small part of the traveling public, for America was on wheels and the
roads were now such that auto traffic could roll in easily. The Grotto
Campground was enlarged, equipped, and supplied with water. The survey
of the Pine Creek road and tunnel was completed and Wayne Wonderland was
dedicated.

Richard Evans was borrowed from the U.S. Geological Survey and served as
acting superintendent during the tourist season for two years, while
Walter Ruesch remained in charge during the balance of the year. Two
permanent park rangers assisted Ruesch, Donald J. Jolley, appointed
August 1, 1920, and Harold Russell, who had worked summers from 1920 to
1923 and who received permanent appointment in October of the latter
year. All three were closely associated with developments and
improvements in the canyon. In 1927, E. T. Scoyen was appointed
permanent superintendent.

The Nature Guide Service in Yosemite and Yellowstone had proved so
successful that it was decided to extend such services to other parks.
It was initiated in Zion by the writer, June 19, 1925, and continued to
mid-September. There was no precedent to follow, but the work gradually
grew through succeeding summers into the Naturalist Service. During the
next five summers, museum collections of natural history specimens,
pioneer relics, and library books gradually accumulated and a museum was
established in 1928. Information concerning the history, flora, fauna
and geology of the canyon was collated. Lectures at the camp ground, at
the Lodge, and the guided trips along the Narrows trail were developed
and pictures and lantern slides were shown. In 1929, a mimeographed
publication, the _Zion-Bryce Nature Notes_, was undertaken and a Natural
History Association was organized to handle publications.

In 1926, daily bus service was established from Cedar City around the
loop to Zion, North Rim and Bryce. The East and West Rim trails were
reconstructed with better grades and locations. The West Rim Trail was
dedicated at a ceremony held at the time of the visit of Crown Prince
Gustavus and Princess Louise of Sweden, on July 11. A new road was
constructed between Rockville and the Park boundary and the proposed
Parunuweap road was surveyed.

In 1927, the Utah Parks Company took over the Wylie Camps at North Rim
and the bus service from the Parry Brothers, and a lodge and cabins were
constructed on the brink of North Rim at Bright Angel Point, so arranged
that the Great View into Grand Canyon could be seen from the windows.
This was completed in 1928.

In the meantime, Bryce Canyon was being developed by the Utah Parks
Company under the direction of the Forest Service, in the expectation
that eventually it would be transferred to the Park Service. The lodge
and cabins were built some distance from the rim so that the beauties of
the canyon could be preserved to best advantage. When Mather yielded to
pressure to allow Bryce Canyon to become a national park if all private
holdings were eliminated, Congress passed a bill, June 7, 1924,
providing for the establishment of a Utah National Park upon the
fulfillment of Mather’s conditions. The principal difficulty was that
the State of Utah owned a section of land at a strategic point on the
rim of the canyon. It took four years to fulfill the conditions, and
before they were arranged Congress passed a revised bill. February 25,
1928, nearly doubling the size of the area and changing its name to
Bryce Canyon.

When it became certain that the conditions would be fulfilled, the Union
Pacific arranged for a large excursion (September 14-17, 1928). The
party included: Carl R. Gray, president of the railroad; Stephen T.
Mather, Director of the U. S. National Park Service, and Horace M.
Albright, his assistant; Henry H. Blood, Chairman of the Utah State Road
Commission (later Governor of Utah, 1933-1941); Congressmen Don B.
Colton from Utah, and Philip D. Swing of California; Mayor John F.
Bowman of Salt Lake City; Charles F. Burke, U. S. Commissioner of Indian
Affairs; Thomas H. McDonald, Chief of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads;
Heber J. Grant, President of the Mormon Church, and his counselor,
Anthony W. Ivins; representatives of the press, chambers of commerce and
other organizations, and a host of lesser officials and advisers,
including the writer.

After spending the first night in Zion, the party journeyed via Pipe
Springs to the Kaibab and North Rim, where on September 15, 1928, the
new Kaibab Trail and the Grand Canyon Lodge were dedicated. The next day
the visitors reached Bryce Canyon where similar services were held in
the evening. Congressman Don B. Colton formally presented deeds of the
private land to Director Mather, who declared that the conditions having
been fulfilled, Bryce Canyon had become a National Park.

    [Illustration: VIEW FROM ONE OF THE GALLERIES OF THE FAMOUS ZION-MT.
    CARMEL TUNNEL.
            From _UTAH—A guide To The State_. Utah WPA Writers Project.]

Thus the great scenic areas of southern Utah had finally been
established as national parks and monuments, adequate roads and travel
accommodations had been provided, and efforts had been made to give the
casual tourist a deeper appreciation of the natural treasures at his
disposal. Within the next few years many of the immediate projects for
facilitating travel through the Park area were completed. The bridge
across the Marble Gorge of Grand Canyon, a few miles below Lee’s Ferry,
was dedicated June 15, 1929.

The next year saw the official opening of the Zion-Mt. Carmel highway,
one of the most spectacular engineering feats in the history of
road-building. From the canyon floor the road turns to the east up Pine
Creek Canyon and spirals upward on a four-mile roadway to a tunnel
paralleling the face of the vertical cliffs for 5,613 feet. Five
galleries cut from the tunnel to the canyon wall offer the motorist
vantage points for viewing the awe-inspiring scenery. Construction
within the National Park cost $2,000,000; from the Park to Mt. Carmel a
state and federal project, also cut in great part from solid rock, cost
in excess of $500,000. Still later the road up the floor of Zion from
the checking station on the main highway was reconstructed and made a
modern oil-surfaced highway. Thereafter, until America’s entry into
World War II, each summer brought greater throngs of visitors into the
wonderland.

At long last the nation had awakened to the greatness of the gift nature
had bestowed upon it, and in future years unnumbered generations will
come to marvel at the wonders of the country which is southern Utah and
at the austere majesty of the Great White Throne—generations free from
the dread and superstition that made primitive races fear its unimagined
heights no less than its long shadows and dazzling brilliance in the
sun.

Symbol of Nature’s handiwork, this central and most magnificent of
Zion’s features still echoes the distant footfall of Spanish padre and
American Frontiersmen passing unwittingly by its dooryard; it is mindful
of the day when the first Mormon pioneer lifted uncomprehending eyes to
the solitude of its summit, and of that other day when religious fervor
called it Zion, the dwelling place of peace. Men have come, cutting
their trails, building their roads, roofing their shelters, dreaming
their dreams. The human tide around its base has ebbed and flowed,
according to human wont, but it remains serene, aloof, alone. It will be
so a thousand years from now.

                                EPILOGUE

Twenty-one years after Bryce Canyon became a national park, a “coming of
Age” party was celebrated at Bryce Canyon on September 15, 1949. The
Utah Parks Company acted as host. The Park Service cooperated by
inviting to the celebration all those that could be found who were
present at the dedication in 1928.

The guests began arriving at Bryce Canyon the day before the
celebration. A group that met in the dining room that evening included
M. R. Tillotson, Regional Director of the Park Service; P. P. Patraw,
Assistant Director and former Superintendent of Zion and Bryce Canyon
National Parks; Dr. Harold C. Bryant, Superintendent of Grand Canyon
National Park; Dr. Angus M. Woodbury, Professor of Zoology, University
of Utah, formerly Park Naturalist of Zion and Bryce; their wives and Mr.
Victor Petrosso, formerly manager of El Tovar Lodge at Grand Canyon.
Others arrived next day including B. J. Finch, formerly District
Engineer of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads; W. P. Rogers, Manager of
the Utah Parks Company; Joel L. Priest, Jr. and E. C. Schmidt of the
Union Pacific; Mr. and Mrs. David Rust of Provo, Utah; Mr. and Mrs. M.
V. Walker, Naturalist of Zion and Bryce National Parks; Jack Christensen
of Cedar City; D. C. Dix of the Salt Lake Tribune; and other officials
of the Park Service and Utah Parks Company, making a total of 41. Many
other invited guests expressed regret at not being able to attend. Those
that were present at both the 1928 and 1949 celebrations included the
Tillotsons, Finch, Woodbury, Christensen, Schmidt and the Rusts.

Festivities started at noon with a luncheon in the Lodge dining room,
after which, about 40 guests were taken on a tour in an ultra modern
luxurious Utah Parks bus by Park Naturalist M. V. Walker along the Bryce
Rim as far as Rainbow Point and Yovimpa View where everyone enjoyed the
friendly greetings of old acquaintances, the superb natural sculptures
and the marvelous vistas from the high points where the Aquarius
Plateau, the Henry Mountains, the Kaiparowits Plateau, Navajo Mountain
and the Kaibab were all to be seen in the unsurpassed landscape.

At 7 p.m., the group converged on the superintendent’s residence where
Mr. and Mrs. Smith held open house and dispensed hospitality lavishly.

At 8:15 p.m., the group moved to the lodge dining room where a sumptuous
banquet given by the Utah Parks Company was followed by a program at
which Superintendent Smith presided and interestingly introduced the
speakers. Ranger in charge, John G. Lewis gave the address of welcome.
Reminiscences of the early days in the Utah National Parks were related
by Dr. Woodbury, who also referred to the outstanding work which Mr. B.
J. Finch, formerly of the Bureau of Public Roads, did in pioneering the
Zion-Mt Carmel Highway and Tunnel.

    [Illustration: Lean-to Natural Bridge overlooking Springdale in Zion
    Canyon.                     _Courtesy U. S. National Park Service._]

Mr. Tillotson gave the main speech of the evening, in which he called
attention to the great growth in travel into Bryce from 21,977 in 1929
to 189,493 in 1949, and pointed to the fine work of the Utah Parks
Company in making this possible. He also reported that Dr. Thomas H.
McDonald, Commissioner of the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, who had been
present in 1928 but could not come in 1949, wrote that “Bryce Canyon,
since I first saw it, has been to me one of the most delightful places
in the West. I have long felt that a vacation road from Southwest
Colorado crossing the Colorado River and coming into Bryce Canyon
through Escalante, if properly developed and controlled, offers the best
opportunity in the west ...” and thus kindled a fire under the hopes of
all Bryce enthusiasts for it would open up the heart of the great scenic
area of southeastern Utah, of which, Zion, Bryce and Wayne Wonderland
are on the outskirts.

Mr. W. P. Rogers responded with a witty talk about old times, spoke of
the fine cooperation of the Park Service and proposed a further reunion
in another five years.

The next day, the writer retraced old trails in Zion Canyon and visited
the museum and park headquarters where Naturalist Walker explained the
developments taking place. Especially prominent was the great increase
in the literature available to the public provided by the Natural
History Association that had been organized by the writer in 1929. This
included pictures, colored slides and publications, among which the
works of Dr. H. E. Gregory on the geology of the region were
outstanding.

    [Illustration: (uncaptioned)]

                               FOOTNOTES

[2]J. W. Powell, _Exploration of the Colorado River of the West_
    (Washington, D.C., 1875), p. 111. Erroneously reported as September
    12, 1870.

[3]William R. Palmer, “Pahute Indian Government and Laws,” _Utah
    Historical Quarterly_, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 35-52.

[4]The tuna mentioned probably refers to cactus; and the maize and
    calabashes to corn and squash. The name, Parrusis, equivalent to
    Parrusits, undoubtedly referred to the Virgin River Indians. It
    simply means people living on the Par-roos River. Fifty years later,
    in 1826, Jedediah Strong Smith, found Indians on the Santa Clara
    Creek raising corn and pumpkins. Maurice Sullivan, _The Travels of
    Jedediah Smith_ (Santa Ana, California, 1934), pp. 27-28.

[5]Cf. H. S. Auerbach, ed., “Father Escalante’s Journal,” in _Utah
    Historical Quarterly_, Vol. XI, pp. 85, 91.

[6]G. H. Heap, _Central Route to the Pacific, Journal of the Expedition
    of E. H. Beale and G. H. Heap in 1853_ (Washington, D.C., 1854), p.
    99.

[7]Escalante, “Diario,” in _Documents para la historia de Mexico_
    (Mexico City), ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 37.

    Cf. also: H. S. Auerbach, “Father Escalante’s Journal, 1776-77” in
    _Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. XI, pp. 1-142; H. L. Bolton,
    “Escalante in Dixie and the Arizona Strip,” _New Mexico Review_
    (Santa Fe, 1928), Vol. III, No. 1; H. E. Gregory, “Spanish Entradas
    in Kaiparowits Region,” _U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper_
    (Washington, D.C., 1931), p. 164; W. R. Harris, _The Catholic Church
    in Utah_ (Salt Lake City, 1909); Philip Harry, “Brief of Escalante’s
    Journal” in _Simpson’s Explorations, 1859_, Appendix R. (Washington,
    D.C., 1860), p. 490.

[8]Cf. Auerbach, _loc. cit._, pp. 85-86.

[9]_Ibid._, p. 5.

[10]
    H. H. Bancroft, _History of Utah_ (San Francisco, 1884-86), pp. 22,
              23.
    H. M. Chittenden, _The American Fur Trade of the Far West_ (New
              York, 1935), 2 Vols.
    Robert Glass Cleland, _From Wilderness to Empire_ (New York, 1944).
    H. C. Dale, _The Ashley-Smith Explorations_ (Los Angeles, 1918).
    T. E. Farish, _History of Arizona_, (Phoenix, Arizona, 1916).
    Albert Gallatin, _Synopsis of Indian Tribes_ (Worcester, Mass.,
              1836) map, p. 265.
    P. T. Hanna, “California’s Debt to Jedediah Strong Smith,” in
              _Touring Topics_ (Los Angeles, California, September
              1926).
    C. H. Merriam, “Earliest Crossings of the Deserts of Utah and Nevada
              to Southern California; Route of Jedediah S. Smith,”
              _California Historical Society Quarterly_, 1923, Vol. 2,
              pp. 228-237.
    J. G. Neihardt, _The Splendid Wayfaring_ (New York, 1920).
    Maurice Sullivan, _The Travels of Jedediah Smith_ (Santa Ana,
              California, 1934).
    A. M. Woodbury, “The Route of Jedediah S. Smith in 1826 from the
              Great Salt Lake to the Colorado River,” _Utah Historical
              Quarterly_, 1931, 4:35-46.

[11]From letter of Jedediah Strong Smith, Maurice Sullivan, _The Travels
    of Jedediah Smith_, pp. 15, 27-28.

[12]C. L. Camp, ed., “The Chronicles of George C. Yount,” _California
    Historical Society Quarterly_, 1923.

[13]Cf. Herbert S. Auerbach, “Old Trails, Old Forts, Old Trappers and
    Traders,” _Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. IX, 1941, pp. 13-63.

[14]Cf. J. C. Fremont, _Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the
    Rocky Mountains_ (New York, 1846).

[15]What is now the Virgin River was called Sulphur Creek by Escalante
    in 1776. Jedediah S. Smith named it Adams River, to which he adhered
    in letters written on both trips of 1826 and 1827. This upsets the
    idea that he named it for Thomas Virgin, a member of his party.
    George C. Yount, as recorded in 1923 by Charles L. Camp, (_loc.
    cit._, p. 10), told of entering the Virgin River valley on a trip in
    1830, but this is no assurance that it was so named at that early
    date. It bore the name of Rio Virgin in 1844 when Fremont passed
    over the Spanish Trail and doubtless the name was given between 1827
    and 1844. In Fremont’s time, the Muddy River was called “Rio de Los
    Angeles,” and the Mountain Meadows “las Vegas de Santa Clara” (the
    Meadows of St. Clara).

[16]Fremont, _op. cit._, p. 168.

[17]Cf. Franklin D. Daines, “Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870,” in _Annual
    Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1917_
    (Washington, D.C., 1920).

[18]Dale L. Morgan, “The State of Deseret,” _Utah Historical Quarterly_,
    Vol. VIII, pp. 67-239.

[19]Cf. Leland H. Creer, _Utah and the Nation_ (Seattle, Washington,
    1929); Robert J. Dwyer, _The Gentile Comes to Utah_ (Washington,
    D.C., 1941). Andrew L. Neff, _History of Utah_ (Salt Lake City,
    1940).

[20]“L.D.S. Journal History,” November 13, 1847 (in files of L.D.S.
    Church Historian’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah).

[21]There are many references in Mormon records to Fremont’s report.
    Orson Hyde’s letter of April 26, 1845, to Church officials in Nauvoo
    mentions obtaining a copy of Fremont’s report and having Stephen A.
    Douglas frank it to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo. The _Nauvoo Neighbor_,
    September 24, 1845, devoted four and one-half columns of the front
    page to discussions of and quotations from this report. The Journal
    of William Clayton, secretary to Brigham Young, frequently refers to
    Fremont’s report and map. In Volume 11 and 12 of the _Millenial
    Star_, Orson Pratt makes a number of references to Fremont’s report.

[22]“Journal History,” September 17, 1849.

[23]“L.D.S. Journal History,” September 20 and October 2, 1849; Cf. W.
    A. Chaffant, _Death Valley_ (Stanford University Press, 1939), pp.
    17-22; R. G. Cleland, _From Wilderness to Empire_ (New York, 1944),
    pp. 249-255; William Lewis Manly, _Death Valley in ’49_ (New York,
    1924), pp. 201-203.

[24]Report of the Southern Exploring Expedition submitted to the
    Legislative Council of Deseret by Parley P. Pratt, February 9, 1850
    (original in L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office).

[25]_Loc. cit._

[26]“Call”—The Mormons were a peculiarly close-knit harmonious group
    working cooperatively together. In order to make for efficiency in
    the social group, each one was expected to do voluntarily and with
    unquestioning obedience the part assigned by the leaders. Thus
    individuals were usually “called” to go on missions, to fill an
    office, to go as a colonist, to work on the temple or any other
    unusual problem. The “call,” at least in the early days, was
    practically a command.

[27]“Journal History,” January 17, 1851.

[28]Neff, _History of Utah_, pp. 302-310.

[29]Heap, _Central Route to the Pacific_, p. 95.

[30]_Ibid._, p. 99.

[31]Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley, _A Journal of Salt Lake City: Being
    a Sketch of the History, Religion and Customs of the Mormons_
    (London, 1861), 2 Vols.; Vol. II, p. 363.

[32]The party included J. D. Lee, Chapman Duncan, John Steele, C. Y.
    Webb, L. and William Barton, J. and Miles Anderson, B. Jones, Zadock
    Judd, R. H. Gillespie, J. H. Dunton.

[33]“L.D.S. Journal History.”

[34]_Deseret News_, August 7, 1852. See also “Journal of Priddy Meeks,”
    _Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. X, 1942, p. 187.

[35]“Journal History.”

[36]The missionaries included the following: Rufus C. Allen, Pres.;
    Clark Ames, S. F. Atwood, T. D. Brown, clerk, Hyrum Burgess, Prime
    T. Coleman, Jacob Hamblin, Elnathan Eldridge, Augustus P. Hardy,
    Thales H. Haskell, William Henefer, Ira Hatch, Benjamin Knell,
    Samuel Knight, David Lewis, John Lott, John R. Murdock, Robert
    Richie, Isaac Riddle, Richard Robinson, Lorenzo W. Roundy, and Amos
    G. Thornton.

[37]The original missionaries to the Virgin and Santa Clara Valleys in
    1854, as reported in “Journal History,” were: Jacob Hamblin, Samuel
    Knight, Ira Hatch, Richard Robinson, Amos G. Thornton, Prime T.
    Coleman, Benjamin Knell, Thales Haskell, Robert Dixon, Isaac Riddle,
    Robert Ritchie, David Tullis. Probably several others should be
    added to this list: Rufus Allen, A. P. Hardy, Nephi Johnson, William
    Henefer, Ira Hatch and perhaps others.

[38]“Journal History,” letter of Richard Robinson, July 13, 1854.

[39]Neff, _op. cit._, pp. 290-292.

[40]Cf. Juanita Brooks, ed., “Diary of Thales Haskell,” _Utah Historical
    Quarterly_, Vol. XII, No. 1 and 2, pp. 70-98.

[41]Remy and Brenchley, _op. cit._, Vol. II, p. 388.

[42]Neff, _op. cit._, p. 291.

[43]_Ibid._, p. 292.

[44]Original MS in possession of Lovina A. J. Farnsworth, Kanab, Utah.

[45]Interview at Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.

[46]James G. Bleak, “Annals of the Southern Utah Mission” (Ms. in files
    of Utah State Historical Society).

[47]“Journal History,” October 7, 1861.

[48]The scouting party included Apostles George Albert Smith and Erastus
    Snow, Dr. James M. Whitmore, Horace S. Eldridge, Robert J. Golding
    and Isaac Stewart.

[49]Joseph Black, “Journal,” in possession of his son, Peter Black,
    Delta, Utah.

[50]Interview with E. C. Behunin by J. W. Thornton at Zion Canyon.

    Interview with Ezra Stevens, at Mt. Carmel, Utah, August 14, 1933.

    Interview with Peter Munk, at Manti, Utah, September 1, 1933.

[51]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (copy in the files of the Utah State
    Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah).

[52]John Langston, “History of John Langston” (Ms. in files of Utah
    State Historical Society).

[53]The settlers of Rockville included the following; beginning at west
    end on south side of street, Elijah Newman, a wheelwright from
    Parowan who had operated sawmills in Parowan Canyon and was well
    acquainted with Cedar Mountain; Mr. Frauschum, a jeweler from Provo;
    Mr. Scoggins, an Englishman; John C. Hall, a self-educated man from
    Salt Lake City; George Staples, farmer from Lehi; Albert and Edward
    Huber from France; Thomas Hall, a tinker from Salt Lake City; Joe
    and Jim McFate, farmers; Jacob E. and James P. Terry; and Mr.
    Coombs. On the north side of street beginning at west end, Samuel A.
    Kenner, doctor and journalist; Henry Jennings from Provo; William H.
    Carpenter, broom-maker; Hyrum and Ezra Strong, farmers; Henry Stocks
    from England, ironmonger by trade, who made the first molasses mill
    rollers in southern Utah and brought the mill to Rockville; William
    Ashton (“picked on” by the boys); William Crawford from Draper; John
    Langston from Draper; Daniel Q. Dennett, fifer in Mormon Battalion;
    Tom Flanigan, who sold out to William L. Draper a month later; and
    Asa York, carpenter; on land to the north; James Green stayed one
    summer. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August
    14, 1933).

[54]In the fall of 1862 the following came to Shunesburg: the mother of
    young Hyrum Stevens and his three brothers, Amos, Ezra and Charles;
    two uncles, Henry and Barney Stevens, each with two families; Albert
    Petty with two families, and John J. Allred. Charlie Klapper soon
    left and Albert and George Petty and Hardin Whitlock moved over to
    Springdale during the winter of 1862-63. In the fall of 1863 came
    James Thaxton and Samuel K. Gifford, a chairmaker.

[55]The first settlers of Springdale included: Isaac Behunin and sons,
    Albert Petty, George Petty, William Black and three sons, William,
    George and Joseph; Robert Brown, Newman Brown, Hardin (Howard?)
    Whitlock, Hyrum Morris, C. G. Averet, Mr. Powell, Mr. Davis, Mr.
    Norton and Joseph Millett.

[56]James G. Black, _loc. cit._

[57]Neff, _op. cit._, p. 908.

[58]There is a difference of opinion as to the location of the cabin. O.
    D. Gifford placed it about ⅙ mile above the lodge, on a flat since
    washed away by the river. E. C. Behunin, after an absence of 57
    years, placed it near the forks of the road that lead to the lodge
    and swimming pool. He was evidently mistaken, for his description of
    the location of his father’s farm seems to indicate that Gifford’s
    location is correct. He was certain that the old river meander just
    north of the lodge (now artificially filled in) was not there in the
    early days, but the physical evidences before straightening the
    river and building the permanent road definitely indicate that it
    was. Heap’s farm, which he says was separated from his father’s by
    the river, was above this meander. James H. Jennings, who owned the
    place afterward, says that Behunin was mistaken. (Interview with
    James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 15, 1933).

[59]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.

[60]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.

[61]Interview at Hurricane, Utah, August 26, 1933.

[62]For a detailed account of this experiment, cf. Edward J. Allen, _The
    Second United Order Among the Mormons_ (New York, 1936).

[63]Interview with B. A. Riggs, near Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.

[64]Interview with Mrs. Mary Jane Stout at Hurricane, Utah, August 25,
    1933.

[65]Creer, _Utah and the Nation_, 151.

[66]Juanita Brooks, “The Journal of Thales Haskell,” _Utah Historical
    Quarterly_, Vol. XII, pp. 69-98.

[67]_Loc. cit._, p. 81, 95, 96.

[68]Juanita Brooks, ed., “Indian Relations on the Mormon Frontier,”
    _Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. XII, January-April, 1944, p. 42.

[69]These included William J. Jolley, Henry B. M. Jolley, Silas Hoyt and
    Henry Gardner.

[70]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (Copy in the files of the Utah State
    Historical Society).

[71]In files of the Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[72]Letter of J. M. Higbee to W. H. Dame, July 10, 1866. Adjutant
    General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[73]Report of expedition by Franklin B. Woolley for James Andrus,
    September 18, 1866, at St. George, to Brigadier General Erastus
    Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[74]Order No. 16, November 29, 1866, by General Erastus Snow, Adjutant
    General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[75]Copy of the journal of a scouting expedition against marauding
    Navajo Indians, February 25 to March 12, 1869 by Edwin G. Woolley,
    Adjutant, filed in Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.

[76]Cf. J. W. Powell, ed., _The Colorado River_ (Washington, D.C.,
    1875), pp. 128-132.

[77]James Little. ed., _Autobiography of Jacob Hamblin_ (Salt Lake City,
    1909), p. 106. (Hamblin erroneously dates the peace trip 1871.)

[78]Little, _op. cit._, p. 110.

[79]_Ibid._, p. 119.

[80]“Journal History,” Letter dated April 5, 1870.

[81]These included, in addition to Levi Stewart, Moses M. Farnsworth,
    Allan Frost, Edward A. Noble, John Rider, John Morgan, William
    Thompson, Edward Cooke, Caleb D. Brinton, Mr. Burt, and families.

[82]Letter from A. Milton Musser, September 10, 1870, published in
    _Deseret News_, and collated in “L.D.S. Journal History.”

[83]Interview at Kanab, Utah, October 21, 1933.

[84]“The Life of Levi Stewart,” biographical sketch by his
    granddaughter, Margery Browne Cottam (copy in files of A. M.
    Woodbury).

[85]F. S. Dellenbaugh, _A Canyon Voyage_ (New York, 1908), pp. 166-167.

[86]Fredonia—Suggested by Erastus Snow, allegedly from “free” and “dona”
    (Spanish for lady or woman), thus, “free woman.” Actually, the name
    is simply a variant of “freedom,” invented shortly after 1800 by a
    certain Dr. Charles Mitchell, according to George R. Stewart, _Names
    on the Land_ (New York, 1945), p. 173.

[87]Kumen Jones, “First settlement of San Juan County, Utah,” _Utah
    Historical Quarterly_, Vol. II, No. 1 (January, 1929).

[88]“Journal of Josephine Catherine Chatterly Wood,” _Utah Historical
    Quarterly_, Vol. X, pp. 128-136.

[89]Mark A. Pendleton, “The Orderville United Order of Zion” and Emma
    Carroll Seegmiller, “Personal Memories of the United Order of
    Orderville,” _Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. VII, 1939.

[90]Powell, _op. cit._, p. 110.

[91]_Ibid._, p. 111.

[92]Herbert E. Gregory, ed., “Diary of A. H. Thompson,” _Utah Historical
    Quarterly_, Vol. IX, 1939, pp. 89, 92.

[93]“Cougar Hunting on the Rim of the Grand Canyon,” _The Outlook_
    (London, England, October 4, 1913), pp. 259-266.

[94]Letter of Frederick Vining Fisher to the writer, September 22, 1933.

[95]Memorandum of Horace M. Albright, August 4, 1933, in files of A. M.
    Woodbury.

                                 INDEX

                                   A
  Adams,
      Nate, 179, 180, 189, 190
      Orza, 190
      River, 127, 128
  Adventure, Utah settlement, 148, 150, 151, 153
  Affleck, D. A., 193
  _Agave_, (yant), food, 119
  Agriculture, 138, 148
      Indian, 117, 118
  Ahlstrom, brothers, 182
  Albright, Horace M., 196-197, 199, 201, 208
  Allen, Rufus C., 144, 145
  Allred, John J., 153
  Alpine, Utah, 153
  Alter, J. Cecil, 195
  _Amelanchier_, (sarvis berries), 120
  Ames, Clark, 144
  Anderson,
      J., 139
      Miles, 139
      Mrs. Nancy, 145
  Anderson’s Ranch, 204
  Andrus, James, aids against Indians, 168, 169, 171, 174-176
      rescue expedition, 189
  Animals, predatory, hunted, 192
  Argonauts, 132
  Armstrong, G. G., 205
  Arrows, 118, 119, 121
  Arizona, Northern,
      colonized, 166
      explored, 164-166
      Strip, 189
  Army, Johnston’s, marches to Utah, 131, 164
  Arrowhead Route, 198
      Trail Association, 198
  Asa Creek, 142
  Ash Creek, 117, 124, 127, 133, 139
  Ashley, General (Wm. H.), 126
  Ashton, Willam, 151, 153
  Atkin, Grace, 111
  Atwood, S. F., 144
  Auerbach, H. S., 123, 128
  Automobile roads to Southern Utah Parks, 204, 205
  Averet, C. G., 153
  Averett. Elijah, 172
  Ayers, George, 158
      Heber, 158

                                   B
  Baker, John, 191
  Bamberger, Governor Simon, 200, 203, 205
  Bancroft, H. H., 127
  Barton,
      L., 139
      William, 139
  Battalion, Mormon, 153
  Beale, E. H., 121, 136
  Bear Valley, 128
      route, 142
  Bears, grizzly, 193
  Beaver, 140
      County protected by militia, 167
      Creek, 134
      Dam Wash, 127, 128
      River, 127
  Behunin,
      E. C., 112, 152, 155, 159
      Isaac, 151, 155-157, 161
  _Berberis, fremonti_, (weump berries), 120
  Berry,
      Isabel, 170
      Joe, 170
      Robert, 170
  Berryville, Utah, 166, 181
  Bigelow, Charles H., 198
  Big Springs, 190
  Birch Creek, 133
  Black, George, 153
  “Black Hawk War,” 159, 167
  Black,
      Joseph, 151, 152, 153
          explores Zion, 155
      Peter, 152
      Rock Canyon, 175
      Rock Springs, 123
      William, 153
      William, Jr., 153
  Bleak, James G., 149
  Bliss, Orley D., 182
  Blood, Henry H., 208
  Bolton, H. L., 123
  Bows and arrows, 118, 119, 121
  Bowman, John F., 208
  Bread meal, 119
  Brenchley, Julius, 138
  Bright Angel Point, Grand Canyon, 197, 208
  Brinton, Caleb D., 180
  Brooks, Juanita, 146, 165
  Brown,
      Newman, 153
      Robert, 153
      T. D.. 144
  Bryce Canyon, 201, 202
      bus service to, 207
      dedicated, 208
      lodge and cabins built, 207, 208
      made National Monument, 204
      modern development of, 194-209
      named, 182
      publicized, 194
  Bryce, Ebenezer, 182
  Buckskin Mountains, 189
  Bullock, David, 154
  Burgess, Hyrum, 144, 145
  Burial customs, Indian, 120
  Burke, Charles F., 208

                                   C
  Cabin, log in Zion Canyon, 155, 156
  Cable car across Colorado River, 192
  Cable, in Zion Canyon, 161-164
      mail, 162
      Mountain, 163
  Cactus, food, 117, 119
  “Call,” the, 135
  Camp, Charles L., 128
  Canebeds, 142
  Cannon,
      David H., 168
      George Q., 182
      Grant and Company, 191
      Lewis T., 192
  Cannonville, Utah, 182
  Canyons (see names of)
  Carpenter, William H., 153
  Castle Springs, 190
  Cattle ranches, 166
  Cattle, stolen, 167-179
  Cedar Breaks, 201, 203, 207
  Cedar Canyon, 136
  Cedar City, Utah, 127, 136, 160
      described, 137
      prepares for tourists, 202
      railroad built to, 203
      Toquerville road, 195
  Cedar Valley, 135
  Celebration, 134
      pioneer, 135
  Census of Southern Utah communities, 154
  Center Creek, 134
  Chaffant. W. A., 132
  Chamberlain,
      Solomon, 142
      Thomas, 191
  Chinle shales, 155
  Chittenden, H. M., 127
  Circleville Canyon, 132
  Clark,
      E. S., 191
      Oren, 169
  Clayton, William, 131
  Clear Creek, 127
  Cleland, Robert Glass, 127, 132
  Clifton, Utah, 182
  Cloth, cotton made, 145-147
  Clove, James, 192
  Coal industry, 136
  Cody, “Buffalo Bill,” 190, 191
  Cooke, Edward, 180
  Coleman, Prime T., 144
  Colorado River, 127
      crossed by cable car, 192
      crossings established, 166
  Colton, Don B., 208
  Communication in Zion Canyon, 161
  Com-o-it Indian tribe, 116, 117
  Conservation program instituted, 187
  Convicts build road, 195
  Copelan, Willis, 174-176
  Corn, 143
  Corn Creek, 127
  Cottam, Margery Brown, 180
  Cotton,
      grown, 145-150
      mill, 154
      wave, 149-150
  Cougars killed, 192
  “Court of the Patriarchs,” Zion Canyon, 155
  Cove Fort, 127
  Cox, Warren, 198
  Coyotes killed, 192
  Cram, Alex, 191
  Campton, Louis C., 206
  Crawford,
      family, 161
      William, 153
  Crickets eat crops, 153
  Crosby, Bill, 190
  Crops, 148
      Indian, 120
  “Crossing of the Fathers,” 125

                                   D
  Daines, Franklin D., 130
  Dale, H. H., 127
  Dalton family, 161
  Dame, William H., 167
  Dams, 145
  Dart, John, 142
  Death Valley, disaster in, 132
  Dellenbaugh, Frederick S., 180, 186
  DeMille, Oliver, 151
  DeMotte, Harvey C., 190
      Park, 190
  Dennet, Daniel Q., 153
  Dennett,
      family, 161
      John, 110, 112, 122, 204
      Mrs. John, 170, 171
  Deseret, Iron Company, 136
      State of proposed, 131
  Disease brought to Indians, 122
  Ditches, 145, 151
  Dixie, 137-150, 152
      Fruit Festival, 194
  Dixon, Robert, 144
  Dodge, Enoch, 172
  Dominguez, Father, 123
  Douglas, Stephen A., 131
  Draper, Utah, 153
  Draper, William L., 153
  Duck Creek, 142
  Duncan,
      Chapman, 139
      Retreat, Utah, census 1864, 154
      Utah, abandoned, 159
  Dunton, J. H., 139
  Dutton, Capt. Clarence E., 185

                                   E
  Eight-Mile Spring, 190
  Eldridge,
      Elnathan, 144
      Horace S., 150
  Election, pioneer, 135
  El Escalante Hotel, 202, 207
  Emerald Pool Canyon, (Zion), 157, 206
  Emett, Jim, 191, 192
  Emigrants, gold, 132
  English aristocracy urged to use Kaibab for sport, 190, 191
  Epilogue, 210
  _Erigonum inflatum_, 143
  Erosion at Kanab, 182
  Escalante,
      Desert, 124
      expedition, 123-126
      Fray Silvestre Velez de, excerpt from journal of, 114, 117,
          118, 120, 123-126, 128
      Valley, 172
  Evans, Richard, 207
  Everett,
      Edward, 133
  Expedition,
      against Indians, 174-176
      to Zion Canyon, early, 123
  Explorations of Southern Utah,
      early, 123-130
      Mormon, 130-149
  Eyring, Henry, 174

                                   F
  Fair, World’s at St. Louis, Zion pictures at, 186, 187
  Famine in “Dixie,” 154
  Farish, T. E., 127
  Farm implements, pioneer, 157
  Farming, community, 160
  Farms,
      Indian, 117-120, 140, 141, 143
      of Zion Canyon, 155
  Farnsworth,
      Lovina, 147
      Moses M., 180
  Ferries established on Virgin River, 166
  Fifer of Mormon Battalion, 153
  Fillmore,
      railroad to, 203
      Utah, 134
  Financial, panic, effect on Utah, 159
  Finch, B. J., 205, 206
  Fire at Kanab fort, 180
  Fish, Joseph, 172
  Fisher, Frederick Vining, 198
  Flag raised, Mormon, 134
  Flanigan,
      David, 163
      family, 161
      Tom, 116, 153
  Floods, 151, 153, 182
  Forest, Kaibab National, 189-194
  Fort, 145
      at Kanab, 180, 181
      Pearce, 124
      Sanford, 169
  Forts, built in Kane County, 179
  Fox Creek, 142
  Frauschum, Mr., 153
  Fredonia, Arizona, 182, 183
  Freeman, Capt., 175
  Fremont, Capt. John C.,
      explorations of, 128-130
      report of, 131
  Frost, Allen, 180
  Fruit orchards, 148

                                   G
  Gallatin, Albert, 127
  Galliego, Jose, 121
  Galloway, Nathan, 193
  Game,
      conservation of, 192
      Indian, 119
  Garcia, Arze, Expedition, 126
  Gardner, Henry, 166
  Georgetown, Utah, 182
  Gifford,
      family, 161
      Oliver D., 112, 156, 161, 186, 204
      Samuel K., 153
  Gillespie, R. H., 139
  Glen Canyon Ford, 166
  Glendale, Utah, 166, 181
  Golding, Robert J., 150
  Gould, Samuel, 133
  Goulding, Daniel, 182
  Gould’s Ranch, 172
  Grafton, Utah, 151, 154, 159
  Graham, Utah, 181
  Grapes, wild, 120
  Grapevine Springs, 140
  Grand Canyon,
      Cattle Company, 191
      Highway Association, 196
      Transportation Company, 191
  Grand Canyon of the Colorado, 124, 125
      artist assigned by U. S. Government, to paint, 190
      auto pathfinding trip to, 193, 195, 197
      bridge in, 209
      bus service to, 207
      Jacob’s Lake Highway, 195
      Lodge dedicated, 208
      modern development of, 194-209
      National Game Preserve, 192
      Monument established, 193
      North Rim, early history of, 189-194
      publicized, 194
      surveyed, 185
      trail built across, 191, 192
      visited by J. C. Alter, 195
      West Rim Trail, 207
  Grand Wash Cliffs, 166
  Grant, Heber J., 202, 208
  Gray, Carl R., 198, 203, 208
  Grazing,
      in the Kaibab, 190
      in Zion Canyon stopped, 200
  Great Organ, Zion Canyon, 199
  Great Red Arch, Zion Canyon, 161
  Great White Throne, Zion Canyon, 161, 163, 199, 209
  Green,
      Sam, 116
      James, 153
  Greenland Peninsula, 192
  Gregory. Dr. Herbert E., 123, 185, 190
  Grey, Zane, 192
  Grimes, Oliver J., 201
  Grist mill, 152
  Grotto campground, Zion Canyon, 204, 207
  Guards against Indians, 173
  Guide, tourist, 192
  Gunnison River, 123
  Gustavus, Crown Prince, 208
  Gypsum, 133

                                   H
  Haight, Isaac C., 133, 147
  Hall,
      John C., 151, 153
      Thomas, 153
  Halloran, W. J., 205
  Halterman, S. A., 201
  Hamblin, Jacob, 144, 145, 164-165
      aids against Indians, 175
      holds peace conference with Navajos, 177-179
      in Kaibab region, 189
      missionary among, Indians, 179
  Hamblin, Walter, 191
  Hanchett, Lafayette, 205
  Hancock, Cyrus, 173, 174
  Hanna, P. T., 127
  Harding, President Warren G., visits Southern Utah Parks, 204
  Hardy, Augustus P., 144, 145
  Harmony, Utah, 143
  Harriman, Edward H., 198
  Harris,
      Mountain Pass, 142
      W. R., 123
  Harrison, Peter (Indian), 122
  Harrows, 157
  Harry, Philip, 123
  Haskell,
      Maria Woodbury, 146
      Thales H., 144, 146, 165
  Hastele, (Indian), 177
  Hatch,
      Ira, 144, 145
      Meltair, 182
      Utah, 182
  Heap,
      G. H., 121, 136
      William, 157
  Heap’s farm, 156
  _Hediondilla_, (creosote bush), 124
  Heller, Edmund, 203
  Henefer, William, 144
  Henrie, James, 182
  Henrieville,
      Creek, 182
      Utah, 182
  Hepworth, Thornton, Jr., 163
  Hewlett, Sylvester, 133
  Higbee, J. M., 171
  Highway 89 prospected, 194
  Highway 91, 196, 198
      Logan to St. George, 194
  Highways built to Southern Utah Parks, 194-209
  Hillers, Jack, 186
  Hillsdale, Utah, 181
  Hirschi,
      Claud, 198
      David, 186-187, 196
  Hogs slaughtered, 156
  Hole-in-the-Rock, 183
  Horne, Joseph, 147
  Horses stolen, 121, 167-179
  Hotel El Escalante, 202, 207
  Hough, Emerson, 203
  Houserock Valley, 191
  Houses, adobe, 136, 189, 190
  Howell, Joseph, 192
  Hoyt,
      Silas, 166
      T. C., 191, 192
  Huber,
      Albert, 153
      Edward, 153
  Hunt, Capt. Jefferson, expedition, 131, 132, 135, 136
  Hunting, 192, 193, 195
      Indian, 118, 119
      in the Kaibab, 190-193
  Huntington, Al, 191
  Hurricane,
      Fault, 124
      Utah, road convention at, 196
  Hyde, Orson, 131

  Implements, Indian farming, 120
  Indian,
      baskets, 118
      burial customs, 120
      camps, 118
      chief, 121
      contribution to present culture, 113
      cooking, 119
      depredations, 129, 159, 165-179
          force concentration of pioneers, 159
      food, 117-120
      grinder, 119
      law, 116
      moccasins, 118
      myths, 112, 113
      ornaments, 118
      pictographs, 133
      raids, 166-179
      robes, 118
      school, 144
      squaws—work of, 120
      sugar, 119, 120
      superstitions re: Zion Canyon, 112-113, 148
      trading expedition, 177
      treatment of the infirm, 120, 121
      tribes, extinct, 122
      water jugs, 118
      weapons, 118, 119, 121
  Indians,
      baptized, 145
      disarmed, 171
      Ingram, Lord, 191
  Iron Company, Deseret, 136
  Iron,
      County, colonized, 134
          protected by militia, 167
      industry, 135, 139
      Military District, 167
      Springs, 135
      ore, 133, 134
  Irrigation, 182
      Indian, 120
  I-u-goon, derivation of word, 115
  Ivins, Anthony W., 191, 198, 205, 208

                                   J
  Jacob’s Lake, 189
      Well, 190
  Jeffers, LeRoy, 201
  Jepson, James, 159
  Jennings,
      Henry, 175
      James H., 153, 156, 161
  Johnson,
      Benjamin, 181
      George, 181
      Joel H., 181
      Joseph, 181
      Nephi, 144, 147, 150, 151, 182
      Seth, 181, 182
      Sixtus E., 173
      “Twist,” 148
      Utah, 181
      William, 181
  Johnston’s Army, 131, 164
  Jolley,
      Bryant, 184
      Donald J., 207
      Henry B. M., 166
      William J., 166
  Jones,
      Col. C. J., (Buffalo Jones) (Buffalo Bill) 139, 192, 193
      Kumen, 183
      Randall L., 202, 203, 205
      Stephen V., 185
  Jordan River, 153
  Judd, Zadock, 139

                                   K
  Kaibab,
      Indian derivation of name, 114
      Land and Cattle Company, 191
      National Forest, 164, 189-194
          buggy driven to, 191
          established, 191
      stocked with cattle and horses, 190
      used by English aristocracy, 190, 191
      Plateau, 189
      tribe, (Indian), 117
  Kaibabit Indians, survivors of, 122
  Kai-ne-sava, Indian spirit, 112, 113
  Kanab,
      Creek, 166
      fort, 180, 181
      Indian derivation of name, 114
      Trail, dedicated, 208
      Utah, 166, 180, 181
          erosion at, 182
          raided by Indians, 168, 169
          region explored, 177
          resettled, 179, 180
      Wash, 182
  Kanarra,
      Indian chief, 141
      source of name, 114
      Utah, 133
  Kane County,
      expanded, 179-182
      explored and settled, 164-166
      protected by militia, 167
  Kane Springs, 189
  Kenner, Dr. S. A., 151, 153
  King, Wesley, 188
  Klapper, Charlie, 151, 153
  Klingensmith, Philip, 148
  Knell, Benjamin, 144
  Knight,
      Jesse, 192
      Samuel, 144, 145
  Knives, skinning, 118
  Kolob Promontory, 133

                                   L
  Lady Mountain, Zion Canyon, 206
  Lakes, (see names)
  Lamb, Ed., Jr., 191
  Lances, Indian, 121
  Lane, Franklin K., 196
  Langston,
      Clarinda, 163
      John, 153
  LaVerkin Creek, 124, 128
      promontory, 133
  Leany, Hyrum, 119
  Lee,
      John D., 135, 148, 179
      in Kaibab region, 189
      leads exploration of Virgin River, 139-141
      leads southern settlement, 137-144
      ranch, 181
          raided, 172
      settles at Ash Creek, 143
  Lee’s Ferry, Arizona, 166
  Lemon, James, 151
  Levearskin (LaVerkin) River, 139
  Lewis, David, 145
  Liberty pole, 134
  Limestone, 133
  Lion, mountain, captured, 192, 195
  Little, James, 177
  Littlefield, David O., 182
  Little Salt Lake, 135
  Livestock,
      in Kaibab Forest, 190, 191
      stolen by Indians, 166-179
  Logan-St. George highway, 194
  Long Valley, 142, 166
      abandoned, 171, 172
      Canyon, 142
      Utah, 179, 181
  Louise, Princess, 208
  Lost River, 127
  Lott, John, 144
  Lumber transported, 161-164
  Lumbering, 142
  Lunt, Henry W., 197-199

                                   M
  Mail cable, 162
  Maize, 117, 118
  Mammoth Creek, 142
  Manderfield, J. H., 198
  Mangum, John (Mangram), 179
  Manly, William Lewis, 132
  Manti, Utah, 132
  Marble Gorge Bridge of the Grand Canyon of Arizona, 209
  Marysvale Canyon, 127
  Marshall, E. J., Co., 191
  Massacre, 170
  Mather, Stephen T., 197, 202, 206, 208
  Maxwell, W. B., 166, 171
  Maxwell’s ranch raided, 172
  Mabey, Charles R., 205
  Mayo, Tommy (Indian), 114
  McArthur, D. D., 174
  McConnell, Jehiel, 179
  McDonald,
      Graham, 192, 193
      Thomas, 208
  McFate,
      Jim, 153
      Joe, 153
  McKinnon, Major, 191
  McIntyre, Robert, 168-169, 189
  Means, Howard C., 205, 206
  Measles among the Indians, 122
  Meeks, Priddy, 142, 166
  Merriam, C. H., 127
  Mestes Expedition, 126
  Mexican War, 130
  Mill,
      cotton, 154
      flour, 152
      molasses, 153
      saw, 181
          steam, 190
      shingle, 163
  Military posts established in Southern Utah, 173
  Militia, in Southern Utah, organized against Indians, 137, 167-176
  Millard County, 115
  Millett,
      Alma, 151
      Joseph, 153
  Milmey, Lord, 191
  Minerals, iron, 133
  Mission sites located by Escalante, 125, 126
  Missionaries, Mormon, 144-149
  Missionary expedition, between the Virgin and Colorado Rivers,
          164-166
  Mitchell, Dr. Charles, 182
  Moccasin, Arizona, 166
      Springs, 180
  Moencopi, 178
  Molasses mill, 153
  Monument, National,
      Act, 187
      Zion Canyon made, 164
  Monuments, National, 187, 191, 193
  Moqui Indians, mission to, 164-166
  Mojave Desert, 127
  Moran, Thomas, 190
  Morgan,
      Dale L., 131
      John, 180
  Mormon,
      Battalion, 131, 153
      missionaries among Indians, 144-149, 179
      policy re: Indians, 137
      settlement, early, 130-151
      Trail, 131
  Mormons,
      colonize Southern Utah, 135
      effect of upon Paiute government, 122
      explore Southern Utah, 130-149
  Morris, Hyrum, 153, 158
  Mountain Meadows, 128
      visited by Fremont, 129
  Mountains, (see names of)
  Mt. Carmel,
      Highway, 209
      Utah, 166, 181
  Mount Zion, 206
  Muddy River, 128
  Mukuntuweap, (see Zion Canyon)
  Munk,
      Mrs. Eunice, 157
      Peter, 152
  Murdock,
      and Fotheringham, Beaver, Utah, 191
      John R., 144
  Museum at Zion Canyon, 207
  Musser, Milton A., 180
  Mustache, Frank, (Indian), 114, 115

                                   N
  Names, place, in Zion, 199
  National Monument Law, 187
  National Monuments, 191, 193
      Zion Canyon made, 187
  National Park Transportation and Camping Company, 203
  Naturalist Service, 207
  Navajo Indian,
      depredations, 167-179
      hold peace conference, 177
      raids, 166-179
  Navajo Indians unfriendly to missionaries, 165
  Neff, Andrew L., 131
  Neihardt, J. G., 127
  Neslen, C. Clarence, 202
  New Harmony, Utah, 145
  Newman, Elijah, 151, 153, 161
  Noble, Edward A., 180
  North Rim of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado,
      early history of, 189-194
      Highway in, 195
  Northrop, Utah, 151, 154, 159

                                   O
  Oak Creek, 148
  Oak Spring, 190
  Observation Point, Zion Canyon, 187
  Occupations, pioneer, 138
  Old Grafton, Utah, abandoned, 151
  Old Spanish Trail, established, 126, 128
  Ookie berries, 120
  Orderville, Utah, 183
  Otter Creek, 140
  Otters, 140
  Owen, Jim “Uncle,” 192, 198

                                   P
  Pah-Utah Indians (Paiute), 121
  Pahvant Valley, 115
  Paiute Indians,
      cultivation, 140, 141
      depredations, 167-179
      legends, 113
      Mormon effect upon, 122
      territory occupied by, 113, 114
      mode of life, 115, 116
  Palmer, William R., 114, 116, 117
  Panguitch Lake, 141
      Utah, 128
          fortified, 170
          re-settled, 181
      Valley, 142
  Paragonah, Utah, 128, 132, 136
  Parashont Mountains, 189
  Parks, Southern Utah, history of, 184-209
  Park-to-Park Highway conference, 203
  Paria, (Pahrea)
      Indian derivation of name, 114
      River, Lee’s Ferry at, 189
      Utah, 114, 179
  Parowan,
      Canyon, 135, 141
      Utah, 134, 137, 171
  Par-roos River, Indians of, 117
  Parrusis Indians, 117, 118
  Parrusit Indians,
      habits and customs, 115-122
      survivor of, 122
  Parunuweap Canyon, 147
      Indian derivation of name, 114
      settlement, 155
  Parry,
      Chauncey, 199, 203
      Gronway, 203
  Pathfinder tour to Grand Canyon, 195, 197
  Peace council, Navajo, 177
  Pearce, J. D. L., 173-175
  Pearce’s Ferry, 166
  Pendleton, Mark A., 184
  Peopling of Little Salt Lake Valley, celebration, 134
  Petty,
      Albert, 152, 153, 159
      Frank, 164
      Frank, Jr., 164
      George, 151
  Photographer, pioneer, 179
      of Zion, (Major J. W. Powell’s Exploration Party), 186
  _Phragmites_ (Indian sugar), 119, 120
  Pilar River, 117
  Pinchot, Gifford, 187
  Pine Creek route road, 206
  Pine nuts, 120
  Pine Spring, 190
  Pioneer,
      farm instruments, 157
      occupations, 138
      wagon raided by Indians, 172, 173
  Pipe Springs, Arizona, 166, 180
      council of war at, 171
  Place names,
      Indian, 114, 115
      in Zion Canyon, 199
      Spanish, 128
  Pleasant Valley, 142
  Plows, hand, 157
  Pollock, Samuel, 147
  Polygamy, 183
  Potato Valley, (Escalante), 172
  Powell, Maj. J. W., 114, 177, 180, 185, 186, 190
  Pratt,
      Orson, 131, 150, 151
      Parley P., 132, 136, 144, 148
          exploration of Southern Utah, 133-134
  Prunus, (choke cherries), 120

                                   Q
  Quinnarrah, Indian chief, 141

                                   R
  Railroads,
      built in Southern Utah, 203
      developed in Northern Utah, 138
  Railroad officials visit National Parks, 197
  Red Creek, 132, 135
  Red Desert, 124
  Reeves, Josiah, 147
  Remy, Jules, 138, 146
  Richards, Franklin D., 136
  Richie, Robert, 144
  Riddle, Isaac, 144
  Rider, John, 180
  Rigg Springs, 190
  Riggs,
      B. A., 162
      William, 147
  “Rio de Los Angeles,” 128
  Rio del Pilar (Ash Creek), 124
  Rio Virgin Manufacturing Company, 154
  Rishel, W. D., 195, 197
  Rivers, (see names)
  Road,
      Commission, Utah State established, 194
      Commissioner, Utah State, 199
      concrete, 205
      convention, 196
      through Zion Canyon, 158, 162
      wagon, 134, 194
  Roads,
      to Southern Utah Parks, 204, 205
      constructed, 194-209
      Federal aid for, 204, 205
  Robinson, Richard, 144-145
  Rock Creek, 134
  Rockville, Utah, 116, 151, 153, 154, 171
  Rolf, John, 157, 159, 161
  Roosevelt, President Theodore enacts National Monument Act, 187
      in Grand Canyon, 195
  Ross, George, 179
  Roundy, Lorenzo W., 144, 169, 189
  _Rubus_, (raspberries), 120
  Ruesch, Walter, 200, 202, 205, 207
  Russell,
      family, 161
      Harold, 207
      Major, 173
  Rust, David D., 188, 191, 192, 193

                                   S
  Salina Canyon, 128
  _Salt Lake Tribune_ sponsors auto pathfinding tour to Southern
          Parks, 195, 197
  San Juan,
      County explored, 183
      River settlements, 183
  Santa Clara Creek, 127, 133
      dam, 145
  Santa Clara,
      Indian Reservation, 122
      Mission, 148
      River, 128, 140
          route used by Jedediah S. Smith, 127
      Valley, 140
  Saunders, B. F., 191
  Savage, C. R., (pioneer photographer), 179
  Sawmill, 164, 181, 190
  Scoyen, E. T., 207
  Scutumpah, Utah, 181
  Seegmiller,
      Carol, 184
      Dan, 190, 191
      Emma, 184
      William W., 114
  Sevier River, 127, 128, 132, 141
      country raided, 169
  Sevy, George W., 181
  Sheep stolen, 167
  Shelton, Marion J., 165
  Shin-na-wav (Indian Spirit), 112, 113
  Shingle mill, 163
  Shivwits Indians, 112, 117
      survivors of, 122
  “Shunes” (Indian), 151
  Shunesburg, Utah, 150, 151, 153-155, 159
      derivation of name, 114
  Shurtz, Peter, 143, 169, 189
  Silver Reef, Utah, 122
  Skins, used for clothing, 118
  Skull Cap Valley, 142
  Slavery, Indian, 121
  Smith,
      George A., 135, 150, 205
          visits Kanab, 179
      George Albert, Jr., 165
      J. C. L., 141
      Jedediah Strong, 117, 128, 148
          expedition, 126, 127
      John L., 142
      Joseph, 131, 157
      Silas S., 169, 170
      Thomas S., 135
  Smoot, Reed, 192, 196, 202
  Snow,
      Erastus, 136, 150, 167
          General of Militia, 173, 175
      Joseph S., 198
      Leo A., 187, 202
  Soap Creek, 114
  Southern Utah,
      and Arizona Parks linked by road, 204, 205
      colonized by Mormons, 135
      early explorations of, 123-130
      early Mormon settlement in, 130-151
      Indians, 111-123
      martial law declared in, 170
      Parks, history of, 184-209
      Parley P. Pratt’s exploration of, 133-134
      roads constructed in, 194, 209
      settlements, abandoned, 159
  Spanish Fathers’ explorations, 123-126
  Spanish place names, 128
  Spanish Trail, Old, established, 126, 128
  Spencer, D. S., 197
  Spencer, Howard O., 184
  Springdale, Utah, 151, 153, 154, 159, 161
  Springs, hot sulphur, 124
  Spry, Governor William, 194, 197, 198, 202
  Squashes, 117, 143
  Staples, George, 153
  State of Deseret proposed, 131
  Steele, John, 139, 141, 173
  Stevens,
      Amos, 153
      Barney, 153
      Charles, 153
      Ezra, 152, 153
      Henry, 153
      Hyrum, 151, 153, 172
  Stewart,
      George R., 182
      Isaac, 150
      Levi, 178-180
          ranch and sawmill, 190
      Margery, 180
      Quinby, 164
      Scott P., surveying party, 164
  St. George, Utah, settled, 149
      Dixie Fruit Festival at, 194
      —Logan Highway, 194
  Stockraising, 138
  Stocks, Henry, 151, 153
  Stout,
      Alfred P., 163
      Eliza, 163
      family, 161
      Lionel, 163
      Mrs. Mary Jane, 163
  Strawberry Creek, 142
  Strong,
      Ezra, 153, 166
      Hyrum, 153
  Sullivan, Maurice, 117, 127
  Sulphur Creek, 128
      River, 124
  Summit Creek Canyon, 135
  Surveying,
      expedition to Zion Canyon, 187
      party in Zion Canyon, 164
  Swains Creek, 142
  Swing, Phillip D., 208

                                   T
  Tamarisk trees, 124
  Taylor, Orson, 158
  “Temple of Sinawava”, Zion Canyon, 155, 206
  “Temples and Towers of the Virgin”, Zion Canyon, 185
  Tenney, Nathan, 151
  Terry,
      family, (John R.) 161
      Jacob E., 153
      James P., 153
  Thaxton, James, 153
  Thompson, William, 180
  Thorley, Richard A., 199, 202
  Thornton,
      Amos G., 144
      J. W., 152
  _Three Patriarchs_, Zion Canyon, 199
  Tillohash, Tony, (Indian) 112, 115
  Tobacco, wild, 156
  Tonaquint, Utah, 145, 147, 148
  Tonaquintit Indians, 117
  Toquer, Chief, 144
  Toquerville,
      source of name, 114
      Utah, settled, 147
      settlers, move to, 171
      —Cedar City road, 195
  Tourist busses, 207
      guide, 192
      travel in Parks, 207
  Trail built across Grand Canyon of the Colorado, 191, 192
      Mormon, 131
      Old Spanish, established, 126, 128
  Trails in Zion Canyon, 206
  Trappers, 126, 128
  Transportation to Zion Canyon, mode of, 158
  Travel in Parks, 207
  Tropic, Utah, 182
  Trumbull Mountains, 189
  Tufts, W. O., 199
  Tullis, David, 144
  Tunnel in Zion Road, 206
  Tut-se-gavits, Indian chief, 121

                                   U
  Uinkarets Indians, 117, 122
  Union Pacific Railroad, 197, 198
      excursion to Bryce Canyon, 208
      expands in Southern Utah, 203
  United Order,
      for all the world, 158
      Beaver, Utah, 160
      Cedar City, Utah, 160
      Fillmore, Utah, 160
      Mt. Carmel, Utah, 183
      Nephi, Utah, 160
      Orderville, Utah, 183
      Parowan, Utah, 160
      Price City, Utah, 160
      Rockville, Utah, 160
      St. George Stake, 160
      Springdale, Utah, 161
      Virgin, Utah, 160
      Washington, Utah, 160
  Ungatuweep, (derivation of word) 114, 115
  U.S. Biological Survey, hunters for, 192
      Forest Service builds road, 195
      Geological Survey of Grand Canyon of the Colorado and Zion,
          184, 185
      National Park Service established, 184, 185
  “Utah Dixie” developed, 145, 147-150
  Utah Lake, 123, 127
  Utah,
      Parks company, 203, 206, 208
      National Park, 208
      Southern, explored by Mormons, 130-149
      State Penitentiary, 195
      State Road Commission established, 194
  Ute ford, Glen Canyon, 166
      Indians, 130
          depredations, 167-169
      organization of Ute Nations, 115

                                   V
  “V. T. Park,” 190
  Vermillion cliffs, Zion Canyon, 161
  Virgin City, Utah, 154, 171
  Virgin River,
      Indian name for, 114
      Spanish name for, 128
      discovered by Escalante, 124, 127
      explored, 133, 139-141, 147
      ferries established on, 166
      guards placed on, 175
      Indians, 117
      route taken by Fremont, 128, 129
      traveled by Jedediah S. Smith, 127
      used for irrigation, 151
  Virgin,
      Thomas, 128
      Utah, 147

                                   W
  Wadsworth, William, 133
  Wagon roads in disrepair, 194
  Wagon trains raided by Indians, 172, 173
  Wai-no-pits, Indian spirit, 113
  Walker, Charles L., 111, 152
      diary of, 168-169
      Chief, 130
      War, 136, 137
  Wallace, Grant, 192
  War,
      Black Hawk, 159, 166, 167
      Indian, 136, 137, 159, 166, 167
      Mexican, 130
  Warm Valley, 143
  Wasatch Mountains crossed by Escalante, 123
  Wash basin, pioneer, 156
  Washington,
      County, protected by Militia, 167
          roads built in, 195
      Fields, 140
      Utah, 154
  Wayne Wonderland, 201, 207
  Weather, 133, 139
  Webb, C. Y., 139
  Wells, Junius, 190
  West Rim Trail, 207
  West Temple, Zion Canyon, 186
  Weump berries, 120
  White, Douglas, 196, 198, 199
  Whitlock, Hardin, 151, 153
  Whitmore, Dr. James M., 150, 166, 168, 169, 189
  Whitney, F. T., 142
  Wickiups, 118
  Wilkins, James, 179
  Willis, Joshua T., 147
  Wilson,
      George D., 181
      Pres. Woodrow, 201
  Winder, John, 163, 205, 206
  Winsor, A. P., 172
      Utah, 166, 181
  Wittwer, Samuel, 158
  Wolf-god, (Indian spirit), 112, 113
  Wolfskill, William, 128
  Wolves killed, 192
  Woodbury, Dr. Angus M., sketch, 111, 127
  Woolley,
      E. D., 188, 191-193
      Edwin G., 176, 192, 193
      Franklin B., 171
  Wylie,
      Camp, 199, 204
      Grove, Zion Canyon, 206
      W. W., 203

                                   Y
  York, Asa, 153
  Young, Brigham, 131, 147, 148, 157, 158, 160, 179-181, 191
      John R., 184
      John W., 175, 190
      Willis, 147
  Yount, George C., 128
  Yubincariri Indians, 117

                                   Z
  “_Zion—Bryce Nature Notes_”, 207
  Zion Canyon (see Mukuntuweap)
      abandoned, 159
      agricultural development of, 155
      cable, 161-164
      dedicated, 202
      early history of, 185-209
      first passable road to, 199
      first settler in, 155, 156
      first white man to enter, 147, 158
      first white man to explore, 152
      geological formation of, 155
      grazing stopped in, 200
      highway constructed in, 205-209
      horse and buggy trip through, 188
      Indian name for, 114, 115, 161
      Indian superstitions re: 112-113
      last families to live in, 161
      lodge and cabins built in, 155, 156, 206, 207
      mail service, 161, 162
      modern development of, 194-209
      —Mt. Carmel Highway, 209
      museum, 207
      named, 158
      name changed, 201, 202
      National Monument, 187
      Naturalist Service, 207
      paintings exhibited at World’s Fair, 186, 187
      promontory, 133
      publicized, 194
      roads in, 158, 162, 188, 189, 196, 199, 200, 205, 207
      scenic points named, 199
      settlements of, 150-161
      superintendents and rangers appointed, 207
      surveyed, 164, 187
      trails built in, 206
      travel increases, 203
      visited by Brigham Young, 157, 158
      visited by Governor Spry, 195, 196
      visited by railroad officials, 197

    [Illustration: (uncaptioned)]

    [Illustration: Enjoying Emerald Pool under the cliffs in Zion
    Canyon.                          _Courtesy Union Pacific Railroad._]

                          Transcriber’s Notes

—Silently corrected a few typos.

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
  is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
  _underscores_.