are tradesmen, some artisans. Only one was of Senatorial rank: his
daughter’s body was wrapped in purple and veiled in gold. The richness
of the tombs bespeaks an attitude that is modern enough, or rather
neither ancient nor modern, but a constant. Paradoxically, importance
is attached to material things, to the race for riches and creature
comforts, while at the same time there is a preoccupation with the
after life, a return, after the skepticism of the earlier Empire, to a
belief in a personal immortality in store for those who have led moral
lives. The deceased are connected with the world they have left behind
by tubes for libations, that wine and milk may be poured down on their
bones. Heaven is variously conceived: as a place of blessed sleep, or,
like the Etruscan heaven, a succession of banquets, wine, and gardens.
Grief is swallowed up in victory; the dead have their patron heroes:
Hermes, Hercules, Minerva, Apollo, Dionysus, the Egyptian Isis or
Horus--and Christ.

But the pagan cemetery, interesting as it is for the light it casts on
the middle class of the early fourth century of our era, is not the
centrally important archaeological discovery under St. Peter’s, nor
does it supply the motive for Constantine’s location of his church just
here. That motive the excavators found in the open space they named
“Campo P.” Campo P is separated from mausoleum R by a sloping passage,
called the Clivus; the drain under the passage contains tiles with
stamps dated between the years 147–161, which fall within the reign
of Antoninus Pius. A painted brick wall, since made famous as the Red
Wall, separates the Clivus from Campo P. Into this wall are cut three
superposed niches, two in the fabric of the wall itself, one beneath
its foundations, which were actually raised on a sort of bridge at this
point to protect the cavity. In front of the niches traces were found
of a modest architectural façade, called the Aedicula, or little shrine.

In the cavity the excavators found human bones, which they have never
identified further than to describe them as those of a person of
advanced age and robust physique. The Aedicula penetrated above the
pavement of Old St. Peter’s and formed its architectural focus. The
conclusion is inevitable that Constantine in A.D. 322 planned his
basilica to rise just here, at great trouble and expense, because he
believed the lowest niche, under the Red Wall, to enshrine a relic of
overarching importance, nothing less than the bones of St. Peter. There
is thus no doubt whatever, on objective evidence, that the Aedicula was
reverenced in the fourth Christian century as marking the burial place
of the founder of the Roman church.

[Illustration: FIG. 13.9 Vatican City, excavations under St. Peter’s,
Campo P.

(Toynbee and Ward Perkins, _op. cit._, p. 141)]

But this is not the end of the problem. The next question is, “How
early can the burial, by objective archaeological evidence, be
demonstrated to be?” The answer to this question must be sought, if
anywhere, in the context of Campo P. This proved on excavation to be an
area of poor graves, marked, like those of the necropolis of the Port
of Ostia on Isola Sacra, simply by a surround and a pitched roof of
tiles, without any of the pomp of costly marble sarcophagus or richly
stuccoed mausoleum. It is to the class which would be buried in such
pathetic graves as these that the earliest Roman Christians (of the
age of Nero [A.D. 64]) must have belonged. (Since the _Report_ was
published, Professor Magi, whom we have already met in connection with
the Cancelleria reliefs, has discovered, under the Vatican City parking
lot, another cemetery, also of poor graves, of the first century A.D.;
there is no cogent proof that they are Christian.) The graves in
Campo P (Fig. 13.9) were found to lie at various levels: the deepest
must be the earliest. The deepest is the one called by the excavators
Gamma (see plan, γ, Fig. 13.9): it lies five-and-a-half feet below the
pavement of Campo P, and it partly underlies, and is therefore older
than, the foundations of the Red Wall, which in turn is dated by the
Clivus drain about the middle of the second century A.D. Grave Theta
(θ) is higher, and therefore later, than Gamma. It is a poor grave,
protected by tiles, one of which bears a stamp of Vespasian’s reign
(A.D. 69–79). It is unsafe method to date an archaeological find by a
single brick stamp which could be second-hand, used at any date later
than its firing, even much later. But the stamp creates at least a
presumption that Theta may be dated as early as A.D. 79, and, if so,
Gamma must be earlier still. Since both these graves appear to have
been dug in such a way as to respect the area just in front of the
Aedicula, it follows that the bones in the lowest niche must be earlier
than either grave.

This is the process by which it is possible (but not rigorously
necessary, on the evidence) to date the bones before A.D. 79, perhaps
in the reign of Nero; perhaps they are the bones of a victim of the
persecution of A.D. 64; perhaps they are the bones of St. Peter.
They were evidently disturbed in antiquity, for this is not a proper
burial, but simply a collection of bones; the head, for example, is
missing. The original burial must have lain athwart the line of the
later Red Wall: when the builders of the Red Wall hit upon it, they
may, knowing the legend of St. Peter’s martyrdom in the amphitheater
somewhere near this spot, have assumed that this was his grave, and so
they arched up the Red Wall’s foundations to avoid disturbing it. The
next step was to build the Aedicula (Fig. 13.10), an act associated in
literary sources with Pope Anacletus (traditional dates, A.D. 76–88),
but since not even the most pious Catholics suppose the Aedicula to be
this early, an emendation of the name into Anicetus (_ca._ 155–165) is
defensible: it is paleographically plausible, and it suits the date of
the Red Wall. The traces of the Aedicula as found were asymmetrical:
its north supporting column had been moved to make room for a wall
that was built sometime before Constantine to buttress the Red Wall,
which had developed a bad crack from top to bottom. The excavators
found the north face of this buttress wall covered with a palimpsest of
_graffiti_, only one of which--in Greek--refers to St. Peter by name,
though some others may do so in a cryptic way, and all testify that
this spot was one of particular sanctity, much frequented by pilgrims.

[Illustration: FIG. 13.10 Vatican City, excavations under St. Peter’s.
Aedicula, reconstruction by G. U. S. Corbett. (Toynbee and Ward
Perkins, _op. cit._, p. 161)]

The shrine under St. Peter’s is not the only spot in Rome associated
with St. Peter. Another is under the Church of San Sebastiano,
two-and-a-half miles out, just off the Appian Way. Here excavation has
found _graffiti_ mentioning St. Peter and St. Paul, a room for taking
ceremonial meals, and Christian tombs of the third century A.D. Some
scholars believe, but without cogent archaeological evidence, that
St. Peter’s body, in whole or in part, was moved to this retired
spot off the main road, from the Vatican Hill, for safety during
the persecutions under the Emperor Valerian in A.D. 258. This would
explain the association of the San Sebastiano site with the apostle;
the assumption that the bones were returned to the Aedicula after the
danger was past would explain--though it is not the only possible
explanation--the disturbed state in which the excavators found them.

In any case, in the years between the building of the Aedicula and
the centering of Constantine’s church upon it, there was continuity
of pious commemoration of the spot. This is proved by the _graffiti_
on the buttress wall, and by a series of burials, Alpha, Beta, Delta,
Epsilon, and Mu (α, β, δ, ε, μ) all motivated by a desire to be
buried as close as possible to the Aedicula, and all, to judge by
their contents--remains of cloth in Beta, for example, showed gold
threads--belonging to important people. Some scholars (not including
the excavators) have supposed that these are the graves of early Popes.

This was the state of affairs in Campo P when the building of
Constantine’s basilica began. The Aedicula was made the focus of
the whole building plan: it was left projecting above the pavement
of the new church, and it was covered by a canopy upheld by twisted
columns. (It is an extraordinary coincidence that Bernini, when he
built the canopy over the altar of the Renaissance church, chose
twisted columns to uphold it, though he could not possibly have known
that Constantine’s canopy also involved this detail.) Constantine’s
architect, in the classical tradition, paid the secular Roman basilica
the compliment of creative imitation.

It was not until about A.D. 600 that the altar was placed directly
over the shrine, and the presbytery raised to accommodate it. By that
time, the tradition was firmly established that pious pilgrims should
leave a votive coin in front of the Aedicula: here in the fill the
excavators found 1900 coins, Roman, papal, Italian, and from all over
Europe, ranging in date from before A.D. 161 uninterruptedly down to
the fourteenth century. Also about A.D. 600, at the same time as the
placing of the altar directly over the shrine, the two upper niches in
the Red Wall were combined into one, the Niche of the Pallia, where the
vestments of newly-consecrated archbishops were put to be sanctified by
close contact with the bones of the first Bishop of Rome: a shaft in
the floor of the niche led down to the grave.

The shrine and the Constantinian church survived the sacks of Rome both
by the Goths in A.D. 410, and by the Vandals in A.D. 455; the Saracens
in A.D. 846 were not so respectful. In their search for treasure
they handled the Aedicula very roughly, and it is likely that it is
from this sack, and not from the persecution of A.D. 258, that the
disturbance of the bones should be dated. In any case, after the sack
the life of the shrine went on as before, and in the Renaissance church
as in its predecessor the shrine remained the focal point, one of the
most venerated spots in Christendom.

With the shrine of St. Peter, venerable, still vital, going back to the
two roots of western civilization, pagan Rome (itself the transmitter
of Greek culture) and Christianity, it is fitting that we should end
our survey of what archaeology has to tell us about the culture to
which ours owes so much. The two complexes, the grandiose pagan villa
and the humble Christian shrine, which we have discussed in this
chapter, are interrelated. The villa is one of the last manifestations
of a culture that is played out, the shrine marks the beginning of
a new culture that will produce its own grandiose monuments and in
its turn be threatened by decline. In a sense, with the simplicity
of St. Peter’s shrine the historical cycle returns to the simplicity
of primitive Rome. But it is not simply a matter of returning to
beginnings and starting over again; the new culture stands upon the
shoulders of the old. The Christian shrine has the look of a pagan
tomb-monument in the Isola Sacra necropolis; Constantine’s church
has the look of a pagan Roman basilica. The language of the Mass is
still Latin; the Pope is Pontifex Maximus. The striking thing is the
continuity, and this is the most important lesson that archaeology has
to teach. Again beneath St. Peter’s, as at so many other ancient sites,
what the archaeologist digs up is not things but people. The remains in
the niche under the Red Wall are not dry bones; they are live history.
The breathing of life into that history is a major and largely unsung
triumph of the modern science of archaeology, patiently at work over
the last eighty years. To come to know a fragment of our past is to
recognize a piece of ourselves. Perhaps, as archaeology interprets
history, making the mute stones speak, we may come to know our past so
well that we shall not be condemned to repeat it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1: _Prehistoric Italy_

    R. J. C. Atkinson, _Field Archaeology_ (London, 1946)

    P. Barocelli, “Terremare, Palatino, orientazione dei _castra_ e
        delle città romane,” _Bulletino Communale_ 70 (1942), 131–144

    John Bradford, “The Apulia Expedition: An Interim Report,”
        _Antiquity_ 24 (1950) 84–95

    ----, _Ancient Landscapes_ (London, 1957), 85–110

    F. von Duhn and F. Messerschmidt, _Italische Gräberkunde_, 2 vols.
        (Heidelberg, 1924–1939)

    C. F. C. Hawkes, _The Prehistoric Foundations of Europe_ (London,
        1940)

    G. Kaschnitz-Weinberg, “Italien mit Sardinien, Sizilien, und
        Malta,” in W. Otto and R. Herbig, _Handbuch der Archäologie_, 2
        (Munich, 1954), 311–397

    G. Lilliu, “1000 Years of Prehistory: Sardinia, the _Nuraghe_ of
        Barumini and its Village--a Recent Large-scale Excavation,”
        _Illustrated London News_ 232 (1958), 388–391

    H. L. Movius, Jr., “Age Determination by Radiocarbon Content,”
        _Antiquity_ 24 (1950), 99–101

    T. J. Peet, _The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy_ (Oxford, 1909)

    D. Randall-MacIver, _Villanovans and Early Etruscans_ (Oxford,
        1924)

    ----, _The Iron Age in Italy_ (Oxford, 1927)

    ----, _Italy before the Romans_ (Oxford, 1928)

    G. Säflund, “Le terremare,” _Skrifter Utgivna av Svenska
        Institutet i Rom_ 7 (1939)

    R. B. K. Stevenson, “The Neolithic Cultures of Southeast Italy,”
        _Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society_ 13 (1947), 85–100

    J. Whatmough, _The Foundations of Roman Italy_ (London, 1937)

    R. E. M. Wheeler, _Archaeology from the Earth_ (Oxford, 1954,
        reprinted in Pelican Books, 1956)

CHAPTER 2: _The Etruscans_

    N. Alfieri, “The Etruscans of the Po and the Discovery of Spina,”
        _Italy’s Life_, No. 24 (1957), 91–104

    ---- and P. E. Arias, _Spina_ (Florence, 1958)

    P. E. Arias, “Considerazioni sulla città etrusca a Pian di Misano
        (Marzabotto),” _Atti e Memorie della Deputazione di Storia
        Patria per le Provincie dell’ Emilia e di Romagna_, 4 (1953),
        223–234

    S. Aurigemma, _Il R. Museo di Spina in Ferrara_ (Ferrara, 1936)

    R. Bloch, “Volsinies étrusque: essai historique et topographique,”
        _Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire de l’École française de
        Rome_, 59 (1947), 9–39

    J. Bradford, _Ancient Landscapes_, 111–144

    E. Brizio, “Relazione sugli scavi eseguiti a Marzabotto presso
        Bologna dal novembre 1888 a tutto maggio 1889,” _Monumenti
        Antichi_, 1 (1891), cols. 248–426

    _Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum_, II.i,3 (Tarquinia) (Leipzig,
        1936)

    G. Dennis, _Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria_,^3 2 vols. (London,
        1883)

    M. Falkner, “Epigraphisches und archäologisches zur Stele
        von Lemnos,” in W. Brandenstein, _Frühgeschichte und
        Sprachwissenschaft_ (Vienna, 1948), 91–109

    C. M. Lerici, “Periscopic Sighting and Photography to the
        Archaeologist’s Aid,” _Ill. London News_ 232 (1958), 774–775

    M. Pallottino, _Etruscologia_^3 (Milan, 1955), Engl. trans.,
        Pelican books, 1955

    ----, _Etruscan Painting_ (Geneva, 1952)

    L. Pareti, _La Tomba Regolini-Galassi_ (Vatican City, 1947)

    E. Pulgram, _The Tongues of Italy_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1958)

    G. Ricci _et al._, “Caere: Scavi di R. Mengarelli,” _Mon. Ant._ 42
        (1955), cols. 1–1186

    J. B. Ward Perkins, “The Problem of Etruscan Origins,” _Harvard
        Studies in Classical Philology_ 64 (1959) 1–26

    G. E. W. Wolstenholme and C. M. O’Connor, eds., _Ciba Foundation
        Symposium on Medical Biology and Etruscan Origins_ (London and
        Boston, 1959). Important contributions by H. Hencken (29–47),
        and J. B. Ward Perkins (89–92), among others.

CHAPTER 3: _Early Rome_

    F. E. Brown, “The Regia,” _Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome_
        12 (1935), 67–88

    L. Curtius, A. Newrath, and E. Nash, _Das antike Rom_^3 (Vienna,
        1957)

    A. Degrassi, _Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei publicae_, I
        (Florence, 1957)

    T. Frank, “Roman Buildings of the Republic: an Attempt to Date
        them from their Materials,” _Papers and Monographs of the Am.
        Acad. in Rome_ 3 (1924)

    E. Gjerstad, “Il comizio romano dell’ età reppublicana,”
        _Skrifter_ 5 (1941), 97–158

    ----, “Early Rome I,” _ib._ 17 (1953)

    ----, “The Fortifications of Early Rome,” _ib._ 18 (1954), 50–65

    P. G. Goidanich, “L’iscrizione arcaica del Foro Romano e il suo
        ambiente archeologico,” _Memorie dell’ Accademia d’Italia_,
        series 7, vol. 3 (1943), 317–501

    R. Lanciani, _Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries_
        (Boston, 1888)

    G. Lugli, _I monumenti antichi di Roma e suburbio_, 3 (Rome,
        1938), 23–50

    ----, _Roma antica: il centro monumentale_ (Rome, 1946)

    _Oxford Classical Dictionary_ (Oxford, 1949), art. “Tabulae
        Pontificum”

    S. B. Platner and T. Ashby, _A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient
        Rome_ (Oxford, 1929)

    S. M. Puglisi, “Gli abitatori primitivi del Palatino,” _Mon. Ant._
        41 (1951), cols. 1–98

    L. Richardson, Jr., “Cosa and Rome: Comitium and Curia,”
        _Archaeology_ 10 (1957), 49–55

    I. S. Ryberg, _An Archaeological Record of Rome from the Seventh to
        the Second Centuries B.C._ (London, 1940)

    G. Säflund, “Le mure di Roma reppublicana,” _Skrifter_ 1 (1932)

    M. R. Scherer, _Marvels of Ancient Rome_ (New York and London, 1955)

    I. G. Scott, “Early Roman Traditions in the Light of Archeology,”
        _Mem. Am. Acad. in Rome_ 7 (1929), 7–116

CHAPTER 4: _Roman Colonies in Italy_

    G. Becatti, “Sviluppo urbanistico,” in G. Calza, _Scavi di Ostia_,
        1 (Rome, 1953)

    J. Bradford, _Ancient Landscapes_, 145–216

    F. E. Brown, “Cosa I: History and Topography,” _Mem. Am. Acad. in
        Rome_ 21 (1951), 7–113

    F. Castagnoli, “I più antichi esempi conservati di divisioni
        agrarie romane,” _Bulletino del Museo della Civiltà Romana_ 18
        (1953–1955), 1–9

    ----, “La centuriazione de Cosa,” _Mem. Am. Acad. in Rome_ 24
        (1956), 147–165

    ----, “Le ricerche sui resti della centuriazione,” _Note e
        discussioni erudite_ a cura di Augusto Campana, 7 (Rome, 1958)

    F. de Visscher and F. de Ruyt, “Les Fouilles d’Alba Fucens (Italie
        centrale) en 1949 et 1950,” _L’Antiquité Classique_ 20 (1951),
        47–84 and later reports in successive volumes. See also report
        of 1955 campaign, _Notizie degli Scavi_ (1957), 163–170

    G. Guiccardini Corsi Salviati, “La centuriazione romana e un’
        opera attuale di bonifica agraria,” _Studi Etruschi_ 20
        (1948–1949), 291–296

    P. MacKendrick, “Asphodel, White Wine, and Enriched Thunderbolts,”
        _Greece and Rome_, new series, 1 (1954), 1–11

    ----, “Roman Colonization and the Frontier Hypothesis,” in W. D.
        Wyman and C. B. Kroeber, eds., _The Frontier in Perspective_
        (Madison, 1957), 3–19

    J. Mertens and S. J. de Laet, “Massa d’Alba (Aquila): Scavi di
        Alba Fucense,” _Not. Scav._, ser. 8, vol. 4 (1950), 248–288

    ----, “L’urbanizzazione del centro di Alba Fucense,” _Memorie dell’
        Accademia dei Lincei_, ser. 8, vol. 5 (1954), 171–194

    L. Richardson, Jr., “Excavations at Cosa in Etruria, 1948–1952,”
        _Antiquity_ 27 (1953), 102–103

    Doris M. Taylor, “Cosa: Black-glaze Pottery,” _Mem. Am. Acad. in
        Rome_ 25 (1957), 68–193

    J. B. Ward Perkins, “Early Roman Towns in Italy,” _Town Planning
        Review_ 26 (1955), 127–154

CHAPTER 5: _Nabobs as Builders: Sulla, Pompey, Caesar_

    F. Fasolo and G. Gullini, _Il Santuario della Fortuna Primigenia a
        Palestrina_, 2 vols. (Rome, 1953)

    G. Gullini, Guida del Santuario della Fortuna Primigenia a
        Palestrina (Rome, 1956)

    J. A. Hanson, _Roman Theater-Temples_ (Princeton, 1958)

    H. Kähler, review of Fasolo and Gullini, _Gnomon_ 30 (1958),
        366–383

    ----, “Das Fortunaheiligtum von Palestrina Praeneste,” _Annales
        Universitatis Saraviensis (Philosophie-Lettres)_ 7 (1958),
        189–240

    Phyllis W. Lehmann, “The Setting of Hellenistic Temples,” _Journal
        of the Society of Architectural Historians_ 13.4 (1954), 15–20

    G. Lugli, _Roma antica_ (Rome, 1946), 177–179, 245–258 (Caesar’s
        buildings)

    ----, _I monumenti antichi_, 3 (Rome, 1938), 70–83 (Pompey’s
        theater)

    Platner and Ashby, _op. cit._, under Chapter 3

    Giovanna Quattrocchi, _Il Museo Archeologico Prenestino_ (Rome,
        1956)

    Eugénie Strong, “The Art of the Roman Republic,” _Cambridge Ancient
        History_ 9 (1932), 803–841

    E. B. Van Deman, “The Sullan Forum,” _Journal of Roman Studies_ 12
        (1922), 1–31

    C. C. Van Essen, _Sulla als Bouwheer_ (Groningen, 1940)

CHAPTER 6: _Augustus’ Buildings as Propaganda_

    B. Andreae, “Archäologische Funde und Grabungen im Bereich der
        Soprintendenzen von Rom 1949–1956/7,” _Arch. Anzeiger_ (1957)
        cols. 110–358

    Curtius, Newrath, and Nash, _op. cit._, under Chapter 3

    A. Degrassi, “Elogia,” _Inscriptiones Italiae_ 13.3 (Rome, 1937)

    A. Degrassi, “L’edifizio dei Fasti Capitolini,” _Rendiconti della
        pontifica accademia di archeologia_ 21 (1945–1946), 57–104

    ----, “Fasti,” _Inscriptiones Italiae_ 13.1 (Rome, 1947)

    G. Lugli, _I monumenti antichi_, 3 (Rome, 1938), 194–211
        (mausoleum)

    ----, _Monumenti minori del Foro Romano_ (Rome, 1947), 77–84 (arch)

    G. Moretti, _Ara Pacis Augustae_, 2 vols., (Rome, 1948)

    H. Riemann, “Pacis Ara,” in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll-Mittelhaus,
        _Realenkyklopädie_ 18 (1942), cols. 2082–2107

    I. S. Ryberg, “The Procession of the Ara Pacis,” _Mem. Am. Acad. in
        Rome_ 19 (1949), 79–101

    ----, “Rites of the State Religion in Roman Art,” _ib._ 22 (1955)

    J. M. C. Toynbee, “The Ara Pacis Reconsidered and Historical Art in
        Roman Italy,” _Proceedings of the British Academy_ 39 (1953),
        67–95

CHAPTER 7: _Hypocrite, Madman, Fool, and Knave_

    S. Aurigemma, _La basilica sotterranea neopitagorica di Porta
        Maggiore in Roma_ (Rome, 1954)

    G. Bandinelli, “Il monumento sotterraneo di Porta Maggiore in
        Roma,” _Mon. Ant._ 31 (1927), cols. 601–848

    J. Carcopino, _La Basilique pythagoricienne de la porte majeure_
        (Paris, 1926)

    G. Cultrera, “Nemi--la prima fase dei lavori per il recupero delle
        navi romane,” _Not. Scav._ (1932), 206–292

    G. Iacopi, _I ritrovamenti dell’ antro cosidetto “di Tiberio” a
        Sperlonga_ (Rome, 1958)

    G. Ucelli, _Le navi di Nemi_ (Rome, 1940)

    E. B. Van Deman, “The Sacra Via of Nero,” _Mem. Am. Acad. in Rome_
        5 (1925), 115–126

    C. C. Van Essen, “La topographie de la Domus Aurea Neronis,”
        _Mededeelingen der Kon. Nederland. Akad. van Wetenschappen_,
        afd. Letterkunde, nieuwe Reeks, Deel 17 (Amsterdam, 1954),
        371–398

    J. B. Ward Perkins, “Nero’s Golden House,” _Antiquity_ 30 (1956),
        209–219

    F. Weege, “Das goldene Haus des Nero,” _Jahrbuch d. deutsch. arch.
        Inst._ 28 (1913), 127–244

CHAPTER 8: _The Victims of Vesuvius_

    R. C. Carrington, _Pompeii_ (Oxford, 1936)

    E. C. Corti, _The Destruction and Resurrection of Pompeii and
        Herculaneum_ (London, 1951, unaltered from original German of
        1940)

    M. Della Corte, _Case ed abitanti di Pompeii_^2 (Pompeii, 1954)

    E. Diehl, _Pompeianische Wandinschriften_^2 (Bonn, 1930)

    A. Maiuri, _La Villa dei Misteri_,^2 2 vols. (Rome, 1947)

    ----, _Ercolano_^4 (Ministry of Public Instruction _Guides_, Rome,
        1954)

    ----, _Ercolano: I nuovi scavi (1927–1958)_ I (Rome, 1958)

    ----, _Pompeii_^8 (MPI _Guides_, Rome, 1956)

    L. Richardson, Jr., “Pompeii: the Casa dei Dioscuri and its
        Painters,” _Mem. Am. Acad. in Rome_ 23 (1955)

    V. Spinazzola, _Pompeii alla luce degli scavi nuovi di Via dell’
        Abbondanza (Anni 1910–1923)_, 2 vols. and vol. of plates (Rome,
        1953)

    A. W. Van Buren, “Pompeii,” in _RE_, (1952) cols. 1999–2038

CHAPTER 9: _Flavian Rome_

    P. H. von Blanckenhagen, _Flavische Architektur_ (Berlin, 1940)

    A. M. Colini, “Forum Pacis,” _Bull. Comm._ 65 (1938), 7–40

    ----, _Stadium Domitiani_ (Rome, 1943)

    G. Cozzo, _Ingegneria Romana_ (Roma, 1928)

    C. Liugli, _Roma antica_ (Roma, 1946), 269–276 (Forum Pacis, Forum
        Transitorium), 319–348 (Coliseum), 486–493, 509–516 (Palace of
        Domitian)

    F. Magi, _I Rilievi Flavi del Palazzo della Cancelleria_ (Rome,
        1945)

    M. Scherer, _op. cit._ in Ch. 3, 49–62 (Palatine); 75–76 (Arch of
        Titus), 80–89 (Coliseum), 101–102 (Forum “of Nerva”)

    J. M. C. Toynbee, _The Flavian Reliefs from the Palazzo della
        Cancelleria in Rome_ (Oxford, 1957)

CHAPTER 10: _Trajan: Port, Forum, Market, Column_

    C. Becatti, _Scavi di Ostia_ 2 (Rome, 1954) (Mithraea)

    G. Boni, “Roma--Esplorazione del Forum Ulpium,” _Not. Scav._
        (1907), 361–427

    J. Bradford, _Ancient Landscapes_, 248–256 (Claudius’ and Trajan’s
        harbors)

    G. Calza, _Scavi di Ostia_, 1 (Rome, 1953)

    ---- and G. Becatti, _Ostia_^4 (MPI _Guides_, Rome, 1957)

    ----, _La necropoli del Porto di Roma nell’ Isola Sacra_ (Rome,
        1940)

    J. Carcopino, _Daily Life in Ancient Rome_ (New Haven, 1940),
        173–184 (businessmen and manual laborers)

    P. Ducati, _L’arte classica_^3 (Turin, 1948), 619–628 (Trajan’s
        Forum and Column)

    K. Lehmann-Hartleben, “Die antiken Hafenanlagen des Mittelmeeres,”
        _Klio_, Beiheft 14 (1923), 182–198 (Claudius’ and Trajan’s
        harbors)

    G. Lugli, _Roma antica_ (Rome, 1946), 278–307 (Trajan’s Forum and
        Market)

    ---- and C. Filibeck, _Il Porto di Roma imperiale e l’agro
        Portuense_ (Rome, 1935)

    R. Meiggs, art. “Ostia,” in _Oxf. Class. Dict._ (Oxford, 1949)

    P. Romanelli, _La colonna traiana: relievi fotografici eseguiti in
        occasione dei lavori di protezione antiaerea_ (Rome, 1942)

    E. D. Thatcher, “The Open Rooms of the Terme del Foro at Ostia,”
        _Mem. Am. Acad. in Rome_ 24 (1956), 167–264

CHAPTER 11: _An Emperor-Architect: Hadrian_

    S. Aurigemma, _Villa adriana_^3 (Tivoli, 1955)

    H. Bloch, “I bolli laterizi e la storia edilizia romana,” _Bull.
        Comm._ 65 (1937), 115–187

    E. Clark, _Rome and a Villa_ (New York, 1952), 141–194

    H. Kähler, _Hadrian und seine Villa bei Tivoli_ (Berlin, 1950)

    G. Lugli, _I monumenti antichi_, 3 (Roma, 1938), 123–150
        (Pantheon), 693–708 (Hadrian’s mausoleum)

    ----, _Roma antica_ (Rome, 1946), 234–240 (Temple of Venus and Rome)

    D. S. Robertson, _A Handbook of Greek and Roman Architecture_^2
        (Cambridge, 1954), 246–251 (Pantheon), 252–254, 316 (Piazza
        d’Oro)

    A. W. Van Buren, “Recent Finds at Hadrian’s Tiburtine Villa,” _Am.
        Journ. of Archaeology_ 59 (1955), 215–217 (Canopus)

    M. Yourcenar, _Mémoires d’Hadrien_ (Paris, 1951; Engl. trans., New
        York, 1954)

    L. Ziehen, art. “Pantheion,” in _RE_ 18 (1949), cols. 729–741

CHAPTER 12: _Roman Engineering_

    _American Architect_ 98 (Oct. 5, 1910), 113–118 (Pennsylvania
        Station)

    W. J. Anderson, R. P. Spiers, and T. Ashby, _The Architecture of
        Ancient Rome_ (London, 1927), 99–113 (Baths)

    T. Ashby, _Aqueducts of Ancient Rome_ (Oxford, 1935)

    Van Wyck Brooks, _The Dream of Arcadia_ (New York, 1958), 239 ff.

    R. J. Forbes, _Notes on the History of Ancient Roads and their
        Construction_ (Amsterdam, 1934), 115–168

    M. W. Frederiksen and J. B. Ward Perkins, “The Ancient Road Systems
        of the Central and Northern Ager Faliscus,” _Papers of the
        British School at Rome_ 12 (1957), 67–208

    H. S. Jones, _Companion to Roman History_ (Oxford, 1912), 40–49
        (Roads)

    L. Mumford, “The Disappearance of Pennsylvania Station,” _New
        Yorker_ 34 (June 7, 1958), 106–113

    H. Plommer, _Ancient and Classical Architecture_ (London, 1956),
        338–344 (Baths)

    Sir Albert Richardson, R.A., Letter to New York _Times_, Mar. 1,
        1959

    I. A. Richmond, _The City Wall of Imperial Rome_ (Oxford, 1930)

    G. H. Stevenson, “Communications and Commerce,” in _The Legacy of
        Rome_ (ed. C. Bailey, Oxford, 1923), 141–172

    E. B. Van Deman, _The Building of the Roman Aqueducts_ (Washington,
        1934)

    C. C. Van Essen, “The Via Valeria from Tivoli to Collarmele,”
        _Papers Br. Sch. at Rome_ 12 (1957), 22–38

CHAPTER 13: _Caesar and Christ_

    B. M. Apollonj-Ghetti, A. Ferrua, E. Josi, E. Kirschbaum,
        _Esplorazioni sotto la confessione di San Pietro in Vaticano
        eseguite negli anni 1940–1949_, 2 vols. (Rome, 1951)

    G. V. Gentili, “Piazza Armerina: grandiosa villa romana in contrada
        Casale,” _Not. Scav._ (1951), 291–335

    ----, _The Imperial Villa of Piazza Armerina_ (MPI _Guides_, Rome,
        1956)

    H. P. L’Orange and E. Dyggve, “Is it a Palace of Maximian Herculeus
        that the excavations of Piazza Armerina bring to light?,”
        _Symbolae Osloenses_ 29 (1952), 114–128

    M. Guarducci, _La tomba di Pietro_ (Rome, 1959; there is also an
        English translation)

    E. Kirschbaum, _The Tombs of Peter and Paul_ (New York, 1959)

    B. Pace, _I mosaici di Piazza Armerina_ (Rome, 1955)

    J. M. C. Toynbee and J. B. Ward Perkins, _The Shrine of St. Peter
        and the Vatican Excavations_ (London, 1956)

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES

  Achilles, 192

  Actium, 150, 152

  Admiralty, 182

  Aemilius Paulus, L., 149

  Aeneas, 63, 67, 92, 142, 149, 152, 165, 167, 220

  Africa, 138, 235, 262, 283, 332, 336, 337

  Agave, 188

  Agrippa, 154, 165, 285, 286, 309, 320

  Agrippina, 156

  Alaric, 325

  Alba Fucens, 91, 95, 97, 98, 104, 105, 109, 116, 266, 302, 304

  Alba Longa, 63, 149

  Alban Hills, 62, 64, 69, 70

  Albenga, 104_n._

  Albinius, L., 148

  Alexander Severus, 299, 314

  Alexandria, 117, 118, 219, 283

  Altheim, 3

  Amazon, 294

  Ambrosia, 340

  Anchises, 142

  Ancona, 271

  Ancus Martius, 66, 92, 94

  Andromache, 192

  Anicetus, Pope, 347

  Anio (tufa), 86, 317, 318

  Antinous, 278, 283, 285, 291, 292, 294

  Antonia (major), 165

  Antonia (minor), 164

  Antonines, 253

  Antoninus Pius, 296, 345

  Antony, Mark, 150, 151, 152, 154, 165, 238

  Anzio, 35, 87, 94, 112

  Apollo, 29, 52, 83, 162, 187, 188, 292, 344

  Apollodorus (of Damascus), 265, 271, 274, 281

  Apulia. _See_ Puglia

  Aqua Appia, 148

  Arachne, 242

  Ardea, 35, 87

  Arene Candide, 8

  Ares, 294

  Arezzo, 51, 148, 149

  Argo, 176

  Ariadne, 222

  Ariminum. _See_ Rimini

  Arion, 335

  Arno, 25

  Arnoaldi, 18, 20

  Arretine ware, 107, 267

  Arrius Crescens, C., 205

  Artemis, 185, 186, 188

  Ascanius, s. of Aeneas, 63, 142, 165

  Ashby, T., 305, 317, 318, 319, 321

  Asia Minor, 27, 29, 172, 292

  Athena, 175, 176, 186

  Athens, 280, 292, 294, 340

  Audebert, N., 322

  Augean Stables, 339

  Augustine, St., 263

  Augustus, 62, 67, 90, 95, 145, 146, 149–52, 154, 160, 162, 167, 170,
          172, 205, 218, 225, 236, 256, 281, 286, 295, 321, 327, 333.
    _See also_ Octavian

  Aules Feluskes, stele, 27, 36, 77

  Babbitt, 215, 218

  Babylonia, 43

  Bacchus, 222

  Bacon, Francis, 223

  Baiae, 286

  Ballance, M., 303

  Balzi Rossi, 8

  Barberini, 289

  Belgians, 91, 95

  Belisarius, 325

  Bellona, 239

  Benacci, 18, 64

  Benevento, 112, 170

  Bernini, G. B., 137, 146, 289, 349

  Bithynia, 283

  Bituitus, 98

  Bizerta, 112

  Bloch, H., 252, 269, 273, 294

  Bocchoris, 118

  Bologna, 18, 112, 268, 303

  Bolsena, 29, 35

  Bonaparte, Lucien, 57

  Boni, G., 63, 67, 71, 74, 85, 267

  Boscoreale, villa at, 211

  Boscotrecase, 218

  Boston, Public Library, 262

  Bovianum Vetus, 116

  Bovillae, 300

  Bracciano, Lake, 321

  Bracciolini, Poggio, 322

  Bradford, John, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 24, 46, 54, 111, 112, 115

  Bramante, D., 136, 246

  Brindisi, 112, 271

  Britannia, 168

  British School at Rome, 2, 304

  Brizio, G., 32

  Bronze Age, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 67

  Brown, F. E., 107, 109, 151

  Bruno, G., 294

  Byzantium, 296

  Caecilius Jucundus, L., 213

  Caere. _See_ Cerveteri

  Cagliari, 132

  Caligula, 156, 172, 181, 194, 296

  Calpurnia, 209

  Calpurnius Piso, L., 209

  Calza, G., 92, 94, 95, 251, 256

  Campagna, Roman, 62, 318

  Campo di Servirola, 14

  Canale, 22, 24

  Canino, Princess of, 57, 58

  Canopus, at Alexandria, 283, 295

  Cape Bon, 112

  Capestrano, Warrior of, 22

  Capua, 42, 51, 300

  Caracalla, 248

  Caravaggio, M., 189

  Carcopino, J., 185

  Carrhae, 152

  Carthage, 17, 91, 320, 332

  Caryatids, 294

  Casanova, G. B., 197

  Castagnoli, F., 78_n._, 109

  Castel Gandolfo, 62

  Castellazzo di Fontanellato, 10, 11, 13

  Castor, 148, 167

  Cato the Elder, 46, 101

  centuriation, 109

  Cerberus, 56

  Certosa, situla, 20

  Cerveteri, 29, 47, 54, 57, 64, 70, 87, 148

  Ceryneia, Hind of, 52

  Charun, 33, 51, 56

  Chatti, 240

  Chicago, Pit, 269

  Chippendale, 268

  Chiusi, 29, 41

  Christ, 342, 344

  Christianity, 195, 263

  Cicero, 78, 134

  Ciminian Forest, 309

  Civil War, 132

  Cività Castellana, 305, 308

  Clark, Eleanor, 283

  Claudius Caecus, Ap., 148

  Claudius, Emperor, 95, 156, 172, 173, 179, 181, 194, 252, 303, 321

  Claudius Marcellus, M., 149

  Cleopatra, 142, 150, 286

  Clusium. _See_ Chiusi

  Colini, A. M., 154, 228, 229, 247, 248

  Columbus, 179

  Commodus, 296

  Como, 20

  Constantine, 263, 296, 325, 340–42, 345, 349

  Constantinople, 288, 296, 298, 325, 333

  Constantius, 333

  Constantius Chlorus, 336

  Cora, 116

  Corchiano, 308

  Corinth, 320

  Corinthian, 120, 150, 320

  Cortona, Pietro da, 136

  Cosa, 79, 91, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 111, 266, 302

  Cozza, L., 78

  Cozzo, G., 230

  Crassus, M. Licinius, 152

  Cremona, 112

  Crete, 14, 283

  Crucifixion, 337

  Cumae, 48

  Cupids, 142, 176, 187, 190, 222, 256, 257, 291, 332, 335

  Cyclopean walls, 95

  Cyparissus, 340

  Cyprus, 17, 58

  Cyrene, 283

  Dacia, 267

  Dalmatia, 112

  Danaids, 188

  Danube, 270, 271

  Daphne, 340

  Degrassi, A., 148, 151

  Della Robbia ware, 165

  Demeter, 187

  Dennis, G., 25, 47, 57

  Diana, 178, 204, 219, 336

  Dimini, 3

  Diocletian, 250, 296

  Diomedes, 339

  Dionysius I, 88

  Dionysus, 222, 292, 344

  Domitia, 167

  Domitian, 71, 142, 178, 223, 224, 236, 238, 240–43, 246, 247, 250,
          256, 273, 283, 296, 332

  Domitius Ahenobarbus, L., 167

  Doric, 120, 250

  Drusus, Nero Claudius, 149, 154, 164, 165

  Ducati, P., 18, 24

  Dumas, A. (père), 198

  Dutch art, 223

  Egypt, 8, 33, 58, 94, 118, 120, 154, 219, 220, 262, 292, 344

  Elba, 48

  Eleusinian mysteries, 187

  Ennius, 114

  Epicureans, 211

  Este, 18, 20

  Etruria, Etruscans, 17, 20, 24, 25–61, 104, 105, 108, 154, 292

  Euclid, 280

  Euryalus, 88

  Eurydice, 185, 186

  Evander, 63, 67

  Fabullus, 190

  Faesulae, 116

  Falerii Novi, 305

  Falerii Veteres. _See_ Cività Castellana

  Faliscans, 305

  Fascists, 145, 146, 154, 156, 271

  Fasolo, F., 120, 122, 123, 125, 129, 130

  _Fasti_, 74, 151, 152, 265

  Faustinus, 175, 176, 178

  Ferrara, museum, 33

  Fidenae (tufa), 86, 94

  Fiorelli, G., 198

  Fiumicino, 260, 265

  Flavian Amphitheater. _See_ Rome, Coliseum

  Flavians, 189, 194, 195, 223, 236

  Florence, Archaeological Museum, 25

  _Forma Urbis._ _See_ Marble Plan

  Francis I, 270

  François, A., 36

  Frangipani, 236

  Frank, T., 74, 86

  Frontinus, Sex. Julius, 317, 319, 320

  Furies, 185

  Gabii, 132

  Gaius Caesar (g.-son of Augustus), 165, 167

  Galba, 224

  Gallese, 308

  Gallicano, 318, 319

  Gamberini, R., 151

  Ganymede, 176, 185, 236

  Garibaldi, G., 198

  Gauls, 32, 35, 80, 82, 84, 88, 91, 109, 148, 262

  Genius, 219, 239

  Gentili, G. V., 333, 340

  Geometric ware, 22

  _Georgics_, 152, 168

  Germanicus, 156, 164

  Germans, 182, 202

  Geryon, 339

  Giant’s Grave, 17

  Giglioli, G. Q., 154

  Gjerstad, E., 71, 73, 74

  Goethe, J. W. von, 198

  Golasecca, 20

  Gomorrah, 218

  Goths, 318, 325, 350

  Gracchus:
    C. Sempronius, 112;
    T. Sempronius (elder), 149;
    T. Sempronius (younger), 84

  Greece, Greeks, 24, 33, 48, 52, 88, 137, 144, 146, 151, 162, 197, 207,
          223, 225, 229, 246, 250, 277, 280, 281, 286, 344

  Grotta Oscura (tufa), 74, 85, 86, 88, 90

  Grota Porciosa, 308

  Guglielmi, Marchese, 47

  Gullini, G., 120, 122, 123, 125, 130

  Gustav VI, King, 20

  Hades, 185

  Hadrian, 94, 127, 148, 194, 246, 248, 253, 258, 262, 265, 272,
          273–297, 313, 319, 321, 324, 332

  Halicarnassus, Mausoleum of, 154

  Hamilton, Emma Lady, 198

  Hamlin, T., 314

  Hannibal, 86

  Harvard Stadium, 231

  Hector, 192

  Helen, 185, 186, 192

  Hellenism, 247

  Hemingway, E., 231

  Herculaneum, 195–97, 209, 223, 344

  Hercules, 52, 185, 215, 271, 335, 344

  Hermes, 51, 292, 294, 344

  Herodotus, 27

  Hesione, 185, 186

  Hippo, 332

  Hippolytus, 188, 190

  Hirtius, A., 238, 240

  Hollywood, 194

  Honorius, 325

  Horace, 150, 152, 167

  Horus, 344

  Humbert I, 289

  Iacopi, G., 173, 175, 176

  _Iliad_, 215

  Illyricum, 7, 271

  Ionic, 137,
    Ionic-Italic, 124

  Iphigenia, 185

  Iron Age, 13, 16, 18, 20, 64–67

  Isis, 219, 344

  Istacidius Zosimus, L., 207

  Istituto Geografico Militare, 2

  Italia, 168

  Italic culture, 27, 90, 91, 107, 146, 150, 281

  Japanese, 219

  Jason, 185, 186

  Jefferson, T., 8

  Jerusalem, 225, 226, 236, 240

  Jews, 235

  Jonah, 342

  Jordan R., 236

  Joseph, 344

  Julia, d. of Augustus, 165

  Julia Domna, 156

  Julio-Claudians, 149, 171, 172, 182, 192, 194, 205, 241

  Julius Caesar, C., 82, 139, 142, 144, 150, 170, 241;
    the elder, 149

  Juno, 32

  Jupiter, 32, 83, 84, 164, 185

  Juvenal, 296

  Kähler, H., 134, 278

  Kos, Sanctuary of Asclepius, 118, 130, 132, 134

  Lamboglia, N., 104_n._

  Lanciani, R., 85, 226, 227

  Laocoön, 175, 176, 192, 339

  Latins, 71, 88, 91, 95, 98, 148

  Latium, 18, 20, 22, 35, 123

  Lavinium, 78_n._

  _Lays of Ancient Rome_, 41

  Lehmann, Phyllis, 132

  Lemnos, 27, 29, 77

  Leontini, 22

  Lepcis, 332

  Lerici, C. M., 46, 47

  Libby, W. F., 15

  Ligorio, Pirro, 136

  Lilliu, G., 15–17, 24

  Lipari Is., 22

  Liris valley, 95

  Livia, 165, 168, 207

  Livy, 67, 86, 104, 150, 152

  London, 309

  L’Orange, H. P., 333

  Lorraine, Claude, 69

  Louvre, 160, 211

  Lucilius, 114

  Lucius Caesar, 165

  Lucrece, 84

  Lucretius, 67

  Luculli, 130

  Lucullus:
    L. Licinius, 149;
    M., 119

  Ludwig I, 197

  Lutatius Catulus, Q., 134

  McKim, C. F., 231, 262, 312, 313

  Macro, 98

  Macstrna, 36

  Madison, Wis., 253

  Maecenas, 167

  Magi, F., 240, 241, 346

  Magi, the three, 344

  Maiuri, A., 205

  Malalas, John, 335

  Mandela, 317

  Marble:
    African, 228, 230;
    Carrara, 148, 176;
    Parian, 266;
    Pentelic, 235, 266

  Marble Plan, 138, 226, 228, 229

  Marcellus, M. Claudius, 154

  Marcus Aurelius, 296

  Maremma, 98

  Marius, 86, 105_n._, 116, 148

  Mars, 82, 149, 150, 164, 165, 168, 190, 239–41

  Marsyas, 107, 187

  Martial, 178, 340

  Martyrs, 230

  Marzabotto, 29, 31–33, 35, 43, 45, 82, 83, 94, 103

  Masseria Fongo, 3

  Matera, 7

  Maxentius, 327, 335, 337

  Maximian, 335, 337

  Maximilian, 223

  Medea, 185, 186, 188

  Medusa, 178

  Menelaus, 176

  Mengarelli, P., 47

  Mercury, 215, 219, 220

  Mesopotamia, 8

  Messina, 175

  Michael, archangel, 294

  Michelangelo, 134, 152, 189, 339

  Milan, 298

  Minerva, 32, 219, 239, 242, 344

  Mithras, 263

  Mithridates VI, 138

  Modena, 112

  Molfetta, 7

  Monica, 263

  Monteverde (tufa), 86

  Moretti, G., 156, 158, 160

  Mostra Augustea della Romanità, 230

  Mozart, 291

  Mumford, L., 314

  Murat, J., 198

  Muse(s), 188, 242, 243

  Mussolini, B., 140, 145, 146, 178, 179, 228, 230, 247, 251, 327

  Mycenae, 14

  Naples, 111;
    museum, 118, 201, 211, 219

  Nemean lion, 339

  Nemi, Lake, 104_n._, 172, 178, 182

  Nepi, 305

  Nereids, 257, 340

  Nero, 167, 171–73, 189, 194, 224, 296, 309, 342, 347

  Nerva, 156, 240, 250

  Nessus, 339

  New York, Pennsylvania Station, 312

  Nile, 118, 294

  _Notizie degli Scavi_, 327

  Numa, 66, 71, 73, 80

  Numidia, 266

  _nuraghi_, 15, 18, 24

  Octavia, 154, 164, 165, 167

  Octavian, 144, 145, 150, 152.
    _See also_ Augustus

  Odysseus, 335

  Olympic victors, 151

  Olynthus, 32

  Orestes, 185

  Orpheus, 185, 186, 335

  Orsi, P., 18, 22, 24, 327

  Orvieto, 29

  Oscan, 200, 207

  Osimo, 112

  Osiris, 292

  Ostia, 91, 92, 94, 95, 114, 116, 172, 212, 251–65, 269, 270, 340, 351

  Otho, 224

  Ovid, 212

  Pace, B., 333, 340

  Pacuvius, 114

  Paestum, 112, 116

  Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortune, 116–38, 139, 146, 267, 286, 332

  Palladio, A., 136

  Palladium, 185

  Pan, 335

  Paris, 185, 192

  Parma, 112

  Parthenon frieze, 162

  Parthians, 152, 324

  Pascolare di Castello, 62, 63

  Pasiphaë, 188

  Passo di Corvo, 3, 6, 7, 8

  Patroclus, 176

  Pega valley, 33

  Pelasgian walls, 95

  Penates, 167

  Pergamum, 176, 339

  Perseus, King, 97

  Perugia, 29

  Perugino, 189

  Pesaro, 112

  Pesco Montano, 300

  Petronius, 218

  Phaedra, 188, 190

  Phaon, 187

  Philippi, 150

  Philodemus, 209

  Phoenicia, 17

  Phrygia, 27, 262

  Piacenza, 43, 45, 112, 299

  Piazza Armerina, 327, 339, 340

  Picasso, 339

  Picenum, 20

  Pigorini, L., 10, 11, 13, 14, 24, 27, 32, 63, 65, 85

  Piranesi, G. B., 25, 69, 134

  Pius:
    XI, 341;
    XII, 341

  Placentia. _See_ Piacenza

  Plautus, 218

  Pliny (elder), 175, 187, 215, 225, 321

  Pollux, 148, 167

  Polybius, 94

  Polyphemus, 335

  Pompeii, 32, 107, 114, 116, 118, 188, 195, 196–223, 241, 242, 251,
          253, 258, 262, 270

  Pompey, 138, 142, 144, 170

  Pomptine marshes, 299

  Ponte Lupo, 318

  Pontifex Maximus, 82, 165, 167, 351

  Pope(s), the, 238, 326

  Poppaea, 190

  Populonia, 29, 48, 51

  Porsenna, Lars, 41

  Portus, 263

  Postumius, A., 148

  Pozzuoli, 112

  Praeneste. _See_ Palestrina

  Pratica di Mare, 78_n._

  Propertius, 212

  Ptolemy XI Alexander II, 120

  Puglia, 1, 112

  Puglisi, S. M., 65, 70

  Pythagoras, 187

  Quinctius Crispinus, T., 164

  Quintilius Varus, P., 164

  Rabirius, 142, 242, 243, 250

  Randall-MacIver, D., 14

  Raphael Santi, 136, 189, 289

  Rasenna, 40

  Ravenna, 298, 333

  Reggio Emilia, 14

  Regillus, Lake, 148

  Remus, 168

  Renaissance, 137, 164, 189, 230, 268, 322, 341, 349

  Resina, 196

  Rhodes, 175, 176

  Ricci, C., 140, 142, 146, 149, 267

  Richardson, L., Jr., 107

  Richmond, I. A., 321

  Rimini, 18, 112, 299, 303

  Roma, goddess, 168, 236, 238

  Romantics, 246

  Roma Quadrata, 11

  Rome:
    --Altar of Peace, 145, 146, 149, 150, 156–70, 172, 179, 236,
          238, 241, 341
    --Altar of Piety, 172
    --American Academy in, 2, 312, 314, 317, 321
    --Aqueducts, 310, 314–21
    --Arches:
      of Augustus, 145, 150–52, 170;
      Constantine, 170, 296;
      Septimius Severus, 69, 170, 296;
      Titus, 170, 194, 225, 226, 235
    --Atrium Vestae, 194
    --Aurelian’s Wall, 296, 299, 321–26
    --Aventine Hill, 87
    --Basilicas:
      Aemilia, 140;
      Julia, 140, 266;
      of Maxentius, 137, 229, 297, 325;
      Ulpia, 265, 266
    --Baths:
      of Caracalla, 296, 298, 309, 319;
      Diocletian, 137, 296, 309, 319;
      Titus, 194;
      Trajan, 189
    --British School at, 2, 304
    --Campus Martius, 138, 154, 156, 160, 225, 236, 246, 247
    --Cancelleria reliefs, 170, 225, 238–41, 242
    --Capitoline:
      Hill, 73, 83, 84, 134, 142, 267;
      Temple, 32, 52;
      Wolf, 51
    --Castel Sant’ Angelo. _See_ Mausoleum of Hadrian
    --Churches:
      Gesù, 160;
      SS. Cosma e Damiano, 229;
      San Giovanni in Laterano, 266;
      San Lorenzo, 266;
      San Sebastiano, 348;
      S. Francesca Romana, 67;
      Sant’ Agnese, 250;
      San Paolo fuori le mura, 266;
      Santa Sabina, 266;
      Santa Maria degli Angeli, 309
    --Circuses:
      of Maxentius, 325;
      Maximus, 333
    --Clivus Argentarius, 142
    --Cloaca Maxima, 85, 86, 242
    --Coliseum, 140, 192, 194, 224, 228, 230–35, 236, 250, 280, 281,
          312, 336, 340
    --Columns:
      of Marcus Aurelius, 170, 296;
      Trajan, 170, 265, 266, 269–72, 339
    --Comitium, 74, 79
    --_Domus Aurea._ _See_ Golden House, below
    --Equus Domitiani, 71, 79
    --Esquiline Hill, 64, 70, 84, 86, 267
    --Fora:
      of Augustus, 145, 146–50, 152, 170, 241, 265, 266;
      Caesar, 140, 146, 150, 241, 265;
      of Peace, 138, 224–26, 289;
      Romanum, 63, 64, 67, 69, 73, 116, 134;
      of Trajan, 146, 251, 265–66;
      Transitorium (“of Nerva”), 146, 224–25, 228, 241–43, 266
    --French Academy, 160
    --Golden House, 172, 173, 189–94, 224–25, 231, 274, 283, 329
    --House of Livia, 67, 146
    --Hut of Romulus, 67, 146, 246
    --Largo Argentina, 139;
      temples in, 88
    --Mausolea:
      of Augustus, 145, 149, 154–56, 162, 167, 170, 292;
      of Hadrian, 273, 289, 292, 294, 326
    --Milvian Bridge, 325
    --Mithraea, 310, 310_n._
    --Museums:
      Conservatori, 83, 151;
      Lateran, 312;
      Terme, 118, 160, 162, 173, 178, 309;
      Villa Giulia, 25, 52.
      _See also_ Vatican City
    --Odeum of Domitian, 250
    --Palatine: 63, 64, 69, 85, 137, 172, 246, 305;
      Antiquarium, 65;
      Farnese Gardens, 63;
      Flavian Palace, 63, 66, 118, 225, 243–47, 283, 332;
      House of Griffins, 67;
      huts, 64, 70, 90, 326;
      stadium, 246
    --Palazzi:
      Caffarelli, 83;
      della Cancelleria, 236, 239;
      Fiano, 156, 160, 164, 168;
      del Senatore, 134;
      Venezia, 140, 228
    --Pantheon:
      of Agrippa, 286;
      of Hadrian, 129, 148, 192, 273, 281, 283, 285–89, 295, 312
    --Piazze:
      Navona, 247;
      del Popolo, 137
    --Pons Sublicius, 13
    --Ponte Sant’ Angelo, 292
    --Porte:
      Appia, 325;
      Asinaria, 325;
      del Popolo, 148;
      Maggiore, 319;
      San Lorenzo, 322;
      San Pancrazio, 326
    --Porticus of Octavia, 145
    --Quirinal, 64, 70, 87, 267
    --Regia, 41, 73, 80, 151
    --Rostra, 78
    --Septimontium, 73
    --“Servian” Wall, 85–90
    --Stadium of Domitian, 225, 247–50
    --subterranean basilica, at Pta. Maggiore, 74, 172, 182–89, 236, 342
    --Subura, 146, 241
    --Swedish Institute, 2
    --Tabularium, 116, 134
    --Temples:
      of Antoninus and Faustina, 69, 194, 296;
      Castor, 148, 150, 151;
      Deified Julius, 150, 151;
      Deified Trajan, 265;
      Fortuna Redux, 241;
      Minerva, 228–29;
      Peace, 229;
      Venus and Rome, 194, 273, 274, 280–83, 286, 295;
      Venus Victrix, 139
    --Theaters:
      of Marcellus, 250;
      of Pompey, 88, 134, 150, 289
    --Torre dei Conti, 229
    --Trajan’s Market, 137, 267–69
    --Trastevere, 321
    --Vatican Hill, 342
    --Vesta, Shrine of, 66, 67, 73, 80
    --Vie:
      Biberatica, 269;
      di Grotta Pinta, 138;
      dell’ Impero, 140, 146, 228
    --Ville:
      Medici, 160;
      under Farnesina, 118

  Romulus, 66, 78, 149, 151, 152, 165, 168

  Roselle, 29, 42

  Rosetta Stone, 42

  Rostra, 88

  Rothschild, Edward de, 211

  Ruspoli, 47

  Sabina, 292

  Sabines, 71

  Säflund, G., 85, 87, 88

  St. Paul, 348

  St. Peter, 266, 342, 347, 348

  St. Peter’s. _See_ Vatican City

  Salerno, 112

  Samnites, 22, 91, 95, 207, 303

  San Fuoco d’Angelone, 3, 6

  San Giovenale, 20

  Santa Severa (Pyrgi), 42

  Sappho, 187

  Saracens, 350

  Sardinia, 14, 17, 18, 262

  Sargent, J. S., 190

  Satricum, 52

  Scherer, M., 246

  Scylla, 176

  Sejanus, 98, 173

  Septimius Severus, 138, 156

  Servius Tullius, 33, 66, 67, 85, 87

  Sesklo, 7

  Sesto, 111

  Severi, 253, 285, 296

  Sfax, 112

  Sicily, 17, 18, 22, 94, 138, 326

  Siculans, 22, 24

  Silenus, 222, 294

  Silius Italicus, 36

  Silvanus, 292

  Sixtus V, Pope, 266

  Social War, 303.
    _See also_ Civil War

  Sodom, 218

  Solway, 283

  Spain, 262

  Spalato, 137, 329

  Sperlonga, 133, 172, 173–78, 182, 246

  Spina, 29, 33, 43, 51

  Spinazzola, V., 202, 251

  Spoleto, 112

  Statilius Taurus, T., 188

  Stone, Kirk H., 2

  Stone Age, 17

  Subiaco, 317

  Sulla, L. Cornelius, 86, 95, 97, 98, 116, 118, 120, 123, 124, 130,
          134, 138, 142, 144, 148, 170, 200, 205

  Su Nuraxi, 15–17

  Swedish Institute in Rome, 2

  Syphax, King, 97

  Syracuse, 22, 91

  Syria, 58, 292

  Tacitus, 173, 188, 342

  Tagliacozzo, 304

  Tarpeia, 84

  Tarchunies Rumach, Cn., 36

  Tarquinia, 25, 29, 38, 40–42, 46–48, 51, 54, 60, 64

  Tarquinius Romanus, Cn., 36

  Tarquins: 38, 84;
    Tarquinius Priscus, 66, 67, 73;
    Tarquinius Superbus, 66, 67, 83, 84

  Tarracina, 116, 132, 300

  Tauris, 185

  Tavoliere, 2, 3, 7, 8, 13, 20, 24

  Tellus, 168

  _terremare_, 10, 13, 14, 20, 24, 32, 63, 85

  Teutoberg Forest, 164

  Thatcher, E. D., 257

  Thetis, 192

  Thoas, 185

  Tiber, 25, 162, 252, 260, 265, 292, 294, 299

  Tiberius, 98, 154, 164, 171–73, 176, 178, 194, 302

  Tibur. _See_ Tivoli

  Tin (god), 32

  Titus, 223, 224, 235, 236, 238, 309

  Tivoli: 302, 318;
    aqueducts near, 317;
    Hadrian’s Villa near, 137, 246, 272, 273, 274–80, 281, 283, 286,
          289–92, 294–95, 329;
    T. of Hercules Victor, 134;
    T. at Sibylla, 116;
    Villa d’Este, 136

  Torlonia, 260

  Torre dell’ Isola, 305

  Torre Galli, 22, 24

  Toynbee, Jocelyn M., 241, 342

  Trajan, 95, 250, 273, 309, 321

  Travertine, 144, 313

  Trieste, 112

  Trimalchio, 218

  Triptolemus, 187

  Tritons, 187, 257

  Troy, 175, 185, 192

  Tuchulcha, 51

  Tufas, table of, 75

  Tullus Hostilius, 66

  Turin, 112

  Turner, F. J., 114

  Tuscan, 137, 215

  Tyne, 283

  Ulysses, 176, 185

  Uni, 32

  Vaglieri, D., 64

  Valadier, J., 137

  Valerian, 349

  Valerius Maximus, Man., 149

  Vandals, 350

  Van Deman, E. B., 194, 317–19, 321

  Van Essen, C. C., 192, 200, 303

  Vatican City:
    cemetery under Annona, 346;
    Old St. Peter’s, 341, 345;
    St. Peter’s, 144, 146, 194, 230, 265, 289, 292, 313, 326, 341, 350;
    St. Peter’s, cemetery under, 342, 345, 347, 349, 350;
    Sistine Chapel, 339;
    Vatican Museum, 25, 57, 148, 160, 175, 238;
    Vatican Palace, 189, 246

  Veii, 29, 38, 52, 83–85, 305

  Velasquez, D., 189

  Velcha, 51

  Venus, 142, 150, 190, 219, 241, 286

  Vergil, 63, 67, 149, 150, 152, 167, 168, 175, 212, 270

  Versailles, 194, 272, 277

  Vespasian, 138, 156, 224, 225, 228, 231, 235, 238, 240–43, 341, 347

  Vesta, 219

  Vestals, 80, 148, 168, 238

  Vesuvius, 196, 209

  Vetulonia, 27, 29, 36, 77

  Vibenna, 36

  Vibo Valentia, 112

  Vibrata valley, 8

  Vicovaro, 317

  Victor Emanuel II, 289

  Victoria, Queen, 198

  Victory, 236, 239, 271

  Vie:
    Aemilia, 299, 303;
    Amerina, 305, 308;
    Appia, 132, 148, 300, 301, 348;
    Aurelia, 98, 303;
    Flaminia, 156, 303, 308;
    Latina, 299;
    Ostiensis, 92;
    Salaria, 299;
    Tiburtina, 136;
    Valeria, 95, 97, 111, 302, 303

  Vienna, 168

  Villanovan(s), 13, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29, 64, 305

  Virginia, 8

  Vitellius, 224

  Vitruvius, 301

  Volterra, 29

  Volubilis, 332

  Vulca, 52, 83

  Vulci, 26, 29, 36, 42, 52, 98, 107

  Ward Perkins, J. B., 305, 308, 342

  Weege, F., 189, 190

  Winckelmann, J. J., 197

  Wisconsin, U. of, 2

  Yourcenar, M., 283

  Zagreb, 40, 42

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks were remedied when the correction was apparent, and
otherwise left unresolved.

Page numbers in the List of Illustrations were printed in italics. To
improve readability, the italics indicators are not shown here.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Some images have been rotated 90° to make them easier to read.

In the original book, two or three images often were placed on the same
page and sometimes overlapped each other to save space. In this eBook,
they are shown separately, in Figure-number sequence.

Images have been moved, when necessary, between paragraphs, so the page
numbers in the List of Illustrations do not always match the actual
positions of the images in this eBook.

Images were of various sizes in the original book. Here, most are shown
at a uniformly-large size, while a few are shown even larger to make
details and text identifications readable.

FIG. 2.9 was printed as shown, apparently mirror-image, perhaps as a
rubbed impression.

FIG. 7.4 had no caption; the one shown in this eBook was copied from
the List of Illustrations.

FIG. 8.7’s “Legend” was difficult to read and has not been transcribed.

Page 301: “CXX” was enclosed in a rectangular medallion.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Mute Stones Speak, by Paul Lachlan MacKendrick