continents dans leur état actuel,” pp. 40–41. He expresses his belief
that the _Cod. Chim._ has a double meaning, and that many names
and symbols possessed by the natives refer to the cataclysm which
occurred six or seven thousand years ago. “C’est le récit de ces
bouleversements, c’est l’histoire du cataclysme, dont tous les peuples
ont gardé la mémoire, que racontent tous mes documents.”

[757] The following are the legends, according to Brasseur de
Bourbourg: “According to the tradition of the Sacred Book (_Popol
Vuh_), water and fire contributed to the universal ruin, at the time of
the last cataclysm which preceded the fourth creation. ‘Then,’ says the
author, ‘the waters were agitated by the will of the Heart of Heaven,
and a great inundation came upon the heads of these creatures. * * *
They were engulfed, and a resinous thickness descended from heaven.
* * * The face of the earth was obscured and a heavy darkening rain
commenced, rain by day and rain by night. * * * There was heard a
great noise above their heads as if produced by fire. Then were men
seen running, pushing each other, filled with despair; they wished
to climb upon their houses, and the houses tumbling down fell to the
ground; they wished to climb upon the trees, and the trees shook them
off; they wished to enter into the grottoes, and the grottoes closed
themselves before them.’ In the _Codex Chimalpopoca_, the author,
speaking of the destruction which took place by fire, says: ‘The third
sun is called _Quia-Tonatiuh_, sun of rain, because there fell a rain
of fire; all which existed burned, and there fell a rain of gravel.’
They also narrate that whilst the sandstone which we now see scattered
about, and the _tetzontli_ (amygdaloide poreuse) boiled with great
tumult, there also rose the rocks of vermillion color. Now this was in
the year _Ce Tecpactl_, One Flint, it was the day _Nahui-Quiahuitl_,
Fourth Rain. Now, in this day, in which men were lost and destroyed in
a rain of fire, they were transformed into goslings; the sun itself
was on fire, and everything, together with the houses, was consumed.”
Brasseur recounts a Haytian legend concerning the origin of the sea and
isles: “There was, they say, a powerful man called Iaia, who, having
murdered his only son, wished to bury him; but not knowing where to
put him, enclosed him in a calabash, which he placed afterwards at the
foot of a high mountain, situated a little distance from the place
where he lived; on account of his affection for his son he often went
to the spot. One day, having opened it (the calabash), there came out
whales and other very large fishes, of which Iaia, full of fear, having
returned home, told his neighbors what had happened, saying that this
calabash was filled with water and innumerable fishes. This news being
spread abroad, four twin brothers, desiring to obtain fish, went to
the place where the calabash was. Just as they had taken it in their
hand to open it, Iaia came, and they seeing him, threw the calabash on
the ground, in their fear of him. This (the calabash) having burst,
on account of the great weight which was enclosed in it, the waters
gushed forth, and the interminable plain, which stretched farther than
the eye could reach, was flooded and covered with water. The mountains
alone, because of their great height, were not submerged in this great
inundation. So they believed that these mountains were the islands and
the other divisions of the earth which we see in the world.”—_Brasseur
de Bourbourg_, in _Landa’s Relacion_, pp. xxi–iv.

[758] “With regard to the primitive dolichocephalæ of America, I
entertain an hypothesis still more bold, perhaps, namely, that they
are nearly related to the Guanches in the Canary Islands and to the
Atlantic populations of Africa, the Moors, Tauricks, Copts, etc.,
which Latham comprises under the name of Egyptian-Atlantidæ. * * * We
find, then, one and the same form of skull in the Canary Islands, in
front of the African coast, and in the Carib-Islands, on the opposite
coast which faces Africa. * * * The color of the skin on both sides
of the Atlantic is represented in these populations as being of a
reddish-brown. * * * These facts involuntarily recall the tradition
which Plato tells us in his _Timæus_ was communicated to Solan by an
Egyptian priest respecting the ancient Atlantis. * * * This tradition
deserves attention in connection with facts which seem to point in the
same direction.”—_Retzius, in Smithsonian Report_ for 1859, p. 266.

[759] Salisbury, _Dr. Le Plongeon in Yucatan_, pp. 57–61.

[760] Unger, _Die Versunkene Insel Atlantis_, cited by Lyell,
_Antiquity of Man_, p. 440.

[761] Published in Winterthal, 1854–58, 3 bde. Also by the name author,
see _Urwelt der Schweiz_, Zurich, 1865, and _Ergänzungsblätter_, bd. ii
(Hildburgh), 1867. See Meyer’s _Konversations-Lexicon_, 3. _Aufl._, bd.
viii, p. 693; bd. ii, p. 125, where the above are cited. Dr. Otto Ule,
_Die Erde_, bd. i, p. 27, concurs with the above; work published in
Leipzig, 1874, 2 vols. large 8vo.

[762] See Lyell, _Antiquity of Man_, p. 440, and Oliver, _Lecture at
the Royal Institution_, March 7, 1862, cited by Lyell.

[763] Sir C. Wyville Thomson, _The Atlantic_ (voyage of the
_Challenger_), vol. i, pp. 190, 208, 213; vol. ii, 23, 232. New York,
1878. Also see _Scientific American_ for July 28th, 1877.

[764] _Depths of the Sea_, by Dr. Carpenter, F.R.S., J. G. Jeffreys,
F.R.S., and Dr. Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., London, 1873.

[765] _The Atlantic, Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger_, vol. ii,
pp. 248–9.

[766] _The Atlantic_, vol. ii, p. 23.

[767] _Scientific American_, July 28, 1877.

[768] _The Atlantic_, vol. ii, p. 254.

[769] _Ibid._, vol. ii, p. 288.

[770] _Popular Science Review_, July 1878, cited by _Scientific
American_ of August 24, 1878, vol. xxxix, p. 114.

[771] Le Conte, _Elements of Geology_, New York, 1878, p. 131.

[772] Le Conte, _Geology_, p. 129.

[773] _Ibid._, pp. 127–32. Dr. Otto Ule, _Die Erde_, bd. i, ss. 496–502.

[774] See Plato’s _Critias and Timæas_. Also Aristotle, _De Mundo_,
cap. iii, and _Prince Henry the Navigator_, chap, vii, by Major, Lond.,
1868.

[775] See Reclus, _The Ocean_, pp. 70–82. New York, ed. 1878.

[776] Irving’s _Columbus_, vol. i, chap, iii; vol. ii, p. 308. Reclus,
_Ocean_, pp. 223, 229.

[777] Irving’s _Columbus_, vol. ii, p. 279. Lafiteau, _Conquestes des
Portugais_, lib. ii, cited by Irving.

[778] See Martius, _Beitrage_, etc., p. 180, for the origin-tradition
of the Tupis or Brazilians, where it is narrated that two brothers with
their families landed at a remote period on Cape Frio. The brothers
Tupi and Guarani gave their names to the two great South American
families.

[779] Brasseur in Landa’s _Relacion_, pp. lii–lxv; Eckstein, _Les Cares
or Cariens de l’Antiquité_, 2d part, vi, dans la _Revue Archéologique,
XVᵉ année_; Brugsch, _Die Geogr. der Nachbarlaender Egyptens_, pp.
84–88, cited by Brasseur. “En ces vieux jours du monde, dit encore
M. d’Eckstein, où Ibères et Libyens, Lahabim et Phoutim s’enlacaient
plus ou moins à travers l’Europe occidentale, et poussaient jusqu’au
sein de l’Irlande et de la Grande Bretagne, les monuments de
Mizraïm semblent révéler des rapports maritimes de ces Libyens et
probablement de ces Ibères avec les Cares et avec les autres races
anté-pélasgiques des côtes de la Grèce et de l’Italie, ainsi que des
iles de l’Archipel.”—_Brasseur de Bourbourg in Landa’s Relacion_, pp.
lvii–lviii.

[780] _Manual of Geology_, second ed., p. 583.

[781] Le Conte, _Elements of Geology_, pp. 145–149.

[782] Baldwin’s _Ancient America_, Appendix C, pp. 288–293.

[783] _Man and His Migrations_, pp. 129–30.

[784] Kennon in Leland’s _Fusang_, p. 68.

[785] “From the result of the most accurate scientific observation, it
is evident that the voyage from China to America can be made without
being out of sight of land more than a few hours at a time. To a
landsman, unfamiliar with long voyages, the mere idea of being ‘alone
on the wide, wide sea’ with nothing but water visible, even for an
hour, conveys a strange sense of desolation, of daring and adventure.
But in truth it is regarded as a mere trifle, not only by regular
seafaring men, but even by the rudest races in all parts of the world;
and I have no doubt that from the remotest ages, and on all shores,
fishermen in open boats, canoes, or even coracles, guided simply by the
stars and currents, have not hesitated to go far out of sight of land.
At the present day, natives of the South Pacific islands undertake,
without a compass, and successfully, long voyages which astonish even a
regular Jack-tar, who is not often astonished at anything.”—_Kennon in
Leland’s Fusang_, pp. 71–2.

[786] See Bancroft, _Native Races_, vol. v, pp. 51–54, where the paper
of the Japanese Consul, Mr. Brooks, read before the Californian Academy
of Sciences in March, 1875, is cited, detailing forty-one instances in
which Japanese junks were cast upon our coast since 1782. Mr. Brooks
states that he has a record of over one hundred similar disasters.
Whymper, in his _Alaska_ (N. Y. 1869), p. 250, refers to other Japanese
wrecks, and especially to one which, after drifting ten months, reached
the Sandwich Islands. The Hawaiians, on seeing the crew, said, “It is
plain now, we came from Asia.” See also M. de Roquefeuil, _Journal d’un
Voyage autour du Monde, pendant les annes, 1816–1819_; _Smith’s Human
Species_, p. 238.

[787] _Physical Geography_, p. 41, cited by Lyell, _Antiquity of Man_,
p. 367.

[788] _Antiquity of Man_, p. 367.

[789] “There is as much reason to believe that America was peopled from
Asia, as that the primitive races of Europe and Africa should derive
their origin from an Eastern source.”—_Macfie, Vancouver Island and
British Columbia._ London, 1865.

[790] “The weather is, it is true, cold at Behring’s Straits, even
in summer, but not one-fourth as cold as at Matsumai, Japan, in
winter.”—_Col. Kennon in Leland’s Fusang_, p. 74.

[791] Frederick von Hellwald in _Smithsonian Report_, 1866, p. 345.
“Open skin canoes, capable of containing twenty or more persons with
their effects, and hoisting several masts and sails, are now frequently
observed among the seacoast Tehuktchis, and the inhabitants of northern
Alaska.”—_Whymper, Alaska_, p. 246–7.

[792] He continues his statement that the Gulf Stream of the Pacific
is the warming agent, and adds the argument that “the present
inhabitants of the countries contiguous to Behring’s Straits on the
two sides, in manners, customs, and physical appearance are almost
identical.”—_Smithsonian Report_, 1866, p. 345.

[793] Gallatin, p. 156. Bancroft, in assuming the certainty of a
migration by Behring’s Straits, says “it seems absurd to argue the
question from any point,” vol. v, p. 54. Venegas, _Noticia de la
California_, Madrid, 1757, vol. i, p. 71, and London ed., 1759, p. 61,
says the Californians at that date had clear traditions of having come
from the north. Fontaine, _How the World was Peopled_, (N. Y. 1872),
pp. 147–9, thinks that the march of Genghis with 1,400,000 Tartars
caused the flight of his enemies in large numbers across the Aleutian
archipelago and Behring’s Straits. Warden, _Recherches_, pp. 118–36,
makes an argument for a migration through Behring’s Straits from
Tartary and China.

[794] Gallatin, in _Amer. Ethnol. Soc. Trans._, vol. i, p. 158, says:
“That America was first peopled by Asiatic tribes is highly probable;
but after the lapse of several thousand years, the memory of that
ancient migration was lost.” He inquires as to what we knew of Gaul or
Britain before the Roman invasion. Mr. W. H. Dall, in his thoughtful
Memoir on the _Origin of the Innuit_, says: “I see no reason for
disputing the hypothesis that America was peopled from Asia originally,
and that there were successive waves of emigration. The northern route
was clearly by way of Behring Strait; at least, it was not to the south
of that, and especially it was not by way of the Aleutian Islands.”—_In
Contributions to North American Ethnology_, vol. i, p. 95. Washington,
1877. 4to.

[795] Aug. R. Grote, _The Peopling of America_, in _American
Naturalist_, April 1877.

[796] Croll, _Climate and Time_, New York, 1875, 12mo. Prof. McFarland
in _Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts_, June 1876, p. 456. Newcomb on Croll’s
_Theory_ in same journal for April 1876, p. 263.

[797] Whymper, _Alaska_, pp. 246, 247, discusses the volcanic nature
of the Aleutian Islands, mentioning the fact that “There are records
of very severe shocks of earthquake felt by the Russian traders and
nations dwelling on them.”

[798] Sir Charles Lyell, _Antiquity of Man_, pp. 273 _et seq._, has
shown that Great Britain was separated from the continent by subsidence
and glacial action, thus producing the English Channel which, we have
already seen, corresponds singularly with Behring’s Straits in width
and depth, and formerly, no doubt, both corresponded more nearly in
climatic conditions. It is not unreasonable to suppose that both
passages were produced by the same agencies.

[799] Presidential Address to the Am. Association for Adv. of Sci.,
1872, and published in his _Darwiniana_, pp. 203 _et seq._

[800] John H. Becker, _The Migration of the Nahuas, Congrès des
Américanistes_, Luxembourg, ses., tom. i. p. 349. Altogether the most
enlightened treatment of the subject yet published.

[801] Becker in _Ibid._, pp. 348–9. The same author cites from the
_Trans. of Am. Geog. Soc._, 1874, the following interesting statement
made by Gen. Milnor: “Nowhere else on the continent can similar
great valleys such as the Missouri and Columbia be found, meeting
advantageously at a common point on the main dividing backbone
which separates the continental waters flowing east and west to
the two oceans. The heads of these main valleys are here only from
three to four thousand feet above the sea, while the great treeless
plains—further south—are elevated more than six thousand feet.”

[802] The expedition which the German government and the Berlin
Geographical Society is about to send to the North Pacific under the
intelligent direction of my friend Dr. Van der Horck, will no doubt
contribute largely to our information concerning the ethnographical
relationship of America to Asia.

[803] Second Report on the Implements found in the Glacial Drift of New
Jersey, by C. C. Abbott in _Eleventh Annual Report of Peabody Museum_,
pp. 225–57. Cambridge, 1878.

[804] Mr. Becker remarks: “Why should the Aztec priesthood and
nobility, a class bred and educated in the understanding of traditional
lore and an elaborate system of picture-writing, be considered as a
set of metaphysical lunatics who did not know or did not mean what
they said.”—_Migration of the Nahuas_ in _Cong. des Américanistes_,
Luxembourg, 1877, tom. i, p. 342.

[805] _Vide_ _Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History_,
Vol. I, No. 3, October, 1878.

[806] _Vide_ _Archæological Explorations in Tennessee_, by F. W.
Putnam. _Eleventh Annual Report of the Peabody Museum of American
Archæology and Ethnology_, Cambridge, Mass., 1878.

[807] Letter to the author, dated Davenport, Iowa, May 24, 1879.

[808] _Bulletin of U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the
Territories_, vol. ii., No. i., p. 6.

[809] _Contributions to North American Ethnology_, vol. iv.—U. S.
Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, J. W.
Powell in charge. Washington, 1881: especially chap. ix.

[810] In addition to the work by Mr. Morgan above cited, the student
of Mound-builder and Pueblo archæology should not fail to consult
vol. vii. of the _Report upon U. S. Geographical Surveys west of the
one hundredth meridian, in charge of Lieutenant Wheeler_, Washington,
1879. The volume bears the above date, but did not appear until near
the close of 1881. The editing of this valuable work was committed to
the discriminating care of Professor F. W. Putnam, who was assisted by
an able corps of specialists, among others Dr. C. C. Abbott and Albert
S. Gatschet. The Second Part is devoted to papers on the Pueblos. The
magnificent fund of materials here presented, accompanied by full-page
heliotypes of ruins and implements, vastly enlarges our knowledge of
that interesting people. Still another work, of more than ordinary
importance to ethnological and archæological students, is Dr. Charles
Rau’s _Observations on Cup-shaped and other Lapidarian Sculptures in
the Old World and in America_, Contributions to Ethnology, vol. v.
Washington, 1881. Last, but not least, is Professor Otis T. Mason’s
_Account of recent Progress in Anthropology_, in Smithsonian Report for
1880.

                         Transcriber’s Notes:

  - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
  - Blank pages have been removed.
  - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
  - Wide tables have been split.