Cornwall, pilchards, 134, 143

  Cornwallis, Lord, 360

  Cottingham, Sir Francis, 227 n.

  Cottington, Lord, 253, 263

  Courcel, Baron de, on three-mile limit, 664 n., 696 n.

  Coventry, Lord, 254, 255, 286

  Craig, Sir Thomas, 359 n.;
    on the right of fishery, 357

  Crail, 84, 175 n., 242

  Craudon, 54, 55, 56

  Cromarty, 227

  Cromer, 90, 296

  Crompton, Sir Thomas, 146

  Cromwell, Oliver (_see_ also Commonwealth), 13, 28, 65, 72, 337,
      378, 404, 410 n., 414, 451, 495, 505;
    arguments for exclusive fishery, 425;
    clandestine negotiations with Dutch, 414, 415, 417, 430 n.;
    on sovereignty of sea, 419, 423, 424, 435;
    renews fishing licenses for Zowe, 440

  Cromwell, Richard, on extent of British seas, 438

  Crow, Captain, 479, 480

  Cuba, territorial limit, 665

  Cunæus, Professor Petrus, 375

  Customs limit. _See_ Territorial sea.

  Dana, on territorial sea, 683

  Danby, Earl of, 516

  Danegeld, 26

  Dantzic, 216, 242

  Dartmouth, 267

  David I., 59

  Davidson, Thomas, 84

  Davis’ Straits, 184

  Deal Castle, 279

  Dean, Major-General, 382, 406, 408

  Decay of English fisheries. _See_ Fisheries.

  Decay of havens and sea-coast towns, 89, 90, 98, 446

  Dee, Dr John, 27 n., 95, 111, 125, 203, 214 n., 364 n.;
    on sovereignty of sea, 99, 101

  Delaware Bay, claimed by United States, 574, 599, 629

  Delfshaven, 294 n., 298 n.

  Delft, 73, 397 n.

  Demetrius, Emanuel, 156

  Denmark, 26, 45, 54, 464, 527;
    claim to cod-fishing at Iceland, 528;
    to whaling at Greenland, 527;
    fisheries of, 92;
    fishermen on British coasts, 605;
    claims to sovereignty of sea, 4, 8, 16, 33, 86, 105, 112, 158,
      339, 340, 358;
    opposed by Queen Elizabeth, 107, 108, 109, 110;
    on striking, 470, 471, 473;
    territorial sea, 528, 529, 653, 655, 664;
    range of vision claimed, 529, 545;
    inclusion in Cromwell’s treaty with Dutch, 433

  Deptford, 266

  De Ruyter, 408, 456, 457 n., 458, 459, 463, 472, 479, 481, 489, 493

  De Seneterre, 302

  Desjardins, on territorial sea, 685, 688

  “De Superioritate maris” roll, 8, 31, 41, 43, 44 and n., 45, 49, 50,
      54, 363, 740, 744

  Devonshire, Earl of, 138

  De With, 408, 437

  De Witt, Cornelius, 459

  De Witt, John, 398, 414, 422, 433, 434, 449;
    secret negotiations with Cromwell, 430 n., 434, 435;
    secret negotiations with France regarding fishery and flag, 451-454,
      471, 476;
    attitude on sovereignty of sea, 450, 451, 454, 468, 470;
    on fishery claim, 450, 451-457;
    on striking, 14, 452, 457, 467, 468, 470, 471;
    on striking to a frigate or ketch, 470, 477, 509;
    on striking to French, 463, 464;
    assassinated, 491

  Dieppe, 49, 50, 61, 65, 116, 440, 473

  Digby, Sir Kenelm, 292, 375

  Digges, Sir Leonard, 96

  Digges, Thomas, on foreshore and bed of sea, 362

  Dogger Bank, 131, 407 n., 699, 700

  Dominion of Sea. _See_ Sovereignty of Sea.

  Dorchester, Viscount, 212. _See_ Carleton.

  Dorp, van, 273, 274, 300, 312, 313, 321

  Dorset, Earl of, 227 n.

  Dort, 73

  Dover, 49, 73, 103, 145 n., 204, 205, 265, 400;
    straits of, 6, 8, 16, 18, 36, 104, 273, 330, 397, 401, 515

  Downing, Sir George, English ambassador at The Hague, 454, 482, 483, 488

  Downs, The, 120, 245, 259, 260, 265, 268, 270, 274, 290, 323, 330, 331,
      332, 334, 335, 336, 400

  Drake, Sir F., 5, 107

  Drechsel, C. F., Captain, 647 n., 707 n.

  Dudley, Sir Henry, 116

  Dues levied at Scarborough Castle, 64

  Dunbar, 59, 153 n., 166, 221 n.

  Dunedin, Lord, Lord Justice-General, on territorial sea, 724

  Dunfermline, Earl of, 80, 179 n., 223

  Dunkirk, 73, 125, 215, 242, 267, 278, 282, 327;
    blockade of, 253, 265, 266, 268, 270, 273-275, 276, 290, 327, 330, 334

  Dunkirk privateers, 11, 243, 247-250, 261, 263, 265, 273, 282, 289,
      291, 296, 302, 304, 318, 322, 327, 328, 330

  Dunn, Sir Daniel, 146, 155

  Dunwich, 90 n.

  Durham, 133

  Dussen, E. van der, Dutch ambassador, 185 n.

  Dutch, 5, 69, 77, 79, 81, 143, 217, 243, 253, 255, 261, 263, 275, 289;
    commercial jealousy of, 10, 125, 142, 413;
    encouraged to settle in England, 515;
    growth of fisheries and commerce, 10, 62, 87, 143;
    fisheries, growth and extent of, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 142;
    on British coasts, 62, 64, 605;
    on Scottish coast, 82, 83, 187 n., 201;
    statistics of, 125-132, 158, 190, 438, 439 and n., 534;
    strength of fishing fleet, 98, 101, 125, 126, 127, 129, 144, 321;
    value of, 125, 131, 132, 142, 292, 366, 515;
    exports of fish, 87, 135;
    embargo on, 460, 462, 489;
    supply England with fish, 93;
    herring fishery, 10, 61, 78-85, 87, 93, 95, 112, 122, 125, 131,
      134-137, 143-145, 157, 208, 214, 215, 247, 250, 273, 277, 296,
      316, 407, 415, 424, 428, 449, 450, 451, 515, 534;
    description of, 131;
    exports of herrings, 132, 134;
    herring fleet attacked by Blake, 406, 407;
    whale fishing, 194 n., 181, 183, 184, 185, 407, 528;
    fishermen, frugality and industry of, 137, 141;
    settled at Stornoway, 216, 221, 237;
    complaints against, 144, 154, 168, 175, 177, 187, 234, 257, 292,
      301, 438;
    proposal to tax, 141, 214;
    assize herring, 169-171, 197, 198;
    licenses to be forced on, 264, 300;
    proceedings with reference to Northumberland’s fleet, 301-305,
      312, 313;
    payments for licenses to fish, 309, 310, 311;
    attempt to distribute licenses, 320, 321.
    _See_ also Fisheries and Sovereignty of Sea.

  Dutch, first war with England, 405;
    second, 457;
    third, 474

  Dutch fleet to protect fishermen, 321

  Dutch East India Company, 185, 343, 344

  Dutch Republic. _See_ United Provinces.

  Dyer, Sir Edward, 103

  Dymes, Captain John, 216, 217 n.

  East India Company, 194

  East Indies, 105, 184, 185, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 257, 339, 340,
      343, 350, 393, 430, 457, 482

  Eastland Merchants Company, 160

  Eddystone, territoriality of, 641, 642, 643

  Edgar, King, 26, 27, 28, 141, 158, 326, 365, 409

  Edinburgh, 216, 228, 298, 324, 351

  Edmonds, Sir Thomas, 243

  Edward I., 7, 32, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 58 n., 60, 66, 67, 213,
      214, 363, 365

  Edward II., 52 n., 56, 67, 254

  Edward III., 7, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 53, 64, 66, 67,
      211, 254, 365, 409

  Edward IV., 63, 71, 110

  Edward VI., 88, 89, 116

  Elbe, 28

  Elector Palatine, 198, 271, 303, 315, 316, 320

  Elizabeth, Queen, 17, 65-85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 96, 102, 104, 115, 117,
      118, 124, 136, 204, 246, 361, 433;
    asserts freedom of seas, 5, 108-112, 118;
    opposes claims of Denmark in northern seas, 86, 108-112;
    opposes Spanish and Portuguese claims, 86, 107;
    opposes _mare clausum_, 105, 338;
    made no claim to sovereignty of seas, 107, 108;
    policy to foster fisheries, 93;
    fishing declared free, 111;
    fishery disputes with Denmark, 106-112;
    policy regarding territorial waters, 111, 543

  Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 167 n., 198, 303, 305, 314, 315, 316,
      321, 385

  Emden, 129, 130, 195

  England, Sea of. _See_ Sea.

  English, new spirit of commercial enterprise in, 124, 136;
    irritation against Dutch, 134;
    jealous of their commerce, 413;
    fisheries, yield of, 215;
    condition of, 133;
    decay of, 75, 112, 358;
    description of, 133;
    fishermen, indolence of, 91, 137, 516;
    at Iceland, 108, 109, 110;
    at Norway, 108;
    molested by Dutch, 438

  Enkhuisen, 139, 170, 171, 173, 298 n., 397 n., 439 n.

  Entick, on Sovereignty of Sea, 311 n., 522

  Essex, Earl of, 128 n., 473

  Ethelred, King, 26

  Evelyn, John, 312 n., 508;
    on Sovereignty of Sea, 514 and n.

  Eversley, Lord, 702 n.

  Evertsen, Vice-Admiral Jan, 399, 408

  Exeter, 96

  Exton, Sir Thomas, 513

  Faeröe Isles, 175, 176, 528, 529, 545, 647, 711

  Fair Isle, 126, 131

  Fairlea, 65

  Fairlight, 65, 402

  Fajardo, Don Louis, 206 n.

  Falkland Islands, 650

  Falmouth, 276

  Farne Isles, 618

  Farrer, Sir T. H., 646

  Fast-days, 58, 87

  Fenton, John, 194, 195, 196 and n., 197, 757

  Ferguson, on territorial sea, 684

  Fielding, Captain, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324

  Fife, 59, 166, 175 n., 445;
    fishermen of, 61, 83, 165

  Finmark, 108, 109, 568

  Fiore, on territorial sea, 684

  Fish, abuses in trade in, 112, 113

  Fish, commerce in, 61, 82, 88, 112, 134, 141;
    exports, 61, 132 n., 133, 134, 214;
    imports, 67, 113, 145, 442;
    prices regulated, 91

  Fish days, 58, 87, 88, 90, 92 and n., 93, 94, 99 n., 114, 115, 136, 444

  Fish, demand for, in early times, 58

  Fish, destruction of spawn of, 608, 609, 610

  Fish for victualling army and navy, 58

  Fish, fresh, distribution of, 58

  Fish, preservation of brood of, 213, 607, 608, 609, 610

  Fish, protection of breeding-grounds of, 610

  Fish, royal, 66, 362 n., 363

  Fish, spawning of, 610

  Fish, taxation of imported, 88, 441, 442, 446

  Fish tithes, 59, 101, 141, 142, 203, 214, 242, 355

  Fish, undersized, 444 n., 608, 636, 704, 706, 707, 708-710

  Fisheries, appropriation of, 102

  Fisheries, as nursery for navy, 87, 113, 134, 213

  Fisheries, charter to Bruges, 461, 772

  Fisheries, claim to wide limit by Argentina, 661, 662

  Fisheries, claimed for crown, 57, 62, 288, 289, 292

  Fisheries, closure of areas, 662, 720.
    _See_ Territorial Sea, Extra territorial.

  Fisheries, cod-fishing at Lofoten Isles, 672 and n.

  Fisheries, Conference at Hague, 1881, 632

  Fisheries, decay of English, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 115;
    of Dutch, 534

  Fisheries, disputes in North Sea, 631;
    at Iceland, 110;
    in North America, 621, 622-630

  Fisheries, distant voyages, 57

  Fisheries, Dutch, 93, 94, 96, 125-130.
    _See_ Dutch.

  Fisheries, Dutch regulations on British coast, 605, 606 n.

  Fisheries, early English law as to, 66

  Fisheries Enquiries--Anglo-French in 1837, 611;
    by Royal Commissions in 1863, 701;
    in 1878, 702;
    in 1883, 702;
    by Select Committee of House of Commons in 1817, 610 n.;
    in 1833, 607-610; in 1893, 691, 707, 714 n.;
    by Select Committee of House of Lords in 1904, 710, 711 n.;
    by Mr Higgin as to disputes in North Sea, 1880, 631

  Fisheries, estimated profits of, 137

  Fisheries, exclusive limit for, 632, 633

  Fisheries, exhaustibility of, 348, 355, 372, 546, 550, 559, 602

  Fisheries, for coral, 659, 669, 684, 695;
    sponges, 659, 669;
    oysters, 612, 621, 697;
    pearls, 697

  Fisheries, for “floating” fish, 698

  Fisheries, freedom of fishing during war, 440, 461, 462, 489, 636

  Fisheries, herring, 29, 34 n., 43, 58, 59, 71, 73-75, 90, 97, 130,
      143, 157, 187, 190, 193, 197-200, 203, 214-218, 221 n., 238, 241,
      264, 265, 272, 273, 302, 336, 378, 462, 491, 605, 698;
    importance of, 59, 61;
    at Bohuslän, 62;
    at Scania, 61;
    in Channel, 68;
    Dutch, _see_ Dutch;
    French, on British coasts, 606, 607, 608, 618;
    treaties granting liberty for, 67

  Fisheries, importance of, 57;
    in Scotland, 76;
    for navy, 58, 86, 87, 200, 219, 428;
    in relation to international territorial limits, 693

  Fisheries, impoverishment of grounds, 701, 702, 704, 706-711, 713,
      714 n., 733, 738, 739 n.

  Fisheries, in Channel, 65, 607

  Fisheries, in North Sea. _See_ North Sea.

  Fisheries, increase of shipping due to, 135

  Fisheries, industries dependent on, 135

  Fisheries, International Conference, London, 1890, 706

  Fisheries, international investigations proposed, 707 n.;
    begun, 735, 736, 740;
    instructions to British delegates, 735, 736 n.;
    criticism of, 736 and n.

  Fisheries, international regulations, 614, 618, 619, 630, 631, 636,
      638, 645 n., 648, 704, 729;
    German proposal to protect fry and small fish, 636

  Fisheries, liberty of fishing granted to Sweden, 427

  Fisheries, liberty of fishing guaranteed by treaties, 8, 66-74

  Fisheries, license for fishing at Zowe, 65, 749

  Fisheries, old Scandinavian rights, 677

  Fisheries, old Scots Acts regarding, 82, 83

  Fisheries, policy of Scottish kings, 59

  Fisheries, promoted by Charles I., 213, 214

  Fisheries, proposals to develop English, 136, 138

  Fisheries, protective legislation and regulation, 88, 91, 92, 93,
      94, 112, 113, 213, 442, 533, 608 n.

  Fisheries, regulations beyond three-mile limit, 614, 618, 619, 621,
      661, 662, 666, 688, 691, 697, 698, 734, 735;
    of oyster beds, 621

  Fisheries, rise of British, 534

  Fisheries, Scottish treaties regarding, 75-82

  Fisheries, sealing regulations, Argentina, 662;
    Uruguay, 663

  Fisheries, small-fish grounds, 705, 708

  Fisheries, the “Belgian devil,” 631

  Fisheries, trawling, 134;
    methods, 699, 700, 701, 708, 714;
    development of, 680, 698-701, 711, 713, 739 n.;
    enterprise of British trawlers, 713;
    by British vessels on foreign coasts, 680, 711, 712, 713, 730, 735,
      737;
    in Barents Sea, 657, 713;
    at Faröes, 711;
    at Finmarken, 680;
    French West Africa, 713;
    Iceland, 647, 648, 711;
    Morocco, 713;
    Spain and Portugal, 667 and n., 668 n., 713;
    foreign trawlers on Scottish coast, 647;
    damage by foreign trawlers, 631;
    destruction of undersized fish, 714 n.;
    Board of Trade empowered to restrict, 717;
    German proposals to restrict in North Sea, 636;
    restrictive regulations, 662, 698, 714, 733;
    in England, 715;
    prohibited beyond ordinary limits in Adriatic, 659;
    Argentina, 662;
    Austria-Hungary, 715;
    Italy, 71;
    Ireland, 715, 716;
    Norway, 680, 715;
    Portugal, 666-668;
    Scotland, 716-720;
    Spain, 666-668;
    bill to prohibit within eight miles of coast, 444 and n.;
    German proposal to restrict, 636;
    restrictions desired by English trawlers, 702, 704-710;
    ten-mile limit desired by English trawlers, 707;
    voluntary closure of Continental area, 704, 706;
    international agreement necessary, 732, 734, 735, 738;
    recent views as to extension of limits, 735, 737

  Fisheries, tribute from foreigners proposed, 101, 138, 139, 295

  Fisheries, truce for fishing during war, 74, 75

  Fishermen, early frequent distant seas, 86

  Fishermen, foreign--
    On British coasts, 29, 33, 57, 59-62, 65, 69, 76, 83, 91, 92, 98,
        101, 126, 129, 145-150, 227, 288, 533, 544 n., 605-608, 611,
        615, 617, 618, 631;
      Belgian, 615-618;
      Dutch, 60, 62, 64, 77-79, 82-85, 94, and _see_ Dutch;
      Flemish, 29, 59-62, 83, 101;
      French, 59-62, 65, 83, 101, 150, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617,
        618, 631;
      Portuguese, 129;
      Spanish, 67, 129, 150;
      cause of increase of, 61;
      complaints against, 94, 95, 100, 101, 144, 604, 605, 631;
      against Belgian, 615, 616;
        Dutch, _see_ Dutch;
        French, 29, 544 n., 606-608, 611, 617, 618, 631;
      encouraged in England, 75;
      prohibited to fish, 9, 33, 150, 202, 227, 293, 294;
      licenses for, 62, 65, 150, 294;
      tax on proposed, 101, 138, 139, 214, 295;
      protection of, 63
    On Irish coasts, 33, 92, 98, 101, 150

  Fishermen, guardians of, appointed, 63

  Fishery Conventions, 604, 693;
    Anglo-Belgian, of 1852, 61;
    Anglo-French, of 1839, 612, 613, 644;
      of 1867, 618, 619, 630, 633, 634, 645;
    North Sea, of 1882, 634, 637-639;
    Norway and Sweden decline to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636

  Fishery, reciprocal right of, 626, 627, 658, 659, 665, 666;
    old Scandinavian rights, 677

  Fishery, right of, Boroughs on, 364;
    Callis, 363;
    Craig, 357;
    Digges, 362;
    Fiore, 684;
    Graswinckel, 412;
    Grotius, 346, 351, 356;
    Hall, 688;
    Hautefeuille, 601, 602;
    Wicquefort, 495;
    Malynes, 358;
    Meadows, 525;
    Pontanus, 376;
    Puffendorf, 551;
    Rayneval, 596;
    Sarpi, 547;
    Selden, 372, 373;
    Stubbe, 497;
    Vasquius, 341;
    Vattel, 560, 561;
    Welwood, 354, 355;
    Wheaton, 599;
    Wolff, 559

  Fishery rights, British North America. _See_ America.

  Fishery Societies and Associations, 96, 97, 124, 128 n., 136-140,
      160-162, 202, 203, 211, 214, 218, 222, 225, 227, 230 n., 232,
      235-243, 266, 267, 292, 301, 328, 346, 439, 442, 444, 494, 515,
      516, 533, 534

  Fishing boats, 33;
    question of neutrality of, during war, 636

  Fishing boats, varieties of, 63, 90, 126, 129

  Fishing, old limit on Scottish coast, 79

  Fishing, safe-conducts for, 62, 71, 72, 79

  Fishing vessels, armed, 34 n., 43, 70

  Fitton, Sir Henry, 64

  Fitzmaurice, Lord, Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial
      sea, 630, 730, 731

  Flag, “honour of.” _See_ Striking.

  Flanders, 29, 30, 34, 43, 45, 52 n., 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69,
      70, 71, 72, 75, 83, 88, 92, 101, 125, 209, 253, 255, 329

  Fleta, 539

  Fletcher, George, 225 n., 239 n.

  Flushing, 142

  Fogg, Captain, 322, 323

  Foggo, Robert, 78

  Folkestone, 33, 145 n.

  Foreign Enlistment Act, 589

  Foreshore, ownership of, 361-363

  Forth, Firth of, 221 n., 273 n., 298;
    herring fishery, 59, 61, 77

  Four Seas, 17, 18, 119 n., 251, 363

  France, 8, 12, 14, 20, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 44, 50, 57, 60,
      61, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 83, 88, 92, 97, 101, 103, 105,
      117, 127, 129, 134, 151, 158, 189, 212, 246, 264, 265, 269,
      275, 286, 413, 426, 451, 452, 463;
    Customs jurisdiction, 594;
    differences with United Provinces as to striking, 452, 463;
    regulation of fisheries beyond three miles, 657;
    territorial sea, 657;
    treaty with Dutch regarding fishery question, 451-454

  Francis I. of France, 74, 75

  _Franconia_, case of, 580 n., 590, 591

  Frankland, 311 n.

  Freiras, F. S. de, on _Mare Liberum_, 350

  French fishermen on British coasts, 101, 129, 130, 150, 605;
    whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 and n.

  Frezno, Marquis of, 508

  Friesland, 28, 45, 60, 62, 75, 81, 92, 104

  Froissart, 32

  Fryer, C. E., 619 n.

  Fundy, Bay of, 623, 624, 625

  Fyvie, Lord President, 223

  Galiani, on territorial sea, 563;
    first to suggest three miles as equivalent to range of guns, 563

  Galicia, 98, 469

  Gama, Vasco da, 340

  Garde, Baron de la, 116

  Gelderland, 81

  Genoa, 30, 45, 45 n., 402, 476, 504;
    sovereignty of Ligurian Sea, 4, 158, 339, 341, 371, 411, 473;
    limit of territorial sea, 570

  Gentilis, on appropriation of sea, 122, 358, 359

  Gentleman, Tobias, 128 and n., 129, 132, 134, 137, 358, 364 n.

  Gerbier, 318

  German Ocean, 19, 209

  Germany, 45, 61, 197, 198, 199, 216, 373, 377;
    territorial waters of, 652, 653

  Ghent, 71, 73;
    negotiations at, 581

  Ghent, van, 462, 479, 480, 481, 482

  Glanville, 539

  Glückstadt, 473

  Goch, Johan van, 185 n.

  Godey, on range of vision, 546

  Godolphin, 52 n., 53, 515

  Godsdue, Richard, 162

  Gondomar, Count of, 206, 208

  Goodwin Sands, territoriality of, 640, 640 n.

  Gorée, 477, 478, 490, 511

  Goring, George, 314

  _Grange_, case of, 574

  Granville Bay, 612, 619, 697

  Graswinckel, Dirck, 305, 354 n., 366 n., 375, 376 n., 411, 412, 550

  Gravelines, 68, 282, 327

  Greece, territorial sea, 661

  Greenland, 4, 28, 108, 181, 184, 199, 257, 376, 393, 407, 430, 437;
    whale fishery at, 200, 527

  Grey, Sir Edward, Secretary for Foreign Affairs, on territorial
      sea, 732, 733

  Grimaldi, Reyner. _See_ Grimbald.

  Grimbald, Reyner, 44 n., 45 and n., 47-51, 54, 409, 740, 744

  Grimsby, 32, 699;
    trawlers of, in Moray Firth, 722, 727-729

  Groningen, 81

  Groningen-Watt, 578

  Groot, de, 504

  Groot, Cornets de, 344 n.

  Groot, Hugo de. _See_ Grotius.

  Grotius, 5, 105, 118, 148, 157 n., 158 n., 173, 174, 185 n., 190,
      191 n., 256 n., 353, 366, 370, 530, 538, 546, 591;
    appearance of, _Mare Liberum_, 338, 342;
    object and genesis of, 342, 343, 344;
    arguments of, 344-350;
    defends a Dutch _mare clausum_, 340, 356;
    ‘Rights of War and Peace,’ 347 ;
    on appropriation of sea, 356;
    on Portuguese and Spanish claims, 339;
    on range of gun limit, 157 n., 158 n., 549;
    on Selden’s _Mare Clausum_, 375;
    on Welwood, 356

  Grotius and James I., 346, 347 n., 351, 357

  Guard for fishing fleet, 248

  Guernsey, 36

  Guiccardini, 125

  Guise, Duke of, license to fish at Zowe, 65, 426

  Gulf of Nuevo, 661

  Gulf of St George, 661

  Gulf of San Matias, 661

  Guns, range of. _See_ Territorial sea.

  Guthrie, Lord, on territorial sea, 623

  Haas, Captain Adrian de, 486

  Haddington, Earl of, 179 n.

  Hagaland, 110

  Hague, The, 81, 152, 172, 176, 212, 256, 305, 314, 335, 351, 367, 384,
      414, 426, 474, 479, 482, 488;
    Conference at, 1881, 632;
    Tribunal N. American Fisheries Arbitration, 732 n.

  Hale, Lord Chief-Justice, 18, 66, 363, 374, 543

  Halifax Commission, 627

  Halifax, Viscount, 490

  Hall, H. van, 605 n.

  Hall, on Sovereignty of Sea, 48 n., 312 n., 580 n.;
    on territorial sea, 687

  Halleck, on territorial sea, 683

  Halsbury, Lord, on territorial sea, 522, 730

  Halse, Sir Nicholas, 130, 132, 142, 162 n., 292

  Hamburg, 129, 130, 140, 195, 235, 485, 528;
    conference at, 336

  Hamburgers, 117, 126, 141, 178 n., 227, 255

  Hamilton, Marquis of, 186, 225 n.

  Hamilton, Sir Thomas, 179 n., 223

  Hampden, 324

  Hansards, 30, 61, 62, 73

  Hardy, Sir T. Duffus, 41

  Harfleur, 70

  Hargrave, 374;
    on Sovereignty of Sea, 580 n.

  Harris, Captain Joseph, condemned to death for striking to Spaniard, 512

  Harvey, Sir William, 162

  Harwich, 274, 699

  Hastings, 33, 40, 41, 145 n., 544 n.

  Hatherly, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.

  Hautefeuille, on territorial sea, 601

  Hawkins, Sir John, 5, 117

  Hay, Sir George, 186

  Hay, Sir John, 217, 218, 220 n., 221, 225 n., 227, 239 n.

  Headland doctrine, 360, 622, 624.
    _See_ Bays.

  Heath, Attorney-General, 252

  Heaton, Captain, 437

  Hebrides, 153 n., 230, 234, 241 n., 301

  Heemskerk, Jacob van, 5, 118, 183, 343

  Heffter, on territorial sea, 600;
    on range of vision, 546

  Helgeland, 108

  Heneage, Lord, 728 n., 739

  Henrietta Maria, Queen, 380, 382

  Henry I., 16, 29, 31, 40, 41

  Henry II., 28

  Henry II. of France, 117

  Henry III., 31, 66

  Henry III. of France, 117

  Henry IV., 43, 56, 67, 68, 69, 70

  Henry IV. of France, 159, 204

  Henry V., 8, 34, 41, 42, 43, 70, 108

  Henry VI., 38, 70, 109

  Henry VII., 63, 72, 73, 109, 387

  Henry VIII., 62, 73, 75, 89, 109, 116

  Henry, Prince, of Scotland, 81, 169

  Herbert, Captain, 512

  Herbert, Sir John, 146

  Hermetra, 241 n.

  Herring busses, 74 n., 162, 447

  Herring fishery. _See_ Fisheries, herring.

  Herrings, commerce in, 61, 132, 242;
    price of, 97

  Herschell, Lord, on territorial sea, 592 n., 731

  Hervey, Lord, 202

  Heywood, Thomas, 326 and n.

  Higgin, W. H., inquiry on North Sea fishery disputes, 631

  Highlanders, 216, 242

  Hitchcock, Captain Robert, 64, 95, 105, 125, 133, 136, 138, 203, 364 n.

  Hoek, Dr P. P. C., 707 n.

  Holland, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 74 n., 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 92,
      94, 95, 104, 125, 129, 132, 135, 139, 144, 151, 171, 172, 175,
      190, 195, 197, 215, 292, 374, 384, 407, 433, 450, 460

  Holland, Earl of, 77

  Holland, fishery treaty with, 71, 72

  Holland, Prof., 359 n.;
    on territorial sea, 691 n.

  Hollanders. _See_ Dutch.

  Holmes, Captain Sir Robert, 455, 456 n., 458, 484, 485, 486

  Hoorn, Simon van, 449 n.

  Horn, Andrew, 542

  Hovering Acts, 593

  Howard, Lord William, 117

  Hübner, on territorial sea, 562

  Hull, 43, 94, 96, 108, 194 n., 699

  Humber, 133

  Hume, 311 n.

  Huxley, Professor, 702 n.

  Hythe, 145 n.

  Iceland, 4, 28, 86, 88, 97, 108, 109, 112, 113, 133, 145, 247,
      248, 339, 376;
    area of fishing-grounds at, 739;
    English fishermen attacked by Danes, 109, 110;
    English traffic with, 339;
    Danish claims at, 528, 529, 567;
    fisheries at, 57, 94;
    English at, 87, 89, 90, 113, 408;
    foreign trawlers at, 700, 707, 711, 714 n.;
    fishery dispute between Denmark and United Provinces, 529;
    fishery limit at, 647, 648;
    seven-mile limit, 739, 740 n.

  Idle persons, 98, 115, 116

  Impressment of ships, 32

  Indies, 107, 135, 215, 257, 341, 360, 457

  Insecurity of sea, 247, 248, 249, 253

  Institut de Droit International, on territorial sea, 689-692;
    articles on, 774

  _Intercursus Magnus_, treaty, 72, 73, 80, 86, 157, 158, 256 n., 368,
      386, 388, 394, 416, 425, 430, 449, 500

  International fishery investigations. _See_ Fisheries.

  International Law Association, on territorial sea, 689-692, 774;
    Articles on, 774

  Inveraray, 83 n.

  Ipswich, 247

  Ireland, 29, 70, 88, 97, 98, 143, 201, 226, 257, 359;
    fisheries, 92;
    oyster fisheries, 697;
    foreigners prohibited from fishing at, 33, 63;
    restrictions on trawling beyond three-mile limit, 716;
    Spanish fishings at, 67, 98;
    territoriality of oyster-beds, 620, 621

  Irgens, J., Norwegian Minister for Foreign Affairs, 673 n.

  Isabel of Portugal, 70

  Islay, 230

  Isle of Man, fishery regulations, 698

  Isle of May, fishing tithes, 59, 76

  Italian jurists, 6, 35, 101, 347, 360, 539

  Italian Republics, 3, 6, 340

  Italy, 358;
    Customs jurisdiction, 594, 661;
    reciprocal rights of fishery with Austria, 659;
    territorial sea, 659

  James I., 9, 17, 62, 73, 75, 81, 136, 257, 346, 347 n., 351, 353, 357

  James I., a new policy, 118;
    antecedents of, 124;
    proclamation forbidding hostilities in King’s Chambers, 9, 119,
      360, 750;
    concludes peace with Spain, 125;
    proclamation restraining foreigners from fishing on British
      coasts, 9, 145-148, 150, 541, 755;
    remit of Council on, 146;
    deliverance of Committee on, 147;
    attitude of French towards, 151;
    negotiations with Dutch, 151, 155-159, 170, 178-180, 185-194,
      197, 198;
    proclamation suspended, 159;
    orders records to be searched, 162, 179, 187;
    grants of assize herrings, 165, 166;
    instructs assize herrings to be levied from foreign fishermen,
      168, 757;
    indignation at capture of Brown, satisfaction demanded, 172, 174;
    forbids Scottish fishermen to fish within a land-kenning at the
      Faroes, 176;
    requests Dutch not to fish within sight of land, 176;
    requests Scottish Council to prevent the Hollanders fishing within
      sight of land, 178;
    again demands assize herrings from Dutch, 180;
    claims seas around Spitzbergen as British, 183;
    appoints commissioners to treat with Dutch envoys, 186;
    Dutch ambassadors without power to treat of herring fishery, 188, 189;
    indignation with Dutch ambassadors, 189;
    again gives way on the herring fishery question, 192;
    requests Dutch to prohibit fishing within fourteen miles, 192;
    negotiations with Dutch as to whale fishery, 193;
    Carleton advises fixing a limit, 193;
    Dutch agree to keep out of sight of shore, 193;
    orders assize herrings to be again collected, 194, 196;
    Dutch embassy appointed, 198;
    Dutch ambassadors without instructions to deal with fishery
      question, 199;
    speech to Dutch ambassadors, 199;
    indignation against Dutch, 200;
    Dutch ambassadors advise States-General to settle fishery
      question, 200;
    failure of policy of assize herring, 203

  James II., 517

  James III. of Scotland, 83

  James V. of Scotland, 77, 78, 83, 218

  James VI. of Scotland, treaty with Dutch, 80, 81

  Jan Mayen, sealing at, 695;
    whaling at, 527

  Japan, territorial sea, 661

  Jenkins, Sir Leoline, judge of the High Court of Admiralty, judicial
      decisions regarding neutral waters, 553;
    plenipotentiary at Cologne, 498;
    on case of the _Merlin_, 480;
    on confiscation of Smyrna fleet, 486;
    on sovereignty of sea, 484 n.;
    on striking, 477, 480, 481, 501-503, 511, 512, 513

  Jenkinson. _See_ Lord Liverpool.

  Jennings, Edward, 115

  Jersey, 36

  Joachimi, Dutch ambassador, 155, 256, 301, 302, 304, 305, 306, 384

  John’s ordinance, 6, 16;
    on striking, 39-43, 278, 365, 409

  Johnsen, Hans, on Moray Firth, 728 n.

  Jongestal, Dutch ambassador, 415, 417, 433

  Jonson, Ben, 115, 196 n.

  Juridical controversies about sovereignty of sea, 338-340, 410-413

  Kanin, Cape, 657, 713

  Kemble, 27, 28

  Kennet, 311 n.

  Kent, on territorial sea, 599

  Kerouaille, Mademoiselle de, 475

  Ketelby, Captain, 281

  Keymer, John, author of the “Raleigh” tract, 126, 127, 128 n., 131, 358

  Killigrew, Sir William, 280

  King James’s Newland, 183

  King John’s ordinance. _See_ John.

  King, Thomas, 446, 448

  King’s Chambers, 50, 54, 209, 260, 262, 263, 359, 360, 373, 539, 553,
      598, 622, 723 n.;
    declaration of Trinity House as to limits of, 753;
    description of, 120;
    defined by James I., 9, 118, 120;
    extent of, 122, 251;
    proclamation concerning, 251, 750;
    question of validity of, 576, 577;
    restricted to neutrality, 122, 251, 548;
    violation of, 10, 245, 247, 255, 256, 258, 259, 326, 328, 330-333, 336

  Kirkelee, 49

  Kishinouye, Dr, 661 n.

  Kleen, on territorial sea, 685

  Klüber, on territorial sea, 597

  Kronberg, striking at, 473, 520

  Kyllachy, Lord, on territorial sea, 725

  Lake, Sir Thomas, 359 n.

  Lampredi, on territorial sea, 562

  Lampreys, 244

  “Land-fishing” in Scotland, 222, 226

  Land-kenning in Scotland, 77, 84, 144, 154, 175, 176, 177 n., 178,
      192, 193, 211, 218, 221, 222 n., 223, 228, 235, 545, 546;
    at Faroes, 175.
    _See_ Territorial Sea, Range of Vision.

  Land-van-Staten, 506, 508, 510, 515

  Larrey, 311 n.

  Latour, on territorial sea, 595, 685

  Laud, Archbishop, 243, 306, 314, 316, 368, 376 n.

  Lauderdale, Lord, 187, 483, 507

  Laughton, Professor, 521 n.

  Law, early English, as to fishing, 66

  Lawrence on territorial sea, 683, 688

  Laws of Oleron, 6, 40, 42, 44 n., 51, 52, 54, 213, 363, 365

  Laws of the Sea, old, 30, 52 n.

  Lawson, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 437, 456, 457 n., 463, 472

  _Leda_, case of, 586 n.

  Lediard, 167 n., 311 n.

  Lefevre, Mr Shaw. _See_ Lord Eversley.

  Leghorn, 402, 473

  Leicester, Earl of, 96, 264 n.

  Lennox, Duke of, 130 n., 166, 168, 170, 172, 186, 195 and n., 230 n.,
      353, 461;
    grant of assize herrings to, 166, 168

  Lent, 75, 87, 88, 114, 136, 214, 242, 244;
    difficulties in enforcing observance of, 114, 115;
    laxity of observance of, 88, 89;
    measures to enforce observance of, 88, 114.
    _See also_ Political Lent.

  Leon, 32

  “L’Espagnols sur Mer,” battle of, 37, 67

  Levant, 340

  Levi, Leoni, on territorial sea, 664 n.

  Lewes, 216, 217, 220, 221, 224, 227, 234, 235, 237, 241, 242

  Lewis, 216, 217 and n.

  Leybourne, Lord William de, 45 n.

  Leyden, 73, 342

  Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, 18, 30, 37, 38 n.

  Licenses for foreign fishermen, 62, 63, 111, 141, 210, 235, 257,
      264, 288, 292, 294, 425, 426, 430, 453;
    for Dutch, 272, 488, 489;
    distributed to the busses, 300;
    sums received for, 309, 310, 311;
    offered to Dutch, 317;
    to French, 440, 454;
    to Swedes to fish in British seas, 427;
    Danish to fish at Iceland and northern seas, 108-112

  Liens, Joachim, Dutch Ambassador, 185 n.

  Ligurian Sea, sovereignty of, 4, 339, 341, 371, 411

  Lindsay, Thomas, 242

  Lindsey, Earl of, 250, 256, 257, 267, 270, 271, 275 n., 282, 284,
      286, 287, 380;
    appointed Admiral of the first ship-money fleet, 259;
    his instructions from the Admiralty, 260;
    private instructions from Charles I., 264;
    to force licenses on Dutch fishermen, 264;
    punctilios of, as to flags, extent of British Seas, 264, 265,
      266, 269;
    dissatisfaction of Charles with, 268;
    and the Dutch herring busses, 272;
    proceedings of the fleet, 259-274

  Lisle, Viscount, 428, 429

  Liverpool, Lord, on neutral rights, 596

  Lizard, 103, 122, 269, 437

  Loccenius, on territorial sea, 550

  Loch Broom, 83

  Loch Fyne, 83, 153 n.

  Loch Maddy, 241 n.

  Lofoten Isles, 672

  Logan, Sir Robert, 77 n.

  London, 7, 49, 50, 61, 88, 94, 96, 114, 124, 140, 189, 198, 199,
      214, 223, 241, 266, 299 n., 330, 358, 384, 396, 404, 407, 428,
      439, 443, 446, 448, 449;
    consumption of fish in, 87, 97;
    fish supply of, 131, 134, 144, 241 n.;
    and Fishery Society, 443;
    fishmongers of, 89

  Long Parliament, 336, 414;
    attitude towards Sovereignty of Sea, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382

  Lord Mayor, 115, 202, 214, 443, 448

  Loreburn, Lord, on territorial sea, 732

  “Lords of the Sea,” English kings as, 8, 28, 35, 36, 38 n., 39, 209,
      210, 211, 244, 373

  Lothian, Firth of, 153 n., 233, 235, 239

  Lottery for Fishery Society, 244, 446, 447

  Louis of Nassau, 449 n.

  Louis XIV., 463, 465, 474, 476, 483, 490, 493, 503, 518, 526;
    on fishery question, 453;
    intrigue with Charles, 459;
    reveals to Charles De Witt’s negotiations, 471;
    his policy, 474;
    declares war against States-General, 488;
    on striking, 518

  Low Countries, 73, 77, 94;
    fisheries of, 98;
    fishermen of, 94, 100, 144.
    _See also_ Dutch and Netherlands.

  Lowestoft, 249, 307, 469

  Lucas farthing, 470 n.

  Lundy, Laird of, 188

  Lushington, Dr, on territorial sea, 586 n.

  Lynn, 49, 77 n., 90, 108, 247

  Mackerel fishery, 134, 150

  MacLeod, Sir Reginald, 667 n., 673 n.

  Madrid, 150, 201, 253, 318

  Mainwaring, Sir H., 65 n.

  Malynes, Gerard, 128 n., 130 n., 138 n., 160;
    on the appropriation of the sea, 358

  Manning, on territorial sea, 600

  Mansel, Sir Robert, 219 n.

  _Mare Clausum_, 11, 19, 20, 251, 254, 257, 258 n., 286, 287, 288,
      289, 302, 315 n., 330, 365, 369, 375.
    _See_ Selden.

  _Mare Liberum_, 255, 256 n., 257, 338, 340, 342, 374, 410.
    _See_ Grotius.

  Margaret of Savoy, 73

  Marine laws, 51, 52, 54

  Maritime laws, 41, 42, 44

  Marlborough, Duke of, 486 n., 531

  Marion, Professor A. F., 667 n.

  Marten, Sir Henry, 155, 174, 244 n., 251, 263, 264, 278, 283, 288, 295

  Martens, F., 194 n.

  Martens, G. F. von, on territorial sea, 563

  Martens, Professor de, on territorial sea, 686, 688

  Martin, Martin, 241 n.

  Martin, Sir Henry, 39, 119 n., 762

  Mary, Queen, 64, 88, 91, 117, 141, 206

  Mary, Queen, of Hungary and Bohemia, 80 and n.

  Mary Stuart, Queen, 79, 81, 83

  Mason, Capt. John, 153 n., 167 n., 216, 219 n., 220 n., 241, 364 n.;
    grant of assize herrings to, 165, 166, 167 n.

  Massé, on territorial sea, 602

  Masson, Professor, 195 n.

  Masterman, Captain Walter S., 711 n.

  Masterman, Dr A. T., 735 n.

  Maurice, Count, 173

  Maximilian of Austria, 72

  Meadows, Sir Philip, on sovereignty of sea, 397, 428 n., 510, 524, 694;
    proposes a convention for fishery limits, 525

  Mechlin, 71

  Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 142

  Mediterranean, 28, 30, 134, 143, 340, 347, 372, 389, 437, 457, 485;
    striking in, _See_ Striking.

  Meerman, Dutch ambassador, 483

  Melrose, Earl of, 179 n.

  Mendoza, 107

  Merchant Adventurers, 160, 292

  Merchant Associations to secure the peace of the sea, 6, 30

  _Mercurius Politicus_, 410

  _Merlin_, the King’s yacht, 15, 477-482, 510;
    encounter with Dutch fleet, 479;
    inquiry by Sir Leoline Jenkins on, 480

  Mervin, Sir Henry, 284, 287, 296, 297, 300, 327

  Mexico, Customs jurisdiction, 594;
    pearl fisheries, 697;
    treaties with, 679 and n.

  Mid-line (_Thalweg_), 3, 101, 102, 111, 226, 361, 373, 541, 542, 652

  Miles, Scots, 233 n.

  Milton, John, 410, 428 n., 524

  Minch, 230

  _Mirror of Justice_ and mid-line, 542

  Molloy, on sovereignty of sea, 514;
    on striking, 557

  Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 408;
    on Dutch commerce, 457, 459

  Monson, Sir William, 130 n., 132, 135, 143, 202, 204, 205, 206 n.,
      208, 216, 219 n., 259

  Montague, General. _See_ Earl of Sandwich.

  Monteith, Earl of, 224, 225 n., 239 n.

  Moore, on sovereignty of sea, 580 n.;
    on territorial sea, 691 n.

  Moray Firth, 233, 235, 239;
    prohibition of trawling within, 718, 720;
    foreign trawlers in, 647, 720-728;
    Norwegian-registered trawlers in, 721, 727;
    prosecution and conviction of foreign trawlers, 722, 723, 724, 727;
    case of _Catalonia_, 722;
      of Emmanuel Mortensen, 722, 724-727;
      of Martin Olsen, 722;
      of _Niobe_, 722, 724;
      of _Pinewold_, 723;
      of _Verbena_, 723;
    High Court of Justiciary decides prohibition applies to foreigners,
      722, 724-727;
    protest by Norway, 727, 728;
    Norway favours a convention, 728, 730;
    and warns Norwegian trawlers to cease fishing in Moray Firth, 728;
    actions against British subjects on foreign trawlers, 728, 729;
    views of Foreign Office, 729, 730;
    proposal of International Council, 737;
    territoriality of, 723-728, 729, 732, 734;
    opinions of Scottish judges as to territoriality of, 724-727

  Moray Firth, herring fishery in, 61

  Morocco, 5, 256, 668;
    trawling at, 713

  Morton, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.

  Moser, on territorial sea, 562

  Muncke, Levinus, 155, 156 n.

  Mundesley, 247

  Murray, Captain David, 172, 195 n., 196

  Muscovy Company, 160;
    whale fishery of, 181, 182, 183, 184, 194 n.

  Musselburgh, 175 n., 445

  Nansen, Dr Fridtjof, Norwegian Minister, 673 n., 728

  Nantes, 97

  Narrow seas, the, 8, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 34, 36, 113, 212, 213,
      214, 253, 256, 260, 261, 270, 274, 287, 324 n., 327, 328, 361,
      363, 381, 408, 430, 458, 459 n.;
    description of, 18;
    herring fisheries in, 67;
    hostilities prohibited in, 261, 262, 263;
    prizes taken in, 359 n.;
    striking in, 204-206, 270, 402.
    _See_ Channel.

  National Sea Fisheries Protection Association, 667 n., 706, 728 n., 740

  Naval Salute. _See_ Striking.

  Navare, Michel de, 49

  Navigation, freedom of, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 20, 33, 34, 35, 43, 67, 86,
      106, 158, 341, 346, 358, 360, 365, 421, 497, 676

  Navigation Act of 1651, 391 and n., 392, 413, 416, 419;
    of 1660, 441, 451, 464

  Navy, 2, 5, 10, 11, 22, 26, 27, 31, 32, 34, 58, 68, 91, 92, 113, 117,
      134, 246, 251, 252, 255, 257, 286, 288, 379, 428, 475, 517, 523;
    under Charles I., 246;
    under Edward III., 33, 36, 38;
    under Henry IV., 68;
    under Henry VI., 38;
    complaint of Commons on, 38

  Navy and fisheries, 428

  Needham, Marchamont, 410, 411

  Netherlands, 21, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 93 n., 94, 105, 112, 125,
      126, 127 n., 138, 144, 168, 185, 200, 203, 312, 380, 397;
    prohibit their fishermen from fishing within two leagues of Scottish
      coast, 605, 606;
    territorial sea, 658.
    _See_ Dutch.

  Neutral waters, 22, 119, 120, 359 n., 548, 586, 622, 641 n., 665, 685,
      775;
    decrees regarding, 569-571;
    limit of, 546;
    proclamations and decisions regarding, 553, 554;
    Scandinavian limit of, 568;
    treaties regarding, 571, 572;
    usage in seventeenth century, 552, 553, 554

  Newcastle, 34 n., 96, 114, 248, 249, 252, 273 n., 428

  Newfoundland, 86, 88, 92, 97, 113, 219, 589;
    fishery rights at, 531, 532

  Nicholas, Secretary of Admiralty, 44 n., 213, 262, 263, 275 n., 278,
      292, 295, 318, 322

  Nicholl, Sir John, on territorial sea, 586 n.

  Nicolas, Sir N. H., 37, 45 n., 46 n., 53, 56

  Nieuport, 60, 327, 400

  Nieuport, William, Dutch ambassador, 395, 415, 417, 433

  Nootka Sound, 573

  Nordland, 108

  Norfolk, 46 n., 63, 90, 94, 101, 162, 248

  Norham, 60

  Norman Conquest, 6, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 59, 372

  Normandy, 29, 36, 43, 48, 50, 59, 62, 69, 74, 97, 103, 129, 213

  Northampton, Earl of, 138, 353

  North Cape, 58, 86, 478, 502, 503

  North-east passage, 343

  Northmen, sea power of, 26, 28

  North Sea, 21, 22, 43, 246, 247, 382, 432, 434, 465, 466 n.;
    fisheries, 43, 60, 87, 89, 130, 131, 133, 408, 470;
    Conference at Hague on, 1881, 632;
    Fishery Convention, 1882, 634, 637, 638, 639, 644, 721, 722,
      725, 726, 735, 737;
    defects in definitions, 641;
    question of limit of exclusive fishing on other coasts, 643, 644,
      645, 646;
    Sweden and Norway decline to join, 636;
    development of trawling in, 699, 700;
    impoverishment of fishing-grounds in, 706-710, 711, 738, 739 n.

  Northumberland, Earl of, 131, 243, 264, 266 n., 278, 279, 319, 320,
      322, 323, 327, 379, 380, 388, 425, 426, 557;
    appointed admiral of second ship-money fleet, 287;
    instructions of Admiralty, 289, 290;
    instructions from Charles, 295;
    proceedings of fleet in Channel, 290, 291;
    proceedings of fleet against Dutch fishermen, 295-300, 307-311;
    forces licenses on Dutch fishermen, 12, 291, 296, 297, 298, 299,
      300, 301, 308;
    appointed admiral of the third ship-money fleet, 319;
    appointed Lord High Admiral, 329

  Norway, 34, 45, 169 n., 339, 527;
    area of fishing-grounds, 738;
    Customs jurisdiction, 594;
    declines three-mile limit, 633, 678;
    declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636, 783;
    disputes with England as to fisheries, 108, 110;
    fisheries, 92;
    fisheries in Vestfjord, 672, 677;
    fishery limit early fixed, 528;
    special fishery limits, 671, 672, 678, 679;
    foreign trawlers seized for illegal fishing, 680;
    registered trawlers in Moray Firth, 721, 727, 728;
    sovereignty of sea of, 4;
    territorial sea, 653, 669-681, 685;
    method of computing, 653, 655, 669, 670, 676, 678, 685;
    respected by foreign fishermen, 677, 678

  Norwegian Sea, sovereignty over, 4, 16

  Nottingham, Earl of, 206, 353

  Nova Zembla, 184

  Okhotsk, Sea of, foreigners fishing in, 585

  Oldenbarneveldt. _See_ Barneveldt.

  Oldys, 127 n.

  Oleron, Laws of. _See_ Laws.

  _Onward Ho!_ case of, 657 n.

  Oppenheim, on territorial sea, 688

  Oquendo, Don Antonio de, 330-334

  Orange, Prince of, 190, 197, 303, 306, 314, 315 n., 384, 387, 422,
      430, 433, 434, 460, 462, 490, 491, 492, 503, 517

  Orfordness, 49, 277, 553

  Orkney, 88, 108, 126, 165, 169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 406

  Orkney, Earl of, 169 n.

  Ormonde, Marquis of, 450

  Ortolan, on territorial sea, 601

  Orwell, 54

  Ossory, Lord, 485, 486 n.

  Ostend, 43, 309

  Ouwers, Egidio, 273 n.

  Overbury, Sir Thomas, 127 n.

  Over-Yssel, 81

  Owen, Captain, 382

  Oxford, 358

  Oyster fisheries, special treatment of, 657;
    question of territoriality of Irish, 620, 621;
    reserved for French, 612, 619, 620

  Pacius, on Venetian dominion of sea, 351

  Palatinate, 198, 199, 210, 253, 265, 271, 274, 275, 286, 302, 305,
      306, 314, 315, 316, 331

  Papal Bulls, 5, 105, 106, 107, 339, 342, 344, 372

  Pardessus, 41, 42

  Parliament, 67, 77 n., 116, 211, 214, 367, 409, 414, 443, 449, 457,
      458, 475, 483, 492, 493, 503, 506, 532;
    on safeguarding the sea, 34;
    petitions for dues on navigation of Channel, 35;
    on navy, 38

  Parliament of Ireland, 33, 63

  Parliament of Scotland, 82, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225

  Parry, Sir Thomas, 155

  Pauw, Adrian, Dutch ambassador, 405, 414

  Pearl fisheries, 697;
    Vattel on, 560

  Pedrogue, John de, 45 n., 49, 50

  Pembroke, Earl of, 227, 239 n., 240-244, 446

  Pendennis Castle, 280

  Penn, Sir William, 383, 408, 456

  Pennington, Sir John, 208, 212, 244, 259, 261, 264, 274, 275 n.,
      287, 290, 296, 297, 321, 322, 324, 327, 328, 379, 403;
    instructions as to striking, 261-263, 276, 277;
    suggestion as to neutral waters round a King’s ship, 262;
    on striking, 277, 278, 279, 280, 283;
    action at Battle of Downs, 329-335

  Pepys, Samuel, 312 n., 513, 514;
    on Fishery Society, 447 n., 448, 449;
    on striking, 456;
    on second Dutch war, 458, 459;
    on state of navy, 517

  Perels, on territorial sea, 652, 684, 688

  Perkins, Sir Christopher, 146, 155

  Perre, Van de, Dutch ambassador, 391, 415

  Petersen, Gisbert, fishing license to, 460

  Philip, Archduke of Austria, 72

  Philip the Fair, 44

  Philip II., 64, 81, 107, 141, 205, 425, 426, 544

  Philip III., 350

  Philip IV., 350

  Phillimore, 312 n.;
    on territorial sea, 682

  Picardy, 29, 62, 74, 88, 103, 130

  Picaroons, 273, 276

  Pilchard, 134, 143, 227, 235, 447

  Piracy, prevalence of, 4, 5, 7, 30, 43

  Pirates, 68, 72 n., 78, 79, 82, 91, 247, 253, 254, 260, 269, 274,
      284 n., 291, 292, 327, 339, 390, 421, 456, 471

  Pistoye and Duverdy, on territorial sea, 602

  Pitt, on fishery arrangements with France, 532

  Pittenweem, 59, 175 n.

  Plague, 299 n.

  Plancius, 183

  Plantagenets, 8, 11, 30, 43, 75, 209, 211, 213, 258, 368, 421

  Plegher, 80

  Plowden, on sea of England, 102, 111, 361, 543

  Plumleigh, Captain, 208, 277, 280

  Plymouth, 33, 117, 267, 268, 327

  Poland, 61;
    claim to Baltic, 4, 371, 377

  Political Lent, the, 87, 88, 89, 112, 114

  Pontalis, on fishery question, 453 n.

  Pontanus, J. I., on Selden’s _Mare Clausum_, 376, 550

  Pope, the, 28, 105, 106, 107, 212, 277 n., 339, 371

  Popham, Col. Edward, 382

  Porpoise, 88

  Portland, 267

  Portland Castle, 256, 279

  Portland, Earl of, 239 n., 241, 253

  Portsmouth, 114, 408

  Portsmouth, Duchess of, 475

  Portugal, 91, 268;
    area of fishing-grounds, 738;
    fishermen visit British coasts, 129;
      and Irish coast, 98;
    fishery treaty with, 67;
    foreign trawlers at, 713;
    claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 340, 343, 344, 350;
    territorial sea, 569, 664, 668

  Pradier-Fodéré, on territorial sea, 684, 688

  Prerogative of crown, 236

  Pribilov Islands, 695

  Privateers, 462

  Prize, law of, 359 n.

  Prussia, 34, 216;
    fishermen on British coasts, 605

  Prynne, Keeper of the Records, 17, 25, 27 n., 39, 43, 44 n., 213,
      326 n., 352 n., 367 and n.;
    on the sovereignty of the sea, 493

  Puffendorf, on territorial sea, 551

  Quarantine Acts, 594

  Rainsford, Richard, 64, 138, 141, 142, 145, 159

  Raleigh, Sir Walter, 127 and n., 136, 204, 413

  Raleigh tract. _See_ Keymer.

  Ramsgate, 699

  Range of guns, Grotius on, 349;
    range of modern guns, 21;
    range of gun limit, 549;
    range of guns and salute, 473 n.;
    range of vision, 175, 193, 544;
    claimed by Denmark, 529;
    Grotius on, 347;
    old English law, 544;
    prescribed by Philip II., 544
    _See_ Land-kenning and Territorial sea.

  Rapin, 167 n., 311 n.

  Rayneval, on range of vision, 546;
    on territorial sea, 596

  Reddie, on territorial sea, 600

  Reformation, 67;
    influence of, on fisheries, 75, 87, 89, 92

  Reprisals between Scots and Dutch, 77, 78, 79, 84;
    between traders, 53, 54

  Reserved waters. _See_ Scotland.

  Restoration, the, 14, 441

  Revocation, Act of, 226

  Rhé, Isle de, 246, 290

  Richard I., 32, 40, 41, 51, 52

  Richard II., 33, 62, 363

  Richard III., 63, 72 n.

  Richelieu, Cardinal, 12, 210, 246, 261, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275,
      276 n., 283, 291, 314, 526

  Right of fishery. _See_ Fishery.

  Right of search, 13, 330, 389, 393

  Rio de la Plata, territoriality of, 663

  Ripperda, Joachim, Dutch ambassador, 449

  Rivalry in trade between English and Dutch, 10, 441, 457

  Rochelle, 97, 267, 276 n., 290

  Roe, Sir Thomas, 240, 276, 303, 306, 314, 315, 316 n., 323, 324

  Roman law as to sea, 3, 344, 353, 356, 360, 539;
    as to fishing, 66

  Romans and sovereignty of sea, 26

  Rool d’Oleron. _See_ Laws of Oleron.

  Rose, Richard, 324 n.

  Rosny, Sieur de, 204

  Rostock, 195

  Rotterdam, 79, 171, 327, 397 n., 511

  Rouen, 61

  Royal fishery, Pepys on, 447 n., 448

  Roxburgh, Earl of, 225 n., 239 n.

  Rupert, Prince, 382, 493

  Russia, 29, 61, 110, 142, 158, 358;
    Behring Sea question, 581, 582;
    Company, _see_ Muscovy Company;
    Customs limit, 656, 657 n.;
    territorial sea, 656

  Ruyter, Captain, 298 n., 304

  Rye, 33, 54, 65, 145 n., 483

  Ryley, William, Keeper of the Records, 409, 410 n.

  Ryswick, 466 n.

  Saen, Joris van der, 402, 404

  St Andrews, 352

  St George’s Channel, 142

  St John, Lord Chief-Justice, 72;
    proceeds to The Hague, 384;
    negotiations with Dutch, 385-390;
    his proposals for alliance and coalescence, 385;
    _Intercursus Magnus_ taken as basis of treaty, 386, 387;
    his seven articles, 387;
    the Dutch thirty-six articles, 388;
    abstract of, 764;
    as to fishing, 388, 389;
    Dutch proposals as to sovereignty of sea, 389;
    for a joint fleet to police the seas, 389, 395;
    Dutch withdraw proposal as to striking, 390;
    failure of negotiations, 390;
    leaves The Hague, 391

  St Lo, Captain George, on fishery limit at Yarmouth, 546 n.

  Safe-conducts for fishing, 7, 33, 74

  Salisbury, Earl, 64, 130 n., 150, 151, 155, 159, 223, 227 n., 359 n., 360;
    on 100-mile limit, 541

  Salisbury, Marquis of, on territorial sea, 592, 731

  Salisbury, Miss E., 45 n.

  Salmon fishing, 26, 233, 234, 235

  Salute. _See_ Striking.

  Sandwich, 73;
    Knut’s grant of, 542

  Sandwich, Earl of, 438, 463, 472

  Saracens, 5, 339

  Sarpi, on territorial sea, 547

  Savage, Viscount, 239 n.

  Savoy, Duke of, 540

  Scania, 34, 362 n.;
    decline of herring fishery at, 61

  Scarborough, 49, 89, 108, 142, 247, 250, 256, 273, 274, 322;
    castle, 64

  Scaw, three-mile limit at, varies, 640 n.

  Schaep, Dutch ambassador, 391

  Schelde, 28

  Scheveningen, 460

  Schiedam, 78, 79, 318, 397 n.

  Schmalz, on territorial sea, 597

  Scilly Isles, 269, 390, 398, 399

  Scotland, 48, 49, 59, 88;
    Draft Treaty of Union with England, 1604, 84, 192, 223, 227, 228,
      230, 232, 694;
    fish exported from, 61;
    fisheries of, 93;
    importance of, 76;
    claim to, 76, 82;
    exclusive spirit as to, 76;
    policy towards, 82;
    treaties regarding, 75-82;
    foreigners at West Coast fishings, 83, 130;
    jealousy of foreign fishermen, 77, 124;
    fishing in bays and lochs prohibited, 202;
    attacks on Dutch fishermen, 77;
    complaints against Dutch fishermen, 144, 168, 177, 201, 234, 301;
    complaints against French fishermen, 606, 617;
    Dutch edicts _re_ fishing, 201;
    old fishery limits, 226-229;
    old limit against Dutch, 83, 84;
    herring fishery in, 59, 61, 76, 79, 83, 143, 221 n.;
    extra-territorial jurisdiction in, 698;
    instructions of Privy Council _re_ assize herrings, 757;
    fishery Acts, 76;
    fishery scheme, 225, 227;
    fishery society, 444;
    fishing in lochs claimed, 218;
    “land fishing” described, 222 and n.;
    land-kenning, _see_ Land-kenning;
    limits of territorial sea, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230;
    limit of 14 miles in Draft Treaty of Union, 223;
    limit of two leagues fixed by Dutch, 605, 606;
    reserved waters, 77, 84, 209, 211, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226-230, 234,
      236-238, 445, 547

  Scotland, royal burghs, 76, 216, 217, 220, 221;
    ask that the Dutch be removed within a land-kenning, 221;
    and fishery society, 445;
    oppose assize herrings, 166;
    territoriality of firths, 692;
    trawling restrictions on, 715, 716;
    Fishery Board empowered to restrict, 717;
    Bill to extend prohibition of, 720;
    Act fixing thirteen-mile limit for, 720;
    treaties with the Dutch, 188 n.

  Scotland, Sea Fisheries Regulation Act, 1895, 592

  Scott, Thomas, 284

  Scott, Sir William. _See_ Stowell, Lord.

  Scottish Seas, the, 226

  Scudamore, Lord, 272

  Sea, appropriation of, 537, 539;
    in Middle Ages, 3;
    reasons for, 5;
    Roman law on, 539, 541;
    opinions of Italian jurists, 101, 104;
    opinions of modern jurists on, 552;
    Bynkershoek, 555;
    Callis, 363;
    Lord Chief-Justice Coke on, 363;
    Gentilis on, 358, 359;
    Graswinckel on, 411, 412;
    Loccenius, 550;
    Puffendorf, 550;
    Lord Salisbury on, 361;
    Selden, 370-374;
    Lord Stair, 545 n.;
    Vattel, 560

  Sea, exhaustibility of. _See_ Fisheries.

  Sea, “High Seas,” 50, 54

  Sea, insecurity of, 5, 6, 30, 53, 54, 57, 70, 247-257

  Sea, measures for guarding, 31, 32, 33, 34

  Sea, sovereignty of. _See_ Sovereignty.

  Sea of England, 7, 8, 9, 11, 20, 31, 41, 101, 209;
    extent of, 15, 16, 54, 55, 56;
    seizure of ships in, by Grimbald, 49, 50;
    sovereign lordship of, 43, 46, 51, 54, 55;
    Callis on, 363;
    Plowden on, 102;
    terms applied to, 16, 17;
    the “Two Seas,” 17;
    the “Three Seas,” 17;
    the “Four Seas,” 17, 18, 251

  Sea, property in bed of, 362

  Seaforth, Earl of, 216, 220, 221, 222 n.

  Sealing, 695, 696

  Seals, 88

  Seas, British, extent of, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 26, 208, 264 and n.,
      381, 418, 419, 429, 431-437, 459 n., 465, 466 and n., 469, 470,
      477, 495, 505, 506 and n., 510, 515, 521;
    Admiralty on, 437, 438;
    reluctance of Admiralty to define, 20, 264 and n.;
    boundaries intentionally left undefined, 20;
    Dee on extent of, 101-103;
    dispute as to extent of, 437;
    Richard Cromwell on extent of, 438;
    Thurloe on extent of, 434;
    Trinity House on extent of, 20, 477, 478;
    on striking in, 469, 470, 501-505;
    claim to, gradually died out, 21

  Sebastian, King, 107

  Secretary for Scotland, 219, 227 n., 232

  Seine, 26, 28

  Seines, Bill to prohibit, within ten miles, 444 n.

  Selden, 11, 17, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45 n., 48,
      49, 55, 56, 62, 64 n., 66, 119 n., 183, 186 n., 213, 251, 254,
      258 n., 279, 286, 305, 352 n., 353, 363, 410 n., 456, 469, 546,
      550, 551;
    controversy with Graswinckel, 411, 412;
    imprisonment and release of, 367;
    requested by Charles to write _Mare Clausum_, 366;
    on British seas, 19;
    on English sovereignty of sea, 373, 374;
    on exhaustibility of sea, 372;
    _Mare Clausum_, 11, 20, 254, 258 n., 315 n., 330, 389, 425, 456,
      502, 504, 509 n., 543;
    history of, 365, 366;
    publication of, 288, 367;
    political importance of, 368, 369;
    importance of, in English law, 369, 374;
    satisfaction of Charles with, 368, 369;
    arguments of, 369-374;
    anxiety in Holland about, 374, 375;
    translated, 410

  Semeyns, Meynert, 242 n.

  Servat, William, 50

  Seven Stones Rocks, territoriality of, 642, 643

  Shaftesbury, Earl of, 492;
    on the Dutch, 506

  Sheerness seized by Dutch, 459

  Shetlands, 4, 76, 88, 89, 90 n., 108, 113, 126, 129, 131, 151, 165,
      169, 180, 201, 215, 221, 227, 230, 234, 238, 241, 406, 443, 534

  Shields, 84

  Ship-money, 324, 329, 379

  Ship-money fleet, first, 256, 259 n.;
      object of, 260, 264, 265;
      proceedings of, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274;
      failure of, 274, 275.
      _See_ Lindsey.
    Second, 286;
      its object, 287, 288;
      opinion of Admiralty on convoying foreign vessels, 288, 289, 762;
      on protecting foreign licensed fishermen, 288, 762;
      proceedings of fleet, 290, 291, 295-301, 307-311;
      failure to meet with French, 290;
      instructions of Charles as to foreign fishermen, 295;
      licenses distributed to Dutch herring busses, 298, 300, 308;
      amount received as convoy and license-money, 309, 310, 311.
      _See_ Northumberland.
    Third, 319, 323.
    Fourth, 327.

  Ship-money writs, 36 n., 211, 253, 254, 286

  Ships, impressment of, 32

  Shookius, 550

  Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 520

  Shrewsbury, Duke of, 520

  Sicily, 29

  Skagerrack, 438 and n.;
    territoriality of, 636, 653

  Sleeve, the, 260

  Slingsby, Capt., 327

  Sluys, battle of, 36, 37, 38

  Smeerenburg, 194 n.

  Smith, Captain John, 312 n., 494

  Smith, Lieut. Thomas, dismissed for forcing French to strike, 521

  Smith, Northumberland’s Secretary, 328, 331, 332

  Smith, Simon, 242 n., 244 n., 442, 443 n., 448

  Smyrna fleet, 485, 486, 487

  Society of Fishing Merchants, 138, 159

  Solebay, battle of, 489

  Solinus, 25

  Somerset, Earl of, 56 n.

  Sommelsdijck, Lord of. _See_ Aerssen.

  Sound, the sovereignty over, 4, 8, 16, 108;
    toll levied at the, 4, 8, 35, 91, 108, 110, 154, 190, 339, 501

  South America, territorial sea, 661

  Southampton, 68, 73, 94

  Southwold, 90 n., 534

  “Sovereign of the Seas,” the, 28, 326

  Sovereignty of the sea, among ancients, 371 n., 373

  Sovereignty of sea, decadence of claim to, 15, 517, 522, 523, 566

  Sovereignty of sea, juridical controversies about, 5, 410-413;
    liberty of navigation, 8, 11, 33, 34, 54.
    _See_ Navigation.

  Sovereignty of the sea, meaning of, 2;
    striking as a symbol of, 39

  Sovereignty of sea, treatises on, 364 n.

  Sovereignty of the sea, Barrère on, 595;
    Blackstone, 580 n.;
    Boroughs, 364-366;
    Champagne, 595, 596;
    Chitty, 580 n.;
    Secretary Coke, 272;
    Cromwell, 423, 424;
    Dr Dee, 99, 103;
    De Witt, 454, 468, 470;
    Evelyn, 514;
    English writers, 493, 494, 513;
    Gentilis, 359;
    Hall, 580 n.;
    Hargrave, 580 n.;
    Italian jurists, 6;
    Jenkins, 484 n.;
    Loccenius, 550;
    Molloy, 514;
    Moore, 580 n.;
    naval historians on, 521;
    Selden, 370-374;
    Stubbe, 496-498;
    Wicquefort, 495;
    Baltic, 4, 33, 552;
    Bothnian Gulf, 4

  Sovereignty of sea, Denmark, 4, 8, 16, 33, 105, 108, 158, 339, 371,
        376, 530, 552, 567;
      contested by Elizabeth, 86;
    England, origin of English claims, 6, 29, 30;
      nature of, 8, 30;
      defects of, 33;
      early history of, 25;
      under ancient Britons, 25, 26;
      under Romans, 25, 365;
      under Anglo-Saxons, 26;
      under King Edgar, 27;
      before Norman Conquest, 27;
      after Norman Conquest, 29;
      under Plantagenet Kings, 30, 40, 51, 52;
      rolls concerning, 8, 43, 44, 45, 740, 744;
      not claimed, by Tudors, 86, 111;
      importance of claim under Stuarts, 9, 10, 118;
      claimed as a prerogative of the crown, 211;
      aimed against Dutch, 10, 125;
      extravagant claims under Charles I., 209, 251, 264, 274;
      under the Commonwealth, 378-382, 394, 395, 409, 412;
      under Charles II., 441, 458, 487, 488;
      decadence of claim, 15, 517, 522, 523;
    of France, 287;
    of Genoa, 4, 339, 341, 371;
    of Norway, 4, 16, 530;
    of Pisans, 371;
    Poland, 4, 377;
    Portugal, 5, 105-108, 112, 338, 339, 341, 371, 552;
    Spain, 5, 105-108, 112, 118, 158, 330, 339, 341, 371, 552;
    Sweden, 4, 350, 552;
    Tuscans, 371;
    Venice, 3, 4, 8, 16, 33, 338, 339, 341, 350, 351, 351 n., 371, 552, 566

  Sowe. _See_ Zowe.

  Spain, 20, 30, 33, 45, 57, 87, 91, 95, 107, 189, 198, 199, 203,
      205, 212, 245, 247, 253, 255, 264, 266, 268, 275, 286, 304, 493;
    claim to sovereignty of sea, 5, 86, 105-108, 112, 118, 188, 339;
    fisheries, 92;
    area of fishing-grounds, 738;
    foreign trawlers at, 713;
    fishermen of, on British coasts, 67, 129, 150;
    peace with England, 125, 358;
    war with United Provinces, 9, 119, 139, 148, 201, 243 n., 251;
    territorial sea, 644-668;
    limits of, 569, 664;
    Customs limit, 594;
    disputes with Great Britain and United States as to territorial
      sea, 664, 665

  Spaniards forced to strike, 117, 206

  Spanish Netherlands, 266, 272, 275

  Spanish whalers at Spitzbergen, 182, 183 n.

  Spelman, 27

  Spitzbergen, 4;
    whaling at, 112, 164, 181, 182-185, 193, 194, 194 n., 198, 199,
      200, 527.
    _See also_ Greenland.

  Spragge, Sir Edward, 485, 489

  Sprat fishery, 133

  Stair, Lord, on territorial limit, 545 n.

  Star Chamber, 243

  Start, the, 260

  State merchant, 136

  States-General of the United Provinces, 84, 178, 186, 190, 192, 258,
      292, 343, 351, 415, 481;
    conclude treaty with James VI., 81;
    conclude peace with Spain, 148;
    consider James’s proclamation on unlicensed fishing, 148, 150;
    decide to maintain freedom of fishing on British coast, 151;
    send embassy to James about, 155;
    arguments used, 155, 159;
    proclamation suspended, 159;
    apologise for the capture of Brown, 173;
    send the Captain responsible to London, 174;
    publish an edict forbidding their fishermen to interfere with
      Scottish fishermen, 179:
    negotiations with James, 189;
    disputes as to whale fishing at Spitzbergen, 181-185;
    send another embassy to London, 185;
    no instructions as to fishery question, 188, 189;
    order their fishermen to keep out of sight of shore, 193;
    send another embassy to James, 199;
    again without instructions as to fishery question, 199, 200;
    renew their edicts and order their fishermen not to go too near
      Scottish coast, 201;
    proceedings regarding licenses of Charles I., 301, 302, 303, 304,
      305, 312, 313, 314, 315;
    instructions to Evertsen as to striking, 399;
      to Tromp, 399, 402 n., 405;
    send Van Dorp to protect the busses from Northumberland, 300;
    order Van Dorp to prevent acceptance of licenses, 312, 313;
    send Aerssen van Sommelsdijck as ambassador, 336;
    on Selden’s ‘Mare Clausum,’ 375;
    resolve to increase their fleet, 393;
    and question of striking, 390, 392;
    attitude to the Parliament, 381;
    send ambassador to London, 384;
    negotiations with St John, 384-391;
    another embassy to London, 391;
    consider and postpone question of striking, 392, 399;
    resolve to strengthen their fleet, 393;
    negotiations interrupted by Tromp’s encounter with Blake, 397;
    disown Tromp’s action, 405;
    instruct him to strike, 405;
    send the Grand Pensionary to London, 405;
    recall ambassador and prepare for war, 405, 406;
    send four deputies to the Parliament, 415;
    negotiations for peace, 414-435;
    peace concluded, 435

  States-General and Charles II., action on fishery Bill, 449, 450, 451;
    embargo on fisheries, 460, 462;
    propose freedom of fishing during war, 461, 462;
    differences with France as to, 463;
    decision as to striking, 469, 481;
    orders to their men-of-war on striking, 473;
    drawn into dispute about striking, 482;
    yield as to striking, 483, 484;
    sue for peace, 490;
    terms offered, 490;
    reject terms, 491;
    negotiations for peace, 498-506;
    peace concluded, 508

  States-General. _See_ Dutch, Netherlands, United Provinces.

  States of Holland, 151, 155, 190, 303, 375, 384, 398, 407, 414

  Stebbing, 127 n.

  Stephens, Violet, 139

  Stewart, Lord Robert, 169 n.

  Stirling, Viscount, 239 n.

  Stornoway, 216, 242

  Stowell, Lord, decisions respecting territorial limit, 577, 578,
      641 n., 681, 682;
    on three-mile limit, 641 n.

  Straddling, Captain, 207 n., 282, 327

  Straits of Dover. _See_ Dover.

  Strange, Lady, 283

  Stratherne, Earl of, 239 n.

  Strauchius, 550

  Strickland, Walter, 384, 392, 429

  Striking as an acknowledgment of maritime sovereignty, 3, 210;
    origin of, 7, 42, 207;
    first instance of, 43;
    John’s ordinance on, 39-43;
    under Tudors, 116;
    under Henry VIII., 116;
    opposed by French, 117;
    under Elizabeth, 117, 204;
    under James I., 204-208

  Striking under Charles I., 11, 12, 210, 212;
    becomes very prominent, 276;
    arrogance of English officers regarding, 280, 281, 282;
    under Commonwealth, 378, 380, 381;
    under Charles II., 496;
    James II. and after, 552;
    decay of claim to, 327, 518, 519, 522;
    abandoned after Trafalgar, 15, 523;
    Admiralty instructions concerning, 260, 261, 277, 278, 380-383, 456,
      469, 523 n.

  Striking, rules and customs of, 206-208, 277, 278, 398, 463, 464, 466,
      469-472, 481;
    not well understood, 277, 456, 466, 469, 470, 478, 479

  Striking at foreign ports and coasts, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 327,
      381, 473, 477, 557;
    before forts, 256, 279, 280, 472;
    in British seas, 502, 503;
    in Mediterranean, 327, 413, 456, 468, 473, 488;
    in narrow seas, 206, 207 n., 208, 277, 402

  Striking by merchant vessels, 206, 207, 282, 513;
    British, 260, 275, 283, 284, 285, 519;
    foreign, 207, 275, 513

  Striking by Danes, 266, 282;
    claim to, by Danes, 473, 520;
    by Dunkirkers, 275, 282, 327

  Striking by Dutch, 12, 13, 117, 204, 205, 208, 267, 269, 270, 276,
      277, 279, 280, 281, 300, 327, 328, 330, 334, 383, 390, 392,
      397, 398, 400-403, 437, 438, 449, 452, 455-457, 466-469, 472,
      473, 477-481, 485, 486, 490, 491 n., 495, 501, 510-513, 520;
    States-General consider question, 390, 392, 397;
    De Witt’s proposals regarding, 467, 468, 469, 470;
    on striking to a frigate or ketch, 468-470;
    question of whole fleet to single ship, 477, 478, 479, 482;
    terms offered Dutch, 490, 491 n.;
    offer to strike in all seas, 432, 505, 506, 510;
    by Dutch to French, 276 and n.;
    by English to Dutch, 512

  Striking by French, 117, 204, 212, 267, 270 and n., 271, 272, 275,
      276, 279, 280, 283, 291, 313, 327, 332, 333, 471, 477, 488, 512,
      513, 518, 520, 521;
    French demand salute from English vessels, 212;
    force English merchant vessels to strike, 268, 277, 283, 327;
    by Hamburgers, 117;
    by Spaniards, 205, 327, 330, 477;
    by English to Spaniards, 512;
    by Swedes, 382, 455, 456 n., 520

  Striking, Bynkershoek on, 556;
    Jenkins on, 480, 481;
    jurists on, 557;
    Molloy on, 515;
    Wicquefort on, 495;
    Duke of York on, 469

  Striking, treaties regarding, 382, 455, 508, 517, 522-572 n.

  Striking, arrangement between Charles and Louis, 488

  Striking, arrangement between France and the United Provinces proposed, 452

  Striking, differences between French and Dutch as to, 452, 463

  Striking, French edicts on, 513

  Striking, Richelieu’s proposals, 271, 272

  Striking, Tromp’s memorandum on, 398, 770

  Stuarts, the, 9, 57, 65, 118, 378

  Stubbe, Henry, on sovereignty of sea, 496, 497, 498

  Sturgeon, 66, 88, 363

  Stypmannus, 550

  Suffolk, 63, 94, 101, 248, 462

  Suffolk, Earl of, 227

  Sully, Duke of, 204

  Sunderland, 249

  Sweden, 60, 62, 142, 158, 358, 474, 490, 498;
    asks for and obtains liberty of fishing in British seas, 427;
    claim to sovereignty of sea, 4, 350, 377;
    and striking, 208, 382;
    territorial sea, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;
    method of computing, 669;
    Customs limit, 594;
    declines to adhere to North Sea Convention, 636

  _Taurus_, case of, 640

  Taxation of foreign fishermen, 203

  Teind fish, 195, 196

  Temple, Lady, 478, 479, 480

  Temple, Sir William, 470, 481;
    on striking, 467, 468;
    concludes Triple Alliance, 474;
    recalled from The Hague, 476;
    negotiates peace, 508;
    on the article regarding striking, 509, 510

  Territorial sea, agreements between Great Britain and Germany, 634, 652;
    Anglo-Danish Convention concerning Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;
    boundaries begin to be fixed, 554, 573;
    by treaty, 526, 565;
    Gulf Stream as a boundary, 575, 650;
    British Foreign Office on, 665, 667 and n., 730, 731, 732, 738;
    wishes territorial waters in North Sea to remain undefined, 632,
      633, 634;
    Parliamentary Committee recommend extension of, 707 and n.

  Territorial sea, bays, and gulfs, 77, 348, 544, 545, 547, 548, 552,
      574, 575, 581, 585, 589, 598, 599, 601-603, 610, 614, 619 n.,
      622-630, 632-634, 639, 649, 652, 666, 668, 670, 678, 718, 723,
      725, 726, 730;
    of Bengal, 625;
    Biscay, 564, 625;
    Bothnia, Gulf of, 564;
    Cancale, _see_ Granville;
    Chaleurs, 623, 624, 628, 629, 630, 692;
    Conception, 588, 589;
    Delaware, 574, 599, 629;
    Fundy, 623-625;
    Granville, 612, 619, 692;
    Hudson’s, 561;
    of Argentina, 661;
    Norway, 670, 672, 674, 677;
    Scotland, firths, 222, 223, 230, 233, 239, 545, 622, 692;
    Moray Firth, 721.
    _See also_ Fisheries and King’s Chambers.

  Territorial sea, British Foreign Office on, 629, 730, 731 and n., 732, 733;
    delimitation of North American, 622, 627-630;
    French Government on, 632;
    Hague Tribunal on, 732;
    Institut de Droit International on, 691, 775;
    International Law Association on, 691, 775;
    _inter fauces terræ_, 544, 547;
    measurement of, 639;
    old English law regarding, 547;
    omitted in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 593;
    principles regarding, 548;
    six-mile line for, 627, 629, 630, 632, 730, 731;
    treaty stipulation in 1521, 548;
    usage regarding, 547, 548

  Territorial sea, closed seas, 339, 564, 572, 582, 584, 585, 598, 657;
    straits, 547, 561, 564, 586, 692, 776

  Territorial sea, Dano-Swedish limit in Baltic, 655;
    decisions of law courts as to extent of, 585-592;
    definitions in Acts, 589, 591, 718;
    in Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 591, 592

  Territorial sea, not absolutely defined by any State, 651, 652, 657, 660

  Territorial sea, not defined by Great Britain, 593

  Territorial sea, discussion between Spain, Great Britain, and United
      States, 665

  Territorial sea, discussion as to limit in North Sea, 632, 633, 634

  Territorial sea, distinction between limit under international law and
      in treaties, 644;
    between exclusive fishery limit and territorial limit, 644, 660;
    distinction between “coasts” and “bays,” 622;
    meaning of “coasts,” 641 n.

  Territorial sea, historical evolution of, 537

  Territorial sea, in peace and war, 636, 651, 665

  Territorial sea, in relation to fisheries, 693;
    for “floating” fish, 698;
    for coral, 684, 695, 697;
      oysters, 611, 612, 619, 620, 621, 697;
      pearls, 560, 697;
      seals, 662, 663, 695, 696;
      whales, 674, 695, 696;
    exclusive fishery limit, 639;
    on British and Irish coasts, 646, 647;
    outside the North Sea, 643, 644, 645, 646;
    extra-territorial regulations, 657, 661, 662, 663, 695, 699, 704,
      707, 708, 716, 720, 725, 726, 727;
    international regulations, 733, 734, 735;
    trawling, 698, 707, 735;
    jurisdiction for Customs, 593-595, 609, 665, 676, 679 n.;
    for public health and slave-ships, 593-595;
    under common law of England, 546;
    over foreigners, 589, 590, 591;
    navigation in, 78, 676

  Territorial sea, need of distinguishing different rights in, 690;
    neutral waters, decrees respecting, 569-570;
    proposed limit for, 690, 775

  Territorial sea, possession of opposite shores, 35, 43;
    principle of thalweg or mid-line, 541-544

  Territorial sea, proposals of International Law Association, 690-692, 774;
    question of banks and flats, 633, 634, 635, 639, 640 and n., 641 n.;
    of consistency of soil, 641 n.;
    of depth, 562;
    of islands, 618, 634, 639, 641 n.;
    of rocks and islets, 641-643, 649;
    of tide-marks, 579, 641, 652, 659, 661, 666, 669 and n.;
    of true boundary of, 539;
    Scottish firths, 692;
    statutes referring to, 589-594

  Territorial sea, usage in seventeenth century, 552;
    in eighteenth, 566;
    modern, 650

  Territorial sea, modern usage, Algeria, 657;
    Argentine Republic, wide claim by, 661, 662, 663;
      in Rio de la Plata, 663;
    Austria-Hungary, 572, 658;
    in Behring Sea, 585, 695 and n., 696;
    Belgium, 658;
    Chili, 661;
    Cuba, 665;
    Denmark, 528, 529, 530, 538, 567, 568, 653, 655, 664;
      in Cattegat, 653;
    Iceland and Faroes, 647, 648;
    Skagerrack, 636, 653;
    France, 657;
    Germany, 652;
    Great Britain, origin of, 538;
      in Bristol Channel, 586-588;
      at Bell Rock, 642;
      at Eddystone, 641, 642, 643;
      at Seven Stones Rocks, 642, 643;
    British colonies, 661;
    British N. America, 531;
    Greece, 661;
    Italy, 659;
    Japan, 661;
    Netherlands, 658;
    in Zuiderzee, 635, 636;
    Norway, 457, 528, 538, 568, 653, 664, 669-681, 685;
      method of measuring, 669, 670, 685;
      rejects three-mile limit, 633, 636, 678, 681;
      reasons for wide limit, 676, 677;
      in Varangerfjord, 674;
      in Vestfjord, Lofotens, 672-674, 677;
      special limits in, 671, 672, 678, 679;
    Portugal, 538, 569, 664, 668;
    Russia, 656;
    White Sea, 564, 657;
    Scandinavian limit, 528, 567 and n., 653, 655;
    Spain, 538, 569, 664-668;
    South America, 661;
    Sweden, 538, 653, 664, 669, 674, 675;
      method of computing in, 669;
    United States, 661;
      various limits claimed by, 575;
    Uruguay, 663;
    Venice, 571

  Territorial sea, opinions of publicists in first part eighteenth
      century on, 565, 566;
    of recent publicists, 603, 605, 681, 688, 689

  Territorial sea, opinions of Abreu y Bertodano, 559;
    Aschehoug, 686, 688;
    Auber, 691;
    Azuni, 564, 565;
      on Bays, 565;
    Bishop, 683, 689;
    Bluntschli, 682, 688;
    Bodin, 540;
    Burgus, 550;
    Bynkershoek, 555, 556;
      on range of vision, 546;
    Calvo, 682, 688;
    Casaregi, 558;
    Lord Chelmsford, 586;
    Chitty, 597;
    Conringius, 550;
    Baron de Courcel, 664 n.;
    Craig, 357;
    Dana, 683, 689;
    Desjardins, 685, 688;
    Lord Dunedin, 724;
    Ferguson, 684, 689;
    Fiore, 684, 689;
    Lord Fitzmaurice, 630, 730, 731;
    Galiani, 563;
    Gentilis, 540;
    Graswinckel, 550;
    Sir Edward Grey, 732;
    Grotius, 549;
      on range of vision, 545;
    Lord Guthrie, 723;
    Chief-Justice Hale, 543;
    Hall, 687, 689;
    Halleck, 683, 689;
    Lord Halsbury, 592;
    Lord Hatherly, 586 n.;
    Hautefeuille, 601, 688;
    Heffter, 600, 689;
    Lord Herschell, 692 n.;
    Holland, 691;
    Hübner, 562;
    Kent, 599, 689;
    Kleen, 685;
    Klüber, 597, 688;
    Lord Kyllachy, 725;
    Lampredi, 563;
    Latour, 595, 685;
    Lawrence, 683, 688;
    Leoni Levi, 664 n.;
    Loccenius, 550;
    Lord Loreburn, 732;
    Lushington, 586 n.;
    Manning, 600, 689;
    Massé, 602, 688;
    de Martens, 686, 688;
    G. F. von Martens, 563;
      on bays, 564;
      on straits, 564;
    Moore, 691 n.;
    Moser, 562;
    Sir John Nicholl, 586;
    Oppenheim, 688;
    Ortolan, 600, 688;
    Perels, 684, 688;
    Phillimore, 682, 688, 689;
    Pistoye and Duverdy, 602, 688;
    Pontanus, 550;
    Pradier-Fodéré, 684, 688;
    Puffendorf, 550;
      on bays and gulfs, 551;
    Rayneval, 596;
    Reddie, 600;
    Lord Salisbury, 592;
    Sarpi, 547;
    Schmalz, 597, 688;
    Shookius, 550;
    Lord Stowell, 641 n.;
    Strauchius, 550;
    Sir Travers Twiss, 683, 689, 691 n.;
    Valin, 562;
    Vattel, 560, 689;
      on bays, 561;
      on straits, 561;
    Lord Wensleydale, 586 n.;
    Westlake, 691 n.;
    Wheaton, 598, 689;
    Wolff, 559, 689;
    Woolsey, 683, 689;
    opinions of early English lawyers, 539;
    of early Italian jurists, 539;
    of Institut de Droit International, 689-692, 774;
    of International Law Association, 689-692, 774;
    of judges in _Franconia_ case, 590

  Territorial Sea. Various limits proposed or adopted for different purposes:
    _Three-mile limit_, proposed by Galiani, 563;
      by Azuni, 565;
      introduced for neutrality by United States, 573, 574;
      introduced into English jurisprudence, 576, 577;
      originated in neutral rights, 694;
      applied to fisheries, 581;
      confusion of, with range of guns, 591 and n., 598, 682, 683, 689;
      not equivalent to range of guns, 21, 576;
      discussion on, 650-652;
      generally adopted through influence of the United States and Great
        Britain, 21, 681;
      an Anglo-American doctrine, 681, 684;
      not generally accepted by publicists, 580, 680, 681, 688, 775;
      common adoption of, 21, 650;
      in some international fishery conventions, 581, 612, 614, 617, 619,
        621, 634, 635, 647, 649, 652;
      generally for fisheries, 616, 647, 663, 680;
      inadequacy of, 21, 604, 615, 617, 651, 679, 682, 683, 686, 687,
        690, 693, 694, 707 and n.;
      in relation to next great maritime war, 22;
      British Government on, 730, 732;
      refuses to recognise jurisdiction beyond three miles, 663, 667 and
        n., 738;
      wishes three-mile limit extended in war, 665;
      rejected by four European States, 664;
      refused by Norway, 633, 636, 678, 681;
      complex on Norwegian coast, 672, 676
    _Four-mile limit_, 653;
    _five miles_, 575, 665, 691, 698, 715;
    _six miles_, 559, 563, 565, 566, 575, 582, 605, 606, 664, 665, 690,
        691, 694, 775;
    adopted by International Law Association for Fisheries, 690, 775;
    limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 605, 606;
    _eight miles_, 665, 694;
    _nine miles_, 563, 564 n., 608 and n., 611, 618, 679, 679 n., 691,
        698, 737;
      on French coast, 608 n., 609;
      recommended by English trawlers for North Sea, 702;
    _ten miles_, 665, 668, 687, 694, 696, 698, 707, 737;
      in Argentina, 661;
      recommended for North Sea by English trawlers, 702;
    _twelve miles_, 575, 593, 594, 662, 665, 668, 715;
    _thirteen miles_, 703, 720, 738;
      for fishery on Scottish coast, 720;
    _fourteen miles_, 77, 84, 192, 193, 545, 694;
    _twenty-eight miles_, 77, 84, 545;
    _thirty miles_, 572, 696;
    _forty miles_, 178, 585;
    _sixty miles_, 3, 540, 696;
    _eighty miles_, 79, 355;
    _100 miles_, 3, 169, 353, 360, 373, 539, 541, 559;
      claimed by Russia in Behring Sea, 582
    _Range of guns_, 21, 349, 549, 552, 593, 646, 658, 660, 676, 681,
        685-687, 690, 716;
      first proposed by Dutch ambassadors, 156, 549;
      Bynkershoek’s dictum on, 556;
      merits of, 558;
      fixed in treaties and decrees, 570-572;
      generally adopted, 576;
      incorporated in international law, 558;
      generally accepted by publicists, 688;
      the true principle of delimitation, 595, 602, 603;
      and neutral rights, 557, 559, 571, 572;
      and salute, 556, 557;
      as “zone of respect,” 690, 775
    _Range of vision_, 175, 193, 347, 544-546, 571, 574, 596, 602, 694;
      defects of, 546;
      adhered to by Dutch, 546;
      claimed by Denmark, 529, 545;
      proposed by some modern publicists, 546, 565, 600 (_see_ Land-kenning);
      subsistence limit of Sarpi, 547

  Territorial waters. _See_ Territorial sea.

  Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act, 580 n., 590, 591, 592, 717, 718, 731

  Teutonic invaders, seafaring habits of, 26

  Texel, 18, 409; battle of, 498

  Thalweg. _See_ Mid-line.

  Thames, 49, 60, 76, 131, 133, 219, 443, 444, 459, 462, 472, 476

  Thanet, 49, 68

  Thorpe, 27, 28

  Three-mile limit. _See_ Territorial sea.

  Three seas, 17

  Thurloe, 432, 434, 436, 497, 498 n.

  Tithes of fish. _See_ Fish.

  Tlieff, Captain Andrees, 171, 174, 175

  Top-sails, lowering of. _See_ Striking.

  Tordesillas, treaty of, 5, 106

  Traders, hostilities between, 53, 54

  Trafalgar, 15

  Trawling. _See_ Fisheries.

  Treaties, England and Burgundy, 1405, 1408, 69;
      1417, 70;
      1439, 70;
      1467, 71;
      1478, 72;
      1496 (_Intercursus Magnus_), 72;
      1499, 73;
      1506, 73;
      1515, 73;
      1520, 73;
    and Castile, 1351, 67;
    and Denmark, 1468, 110;
      1490, 109;
      1523, 109;
      1583, 110;
    and Flanders, 1320, 55;
    and France, 1303, 44-46, 49;
      1403, 67;
      1471, 72;
      1528, 75;
    and Portugal, 1353, 67;
      1439, 70;
    and United Provinces, 1585, 433;
    Scotland and the Emperor, 1541, 78;
      1550, 79, 179;
    Scotland and the Netherlands, 1291, 1321, 1323, 1371, 1401, 1407,
        1412, 1416, 76;
      1531, 1541, 188 n.;
    and United Provinces, 1594, 81, 157, 169, 173, 188 n., 257, 388;
    Great Britain and Belgium, 1852, 617, 645;
      1882, 637;
    and Denmark, 1882, 637;
      1901, 647, 740;
    and France, 1686, 526, 622;
      1786, 572;
      1839, 612;
      1867, 619;
      1882, 637;
    and Germany, 1882, 637;
    and Mexico, 1888, 679 n.;
    and the Netherlands, 1625, 433;
      1654, 435, 436, 455;
      1662, 455;
      1674, 508;
      1689, 517;
      1784, 522;
      1882, 637;
    and Russia, 1825, 583;
    and Spain, 1630, 425;
      1790, 573;
    and Sweden, 427;
    and United States, 1783, 622;
      1794, 574, 622;
      1814, 581;
      1818, 581, 627;
      1854, 625;
      1871, 627;
      1888, 628;
    Denmark and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;
      1899, 655, 675;
    France and Algeria, 1689, 527, 573;
    Burgundy, 1468, 71;
    the Emperor, 1521, 74, 119;
    Russia, 1787, 572;
      and United Provinces, 1635, 276;
      1662, 453;
    Norway and Mexico, 1886, 594, 679;
    Porte and Naples, 1740, 546;
    Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, 1780, 572 n.;
      and the two Sicilies, 1787, 572;
      and the United Provinces and Prussia, 1781, 572 n.;
    Spain and Morocco, 1861, 668;
      and Portugal, 1494, 106;
        1878, 1885, 1893, 665, 666;
      and Tripoli, 1784, 572;
      and the United Provinces, 1609, 148, 344, 350 n.;
    United States and Morocco, 1785, 572;
      and Russia, 1824, 583

  Treaties concerning fishery, British North America, 526, 531, 532,
        574, 622, 625, 627, 628

  Treaties guaranteeing liberty of fishing on English coasts, 66-74

  Treaty of Antwerp, 148, 344, 350 n.;
    of Breda, 464, 465;
    of Dover, 475;
    of Ryswick, 466 n.;
    of Southampton, 388;
    of Tordesillas, 5, 106;
    of Troyes, 8, 35;
    of Union, England and Scotland, 1604, 192, 545;
    of Utrecht, 531

  Treport, 65, 426

  Trinity House, 114, 120, 447;
    on limits of King’s Chambers, 9, 753;
    on extent of British Seas, 20, 465 n., 477, 478;
    on jurisdiction of Cinque Ports in Channel, 544;
    on striking, 477

  Triple Alliance, 467, 471, 474, 476, 481, 483, 490

  Tromp, Lieut.-Admiral Martin Harpentz, 329, 390, 395, 408, 411 n.,
      415, 422, 436, 477, 511;
    attacks Oquendo in the Straits of Dover, 330;
    in the Downs, 245, 331;
    strikes to English, 330, 334;
    his letter to Pennington, 334;
    commands Dutch fleet, 329;
    puts to sea to prevent search of Dutch vessels, 397;
    no instructions as to striking, 397, 399;
    his memorandum on striking, 398, 770;
    reluctance to strike, 400, 401, 403, 404;
    encounter with Blake, 12, 207 n., 397, 403, 404, 421;
    correspondence with Blake, 404 n., 771;
    story of broom, 408, 409

  Tudors, 85, 86, 87, 118

  Tunny fishery, 142, 504

  Tweedmouth, Lord, 691, 720

  _Twee Gebroeders_, case of, 576, 577, 641 n.

  Twiss, Sir Travers, 39, 40, 41, 42, 52 n., 53, 312 n., 689, 691 n.

  Two seas, 17

  Tynemouth, 214

  Tyrrhenian Sea, sovereignty of, 371

  United Provinces, 9, 12-14, 81, 119, 125, 126 n., 151, 157, 170,
        179, 187, 191, 197, 198, 201, 243 n., 246, 251, 253, 257,
        264, 265, 275, 288, 301, 302, 304, 340, 342, 364, 384, 399,
        405, 416, 441, 454, 460, 470, 474, 517, 527-529.
    _See_ States-General, Dutch, Netherlands.

  United States of America, disputes and negotiations regarding British
      North American fisheries, 532, 581, 621-630, 731 and n.;
    regarding Behring Sea, 541, 583, 584, 695 n.;
    territorial sea, 599, 661;
    fixes three miles for neutrality, 21, 93, 573, 574;
    various limits claimed, 574, 575, 650;
    influence of, in adoption of three-mile limit, 650

  Uruguay, territorial sea, 663

  Ushant, 103, 290, 399, 437

  Utrecht, 81; treaty of, 531, 582

  Vagabonds, 98

  Valck, Jacob, 81

  Valin, on territorial sea, 562

  Vane, Sir Henry, 269, 414, 422 n., 439

  Varangerfjord, 674, 695

  Vardö, or Vardöhuus, 86, 97 n., 108, 109, 110

  Vasquez. _See_ Vasquius.

  Vasquius, Ferdinand, on dominion of sea, 341, 351, 353

  Vattel, on territorial sea, 560;
    on appropriation of fisheries, 561

  Venice, 30, 91, 186 n., 191;
    sea sovereignty of, 3, 4 and n., 16, 33, 54, 107, 158, 339, 341,
      350, 351, 361, 371, 540, 547, 552;
    limit of territorial sea, 571

  Vestfjord, 672, 677

  Vic, M. de, Vice-Admiral of France, 204

  Violation of ports, 247, 249, 250

  Virginia, 388

  Visit and search and gun range, 557

  Visitation of English ships, 268

  Wagenaar, 80, 167 n., 311 n.

  Walderswick, 90 n.

  Walker, Sir Richard, 280

  Walmer Castle, 279

  Warbeck, Perkin, 72, 387

  Wardhouse. _See_ Vardö.

  Warwick, Earl of, 206 n, 276, 379, 380

  Wash, the, 18

  Washington, George, 573, 681

  Wells, 90

  Welwood, William, 342 n., 343, 371, 546, 551;
    on appropriation of the sea, 353;
    dominion of the sea, 354;
    exhaustibility of sea, 355;
    on Grotius, 352;
    on limit for Dutch on Scottish coast, 79, 84;
    sea laws of Scotland, 352;
    attack on, by Graswinckel, 412

  Wensleydale, Lord, on territorial sea, 586 n.

  Wentworth, Viscount, 227 n.

  West Friesland, 453

  Westlake, Professor, on territorial sea, 691 n.

  Westmoney Islands, 109, 247

  Weston, Lord, 227, 239 n., 241, 281

  Weymouth, 268

  Whale-fishing, 187, 189;
    in Behring Sea, 585;
    at Greenland, 407, 527-530;
    at Jan Mayen, 527;
    at Spitzbergen, 112, 164, 181-184, 193, 194 n., 200, 527;
    in Varangerfjord, 674;
    regulations, 695

  Whales, right to, 66, 363

  Wharton, 312 n.

  Wheaton, on territorial sea, 598

  Whestone, Admiral, 520

  Whitby, 462

  Whitelock, 414

  White Sea, sealing at, 695;
    territoriality of, 657;
    trawling at, 680

  Whitstable Fishery, case of, 586 n.

  Wicklow, 63

  Wicquefort, on sovereignty of sea, 495

  Wilkins, 27

  Willes, John, 43

  William of Malmesbury, 27

  William III. and sovereignty of sea, 517-520

  William the Lion, King, 59

  Williamson, Sir Joseph, plenipotentiary at Cologne, 496, 497, 498, 511

  Willoughby, 181, 183

  Wilson, Thomas, 163 n.

  Wimbledon, Viscount, 227 n.

  Winchelsea, 37, 49, 50, 73

  Windebank, 243, 250, 253, 263, 267, 287, 295, 302, 319, 320, 322, 323

  Winwood, Sir Ralph, 130 n., 152, 162, 168, 172

  Wolff, on territorial sea, 559

  Wolseley, Sir Charles, 429

  Wolsey, Cardinal, 74, 119, 548

  Woolsey, on territorial sea, 683

  Worcester, 27

  Worcester, Earl of, 56 n.

  Worsley, Dr Benjamin, 515

  Wotton, 162

  Wreck, right to, 66, 362, 363, 542

  Yarmouth, 34 n., 46 n., 49, 58, 60, 62, 73, 90, 96, 97 n., 100, 108,
      126, 129, 130 n., 131, 133, 134, 143-145, 151, 162, 214, 247, 248,
      249, 295, 307, 308, 391 n., 438, 455, 461, 462, 463, 515, 546

  York, Duke of, 446, 448, 456, 457, 458, 469, 472, 485, 493, 516

  Yorkshire, 133

  Young, Captain, 207 n., 401, 402

  Ypres, 71

  Zealand, 45, 60, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73, 74 n., 75, 81, 88, 92, 94, 95, 125, 195

  Zierikzee, 45 n.

  Zorgdrager, 194 n.

  Zouch, 515

  Zowe, fishing-bank, 65 and n., 189 n., 276 n., 426 n., 440, 544, 749

  Zuiderzee, territoriality of, 635

THE END.

PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The possession by Venice of this maritime sovereignty was
symbolised each year for many centuries by the picturesque ceremony of
“espousing” the Adriatic. On Ascension Day the Doge was rowed to the
strains of music in a magnificent gilded state barge, the _Bucentaur_,
to the channel of Lido, where he cast a ring into the water, exclaiming
as he did so, “We espouse thee, O Sea, in sign of a real and perpetual
dominion” (“Desponsamus te mare in signum veri perpetuique dominii”).
The Papal nuncio and representatives of other states assisted at the
ceremony.

[2] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of War_, 142. Maine,
_International Law_, 76.

[3] Twiss, _op. cit._, 143, 144. Reddie, _Maritime International Law_,
i. 41.

[4] Nicolas, _Hist. Navy_, i. 157.

[5] “Il sera banny hors dAngleterre et de mer appartenant au roi
dAngleterre,” Article in _Black Book_, i. 58, ascribed to the reign
of Henry I. (A.D. 1100-1135); “Ad piscandum in mari nostro, prope
Jernemuth,” Edward I., A.D. 1295, _Fœdera_, ii. 688; “la meer
Dengleterre,” A.D. 1306, _Chanc. Rolls, Misc. Treaties_, &c., Bd. 14,
No. 15; “super mare Anglicanum” (_Rot. Pat._, 14 Edw. II., pt. ii. m.
26, d.), A.D. 1320, &c., &c.; “partibus maris infra regnum nostrum
Angliæ,” _A.D._ 1317, Edw. II., _Fœdera_, iii. 469; A.D. 1406, Hen.
IV., giving freedom of fishing, “ubicumque supra mare, per et infra
dominia, jurisdictiones, et districtus nostra”; “Seigneur de la mer,”
A.D. 1320, _Fœdera_, iii. 852; “reges Angliæ domini maris Anglicani
circumquaque,” A.D. 1336, _Rot. Scot._, i. 442; “domini maris et
transmarini passagii,” A.D. 1336, _Fœdera_, iv. 721; “le roi de la
mier,” A.D. 1372, _Rot. Parl._, ii. 311; “seigneurs del meer,” A.D.
1420, _ibid._, iv. 126, &c., &c.

[6] _Fœdera_, xvi. 395; _State Papers, Dom._ 1604, 11, 40; _Fœdera_,
xix. 211; _Libelle of Englyshe Polycye_; Dee, _General and Rare
Memorials_, 6; _State Papers, Dom._ 1662, 66, 50, “It is a fundamental
Maxime of England, that the sea flowing about the Isle of Great
Britaine is of the same dominion with the isle”; “the dominion of the
ambient seas.”

[7] _Rot. Escheat._, 41 Hen. III., A.D. 1259, referred to by Coke,
1. 107_a_; Bracton, _Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ_, lib. v. c.
xxx. fol. 437 (A.D. _circa_ 1259); _Statutes of the Realm_, 18 Edw. I.
Stat. 4 (A.D. 1290); _Rot. Parl._, 13 Ric. II., “deinz les quatre miers
Dengleterre,” &c.

[8] Hall, _On the Rights of the Crown in the Sea Shores of the Realm_,
p. 1.

[9] “The guardian of his Majesty’s three seas” (A.D. 1607). _Cæsar
Papers, MS. Brit. Mus. Lansd._, 142, fol. 373.

[10]

    “Thene here I ende of the comoditees
    Ffor whiche nede is well to kepe the sees;
    Este and weste, sowthe and northe they be;
    And chefely kepe the sharpe narowe see,
    Betwene Dover and Caleise.”

[11] _Acts of the Privy Council of England_, N.S., i. 232, 242.

[12] Winwood’s _Memorials_, iii. 50.

[13] _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xiii.

[14] Selden, _Mare Clausum_, lib. i. c. viii., lib. ii. cc. ii.-viii.

[15] _Polyhistor._, c. xxiv.

[16] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xi.

[17] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xii. “Canutus autem Rex suæ ditionis
esse Oceanum Britannicum verbis expressissimis item est testatus.”
Prynne uses the same argument. _Animadversions on Coke’s Fourth
Institute_, 88.

[18] Ed. Petrie, 395.

[19] _Gesta Regum Anglorum_, i. 235; Eng. Hist. Soc. “Ego Edgarus
totius Albionis Basileus nec non maritimorum seu insulanorum Regum
circumhabitantium.”

[20] “Ego Edgardus Anglorum Basileus omniumque Regum insularum,
Oceanique Britanniam circumjacentis cunctarumque nationum quæ infra
eam includuntur Imperator et Dominus,” &c. Dee, _General and Rare
Memorials_, 58, 60; Selden, _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xii. (quoting from
a charter of Inspeximus, _Rot. Pat._, 1 Edw. IV., m. 23); Prynne, _op.
cit._, 87.

[21] _Concilia_, i. 432.

[22] _Ibid._, i. 239.

[23] _Codex Diplomaticus_, ii. 404, vi. 237.

[24] _Diplomatarium Anglicum Ævi Saxonici_, 211.

[25] _Cartularium Saxonicum_, iii. 377.

[26] “Insularum oceani quæ Brytanniam circumjacent.”

[27] Worsaae, _An Account of the Danes and Norwegians in England,
Scotland, and Ireland_; Depping, _Histoire des Expéditions maritimes
des Normands_; Beamish, _The Discovery of America_.

[28] Burrows, _Cinque Ports_, 62, 81.

[29] Cunningham, _The Growth of English Industry and Commerce during
the Early and Middle Ages_, 173.

[30] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of Peace_, 244; ibid., _In Time
of War_, 142.

[31] See p. 51.

[32] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xiv.

[33] “Pour garder la mere,” “la garde du meer,” “la sauve garde
du meer,” “pro custodia maris,” “de custodia maritimæ,” &c. See
_Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England_; Nicolas,
_History of the Royal Navy_; Prynne, _Animadversions_.

[34] _Fœdera_, i. 861; Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 279, 437.

[35] Twiss, _The Law of Nations in Time of Peace_, 245.

[36] _Vide_ Twiss, _Black Book of the Admiralty_, i. 420.

[37] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xviii.

[38] Twiss, _ibid._, i. 64.

[39] Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 131, 231, ii. 45, 84, 130, 176; _Rot.
Pat._, 65 (1206); _Fœdera_, i. 96 (1208).

[40] _Chronicles_, ii. 497.

[41] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. cc. xiii., xx.

[42] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 46b; Nicolas, _op. cit._, ii. 260-280;
Laughton, _Studies in Naval History_, 16-22. The Yarmouth herring
fishing suffered severely in these years, and the fishermen equipped
and armed vessels for their own defence,--_Chronicon Angliæ, ab_ A.D.
1328 _usque ad annum_ 1388, p. 170, Rolls Series.

[43] _Op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xv.

[44] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 63b, 391a; _Fœdera_, vii. 220. “C’este
l’ordinance et grante par l’advis des Marchaundz de Londres, et des
autres Marchaundz vers la North, par assent de touz Communes de
Parlement par devant le Comte de Northumberland et le Meair de Londres,
pur la garde et tuicion du Mier,” &c. The specified dues throw some
light on the commerce and fisheries of the period: (1) all vessels or
crayers navigating the seas within the limits of the admiralty of the
north were to pay a duty of sixpence a ton-tight, going and returning,
with the exception of those bringing wines and goods from Flanders to
London, or carrying wool and skins to Calais; (2) vessels laden with
goods belonging to merchants of Prussia, Norway, or Scone (Scania)
were to pay sixpence a last; (3) vessels carrying coals from Newcastle
were to pay sixpence a ton every three months; (4) sixpence a-week per
ton was to be paid by all vessels fishing for herrings within the said
admiralty, and sixpence every three weeks per ton by boats fishing for
other fish.

[45] A.D. 1420, _Rot. Parl._, iv. 126. “Item, priount les ditz
Communes, que par l’ou nostre très soverain seignour le Roy et ses
nobles progenitours de tout temps ount esté seignours del meer, et
ore par la grace de Dieu est venuz que nostre dit seignour le Roy est
seignour des costes d’ambeparties del meer d’ordeigner que sur toutz
estraungers passantz parmye le dit meer tiel imposition à l’oeps nostre
dit seignour le Roy apprendre qui à luy semblera resonable, pur la
salve garde del dit meer.”

[46] _Rotuli Scotiæ_, i. 442, “Nos advertentes quod progenitores nostri
reges Angliæ Domini Maris Anglicani circumquaque et etiam defensores
contra hostium invasiones ante hæc tempora extiterint,” &c. Part of the
language of this mandate was copied by Charles I. in his ship-money
writs. See p. 211.

[47] _Fœdera_, iv. 722. “Consideratio etiam quod progenitores nostri,
Reges Angliæ, in hujusmodi turbationibus, inter ipsos et alios terrarum
exterarum dominos motis, domini maris et transmarini passagii, totis
præteritis temporibus, extiterunt,” &c.

[48] Nicolas, _op. cit._, ii. 49, 106.

[49] _Political Poems_, ii. 157. The author states that it was coined
after Edward captured Calais, when

    “The see was kepte, and thereof he was lorde,
    Thus made he nobles coigned of recorde.”

But Edward did not take Calais till 1347, while the noble was issued in
July 1344. Nicolas, _loc. cit._

[50] Oppenheim, _A History of the Administration of the Royal Navy_, i.
7.

[51] Cunningham, _op. cit._, 361. In the _Libelle_ it is asked--

    “Wher ben our shippes, wher ben our swerdes become?
    Our enmyes bid for the ship set a sheep”;

and the rubric of an anonymous commentator states that the advice
quoted was owing to the fact that while in the time of Edward III.
the English were lords of the sea, they were now in these days mad
(_vecordes_), vanquished, and for waging war and guarding the sea, like
sheep. The jest is also alluded to by Capgrave, _Liber de Illustribus
Henricis_, 135.

[52] “Tous les pays tenoient et appelloient nostre avandit seigneur, le
Roi de la Mier.”

[53] _Rot. Parl._, ii. 311.

[54] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvi.

[55] _Animadversions_, 108.

[56] Nicolas, _op. cit._, i. 156, but cf. ii. 481; Hannay, _A Short
History of the Royal Navy_, 15. Hannay, as well as the writer of the
naval articles in _Social England_ (i. 138), was not apparently aware
of the labours of Sir Travers Twiss mentioned in the text.

[57] _The Black Book of the Admiralty_, i. Intro. xiii _et seq._, 129;
iii. Intro. i, x.

[58] “Item ordonne estoit a Hastynges pour loy et coustumes de mer ou
temps du roy Johan lan de son regne second par advys de ses seigneurs
temporelz que se le lieutenant en aucun voyage ordonne par commun
conseil du royalme encontrent sur la mer aucunes nefz ou vesseaux
chargees ou voide que ne veullent avaller et abbesser leurs trefs
ou commandement du lieutenant du roy ou de ladmiral du roy, ou son
lieutenant, mais combatant encontre iceulx de la flotte que silz
puent estre pris quilz soient reputez comme ennemys et leurs nefs,
vesseaulx, et bien pris et forfaitz comme biens des ennemys tout soit
que les maistres ou possesseurs dicelles vouldroient venir apres et
alleguer mesmes les nefs, vesseaulx, et biens estre biens des amys du
roy nostre seigneur, et que le mayne estant en icelles soient chastiez
par emprisonnement de leur corps pour leur rebellete par discrecion.”
The above is given by Twiss from the _Whitehall MS._ of the eighteenth
century; it does not materially differ from the others. The _Cottonian
MS._, which is stated to be the earliest and purest, reads in both
places “le lieutenant du roy ou ladmiralle du roy ou soun lieutenant.”

[59] _The Black Book_, Intro. xix, lxxvii. It is _Vespasian MSS._, B.
xxii.

[60] _The Black Book_, iii. Intro. viii, x. See p. 410.

[61] _Collection des Lois Maritimes_, iv. 199.

[62] _Collection des Lois Maritimes_, i. Intro. pp. li, 129; iii.
Intro. p. xi.

[63] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvi.

[64] “Quanquam tamen, ad primam vocem ipsorum Anglicorum, idem Johannes
Willes velum suum declinavit,” &c., _Fœdera_, viii. 273; “omnes tamen
inermes, et velum suum, ad primum clamorem Anglicorum declinantes,”
_ibid._, 277.

[65] _Chancery Rolls, Misc. Treaties and Diplomatic_, Bdle. 14, No.
15. It is endorsed _De Superioritate Maris Angliæ et Jure Officii
Admirallatus in eodem_. There are several copies on separate membranes
in the bundle--viz., 1, 8, 12, 14, 15,--and they differ from one
another, as indicated in the transcript in Appendix A. Prynne
(_Animadversions_, 109) says that besides the roll in the Tower from
which Lord Coke and Selden quoted, he discovered “an ancient copy of
it in the White Tower Chapple,” and among the Admiralty papers is a
memorandum by Nicholas, undated, but before 1631, on the records in
the Tower respecting the Laws of Oleron and the Sovereignty of the
Seas, in which he says that “in ye little closset there” a record in
French exists, dated in the time of Edw. I. or II., referring to the
depredations of Grimbald. There is also a transcript in a collection of
MSS. in the British Museum (_Harleian_, 4314) and a translation of the
roll, in a hand of the seventeenth century, in _MS. Otho._ E. ix. fol.
14.

[66] _Fourth Institute_, cap. 22, p. 142.

[67] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvii., xxviii., xx., xxiv.

[68] _Rot. Pat._, 26 Edw. I., part 2, memb. 24, _in dorso_.

[69] _Fœdera_, i. 954.

[70] Selden, _op. cit._, lib. ii. c. xxvii., quoting from _Rot. Pat._,
31 Edw. I., m. 16, which reads as follows: “Des enterprises, mesprises,
et forfaitz en Treue ou en Sufferance, entre nous et le dit Roi de
Fraunce, dune part et dautre, es costeres de la mer Dengleterre et
autres per decea et ausint per deuers Normandie et autres costeres de
la mer per de la.”

[71] The King of France ordered John de Pedrogue, a celebrated seaman
of Calais, to collect a fleet there and proceed with it to Holland
against the Count of Flanders, who had invested Zierikzee. Included in
the fleet were eleven Genoese galleys, under Reyner de Grimaldi, who
was given the chief command by Philip, with the title of “Admiral,”
John de Pedrogue acting under him. Nicolas (_op. cit._, i. 373) gives a
description of the fight.

[72] The translation, for which I am indebted to Miss E. Salisbury, is
from membrane 12.

[73] The expression is also used in a document of 1297, when Lord
William de Leybourne is described as “Admiral of the sea of the said
King of England.” _Fœdera_, i. 861.

[74] Coke (_op. cit._, 143) states that this refers to “De Botetourt,”
who, he says, was Admiral “of the sea coasting upon Yarmouth in Norfolk
(right over against France) and of that station in _anno_ 22 Edw. I.”
Nicolas (_op. cit._, i. 270, 407) states that Sir John de Botetourt
was made commander of the northern fleet in 1293, and in the following
year, when Edward divided his fleet into three squadrons, the ships of
Yarmouth and the adjacent ports were placed under his charge.

[75] The rest is on the back of the membrane.

[76] The part within brackets is to be found on the membranes 1, 14_d_,
and 15, but not on 12.

[77] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxvii. Hall, in his excellent
_Treatise on International Law_ (p. 141), and with reference apparently
to this roll, says that exclusive dominion over the English seas by the
English king was acknowledged as early as 1299 (_sic_), at a commission
in Paris, by the representatives of the merchants and mariners of the
countries mentioned in the above document.

[78] See Appendix A.

[79] _Chancery Miscel. Rolls_, _France_, Bdl. 5, No. 6.

[80] See translation in Appendix B.

[81] _Chancery Rolls, Misc._, Bdle. 14, n. 15, memb. 4.

[82] “Infrascripti sunt articuli generales super quibus et fines ad
quos Justiciarii domini nostri Regis sunt consulend’, et dominus noster
Rex de eorum consilio certificand’ in Cancellar’ sua in scriptis citra
festum, &c.

  “Item ad finem, quod resumatur et continuetur ad subditorum
  prosecucionem forma procedendi quondam ordinata et inchoata per avum
  Domini nostri Regis et ejus consilium ad retinendum et conservandum
  antiquam Superioritatem Maris Angliæ et jus officii Admirallatus
  in eodem, quoad corrigendum, interpretandum, declarandum, et
  conservandum leges et statuta per ejus antecessores Angliæ Reges
  dudum ordinata ad conservandum pacem et Justitiam inter omnes gentes
  nacionis cujuscunque per Mare Angliæ transeuntes, et ad cognoscendum
  super omnibus in contrarium attemptatis in eodem, et ad puniendum
  delinquentes et dampna passis satisfaciendum; quæ quidem leges et
  statuta per Dominum Ricardum quondam Regem Angliæ in reditu suo a
  Terrâ Sancta correcta fuerunt, interpretata, declarata, et in Insula
  Oleron publicata, et nominata in Gallica lingua La loy Olyroun.”

According to Godolphin (_A View of the Admiral Jurisdiction_, 1661),
the “form of proceedings” refers to the statute of the Writ of
Consultation, 24 Edw. I., with regard to the proceedings of the Courts.
The following is on another membrane in the same roll (mem. 2_d_),
which contains ordinances agreed upon between the masters and mariners
of England, Bayonne, and Flanders, at Bruges, 8th March 1286. It is in
the handwriting of the time of Edward III.

  “Item a la fin qe veues et considerees les formes des proces et des
  lettres ordeinees per les consaillers le dit aiel nostres seigneur
  le Roi pur eux et la dite nacioun Dengleterre a recouerer et receuer
  les ditz subgitz aidaunz et alliez et a faire redresser a eux toux
  les damages a eux donez en Mier et en terre duraunz les dites trewes
  pees et confederaciouns et countre la forme dycelles par les ditz
  Fraunceys aidaunz et alliez et eschuire clamour de poeple sur la dite
  denatureste, &c., et les damages quiex de tiel clamour purroient
  auenir et especialment a retenir et meintener la souereignete qe
  ses ditz auncestres Rois Dengleterre soleyent auoir en la dite mier
  Dengleterre quant alamendement declaracioun et interpretacioun des
  lois per eux faites a gouerner toutes maneres des gentz passanz
  per la dite mier. Et primerement a son admirail et as meistres et
  mariners des nefs des Sync Portz Dengleterre et des autres terres
  annex a la Corone Dengleterre entendaunt a sa armee en la dite
  mier pur retenir et meyntenir la garde des lois auauntdites et la
  puniscioun de toux faitz al encountre en la mier susdite Semblables
  formes des proces et lettres soient desors tenues od toux les
  amendementz quiex purrount estre ordeinez par le sage Counsail nostre
  Seignur le Roi a profist et honur de lui et des soens.”

[83] Twiss (_Black Book of the Admiralty_, ii. xliii; ii. xi), who
collected the old sea laws of Europe, states that the most ancient
extant source of modern marine law are the Decisions of the Consuls
of the Sea of the City of Trani, on the shores of the Adriatic, which
purport to be of the date A.D. 1063; and that the next most ancient are
the Judgments of Oleron, of which there are still copies, belonging to
the reign of Edward II., in the archives of the Guildhall, for use no
doubt in the City court, which administered the Law Merchant and the
Law Maritime.

[84] _Op. cit._, i. 484.

[85] _Op. cit._

[86] _Op. cit._ The specification of the duties within the cognisance
of the Admiralty occupies several pages; they included “all cases of
seizures and captures made at sea, whether _jure belli publicis_, or
_jure belli privati_ by way of reprisals, or _jure nullo_ by way of
piracy ... all causes of spoil and depredations at sea; robberies and
pyracies,” &c., &c.

[87] M’Pherson, _Annals of Commerce_, i. 475, 485, quoting from
_Fœdera_.

[88] 18 Edw. III., st. 2, cap. 3. Several articles in the _Black
Book_ show the same desire to encourage foreign merchants, and severe
penalties were prescribed for the robbing or wronging of foreign ships,
or interference with their freedom to trade.

[89] _The Reading of the Famous and Learned Robert Callis, Esqr._,
_upon the Statute of Sewers_, 23 Hen. VIII., c. 5, &c., 1622; ed. 1824,
p. 48.

[90] “Sur la mere d’Engleterre, devers les parties de Craudon.”

[91] “Et prierent que le Roi, de sa seignurie et poer real, fait sente
dreit et punissement del dit fait, de siccome il est seigneur de la
mer, et la dite roberie fut fait sur la mer dans son poer, sicomme
dessus est dit.”

[92] Nicolas, who gives the details referred to, says that there is no
record of these proceedings in the rolls of Parliament. _Op. cit._, i.
388.

[93] “Et cum dicti nuncii ad tractandum de novo super hujusmodi dampnis
per dictum dominum nostrum Regem admissi fuissent, ipsi nuncii, prout
alii nuncii præfati Comitis, in tractatibus supradictis, inter cetera
quæ requirebant, ante omnia supplicabant, ut dictus dominus Rex ad
sectam suam de potestate sua Regia inquiri et justitiam faceret de
quadam deprædatione quibusdam hominibus de Flandria nuper de vinis et
aliis diversis mercimoniis suis super mare Anglicanum, versus partes
de Crauden, infra potestatem dicti domini nostri Regis, per homines
de regno Angliæ. Ut dicebant facta asserentes quod vina et mercimonia
prædicta eisdem Flandrensibus deprædata adducta, fuerunt infra regnum
et potestatem dicti domini Regis, et quod ipse est dominus dicti maris,
et deprædatio prædicta facta fuit supra dictum mare infra potestatem
suam.” _Rot. Pat._, 14 Edw. II., pt. ii. m. 26, _in dorso_. Selden
quotes this document (lib. ii. c. xxix.), but his text varies from the
above, thus: “... potestatem dicti domini Regis, et quod ad ipsum Regem
pertinuit sic facere pro eo quod ipse est dominus dicti maris.”

[94] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxix. p. 282.

[95] That “Crowdon” was in Brittany appears from a letter, dated
from Plymouth, 9th December 1402, from Henry Beaufort, Bishop of
Lincoln, the Earl of Somerset, and the Earl of Worcester, who were
sent to escort Joan of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany, the second wife
of Henry IV., to England. “Et par fin force pur un temps nous faut
demurrer en Bretaigne car la ou nous avoioms envoie au dite nostre
treshonuree et tresredoutee dame pur venir, noz niefs ne poiont ne
osent aler en le temps dyver. Et faut qele eit un leisir pur venir
pardevers nous, dont le havene que nous pensoms aler ove leide de Dieu
est Crowdon.”--_Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of
England_, i. 190.

[96] Allard, _Du Poisson, considéré comme Aliment dans les Temps
anciens et modernes_.

[97] Garrad, _The Arte of War_.

[98] In the itinerary of a journey from England made by a Scottish
nobleman to join Edward I. in Scotland, it is recorded that herrings
were purchased nearly every day--at Dunstable, Newport, Northampton,
Leicester, Nottingham, Sherburn, &c. Sixty fresh herrings at York,
nearly forty miles from the sea in a straight line, cost eightpence,
and fresh haddocks and codlings were also bought.

[99] “Prohibeo etiam firmiter ne quis decimas suas eis injuste detineat
sicut habuerunt in tempore regis Davidis super meum forisfactum et ne
quis in aquis eorum piscari presumat ... nisi per eorum licentiam.”

[100] _Fœdera_, ii. 23. “Gent de Flaundres estre venuz sur mer, come
Pescheurs,” &c.

[101] _Ibid._, ii. 37. The Flemish fishermen had probably gone up the
Tweed after salmon.

[102] _Ibid._, ii. 688, dated 28th September. “Quia intelleximus quod
multi homines, de partibus Hollandiæ, Zelandiæ et etiam Frislandiæ, qui
sunt de amicitia nostra, ad piscandum in mari nostro, prope Jernemuth,”
&c.

[103] Lundberg, _Det Stora sillfisket i Skåne under medeltiden
oeh nyare tidens början_. Worms, _Hist. commerciale de la Ligue
Hanséatique_.

[104] Fruin, _Tien Jaren uit den Tachtigjarigen Oorlog_, 181.

[105] _Brit. Mus. MSS. Galba_, B. iii. 16. Henry apparently acceded to
the request; _vide_ “John Heron’s accompte for waftynge of the herring
fleete in the parties of Norfolk and Suffolk, _anno quarto_ R. Henrici
VIII.” _State Papers, Foreign and Domestic_, Hen. VIII., i. 1512.

[106] Ljungman, _Nägra ord om de stora Bohus-länska Sillfiskeri_.

[107] _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. c. xxi.

[108] _Rot. Pat._, 22 Edw. IV., m. 2; _ibid._, 2 Ric. III., i. m. 3;
_ibid._, 3 Hen. VII., part ii. _dorso_; _Mare Clausum_, lib. ii. xxi.

[109] _The Statutes at Large passed in the Parliaments held in
Ireland_, i. 30. 5 Edw. IV., c. vi. “An Act that no Ship or other
Vessel of any Foreign Country shall go to the Fishing in the Irish
Countries, and for Custom to be paid of the Vessel that cometh from
Foreign Lands to Fishing.”

[110] _Britannia_, Gough’s edition, ii. 248.

[111] _A Pollitique Platt_, &c.

[112] _State Papers, Dom._, James I., xlviii. 94.

[113] Malines, _Lex Mercatoria_, 189, from whom Selden quotes it, with
the remark, “There are some also who affirm that the King of Spain,”
&c. _Mare Clausum_, ii. c. xxx. It is also given by Boroughs and other
writers.

[114] _State Papers, Dom._, Charles I., clxxx. 96.

[115] One of the licenses, which ran for a year, is printed in Appendix
C. The Zowe was described in 1630 as “a bank which lies between Rye and
Dieppe, and the outermost part is nearly one-third over the sea. This
zowe which they call the small zowe is 3 leagues long and 3 broad, and
26 and 28 fathoms deep. The French make it 10 leagues, because they
fish till they bring Beachy Head N., fayre Loo (? Fairlea, Fairlight)
W.N.W., and fish in 30 fathoms.” Sir H. Mainwaring to Coke, “A Short
Discourse or Propositions concerning the French fishing uppon the
Zowe, theyr abusing it, and the Remedy” (_ibid._) It was described as
the “chief nursery for turbetts, hollibatts, pearles (brill), soules,
weavers and gurnetts.” In Queen Elizabeth’s time only four licenses
were granted, but James increased the number to fourteen or fifteen.
They were carefully entered in the records of Dover Castle and the
Hundred Book of Rye.

[116] Henrici de Bracton, _Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ_, lib.
i. c. 12; lib. iii. c. 3. _Rolls Series_, Introd., by Sir Travers
Twiss, i. ii. Güterbock, _Henricus de Bracton und sein Verhältniss zum
Römischen Rechte_, 14, 55.

[117] _Fœdera_, v. 719. “Il est convenu, &c., &c. Item, que pessoners
de la seignurie del roi de Castelle et del counte de Viscay peussent
venir et pescher fraunchement et sauvement en les portz d’Engleterre et
de Bretaigne, et en touz autres lieux et portz où ils vorrontz, paiantz
les droits et les custumes à les seignurs du pais.”

[118] _Ibid._, v. 763.

[119] _Fœdera_, viii. 306, 336. “Q’en ceste presente harenguison les
pescheurs de l’une part et d’autre puissent pescher plus seurement en
la mer la harenk et toutz autres poissons, depuis hable de Grauelinguez
et l’isle de Tanent, jusques a l’entree de la riviere de Saine, et au
hable de Hautoune.”

[120] _Ibid._, viii. 451.

[121] _Fœdera_, viii. 459. “Pro Piscatoribus, sub Dominio Ducis
Burgundiæ: ... toutz pescheurs, tant de nostre dit roiaume d’Engleterre
et de Caleis, et dez autres noz villes et lieux, come dez ditz conte
et paiis de Flandres, dez paiis de Picardie, de Normandie, et de
Bretaigne, et generalment de tut le dit roiaume de Fraunce, puissent
paisiblement aler par tout sur meer, pur peschier et gaigner lour
vivre, saunz en estre reprins ne empeschiez en ascun manere ... et par
ainsi que semblablement soit fait et otroie, de lez dites parties de
Flandres, Picardie, Normandie, Bretaigne, et autres del dit roiaume
de Fraunce, a la seurte dez ditz pescheours de nostre dit roiaume
d’Engleterre.”

[122] _Ibid._, viii. 469, 472. Dumont, _Corps Universel Diplomatique du
Droit des Gens_, &c., II. i. 302. _Proc. and Ordinances of the Privy
Council of England_, i. 282.

[123] _Ibid._, viii. 530, 548, “Et les pescheurs generalment aler
pescher sur mer pour gaignier leur vivre paisiblement.”

[124] _Fœdera_, ix. 483.

[125] _Rot. Parl._, iii. 643_b_.

[126] Pikes and bows and arrows were used. Later, in the early part
of the seventeenth century, a regular part of the equipment of a
herring-buss was half-pikes and muskets, an estimate for one being--ten
half-pikes, £1; muskets with bandaleers, rests, and moulds, £6, with 6
lb. of gunpowder and 6 lb. of leaden bullets.

[127] _Fœdera_, x. 730, 736, 761, 791. The article on the fishery
was as follows: “Que tous pescheurs, tant d’Engleterre, d’Irlande,
et de Calais, comme des paiis de Brabant et de Flandres, pourront
paisiblement aler par tout sur mer, pour peschier et gaignier leur
vivre, sans empeschement ou destourber de l’une partie ne de l’autre.
Et avec ce, se fortune ou autre aventure chassoit ou amenoit les diz
pescheurs de la partie d’Engleterre, en aucun des ports, havres,
destrois, et daugiers des dites paiis de Brabant ou de Flandres, ou les
diz pescheurs des dites paiis de Brabant et de Flandres en aucuns des
dites ports, havres, destrois, ou daugiers du royaume d’Engleterre,
Yrland, et de Calais, que ilz y soient paisiblement et franchement
receuz et traictiez raisonnablement d’une coste et d’autre, en paiant
aux lieux, ou ils arriveront, les toulieux et devoirs accoustumez, et
d’illec puissent liberalment retourner a tout leurs nefs, applois, et
biens sans destourbier, arrest, ne empeschement; pourveu que, par les
diz pescheurs, d’un coste et d’autre, ne soit commise aucune fraude, ou
fait dommaige.” Intercursus continuandus pro spatio duodecim annorum
inter Anglos et Flandros, Gandanos, Iperos et civitatis de Brabant.
_Ibid._, xi. 143.

[128] “Et pur toutz sez autres paiis et seigneuries.”

[129] “Et sans qu’il leur soit bosoigne sur ceo requirer ne opteiner
ascune license, congie, ou saufconducte.” 5 Jan. 1467/1468. _Ibid._,
xi. 591, 592, 595, 609. Dumont, _op. cit._, III. i. 592.

[130] Dumont, III. i. 400.

[131] _Fœdera_, xi. 683.

[132] _Ibid._, xii. 67. In 1484 Richard III. issued a commission to
Thomas Lye, sergeant-at-arms, to make restitution for fishing-boats
belonging to subjects of Maximilian, Duke of Austria, which had been
taken, laden with fish, by English pirates. _Ibid._, xii. 227.

[133] “Item, conventum, concordatum et conclusum est quod piscatores
utriusque partis partium prædictarum (cujuscunque conditionis existant)
poterunt ubique ire, navigare per mare, secure piscari absque aliquo
impedimento licentia seu salvo conductu: Et, si contingat aliquos ex
piscatoribus unius partis per fortunam, tempestatem maris, vim hostium,
aut alio modo compelli intrare aliquem portum vel districtum alterius
partis, ibidem pacifice et amicabiliter recipientur et tractabuntur
(solvendo in locis ubi applicabunt jura et theolonia prædicta) et ab
illis portubus et locis poterunt libere recedere et redire, cum eorum
navibus et bonis, sine impedimento vel contradictione quacunque;
dummodo tamen per ipsos piscatores non committatur fraus neque dolus,
seu per eos aliis dampnum minime fiat.” 24 Feb. (1495)/(1496).
_Fœdera_, xii. 583. Dumont, III. ii. 338.

[134] _Fœdera_, xii. 714; xiii. 132, 539, 714.

[135] Ships of war were used to convoy the herring-busses of Holland
and Zealand at least as early as 1440.

[136] _Cal. State Papers, Foreign and Domestic_, iii. Nos. 1534, 1535.

[137] _Fœdera_, xiii. 752. Dumont, IV. i. 352.

[138] Dumont, IV. i. 515. “Pourront aussi les Sujets des Païs,
Roiaumes, Terres et Seigneuries dessusdites, librement, et sans
détourbier, ni empêchement, pêcher à harangs, et autres poissons en
la mer, où ladite Treve aura lieu, et là où la pêche dudit harang
s’adonera, comme ils faisoient avant la Guerre, et pourroient et sont
accoûtumez de faire au tems de Paix.”

[139] _Fœdera_, ii. 529, 545. Mieris, _Groot Charterboek der Graaven
van Holland_, &c., ii. 268; iii. 257; iv. 223, 378, 692, 816. Kluit,
_Historiæ Federum Belgii Federati_, 284. Yair, _An Account of the
Scotch Trade in the Netherlands_, 6, 27, 36.

[140] Mieris, _op. cit._, iv. 146. About this time the Scots also did
their best to drive away English fishermen from their coasts. In 1400
they fitted out a small fleet under Sir Robert Logan for this purpose,
but it was apparently insufficient, and Logan himself was captured by
the men of Lynn. Walsingham, _Hist. Anglicana_, 364. In 1420 complaint
was made to the English Parliament that the Scots had at divers times
attacked and taken English fishing vessels. _Rot. Parl._, iv. 127_a_.

[141] _State Papers, Dom._, Charles I., clii. 63. See p. 218.

[142] “Dat hy voorhadt, de haringvisscherij omtrent zyne kusten te
beletten.” Wagenaar, _Vaderlandsche Historie_, v. 209.

[143] _Resol. Staten van Holl._, 5/15 September 1540. Bosgoed, _Bib.
Pisc._, 319.

[144] Treaty of Binche, 9/19 February 1540/1541. Dumont, _op. cit._,
IV. ii. 208.

[145] “Et quant au dernier article de la commission du Sr. de Limdy
[Lundy] ambassadeur, concernant le fait de la pescherie, ladite Dame
Reine [the Queen Dowager of Hungary and Bohemia] veuille par bonne et
meure deliberation proceder en telles et semblables affaires, se fera
informer sur le contenu dudit article, pour après en ordonner comme il
sera trouvé étre de raison, équité, et justice d’une part et d’autre
pour la conservation de la paix et amitié mutuelle desdits Sieurs.”
_Op. cit._, and see footnote next page.

[146] Wagenaar, _op. cit._, 355.

[147] _Res. St. Holl._, (29 Nov.)/(9 Dec.) 1544; (23 Feb.)/(5 Mar.)
1545, &c. Bosgoed, _op. cit._, 320.

[148] Dumont, IV. iii. 12. “Circa piscationem verò ac liberum usum
maris, ea quæ per supradictum Tractatum anno 1541, 19 Februarii,
Binchii inter Serenissimam Reginam Mariam et supra nominatum Oratorem
Regis Scotiæ; inita, conclusa ac conventa fuerint debite ac sincere
observari debebunt.”

[149] In 1618, when there was much searching of the records in Scotland
(where they were kept in a most careless and slovenly manner) to
establish the claim of James to the fishing in connection with the
approaching visit of the Dutch ambassadors, the Earl of Dunfermline
wrote to Lord Binning in London, forwarding a copy, in French, of the
treaty of 1541, and said, “Albeit ye will perseive by the last article
of the same annent the propositions of the fishings, the Queen of
Hungarie and Bohemia, who was for the Emperour Governant of the Low
Countries--we call her commonly Frow Mary--in that takes her to further
advysement with her Councill, and no thing resolved if any further
proceeding; _I pray God ye may find it otherwayes_.” _MSS. Advoc.
Lib._, 31. 2. 16.

[150] The heads of the treaty and the ratifications are given by
Dumont, _Corps Diplomatique_, V. i. 507. The treaty itself is
published in full by Bor, _Vervolgh Vande Nederlantssche Oorlogen ende
Geschiedenissen_, iv. fol. 48-52.

[151] _E.g._, in 1573, that “all maner of fischeris that occupyis the
sey and vtheris persounis quhatsumeuer” that catch herrings or white
fish “vpon the coist or within the Ilis or outwith the samin within
the Fyrthis” should bring them to free ports to be sold. _Acta Parl.
Scot._, iii. c. 7.

[152] Leslie, _De Origine Moribus et Rebus Gestis Scotorum_, 24. A
point of land near Inveraray in Loch Fyne was long known, and is still
known, as Frenchman’s Point or French Farl, the tradition being that it
was to this place that herrings were brought to be sold and cured. _Old
Statistical Account of Scotland_, v. 291.

[153] _Register Privy Council of Scotland_, i. 482.

[154] _De Dominio Maris_, 16. In another work Welwood says, “And
for the eastern seas, direct from Scotland, what is more antiently
notorious than that covenant twixt Scottish men and Hollanders,
concerning the length of their approaching toward Scotland by way of
fishing.” _An Abridgement of All Sea Lawes_, c. 26.

[155] _Register Privy Council of Scotland_, iv. 216.

[156] Much information on the fisheries of the Netherlands will be
found in Professor A. Beaujon’s _History of Dutch Sea Fisheries_, 1884.

[157] 33 Hen. VIII., c. 2.

[158] 37 Hen. VIII., c. 23; 5 & 6 Edw. VI., c. 17; 7 Edw. VI., c. 11; 1
Mary, st. 2, c. 13.

[159] _Acts of the Privy Council of England_, i. 103, 104, 106, 112,
114, _an._ 1543.

[160] 2 & 3 Edw. VI., c. 19. Certain exceptions, of those licensed,
ill, or very old, or in prison, were made.

[161] _State Papers, Dom., Addenda_, Edw. VI., iv. 56. The paper, which
is endorsed by Cecil, “The Answer of the Fishmongers,” is undated, but
that it belongs to the reign of Edward VI. (1547-1553) is proved by
the words, “the reign of our late sovereign, Henry VIII.” The return
of 1528, referred to by the fishmongers, is among the State Papers
_(Foreign and Domestic Letters and Papers_, Hen. VIII., iv. pt. 2,
No. 5101). It states that 149 vessels went to the Iceland fishing,
mostly from Yarmouth, Blakeney, Cromer, Dunwich, Walderswick, and
Southwold; the herring-fishing in the North Sea employed 222, of which
110 belonged to the Cinque Ports, while 69 went to Shetland, the total
being 440. Shetland lings were in those days greatly prized, and
brought very high prices.

[162] _State Papers, Dom., Addenda_, Edw. VI., iv. 57. “The decaied
Porte Townes w^{th} nombers of good villages a longe by the sea cost
of this realm, within these twentie or thirtie years;” undated, but
belonging to the same period, with Cecil’s calculations written on the
back.

[163] _State Papers, Dom._, Elizabeth, xxvii. 71, February 1563.
Endorsed, “Arguments for Increase of the Navy,” and “Arguments to prove
that it is necessary for the restoring of the navy of England to have
one Day more in ye weeke ordained to be a fish day, and that to be
Wensday rather than any other.”

[164] The exportation, without license, of herrings, among other
things, had been forbidden by 1 & 2 Ph. and Mary, c. 5 (1554); but by
1 Eliz., c. 17, subjects were permitted to export sea fish taken by
subjects in English ships free of customs for four years.

[165] “The causes of the decay of fishing must be the lack of the vse
of fishing, which must be divided into ij partes, small eating of
fisshe in ye Realme, and not selling of it abroad.”

[166] The number of French vessels engaged in the Newfoundland
fisheries is placed at 500, with 15,000 men; and over 100, with at
least 1000 men, fished at Iceland for “herrings,”--but no doubt for cod
and ling.

[167] There are many other memoranda amongst the State Papers, some in
Cecil’s handwriting, which deal with fish-days. One gives in detail a
note of all the fish-days throughout the year, amounting to 186, and in
addition “a number of sayntes evens were fastyng dayes that now be not
observed.” _Ibid._, xxxi. 41, 42 (1563).

[168] 5 Eliz. c. 5. The debate on the Wednesday proposal lasted three
days, the clause being ultimately carried by 179 to 97 (_Commons
Journals_, i. 68). It was in view of the expected opposition that the
long paper above referred to was prepared. The Wednesday was not put
on quite the same footing as the Fridays and Saturdays, since “one
only usual competent dish of flesh and no more” was allowed, provided
that at the same table “three full competent usual dishes of sea fish
of sundry kinds, either fresh or salt,” were served and eaten “without
fraud or covin.” Another clause explained that the object was “meant
politically for the increase of fishermen and mariners, and repairing
of port towns and navigation”, and not for any superstition “regarding
choice of meats”; any one stating the contrary was to be punished.

[169] Among the imports of fish from the Low Countries at this time
were “cods-heads, cod-fish, eels, ‘gull-fish,’ haddocks, herrings,
ling, salmon, salt-fish, sturgeon, and ‘staple-fish.’” Hall, _A History
of the Customs Revenue in England_, ii. 237.

[170] _State Papers, Dom._, Eliz., xxxv. 36.

[171] 13 Eliz., c. 11.

[172] _State Papers, Dom._, Eliz., xlviii. 83.

[173] _Hatfield MSS._, i. 1177, 27th June 1568.

[174] 13 Eliz., c. 11. In the preamble it is said the former Act “is a
very good Act, and greatly increased the navy and fishermen.”

[175] _State Papers, Dom._, Eliz., lxxv. 16.

[176] In the same year the author, at a dinner he gave at Westminster
to the burgesses representing “all the stately port towns of England,”
explained the substance of his “plat”; several of them suggested that
a subsidy should be raised on land and goods to set the scheme afloat;
and the Speaker remarked that “a Parliament had been called for a less
cause.”

[177] _Burghley Papers_, A.D. 1572, _MSS. Lansd._ 14, No. 30. As the
catalogue states, the signature is erased, and the paper is entered
as anonymous; but careful scrutiny shows that it was signed “Rob^{t.}
Hitchcock.”

[178] _A Pollitique Platt for the honour of the Prince, the greate
profite of the publique state, relief of the poore, preseruacion of
the riche, reformation of Roges and Idle persones, and the wealthe of
thousandes that knowes not howe to liue. Written for an_ Newyeres
gift _to Englande and the inhabitantes thereof_, by Robert Hitchcok,
late of Cauersfeelde, in the Countie of Buckyngham, Gentleman. London,
1st Januarie 1580.

[179] In the early MS. copy presented to the Queen the 400 vessels
were to be from 100 to 200 tons, costing £400 each, and the crew was
to consist of a master, nine mariners, and thirty “rogues and lustie
vagabonds” obtained in the same forcible way.

[180] This place, frequently mentioned in old works and papers
referring to the fisheries, was Vardö, or Vardöhuus, at the mouth of
the Varangerfjord, Finmarken, on the north-east coast of Norway, or,
as it was often described, Lapland. The king of Denmark had a castle
on the island, and dues had to be paid for liberty to fish. A number
of English vessels went there in spring, returning towards the end of
summer.

[181] In France at this time, according to other records, Flemish
herrings brought £25 per last; Yarmouth, £10; Irish, £18; “coast”
herrings and Scotch, £11.

[182] The _Pollitique Platt_ is earnest and even religious in tone,
and it is obvious that the author spent much time in collecting the
information and elaborating his scheme, which in all sincerity was
meant for the good of his country. Even after three centuries one
learns with regret (from his letter preserved at Hatfield) that he had
to petition the Privy Council, “for his relief and maintenance in these
his now declining years” (1596), to cause every innkeeper, &c., to
purchase from him, for sixpence, and put up publicly, a printed table,
or “breviate,” describing the “benefits that growe to this Realme by
the Observance of Fish-Daies.”

[183] Better known by its running title, _The Brytish Monarchie_. It is
a very rare work, only 100 copies having been printed. The author’s own
copy is in the British Museum.

[184] P.7.

[185] Sir John Constable’s case. Moore, _Hist. Foreshore_, 225, from
_Hargrave MSS._, 15, fol. 95_d_. In the case for the crown the claim
to the sea is very briefly put: “Car quant est floud est parcel del
mere que est solement en le Roign et nemy en ascun subject; car est
pur passage pur chescun, mes owner de ceo nul si non le Roign.”
Anderson, _Les Reports du Treserudite_, i. 86. (ed. 1664). In a MS.