Lyon, D. G., excavations at Samaria, 100

  Lyres, 155

  Macalister, Alexander, anatomist, 105

  Macalister, R. A. Stewart, excavations at Gezer, 92;
    conjecture regarding walls of Gezer, 124

  Maccabæan period, 203

  Maccabees, 119

  MacIver, R., exploration at Karanog, 39

  Mackenzie, Duncan, excavations at Bethshemesh, 94

  Magan, conquered by Naram-Sin, 57;
    quarries at, 58

  Magdol, 34

  Mana, 160

  Manasseh, vassal of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, 64

  Manetho, Egyptian priest, 21

  Manishtusu, King of Kish, 47

  Manissia, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 77, 79

  Marash, Hittite remains at, 70, 92

  Marduk, central figure in Babylonian creation epic, 247

  Marduk and Zarpanit, feast of, 258

  Marduknadinakhi, King of Babylon, 51, 52

  Margolis, Max L., meaning of _Pim_, 161

  Mars’ Hill, 220

  Masterman, E. W. G., estimate of Parker’s excavations, 101

  Mattiuaza, made king of the Mitanni, 78

  “Maudsley’s Scarp,” 90, 191

  Measures, 158

  Medeba, taken by Omri, 365

  Megalaros, 271

  Megiddo, battle of, 32;
    excavations at, 96;
    wall of, 109;
    topography of, 123;
    area of, 126;
    remains of buildings, 128;
    gates of, 129;
    rock altar at, 168;
    temple at, 176;
    seal found at, 359

  Melamkish, 267

  Memphis, capital of Egypt, 27

  Mena, accession of, 23;
    reign of, 25

  Menahem, 62

  Menant, Joachim, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

  Menhir (stone columns), 104;
    burial in, 180

  Menkaure, 26

  _Men-nofer_, 27

  Merneptah, successor of Ramses II, 30;
    Pharaoh of the Exodus, 37;
    siege of Gezer, 114, 115;
    pillar of, 311

  Merodachbaladan, takes the throne of Babylon, 63;
    relations with Hezekiah, 377

  Meroe, 32, 39

  Merrill, Selah, explorations in Palestine, 86

  Meruitensi, 420

  Meselim, King of Kish, 56

  Mesha, King of Moab, 170, 363

  Meskingashir, 267

  Mesopotamian Valley, 40

  Messerschmidt, L., studies in the Mitanni language, 72

  Methuselah, 267

  Meyer, Edward, accession of Mena, 23;
    origin of the Philistines, 357

  Meyer, Rudolph, map of Palestine, 86

  Middle Kingdom, period of (Egypt), 27

  Migdol, 34

  Miletus, 222

  Millo, 189, 190

  Millstones, 136

  Mina, 160

  Mitanni, 69;
    kingdom of, 77

  Mite, coin, 165

  Moabite Stone, 363

  Mohammedans, prevail in Palestine, 122

  Money, 162

  Monoliths, at Gezer, 170

  Mordtmann, A. D., account of Hittite inscriptions, 70

  Moresheth-Gath (Marash), 70, 92

  Morgan, J. de, exploration at Susa, 47, 313

  Moriah, Mount, 168;
    site of the temple, 192

  Mortars, 136

  Mosaic Code, not borrowed from the Babylonians, 340

  Mosque of Omar, 168

  Moulton, W. J., 100

  Mount, see _descriptive name_.

  Mukês, 216

  Müller, W. Max, origin of the Hittites, 69

  Mursil, successor of Arandas, 79;
    makes treaty with the Amorites, 80;
    death of, 80

  Mutallu, successor of Mursil, 80

  Mutu-elu, 267

  Mutu-ša-elu, 267

  Mutu-šalal-eqla, 267

  Nabathæans, 174

  Nabopolassar, 65

  Nabuna’id, King of Babylon, 54, 55;
    inscriptions of, 382

  Nails, 153

  Names, Sumerian, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268

  Napata, 31

  Napoleon I, invasion of Egypt, 20

  Naram-Sin, 54, 57

  Naville, E., excavation of Pithom, 35

  Nebuchadrezzar I, King of Babylon, 60

  Nebuchadrezzar II, defeats Necho, 32, 65;
    destroys Jerusalem, 199;
    inscriptions of, 379

  Necho, 32, 65, 379

  Necklaces, 156

  Needles, 151

  Nehemiah, rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, 202

  Nehushtan, 171

  Neo-Babylonian period, 65

  Neolithic implements, 103

  Nicanor’s gate, 210

  Niebuhr, Carsten, inscriptions at Persepolis, 49

  Nile, 17

  Nineveh, explored by Botta, Place, and Layard, 43;
    by Rassam and Loftus, 44;
    by George Smith, 45;
    eclipse at, 51;
    Ashurbanipal’s library at, 64

  Ninkharsag, 279, 289

  Nippur, exploration of, 46;
    founding of, 55;
    account of creation and flood discovered at, 278;
    account of the origin of a city and the beginning of agriculture, 283

  Nisin, 53, 54, 58

  Noah, 268, 287

  Nomes, divisions of Egypt, 24

  Noph, 27

  Norden, F. L., 19

  Nubians, Christian, 39

  Nuffar, exploration of, 46

  Odoric, 49

  _Odyssey, The_, referred to, 79

  Old Gate, 202

  Olive-presses, 137

  Olives, Mount of, 211

  Olmstead, A. T., explorations in Asia Minor, 70

  Omar, Mosque of, 168

  Omer, 158

  Omri, 100, 365, 366

  On, 35;
    priest of, founder of fifth dynasty, 26

  Onias, 38

  _Onomasticon_, by Jerome, 85, 133

  Ophel, excavations on, 102;
    topography of, 123

  Opis, dynasty of, 54

  Oppert, Jules, explorations of, 44, 50

  _Orient-Gesellschaft_, Babylonian exploration, 46

  Ornaments, personal, 156

  Ornan, 168

  Orodes I, King of Parthia, 120

  Osorkon II, 30

  Otiartes, 271

  Ovens, 149

  Oxyrhynchus, papyri from, 39, 428

  Paine, John A., explorations in Palestine, 86

  Palaces of ancient Palestine, 127

  Palæolithic implements, 103

  “Palermo Stone,” 22

  Palestine, physical geography of, 83;
    Mohammedans invade, 122

  Palestine Exploration Fund, 87

  Papyri, discovered at Elephantine, 37;
    at Oxyrhynchus, 39, 428

  Papyrus Ebers, 23

  Parchment, origin of the word, 224

  Parker, Capt., the Hon. Montague, excavations in Jerusalem, 101

  Parthia, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67

  Pashe dynasty, succeeds the Kassite dynasty, 60

  Paton, L. B., excavations in Jerusalem, 100

  Patriarchs before the flood, 264

  Paul, scene of his missionary activity, 219

  _Payim_, 161

  Peiser, F. E., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71

  Pekah, 62, 369

  Peleset (Philistines), 356

  Pella, 114, 216

  Pentateuch, Code of Hammurapi compared with, 313;
    laws of, not borrowed from Babylonia, 340

  Perfume-boxes, 156

  Pergamum, 222, 224

  Persepolis, inscriptions at, 49

  Persia, languages of ancient, 48

  Persian period of Babylonia, 66

  Persians, dominant in Palestine, 122

  Pesibkhenno II, 30

  Peters, John P., Babylonian explorations of, 45;
    discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102

  Petra, 173, 174

  Petrie, William Matthew Flinders, excavation at Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 34,
        38;
    discovery of Raamses, 36;
    of Hophra’s palace, 37;
    excavation at Tell Defenneh, 38;
    at Lachish, 89;
    _Egyptian Tales_, 302

  Phæstos, disc discovered at, 115, 357

  Pharaoh of the Exodus, 30, 311

  Philadelphia, 123, 217, 228

  Philadelphus, 33

  Philetærus, King of Pergamum, 224

  Philip, son of Herod the Great, 121

  Philistia, 83

  Philistines, migration of, 115;
    civilization of, 117;
    Ramses III, reference to, 356;
    Meyer’s opinion of origin, 357

  Phœnicians, weight standards of, 160

  Pilate, Pontius, 121

  Pilikam, 267, 271

  Pillar of Merneptah, 311

  Pillars, at Tell es-Safi, 169;
    at Taanach, 173

  _Pim_, 161

  Pinches, Theophilus G., tablets from Erech, 384

  “Pipe,” musical instrument, 155

  Pithom, 34, 35

  Place, Victor, explorations of, 43

  Plows, 134

  Pococke, R., 19

  Poebel, Arno, 54, 267, 271, 278

  Politarchs, of Thessalonica, 438

  Pompey, siege of Jerusalem, 120, 205

  Pool of Bethesda, 210

  Pools of Solomon, 131

  Potiphar, 34

  Pottery, 141

  Pre-Babylonian period, 56

  Prophets, character of the Hebrew, 417

  Proverbs, parallels to book of, 407

  Psalms, from Babylonia and Egypt, 398

  Psammetik I, 31

  Psammetik II, 387

  Psephinus, tower of, 212

  Ptahhotep, precepts of, 409

  Ptolemaic period, 32

  Ptolemy I, captures Jerusalem, 203

  Ptolemy, Claudius, king list compiled by, 51

  Ptolemy Lagi, 33, 119

  Ptolemy Philadelphus, 33

  Puchstein, Otto, discoveries at Boghaz Koi, 70

  Pul, 61

  Pumpelly, Raphael, explorations in Turkestan, 74

  Put-akhi, Amorite king, 80

  Pyramids, 25

  Qarqar, 61

  _Quadrans_, 165

  Quirinius, archæological light on enrolment of, 432

  Raamses, built by the Israelites, 35

  Rabbah Ammon, rebuilt and renamed by Philadelphus, 33;
    topography of, 123;
    site of Philadelphia, 217

  Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell, view of Quirinius’ enrolment, 434

  Ramses II, 29, 35, 69;
    treaty with Hattusil, 69;
    conquests in northern Syria, 80;
    Palestinian rule of, 114

  Ramses III, 30, 115

  Ramses IV, IX, XII, 30

  Raphana, 215

  Rassam, Hormuzd, explorations of, 44, 45, 64

  Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., explorations of, 44, 50, 51

  Rehoboam, 30;
    opposed by Shishak, 118

  Reisner, G. A., excavations at Samaria, 100

  Renan, Ernest, explorations in Palestine, 86

  Rephaim, 104

  Reservoirs, 130

  Retenu (Lotan), 109

  Rich, Claude James, explorations of, 42

  Richardson, Rufus B., excavations at Corinth, 221

  Rim-Sin, King of Larsa, 58

  Rings, finger, 157;
    money, 162

  Roads, 132

  Robinson, Edward, explorations in Palestine, 85

  Robinson, George L., discovery at Petra, 102

  “Robinson’s Arch,” 87, 204

  Rockefeller, John D., 47

  Roman rule of Egypt, 33

  “Rosetta Stone,” 20

  Sacrifices in foundations, 128;
    human, 172;
    Carthaginian law concerning, 342

  Sacy, Sylvestre de, interpretation of Sassanian inscriptions, 49

  Sakje-Geuze, excavations at, 75

  Samal, kingdom of, 81

  Samaria, siege of, 62;
    excavations at, 100;
    topography of, 123;
    remains of palaces at, 127;
    temple at, 178

  Samaritans, origin of, 118

  Samsuiluna, King of Larsa, 53

  Sarbut el-Khadem, 28

  Sardis, 226, 228

  Sargon of Agade, 54, 57;
    conquests of, 63, 107;
    legend of, 310

  Sargon of Assyria, besieges Samaria, 63, 369

  Sarzec, Ernest de, explorations of, 45

  Sassanian dynasty of Persia, 49, 67

  Saturninus, Sentius, 437

  Saul, reign of, 117

  Saws, 152

  Sayce, A. H., theories regarding Hittites, 68;
    decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 70, 73

  “Scarp, Maudsley’s,” 191

  Scheil, V., exploration of, 46, 54

  Schick, Dr. Conrad, discoveries in Jerusalem, 207

  Schmidt, Nathaniel, explorations in Palestine, 100

  Schumacher, Gottlieb, explorations in Palestine, 88;
    excavations at Megiddo, 96, 124

  Scythians threaten Assyria, 64

  Scythopolis, 214

  Seah, 158

  Seals, 154;
    found at Megiddo, 359

  Sebaste, see _Samaria_.

  Second Assyrian period, 61

  Sela, 173

  Seleucus, King of Babylonia, 67

  Sellin, Ernst, excavations at Taanach, 97, 124;
    excavations at Jericho, 98

  Semites, first inhabitants of Mesopotamia, 55

  Sendjirli, excavations at, 69

  Seneferu, 25

  Sennacherib, 31;
    discovery of seal at Babylon, 52;
    succeeds Sargon, 63;
    his account of his campaigns, 372

  Seplel, see _Subbiluliuma_.

  Septuagint, translation of, 33

  Sesostris, monarchs of Middle Kingdom, 27

  Seth, 267;
    list of descendants, 269

  Seti I, 29;
    campaigns against Palestine, 80;
    conquests in Asia, 114

  _Shabatum_, 259

  Shaft tombs, 181

  Shalmaneser I, 60

  Shalmaneser III, campaigns of, 61;
    oppression of Palestine, 360

  Shalmaneser V, 62

  Shamash-shumukin, 64

  Shamshi-Adad, 52

  Shamshi-Adad IV, 61

  Shamsu-ditana, King of Babylon, 75

  Shamsu-iluna, successor of Hammurapi, 108

  Sheba, 381

  Shechem, captured by Sesostris III, 28;
    excavations at, 102

  Sheep Gate, 202

  Shema, seal of, 176

  Sheol, 423

  Shephelah, borderland between Judæa and Philistia, 90, 94, 186

  “Shepherd Kings,” 28

  Sheshonk, see _Shishak_.

  “Shinar” (Sumir), 58

  Shishak, 30;
    record of his campaign in Palestine, 37, 118, 359

  Shitḫu-elu, 267

  Shur, 95

  Shushan, 47

  Shutarna I, successor of Artatama I, 77

  Siamon, 30

  Sicilians, migration of, 115

  Sickles, 135

  Siloah, 189

  Siloam inscription, 377

  Simon the Maccabee, coinage of, 164

  Sin, the moon-god, Babylonian hymn to, 400

  Sinuhe, adventures of, 108, 307

  Sippar (Agade), temple at, 54

  Smith, Eli, explorations in Palestine, 85

  Smith, George, explorations of, 45

  Smyrna, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 76, 79;
    general account of, 229

  Solomon marries daughter of Pharaoh, 30;
    empire of, 118;
    Pools of, 131, 205;
    buildings of, 192

  Song of Songs, Egyptian parallels to, 413

  “Sothic Cycle,” 22

  Spatulæ, for eye-paint, 156

  Spears, 154

  Sphinx, 26

  Spinning “whorls,” 151

  Spoons, 150

  Springs, favorite sites for cities, 186

  “Stele of the vultures,” 56

  Step Pyramid, 25

  Stone age in Palestine, 103

  Styli, 154

  Subbiluliuma, extends power of the Hittites, 77;
    deposes Sutatarra, 78;
    Amorites conquered by, 113

  Sumerian, early language of Babylonia, 51

  Sumerian names, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268

  Sumerians, ethnology of, 56

  Sumir, derivation of, 58

  Sun-god, Egyptian hymn to the, 402

  Susa, exploration at, 47

  Sutarna II, King of the Harri, 78

  Sutatarra, successor of Dushratta, 78

  Swords, 154

  “Synagogue of the Hebrews” in Corinth, 221

  Sypilus, Mount, 70

  Taanach, excavations at, 97;
    walls of, 124;
    buildings at, 127;
    pillars and altar of incense at, 173;
    letter from, 350

  Tabu-utul-Bêl, 395

  Tagtug, 288, 289

  Tahpanhes, castle at, 37

  Talbot, Fox, 50

  Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 418

  Tale of Sinuhe, 307

  Tale of the Two Brothers, 300

  Tamerlane, 227

  Tammuz, lamentation for, 426

  Tanut-amon, 31

  Tashji, Hittite remains at, 70

  Taylor, J. E., explorations of, 44

  Tell Defenneh, 38

  Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), 89, 110

  Tell el-Jazar, excavations at, 92

  Tell el-Judeideh, excavations at, 91

  Tell el-Retabeh, site of Raamses, 36

  Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 38

  Tell es-Safi, 91, 110, 124, 169

  Tell Hum (Capernaum), 98

  “Tell of the Jewess,” 38

  Tell Sandahanna (Marash), 92;
    weight found at, 162

  Tell Taanek, see _Taanach_.

  Tell Zakariya (Azekah), 90

  Temple, Solomon’s, site of, 168;
    description of, 193;
    building of the second, 200;
    Herod’s, 207

  Temple at Gezer, 175

  Temple to Augustus at Samaria, 178

  Temple of Jewish colony in Egypt, 387

  Thakut, 34

  Thebes, nome of, 27

  Thekel, migration of, 115, 116

  Thenius, Otto, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211

  Thessalonica, politarchs of, 438

  Thiersch, Hermann, discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102

  This, nome of, 25

  Thompson, R. Campbell, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 73

  Thothmes I, raids through Palestine, 110

  Thothmes III, 29, 77, 111

  Thothmes IV, alliance with Artatama I, 77

  Threshing, 135

  Thyatira, 226

  Ti, tomb of, 26

  _Tiâmat_, 248, 251

  Tiberius, coinage of, 165

  Tiglath-pileser I, 51, 60

  Tiglath-pileser IV, conquests of, 61, 366

  Tigris river, 40

  Timur (Tamerlane), 227

  Tirhakah, 31, 64

  Titus, destroys Jerusalem, 121

  Tiuman, King of Elam, 417

  Tobler, Titus, explorations in Palestine, 86

  Toi, King of Hamath, 81

  Tombs, 181

  “Tombs of the Judges,” 182

  “Tombs of the Kings,” 183, 212

  Topheth, 199

  Tou, see _Toi_.

  Towers, 202

  Toys, 155

  Trajan, 133;
    organizes province of Arabia, 174

  Travel, between Babylonia and Palestine, 293

  Trumbull, Henry Clay, identification of Kadesh-Barnea, 95

  Tukulti-Ninib I, 52, 60

  “Turin Papyrus,” 22

  Two Brothers, Tale of the, 300

  Tyana, Hittite capital, 82

  Tyropœon valley, 199

  Ukhaimir, exploration at, 48

  Umm Keis, 216

  Ummanu, 267

  Uni, officer of Pepi I, 107

  University Museum, Philadelphia, 53, 54

  Upper Retenu, 109

  Ur, founding of, 55;
    kings of, 53, 54, 58

  Urkagina, King of Lagash, 57

  Ur-Nina founds dynasty at Lagash, 56

  Utensils, 149

  Uzziah, 196, 367

  Valley Gate, 202

  Van Dyke, Henry, reference to _Felix_, 429

  Vincent, Hughes, 99, 101

  Vineyards, 137

  Wady Maghara, turquoise mines in, 25

  Walls of Palestinian cities, 109, 123, 125, 202

  Ward, William Hayes, Babylonian explorations of, 45

  Warka, exploration at, 47

  Warren, Gen. Sir Charles, excavations at Jerusalem, 87;
    at Gihon, 101

  Water Gate, 202

  Water supply in Palestine, 129

  Weidner, Ernst, 74

  Weights, 160

  Weil, Captain, excavations on Ophel, 102

  Wenamon, report of, 117, 352

  Whetstones, 153

  White Wall, 27

  Wilderness of Zin, explorations in, 95

  Winckler, Hugo, excavations at Boghaz Koi, 69, 79;
    first instalment of the El-Amarna letters, 71

  Winckler und Abel, _Thoutafelnfund von El-Amarna_, 303

  Wine-vats, 137

  Winnowing, 135

  _Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach_, 203

  Wood, J. T., discoveries in Ephesus, 223

  Woolley, C. Leonard, 75, 95

  Wrench, J. E., explorations in Asia Minor, 70

  Wright, William, _The Empire of the Hittites_, 68

  Xerxes, inscriptions of, 48

  Xisouthros, 271

  Xystus, 203

  Yadi, kingdom of, 81

  Yaila, Hittite remains at, 70

  Yakut, Arabian geographer, 217

  Yau-bidi, King of Hamath, 82

  Yaudi, identity of, 371

  Year, divisions of, 138

  Zamama, temple of, 48

  Zaphenath-Paneah, 34

  Zechariah, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118, 200

  Zedekiah, rebellion against Babylon, 32, 65

  Ziggurat of Zamama temple, 48

  Zin, explorations in the wilderness of, 95

  Zion, site of Jebus, 188

  Ziugiddu, 280

  Zoser, first king of third dynasty, 25, 305

  Zugagib, 266

PLATES

PLATE 1

[Illustration: FIG. 1. SYRIAN TRADERS IN EGYPT, FROM A TOMB AT BENI
HASAN.]

[Illustration: FIG. 2. CROWN OF LOWER EGYPT.]

[Illustration: FIG. 3. CROWN OF UPPER EGYPT.]

[Illustration: FIG. 4. CROWN OF UNITED EGYPT.]

[Illustration: FIG. 5. SPHINX AND PYRAMID OF KHAFRE.]

PLATE 2

[Illustration: FIG. 6. PYRAMIDS OF KHUFU AND KHAFRE.]

[Illustration: FIG. 7. STEP PYRAMID OF ZOSER.]

PLATE 3

[Illustration: FIG. 8. BODY FROM A PRE-DYNASTIC TOMB.]

[Illustration: FIG. 9. HEAD OF THE MUMMY OF RAMSES II.]

PLATE 4

[Illustration: FIG. 10. A STORE-CHAMBER AT PITHOM (_after Naville_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 11. ANCIENT AND MODERN BRICK-MAKING (_after Petrie_).]

PLATE 5

[Illustration: FIG. 12. PLAN OF CITY AND TEMPLE OF LEONTOPOLIS (_after
Petrie_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 13. A PASSOVER-OVEN (_after Petrie_).]

PLATE 6

[Illustration: FIG. 14. THE ROSETTA STONE.

_By permission of Thomas Nelson & Sons._]

[Illustration: FIG. 15. THE “ISRAEL” INSCRIPTION OF MERNEPTAH.]

PLATE 7

[Illustration: FIG. 16. MOUNDS OF NUFFAR (_after Clay_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 17. EXCAVATION AT NUFFAR (_after Clay_).]

PLATE 8

[Illustration: FIG. 18. GATE OF ISHTAR, BABYLON (_after Koldeway_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 19. PHALANX OF SOLDIERS FROM EANNATUM’S “STELE OF
VULTURES.”]

PLATE 9

[Illustration: FIG. 20. INSCRIBED COLUMN FROM PERSEPOLIS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 21. SILVER VASE OF ENTEMENA.]

[Illustration: FIG. 22. MOUND OF BIRS NIMRÛD (_after Peters_).]

PLATE 10

[Illustration: FIG. 23. HITTITE GATES AT BOGHAZ KOI (_after Puchstein_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 24. HITTITE TYPES FROM EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS (_after
Garstang_).]

PLATE 11

[Illustration: FIG. 25. A HITTITE KING (_after Puchstein_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 26. THE BOSS OF TARKONDEMOS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 27. THE SEAL OF SHEMA, SERVANT OF JEROBOAM.]

PLATE 12

[Illustration: FIG. 28. TELL EL-HESY AFTER EXCAVATION.]

[Illustration: FIG. 29. THE SITE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT JERICHO.]

PLATE 13

[Illustration: FIG. 30. EXCAVATION OF GEZER.]

[Illustration: FIG. 31. REMAINS OF A COLONNADED STREET AT SAMARIA.]

PLATE 14

[Illustration: FIG. 32. EXCAVATION AT TELL HUM.]

[Illustration: FIG. 33. EGYPTIANS ATTACKING A PALESTINIAN CITY (_after
Perrot and Chipiez_).]

PLATE 15

[Illustration: FIG. 34. ISRAELITISH JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 35. ISRAELITISH HOUSES AT JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

PLATE 16

[Illustration: FIG. 36. PHILISTINES FROM THE PALACE OF RAMSES III.]

[Illustration: FIG. 37. CANAANITISH FORTRESS AT JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

PLATE 17

[Illustration: FIG. 38.--INSCRIBED DISC FROM PHÆSTOS (ONE-FOURTH ACTUAL
SIZE).]

[Illustration: FIG. 39. GEBEL FUREIDIS.]

PLATE 18

[Illustration: FIG. 40. BASTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF AN INSERTED TOWER
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 41. REMAINS OF WALLS OF MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

PLATE 19

[Illustration: FIG. 42. WALLS OF BUILDINGS AT SAMARIA (_after Reisner_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 43. SPECIMENS OF STONE-WORK AT GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 44. BUILDING-BRICKS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 20

[Illustration: FIG. 45. PLAN OF PALACE AT TAANACH (_after Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 46. THE GREAT CITY WALL AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 21

[Illustration: FIG. 47. ISRAELITISH HOUSES AT GEZER.

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 48. SPECIMENS OF MOSAIC FLOORS (_after Macalister_).

_By Permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 22

[Illustration: FIG. 49. A DOORWAY AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 50. DOOR-SOCKETS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 23

[Illustration: FIG. 51. SUPPOSED HOUSE OF HIEL, JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 52. FOUNDATION OF THE PALACE OF OMRI, SAMARIA (_after
Reisner_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 53. HEBREW PALACE AT MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

PLATE 24

[Illustration: FIG. 54. PLAN OF THE MACCABÆAN CASTLE AT GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 55. STONE-WORK OF THE MACCABÆAN CASTLE (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 56. A FOUNDATION-DEPOSIT, GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 25

[Illustration: FIG. 57. A CITY GATE AT MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 58. THE SOUTH GATE AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 59. THE SOUTH GATE AT BETHSHEMESH (_after Mackenzie_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 26

[Illustration: FIG. 60. ENTRANCE TO THE UNDERGROUND TUNNEL AT GEZER
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 61.--THE NORTH GATE AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 27

[Illustration: FIG. 62. PLANS OF THE UNDERGROUND TUNNEL AT GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 28

[Illustration: FIG. 63. PLAN OF UNDERGROUND TUNNEL AT GIBEON (_after
Abel_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 64. ONE OF SOLOMON’S POOLS.]

PLATE 29

[Illustration: FIG. 65. POST OF CITY GATE, SAMARIA (_after Reisner_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 66. PART OF CITY WALL AND GATE, SAMARIA (_after
Reisner_).]

PLATE 30

[Illustration: FIG. 67. ROAD SOUTH OF GERIZIM.]

[Illustration: FIG. 68. LINES OF ROMAN ROADS AT TELL EL-FUL.]

[Illustration: FIG. 69. ROMAN ROAD NORTH OF AMMAN.]

PLATE 31

[Illustration: FIG. 70. A GRANARY AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 71. SOME ROMAN MILE-STONES.]

[Illustration: FIG. 72. PLAN OF A GRANARY AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 32

[Illustration: FIG. 73. A HOE (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 74. AN EGYPTIAN REAPING (_after Wreszinski_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 75. A SICKLE (_after Wreszinski_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 76. PLOWSHARES FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

PLATE 33

[Illustration: FIG. 77. EGYPTIAN PLOWING (_after Wilkinson_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 78. A MODERN THRESHING-FLOOR.]

[Illustration: FIG. 79. EGYPTIANS THRESHING AND WINNOWING (_after
Wilkinson_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 80. EGYPTIAN THRESHING-SLEDGE (_after Wilkinson_).]

PLATE 34

[Illustration: FIG. 81. A SADDLE-QUERN FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 82. A ROTARY-QUERN (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 83. A MORTAR AND PESTLE (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 84. TWO WOMEN GRINDING AT A MILL (_after
Schumacher_).]

PLATE 35

[Illustration: FIG. 85. AN ANCIENT OLIVE-PRESS (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 86. A MODERN OLIVE-PRESS (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 36

[Illustration: FIG. 87. A WINE VAT (_after Macalister_).

_By Permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 88. AN OLIVE-PRESS AT WORK (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 37

[Illustration: FIG. 89. COWS’ HORNS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 90. ANIMALS’ HEADS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 91. A HORSE’S BIT FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 92. DRAWINGS OF HORSES FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 38

[Illustration: FIG. 93. A CLAY BIRD FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 94. A COCK FROM MARISSA (_after Peters and Thiersch_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 95. A BEE-HIVE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 39

[Illustration: FIG. 96. PRE-SEMITIC JARS (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 97. PRE-SEMITIC POTTERY (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 98. FOUR PITCHERS FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 99. THREE PITCHERS FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 100. A JAR FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 40

[Illustration: FIG. 101. JUGS FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC STRATUM (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 102. A JUG FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC STRATUM (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 103. A JAR FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC STRATUM (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 41

[Illustration: FIG. 104. SOME FINE POTTERY FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 105. “EAR” AND “BUTTON” JAR-HANDLES (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 106. A “PILLAR” HANDLE (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 107. A FLAT-BOTTOMED JUG (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 42

[Illustration: FIG. 108. A PAINTED PHILISTINE VASE FROM BETH-SHEMESH
(_after Mackenzie_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 109. WAR-SCENE ON POTSHERD FROM MEGIDDO (_after
Schumacher_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 110. JARS OF THIRD SEMITIC STRATUM FROM BETH-SHEMESH
(_after Mackenzie_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 111. HEBREW POTTERY FROM MEGIDDO (_after
Schumacher_).]

PLATE 43

[Illustration: FIG. 112. HEBREW JARS AND PITCHERS FROM JERICHO (_after
Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 113. HEBREW PITCHERS AND BOWLS FROM JERICHO (_after
Sellin_).]

PLATE 44

[Illustration: FIG. 114. A FUNNEL FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 115. A POTTER’S SEAL FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 116. AN INSCRIBED HEBREW JAR-STAMP FROM THE SHEPHELAH
(_after Bliss and Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 117. HEBREW POTTERY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 45

[Illustration: FIG. 118. A SCARAB USED AS A JAR-STAMP (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 119. A JAR-HANDLE STAMPED WITH A SCARAB (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 120. A JAR WITH TAPERING BASE FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 121. HELLENISTIC FILTER FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 122. HELLENISTIC POTTERY FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 46

[Illustration: FIG. 123. HELLENISTIC STRAINER FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 124. ROMAN POTS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 125. HELLENISTIC JAR FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 126. A LAMP OF THE FIRST SEMITIC PERIOD, MEGIDDO
(_after Schumacher_).]

PLATE 47

[Illustration: FIG. 127. LAMPS FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC PERIOD, GEZER
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 128. LAMPS FROM THE ISRAELITISH PERIOD, GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 129. A BYZANTINE LAMP FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 130. A LAMP BEARING A CHRISTIAN LEGEND (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 48

[Illustration: FIG. 131. HELLENISTIC LAMPS FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 132. HEBREW LAMPS FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

PLATE 49

[Illustration: FIG. 133. OVENS FOUND AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 134. A BAKING-TRAY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 135. BRONZE DISHES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 136. SHELL SPOONS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 50

[Illustration: FIG. 137. SILVER DISHES FROM A PHILISTINE GRAVE AT GEZER
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 138. GLASS OINTMENT VESSELS FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 51

[Illustration: FIG. 139. FEEDING-BOTTLES (?). GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 140. FORKS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 141. PHILISTINE SILVER LADLE. GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 142. BRONZE NEEDLES AND PINS FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 52

[Illustration: FIG. 143. BONE NEEDLES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 144. MODERN WOMAN SPINNING.

_By permission of Mrs. Grant Williams._]

[Illustration: FIG. 145. SPINDLE WHORLS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 146. A LARGE KEY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 147. A SMALLER KEY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 53

[Illustration: FIG. 148. LAMP STANDS FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 149. FLINT KNIVES FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

PLATE 54

[Illustration: FIG. 150. IRON KNIVES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 151. BRONZE KNIVES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 55

[Illustration: FIG. 152. A CHISEL FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 153. A FILE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 154. A CONE OF FLINT FOR MAKING KNIVES, GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 155. A BRONZE HAMMER-HEAD, GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 156. A FISH-HOOK, GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 157. A BONE AWL-HANDLE FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 158. WHETSTONES FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 159. NAILS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 56

[Illustration: FIG. 160. AXE-HEADS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 161. CARPENTERS’ TOOLS FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 57

[Illustration: FIG. 162. A SCIMITAR FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 163. IMPRESSION OF A BASKET ON MUD, GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 164. FLINT ARROW-HEADS FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 165. BRONZE ARROW-HEADS FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 58

[Illustration: FIG. 166. BRONZE SWORDS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 167. BRONZE SPEAR-HEADS, GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 59

[Illustration: FIG. 168. A PIPE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 169. AN EGYPTIAN HARP (_after Haupt_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 170. AN ASSYRIAN UPRIGHT HARP (_after Haupt_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 171. AN ASSYRIAN HORIZONTAL HARP (_after Haupt_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 172. A BABYLONIAN HARP (_after Haupt_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 173. JEWISH HARPS ON COINS OF BAR COCHEBA, 132-135 A.
D. (_after Madden_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 174. ASSYRIAN DULCIMER (_after Haupt_).]

PLATE 60

[Illustration: FIG. 175. SEALS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 176. A COMB FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 177. TOYS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 178. STYLI FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 179. CHILDREN’S RATTLES FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 61

[Illustration: FIG. 180. A PERFUME-BOX, GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 181. A NECKLACE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 182. BRACELETS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 183. SPATULÆ FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 184. RINGS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 62

[Illustration: FIG. 185. SUPPOSED HEBREW MEASURES FROM JERUSALEM (_after
Germer-Durand_).]

PLATE 63

[Illustration: FIG. 186. A _Neseph_ WEIGHT.]

[Illustration: FIG. 187. A _Payim_ WEIGHT BELONGING TO HAVERFORD COLLEGE.]

[Illustration: FIG. 188. A _Beqa_ WEIGHT (_after Torrey_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 189. A “DARIC” OF DARIUS (_after Benzinger_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 190. A TETRADRACHMA OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (_after
Benzinger_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 191. A COIN OF PTOLEMY LAGI (_after Benzinger_).]

PLATE 64

[Illustration: FIG. 192. HALF-SHEKEL OF SIMON THE MACCABEE (_after
Benzinger_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 193. A COIN OF JOHN HYRCANUS (_after Madden_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 194. TETRADRACHMA OF LYSIMACHUS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 195. A COIN OF AUGUSTUS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 196. A DENARIUS OF TIBERIUS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 197. A COIN OF CLAUDIUS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 198. A COIN OF HEROD THE GREAT.]

[Illustration: FIG. 199. A ROMAN QUADRANS (?).]

[Illustration: FIG. 200. A COIN OF HEROD AGRIPPA I.]

[Illustration: FIG. 201. A SHEKEL OF THE REVOLT OF A. D. 70.]

PLATE 65

[Illustration: FIG. 202. CAVE-DWELLERS’ PLACE OF SACRIFICE, GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 203. PLAN OF CAVES AT SEMITIC HIGH PLACE, GEZER
(_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 204. “PILLARS” OF THE HIGH PLACE AT GEZER.]

PLATE 66

[Illustration: FIG. 205. ROCK-ALTAR AT MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 206. THE “BETH-EL” OF GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 207. THE SUPPOSED SERPENT-PEN AT GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 67

[Illustration: FIG. 208. THE ROCK-ALTAR AT JERUSALEM (_after Dalman_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 209. THE LAVER AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 68

[Illustration: FIG. 210. THE TERRA-COTTA ALTAR FROM TAANACH (_after
Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 211. SUPPOSED HIGH PLACE AT TAANACH (_after Sellin_).]

PLATE 69

[Illustration: FIG. 212. HIGH PLACE AT TELL ES-SAFI (_after Bliss and
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 213. LIBATION BOWL FROM TAANACH (_after Sellin_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 214. AN ASTARTE PLAQUE FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 70

[Illustration: FIG. 215. PLAN OF THE HIGH PLACE AT PETRA (_after
Brünnow_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 216. PLAN OF HEROD’S TEMPLE AT SAMARIA (_after
Lyon_).]

PLATE 71

[Illustration: FIG. 217. THE ALTAR AT PETRA (_after Brünnow_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 218. THE “ROUND ALTAR” AT PETRA (_after Brünnow_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 219. SUPPOSED “PILLARS” AT PETRA (_after Brünnow_).]

PLATE 72

[Illustration: FIG. 219_a_. A BRAZEN SERPENT FROM GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 220. PLAN OF SUPPOSED SEMITIC TEMPLE AT GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 221. WALLS OF HEROD’S TEMPLE, SAMARIA (_after
Reisner_).]

PLATE 73

[Illustration: FIG. 222. “PILLARS” OF A SUPPOSED TEMPLE, GEZER (_after
Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 223. CHAPEL OF THE PALACE AT MEGIDDO (_after
Schumacher_).]

PLATE 74

[Illustration: FIG. 224. VOLUTED CAPITAL (PROBABLY PHILISTINE) FROM
MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 225. INCENSE-BURNER FROM MEGIDDO (_after
Schumacher_).]

PLATE 75

[Illustration: FIG. 226. PHILISTINE GRAVES, GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 227. A ROCK-HEWN TOMB AT SILOAM (_after Benzinger_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 228. A SHAFT-TOMB (_after Bliss and Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 229. A CISTERN-BURIAL AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 76

[Illustration: FIG. 230. A COLUMBARIUM AT PETRA (_after Dalman_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 231. ENTRANCE TO THE TOMB OF THE JUDGES.]

PLATE 77

[Illustration: FIG. 232. A SUNKEN-DOOR TOMB (_after Mitt. u. Nach. d.
Deutsch. Palästina-Vereins_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 233. _Kokim_ IN THE TOMB OF THE JUDGES.]

PLATE 78

[Illustration: FIG. 234. PLAN OF A HELLENISTIC TOMB AT MARISSA (_after
Peters and Thiersch_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 235. A CROSS-SECTION OF THE TOMB OF THE JUDGES.]

PLATE 79

[Illustration: FIG. 236. ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION OF A HELLENISTIC TOMB AT
MARISSA (_after Peters and Thiersch_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 237. PLAN OF THE UPPER FLOOR OF THE TOMB OF THE
JUDGES.]

PLATE 80

[Illustration: FIG. 238. A TOMB WITH A ROLLING-STONE AT BEIT JIBRIN
(_after Moulton_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 239. INTERIOR OF A HELLENISTIC TOMB AT MARISSA (_after
Peters and Thiersch_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 81

[Illustration: FIG. 240. THE HILLS AND VALLEYS OF JERUSALEM (_after
Vincent_).]

PLATE 82

[Illustration: FIG. 241. UNDERGROUND JEBUSITE TUNNEL AT GIHON, JERUSALEM
(_after Vincent_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 242. MAUDSLEY’S SCARP, JERUSALEM.]

PLATE 83

[Illustration: FIG. 243. PLAN OF SOLOMON’S BUILDINGS, JERUSALEM (_after
Stade_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 244. PHŒNICIAN QUARRY-MARKS, JERUSALEM (_after
Warren_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 84

[Illustration: FIG. 245. SHAFT AT THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE TEMPLE AREA
(_after Warren_).

_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]

[Illustration: FIG. 246. EXAMINING ANCIENT WALLS IN AN UNDERGROUND TUNNEL
(_after Warren_).

_By permission of Palatine Exploration Fund._]

PLATE 85

[Illustration: FIG. 247. FRONT VIEWS OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 248. SIDE VIEWS OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]

PLATE 86

[Illustration: FIG. 249. PLAN OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 250. THE SEVEN-BRANCHED LAMP-STAND FROM THE ARCH OF
TITUS.]

PLATE 87

[Illustration: FIG. 251. THE BRAZEN LAVER OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after
Stade_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 252. A PORTABLE LAVER OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after
Stade_).]

PLATE 88

[Illustration: FIG. 253. STONE-WORK OF A WALL OF JERUSALEM BUILT IN THE
FIFTH CENTURY A. D.]

[Illustration: FIG. 254. STONE-WORK IN NEHEMIAH’S WALL, JERUSALEM.]

PLATE 89

[Illustration: FIG. 255. RESTORATION OF THE ASMONÆAN BRIDGE OVER THE
TYROPŒON VALLEY (_after Hanauer_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 256. FRONT OF “DAVID’S TOWER” (HEROD’S PALACE) TODAY
(_after Breen_).]

PLATE 90

[Illustration: FIG. 257. RECONSTRUCTION OF HEROD’S TEMPLE (_after
Caldecott_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 258. “SOLOMON’S STABLES.”]

PLATE 91

[Illustration: FIG. 259. ONE OF THE SUPPOSED POOLS OF BETHESDA (_after
Hanauer_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 260. FRONT OF THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER.]

PLATE 92

[Illustration: FIG. 261. “GORDON’S CALVARY,” LOOKING TOWARD JERUSALEM
(_after Breen_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 262. “GORDON’S CALVARY,” FROM THE CITY WALL (_after
Breen_).]

PLATE 93

[Illustration: FIG. 263. OUTSIDE OF “GORDON’S HOLY SEPULCHER” (_after
Breen_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 264. INSIDE OF “GORDON’S HOLY SEPULCHER” (_after
Breen_).]

PLATE 94

[Illustration: FIG. 265. THE BARADA (ABANA), DAMASCUS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 266. THE STREET CALLED STRAIGHT, DAMASCUS.]

PLATE 95

[Illustration: FIG. 267. PALACE AT KANATHA (_after Brünnow_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 268. CIRCULAR FORUM AND COLONNADED STREET, GERASA.]

PLATE 96

[Illustration: FIG. 269. TEMPLE OF THE SUN, GERASA.]

[Illustration: FIG. 270. SITE OF RABBAH AMMON.]

PLATE 97

[Illustration: FIG. 271. THEATER AT AMMAN (PALESTINIAN PHILADELPHIA).]

[Illustration: FIG. 272. ROMAN FORUM AT ATHENS.]

PLATE 98

[Illustration: FIG. 273. MARS’ HILL, ATHENS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 274. FOUNTAIN IN THE AGORA, CORINTH.]

PLATE 99

[Illustration: FIG. 275. LINTEL OF JEWISH SYNAGOGUE, CORINTH (_after
Richardson_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 276. LECHÆUM ROAD, CORINTH (_after Richardson_).]

PLATE 100

[Illustration: FIG. 277. PARTHENON, ATHENS, FROM THE EAST.]

[Illustration: FIG. 278. MAIN STREET AT EPHESUS.]

PLATE 101

[Illustration: FIG. 279. SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA, EPHESUS, IN 1902.]

[Illustration: FIG. 280. THE THEATER, EPHESUS.]

PLATE 102

[Illustration: FIG. 281. THE AMPHITHEATER, EPHESUS.]

[Illustration: FIG. 282. THE STADIUM, EPHESUS.]

PLATE 103

[Illustration: FIG. 283. PERGAMUM (_after Ramsay_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 284. THE ACROPOLIS AND PARTLY EXCAVATED TEMPLE, SARDIS
(_after Butler_).]

PLATE 104

[Illustration: FIG. 285. EXCAVATED TEMPLE, SARDIS, LOOKING TOWARD THE
HERMUS VALLEY (_after Butler_).]

PLATE 105

[Illustration: FIG. 286. A CHRISTIAN CHURCH AT SARDIS (_after Butler_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 287. SMYRNA (_after Ramsay_).]

PLATE 106

[Illustration: FIG. 288. A RUIN AT LAODICEA (_after Ramsay_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 289. A BRIDGE OVER THE JORDAN ON THE LINE OF A ROMAN
ROAD.]

PLATE 107

[Illustration: FIG. 290. FRAGMENT OF A CREATION-TABLET.]

[Illustration: FIG. 291. ASSYRIAN SACRED TREE CONVENTIONALIZED.]

[Illustration: FIG. 292. HAMMURAPI RECEIVING THE LAWS FROM THE SUN-GOD.]

[Illustration: FIG. 293. THE SO-CALLED ADAM AND EVE SEAL.]

PLATE 108

[Illustration: FIG. 294. A TABLET FROM NIPPUR. RELATING THE BEGINNINGS OF
IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE (_after Langdon_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 295. TOP OF THE BLACK OBELISK OF SHALMANESER.]

[Illustration: FIG. 296. JEHU OF ISRAEL DOING HOMAGE TO SHALMANESER.]

PLATE 109

[Illustration: FIG. 297. THE SILOAM INSCRIPTION.]

[Illustration: FIG. 298. SENNACHERIB RECEIVING TRIBUTE AT LACHISH (_after
Ball_).]

PLATE 110

[Illustration: FIG. 299. AN ALTAR TO UNKNOWN GODS (_after Deissmann_).]

[Illustration: FIG. 300. THE MOABITE STONE.]

PLATE 111

[Illustration: FIG. 301. PAPYRUS CONTAINING SAYINGS OF JESUS (_after
Grenfell and Hunt_).]

PLATE 112

[Illustration: Jerusalem of Solomon]

[Illustration: Early Jerusalem]

PLATE 113

[Illustration: Jerusalem from Uzziah to the Exile]

[Illustration: Jerusalem of Nehemiah]

PLATE 114

[Illustration: Asmonæan Jerusalem]

[Illustration: Jerusalem of Herod and of Christ]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Century Dictionary_, edition of 1903, Vol. I, p. 293.

[2] The chronology of Archbishop Usher, printed in the margin of many
Bibles, is not a part of the Biblical text, but a collection of
seventeenth century calculations and guesses.

[3] For fuller accounts of the history of Egypt, see Breasted’s _History
of the Ancient Egyptians_, New York, Scribner’s, 1908; or Breasted’s
_History of Egypt_, second edition, 1909, New York, Scribner’s.

[4] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, London, 1906.

[5] See Naville, _The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus_,
4th ed., London, 1903.

[6] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, p. 28, f.

[7] See Petrie, _The Palace of Apries_, London, 1909.

[8] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, p. 191, ff.

[9] See _Annals of Archæology and Anthropology_, VII, Liverpool, 1914, pp.
1-10.

[10] So called from the name of the mountain on which it is written.

[11] First published by Hilprecht, _Babylonian Expedition of the
University of Pennsylvania_, Vol. XX, No. 47; cf. p. 46.

[12] See Poebel, _Historical and Grammatical Texts_, Philadelphia, 1914,
Nos. 2-5, and _Historical Texts_, Philadelphia, 1914, pp. 73-140.

[13] It is the prevailing view of scholars that Arabia was the cradle-land
of the Semites. The reasons for this view as well as a _résumé_ of other
views will be found in G. A. Barton’s _Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social
and Religious_, New York, 1902, Chapter I.

[14] In Gen. 10:11 it is by implication said that the city was founded by
Nimrod.

[15] For a discussion of the reasons for the view here stated, and a
presentation of other views, see Part II, p. 374, ff.

[16] The Chaldæans were a Semitic people who came into the marsh-lands of
southern Babylonia from Arabia. We can first detect their presence in
Babylonia about 1000 B. C.

[17] Those who desire fuller accounts of the history should read L. W.
King’s _History of Sumer and Akkad_, London, 1910, and R. W. Rogers’
_History of Babylonia and Assyria_. 2d ed., New York, 1915.

[18] In the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1899, Heft.
4.

[19] In the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1900, Hefte
4 and 5.

[20] See Pumpelly, _Explorations in Turkestan_, Washington, 1908, I, p.
50, f.

[21] See L. W. King, _Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings_,
London, 1907, Vol. II, p. 22.

[22] _History of Egypt_, II. 404, 405.

[23] _Expository Times_, November, 1914, p. 91.

[24] _Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern_, 319, note 3.

[25] _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, 227, 228.

[26] Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, II, § 773.

[27] Winckler in _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1913,
Heft 4, p. 81.

[28] _Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem_, Paris, 1811.

[29] _Travels in Syria_, 1821.

[30] _Souvenirs, impressions, el paysages, pendant un voyage en Orient_,
Paris, 1835.

[31] For a more complete account see F. J. Bliss, _The Development of
Palestine Exploration_, New York, 1906.

[32] See _Official Report of the United States Expedition to Explore the
Dead Sea and the River Jordan_, Baltimore, 1852.

[33] See his “Identification of Pisgah” in the third _Statement_ of the
American Exploration Society, 1870.

[34] See his _East of the Jordan_, New York, 1883.

[35] Warren’s results were first published in _The Recovery of Jerusalem_,
London, 1870, and more fully in _Jerusalem_, London, 1889, one of the
Memoirs of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The arch mentioned is called
“Robinson’s Arch,” because its significance was first perceived by
Robinson.

[36] _Across the Jordan_, London, 1886; _Jaulan_, London, 1886, and
_Abila, Pella, and Northern Aijlun_, London, 1889.

[37] _Die Provincia Arabia_, Strassburg, 1904-1909 (3 volumes).

[38] _Petra_, Leipzig, 1908, and _Neu-Petra Forschung_, Leipzig, 1912.

[39] _Archæological Researches in Palestine_, London, 1896-1899.

[40] _Geology of Palestine and Arabia Petræa_, London, 1886.

[41] See Petrie, _Tell el-Hesy (Lachish)_, London, 1891.

[42] See his _Mound of Many Cities_, London, 1894.

[43] See Bliss, _Excavations at Jerusalem_, London, 1898.

[44] An artificially made precipice on which a fortress once stood. It is
named from an Englishman, Maudsley, who first perceived its true nature.

[45] Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine during the Years
1898-1900_, London, 1902.

[46] See his _Archæological Researches in Palestine_, II, p. 251, f.

[47] This is the period called by Petrie and Bliss “Seleucid.”

[48] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, London, 1912, II, 381-403.

[49] _Ibid._, 406-408.

[50] _Ibid._, I, 256-268.

[51] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, London, 1912, II, 200-223.

[52] _Ibid._, 236-266.

[53] See the _Annual_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Vols. I and II,
for the details here given, and for many others.

[54] _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins._

[55] See _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, V, pp. 7-204.

[56] See Schumacher und Steuernagel, _Tell el-Mutesellim_, Leipzig, 1908.

[57] Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, Wien, 1904.

[58] See _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft_, No. 29, Berlin,
1905, p. 14, f.

[59] See Sellin und Watzinger, _Jericho_, Leipzig, 1913.

[60] See _Journal of Biblical Literature_, Vol. XXII, Boston, 1903, pp.
164-182; XXIV, 196-220; XXV, 82-95.

[61] See _Harvard Theological Review_, Cambridge, Mass., I, 1908, p. 92.

[62] _Ibid._, II, 102-113; III, 136-138, 248-263.

[63] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, xiii, 10, 2 and 3; _Wars of the
Jews_, i, 2, 7.

[64] _Revue biblique_, 1912 (Paris), pp. 86-116.

[65] _Biblical World_, Vol. XXXIX, Chicago, 1912, pp. 295-306.

[66] See Germer-Durand in _Revue biblique_, 1914, pp. 71-94, and
Frontispiece.

[67] See _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October,
1914, p. 167, f. Additional material on Ophel and Balata is given in the
Appendix, p. 446.

[68] First noticed by Prof. George L. Robinson, of McCormick Seminary,
Chicago, and afterward by Prof. Samuel Ives Curtis, of the Chicago
Theological Seminary; see Chapter XI, p. 173, f.

[69] Discovered in 1902 by Dr. J. P. Peters and Dr. Thiersch; see their
_Painted Tombs of Marissa_, London, 1905.

[70] Reference should also be made to the expedition from Princeton
University, referred to on p. 107, led by Prof. H. C. Butler, which went
out in 1899-1900, in 1904-1905, and in 1909, and examined the ruins in the
Hauran (or region east of the Sea of Galilee), in the Lebanon Mountains,
and in that part of Syria to the east of Lebanon. The expedition gathered
many inscriptions, most of which belong to the Christian period. The
results of this exploration are published in _The Publications of an
Archæological Expedition to Syria in 1899-1900_, New York, 1904, and
_Publications of the Princeton Archæological Expeditions to Syria in
1904-1905 and 1909_, Leyden, 1908-1914.

[71] See R. A. S. Macalister, _History of Civilization in Palestine_,
Cambridge University Press, 1912, pp. 10, 11.

[72] See Barton, _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, Philadelphia, 1904,
p. 143.

[73] See Barton, in the _Biblical World_, Chicago, 1904, Vol. XXIV, p.
177.

[74] See Conder, _Survey of Eastern Palestine_, I, pp. 125-277, and
Mackenzie in the _Annual_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, I, pp. 5-11.

[75] See Gen. 14:5; 15:20.

[76] See H. S. Cowper, _The Hill of the Graces, a Record of Investigation
among the Trilithons and Megalithic Sites of Tripoli_, London, 1897, and
Brandenburg, _Über Felsarchitektur im Mittelmeergebiet_ in _Mitteilungen
der Vorderasiatischen Gesellchaft_, 1914.

[77] See the _Annals of Archæology and Anthropology_, Vol. V, Liverpool,
1913, pp. 112-128.

[78] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 72-152.

[79] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 145-152.

[80] _Ibid._, 236, ff.

[81] R. A. S. Macalister, _Bible Side-lights from the Mound of Gezer_,
London, 1906, Chapter II.

[82] See P. E. Mader in _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_,
Vol. XXXVII, 1914, pp. 20-44.

[83] See Amos 4:4; 5:5.

[84] See Dr. Masterman, in _Biblical World_, XXXIX, 301, f.

[85] See the legend concerning him translated in Part II, p. 310, f.

[86] See Clay, _Amurru_, Philadelphia, 1909, pp. 102, 103.

[87] See _Recueil de travaux relatifs à phil. et à arch. egpt. et assyr._,
XXXIV, 105-108.

[88] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, Vol. I, Chicago, 1906, § 315.

[89] See Chapter II, p. 59.

[90] Translated in Part II, p. 313, f.

[91] See Part II, p. 293.

[92] See Part II, p. 290, ff.

[93] See Part II, p. 299, ff.

[94] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, p. 233, f.

[95] See Barton, _Commentary on Job_, New York, 1911, pp. 5-7, and
Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, p. 238, note _a_.

[96] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, § 680, and Barton in _Journal
of Biblical Literature_, Vol. XXVIII, p. 29.

[97] Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 238-243 and 253.

[98] _Tell el-Mutesellim_, Tafeln, vii-xi.

[99] See Chapter IV, p. 96.

[100] See Chapter II, p. 59, f.

[101] See Chapter I, p. 28.

[102] See Chapter III, p. 75, f.

[103] See Chapter IV, pp. 89, 91.

[104] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, III, § 616.

[105] Translated from W. Max Müller’s publication in the _Mitteilungen der
vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1907, Heft 7.

[106] Hammath means “hot.”

[107] See Chapter I, p. 29.

[108] See pp. 79, 80, and 345.

[109] See the letters of its king translated in Part II, p. 345, f.

[110] Chapter XIII.

[111] See Chapter III, p. 78, f.

[112] See Part II, p. 349, f.

[113] See Breasted’s _History of Egypt_, New York, 1909, p. 414.

[114] See Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, III. §§ 81 and 140.

[115] Translated from W. Max Müller’s _Egyptological Researches_,
Washington, 1906, pl. 59, ff.

[116] See Part II, p. 311.

[117] See Sir Arthur Evans. _Scripta Minoa_, Oxford, 1909, pp. 280, 282,
and R. A. S. Macalister in the _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_,
Vol. XXX, § C, p. 342; also his _Philistines, Their History and
Civilization_, London, 1913, pp. 84, 85.

[118] See _Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy_, 1909, p. 1022, f.

[119] Caphtor is the same as _Keftiu_ of the Egyptian inscriptions, but it
is uncertain whether _Keftiu_ refers to Crete or Asia Minor.

[120] Translated from W. Max Müller’s _Egyptological Researches_, I, pl.
64, f.

[121] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, p. 21.

[122] See p. 99.

[123] See p. 95.

[124] See the books of I and II Samuel.

[125] See Chapters VI, IX, and XI.

[126] See Part II, Chapter XVII.

[127] See Part II, p. 385, f.

[128] See J. A. Montgomery, _The Samaritans, the Earliest Jewish Sect,
Their History, Theology, and Literature_, Philadelphia, 1907.

[129] For the narrative of the struggle, see the book of I Maccabees, and
S. Mathews, _History of the New Testament Times in Palestine_, New York,
1908.

[130] See I Macc. 14:41.

[131] For details see Guy Le Strange, _Palestine Under the Moslems_,
London, 1890.

[132] For details see C. R. Conder, _The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem_,
London, 1897.

[133] See Chapter XIV.

[134] See p. 94.

[135] On these walls, see Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 236-256.

[136] Petrie, _Tell el-Hesy_, p. 17 and Plates 2 and 3.

[137] See his _Tell Taanek_, p. 13.

[138] See p. 96 and Fig. 41.

[139] See p. 91.

[140] _Harvard Theological Review_, III, 137.

[141] Palestine Exploration Fund’s _Annual_, II, 17, f.

[142] Sellin and Watzinger’s _Jericho_, p. 29, f. and Tafel I.

[143] _Ibid._, 54, ff.

[144] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 244.

[145] See Dickie, in _Quarterly Statement_ of Palestine Exploration Fund,
1897, 61-67.

[146] These remarks about the house are based on the excavation at Gezer.
The excavators of other sites have not given as much attention to the
construction of houses as Mr. Macalister did.

[147] Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, p. 21.

[148] One of these is translated in Part II, p. 350.

[149] See the writer’s article, “Corners,” in Hastings’ _Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics_, Vol. IV 119, ff.

[150] Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, p. 61.

[151] Schumacher, _Tell el-Mulesellim_, pp. 45, 54.

[152] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 240.

[153] In 2 Sam. 12:27 we should read “pool of waters” instead of “city of
waters”; see Barton in _Journal of Biblical Literature_, XXVII, 147-152.

[154] See Polybius, V, 71.

[155] Josephus, _Jewish Wars_, I, xix, 5, ff.

[156] For the conflicting evidence and theories, see G. A. Smith,
_Jerusalem_, I, 124-131.

[157] Josephus, _Antiquities_, XVIII, iii, 2.

[158] See p. 85.

[159] See Thomsen in _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, XXVI,
170, ff.

[160] See Chapter XIV.

[161] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 199, f; II, 22, ff.

[162] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 22, f.

[163] The reader who cares to pursue the subject is referred to
Macalister’s _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 48, ff., and Sellin’s _Tell
Taanek_, 61, f., and Bliss and Macalister’s _Excavations in Palestine_,
1898-1900, pp. 193, 196, f., 208, 227, and 248.

[164] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 1-15.

[165] See Pumpelly, _Excavations in Turkestan_, Washington, 1908, p. 384,
f.

[166] See Schumacher, _Mutesellim_, p. 89.

[167] Ward, _Seal Cylinders of Western Asia_, p. 422, and Nos. 554, 556,
1126, and 1254.

[168] See Dr. John P. Peters’ article “The Cock” in the _Journal of the
American Oriental Society_, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 363-396.

[169] See Peters and Thiersch, _The Painted Tombs of Marissa_, London,
1905.

[170] See Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, 61, f.

[171] Especial mention may be made of the following: Petrie, _Tell
el-Hesy_; Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900_,
Part II; Vincent, _Canaan d’après l’exploration récente_, Paris, 1907,
Chapter V, and Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, II, 128-231.

[172] A “button” handle is a “ledge” handle made into a round knob.

[173] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 158.

[174] See Chapter V, p. 115, f., and Figs. 108, 109.

[175] For discussions of the subject, see Bliss and Macalister,
_Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900_, 106-123; Macalister in the
_Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1905, 243 and
328; also _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 209, ff., and Vincent, _Canaan
d’après l’exploration récente_, pp. 357-360.

[176] See Sellin, _Jericho_, p. 156.

[177] For a fuller discussion of children’s toys, see Rice, _Orientalisms
in Bible Lands_, pp. 49-58.

[178] An early Christian writer, born in 315, died in 403 A. D., who was
bishop of Salamis in Cyprus.

[179] From this equivalence the reader can easily compute the value which
the intermediate measures would have according to this theory. The
multiples of the Log which formed the Cab, etc., are given above.

[180] See Père Germer-Durand, “Mesures de capacité des Hebreux au temps de
l’évangile” in _Conferences de Saint-Étienne_, Paris, 1910, pp. 89-105,
and Fig. 185.

[181] The Jewish name for an offering to God. (See Mark 7:11.)

[182] “Mana” is both the Babylonian and the Hebrew term. In English it has
usually been corrupted to “Mina.”

[183] Some scholars understand MENE to be such a reference.

[184] The weight is now in the library of Haverford College, near
Philadelphia.

[185] The words rendered “the price was a _pim_” are translated in the
Authorized Version, “they had a file,” margin, “a file with mouths”; in
the Revised Version, “they had a file,” margin, or “when the edges ...
were blunt.” The Revisers add, “The Hebrew text is obscure.” The Hebrew
word rendered “file” and “blunt” comes from a root that means “to
prescribe” or “appoint.” It could easily mean the “established price,” but
can mean neither “file” nor “blunt.” _Pim_ means “mouths” and is employed
figuratively for “edges,” but neither of those meanings fits the passage.
The discovery of these weights has cleared up the whole obscurity. This
interpretation was suggested by Pilcher in the _Palestine Exploration Fund
Quarterly Statement_, 1914, p. 99.

[186] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 279.

[187] See Macalister, _ibid._, pp. 278-293.

[188] See Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine_, 1898-1900, p.
61.

[189] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 291.

[190] See Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, II, §§ 436, 489, 490, 518,
and _History of Egypt_, 2d ed., pp. 277, 307.

[191] See Schrader’s _Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_, I, 105 (cl. III,
62).

[192] See C. H. W. Johns, _Assyrian Deeds and Documents_, I, Nos. 38, 39,
40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 50, and 108; cf. also III, 8.

[193] See Hill, _Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Palestine_, London, 1914,
p. xciii, ff.

[194] Cf. Luke 21:2.

[195] The temples of Solomon, Zerubbabel, and Herod are treated in Chapter
XIII, on Jerusalem.

[196] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 102; II, 378, ff.

[197] See Schumacher, _Tell el-Mutesellim_, 156, ff.

[198] In Gen. 22:9 Abraham, we are told, built the altar. He did not,
therefore, intend to use the rock-altar. The analogy of this altar with
the other two is not quite complete. It appears to have no cup-marks on
its surface.

[199] See Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900_, p.
31, ff.

[200] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, I, 51, 105-107; II,
381-404.

[201] See Part II, p. 364.

[202] See C. H. Toy, _Introduction to the History of Religions_, Boston,
1913, §§ 250, 257.

[203] _Tell Taanek_, p. 68, ff.

[204] See Part II, p. 442.

[205] For descriptions of this high place, see the article by its
discoverer, George L. Robinson, in the _Biblical World_, XVII, 6-16; by S.
I. Curtis in the _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund,
October, 1900, pp. 350-355; Savignac in _Révue biblique_, 1903, 280-284;
Libby and Hoskins, _The Jordan Valley and Petra_, New York, 1905, II, 172,
ff.; Brünnow and Domaszewski, _Provincia Arabia_, Vol. I, Strassburg,
1904, 239-245; Dalman, _Petra_, Leipzig, 1908, 56-58.

[206] See the writer’s _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, Philadelphia,
1904, pp. 193, 194.

[207] Those interested in them will find them described in Brünnow and
Domaszewski’s _Provincia Arabia_, I, 246, ff., and in Dalman’s _Petra_,
142, 225, 272, etc.

[208] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 405, ff.

[209] Schumacher, _Tell el-Mutesellim_, 110-124.

[210] Schumacher, _Tell el-Mutesellim_, 105-110.

[211] _Ibid._, 125-130.

[212] See _Harvard Theological Review_, II, 102-113; III, 248-263.

[213] See Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XV, viii, 5, and _Wars of
the Jews_, I, xxi, 2.

[214] See especially Fig. 269.

[215] See Chapter V, p. 105.

[216] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 286.

[217] _Ibid._, p. 122, f.

[218] Palestine Exploration Fund’s _Annual_, II, 42, ff.

[219] For a Babylonian parallel, see Part II, p. 423, ff.

[220] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, II, 429, f.

[221] See _Biblical World_, Vol. XXIV, p. 177.

[222] See Macalister, _Excavation of Gezer_, I, 288, f.

[223] _Ibid._, 289, ff.

[224] See Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine, 1898-1900_, p.
9, ff.

[225] So called because of a tradition that the members of the Sanhedrin
were buried there. The tradition probably arose because the _kôkim_ and
shelves make provision for seventy bodies.

[226] See _Journal of Biblical Literature_, XXII, 1903, p. 164, ff.

[227] See Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XX, ii, 1; iv, 3.

[228] See Peters and Thiersch, _Painted Tombs at Marissa_, London, 1905.

[229] All who can do so should read George Adam Smith’s _Jerusalem from
the Earliest Times to A. D. 70_, New York, 1908, and Hughes Vincent’s
_Jerusalem_, Paris, 1912. Or, if this is not possible, L. B. Paton’s
_Jerusalem in Bible Times_, Chicago, 1905.

[230] See Dr. Masterman in the _Biblical World_, Vol. XXXIX, p. 295, f.

[231] See Part II, Chapter XV, Letter V, and the writer’s note in the
_Biblical World_, XXII, p. 11, n. 5.

[232] See _Biblical World_, XXXIX, 306.

[233] See Part II, Chapter XV.

[234] See Chapter VI, § 8.

[235] Some scholars think the words are a distorted repetition of “in
Millo,” which was accidentally repeated by a scribe.

[236] Bliss and Dickie, _Excavations at Jerusalem_, 1894-1897, _passim_,
and p. 319, ff.

[237] For “Bethso,” see Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, V, iv, 2.

[238] See J. E. Hanauer, _Walks about Jerusalem_, London, 1910, 88, 89.

[239] The writer is well aware that the name Moriah for this part of the
hill rests on slender evidence, but he employs it nevertheless as a
convenient term, since it is well understood by readers of the Bible.

[240] Warren and Conder, _Jerusalem_, pp. 148-158.

[241] See Chapter XI, p. 168.

[242] _Wars of the Jews_, V, v, 1.

[243] So Stade, _Geschichte des Volkes Israels_, Berlin, 1889, I, 314, and
G. A. Smith, _Jerusalem_, II, 60.

[244] In giving the dimensions of the various temples, the writer has
followed the calculations of George Adam Smith in his _Jerusalem_. W. Shaw
Caldecott has published four volumes, one on the _Tabernacle_, one on
_Solomon’s Temple_, one on the _Second Temple_, and one on _Herod’s
Temple_, in which he claims to have discovered a key that harmonizes all
the Biblical statements as to the measurements of these structures. His
supposed key is his belief that the Babylonians had three different cubits
which they used side by side, that these cubits were known to Moses, and
that their use was perpetuated in the temple. Should these pages be read
by one who has accepted that claim as true, it is but fair that he be
informed that Caldecott’s whole system is based upon a misinterpretation
of a Babylonian tablet that was published in Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform
Inscriptions of Western Asia_, Vol. IV, p. 37. (See _Tabernacle_, pp.
107-139, and _Solomon’s Temple_, pp. 215, 216.) This tablet contains a
table of time and of distances. The unit of time in Babylonia was a
_kaskal-gid_. An astronomical tablet published thirty years ago in the
book most widely used by beginners in Assyrian says that at the equinox
“six _kaskal-gid_ was the day, six _kaskal-gid_ the night.” The
_kaskal-gid_ was, then, a period of two hours’ duration. Just as in many
countries the word for “hour” is used for distance, and a place is said to
be so many “hours” away, so in Babylonia and Assyria _kaskal-gid_ was used
as a measure of distance. The tablet referred to gives a table of the ways
of writing fractions of _kaskal-gid_ and its other divisions in the
simplest of the two Babylonian numerical systems. The Assyriologist learns
from this tablet that 1 _kaskal-gid_ (the distance of two hours) equalled
30 _ush_, that 1 _ush_ equalled 60 _gar_, that 1 _gar_ equalled 12 _u_ or
cubits, and that 1 _u_ equalled 60 _shu_ or “fingers.” Caldecott, however,
mistook the sign _gid_ for a numeral five, the sign _kaskal_ for a word
meaning “ell,” and the word _u_ meaning “cubit” for a sign signifying
“plus”! He accordingly makes _gar_ a “palm”; _shu_, a “three-palm ell”;
_ush_, a “four-palm ell,” and _kaskal-gid_, a “five-palm ell”! His whole
system is without foundation.

Tables similar to the one published by Rawlinson were compiled in the
scribal school at Nippur. One was published without translation by
Hilprecht in 1906 in the _Babylonian Expedition of the University of
Pennsylvania_, Vol. XX, and interpreted by the present writer in 1909 in
_The Haverford Library Collection of Cuneiform Tablets_, Part II, pp.
13-18. The writer has examined other similar tablets in the University
Museum, Philadelphia.

[245] See Chapter IX, p. 151. According to I Kings 7:48, there was a
“golden altar” here also, but as this is not mentioned in chapter 6 many
scholars think that it is a post-exilic gloss, introducing a feature from
the second temple.

[246] _Antiquities of the Jews_, VIII, v, 2.

[247] See translation, Part II, p. 377.

[248] See Bliss, _Excavations at Jerusalem_, pp. 96-109.

[249] See G. A. Smith, _Jerusalem_, I, 226. For another view, see Paton,
_Journal of Biblical Literature_, XXV, 1-13.

[250] See G. A. Smith, _Jerusalem_, II, Chapters X and XI.

[251] See Chapter II, p. 66; also Part II, p. 385, f.

[252] Ezra 5:16 states that Sheshbazzar laid the foundations of the house
in the reign of Cyrus, but as Haggai and Zechariah give no hint of this,
many scholars think there must be some error in the text.

[253] _Antiquities of the Jews_, XIII, xiii, 5.

[254] See the Mishnah, _Middoth_ 3:6.

[255] _Excavations at Jerusalem_, 16, ff.

[256] See Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XI, vii, 1; cf. also G. A.
Smith, _Jerusalem_, II, 358-361.

[257] See Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XII, i.

[258] See Ecclesiasticus iii-v, vii, ix, xxiii, xxv, ff., and xxviii.

[259] See Eccles. 50:1-4.

[260] Cf. Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XII, v, 1.

[261] See Selah Merrill, _Ancient Jerusalem_, New York, 1908, pp. 83-88.

[262] See G. A. Smith, _Jerusalem_, II, 447-452.

[263] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XII, v, 1.

[264] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XIII, vi, 7.

[265] See Chapter V, p. 119.

[266] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XV, xi, 4; XVIII, iv, 3.

[267] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XX, viii, 11; _Wars of the
Jews_, II, xvi, 3.

[268] Merrill, _Ancient Jerusalem_, p. 88.

[269] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XIV, iv, 2, and Fig. 255.

[270] Because its identity as a part of this bridge was first perceived by
Prof. Edward Robinson, of Union Seminary, New York.

[271] Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, I, vii, 2.

[272] Warren and Conder, _Jerusalem_, 178, f.

[273] See Chapter VI, p. 131.

[274] Quoted by Alexander Polyhistor and Eusebius; see G. A. Smith,
_Jerusalem_, II, 462.

[275] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XIII, xiii, 5.

[276] _Ibid._, XIV, ii, 1.

[277] _Ibid._, XIV, iv, 2.

[278] _Ibid._, XIV, xiii, 3, 4, 5.

[279] _Ibid._, XIV, xv, 2; xvi.

[280] _Ibid._, XV, viii, 5.

[281] Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, V, iv, 3.

[282] _Ibid._, V, iv, 4. (See Fig. 256.)

[283] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XVII, ix, 3; _Wars of the
Jews_, II, ii, 2; xiv, 8.

[284] Colonel Conder, the late Dr. Merrill, Georg Gatt, Dr. Rückert, and
Dr. Mommert.

[285] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XV, viii, 1.

[286] See _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1887,
p. 161, ff. Dr. Schick calls it an amphitheater, but it is simply a
theater of the Greek type.

[287] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XV, xi, 2.

[288] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XX, ix, 7.

[289] _Ibid._, XV, xi, 3.

[290] Above it was a chamber 30 cubits high.

[291] Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, V, v, 6.

[292] See Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, V, v, and the Mishna tract
_Middoth_ for the authority for this description. For a fuller
description, see G. A. Smith, _Jerusalem_, II, Chapter XVIII.

[293] See Chapter VI, p. 131.

[294] That is, the “Pool of Israel.”

[295] _Wars of the Jews_, V, iv, 2.

[296] The city, restored under the heathen name of Ælia Capitolina by the
Emperor Hadrian in 135 A. D., made Christian by Constantine in 325, sacked
by the Persian Chosroes in 614, taken by the Arabs in 636, captured after
many vicissitudes in 1072 by the Seljuk Turks, made by the First Crusade
the seat of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187, when Saladin
took it, was once more after many other vicissitudes captured by the
Ottoman Turks in 1517.

[297] _Historia Naturalis_, V, xviii, 74.

[298] Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, I, vii, 7.

[299] See Chapter V, p. 111.

[300] See Schürer, _Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu
Christi_, Leipzig, 1907, II, 172, and note 321.

[301] See Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XII, iv, 5.

[302] See Barton, _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, Philadelphia, 1904,
p. 176.

[303] See Neubauer, _Géographie du Talmud_, Paris, 1868, 238-240.

[304] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XII, viii, 4.

[305] Brünnow and Domaszewski, _Provincia Arabia_, III, 107-144, and Fig.
267.

[306] See Polybius, V, 71.

[307] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XIII, xiii, 3.

[308] Schürer, _Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu
Christi_, 4th ed., II, 1907, p. 175.

[309] Neubauer, _Géographie du Talmud_, 274.

[310] See Merrill, _East of the Jordan_, New York, 1883, 184, ff. and 442,
f.; also Schumacher, _Across the Jordan_, London, 1886, p. 272, f.

[311] Merrill, _ibid._, 298, and G. A. Smith, _Historical Geography of the
Holy Land_, map.

[312] So Brünnow and Domaszewski, _Provincia Arabia_, III, 264.

[313] Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, I, iv, 8.

[314] See Merrill, _East of the Jordan_, 281-284; Schumacher in
_Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, XXV, 1912, 111-177; Brünnow
and Domaszewski, _Provincia Arabia_, II, 234-139; Barton, _A Year’s
Wandering in Bible Lands_, 158, f.

[315] See Polybius, V, 71.

[316] See 2 Sam. 12:27 and Barton in the _Journal of Biblical Literature_,
XXVII, 147-152.

[317] See Josephus, _Wars of the Jews_, I, xix, 5.

[318] See Merrill, _East of the Jordan_, 399, ff.; Schumacher, _Across the
Jordan_, 308; Brünnow and Domaszewski, _Provincia Arabia_, II, 216-220,
and Barton, _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, 155, f.

[319] Ramsay, _St. Paul the Traveller and Roman Citizen_, New York, 1896,
243, ff.

[320] See Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, II, Oxford, 1896, 618-699.

[321] See _American Journal of Archæology_, 2d series, II, 133, f.; III,
204, f.; IV, 306, f.; VI, 306, f, 439, f.; X, 17, f., and XIV, 19, f.

[322] See Benjamin Powell in _American Journal of Archæology_, 2d series,
VII, 60, f., and Fig. 275.

[323] See Ramsay’s article “Ephesus” in Hastings’ _Dictionary of the
Bible_, Vol. II, p. 721, f., for further details.

[324] Book II, 1. 868.

[325] See Hogarth’s _Ionia and the East_, Oxford, 1909, p. 45, f.

[326] See _De Neocoria_, p. 38.

[327] See Ramsay in Hastings’ _Dictionary of the Bible_, III, 750.

[328] Wood, _Discoveries at Ephesus_, London, 1877. See Fig. 279.

[329] Hogarth, _Excavations at Ephesus_, London, 1908.

[330] See Couze (and others), _Ausgrabungen zu Pergamos_, Berlin, 1880,
and Thrämer, _Pergamos_, Leipzig, 1888; also F. E. Clark, _The Holy Land
of Asia Minor_, New York, 1914, p. 67, f.

[331] See Bousset, _Die Offenbarung des Johannes_, Göttingen, 1896, p.
245, ff.; Ramsay, _The Letters to the Seven Churches_, New York, 1905,
283, ff., and Moffat in _The Expositor’s Greek Testament_, Vol. V, New
York, 1910, p. 355, f.

[332] See Ramsay, _The Church and the Roman Empire_, New York, 1893, p.
252, f.

[333] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, XII, iii, 1.

[334] See Ramsay, _Letters to the Seven Churches_, p. 325, ff.

[335] See Butler in _American Journal of Archæology_, 2d series, Vol.
XVIII, 1914, p. 428.

[336] Book, I, 7.

[337] See Herbig’s article, “Etruscan Religion,” in Hastings’
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, Vol. V, New York, 1912, p. 532, ff.

[338] _American Journal of Archæology_, Vol. XVII, 1912, p. 474.

[339] Barton, _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, 76-79.

[340] See _American Journal of Archæology_, Vols. XIV-XVIII, and Fig. 285.

[341] _Ibid._, XV, 452.

[342] _Ibid._, XV, 457.

[343] _Ibid._, XVI, 475, ff., and Fig. 286.

[344] See “Altar (Christian)” in Hastings’ _Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics_, Vol. I, p. 338, f.

[345] _Ecclesiastical History_, X, 4.

[346] See Barton, _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, p. 71.

[347] See Chapter XIV, p. 217, f.

[348] Ramsay, _Letters to the Seven Churches_, 407, ff.

[349] _Ibid._, 410, ff.

[350] See Curtius, _Philadelphia_, Berlin, 1873, and Barton, _A Year’s
Wandering in Bible Lands_, 79, ff.

[351] Ramsay, _Letters to the Seven Churches_, 25, 1.

[352] See Ramsay, _Letters to the Seven Churches_, 257 and 274, ff.

[353] See Barton, _A Year’s Wandering in Bible Lands_, p. 82.

[354] See Ramsay, _The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_, Oxford, 1895, p.
32, f.

[355] See Ramsay, _Letters to the Seven Churches_, 424, ff.

[356] See F. E. Clark, _The Holy Land of Asia Minor_, New York, 1914, p.
145, f.

[357] Other translations of this epic have been made. The most important
are as follows: Zimmern, in Gunkel’s _Schöpfung und Chaos_, pp. 401, ff.;
Delitzsch, _Das Babylonische Weltschöpfungsepos_ (Abhandlungen der
sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Bd. XVII, 1896); Muss-Arnolt,
in _Assyrian and Babylonian Literature_, Aldine ed., edited by R. F.
Harper; Jensen in Schrader’s _Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_, Bd. VI; L.
W. King, _The Seven Tablets of Creation_; Dhorme, _Choix de textes
religieux assyrobabyloniens_; Ungnad, in Gressman’s _Altorientalische
Texte und Bilder zum Alten Testament_; Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the
Old Testament_. A fragment of this tablet is shown in Fig. 290.

[358] That is, Sea and Abyss, mentioned in lines 3 and 4. Apsu was the
waters underneath the dry land and Tiâmat the salt sea.

[359] _I. e._, the spirits of earth.

[360] Another name for Tiâmat.

[361] Marduk’s temple in Babylonia.

[362] _I. e._, the captive gods of line 27.

[363] The name which the Babylonians gave themselves.

[364] Translated from _Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the
British Museum_, Part XIII, p. 35, ff.

[365] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western
Asia_, IV, 2d. ed., pl. 32, lines 28-38.

[366] See _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology_, Vol. XXVI,
pp. 51-56.

[367] _Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Yale Babylonian Collection_, New
Haven, 1916, Nos. 46-51.

[368] Translated from _Recueil de Traveaux_. XX, 127, ff.; Winckler and
Abel’s _Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna_, No. 240, _Keilinschriftliche
Bibliothek_, VI, p. xvii, f., and _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical
Archæology_, XVI, 294, f.

[369] The lines 14a, etc., are supplied from a parallel tablet.

[370] Translated from Poebel, _Historical and Grammatical Texts_,
Philadelphia, 1914, No. 2. From the beginning of each column 16 to 18
lines are broken away.

[371] The sun-god.

[372] Perhaps “palm-tree-fertilizer” instead of hunter. It is not the
usual ideogram for hunter, but one element stands for “hand” and the other
for “female flower of the date palm.” (See Barton, _The Origin and
Development of Babylonian Writing_, Nos. 311({12}) and 303({6}).)

[373] Seven lines are broken away from the end of the column.

[374] The subject-matter shows that several columns are entirely broken
away. Dr. Poebel estimates that Column IV was originally Column X. If this
is true, six columns are entirely lost. Of Column IV, only a few lines out
of the middle remain.

[375] A number of lines are lost at the end of the column.

[376] Numbers 3, 4, and 5.

[377] Poebel reads the name _Arpi_, apparently because in another
fragmentary tablet he thinks the name is _Arbum_, but both Poebel’s copy
and the photograph of the tablet indicate that the reading was _A-ri-pi_.
The writer has endeavored to settle the matter by collating both tablets,
but both have unfortunately crumbled too much to make collation decisive.

[378] Sumerian words which begin with a vowel, when they are taken over
into Hebrew, assume a guttural at the beginning. Thus the Sumerian AŠ-TAN,
“one,” which became in Semitic Babylonian _ištin_, comes into Hebrew as
_‘eštê_ with an Ayin at the beginning. (See Jer. 1:3 and elsewhere.)
_Ayin_ in Semitic phonetics frequently changes to Heth. (See Brockelmann’s
_Vergleichende Grammatik der Semitischen Sprachen_, I, § 55, b, α.) In
accordance with these facts AN-KU came into Hebrew as _Ḫenok_.

[379] He is mentioned in Zimmern’s _Ritualtafeln für den Wahrsager_,
Leipzig, 1901, No. 24:1, ff., as the discoverer of the art of forecasting
events by pouring oil on water.

[380] Poebel has shown, _Historical Texts_, 114, that EN-ME designates a
hero or special kind of priest. _Mutu_ in Semitic means both “man” and “a
kind of priest”; cf. Muss-Arnolt, _Assyrisch-Englisch-Deutsches
Handwörterbuch_, 619, 620, and Knudtzon, _El-Amarna Tafeln_, No. 55, 43.
_Mutu_ was a popular element in Semitic proper names about 2000 B. C., but
later ceased to be employed.

[381] The sign _kam_ Poebel failed to recognize. It is No. 364א of
Barton’s _Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing_. It is sometimes
employed in early texts instead of other signs which had the values _ka_
or _kam_. Here it is used for sign No. 357 of the work referred to.

[382] Langdon makes the suggestion (_Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood,
and the Fall of Man_, Philadelphia, 1915, p. 56, note 7) that Lamech is
the Sumerian LUMḪA, an epithet of the Babylonian god Ea as the patron of
music. A more plausible theory would be that Lamech is a corruption of a
king’s name, as suggested above, and after it was corrupted it was
confused with the name of the Sumerian god LAMGA, the constructive god,
whose emblem was the sign for carpenter. (See Barton, work cited, No.
503.)

[383] See Meissner, _Seltene assyrische Ideogramme_, No. 1139.

[384] See Barton, work cited, No. 275{(5)}. IN is the Sumerian verb
preformative.

[385] See Delitzsch, _Sumerisches Glossar_, p. 262, f.

[386] See Barton, work cited, No. 229{(18)}.

[387] Jared might, of course, be a corruption of Irad (see p. 270). It
could have arisen by the wearing away of the Hebrew letter _Ayin_.

[388] See his _Unity of the Book of Genesis_, New York, 1895, Chapter II.

[389] See Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, II, 59,
rev. 9, and Zimmern’s _Babylonischer Gott Tamūz_, p. 13.

[390] _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology_, XV, 243-246.

[391] _Expository Times_, X, 253.

[392] See Chapter VI, p. 273.

[393] _Historical Texts_, p. 42.

[394] Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, V, 44, 17b.
The Semitic name of this king is also said to have been Tabu-utul-bel. He
is the one whose fortunes correspond so closely to those of Job. (See
Chapter XX.)

[395] See Meissner, _Seltene assyrische Ideogramme_, No. 6945.

[396] Translated from Haupt’s _Das Babylonische Nimrodepos_, p. 134, f.

[397] The sun.

[398] The spirits of heaven.

[399] Or two accounts of the same event.

[400] Translated from A. Poebel’s _Historical and Grammatical Texts_ in
the University of Pennsylvania’s “University Museum’s publications of the
Babylonian Section,” Vol. V, Philadelphia, 1914, No. 1.

[401] Often called Bel.

[402] Called Ea, p. 273.

[403] A term by which the Semites of Babylonia designated themselves. The
Sumerians shaved their heads.

[404] See Part II, Chapter VI, line 21, ff.

[405] _I. e._, the sun.

[406] See p. 277.

[407] Translated from Langdon, _The Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood,
and the Fall of Man_, Philadelphia, 1915, Plates I and II. Langdon, as his
title shows, regards the text as a description of Paradise, the flood, and
the fall of man,--a view that the present writer cannot share. Dilmun is
the name of the Babylonian Paradise, but the signs rendered Dilmun are not
the ones employed to express that name. For the rest the text seems to
describe the coming of rains, the beginnings of irrigation and
agriculture, and the revelation of the medicinal qualities of certain
plants. See _The Nation_, New York, November 18, 1915, pp. 597, ff. (For
the tablet, see Fig. 294.)

[408] Apparently another name of Ninshar.

[409] In Sumerian the goddess Nintulla.

[410] In Sumerian the goddess Ninkasi.

[411] In Sumerian the goddess Dazima.

[412] In Sumerian, Nintil.

[413] In Sumerian, Enshagme.

[414] See his _Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man_,
p. 56.

[415] Translated from _Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der königlichen
Museen zu Berlin_, VII. No. 92.

[416] _Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der königlichen Museen zu
Berlin_, VII, No. 198.

[417] _Ibid._, VII, No. 97.

[418] Since this manuscript was sent to the printer, another Abraham has
been found in some tablets in the Yale University Collection.

[419] Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, IV, pp. 352, 353. (See p. 360.)

[420] See _Beiträge zur Assyriologie_, V, p. 498, no. 23; cf. p. 429, ff.

[421] King, _Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi_, Vol. I, No. 66.

[422] Some scholars suppose that the writer of the account in Genesis had
before him a source in the cuneiform writing in which the “pi” at the end
of Hammurapi’s name was spelled with a sign that could be read either “pi”
or “pil” (see Barton, _Origin and Development of Babylonian Writing_,
Leipzig, 1913, No. 185), and that the _l_ was attached in consequence of a
misreading of this sign. That, however, admits corruption, though it
attempts to explain its cause.

[423] _Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum_, XXI, 33.

[424] It was until recently not known that Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin were
different persons, and some thought the king might be called either
Rim-Sin or Eri-aku (Arioch, Gen. 14:1). It is possible that Arad-Sin may
have been called Ari-aku in Sumerian, but it is improbable. It is now
known that Arad-Sin died 30 years before Hammurapi came to the throne.
With our present knowledge it is difficult to see how Arioch could be the
name of Rim-Sin unless Rim-Sin be read partly as Semitic and partly as
Sumerian and then considerably corrupted.

[425] The text was published by Pinches in the _Journal of Transactions of
the Victoria Institute_, Vol. XXIX, 82, 83; cf. emendations by L. W. King,
_Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi_, Vol. I, p. li, ff. Sayce has also
translated them, filling out the lacunæ by freely exercising the
imagination, in the _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology_,
XXVIII, 203-218, 241-251, and XXIX, 7-17.

[426] This could be read _Kudurkumal_.

[427] _Cuneiform Texts, &c., in British Museum_, IV, 33, 22b.

[428] Meissner, _Altbabylonisches Privatrecht_, 36, 25.

[429] _Cuneiform Texts_, VIII, 25, 22.

[430] _Ibid._, II, 9, 26.

[431] Cf. _Mittheilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1907, p. 27.

[432] _Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum_, II, 23, 15.

[433] _Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1907, p. 23.

[434] Taken from Griffith’s translation in Petrie’s _Egyptian Tales_,
second series, London, 1895, p. 36, ff.

[435] The sun-god.

[436] Cf. Part I, p. 35.

[437] Winckler und Abel, _Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna_, No. 40. Cf.
Knudtzon, _Die El-Amarna Tafeln_, No. 158.

[438] Winckler und Abel, _Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna_, No. 38. See also
Knudtzon, _Die El-Amarna Tafeln_, No. 164.

[439] Translated from the German rendering of Ranke in Gressmann’s
_Altorientalische Texte und Bilder zum Allen Testament_, Tübingen, 1909,
p. 223.

[440] See his _Sieben Jahre der Hungersnot_, 1891.

[441] From Brugsch’s _Egypt under the Pharaohs_, London, 1881, I, 303, ff.

[442] From Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, p. 237, ff.

[443] An Egyptian name of the northern extension of the Gulf of Suez.

[444] Some Egyptian trading-post in Asia.

[445] An early name for the region east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. It
is called Kedemah in Gen. 25:15 and 1 Chron. 1:30; Kedemoth in Deut. 2:26,
and translated “East” in Judges 6:3, 33; 7:12; 8:10, 11. In Gen. and
Chron. the name is applied to a person.

[446] This is an Amorite name, Ammi-anshi. It shows that the Amorites were
already in this region. Later the Hebrews found Sihon, the Amorite here;
see Num. 21:21, ff. and Deut. 1:4, ff.

[447] The Egyptian name for the higher parts of Palestine and Syria. The
Egyptians had no _l_; they always used _r_ instead. The name is identical
with the Hebrew Lotan, Gen. 36:20, of which Lot is a shorter form.

[448] Perhaps the same name as Aiah (Ajah) of Gen. 36:24 and 1 Chron.
1:40.

[449] From _Cuneiform Texts, &c., in the British Museum_, XIII, 42; cf.
also King, _Chronicles of Early Babylonian Kings_, II, 87, ff.

[450] Another tablet reads “a father I had not.”

[451] A name for the Semitic peoples of Babylonia.

[452] An island in the Persian Gulf.

[453] Taken from Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, III, p. 264, ff.

[454] That is, the foreign nations.

[455] That is, Lybia, which lay to the west of the Egyptian Delta.

[456] That is, the Hittites.

[457] “The Canaan” refers to the land of Canaan, probably here Phœnicia.

[458] Yenoam was a town situated at the extreme north of Galilee, just at
the end of the valley between the two ranges of the Lebanon mountains.

[459] Translated from the cuneiform text in Harper’s _Code of Hammurabi_,
and Ungnad’s _Keilschrifttexte der Gesetze Hammurabis_.

[460] The mana consisted of sixty shekels. Tn English it is corrupted to
_mina_.

[461] The nature of these officials is in doubt. Scheil and others think
the first a recruiting-officer; Delitzsch and Ungnad, a soldier. The name
of the second officer is literally fish-catcher, but it is certain that
here he was some kind of a fisher of men.

[462] Such as plowing, or the young plants early in the season.

[463] At this point five columns of the pillar are erased. It is estimated
that 35 sections of the laws are thus lost. § 66 is added from a fragment
found at Susa.

[464] Translated from Poebel, _Historical and Grammatical Texts_,
Philadelphia, 1914, No. 93, col. ii.

[465] Translated from _ibid._, col. iii.

[466] The translation, “be brought to the judges,” has no warrant in the
Hebrew.

[467] Since Deut. 15:18 says that such a slave has served “double the hire
of a hireling,” Dr. Johns thinks that it betrays a knowledge of the
Babylonian three-year regulation. This seems, however, quite
problematical.

[468] In a marriage contract on a papyrus from the Jewish colony at
Elephantine in Egypt, written in the fifth century B. C., it is provided
that the wife may institute divorce proceedings on an equality with the
husband. Some Jewish women thus secured by contract that which the law did
not grant them. Christ assumed such cases among Palestinian women; see
Mark 10:12.

[469] From the _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, I, No. 165.

[470] It is the word so translated in Deut. 33:10.

[471] So rendered in Lev. 7:13; 10:14. Many scholars would render it
“thank-offering.”

[472] Compare Exod. 29:13, 14. The Hebrew law differed from the
Carthaginian.

[473] This is the rendering of the Revised Version for this word. The
Authorized Version rendered it less accurately “meat-offering.”

[474] Each temple had a number of officials connected with it besides the
priests, such as carpenters, gate-keepers, slaughterers, barbers,
Sodomites, and female slaves. Another Phœnician inscription mentions
these.

[475] See Part I, Chapter I. § 7 (3).

[476] From Winckler und Abel’s _Thontafelnfund von El-Amarna_, No. 73. Cf.
Knudtzon, _Die El-Amarna Tafeln_, No. 84.

[477] The letter takes up assertions made by Rib-Adda in previous letters.

[478] Winckler und Abel, _op. cit._, No. 77, Knudtzon, _op. cit._, No.
103.

[479] These “sons of Ebed-Ashera” are mentioned in many other letters.

[480] Winckler und Abel, _op. cit._, No. 174, and Knudtzon, _op. cit._,
No. 286.

[481] Winckler und Abel, No. 102; Knudtzon, 286.

[482] Winckler und Abel, _op. cit._, No. 103; Knudtzon, _op. cit._, No.
287.

[483] Winckler und Abel, No. 104; Knudtzon, No. 288.

[484] Winckler und Abel, No. 105 plus No. 199; Knudtzon, No. 289.

[485] Winckler und Abel, No. 106; Knudtzon, No. 290.

[486] The tablet reads Beth-Ninib, but scholars are agreed that it refers
to Beth-shemesh.

[487] For the text cf. Hilprecht, _Old Babylonian Inscriptions_, No. 17.
See also Knudtzon, _El-Amarna Tafeln_, No. 333.

[488] Published by Hrozny in Sellin’s _Tell-Taanek_, pp. 115 and 121.

[489] In the Babylonian script, _Aḫi-ya-mi_.

[490] See the writer’s article, “Yahweh before Moses,” in _Studies in the
History of Religions Presented to C. H. Toy_, especially pp. 188-191.

[491] Taken from Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, IV, pp. 278, ff.

[492] “She” refers to Tentamon, the queen.

[493] These statements are taken from Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_,
IV. §§ 44, 81, and 82.

[494] See Evans, _Scripta Minoa_, Oxford, 1909, pp. 22, ff., 273, ff.

[495] See R. A. S. Macalister, _The Philistines, Their History and
Civilization_, London, 1913, p. 83, ff.

[496] See Sarzec, _Découvertes en Chaldée_, p. ix, col. v, 28, ff. See
also Thureau-Dangin, _Les inscriptions de Sumer et d’ Akkad_, Paris, 1905,
p. 109, and his _Sumerischen und akkadischen Königsinschriften_, Leipzig,
1907, p. 68, f.

[497] _Ibid._, col. vi, 3, ff.

[498] Translated from W. Max Müller’s _Egyptological Researches_,
Washington, D. C., 1906, Plates 75-87, with a comparison of Breasted’s
_Ancient Records_, IV, pp. 350-354.

[499] See Le Gac, _Les Inscriptions d’ Aššur-nasir-aplu III_, Paris, 1908,
p. 111, line 84, ff.; cf. also Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the Old
Testament_, New York, 1912, p. 277, ff.

[500] The text is published in Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of
Western Asia_, III, 7, 8. These lines are at the bottom of p. 8. Cf. also
Craig, _Hebraica_, III, 220, ff., and Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the
Old Testament_, 295, ff.

[501] From Layard’s _Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character from the
Assyrian Monuments_, London, 1851, p. 15. Cf. Delitzsch in _Beiträge zur
Assyriologie_, VI, 146.

[502] Layard, _op. cit._, line 84, ff.

[503] Layard, _op. cit._, line 90, ff.

[504] _Ibid._, line 99, ff.

[505] From Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, III, 5,
No. 6. The text is also published in Delitzsch’s _Assyrische Lesestücke_,
4th ed., p. 51, ff.

[506] The cliff at the mouth of the Dog river, a short distance north of
Beirût. This portrait, with that of Ramses II and other kings, may still
be seen carved in the cliff.

[507] From Abel und Winckler’s _Keilschrifttexte_, Berlin, 1890, p. 12.

[508] Layard. _op. cit._, p. 10, line 102, ff.

[509] Messerschmidt, _Keilschrifttexte aus Assur historischen Inhalts_,
Leipzig, 1911, No. 30, line 13, ff. Cf. Langdon’s translation _Expository
Times_, Vol. XXIII, 1911, p. 69; also Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels_, p.
298, ff.

[510] Translated from Smend and Socin’s _Die Inschrift Mesa von Moab_,
Freiburg I. B., 1886. Cf. also Lidzbarski, _Nordsemitische Epigraphik_,
Weimar, 1898, Tafel I; G. A. Cooke, _North Semitic Inscriptions_, Oxford,
1903, p. 1, ff.; Davis, in _Hebraica_, VII (1891), 178-182; Bennett, _The
Moabite Stone_, Edinburgh, 1911; and Hastings, _Dict. of the Bible_, III,
406, ff.

[511] In Joshua the name appears as Bamoth-baal.

[512] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western
Asia_, Vol. I, p. 35, No. 1. Cf. also Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the
Old Testament_, p. 305, ff., and the references there given to other
translations.

[513] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western
Asia_, III, 9, No. 2, with a comparison of Rost, _Die Keilschrifttexte
Tiglathpilesers III_.

[514] Translated from Rawlinson, _ibid._, No. 3.

[515] Translated from Layard, _Inscriptions in the Cuneiform Character_,
with a comparison of Rost, _op. cit._

[516] From Rawlinson, _op. cit._, 10, No. 2, with a comparison of Rost,
_op. cit._

[517] From Rawlinson, _op. cit._, Vol. II, p. 67.

[518] From Winckler’s _Keilschrifttexte Sargons_, p. 1, line 10, f.

[519] Translated from Winckler. _op. cit._, p. 30, No. 64, 23, f.

[520] _Ibid._, pp. 1, 2, beginning at p. 1, No. 2, line 10.

[521] _Ibid._, p. 48, line 8, ff.

[522] From Winckler, _op. cit._, p. 31, lines 27, ff. and 33, ff.

[523] _Ibid._, p. 33, line 90, ff.

[524] From Winckler’s work previously cited, p. 44.

[525] From Abel und Winckler’s _Keilschrifttexte_, p. 18, col. ii, 34, ff.

[526] From Winckler’s _Keilschrifttextbuch_, 1892, p. 36.

[527] From Abel und Winckler’s _Keilschrifttexte_, p. 17, line 9, ff.

[528] From _Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler der königlichen Museen zu
Berlin_, I, 75.

[529] _Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament_, 1872, 168, ff.

[530] Meinhold, _Die Jesaiaerzählungen_, Jes. 36-39, 1898.

[531] Winckler, _Alttestamentliche Untersuchungen_, 1892, pp. 27-50.

[532] Prašek, _Sanheribs Feldzüge gegen Juda_, 1903.

[533] In _Bibliotheca Sacra_, LXIII (1906), 577-634.

[534] _Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament_, 1912, 332-340.

[535] _Historical Geography of the Holy Land_, 158, ff.

[536] Translated from a facsimile in the Kautzsch-Gesenius, _Hebraische
Grammatik_, 1902.

[537] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western
Asia_, Vol. III, p. 16, col. v, line 12, ff.

[538] _Ibid._, Vol. V, 2, 49, f.

[539] _Ibid._, 9, 115, f.

[540] From Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, IV, 498.

[541] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western
Asia_, I, 33, col. ii, line 12, ff.

[542] Translated from Pognon, _Les inscriptions babyloniennes du Wadi
Brissa_, Pl. xiii, f., and _Recueil de traveaux relatifs à la philologie
et à l’archeologie egyptiennes et assyriennes_, XXVIII, 57. See also
Langdon, _Neubabylonischen Königsinschriften_, 174, ff.

[543] Translated from the _Zeitschrift für Assyriologie_, I, 337, f.

[544] See Part I, Chapter II, p. 46, f.

[545] This is the reading of the margin in R. V., and correctly translates
the original. He was not walking “in” the palace, but upon its flat roof,
from which he could see the great city.

[546] From de Morgan’s _Délégation en Perse_, Vol. XIV, p. 60.

[547] From Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, V, 68,
No. 1.

[548] From _Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology_, VII, 157,
f.

[549] From _Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology_, VII, 162,
f., and Clay, _Light on the Old Testament from Babel_, 374, f.

[550] See _Expository Times_. Vol. XXVI, 297-299 (April, 1915).

[551] _Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection_, No. 39.

[552] From Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, V, 35.

[553] Herodotus, Book II, 161.

[554] Josephus professes to be quoting Manetho, and puts the incident in
the time of Ramses. Perhaps Aristeas in his letter refers to this colony,
when he speaks of Jewish soldiers. (See Kautzsch, _Apokryphen und
Pseudepigraphen_, II, 7.)

[555] The documents have been published by Sayce and Cowley, _Aramaic
Papyri Discovered at Assuan_, London, 1906, and Sachau. _Aramäische
Papyrus und Ostraka aus Elephantine_, Leipzig, 1911. Those translated here
are Nos. 1, 4, 6, and 11 of Sachau’s publication.

[556] Perhaps this disfavor arose in part from the fact that, as a papyrus
not translated here shows, two other deities were worshiped along with
Jehovah.

[557] It is possible that the Elephantine colony were taken from northern
Israel.

[558] Translated from the _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical
Archæology_, X, 478, f., and Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions_, IV,
60*.

[559] Literally, “like opening and shutting.”

[560] Perhaps one of the antediluvian Babylonian kings. (See Part II,
Chapter IV.) The Sumerian form of his name was Laluralim and in
Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia_, Vol. V, p. 44, 17b,
is glossed as Zugagib or “scorpion.” Zugagib is one of the early kings of
Babylonia, who is said to have ruled 840 years.

[561] Translated from S. Langdon’s _Historical and Religious Texts from
the Temple Library of Nippur_, Munich, 1914, No. 16.

[562] Translated from Haupt’s _Akkadische und sumerische
Keilschrifttexte_, 116, ff., with comparison of Zimmern’s _Babylonische
Busspsalmen_, 33, f.

[563] Translated from Haupt’s _Akkadische und Sumerische
Keilschrifttexte_, p. 122, f.

[564] Translated from _Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in
the British Museum_, Part XV, pp. 16, 17.

[565] Translated from _Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c. in the
British Museum_, XV, 10.

[566] An epithet of the inhabitants of Babylonia.

[567] Taken from Breasted’s _Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, p.
315, f.

[568] A fabulous mountain beyond the western horizon, over which the sun
was believed to pass at evening.

[569] Taken from Breasted’s _Development of Religion and Thought in
Ancient Egypt_, p. 324, f.

[570] There is a pun on the word Re; it is the same as “all.” Such puns
are frequent in the Hebrew of the Old Testament prophets.

[571] Compare Psa. 104:24.

[572] Ikhnaton is the name adopted by Amenophis IV in connection with his
reform. It means “Aton’s man.” His old name meant “Amon is gracious” and
had heathen associations. On the sentiment of lines 120, 121, compare
Matt. 11:27.

[573] See Weigall, _The Treasury of Ancient Egypt_, London, 1911, p. 206.

[574] The first twenty are culled from a tablet in the British Museum,
published by Langdon in the _American Journal of Semitic Languages_, Vol.
XXVIII, 217-243, under the title “Babylonian Proverbs.” For convenience
those quoted are numbered consecutively without reference to the parts
omitted.

[575] Translated from Delitzsch’s _Assyrische Lesestücke_, 4th ed., p.
118, f.

[576] Translated from Meissner’s _Beiträge zum Altbabylonischen
Privatrecht_, p. 108.

[577] Taken from Macmillan’s translation, _Beiträge zur Assyriologie_, V,
557, ff.

[578] The sun-god, the god of justice.

[579] _Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, p. 231, f.
Breasted’s references to the sections of the original text are here
omitted.

[580] The Gilgamesh Epic is an early Babylonian poem in twelve tablets or
cantos. It is a collection of early legends and myths. The Babylonian
account of the flood, translated in Chapter VI (Part II), forms the
eleventh canto of it.

[581] Translated from the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen
Gesellschaft_, 1902, Heft 1, p. 8.

[582] These are translated from the German rendering in W. Max Müller’s
_Liebpoesie der alten Ägypter_, Leipzig, 1899.

[583] From Müller, p. 15.

[584] _Ibid._, p. 16.

[585] From Müller, _ibid._, p. 17.

[586] Perhaps the name of a Nileometer station in the vicinity of Memphis.

[587] Müller, _ibid._, p. 22.

[588] Müller, _ibid._, p. 22.

[589] Müller, _ibid._, p. 23.

[590] Married couples are usually so represented in Egyptian pictures.

[591] The Egyptian is here followed, rather than the German.

[592] Müller, p. 24.

[593] _Ibid._, p. 27. It describes a walk in a garden.

[594] The garden again.

[595] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western
Asia_, III, 32, 16, f.

[596] _I. e._, the thing thou hast prayed for.

[597] Translated from the German of Vogelsang und Gardiner, _Klagen des
Bauern_, Leipzig, 1908.

[598] The original contains a list of plants, stones, birds, etc., the
modern equivalents of which are not known.

[599] See Gardiner in _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology_,
XXXV, 269.

[600] Taken from A. H. Gardiner’s _Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage_,
Leipzig, 1909, pp. 19 and 39, f., pp. 69 and 78.

[601] Translated from Rawlinson’s _Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western
Asia_, Vol. IV, p. 31.

[602] The spirits of earth.

[603] Translated from _Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets, &c., in
the British Museum_, Part XV, 18.

[604] These sayings are translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s _Sayings of
Our Lord_, 1897, with a comparison of Lock and Sanday’s _Two Lectures on
the Sayings of Jesus Recently Discovered at Oxyrhynchus_, 1897.

[605] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s _New Sayings of Jesus and
Fragment of a Lost Gospel from Oxyrhynchus_, 1904.

[606] Compare John 21:24, 25.

[607] Translated from Viereck’s publication of the text in _Philologus_,
Vol. LII, 234, f.

[608] These assessments, then, occurred in the following years: 174-5;
160-1; 146-7; 132-3; 118-9; 104-5; 90-1; 76-7; 62-3; 48-9; 34-5; 20-1;
6-7; 9-8 B. C.

[609] From _Hermes_, XXVIII, 1893, p. 233.

[610] Translated from Grenfell and Hunt’s _Oxyrhynchus Papyri_, II, 1898,
p. 214. Kenyon, _Greek Papyri in the British Museum_, II, 19, thinks that
this cannot refer to a census because the term by which it is described is
different, but, as Grenfell and Hunt remark, the simpler term in the
papyri earlier than the year 61 A. D., indicates that we are nearer the
beginning of the institution of the census.

[611] _Ibid._, p. 205; cf. p. 206.

[612] _Ibid._, p. 282.

[613] Translated from Kenyon and Bell’s _Greek Papyri in the British
Museum_, Vol. III, 1907, p. 125.

[614] Translated from the _Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum_, XIV, No. 3613.

[615] Translated after Ramsay, _Expositor_, series 8. Vol. IV, 1912, p.
401. For Ramsay’s opinions, see the article of which the inscription forms
a part.

[616] Translated from Burton’s publication in the _American Journal of
Theology_, II, 600.

[617] Translated from _ibid._, p. 604.

[618] Taken from Deissmann’s _St. Paul_, p. 261, f.

[619] Pausanias, i, 1:4, and v. 14:8.

[620] Philostratus, _Vita Apollonii_, vi, 3.

[621] Translated from Deissmann’s _St. Paul_, pp. 246, 247.

[622] See Deissmann’s _St. Paul_, p. 248, ff.

[623] Dio Cassius, lvii, 14, 5.

[624] The most reliable chronologies of the life of Christ now place his
crucifixion not later than 30 A. D.

[625] The original is in Berlin and the publication is not accessible to
the writer. The above translation is taken from that of J. Rendel Harris
in the _Expositor_, 5th series, Vol. VIII, p. 164.

[626] Translated by J. Rendel Harris, _ibid._, p. 166.

[627] 2 Cor. 11:32.

[628] Translated from the _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, Pars II,
Tom. I, Fasc. ii, No. 209.

[629] _Ibid._, Pars II, Tom. I, Fasc. ii. No. 196.

[630] Taken from Breasted, _Ancient Records, Egypt_, III, p. 7.

[631] Taken from Breasted, _ibid._, p. 273.

[632] See S. Schiffer, _Keilschriftliche Spuren in der zweiten Hälfte des
8ten Jahrhunderts von den Assyrern nach Mesopotamien deportierten
Samarier_, Berlin, 1907.

The text of the Berlin tablets was published by Ungnad in
_Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler_, I, Leipzig, 1907, Nos. 84-94, 101,
104. Those in the British Museum, by Johns, in _Assyrian Deeds and
Documents_, I, Cambridge, 1898, Nos. 22, 69, 73, 74, 98, 153, 154, 170,
229, 234, 245, 312.

[633] _Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler_, I, No. 88. 15.

[634] See Rogers, _Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament_, New York,
1912, p. 226.

Transcriber’s Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.

Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.

End of Project Gutenberg's Archæology and the Bible, by George A. Barton