the chimnies, we rode within an hundred yards of it, and
hallowed, but nobody appearing, we went to the gate, and gave another
hoop, which, to my great surprise, instead of the enemy, brought a white
man out of one of the houses, whom I immediately recollected to be
M’Lamore the interpreter, that accompanied the discomfited party of
Cherokees, I lately mentioned, to Virginia, and he was soon followed by
the man who had fired the gun.

I returned to the party, highly satisfied at my good fortune, in not
being obliged to displease the Indians, by breaking thro’ so
disagreeable and dangerous a commission, who had already crossed the
river when I joined them.

We found in the fort eleven or twelve hundred weight of flour, left by
the garrison when they evacuated the place, which abundantly recompensed
the Indians for all their fatigues.

We remained here all next day to rest ourselves, and mend our mockasons,
tho’ such fine weather was scarce to be lost, considering the very bad
we had experienced most of the way from the Cherokee country; this made
me extremely anxious to be going forward, but the Indians seldom hurry
themselves when they were to leave such good cheer, after having passed
most of the way without bread. I was informed by M’Lamore, that the
flour had been left for want of horses to carry it away, as well as the
goods I had observed in one of the storehouses, belonging to a private
trader; that the northern Indians, after defeating the small party to
which he belonged, and taking him and two more prisoners, came to the
fort, where, notwithstanding our alliance with them, they destroyed a
great quantity of the flour and goods, and carried a great quantity more
away, as well as the man that had the care of them; but that, after some
days march, all the prisoners found means to make their escape: that
they two returned to the fort, one proposing to wait my coming, and
return with me to Virginia, and M’Lamore to go back to the Cherokee
country.

I next day intreated Ostenaco to order his men to get ready for the
march, as the weather was fine, and it would be agreeable travelling;
but notwithstanding all he or I could say, not a man of them would stir;
their excuse was, that one of their horses was lost, and the owner out
in search of him. We waited his return till night, when he came, but no
horse was to be found. I was very much mortified at this accident, as I
was anxious to know what was become of my camp-equipage, cloaths, &c. I
had left at Fort Attakullakulla.

On the 22d, we rose early in the morning, to make a good day’s march,
but the horse was not found till near twelve o’clock: I then thought our
immediate departure certain, but was again disappointed; the person who
had the care of the goods, missing a piece of broad-cloth, charged the
Indians with the theft, and a general search was made to no purpose.
Ostenaco then ordered all within the fort, while he and the conjuror
went into the house from whence it was stole, to beg the devil’s advice
about recovering it. The conjuror might perhaps have saved himself that
trouble, for tho’ I am at a loss to guess in what manner, I am inclined
to believe he had as great a hand in the loss as in the recovery of it.
I desired him to trouble himself no farther about it, chusing rather to
pay for it, than be detained any longer; but all I could say could not
divert him from his conjuring, which however furnished me with a few
more of their oddities.

After staying some time, the conjuror sallied out blindfolded, and
groped about, till he came to the skirts of the woods, where, pulling
off the blind, he went straight forwards, a considerable way, and
returned in about five minutes with the broad-cloth on his shoulders. I
observed his cheek tied up with a bit of twine, which, when untied, bled
very much. I gave the conjuror two yards as a reward for playing the
fool, and we marched forward, encamping about ten miles from the fort.

We called in our way at Fort Attakullakulla, which was likewise
evacuated, looked for my cloaths, &c. but they were all stolen and
carried off by the soldiers, except a small trunk, with a few trifles, I
found afterwards at New River.

Some time after, we met Capt. Israel Christian going with a cargo of
goods, to trade in the Cherokee country. I here endeavoured to send back
the greatest part of the Indians; but notwithstanding all the
persuasions the Captain and I could make use of, not a man of them would
return, till the Captain promised the same presents to those that would
go back, as would be given to those that went forward, not doubting but
that he would be reimbursed, as the charge of victualling of them would
be entirely saved; but as this expence fell entirely upon me, as will
appear in the sequel, it was rather taking the burthen off me than off
the public. I am heartily sorry, however, this gentleman has suffered,
as well as myself, for his good intentions, and more so, that it is not
in my power to discharge the public debt, and reimburse him. But even by
this we could only reduce our number to about seventy-two.

We called at Fort Lewis, where we found William Shorey the interpreter,
who, by order of Col. Stephen, had waited our coming, to accompany the
Indians to Williamsburg. I received here between seventy and eighty
pounds that was due to me, which came very opportunely to defray our
expences to Williamsburg; where we arrived in about eleven days after
our departure from Fort Lewis.

On my arrival, I waited on the Governor, who seemed somewhat displeased
with the number of Indians that had forced themselves upon me. Orders
however were issued out for their accommodation, and a few days after a
council was called, at which Ostenaco, and some of the principal
Indians, attended. After the usual ceremonies, and mutual promises of
friendship, the Indians were dismissed, and presents ordered them, to
the amount of 125_l._ currency; 12_l._ 10_s._ for Ostenaco, the same sum
to be sent back to King Kanagatucko, and the rest to be divided among
the party, who seemed much displeased when it came to be divided, being,
as they said, like nothing among them. I was apprehensive of some bad
consequence should they return dissatisfied, and therefore advanced
pretty considerably out of my own pocket to content them.

A few days before they were to depart for their own country, Mr.
Horrocks invited Ostenaco and myself to sup with him at the College,
where, amongst other curiosities, he shewed him the picture of his
present Majesty. The chief viewed it a long time with particular
attention; then turning to me, “Long,” said he, “have I wished to see
the king my father; this is his resemblance, but I am determined to see
himself; I am now near the sea, and never will depart from it till I
have obtained my desires.” He asked the Governor next day, who, tho’ he
at first refused, on Ostenaco’s insisting so strongly upon it, gave his
consent. He then desired, as I had been with him so long, that I might
accompany him to England: this I was to do at my own expence; but the
Governor told me he would recommend me to the minister of state, which
he did in as strong terms as I could desire.

I was then upon the point of entering into a very advantageous commerce,
which I quitted to please the Indians, and preserve them ours, yet
wavering to the French interest. I prepared every thing necessary for my
voyage; but this was not my only expence, the Indians having no money,
expect the person who travels with them to treat them with whatever they
take a fancy to.

We set out for Hampton about the beginning of May, where we were to
embark; but contrary winds, and other delays, retarded us till the 15th,
during which time it generally cost me between 15 and 20_s._ per day.

We had very fine weather during the whole voyage, yet both the Indians
and myself were sea-sick all the way. We parted with a convoy we had
under our care off Newfoundland, in a very thick fog, notwithstanding
all the efforts Capt. Blake could make, by ringing bells, and firing
every quarter of an hour, to keep them together, tho’ I afterwards heard
him severely accused in England of taking this opportunity to leave his
charge.

We had the misfortune here to lose the interpreter Shorey, who was much
regretted by us all, but especially by the Indians, as he was a thorough
master of their language. He had lingered some time in a consumption,
caught in passing a small river, for, being drunk, his Indian spouse
plunged him in to sober him, but was unable to draw him out, and had not
some Indians come to her assistance he must have been drowned. This was
an effectual means of sobering him, but by it he contracted the malady
that carried him off.

During our voyage the Indians conceived very advantageous ideas of our
naval force; the Captain having chased and brought too about sixteen
sail, found them all to be English or neutral vessels, on which the
Cherokees concluded the French and Spaniards were certainly afraid to
put to sea.

On the 16th of June we arrived at Plymouth, where, before we went on
shore, the Indians had their desire of seeing a large man of war
gratified, by being carried on board the Revenge, a seventy-four gun
ship, with which they were equally pleased and surprised.

While in the boat that took us to shore, Ostenaco, painted in a very
frightful manner, sung a solemn dirge with a very loud voice, to return
God thanks for his safe arrival. The loudness and uncouthness of his
singing, and the oddity of his person, drew a vast crowd of boats,
filled with spectators, from all the ships in the harbour; and the
landing-place was so thronged, that it was almost impossible to get to
the inn, where we took post for London.

We stopped at Exeter, where the Indians were shewed the cathedral, but,
contrary to my expectation, were as little struck as if they had been
natives of the place. They were much better pleased the next day with
Lord Pembroke’s seat at Wilton, till they saw the statue of Hercules
with his club uplifted, which they thought so dreadful that they begged
immediately to be gone.

We arrived the next day in London, without any other accident than the
breaking down of the chaise in which the Indians were, but happily none
of them were hurt.

Capt. Blake waited on Lord Egremont, to acquaint him with our arrival.
We were immediately sent for, and, after some few questions, dismissed.
Lodgings were ordered, and taken by Mr. N—— Caccanthropos. We were again
sent for by Lord Egremont, but more to gratify the curiosity of some of
his friends than about business. I however took this opportunity of
flipping my letter of recommendation into his Lordship’s hands, which he
read, and assured me he would shew it to the King that day; telling me
to let the Indians or myself want for nothing; that as I was a perfect
stranger, he had ordered Mr. Caccanthropos to provide whatever we
desired.

My first care was to equip the Indians. I attended Mr. Caccanthropos, to
order all after the mode of their own country.

As several days passed before I had any further orders, the Indians
became extremely anxious to see the King. “What is the reason,” said
they, “that we are not admitted to see the Great King our Father, after
coming so far for that purpose?” I was obliged to reply, “That his
Majesty was indisposed, and could not be waited on till perfectly
recovered,” which in some measure pacified them. We were taken not long
after to court; but I was only asked a few questions, of which I gave
the interpretation to the Indians that might be most favourably
received.

The uncommon appearance of the Cherokees began to draw after them great
crowds of people of all ranks; at which they were so much displeased,
that home became irksome to them, and they were forever teizing me to
take them to some public diversion. Their favourite was Sadler’s-Wells;
the activity of the performers, and the machinery of the pantomime,
agreeing best with their notions of diversion. They were likewise very
fond of Ranelagh, which, from its form, they compared to their
town-house; but they were better pleased with Vauxhall, tho’ it was
always against my inclination I accompanied them there, on account of
the ungovernable curiosity of the people, who often intruded on them,
and induced them to drink more than sufficient. Once, in particular, one
of the young Indians got extremely intoxicated, and committed several
irregularities, that ought rather to be attributed to those that enticed
them, than to the simple Indians, who drank only to please them. I
cannot indeed cite sobriety as their characteristic; but this I can say,
these excesses never happened at home. A bottle of wine, a bowl of
punch, and a little cyder, being the ordinary consumption of the three
Indians, Sumpter, and myself; and as we were seldom at home, it could
not put the nation to a great expence. If the bills given in for these
articles were to the greatest degree excessive, let them that charged
them answer who consumed them; I only know that no more was ever drank
by us.

This was not the only thing laid to my charge; I was accused of
receiving money for admission to see the Indians. The sheep was accused
by the wolf of rapine, who carried his point. He was a thorough-paced
under-courtier; the sheep, a raw Virginian, who, ignorant of little
arts, innocently believed others as honest as himself, and could never
believe such impudence existed, as to accuse another of crimes his
conscience assured him he was sole actor of. I was so prepossessed with
these opinions, that I can scarce as yet, however severely I have felt
it, believe that some men have no ideas of conscience, and esteem it the
prejudices of education, and a narrow mind; and that blasting an
innocent person’s character, whenever it answered their ends, or that
robbing the nation was no crime, when they could escape punishment.

It was a long time before I knew any thing of these money-taking works.
The following accident was what brought it to light. Finding myself
entirely confined by the continual crowds of visitors, I resolved to
lessen the number, by ordering the servants to admit none but people of
fashion. This was what would have been at once agreeable to the Indians,
and raised their ideas of the English nation. So far from these orders
being complied with, the whole rabble of the town was ushered in the
next day. Not a little mortified, I complained to Lord Egremont, who,
already perhaps prepossessed against me, only told me coldly, that he
would speak of it to Mr. Caccanthropos. At my return, tho’ I found the
house full of people, I said nothing more.

Some days after, Sumpter, who had contracted some genteel acquaintance,
some of whom he was bringing to see the Indians, was stopped by the
servant, Mr. Caccanthropos’s relation, who refused to admit them without
money. The young man, who had faced all dangers for the service of his
country in the war, who had been so highly instrumental in saving us
from the dangers that threatened us in going to their country, and had
accompanied us ever since, received that affront from an insolent
servant; but not being able to bear the insult, he took a warrior’s
satisfaction, and knocked him down. A blunt Virginian soldier cannot
know the laws of England, as little can he bear an insult from so mean a
quarter.

The servant informed his kinsman, who came next day open-mouthed,
threatening Sumpter with the crown-office. He next gave me such
scurrilous language, that I was perfectly at a loss how to retort it
adequately; I had subject enough, but being accustomed to gentlemen’s
company, I could scarce understand his dialect: piqued, however, at the
stinging truths I told him, he threatened me with confinement also,
assaying to intimidate me from publishing them, by reminding me that he
was a justice of the peace. Happily I reflected on the disparity of his
years and strength to mine; my hands had near disgraced me, by striking
a person I so much every way despised. He dared not, however, put his
threats into execution; his only vengeance for affronting me, was
ordering the people of the house to feed us for the future on ox-cheek,
cow-heel, and such like dainties, fit entertainment for Indians
accustomed to only the choicest parts of the beast, and very fit to
raise their opinion of England. I however understanding Lord Egremont’s
orders in a different light, took care to provide whatever was requisite
for the Indians, avoiding at the same time all appearance of
extravagance.

Sumpter’s company were not the only persons to whom admittance was
refused; the same servant had even the impudence to stop Lady T-r—l-y.
Her Ladyship sent immediately for Mrs. Quin, the gentlewoman of the
house, to enquire if I encouraged the servants in taking money for
seeing the Indians. Mrs. Quin set her Ladyship to rights in that
particular; but still whatever exactions these fellows made, the public
generally laid to me. I was cleared, however, by Cacanthropos himself,
who once attempted to stop Mr. Montague; and his fear and confusion on
finding whom he had offended, in some measure revenged me.

Soon after these disturbances, orders were given by Lord Egremont, that
no person whatever should be admitted, without an order from himself, or
Mr. Wood, under Secretary of State: but instead of the throngs
decreasing by this order, it rather increased; and I really believe few