the wynde liethe not in, nor openeth to the south. Put to their noses
to smell vinegre and rose water in an handkercher, not touchynge theim
there with so nighe as maye be. Cause theim to lie on their right side,
and bowe theim selues forward, call theim by their names, and beate
theim with a rosemary braunche, or some other swete like thynge. In the
stede of posset ale, they whiche be troubled with gowtes, dropsies,
reumes, or suche other moiste euill diseases, chauncing to sweat, may
drinke a good draught of the stronger drinke of _Guaiacum_ so hote as
they can, for the lyke effecte, as also others may, not hauynge these
deseases, if it be so redy to theim as the other. After they ones sweat
fully, myne aduise is not to geue any more posset ale, but clarified
ale with suger, duryng the hole fitte, neither vnreasonably, nor so
ofte as they call for it, neither yet pinchyng theym to moche when they
haue nede, alwayes takynge hede not to putte any colde thynge in their
mouthe to cole and moiste them with, nor any colde water, rose water,
or colde vinegre to their face duryng the sweat and one daie after
at the leaste, but alwaies vse warmeth accordynge to nature, neuer
contrariyng thesame so nighe as may be. If they raue or be phrenetike,
putte to their nose thesame odour of rose water & vinegre, to lette the
vapoures from the headde. If they slepe, vse theim as in the case of
faintyng I said, with betyng theim and callynge theim, pullyng theim
by the eares, nose, or here, suffering them in no wise to slepe vntil
suche tyme as they haue no luste to slepe, except to a learned mā in
phisicke the case appere to beare the contrary. For otherwise the
venime in slepe continually runneth inward to y^e hart. The contrary
hereof we muste alwaies intende, in prouokyng it outwarde by all meanes
duryng the fitte, whyche so longe lasteth in burnynge and sweatyng, as
the matter thereof hath any fyrie or apte partes therfore. For as great
& strong wine, ale, or bere, so longe do burne as there is matter in
theim apte to be burned, and then cesse when that whiche remainethe
is come againe to hys firste nature: that is, to suche water clere &
vnsauery, as either the bruer receiued of the riuer, or vine of the
earth: euen so the body so longe continuethe burnynge and sweatynge,
as their is matter apte therefore in the spirites, and then leaueth,
when the corrupcion taken of the finest of the euill blode is consumed,
and the spirites lefte pure and cleane as they were before the tyme of
their corruption.

This done, and the body by sufficient sweate discharged of the venime,
the persone is saulfe. But if he by vnrulines & brekyng his sweate,
sweateth not sufficiently, thē he is in daunger of death by y^t venime
that doth remaine, or at the leaste to sweat ones againe or oftener, as
many hath done, fallynge in thrise, sixe tymes, yea, xii. tymes some.
If sufficiently the sweate be come, you shal know by the lightnes &
cherefulnes of the body, & lanckenes in all partes, by the continuall
sweatyng the hole daie and out of all partes, whyche be the beste and
holsome sweates. The other which come but by tymes and onely in certein
partes, or broken, be not sufficient nor good, but very euill, of
whose insufficiency, ij. notes learne: a swellyng in y^e partes with
a blackenes, & a tinglyng or prickyng in the same. Suche I aduise to
appointe theim selues to sweat againe to ridde their bodies of that
remaineth, & abide it out vntill they fele their bodies lanke & light,
and to moue the sweat as before I said, if thesame come not kyndly
by the selfe. If they cānot forbeare meate during y^e space of their
fitte, and faste out their xxiiij. houres, without danger, geue theim a
litle of an alebrie onely, or of a thinne caudel of an egge sodden with
one hole mace or ij. If they be forced by nature to ease them selues
in the meane time, let them do it rather in warme shetes put into them
closely, then to arise. After they haue thus fully swette, conuey
closely warme clothes into theyre beddes, and bid them wipe themselues
there with in al partes curiouslye: and be ware that no ayer entre into
theire open bodies (and speciallye their arme holes, the openest &
rarest parte therof) to let the issue of that whych doeth remaine. The
lyke may be done in the reste of their fitte, with lyke warenes, for
that clenlinesse comfortethe nature, and relieueth the pacient. If in
duringe oute the foure and twentye houres there be thought daungiere
of death without remouing, rather warme well the other side of the
bedde, and wil hym to remoue himself into it, thē to take him vp &
remoue hym to an other bed, which in no case mai be done. For better
is a doubtful ware hope, then a certeine auentured death. The foure
and twenty houres passed duly, they may putte on theire clothes warme,
aryse, and refresshe theym selues with a cawdle of an egge swietelye
made, or such other meates and sauces reasonably and smally taken, as
before I mencioned. And if their strength be sore wasted, let theym
smelle to an old swiet apple (as Aristotle did by his reporte in the
boke _de pomo_) or hotte new bread, as _Democritus_ did, by the record
of _Laertius_ in his life, either by it self alone, or dipped in wel
smelling wyne, as Maluesey or Muscadelle, & sprinckled with the pouder
of mintes. Orenges also and Lemones, or suche muske balles as I before
described, be thinges mete for this purpose. For as I saied in my ij.
litle bokes in Latine _de medendi methodo_, of deuise to cure diseases,
there is no thinge more comfortable to the spirites then good and swiet
odoures. On this wise aduised how to order your selues in al the time
of the fitte, now this remaineth, to exhorte you not to go out of your
houses for iij. dayes, or ij. at the least after the fitte passed, and
then wiselye, warely, and not except in a faire bright daye, for feare
of swouning after great emptinesse, and vnwont ayer, or for forcyng
nature by soubdaine strikyng in of thesame aier, colde, or euil, in
to the open body. For nature so forced, maketh often tymes a sore and
soubdaine fluxe, as wel after auoidaunce of these humores by sweate,
(as was this yere well sene in many persones in diuerse contries of
Englande for none other cause) as of others by purgation.

Thus I haue declared the begynning, name, nature, accidentes, signes,
causes, preseruations, and cures naturall of this disease the sweatynge
sickenes, English _Ephemera_, or pestilent sweate, so shortly & plainly
as I could for y^e cōmune saufty of my good countrimen, help, relieue,
& defence of thesame against y^e soubdaine assaultes of the disease,
& to satisfie the honeste requeste of my louynge frendes and gentleὣ
acquaintance. If other causes ther be supernatural, theim I leue to the
diuines to serche, and the diseases thereof to cure, as a matter with
out the compasse of my facultie.

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                             FOOTNOTES:                               |
| [348] The author seems to me here to allude to what Sydenham calls   |
| the “constitutio epidemica,” as if he would say, “The epidemic       |
| constitution as it exists at any one time, is but a step,” &c.       |
| [349] _Grafton_, Vol. II. pp. 147. 155.                              |
| [350] _Hall_, p. 425.                                                |
| [351] For suddenlie a deadlie burning sweat so assailed their        |
| bodies and distempered their blood with a most ardent heat, that     |
| _scarce one amongst an hundred_ that sickened did escape with life;  |
| for all in maner as soone as the sweat tooke them, or within a       |
| short time after, yeelded the ghost. _Holinshed_, Vol. III. p. 482.  |
| _Godwin_, p. 98. _Polydor._ _Vergilius_, L. XXVI. p. 567. _Wood_,    |
| T. I. A. 1485. p. 233. _Wood_ takes his testimony respecting the     |
| symptoms of the disease at third hand from _Carol_. _Valesius_,      |
| (Cap. XIV. p. 226,) a French physician at Rome, about 1650, who      |
| employs _P. Foreest’s_ words. This last author, however, did not     |
| himself observe the English sweating sickness.                       |
| [352] _Bacon_, p. 36.                                                |
| [353] _Fabian_, p. 673.                                              |
| [354] _Swetynge sykenesse_ in the Chronicles.                        |
| [355] The Mayors’ names were _Thomas Hylle_ and _William Stocker_.   |
| _Fabian_, loc. cit.                                                  |
| [356] Until the 30th of October. _Grafton_, p. 158.                  |
| [357] _Wood_, loc. cit.                                              |
| [358] _Phil. de Comines_, Tom. I. p. 344. Compare the English        |
| chronicles quoted. The history of Croyland Abbey states that the     |
| 1st of August was the day of _Richmond’s_ arrival at Milford Haven.  |
| There exists no reason for departing from this statement with some   |
| modern writers, namely, _Kay, du Chesne_, p. 1192; _Lilie_, p. 382,  |
| and _Marsolier_, who assert the landing of the army to have taken    |
| place on the 7th of August. Historia Croylandensis, p. 573, in _Jo.  |
| Fell_.                                                               |
| [359] _Grafton_, p. 147.                                             |
| [360] _Stow_, p. 779.                                                |
| [361] According to the unanimous statements of the chroniclers.      |
| [362] Histor. Croylandens, p. 573. _Fell_.                           |
| [363] _Bacon_, p. 7. _Marsolier_, p. 142. Yet in the autumn of that  |
| same year _Henry_ established, what no prior king of England ever    |
| had, a body-guard. It consisted of only 50 “Yomen of the Crowne,”    |
| to each of whom there were appointed two men on foot—an archer and   |
| a demi-lance, and a groom to attend to his three horses. The first   |
| commander of this body-guard, which formed the most ancient stock    |
| whence sprang the English standing army, was _Henry Bourchier_,      |
| Earl of Essex. _Herbert of Cherbury_, p. 9. _Grafton_, and the       |
| other chroniclers, loc. cit. _Baker_, p. 254.                        |
| [364] _Bacon_, _Stow_, _Baker_, loc. cit. Rapin considered the       |
| middle of September as the period of the outbreak. T. IV. p. 386.    |
| [365] “Infinite persons.” _Bacon._ “A wonderful number.” _Stow._     |
| “Many thousands.” _Baker_, loc. cit.                                 |
| [366] The plague can scarcely be said to furnish this immunity, for  |
| though a second attack is an exception to a pretty general rule, it  |
| is one of by no means unfrequent occurrence.—_Transl. note._         |
| [367] _Holinshed_, Vol. III. p. 482.                                 |
| [368] _Wood_, p. 233.                                                |
| [369] Histor. Croyland. p. 569. _Fell._                              |
| [370] No physick afforded any cure. _Baker_, p. 254.                 |
| [371] Henry VII., and Henry VIII. Compare the excellent              |
| biographical account of this learned man by _Aikin_.                 |
| [372] _Erasmus_ expresses himself on this subject in his usual       |
| manner. He was on terms of strict friendship with _Linacre_, whom    |
| on other occasions he greatly lauds. This, however, does not         |
| prevent him from lashing him with his satire as a philological       |
| pedant. “Novi quendam πολυτεχνότατον, græcum, latinum,               |
| mathematicum, philosophum, medicum, καὶ ταῦτα βασιλικὸν, jam         |
| sexagenarium, (he was born in 1460, and died in 1524,) qui _ceteris  |
| rebus omissis_, annis plus viginti se torquet ac discruciat in       |
| grammatica, _prorsus felicem se fore ratus, si tamdiu liceat         |
| vivere, donec certo statuat, quomodo distinguendæ sint octo partes   |
| orationis_, quod hactenus nemo Græcorum aut Latinorum ad plenum      |
| præstare valuit.” Laus Stultitiæ, p. 200. That _Linacre_ is here     |
| meant is quite plain; the passage applies to no other contemporary.  |
| [373] See the author’s History of Medicine, Book II. p. 311.         |
| [374] _Grafton_, p. 161, and the other chroniclers.                  |
| [375] _Wood_, loc. cit.                                              |
| [376] The luscious Greek wines were at this time the most in vogue,  |
| especially Cretan wine, Malmsey, and Muschat. _Lemnius_, de compl.   |
| L. II. fol. 111. b. _Reusner_, p. 70.                                |
| [377] _Werlich_, p. 248.                                             |
| [378] _Spangenberg_, Mansf. Chr. fol. 395. f.                        |
| [379] _Werlich_, p. 236. _Spangenberg_, loc. cit. Overflow of the    |
| Lech, 1484. _Werlich_, p. 239.                                       |
| [380] _Frank von Wörd._ fol. 211. a.                                 |
| [381] _Grafton_, p. 133, and all the other chroniclers. _Short_,     |
| Vol. I. p. 201, and several others, even _Schnurrer_, erroneously    |
| asserted this inundation to have taken place in the year 1485.       |
| [382] _Campo_, p. 132. _Pfeufer_, p. 32.                             |
| [383] _Frank v. Wörd_, fol. 211. a. In the plague which followed,    |
| about 20,000 people died in Brixen, and 30,000 in Venice.            |
| [384] _Fracastor_, p. 182. Morb. Contag. L. II.                      |
| [385] _Wurstisen_, p. 474. cap. 15. _Fracastor_, p. 136.             |
| _Spangenberg_ (Pestilentz) calls this Epidemic of 1482,              |
| which spread all over Germany, Switzerland and France, “_das         |
| phrenitische, schwerhitzig Pestilentzfieber_”, the phrenitic,        |
| intensely ardent, plague-fever. Compare _Stumpff._ fol. 742. b.      |
| [386] The so called _Hauptkrankheit_.                                |
| [387] _Spangenberg_, Mansfeld. Chr. fol. 396. a.                     |
| [388] In many places women and children were obliged to draw the     |
| plough, from the want of draught cattle; they were obliged too to    |
| carry on the cultivation by night, that they might not be observed   |
| by the king’s inhuman revenue officers.—_Mezeray_, Tom. II. p. 750.  |
| [389] “Il couroit alors (1482) dans la France une dangereuse et      |
| mortelle maladie, qui affligeoit indifferemment les grands et les    |
| petits, bien qu’elle ne fut pas contagieuse. C’étoit une espèce      |
| de _fièvre chaude et frenetique, qui s’allumoit tout d’un coup       |
| dans le cerveau, et le brûloit avec de si cruelles douleurs, que     |
| les uns s’en cassoient la teste contre les murailles, les autres     |
| se précipitoient dans les puits_, ou se tuoient à force de courir    |
| çà et là. On en attribu la cause à quelque maligne influence des     |
| astres et à la corruption, que la mauvaise nourriture de l’année     |
| précédente avoit formé dans le corps; d’autant que les vins et       |
| les bleds n’étant point venus à maturité, la disette avoit été si    |
| grande, principalement dans les provinces de delà la Loire, que les  |
| peuples n’avoient vécu que de racines et d’herbes.” _Mezeray_, Tom.  |
| II. p. 746.                                                          |
| [390] It is expressly affirmed by the historians that many of        |
| the higher classes were sleepless from _the constant alarm and       |
| fear of Tristan’s sword_. How greatly must such a condition have     |
| predisposed the mind to receive this destructive fever!              |
| [391] _Jacques Cotier._ He extorted from his patients 10,000         |
| dollars a month, but, after his master’s death, was obliged to       |
| refund to _Charles_ VIII., 100,000 dollars. _Comines_, L. VI. c.     |
| 12. p. 400.                                                          |
| [392] _Mezeray_, loc. cit.                                           |
| [393] _Spangenberg_, Mansfeld. Chron. fol. 379. a. Pestilentz, 1485. |
| [394] Compare _Webster_, T. I. p. 147.                               |
| [395] _Spangenberg_, Mansfeld. Chron. fol. 398. a., and many other   |
| chroniclers. The reader will have the goodness to observe, here and  |
| in similar places, that the text is not stating the opinion of the   |
| author, but the way in which these events were viewed in that age.   |
| [396] —Il y avoit seulement en Normandie quelque troupes de          |
| franc-archers, de ceux, que _Louis XI_. avoit licenciez, qui         |
| couroit la campagne: et plusieurs faineants s’étant joints avec      |
| eux, ils detruisoient tout le païs, et on devoit même craindre,      |
| que ce mal ne se communiquât aux provinces voisines. Mais il se      |
| présenta alors une belle occasion de delivrer la France de ces       |
| pillards ... et lui donna (_Charles VIII._) tout ces francs-archers  |
| et _brigands_ de Normandie jusqu’au nombre de 3000. _Mezeray_, T.    |
| II. p. 762.                                                          |
| [397] “La milice estoit plus cruelle et plus desordonnée que         |
| jamais.” So says _Mezeray_ of the French soldiers in general. T.     |
| II. p. 750.                                                          |
| [398] _Schiller_, Sect. II. c. 1. p. 131. b.                         |
| [399] _Angelus_, p. 253. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 398. b. The     |
| scurvy affected society far more in the 15th and 16th centuries      |
| than it does at present, and made its appearance on several          |
| occasions as an epidemic. Compare, in particular, _Reusner_, whose   |
| work on the history of epidemics is one of general importance.       |
| _Sennert_, _Wier_, and others.                                       |
| [400] _Schiller_, loc. cit.                                          |
| [401] It was conceived not to bee an epidemicke disease, but to      |
| proceed from a malignity in the constitution of the aire, gathered   |
| by the predispositions of seasons: and the speedie cessation         |
| declared as much. _Bacon_, p. 9.                                     |
| [402] The name passed into the French, English, and Italian          |
| languages—Lansquenet, Lancichinecho.                                 |
| [403] ——“flock together like flies in summer, so that any one would  |
| wonder where all these swarms have sprung from, and how they are     |
| maintained during the winter; and truly they are such a miserable    |
| crew, that one ought rather to pity than envy the kind of life they  |
| lead and their precarious fortune.” _Franck’s_ Chronicle. “_On the   |
| destructive Lansquenets_,” fol. 217. b.                              |
| [404] 1518. “This year there was a great gathering of the            |
| Landsknechts, who, as soon as they had assembled, went forth from    |
| Friesland, committed great ravages and made an incursion into the    |
| country at Gellern, and were beaten by _Vernlow_.” _Wintzenberger_,  |
| fol. 23. a.                                                          |
| [405] “Not to mention too the curtailment of life, for one _seldom   |
| meets with an old Landsknecht_.” _Franck_, loc. cit.                 |
| [406] Those Moors were so called who, in order to remain in Spain    |
| after the conquest of Granada, embraced Christianity.—_Transl.       |
| note._                                                               |
| [407] The petechial fever which will be spoken of further on.        |
| [408] _Grafton_, p. 220. _Webster_, Vol. I. p. 149.                  |
| [409] _Stow_, p. 809. _Fabian_, p. 689. _Hall_, p. 502. _Grafton_,   |
| p. 230. _Holinshed_, p. 536. _Bacon_, p. 225.                        |
| [410] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 403. a. Pestilenz, A. 1505.        |
| [411] _Webster_, Vol. I. p. 151. _Franck_, fol. 219. a. _Pingré_,    |
| T. I. p. 481.                                                        |
| [412] _Bacon_, p. 225. _Stow_, p. 809. Compare the other             |
| chroniclers, who most of them notice this event in great detail.     |
| [413] _Bacon_, p. 231.                                               |
| [414] _Empson_ and _Dudley_, ministers of Henry VII., who left       |
| behind him treasure to the amount of £1,800,000 sterling. Compare    |
| _Hume_, Hist. of Eng. Vol. III., _Bacon_, and almost all the         |
| chroniclers. Both ministers were executed in the following reign,    |
| in the year 1509. _Grafton_, p. 236.                                 |
| [415] _Villalba_, T. I. pp. 69. 99.—_Ferdinand’s_ conflicts with     |
| the Saracens began in 1481, and ended with the fall of Granada in    |
| 1492. The disease is called in Spanish _Tabardillo_, which name,     |
| however, _Villalba_ has not quoted at so early a period as 1490.     |
| [416] _Villalba_, loc. cit. p. 66.                                   |
| [417] Ibid. p. 69—_Fracastor_, de morbis contagios. L. II. c. 6. p.  |
| 155.—_Schenck von Grafenberg_, L. VI. p. 553. T. II.                 |
| [418] Besides those already named, the writings of _Omodei_ and      |
| _Pfeufer_. Compare _Schnurrer_, Book II. p. 27.                      |
| [419] It was called Puncticula or Peticulæ, also Febris stigmatica,  |
| Pestis petechiosa. _Reusner_, p. 11. For later synonimes, see        |
| _Burserius_, Vol. II. p. 293.                                        |
| [420] Consimilem ergo _infectionem in aëre_ primum fuisse censendum  |
| est, quæ mox in nos ingesta tale febrium genus attulerit, quæ        |
| tametsi pestilentes veræ non sunt, in limine tamen earum videntur    |
| esse. Analogia vero ejus contagionis ad sanguinem præcipue esse      |
| constat, quod et maculæ illæ, quæ expelli consuevere, demonstrant,   |
| etc. p. 161.                                                         |
| [421] Compare the whole of the sixth and seventh chapters of         |
| _Fracastor._ loc. cit. What was the general judgment of the Italian  |
| physicians respecting the spotted fever, may be gathered from _Nic.  |
| Massa_, whose confused work, however, contributes nothing to the     |
| history of the disease. Cap. IV. fol. 67, seq. Compare _Schenck      |
| von Grafenberg’s_ excellent and very copious treatise, de febre      |
| stigmatica. L. VI. p. 553, Tom. II.                                  |
| [422] _Osorio_, fol. 113. b., 114. a.                                |
| [423] See further on.                                                |
| [424] _Villalba_, p. 78, et seq.                                     |
| [425] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 402. a. _Angelus_, p. 261.         |
| _Pingré_, T. I. p. 479.                                              |
| [426] Compare _Webster_, who has collected together whatever could   |
| be found on this subject. Vol. II. p. 82.                            |
| [427] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 402. a.                            |
| [428] The same. _Franck_, fol. 219. a.                               |
| [429] Author’s History of Medicine. Book II. p. 146.                 |
| [430] _Sigebert. Gembl._ fol. 58. a. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol.     |
| 66. b.                                                               |
| [431] _Sigebert. Gembl._ fol. 82. a. _Hermann. Contract_, p. 186.    |
| _Witichind._ p. 34.                                                  |
| [432] Compare on this subject _Nees v. Esenbeck’s_ Supplement to     |
| _R. Brown’s_ Miscellaneous Botanical Writings, Book I. p. 571; and   |
| _Ehrenberg’s_ New Observations on Blood-like Appearances in Egypt,   |
| Arabia, and Siberia, together with a review and critique on what     |
| was earlier known, in _Poggendorff’s_ Annalen, 1830; the two best    |
| works on this subject; wherein is also contained a criticism on      |
| _Chladni’s_ Hypermeteorological Views.                               |
| [433] _Crusius_ is the most circumstantial on this point, for        |
| he gives the names of many persons on whose clothes crosses          |
| were visible. On a maiden’s shawl the instruments of Christ’s        |
| martyrdom were supposed to have been seen marked. In the vicinity    |
| of Biberach, a miller’s lad made rude sport of the painting of       |
| crosses, but he was seized and burned. Book II. p. 156.              |
| [434] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 819.                                      |
| [435] _Angelus_, p. 261.                                             |
| [436] Perhaps Sporotrichum vesicarum, or a kind of Mycoderma.        |
| [437] _Vincenzo Sette_ describes a kind of red mould, which in the   |
| year 1819 coloured vegetable and animal substances in the province   |
| of Padua, and excited superstitious apprehensions among the people.  |
| See his work on this subject.                                        |
| [438] “Autumnali vero tempore, cum jam vestes, lintea, culcitræ,     |
| panes, omnis generis obsonia, sub dio, vel in conclavibus            |
| patentibus locata talem situ _mucorem_ contraxerunt, qualis oritur   |
| in penore, in opacis domus cellis collocato, aut etiam in ipsis      |
| cellis diu non repurgatis, pestis præsentes ad nocendum vires        |
| habet.” L. I. p. 45. _Agricola’s_ Treatise on the Plague is among    |
| the cleverest which the sixteenth century produced.                  |
| [439] For example, at the time of the Justinian Plague, and of the   |
| Black Death.                                                         |
| [440] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 828.                                      |
| [441] See above, p. 189.                                             |
| [442] The former mortality was so far from having ceased, yea,       |
| rather in the great heat (of summer) was still more vehement,        |
| that in some places a third part, and in some even the half of       |
| the people were snatched away by death, and that not by one only,    |
| _but by various and hitherto unheard of diseases_. Men caught the    |
| burning fever so rapidly and violently, that they thought they       |
| must be totally consumed. Some were seized with such _severe and     |
| insupportable headache_ that they were deprived of their senses,     |
| some with such _a violent cough_ that they _expectorated blood_      |
| incessantly—some with such a very rapid flux, that it broke their    |
| hearts: the bodies of some putrefied, and were so offensive that     |
| no one could remain near them. And by reason of such extraordinary   |
| diseases, it was a most sorrowful and troublous year, and there      |
| followed a hard winter, in the which, the cold lasted for three      |
| months. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 402. b. Compare _Angelus_, p.    |
| 263, who, following some contemporaries, mentions a comet (doubted   |
| by _Pingré_, I. 479) as having appeared in the year 1504.            |
| [443] From a Poem on Henry VIII. in _Herbert of Cherbury_.           |
| [444] They found grazing more profitable, and converted large        |
| tracts of arable land into pasture. _Hume_, T. IV. p. 277.           |
| [445] _Lemnius_, fol. III. b.                                        |
| [446] _Grafton_, p. 294. This insurrection is called by the          |
| Chroniclers, “Insurrection of Evill May-day.”—_Hume_, T. IV. 274.    |
| [447] “Of the common sort they were numberless, that perished by     |
| it.” _Godwyn_, p. 23.                                                |
| [448] Is valde sibi videbatur adversus contagionem victus            |
| moderatione munitus: qua factum putavit, ut quum in nullum pene      |
| incideret, cujus non tota familia laboraverat, neminem adhuc e suis  |
| id malum attigerit, _id quod et mihi et multis præterea jactavit,    |
| non admodum multis horis antequam extinctus est_.“-_Erasm._ Epist.   |
| L. VII. ep. 4. col. 386. The date of the year of this letter from    |
| Sir _Thomas More_ to _Erasmus_, 1520, is clearly erroneous, as       |
| is that of many other letters in this collection, for at that        |
| time the Sweating Sickness did not prevail in London; it is          |
| also sufficiently well known from other researches (Biographie       |
| Universelle—General Biographical Dictionary), that Ammonius died     |
| in 1517. The date of the month, however, 19th August, seems to be    |
| correct. _Sprengel_ has, in consequence of this false date of the    |
| year, been misled to assume a specific epidemic Sweating Sickness    |
| as having taken place in the year 1520, (Book II. p. 686,) which is  |
| wholly unconfirmed.                                                  |
| [449] _Grafton_, p. 294, is very detailed. Compare _Holinshed_, p.   |
| 626. _Baker_, p. 286. _Hall_, p. 592.                                |
| [450] _Godwyn_, p. 23. _Stow_, p. 849.                               |
| [451] This, from the foregoing remark upon the death of _Ammonius_,  |
| may be concluded with the greatest probability.                      |
| [452] —“omnibus fere intra paucos dies decumbentibus, amissis        |
| plurimis, optimis atque honestissimis amicis.” _Th. More_ in         |
| _Erasmus’s Epist._ L. VII. ep. 4. col. 386.                          |
| [453] Ibid. The only place where the disease is spoken of as having  |
| spread across the channel.                                           |
| [454] _Spangenberg._ M. Chr. fol. 408. a.                            |
| [455] _Crusius._ T. II. p. 187.                                      |
| [456] _Wintzenberger_, fol. 21. a. _Angelus_, p. 282.                |
| _Spangenberg_, loc. cit. _Pingré_, T. I. p. 483.                     |
| [457] Such was the name given in Germany to the already              |
| oft-mentioned pernicious fever with inflammation of the brain. We    |
| recognise it for the first time, as an epidemic, in France, in the   |
| year 1482. (See above, p. 189.) It frequently made its appearance    |
| throughout the whole of the sixteenth century.                       |
| [458] _Crusius_, T. II. p. 187.                                      |
| [459] On the 16th of June, 1517, there was a great earthquake, and   |
| a tremendous storm of wind at Nördlingen, so that the parish church  |
| at St. Emeran was completely forced out of the ground and thrown     |
| down, and it was reckoned that there were 2000 houses and stables    |
| in that place which, for a space of two miles long, were overthrown  |
| and rent, and there were few houses there which were not, like the   |
| church, damaged and shaken to pieces. _Wintzenberger_, fol. 21. b.   |
| [460] In Xativa. _Villalba_, T. I. p. 83.                            |
| [461] “_Il est saoul comme un Angloys._”—_Rondelet_, de dign. morb.  |
| fol. 35. b.                                                          |
| [462] _Elyot_, in his “Castell of Health,” quoted by _Aikin_, p.     |
| 64. _Rondelet_, loc. cit.                                            |
| [463] In 1724, which was a great fruit year, there arose in this     |
| very county, from the immoderate use of cyder, an epidemic cholic;   |
| the Colica Damnoniorum. Vide _Huxham_, Opera. (Lips. 1764.) Tom.     |
| III. p. 54.                                                          |
| [464] _Elyot_, in _Aikin_, p. 63.                                    |
| [465] _Le Grand d’Aussy_, T. I. p. 143.                              |
| [466] _Hume_, T. IV. p. 273. _Aikin_, p. 59.                         |
| [467] “Now-a-days, if a boy of seven years of age, or a young man    |
| of twenty years, have not two caps on his head, he and his friends   |
| will think that he may not continue in health; and yet, if the       |
| inner cap be not of velvet or satin, a serving-man feareth to lose   |
| his credence.” _Elyot_, in _Aikin_, p. 64.                           |
| [468] ——“ubi homines perpetuo in hypocaustis degunt, multoque        |
| carnium esu se ingurgitant, et alimentis piperatis continuo          |
| utuntur. Quare factum est, ut continua hypocaustorum æstuatione      |
| meatuum cutis relaxatio consequeretur, quæ sudoris promptissima      |
| et potentissima causa esse solet, _cuius materia in humorum          |
| exsuperantia consistebat, quam frequens alimentorum multum           |
| nutrientium et piperatorum usus colligerat_.” _Rondelet_, loc. cit.  |
| [469] The floors of the houses generally are made of nothing but     |
| loam, and are strewed with rushes, which being constantly put on     |
| fresh, without a removal of the old, remain lying there, in some     |
| cases for twenty years, with fish-bones, broken victuals and other   |
| filth underneath, and impregnated with the urine of dogs and men.    |
| _Erasm._ Epist. L. xxii. ep. 12. col. 1140. This description is in   |
| all probability overdrawn, and applicable only to the poorest huts.  |
| It is, however, certainly not fictitious, and is not refuted by      |
| _Kaye_.                                                              |
| [470] _Fracastoro_, _Fernel_, _Valleriola_, _Houlier_, and most of   |
| the other learned physicians of the sixteenth century.               |
| [471] ——“_quod, vulgaria diversoria parum tuta sunt a contagio       |
| sceleratæ pestis_, quæ nuper ab Anglis—in nostras regiones           |
| demigravit,” speaking of the English Sweating Sickness in Germany    |
| (1529). _Erasm._ Epist. L. xxvii. ep. 16. col. 1519. c.              |
| [472] _Brown’s_ “Opportunity.”                                       |
| [473] _Erasm._ Epist. L. vii. ep. 4. col. 386.                       |
| [474] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 853. _Paré_, p. 823. _Holler_, Comm. II.  |
| in secund. sect. Coac. Hippocrat. p. 323.                            |
| [475] “Un étrange rhûme qu’on nomma coqueluche, lequel tourmenta     |
| toute sorte de personnes, et leur rendit la voix si enrouée, que     |
| le barreau et les collèges en furent muets.”—_Mezeray._ Compare      |
| _Diderot_ et _d’Alembert_, Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné     |
| des Sciences, etc. T. IV. p. 182.                                    |
| [476] _Pasquier_, Livr. IV. Ch. 28, pp. 375, 376. The following is   |
| the passage. “En l’an 1411, y eut une autre sorte de maladie, dont   |
| _une infinité de personnes_ furent touchez, par laquelle on perdoit  |
| le boire, le manger et le dormir, et toutefois et quantes que le     |
| malade mangeoit, il auoit une forte fievre; ce qu’il mangeoit luy    |
| sembloit amer ou puant, tousiours trembloit, et auec ce estoit si    |
| las et rompu de ses membres, que l’on ne l’osoit toucher en quelque  |
| part que ce fust: Aussi estoit ce mal accompagné _d’une forte        |
| toux_, qui tourmentoit son homme iour et nuit, laquelle maladie      |
| dura trois semaines entieres, _sans qu’une personne en mourust_.     |
| Bien est vray que par la vehemence de la toux plusieurs hommes se    |
| rompirent par les genitoires, et plusieurs femmes accoucherent       |
| avant le terme. Et quand venoit au guerir, ils iettoient grande      |
| effusion de sang par la bouche, le nez et le fondement, _sans        |
| qu’aucun médecin peust iuger dont procedoit ce mal, sinon d’une      |
| generale contagion de l’air, dont la cause leur estoit cachée_.      |
| Cette maladie fut appellée le _Tac_: et tel autrefois a souhaité     |
| par risée ou imprecation le mal du Tac à son compagnon, qui ne       |
| sçavoit pas que c’estoit.—L’an 1427, vers la S. Remy (1. Oct.)       |
| cheut un autre _air corrompu_ qui engendra une très mauvaise         |
| maladie, que l’on appelloit _Ladendo_ (dit un auteur de ce temps     |
| là) e n’y auoit homme ou femme, qui presque ne s’en sentist durant   |
| le temps qu’elle dura. _Elle commençoit aux reins, comme si on eust  |
| eu une forte gravelle_, en après venoient les frissons, et estoit    |
| en bien huict ou dix iours qu’on ne pouvoit bonnement boire, ne      |
| manger, ne dormir. Après ce venoit une toux si mauvaise, que quand   |
| on estoit au Sermon, on ne pouvoit entendre ce que le Sermonateur    |
| disoit par la grande noise des tousseurs. Item elle eust une très    |
| forte durée jusques après la Toussaincts (1. Nov.) bien quinze       |
| iours ou plus. Et n’eussiez gueres veu homme ou femme qui n’eust la  |
| bouche ou le nez tout esseué de grosse rongne, et s’entre-mocquoit   |
| le peuple l’un de l’autre, disant: As tu point eu Ladendo?”          |
| [477] _Reusner_, p. 75.                                              |
| [478] _Valleriola_, Loc. med. Comm. Append. p. 45. _Schenck a        |
| Grafenberg_, Lib. VI. p. 552. Compare _Short_, T. I. p. 221.         |
| [479] _Reusner_, p. 72. Some of the synonymes here adduced will      |
| shew the medical views of the period respecting these diseases:      |
| Catarrhus febrilis. Febris catarrhosa. Ardores suffocantes.          |
| Febris suffocativa. Catarrhus epidemicus. Tussis popularis.          |
| _Cephalæa catarrhosa._ Cephalalgia contagiosa. _Gravedo anhelosa_,   |
| _Fernel_. Der böhmische Ziep (the Bohemian pip). Der Schafhusten     |
| (the sheep-cough). Die Schafkrankheit (the sheep disease).           |
| Die Lungensucht (phthisis). Das Hühnerweh (the poultry cough,        |
| or chicken contracted to chin-cough), and many others. In the        |
| influenza of 1580, violent perspiration was occasionally observed,   |
| so that some physicians thought that the English sweating sickness   |
| was about to return, just as in the Gröninger intermittent (1826),   |
| and in the cholera of 1831, without any knowledge on the subject,    |
| they talked of the Black Death.—_Schneider_, L. IV. c. 6. p. 203.    |
| [480] That the physicians of the sixteenth century were familiar     |
| with this observation, is proved by the following quotation from     |
| _Houlier_. “Nulla fere corporis humani ægritudo est, quæ non         |
| defluxione humoris alicuius e capite aut excitari aut incrementum    |
| accipere possit.” Morb. int. L. I. fol. 68. b.                       |
| [481] _Hvitfeldt_, Danmarks Riges Kronike.                           |
| [482] _Forest_, Lib. VI. Obs. IX. p. 159.                            |
| [483] _Webster_, vol. I. p. 157. 165. _Villalba_, T. I. p. 102.      |
| 117., and _Schnurrer_.                                               |
| [484] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 408. b.                            |
| [485] _Tyengius_, in _Forest_: Lib. VI. Obs. II. Schol. p. 152.      |
| [486] _Forest_ availed himself of the unprinted and probably lost    |
| works of this distinguished physician, of whom, but for him, we      |
| should have known nothing.                                           |
| [487] The moderns, who prefer powerful remedies, employ for this     |
| purpose, without any better effect, the lunar caustic.               |
| [488] _Wurstisen_, p. 707. In this seventeenth year there arose an   |
| unknown epidemic. The patients’ tongues and gullets were white,      |
| as if coated with mould; they could neither eat nor drink, but       |
| suffered from headache together with a pestilential fever which      |
| rendered them delirious. By this disease 2000 persons perished in    |
| Basle within the space of eight months. Besides other means, it was  |
| found very efficacious to cleanse the mouth and gullet every two     |
| hours, even to the extent of making the surface bleed, and then to   |
| soften them with honey of roses.                                     |
| [489] _Bretonneau’s_ Diphtheritis. Compare _Naumann’s_ treatise on   |
| the subject in the author’s Wissenschaftlichen Annalen der ges.      |
| Heilkunde, Vol. XXV. II. 3. p. 271.                                  |
| [490] _Forest._ Lib. VI. obs. ix. p. 159.                            |
| [491] _Petr. Martyr._ Dec. IV. cap. 10. p. 321. Compare _Moore_, p.  |
| 106.                                                                 |
| [492] 24th of Feb. 1525.                                             |
| [493] _Lautrec._                                                     |
| [494] At first under _Hugo de Moncada_; afterwards under the Prince  |
| of _Orange_.                                                         |
| [495] 1495, the year of the epidemic Lues.                           |
| [496] Among them some regiments of Swiss.                            |
| [497] Two hundred knights under Sir _Robert Jerningham_, and         |
| afterwards under _Carew_: both died of the Camp Fever. _Herbert of   |
| Cherbury_, p. 212. seq.                                              |
| [498] The 6th of May, 1527.                                          |
| [499] _Jovius_, L. XXVI. Tom. II. p. 129.                            |
| [500] Ibid. p. 114.                                                  |
| [501] According to _Mezeray_, the pestilence was at its height at    |
| the end of July. This is in accordance with _Jovius_, who fixes the  |
| termination of the great mortality, with rather too much precision   |
| perhaps, on the 7th of August.                                       |
| [502] With reference to this seemingly inflammatory state of         |
| excitement, it is, perhaps, worthy of notice, that the commander     |
| in chief himself is stated to have been twice bled. _Jovius_, loc.   |
| cit. p. 125.                                                         |
| [503] _Jovius_, loc. cit. p. 116–118.                                |
| [504] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 963.                                      |
| [505] _Fracastor._ Morb. Contag. L. II. c. 6. p. 155, 156.           |
| [506] It broke out in the beginning of February, and prevailed       |
| throughout the following month. _Campo_, p. 151.                     |
| [507] _Guicciardini_, p. 1054.                                       |
| [508] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 957.                                      |
| [509] _Guicciardini_, p. 1276.                                       |
| [510] Ibid. p. 1315.                                                 |
| [511] See above, p. 201.                                             |
| [512] It was also observed, as is well known, in the summer of       |
| 1831, before the breaking out of the cholera.                        |
| [513] _Gratiol._ p. 129, 130.                                        |
| [514] See above, p. 204.                                             |
| [515] _Jovius_, loc. cit. p. 115.                                    |
| [516] _Mezeray_, p. 963.                                             |
| [517] The Spanish name for the lues venerea, which it obtained in    |
| consequence of the prevailing eruptions. It corresponds with the     |
| French “la vérole,” and with the German “französische Pocken.” We    |
| must not, therefore, think that it means “buboes.” _Sandoval_, Part  |
| II. pp. 12. 14. Compare _Astruc_, T. I. p. 4.                        |
| [518] In the Madrid edition of the same work, 1675. fol. L. XVII.    |
| p. 232. b.                                                           |
| [519] “Auster namque ventus per eos dies perflare et mortiferum      |
| crassioris nebulæ vaporem ex palustri ortum uligine, per castra      |
| dissipare et circumferre ita cœperat, ut _aliis ex causis conceptæ   |
| febres_ in contagiosum morbum verterentur.” _Jovius_, L. XXVI. p.    |
| 127.                                                                 |
| [520] In Torgau where, in 1813 and 1814, 30,000 Frenchmen found      |
| their graves, there prevailed two diseases, typhus and diarrhœa,     |
| altogether distinct from one another. See _Richter_.                 |
| [521] _Schwelin_, p. 143.                                            |
| [522] See page 189.                                                  |
| [523] Trousser, in an obsolete sense, signifies to cause speedy      |
| death.                                                               |
| [524] _Mezeray_, T. II. p. 965, where the best notices of it are to  |
| be found.                                                            |
| [525] His account applies to the town of Puy in the Auvergne, where  |
| he seems himself to have seen the disease. Livr. XXII. c. 5. p. 823. |
| [526] _Forest._ L. VI. obs. 7. p. 156. _Sander_ writes from          |
| numerous observations which he made in and about Cambray.            |
| [527] _Sauvages_, T. I. p. 487, hence calls the Trousse-galant       |
| “Cephalitis verminosa,” although neither inflammation of the brain   |
| nor worms existed in all cases, and takes his description from       |
| _Sander_, as again _Ozanam_ has taken it from _Sauvages_, T. III.    |
| p. 27.                                                               |
| [528] _Forest._ p. 157. Schol.                                       |
| [529] _Paré_, loc. cit.                                              |
| [530] So small-pox and measles, it is well known, are the            |
| forerunners of plague.                                               |
| [531] _Fabian_, p. 699.                                              |
| [532] _Sir William Compton_, and _William Carew_, besides many       |
| other distinguished persons who are not named.                       |
| [533] _Grafton_, p. 412, the principal passage. Compare              |
| _Holinshed_, p. 735. _Baker_, p. 293. _Hall_, p. 750. _Herbert of    |
| Cherbury_, p. 215.                                                   |
| [534] During _Henry_ the Eighth’s reign (1509 to 1547), 72,000       |
| malefactors were, according to Harrison, executed for theft and      |
| robbery, making nearly 2000 for each year. _Hume_, T. IV. p. 275.    |
| [535] _Stow_, p. 885.                                                |
| [536] _Fabian_, loc. cit.                                            |
| [537] ——“it seeming to be but the same contagion of the aire,        |
| varied according to the clime.” _Herbert of Cherbury_, loc. cit.     |
| [538] _Stow_, loc. cit.                                              |
| [539] _Campo_, pp. 150, 151.                                         |
| [540] _Grafton_, p. 431. _Wagenaar_, Vol. II. p. 516.                |
| [541] _Haftitz_, p. 130.                                             |
| [542] Annales Berolino-Marchici, (no numbers to the pages.)          |
| [543] _Magnus Hundt_, fol. 4. b., and many others.                   |
| [544] _Bonn_, p. 143. A girl in Lübeck died of fright at this        |
| meteor.                                                              |
| [545] _Haftitz._ p. 131. _Angelus_, p. 317.                          |
| [546] It must not be thought that the author, because he has         |
| brought forward these notices, has any pre-formed opinions whatever  |
| respecting the import of these heavenly bodies. The historian        |
| cannot pass over contemporaneous occurrences, whatever may be the    |
| conclusion which the limited extent of our knowledge enables us to   |
| draw from them.                                                      |
| [547] _Pingré_, T. I. p. 485. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 410. a.    |
| [548] _Pingré_, p. 486. _Angelus_, p. 318. _Crusius_, Vol. II. p.    |
| 223.                                                                 |
| [549] _Pingré_, p. 487. _Campo_, p. 154. _Angelus_, p. 320, and      |
| numerous other accounts. It performs its revolution in 76 years,     |
| and was observed in 1456, 1531, 1607, 1682, and 1759.                |
| [550] _Pingré_, p. 491. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 433. b.          |
| [551] _Pingré_, p. 496. _Angelus_, p. 322. _Spangenberg_, M. Chr.    |
| fol. 435. a.                                                         |
| [552] Erfurt Chronicle. _Spangenberg_, who has availed himself       |
| frequently of this chronicle, makes use of the same words, M. Chr.   |
| fol. 431. b.                                                         |
| [553] They called the sour wine of this year den                     |
| _Wiedertäufer-Wein_; the Anabaptist wine. _Schwelin_, p. 144.        |
| [554] _Crusius_, Vol. II. p. 323. St. Vitus’s day is on the 15th     |
| of June. On the river Neckar, at Heidelberg, they took out a child   |
| which had floated down the stream in its cradle unharmed for a       |
| distance of six (German) miles. _Franck_, fol. 252. b.               |
| [555] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 432. a.                            |
| [556] _Klemzen_, p. 254.                                             |
| [557] _Schwelin_, p. 144. _Newenar_, fol. 69. a. “fecit tamen        |
| huius anni, ac fortasse etiam præcedentium intemperies, fluminum     |
| exundationes, frigora cum humiditate perpetuo coniuncta, _ut jam in  |
| Germania Britannicus quidam aër suscitatus videri possit_.” Similar  |
| accounts are met with in almost all the chronicles.                  |
| [558] _Leuthinger_, p. 90. see “Scriptorum,” etc.                    |
| [559] Compare _Autenrieth’s_ excellent work on this subject.         |
| [560] _Schiller_, sect. I. cap. 2. fol. 3. b.                        |
| [561] _Franck_, fol. 243. b.                                         |
| [562] Basle among others was particularly distinguished.             |
| _Stettler_, part II. p. 34.                                          |
| [563] _Spangenberg_, loc. cit.                                       |
| [564] _Leuthinger_, p. 89.                                           |
| [565] From Whitsuntide till towards St. James’s day, the 25th of     |
| July. _Klemzen_, p. 254.                                             |
| [566] Two masters of vessels, who had quitted the helm from a        |
| sudden attack of this kind, were in danger of grounding upon the     |
| Mole. Their situation was, however, noticed, and they were saved.    |
| _Klemzen._                                                           |
| [567] _Spangenberg_, M. Chr. fol. 432. a.                            |
| [568] Ibid. fol. 433. a. 435. b. _Schwelin_, pp. 149, 150.           |
| [569] A Chronicler of the Marches even assures us that it lasted     |
| until 1546. Annales Berol. Marchic: but the other contemporary       |
| writers contradict this.                                             |
| [570] _Spangenberg_, fol. 432. a.                                    |
| [571] _Newenar_ indeed maintains that the Sweating Fever used to     |
| break out in England every year, fol. 68. b., but such general and   |
| unsupported assertions coming from foreigners (the Graf _Hermann     |
| von Newenar_ was provost of Cologne) are wholly unworthy of          |
| credence.                                                            |
| [572] About the 25th of July.                                        |
| [573] From St. James’s day, the 25th of July, until the Assumption   |
| of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the 15th of August. _Staphorst._       |
| [574] It appears, for instance, somewhere in the second volume of    |
| _Leibnitz_, Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium, that 8000 people had    |
| died of the Sweating Fever in Hamburgh. An unknown Chronicler in     |
| _Staphorst_, Part II vol. I. p. 85, states 2000.                     |
| [575] “Moreover in the year 1529, about St. James’s day, Almighty    |
| God sent a terrible disease upon the city of Hamburgh; it was the    |
| Sweating Sickness, which showed itself in a different manner, and    |
| began when Captain _Hermann Evers_ came from England on St. James’s  |
| day with many young companions, of whom, in the course of two days,  |
| twelve died of this disease, which was unknown as well in Hamburgh   |
| as in other countries, so that the oldest person did not recollect   |
| to have seen a similar disease.” An unknown eye-witness, quoted      |
| in _Staphorst_, Part II. Vol. I. p. 83. Another person expresses     |
| himself to the same effect, p. 85. “The disease had its origin in    |
| England, for the people were there attacked in the street when they  |
| came on shore, and those who came in contact with them, many of      |
| whom were of the lower class, took it.” Notices of uncertain date    |
| to be found in _Adelung_, at p. 77. _Steltzner_, Part II. p. 219.    |
| In the abbrev. Hamb. Chron. p. 45, and elsewhere.                    |
| [576] “As soon as the ship arrived in Hamburgh people began to die   |
| throughout the city, and in the morning it was rumoured that four    |
| persons had died of it.” From _Reimar Koch’s_ MS. Chron. of Lübeck.  |
| For the extract from it the author is indebted to the kindness of    |
| Professor _Ackermann_ of Lübeck.                                     |
| [577] _Klemzen_, p. 254. It was thought that the waters of the       |
| Baltic were poisoned.                                                |
| [578] _Reimar Kock’s_ Chronicle of Lübeck.                           |
| [579] “In the year 1529, this violent disease passed in a very       |
| short time all over Germany, and in Lübeck many of its most          |
| distinguished citizens died on the vigil of St. Peter in Vinculis.”  |
| _Regkman_, p. 135. Compare _Kirchring_, p. 143. _Bonn_, p. 144.      |
| [580] _Reimar Kock._                                                 |
| [581] _Schmidt_, p. 307.                                             |
| [582] See above, p. 243; and _Klemzen_, p. 254.                      |
| [583] _Euric. Cordus._                                               |
| [584] _Gruner_, It. p. 23.                                           |
| [585] Namely, on the Tuesday after the Beheading of John the         |
| Baptist (29th Aug.), which fell on a Sunday, for S. Ægidius was      |
| on the Wednesday. The dates are given throughout according to        |
| _Pilgrim’s_ Calendarium chronologicum.                               |
| [586] _Klemzen_, p. 255.                                             |
| [587] _Curicke_, p. 271.                                             |
| [588] Kronica der Preussen, fol. 191. b.                             |
| [589] _Stettler_, II. p. 33.                                         |
| [590] In _Gratorol._ fol. 74. b.                                     |
| [591] _Gruner_, It. p. 25, according to MS. Chronicles.              |
| [592] _Franck_, fol. 253. a.                                         |
| [593] By _Joseph Franck_, in the latest edition of his Praxeos       |
| Medicæ Universæ Præcepta. Compare _Gruner_, It. p. 28.               |
| [594] _Klemzen_, p. 254.                                             |
| [595] This appears from a letter of _Euricius Cordus_ to the         |
| Hessian private secretary, _Joh. Rau von Nordeck_, at the end of     |
| the 2d edition of his _Regimen_.                                     |
| [596] _Magnus Hundt_ closed his on the 7th October.                  |
| [597] _Bayer von Elbogen_, cap. 7.                                   |
| [598] It was called there the _Ingelsche Sweetsieckte_, or the       |
| Sweating Sickness.                                                   |
| [599] _Forest._ L. VI. Obs. VII. Schol. p. 157. Obs. VIII. c.        |
| Schol. p. 158. _Wagenaar_, T. II. p. 508.                            |
| [600] _Pontan._ p. 762. _Haraeus_, T. I. p. 581. Antwerpsch          |
| Chronykje, p. 31. _Ditmar_, p. 473.                                  |
| [601] “Laquelle (sa suette) s’estendit par le pays d’Oostlande, de   |
| Hollande, Zeelande, et autres des pays bas, on en étoit endedens     |
| vingt et quatre heures mort ou guarry, elle ne dura in Zeelande      |
| pour le plus que 15 jours, dont plusieurs en moururent.” _Le         |
| Petit_, T. I. Livr. VII. p. 81.                                      |
| [602] _Forest_, loc. cit.                                            |
| [603] _Erasm._ Epist. Lib. XXVI. ep. 58. col. 1477. b. At _Zerbst_   |
| the Sweating Fever lasted, in like manner, only five days.           |
| _Gruner_, It. p. 29.                                                 |
| [604] It was called there “den engelske Sved.”                       |
| [605] _Frederick I._ Histor. p. 181. The same words in _Huitfeld_,   |
| T. II. p. 1315.                                                      |
| [606] _Boesens_ Beskrivelse over Helsingöer. For this statement the  |
| author has to thank Dr. _Mansa_, regimental physician at Copenhagen. |
| [607] Dr. _Baden_, D. C. L., took much pains, at the request of      |
| _Gruner_, in making researches, but has elicited nothing more than   |
| _Huitfeld_ has given. A copy of his Latin letter to _Gruner_ on      |
| this subject, has likewise reached the author through Dr. _Mansa_.   |
| [608] _Dalin_, D. III. p. 221. _Engelske Svetten._ In _Tegel’s_      |
| History of king Gustavus I. Part I. p. 267, general notices only     |
| are to be found respecting the English Sweating Sickness in          |
| Sweden, without any exact date (autumn of 1529) or description       |
| of the disease, such as are met with without number in the           |
| German Chronicles. _Sven Hedin_ clearly estimates the mortality      |
| in the epidemic sweating fever too highly, when he compares          |
| it, p. 27, with the depopulation caused by the Black Death. He       |
| gives (p. 47) a striking passage on the Sweating Sickness from       |
| Linneus’s pathological prælections. The great naturalist has,        |
| however, allowed free scope to his imagination, and, like all the    |
| physicians of modern times who have delivered their sentiments on    |
| the English Sweating Sickness, knows far too little of the facts     |
| to be able to form a right judgment on the subject. (Supplement      |
| till Handboken för Praktiska Läkare-vetenskapen, rörande             |
| epidemiska och smittosamma sjukdomar i allmänhet, och särdeles de    |
| Pestilentialiska. 1 sta St. Stockholm, 1805. 8vo.)                   |
| [609] From _Reimar Kock’s_ MS. Chronicle of Lübeck, and _Forest_,    |
| loc. cit. Compare _Gruner’s_ Itinerarium, which is prepared          |
| throughout with laudable and even tedious diligence, but which met   |
| with so little acknowledgment in the Brunonian age, that it has      |
| already become a rare work.                                          |
| [610] “According to which it was given out by some, that a sweat     |
| must be kept up for twenty-four hours in succession, and in the      |
| mean time, that no air should be admitted to the patient. This       |
| treatment sent many to their graves.”—Erfurt Chronicle.              |
| [611] Erfurt Chronicle, and in the same strain _Spangenberg_,        |
| M. Chr. fol. 402. b. _Pomarius_, p. 617. and _Schmidt_, p. 305.      |
| _Gemma_ writes of the Netherlands, L. I. c. 8. p. 189, having        |
| received his account from his father, who was himself the subject    |
| of the Sweating Sickness: “Consuti (sewn up) et violenter operti     |
| clamitabant misere, obtestabantur Deum atque hominum fidem,          |
| sese dimitterent, se _suffocari iniectis molibus, sese vitam in      |
| summis angustiis exhalare_, sed assistentes has querelas ex rabie    |
| proficisci, _medicorum opinione persuasi_, urgebant continue usque   |
| ad 24 horas,” etc.                                                   |
| [612] _Schmidt_, loc. cit.                                           |
| [613] ——“_Animos omnium terrore perculit adeo ut multis metus et     |
| imaginatio morbum conciliarit._” _Erasm._ Epist. L. XXVI. ep. 56.    |
| c. 1476. a. _Spangenberg_, loc. cit.                                 |
| [614] “Many an one sweats for fear and thinks he has the English     |
| sweat, and when he afterwards hath slept it off, acknowledges that   |
| it was all nonsense.” _Bayer v. Elbogen_, cap. 8.                    |
| [615] The author could adduce some extraordinary instances of this   |
| kind which have occurred in his own practice.                        |
| [616] It was a greengrocer in Paris. _Berliner Vossische Zeitung_,   |
| Sept. 2, 1833.                                                       |
| [617] _Carlstadt_, _Nic. Storch_, _Marcus Thomii_, _Marus Stubner_,  |
| _Marlin Cellarius_ and _Thomas Münzer_.                              |
| [618] “For all love hath grown cold in all nations; the axe lieth    |
| at the root of the tree, the rope is already applied, no one         |
| observeth it. For the world is stricken with thick blindness, faith  |
| is extinguished. All singleness and Godly fear hath withdrawn from   |
| the land for ever, and nothing but false hypocritical make-believe   |
| work is to be found among the Baptists, and at most a false,         |
| fictitious, fruitless, dead, tottering faith in the other sects,     |
| and yet the world thinks, notwithstanding, that she sees and sits    |
| in light. In short, for the one devil of the Baptists whom she       |
| has driven out, she is beset with seven more subtle and wickeder     |
| spirits, though she think that she be freed, and that they all be    |
| gone forth.” _Franck_, fol. 248, a. This same Chronicle contains a   |
| very lively description of the Peasant-war.                          |
| [619] _Ad. Clarenbach_ and _Peter Flistedt_.                         |
| [620] _Schmidt_, p. 308.                                             |
| [621] Nusquam pax, nullum iter tutum est, rerum charitate, penuria,  |
| fame, pestilenti laboratur ubique, sectis dissecta sunt omnia: ad    |
| tantam malorum lernam accessit letali sudor, multos intra horas      |
| octo tolleus e medio, etc. _Erasm._ Epist. L. XXVI. ep. 58. c.       |
| 1477. b.                                                             |
| [622] _Fuhrmann_, Part II. p. 745.                                   |
| [623] Chronicon Monasterii Mellicensis. In _Pez_, T. I. col. 285.    |
| [624] The Assembly of the Reformers began there on the 2nd of        |
| October.                                                             |
| [625] The pamphlet written by _Magnus Hundt_ is ornamented with a    |
| wood-cut, where, under the throne of God, and seated on lions who    |
| are spitting forth fire, a great host of angels, armed with swords,  |
| are hovering round men, whom they treat worse than Herod’s soldiers  |
| treated the children of Bethlehem.                                   |
| [626] _Reimar Kock’s_ Chronicle of Lübeck.                           |
| [627] _Kersenbroick_ in Sprengel, II. p. 687. Compare _Sleidan_, L.  |
| VI. Tom. I. p. 380, who plainly and simply states the fact.          |
| [628] Culpam eius rei plerique conferebant in theologos              |
| concionatores, qui suppliciis impiorum placandam esse clamabant      |
| iram Dei, novo morbi genere nos verberantis. _Sleidan_, loc. cit.    |
| p. 380.                                                              |
| [629] _Haftitz_, p. 131. _Angelus_, p. 319. _Cramer_, Book III. p.   |
| 76, and many others.                                                 |
| [630] “Verum quamplurimi, tam nobiles quam populares viri ac         |
| mulieres, hoc morbo misere suffocati sunt, _ob libellos erroneos_,   |
| ab indoctissimis hominibus in vulgus emissos, qui in eiusmodi lue    |
| curanda peritiam et experientiam jactabant, multosque in Angliâ      |
| aliisque regionibus sese curasse dicebant, cum omnia falsa essent.   |
| Tales inquam minima pietate fulti erga ægrotos, _illorum loculos     |
| tantum expilabant_, ac in sui commodum convertebant, nullam de       |
| aliorum damnis nec morte ipsa curam gerentes, sed quæ sua sunt       |
| tantum curantes, nulla arte instructi miseros ægros, passim sua      |
| ignorantia trucidabant.” _Forest._ L. VI. obs. 8. p. 158. a.         |
| [631] “Ditissimi negociatores, lectis adfixi medicos ad se           |
| vocabant, montes auri promittentes, si curarentur.” _Ditmar_, p.     |
| 473.                                                                 |
| [632] “Nam occlusis rimis omnibus, et excitato igne copioso,         |
| opertisque stragulis, quo magis tutiusque suderent, æstu præfocati   |
| sunt.” _Forest._ loc. cit. p. 157. b.                                |
| [633] _Wild_, in _Baldinger_, p. 278.                                |
| [634] The printer _Frantz_. _Schmidt_, p. 307.                       |
| [635] _Stelzner_, Part II. p. 219.                                   |
| [636] This appears from the Wittenberg regimen.                      |
| [637] _Reimar Kock’s_ Chronicle of Lübeck.                           |
| [638] _Klemzen_, p. 255.                                             |
| [639] In _Gratoroli_: _Petrus_, proto medicus, fol. 90.              |
| [640] See his pamphlet.                                              |
| [641] I here give the whole pamphlet, which only occupies five       |
| pages. It is entitled, “The Remedy, Advice, Succour and Consolation  |
| against the dreadful, and as yet by us Germans unheard-of, speedy,   |
| and mortal Disease, called the English Sweating Sickness, from       |
| which may Almighty God mercifully protect us.”                       |
| “When the disease and sweating sets in, ask what o’clock it is, and  |
| note it. “If any one be afflicted with this pestilence (may God      |
| protect us from it!) it attacks him either with heat or with cold,   |
| and he will sweat violently; and this will take place all over his   |
| body. Some take the disease with sudden eructations, and do not      |
| sweat; and to those who do not sweat, a flower of mace with warm     |
| beer is given, and then they sweat.                                  |
| “But if the pestilence and disease, from which may God preserve      |
| us! attack any one after he has lain down in bed, he must be left    |
| there; but if he has a feather bed, though a thin one, over him,     |
| cut it open and take the feathers out, that it may consist only of   |
| the ticking or covering. If it be too thin, add a cool coverlet,     |
| and let the patient lie under that, covered up to the neck, and      |
| take care that the air do not touch or strike upon his breast, or    |
| under his arms, and the soles of his feet, and let him not toss      |
| about.                                                               |
| “Item. Two men should attend the patient, to prevent him from        |
| uncovering himself, and from going to sleep.                         |
| “Item. The same two men must watch the patient, and guard him        |
| against sleeping: if they neglect this, and do not so prevent him,   |
| and the patient sleep, he will lose his senses, and go raving mad.   |
| “In order, however, that he may be prevented from sleeping, take a   |
| little rosewater, and by means of a sponge or clean napkin, bathe    |
| his temples with it between the eyes and the ears, and by means of   |
| a sponge or napkin, apply pungent wine or beer vinegar to his nose,  |
| and talk constantly to him so that he fall not asleep.               |
| “If he would drink, give him a thin beverage, which should be a      |
| little warm; and he ought not to be given more than two spoonfuls    |
| at a time.                                                           |
| “Item. On the patient’s head should be placed a linen night-cap,     |
| and a woollen one over it.                                           |
| “Item. A warm towel should be taken, and with it the sweat wiped     |
| from the face.                                                       |
| “Item. Whoever is attacked in the day-time must be put to bed: if    |
| it be a man, in his stockings and breeches; if a woman, in her       |
| clothes; and let them be covered over with not more than two thin    |
| coverings; and, above all things, no feather bed; and then treat     |
| them as above written.                                               |
| “Item. The disease attacks most people from great dread and from     |
| irregular living, from which a man should guard himself with great   |
| pains.                                                               |
| “Once for all, the patient must not have his own way; what he would  |
| have you do for him, that must not be done.                          |
| “Item. With respect to those whom it attacks in the night, and who   |
| lie naked, if they will not lie still, let them be sewn up in the    |
| sheets, and let the sheets be sewn to the bed, so that no air can    |
| come from beneath; and then cover them as before.                    |
| “Summa. Whoever can thus endure for twenty-four hours, by the        |
| blessing of God, will be cured of the sickness, and get well.        |
| “If a man has held out for twenty-four hours, let him be taken       |
| up, and wrapped in a warm sheet lest he become cold, and throw       |
| something over his feet, and bring him to the fire; and above all    |
| things, let him not go into the air for four days, and let him       |
| avoid much and cold drink.                                           |
| “If he would sleep, provided twenty-four hours have been passed,     |
| let him sleep freely; and may God preserve him!                      |
| “The Lord is Almighty over us! Amen.”                                |
| The place of publication is wanting. It was, probably, either        |
| Leipzig or Wittenberg.                                               |
| [642] _Magnus Hundt_, fol. 27. a. “Nullis vero aliis medicamentis    |
| utuntur adversus ipsam, quam expectatione sudoris, nam quibus        |
| advenit, omnes fere evadunt, quibus autem retinctur, maxima pars     |
| perit.” _Forest._ loc. cit. p. 159. a. Schol.                        |
| [643] Born about 1483; died 1549.                                    |
| [644] Born 1492; died 1555.                                          |
| [645] Died 1558.                                                     |
| [646] Died 1545. “Vir gravis; eximia litterarum cognitione,          |
| singulari judicio, summa experientia, et prudenti consilio Doctor.”  |
| _Aikin_, p. 47.                                                      |
| [647] In _Henry VIII._                                               |
| [648] See their biography, in _Aikin_.                               |
| [649] _Thomas Gale’s_ description of this class of medical           |
| practitioners gives the best notion of their abilities. “I           |
| remember,” says he, “when I was in the wars at Montreuil, (1544,)    |
| in the time of that most famous Prince, Henry VIII., there was       |
| a great rabblement there, that took upon them to be surgeons.        |
| Some were sow gelders, and some horse gelders, with tinkers and      |
| cobblers. This noble sect did such great cures, that they got        |
| themselves a perpetual name; for like as Thessalus’ sect were        |
| called Thessalions, so was this noble rabblement, for their          |
| notorious cures, called dog-leaches; for in two dressings they       |
| did commonly make their cures whole and sound for ever, so that      |
| they neither felt heat nor cold, nor no manner of pain after. But    |
| when the Duke of Norfolk, who was then general, understood how       |
| the people did die, and that of small wounds, he sent for me and     |
| certain other surgeons, commanding us to make search how these       |
| men came to their death, whether it were by the grievousness of      |
| their wounds, or by the lack of knowledge of the surgeons, and we,   |
| according to our commandment, made search through all the camp, and  |
| found many of the same good fellows which took upon them the names   |
| of surgeons, not only the names, but the wages also. We asking of    |
| them whether they were surgeons or no, they said they were; we       |
| demanded with whom they were brought up, and they, with shameless    |
| faces, would answer, either with one cunning man, or another, which  |
| was dead. Then we demanded of them what chirurgery stuff they had    |
| to cure men withal; and they would show us a pot or a box, which     |
| they had in a budget, wherein was such trumpery as they did use      |
| to grease horses’ heels withal, and laid upon scabbed horses’        |
| backs, with verval and such like. And others that were cobblers and  |
| tinkers, they used shoemakers’ wax, with the rust of old pans, and   |
| made therewithal a noble salve, as they did term it. But in the      |
| end this worthy rabblement was committed to the Marshalsea, and      |
| threatened by the Duke’s Grace to be hanged for their worthy deeds,  |
| except they would declare the truth, what they were and of what      |
| occupations, and in the end they did confess, as I have declared to  |
| you before.”                                                         |
| In another place Gale says, “I have, myself, in the time of King     |
| Henry VIII., holpe to furnish out of London, in one year, which      |
| served by sea and land, three score and twelve surgeons, which were  |
| good workmen, and well able to serve, and all English men. At this   |
| present day there are not thirty-four, of all the whole company, of  |
| Englishmen, and yet the most part of them be in noblemen’s service,  |
| so that if we should have need, I do not know where to find twelve   |
| sufficient men. What do I say? sufficient men: nay, I would there    |
| were ten amongst all the company, worthy to be called surgeons.”     |
| [650] _Klemzen_, p. 255.                                             |
| [651] Part I. cap. 8.                                                |
| [652] _Gruner_, Script, p. 11.                                       |
| [653] “Vix malevolorum _cachinnos_ morsusque præteriit.”             |
| _Schiller_, Epist. nuncupator. the title which _Gruner_, Script. p.  |
| 12, gives to the original work, still existing in the library at     |
| Strasburg, and a Latin extract from it. _Gratoroli_, fol. 39.        |
| [654] See the Catalogue in the Appendix, “Ein Regiment,” &c.         |
| [655] Any kind of weak beer with the chill off. Warm beer was        |
| a beverage in general use in the north of Germany. The beer of       |
| _Eimbeck_ and _Bernau_ was stronger, and was recommended by medical  |
| men during the convalescence.                                        |
| [656] “I had in my house seven lying ill with the same disease, of   |
| which, thank God, none died.” From the letter of an inhabitant of    |
| Hamburgh, given in the same pamphlet, “Ein Regiment,” &c.            |
| [657] _Gratorol._ fol. 87. b.                                        |
| [658] _Gratorol._ fol. 90.                                           |
| [659] _Stettler_, Part II. p. 33.                                    |
| [660] _Wagenaar_, op. cit. p. 509.                                   |
| [661] His proper name was _Henry Spaten_, (German _Spät_, in         |
| English _late_,) whereof _Cordus_ (the last born or late-born)       |
| seems to have been a translation.                                    |
| [662] The second of September.                                       |
| [663] ℞ Pulveris cardiaci, (very complex, containing precious        |
| stones and many other ingredients,) Ʒij; Pulveris cornu cervi Ʒj;    |
| Seminis Santonici, Myrrhæ, aā Ʒſs ♏. ft. Pulv. Sum^t. Ʒj; in warm    |
| wine-vinegar.                                                        |
| [664] Chronicle, p. 473.                                             |
| [665] Born 1505; died 1577.                                          |
| [666] It is the _Electuarium liberans Gasseri_:—℞ Spec. liberant.    |
| Galen, Spec. de gemm. aā Ʒj, Pulveris Dictamn., Tormentill,          |
| Serpentinæ, aā ℈iv, Pimpinell. Zedoariæ. aā Ʒſs, Bol. Armen, lot.;   |
| Terr. sigillat. aā ℈ij Rasur. Cornu cervin. ℈j, Zingiber. Ʒſs,       |
| Conserv. Rosar, rec. ℥ſs, Theriac. veteris ℥j, Syrup. acetositatis   |
| citri. q. s. ut ft. electuar. spiss.—Velsch, p. 19.—_Gasser_ states  |
| in his Augsburg Chronicle, that there were more than 3000 cases of   |
| the disease there, but that not more than 600 died. See _Mencken_,   |
| Scriptores rerum Germanicarum.                                       |
| [667] _Gratorol._ fol. 74. b.                                        |
| [668] _Gratorol._ fol. 85. Probably this epistle does not differ     |
| essentially from the Latin work of this author on the sweating       |
| fever which appeared separately. (De ἱδροπυρετοῦ seu sudatoræ        |
| febris curatione Liber. Coloniæ, 1529. 4.)                           |
| [669] _Gratorol._ fol. 64.                                           |
| [670] _Gratorol._ fol. 69. b.                                        |
| [671] Videmus, quam multi de sudore convalescant, fol. 66. a.        |
| [672] This town is called in Flemish Tienen, (Thenæ in Montibus,)    |
| translated by _Damianus_ Decicopolis.                                |
| [673] Fol. 117. a.                                                   |
| [674] Fol. 109. a.                                                   |
| [675] Fol. 116. b.                                                   |
| [676] Fol. 118. a. _Damianus_ wrote his, by no means unimportant,    |
| treatise, during the prevalence of the epidemic sweating fever in    |
| Ghent.                                                               |
| [677] He styles himself _Schiller von Herderen_, from an estate in   |
| the village of that name close to Freiburg.                          |
| [678] _Schiller_ says with great naïveté, “that the symptoms of the  |
| disease are evident, and that those which he has not indicated must  |
| be imagined.” Sect. II. c. 1. fol. 206.                              |
| [679] “Habet inconstantes notas morbus.” _Schiller._ “Diversos       |
| diversimode adoritur.” _Damian._ fol. 115. b.                        |
| [680] See above, the remedium, p. 267, note e. Sudoris absentia      |
| plurimum nocebat.—_Forest._ p. 158. Schol.                           |
| [681] See above, p. 245. _Klemzen_, p. 254.                          |
| [682] _Bayer_, cap. 6. _M. Hundt_, fol. 5. a.                        |
| [683] _Bayer_, loc. cit.                                             |
| [684] _Angelus_, p. 319. _Schiller_, _Stettler_, locis cit.: and     |
| many others.                                                         |
| [685] _Damian._ fol. 115. b.                                         |
| [686] _Schiller_, loc. cit.                                          |
| [687] The Regimen of Wittenberg.                                     |
| [688] _Damian._ fol. 115. b.                                         |
| [689] _Klemzen_, p. 255.                                             |
| [690] “Ungues potissimum excruciat, alas ita comprimit, ut etiam     |
| si velis, non posses attollere.” _Forest._ p. 157. Schol. “In        |
| extremitatibus puncturis retorquentur dolorosis—extremitates         |
| obstupefiunt, dolet orificium ventriculi, nervorum contractiones     |
| nascuntur, plantarum pedumque dolores.”—_Damian._ fol. 116. a.       |
| [691] _Damian._ loc. cit.                                            |
| [692] _Klemzen_, loc. cit.                                           |
| [693] “Nec quenquam vidimus ita delirantem restitutum                |
| incolumitati.”—_Damian._ fol. 116. a.                                |
| [694] _Schiller_, _Stettler_.                                        |
| [695] Somnolentia et _inevitabilis sopor_, _Schiller_; _a deep       |
| sleep_, in almost all the chroniclers.                               |
| [696] _Schiller._                                                    |
| [697] “Aliis mox tument manus et pedes, aliis facies, quæ et         |
| in pluribus livet; nonnullis sola labia et superciliorum loca:       |
| mulieribus etiam inguina inflantur.”—_Damian._ fol. 116. a.          |
| [698] “Maximus denique calor haud procul a corde sentitur,           |
| qui ad cerebrum devolans delirium adducit, internecionis             |
| nuncium.”—_Damian._ loc. cit.                                        |
| [699] _Damian._ loc. cit.                                            |
| [700] _Schiller_, loc. cit.                                          |
| [701] “Primo insultu aliis cervices aut scapulas, aliis crus         |
| aut brachium _occupavit_,” p. 15. _Kaye_ does not state what he      |
| precisely means by this “occupare.” From an analogous more modern    |
| observation, it appears, however, that by it are meant tearing       |
| rheumatic pains. “Add to this, that the patients complained one and  |
| all, some more some less, of a tearing pain in the neck.” _Sinner_,  |
| p. 10.                                                               |
| [702] Pulsus concitatior, frequentior. The only remark upon the      |
| pulse which is to be found in all the writers. _Caius_, p. 16.       |
| Probably most of the physicians were afraid of contagion, and, on    |
| this account, omitted to examine the pulse.                          |
| [703] Page 252.                                                      |
| [704] Odoris teterrimi. _Tyengius_ in _Forest._, p. 158.             |
| [705] _Newenar_, fol. 72. b.                                         |
| [706] Page 190.                                                      |
| [707] _Schiller_, _Kaye_, loc. cit.                                  |
| [708] —— “cum alvi solutione ac lotii haud modica eiectione, in ea   |
| morbi specie, quæ curatum itura est.” _Damian._ fol. 116. a.         |
| [709] _Rondelet_, de dignosc. morbis, loc. cit.                      |
| [710] To avoid exposure to cold, they preferred allowing the         |
| patient to pass his evacuations in bed. Bed-pans were unknown.       |
| _Kaye_, p. 110, and most of the other writers.                       |
| [711] _Tyengius_ in _Forest._, p. 158. b. “Febrem sudor finiebat,    |
| _post se relinquens_ in extremitatibus corporis, _pustulas parvas_,  |
| admodum _exasperantes_ diversas et malignas secundum humorum         |
| malignitatem.”                                                       |
| [712] When care was not taken that the hands and feet were kept      |
| under the clothes they died, and _their bodies became as black as a  |
| coal all over, and were covered with vesicles_, and stunk so, that   |
| it was necessary to bury them deep in the earth by reason of the     |
| stench. _Staphorst_, Part II. Vol. I. p. 83.                         |
| [713] Spots, (maculæ quas ronchas (?) vocant,) which were on other   |
| occasions considered as signs of approaching death, or which did     |
| not come out until death had occurred, broke out, after a return of  |
| sweating which had been repressed, all over the body of the learned  |
| _Margaretha Roper_, the eldest daughter of _Thomas More_, who was    |
| the subject of sweating fever in 1517 or 1528, and recovered. _Th.   |
| Stapleton_, Vita et obitus Thomæ Mori, c. 6, p. 26. See _Mori_       |
| Opera.                                                               |
| [714] And certainly only after very appropriate and careful          |
| treatment. See the Wittenberg Regimen, _Kaye_, loc. cit. _Schmidt_,  |
| p. 307, and _Klemzer_, p. 256.                                       |
| [715] _Newenar_, fol. 72. b.                                         |
| [716] _Erasm._ Epist. L. XXVI. Ep. 58. p. 1477. b. “Et crebro quos   |
| reliquit brevi intervallo repetens, nec id semel, sed bis, ter,      |
| quater, donec in hydropem aut aliud morbi genus versus, tandem       |
| extinguat miseris excarnificatum modis.”                             |
| [717] _Kaye_, p. 110.                                                |
| [718] Idem. p. 113.                                                  |
| [719] _Staphorst_, Part II. vol. I. p. 83.                           |
| [720] “Immunes erant pueri et senes ab hoc malo.” _Ditmar_,          |
| p. 473. “Pueri infra decem annos rarissime hac febre                 |
| corripiuntur.” _Newenar_, fol. 72. a. “Senibus solis quandoque       |
| pepercit,—præternavigavit etiam magna ex parte atrabilarios et       |
| emaciatos corpore, quoniam et horum corpora putris succi expertia    |
| erant.” _Schiller_, fol. 4. a.                                       |
| [721] _Schmidt_, p. 307.                                             |
| [722] As for instance, _Schiller_, to name but one among thousands.  |
| “Juvit etiam auxitque malum frequens multaque crapula, et in         |
| potationibus otiosa vita nostra,” fol. 3. b.                         |
| [723] Let it be observed _under similar circumstances_. It ought     |
| not to be affirmed that they are free from rheumatic diseases, but   |
| only that they are less disposed to be affected by them.             |
| [724] That _a rheumatic state makes the body an isolator_, _A.       |
| von Humboldt_ discovered as early as 1793, and he found that the     |
| observation was confirmed by subsequent experiments. “I have         |
| observed in myself that, when labouring under a severe attack of     |
| catarrhal fever, I was unable, by the most powerful metals, to       |
| excite the galvanic flash before my eyes; that I interrupted every   |
| connecting link between the muscular and nervous apparatus. As       |
| the rheumatic malady lessens the irritability of organs, so also     |
| it seems to diminish their conducting power. How is this? As yet     |
| nothing is known about it. I have every now and then met with        |
| isolating persons who were in perfect health, but can we not yet,    |
| amidst such an ocean of uncertainty, discover a condition by which   |
| we may determine every case?” _Versuche_ in Vol. I. p. 159. _Pfaff_  |
| believes that, during the existence of rheumatic diseases, the       |
| proper electricity of the body sinks down to nothing. See his Essay  |
| on the peculiar Electricity of the Human Body in _Mechel’s_ Archiv.  |
| Vol. III. No. 2. p. 161.                                             |
| [725] The author has at times made extraordinary experiments of      |
| this kind upon himself.                                              |
| [726] This phenomenon may justly be compared with the very similar   |
| but more enduring morbid sequelæ of cholera. Paralysis and a         |
| repletion of the returning vessels must be regarded in the same      |
| light in both.                                                       |
| [727] After _Henry_ VIIIth’s death in 1547, _Edward_ VI., who was    |
| only nine years old, came to the throne. He died in 1553.            |
| [728] _Caius_, p. 2.                                                 |
| [729] Ibid. p. 28.                                                   |
| [730] _Godwyn_, p. 142. _Stow_, p. 1023.                             |
| [731] _Caius_, p. 3.                                                 |
| [732] Ibid. p. 7.                                                    |
| [733] “Which miste in the countrie wher it began, was sene flie      |
| from toune to toune, with suche a stincke in morninges and           |
| evenings, that men could scarcely abide it.”—_Kaye._ See Appendix,   |
| also Lat. edit. pp. 28, 29. It is to be remarked here, that in the   |
| year 1529, _Damianus_ observed in Ghent, that more people sickened   |
| in the morning at sunrise than at any other time. p. 115. b.         |
| [734] _Hosack_ admits in cases of this kind, a “_fermentative or     |
| assimilating process_” in the atmosphere. T. I. p. 312. Laws of      |
| Contagion. _Lucretius_ had already expressed the same thought in     |
| poetry. L. VI. v. 1118. to 1123.                                     |
| [735] _Caius_, p. 29.                                                |
| [736] Ibid. pp. 2–8.                                                 |
| [737] _Holinshed_, p. 1031, and others.                              |
| [738] _Stow_, p. 1023. _Baker_, p. 332.                              |
| [739] _Godwyn_, p. 142.                                              |
| [740] Among others, the Duke of _Suffolk_ and his brother.           |
| _Godwyn_, loc. cit.                                                  |
| [741] “And the same being whote and terrible, inforced the people    |
| greatly to call upon God and to do many deedes of charity: but _as   |
| the disease ceased, so the devotion quickly decayed_.” _Grafton_,    |
| p. 525.                                                              |
| [742] History of Medicine, Vol. II. p. 136.                          |
| [743] _Caius_, p. 30, and at other places quoted. “And it so         |
| folowed the Englishmen, that such marchants of England, as were      |
| in Flaunders and Spaine, and other countries beyond the sea, were    |
| visited therewithall, and none other nation infected therewith.”     |
| _Grafton_, loc. cit. Compare _Baker_, p. 332. _Holinshed_, p. 1031.  |
| [744] _Caius_, p. 48.                                                |
| [745] See Appendix, “these thre contryes (England, the Netherlands,  |
| and Germany) whiche destroy more meates and drynckes without         |
| al order, convenient time, reason, or necessitie then either         |
| Scotlande, or all other countries under the sunne, to the great      |
| annoiance of their owne bodies and wittes,” &c. Compare p. 46 of     |
| the Lat. edit.                                                       |
| [746] _Godwyn_, loc. cit., expressly assures us, that gluttons who   |
| were taken with the disease when their stomachs were full, fell      |
| victims to it; and _Kaye_ states, that besides aged persons and      |
| children, the poor, who from necessity lived frugally, and endured   |
| hardships, either remained free, or bore the disease more easily,    |
| p. 51.                                                               |
| [747] See above, pp. 231, 232.                                       |
| [748] _Caius._ See Appendix.                                         |
| [749] _Schwelin_, p. 177.                                            |
| [750] _Spangenberg_, fol. 463. a.                                    |
| [751] Chron. Chron. p. 401.                                          |
| [752] Ibid, and _Spangenberg_, loc. cit.                             |
| [753] Chron. Chron. loc. cit.                                        |
| [754] _Spangenberg_, fol. 463. b.                                    |
| [755] _Angelus_, p. 344. _Spangenberg_, fol. 464. a. Chron. Chron.   |
| p. 401.                                                              |
| [756] _Spangenberg_, fol. 464. a.                                    |
| [757] Chron. Chron. p. 402.                                          |
| [758] _Haftitz_, p. 167. _Angelus_, p. 344.                          |
| [759] Chron. Chron. p. 403. _Leuthinger_, p. 248.                    |
| [760] _Angelus_, loc. cit.                                           |
| [761] _Spangenberg_, fol. 465. a. Magdeburg was besieged at this     |
| time for having refused to accept the “Interim.”                     |
| [762] _Wurstisen_, p. 624. _Spangenberg_, fol. 466. a.               |
| [763] In the March of Brandenburg, crosses, as they were called,     |
| were seen upon clothes in the year 1547 (_Leuthinger_, p. 216);      |
| red water was seen at Zörbig, in the year 1549, (Ibid. p. 231,)      |
| and frequently likewise in the year 1551. (Chron. Chron. p. 402.)    |
| _Agricola_ seems to point to these connected phenomena in the        |
| passage already quoted; see p. 206, note e.                          |
| [764] “Pestis insuper in certis sæviebat Germaniæ provinciis         |
| (1533,) præsertim Nurenbergæ et Babenbergæ, et villis oppidisque     |
| per girum. Et est stupenda res, quod hæc plaga nunquam totaliter     |
| cessat, sed omni anno regnat, jam hic, nunc alibi, de loco           |
| in locum, de provincia in provinciam migrando, et si recedit         |
| aliquamdiu, tamen post paucos annos et circuitum revertitur,         |
| et juventutem interim natam in ipso flore pro parte majore           |
| amputat.”—_Jo. Lange_, Chron. Nuremburgens. eccles., in _Mencken_,   |
| T. II. col. 88.                                                      |
| [765] _Spangenberg_, fol. 369. b.                                    |
| [766] _Fernel_, de abditis rerum causis, L. II. p. 107.              |
| [767] See _Fernel_. _Wurstisen_, (p. 613,) however, states that the  |
| preceding winter had been very warm. Thus Aph. 12. sect. III. would  |
| hold good.                                                           |
| [768] _Wurstisen_, loc. cit.                                         |
| [769] L’année des vins rostis, of the French. _Stettler_, p. 119.    |
| [770] _Spangenberg_, fol. 439. a. Chron. Chron. p. 375.              |
| [771] _Kircher_, p. 147.                                             |
| [772] _Spangenberg_, fol. 439. b.                                    |
| [773] _Villalba_, T. I. p. 93. They committed great ravages in       |
| Spain.                                                               |
| [774] See Appendix, and p. 25. of the Latin edition.—Compare         |
| _Haftitz_, p. 149, and others.                                       |
| [775] _Spangenberg_, fol. 439. b.                                    |
| [776] _Jordan_, Tr. I. c. 19. p. 220.                                |
| [777] _Spangenberg_, fol. 440. b.                                    |
| [778] _Villaba_, T. I. p. 94. The author has not been able to        |
| obtain the work of Sixtus Kepser, an observer of this disease.       |
| (Consultatio saluberrima de causis et remediis epidemiæ sive         |
| pestiferi morbi Bambergensium civitatem tum infestantis.) Bambergæ,  |
| 1544. 4to.                                                           |
| [779] See p. 236.                                                    |
| [780] _Mezeray_, p. 1036.                                            |
| [781] See p. 236.                                                    |
| [782] _Thuan._ L. IV. p. 73.                                         |
| [783] _Spangenberg_, fol. 458. a. b. 459. a.                         |
| [784] _Leuthinger_, p. 241.                                          |
| [785] _Spangenberg_, fol. 460. a.                                    |
| [786] _Crusius_, p. 280.                                             |
| [787] _Villalba_, T. I. p. 95.                                       |
| [788] See above, p. 221.                                             |
| [789] _Wurstisen_, (1552, pestilential epidemic in Basle,)           |
| p. 627.—_Spangenberg_, fol. 467. b., 468. a. (Pestilence and         |
| Phrenitis.)                                                          |
| [790] _Aikin_, p. 103, et seq.                                       |
| [791] See Appendix.                                                  |
| [792] 1556.—This edition is very rare, and is probably not to be     |
| found in Germany. The edition brought out by the author, (1833,) is  |
| taken from a very good London reprint of 1721.                       |
| [793] In the German, sometimes called “eines Tags pestilentziches    |
| Fieber.”                                                             |
| [794] P. 15. Lat. edit.—II. ἑλώδης τυφώδης, ἱδρώδης.                 |
| [795] Ibid. p. 17. seq.                                              |
| [796] Ibid. p. 49.                                                   |
| [797] P. 31. Lat. edit.                                              |
| [798] See above, p. 272.                                             |
| [799] P. 43. Lat. edit.                                              |
| [800] P. 44. Lat. edit. See above, p. 214.                           |
| [801] Ibid. p. 74.                                                   |
| [802] P. 94. Lat. edit.                                              |
| [803] Practica, fol. 43. a. 263. a.                                  |
| [804] _Fallop._ de compos. medic. cap. 41. p. 208.                   |
| [805] P. 102. Lat. edit.                                             |
| [806] P. 106, 7. Ibid.                                               |
| [807] Shortly before his death he resigned the Mastership, but       |
| continued to reside in the College as a fellow-commoner. See         |
| _Aikin_, p. 109.—_Transl. note._                                     |
| [808] He gave for a new building to this establishment, more than    |
| 1,800_l._, a very considerable sum for those times.                  |
| [809] De medendi methodo, ex Cl. Galeni Pergameni, et Joh. Bapt.     |
| Montani, Veronensis, principum medicorum, sententia, Libri           |
| duo. Basil. 1554. 8. He dedicated this frivolous book to the         |
| _court-physician in ordinary_, _Butts_. See _Balæus_, fol. 232. b.   |
| [810] Compare his own work, “De Libris Propriis,” in _Jebb_, which   |
| is a similar imitation of Galen, and is written in nearly the same   |
| spirit.                                                              |
| [811] De canibus Britannicis et de rariorum animalium et stirpium    |
| historia, in _Jebb_.                                                 |
| [812] See p. 270.                                                    |
| [813] “Sudor anglicus fere similis ei sudori, quem cardiacum         |
| dicebamus.” De morb. int. L. II. fol. 60. a.                         |
| [814] “Est autem _cor_ præstans atque salutaris corpori particula,   |
| præministrans omnibus sanguinem membris, atque spiritum.” _Cæl.      |
| Aurel._ Acut. L. II. c. 34. p. 154. Compare _the Author’s_           |
| “Doctrine of the circulation, before _Harvey_,” Berlin, 1831. 8.     |
| [815] _Cæl. Aurel._ cap. 30. p. 146.                                 |
| [816] Ibid. cap. 34. p. 156.                                         |
| [817] The whole 34th chapter, loc. cit. _Aurelian_ gives, from       |
| the 30th to the 40th cap., the fullest information respecting the    |
| Morbus cardiacus.                                                    |
| [818] Torpor frigidus, C. 35. p. 157.                                |
| [819] Hallucinatio.                                                  |
| [820] _Cæl. Aurel._ p. 157.                                          |
| [821] Spiratio præfocabilis.                                         |
| [822] C. 34. p. 154. Thoracis gravedo.                               |
| [823] C. 35. p. 156.                                                 |
| [824] _Aretæus_, L. II. c. 3. p. 30.                                 |
| [825] _Cæl. Aurel._ loc. cit.                                        |
| [826] Diaphoretici, cardiaci.                                        |
| [827] Febres continuæ flaminatæ. _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 31. p. 147.        |
| [828] _Aretæus_, Cur. ac. L. II. c. 3. p. 188.                       |
| [829] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 33. p. 150.                                   |
| [830] L. II. c. 3. p. 30.                                            |
| [831] _Aret._ Cur. ac. L. II. c. 3. p. 193.                          |
| [832] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 31. p. 146.                                   |
| [833] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 31. p. 146.                                   |
| [834] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 33. p. 153. A perfectly similar observation   |
| is made in the present day, on the increasing frequency of liver     |
| complaints in England. Parents who have been a long time in the      |
| East Indies, entail the predisposition to these diseases, which      |
| are altogether foreign to the temperate zones, on their posterity,   |
| among whom there is no need of a tropical heat, but merely common    |
| causes acting in their own country, to call forth various liver      |
| complaints. See _Bell_ (_George Hamilton_).                          |
| [835] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 36. p. 159.                                   |
| [836] On this subject, read the classical work of _Baccius_.         |
| [837] _Celsus_, L. III. c. 19. p. 140. _Cæl. Aurel._ from c. 37. on. |
| [838]Ἢν γὰρ ἐπὶ συγκοπῇ καὶ σμικρὸν ἁμαρτῴη, ῥηϊδίως εἰς ἅδου        |
| τρέπει. Cur. ac. L. II. c. 3. p. 188.                                |
| [839] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 37. p. 169.                                   |
| [840] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 38. p. 171.                                   |
| [841] Græcum salsum, οἶνος τεθαλασσωμένος, a mixture of wine and     |
| sea-water which was very much in use.                                |
| [842] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 39. pp. 174, 175.                             |
| [843] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 38. p. 171.                                   |
| [844] “nihil jugulatione differre.” Ibid.                            |
| [845] _Celsus_ recommended a sextarium and a half a-day, which is    |
| about 42 cubic inches, loc. cit. Cardiacorum morbo unicam spem in    |
| vino esse, certum est. _Plin._ Hist. Nat. L. xxiii. c. 2. T. II.     |
| p. 303. Bibere et sudare vita cardiaci est. _Senec._ Epist. 15. T.   |
| II. p. 68. Ed. Ruhkopf. Cardiaco cyathum nunquam mixturus amico.     |
| _Juvenal._ Sat. v. 32.                                               |
| [846] _Celsus._                                                      |
| [847] Aspergines, sympasmata, diapasmata. _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 38. p.    |
| 171.                                                                 |
| [848] _Cæl. Aurel._ c. 37. p. 161.                                   |
| [849] _Aretæus_, p. 192.                                             |
| [850] _Celsus_, loc. cit.                                            |
| [851] For instance, in the villages of Rue-Saint-Pierre and          |
| Neuville-en-Hez, between Beauvais and Clermont. _Rayer_, Suette, p.  |
| 74.                                                                  |
| [852] _Godofredi Welschii_ Historia medica novum puerperarum morbum  |
| continens. Disp. d. 20. April. 1655. Lipsiæ, 4to. The principal      |
| work upon the first visitation of miliary fever in Germany.          |
| [853] For example, in the epidemic of 1782, which, during the        |
| course of a few months, carried off in Languedoc upwards of 30,000   |
| people. _Pujol_ observed in that epidemic four forms of exanthem.    |
| 1. A Purpura urticata—elevated rose-like spots, or papulæ of         |
| smaller circumference: it was very favourable, and sometimes passed  |
| off without fever. 2. Spots consisting of very small miliary         |
| vesicles and pustules which ran into each other: less favourable.    |
| 3. Small hemispherical pimples, from the size of a mustard seed      |
| to that of a corn of maize. They were surmounted by a white point    |
| before they died away, and the large kind became converted into      |
| pustules, filled with matter or greyish semitransparent phlyctænæ,   |
| with red inflamed bases. This form was the commonest, and extended,  |
| mixed with the others, over the whole surface, especially the        |
| trunk. 4. An exanthem resembling flea-bites, of a bright red, with   |
| a small grey miliary vesicle in the middle, almost invisible,        |
| except through a lens: this form was the worst. _Pujol_, Œuvres      |
| diverses de Médecine Pratique, 4 vols. _Castres_, 1801. 8vo.         |
| [854] _Foderé_, III. p. 222.                                         |
| [855] On this point see _Allioni_, who drew his classical            |
| description of miliary fever from the Piedmont epidemics.            |
| [856] _Bellot_, An febri putridæ, Picardis Suette dictæ sudorifera?  |
| Diss. præs. _Ott. Cas. Barfeknecht_. Paris, 1733. 4to.               |
| [857] _Rayer_, Suette, p. 426, where the principal passage of        |
| _Bellot’s_ dissertation is reprinted word for word.                  |
| [858] Best in _Rayer_, p. 421. Not so well in _Ozanam_, T. iii. p.   |
| 105. The writers are very numerous.                                  |
| [859] _Rayer_, _Mazet_, _Bally_, _François_, _Pariset_, and many     |
| others.                                                              |
| [860] _Bally_ and _François_, in the Journal Général de Médecine,    |
| T. LXXVII. p. 204. Compare _Foderé_, T. III. p. 227. _Ozanam_, T.    |
| III. p. 116. _Rayer_, Suette, p. 148. Mal. d. l. p. T. I. p. 320.    |
| [861] We may add to them also those observed in the south of         |
| Germany, in the œtiology of which _Schönlein_ lays much stress       |
| on the contamination of the air in the process of steeping hemp.     |
| _Vorlesungen_, II. p. 324.                                           |
| [862] It is not complete, but may render apparent the power and      |
| extent of the disease. See _Rayer_, Suette, p. 465.                  |
| [863] At that time inhabited by about two hundred and fifty country  |
| people. _Sinner_, p. 7.                                              |
| [864] _Dr. Thein_, government physician of the town of Aub.          |
| [865] The whole number of cases and of deaths is not stated. _Dr.    |
| Sinner_ found nine bodies, none of which had been opened, shortly    |
| before the cessation of the disease.                                 |
| [866] Everything heating was avoided; the air was cautiously         |
| purified, cooling beverage was given, and contrary to the method     |
| of Brown, at that time in vogue, few medicines, such as valerian,    |
| spirits of hartshorn, Hoffman’s drops, &c., were employed. Blisters  |
| were of service, and likewise, under some circumstances, camphor.    |
| The convalescents were well nourished.                               |
| [867] Those works only which have been consulted by the author       |
| himself are here enumerated.                                         |
| [868] He treats only of petechial fevers, and that very              |
| superficially.                                                       |
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