the Valley of the Rio Negro, which are not naturally adapted to cattle
or sheep raising, or both, and at present Live Stock is to be found
in almost exclusive occupation of close on 96,000,000 hectares out of
the calculated total of 300 million hectares of cultivable land in the
Argentine Republic. These figures are taken from the 1908 Argentine
Census, above referred to.

The parallel figures for Uruguay are not available in such exact form
of statement, but it may be taken that there are very few parts of that
country in which cattle or sheep or both are not found.

Diseases of live stock are, as has been said, very conspicuous by their
relative total absence in both Republics, and farmers in both Argentina
and Uruguay are very sore about the sustained attitude of the British
Government which refuses to permit the entrance of River Plate live
stock on the hoof into British ports. The farmers are convinced that
this refusal is due to the influence of British breeders who, while
thus preventing what would otherwise be a serious menace to their own
industry, yet benefit by the South American acceptance of very high
priced animals imported from Great Britain for stud purposes. The weak
point of this argument is, of course, that such importation of prize
animals is in no way authoritatively enforced on the Argentine or
Uruguayan, his obligation to purchase such animals arising only from his
necessity to do so in his own best interests. The danger on his side
arises from the possibility of latent tuberculosis and other disease, but
this he now guards very effectually against, often at much pecuniary
loss to himself, by severe tests carried out by competent veterinary
surgeons on all imported animals and the unhesitating sacrifice of any
found to be infected.

The present writer is inclined to venture the opinion that the British
Government might rely with safety on the certificates of Argentine and
Uruguayan Government experts of the immunity of all cattle and sheep
leaving either Republic on the hoof. It does, in effect, accept such
certificates in regard to the condition of frozen or chilled carcases;
and, morality apart, it may safely be taken that every Argentine and
Uruguayan interested is much too fully aware of the importance to himself
individually of the countries’ export trade to risk the slightest laxity
in connection with the sure ascertainment of perfect immunity from
disease or contagion of all animals shipped from his Ports.

As this matter now stands, the British authorities refuse to permit the
importation of live cattle or sheep until such time as the Argentine
or Uruguayan Governments can give assurance of the _total absence_ of
disease in _every_ part of their Republics.

It can easily be understood that this practically postpones such
permission to the Millennium, since it is most highly improbable that
the whole of such vast areas of pasturage and the millions of head of
live stock in Argentina and Uruguay should ever be without one beast
affected in more or less degree by any contagious disease. One day,
probably (before the Millennium), other counsels will prevail with the
British Government and the whole people of Great Britain, as well as
Argentine and Uruguayan estancieros benefit by the removal of the present
comprehensive prohibition.

For his stock, the Argentine and Uruguayan farmer does not fear disease,
that he and his Governments can and do very efficiently guard against,
but he does fear drought which he yet has only inadequate means to combat.

The streams of the huge Pampean flat are few and far between, and are
apt to dry up in exceptionally dry seasons. Almost everywhere now the
sky-line is dotted with corrugated-iron windmills which draw water
from surface or artesian wells. But vast and costly irrigation (and
drainage) works are needed before the whole available pasturage of the
two Republics can defy the recurrence of times of drought which sometimes
much more than decimate the live stock of enormous districts. Uruguay is,
however, infinitely better provided with running rivers and streams than
Argentina.

It was a long time before the native Argentine small farmer could be got
to see the real economy of outlay on artesian wells and still in the more
illiterate outlying Provinces are to be found men as yet unconvinced in
that regard.

One of the agricultural instructors which the Argentine Government keeps
travelling all over the country to give advice and instruction to farmers
told the present writer not so very long ago that he had tried very hard
but without success to persuade a man in a remote corner of Argentina,
whose stock was daily dying of drought, to sink at least one artesian
well on his property, and even offered to erect a windmill for him free
of all cost except that of the actual mill.

At last, one evening, the farmer consented to this proposal, but the
following morning brought a cloudy sky. Pointing dramatically to this
he said, “Why should I sink wells? See! Rain is coming.” After that,
my friend, the expert, gave the matter up in disgust. It was of no use
telling the farmer that drought might come again. Sufficient for the day
had been the evil thereof; and, as for future troubles, why meet them
half-way?

Uruguay is relatively very rich in sheep, which thrive well on her
undulating lands, and exports wool to the annual value of well over
£4,000,000.

The value of Argentine annual wool exports now totals over £9,000,000.

The real commencement of the pastoral as well as the agricultural
industries of the River Plate in systematized form was the introduction
of fences by a landowner named Olivera, in 1838. As may be conjectured,
the erection of boundaries where none had ever been before, on properties
the titles to and limits of which were of the vaguest description, mostly
partook of the nature of an arbitrary proceeding. So evidently thought
Manuel Rozas, the tyrant; who summarily prevented Olivera from continuing
the fencing the latter had begun on his estancia “Los Remedios,” although
Olivera’s new boundaries were but ditches crowned with quick-set hedges
of “Añapinday” (_Acacias affinis_).

After the death of Rozas, however, in 1844, an English estanciero,
Richard Newton, first employed iron wire for some of the enclosures of
his property; and, later, another landowner, named Halbach, completely
enclosed the whole of his estancia.

The founder of the Argentine Rural Society, Dr. Eduardo Olivera, says in
one of his agricultural essays:—

    To these three men (Olivera, Newton and Halbach) the Republic
    owes the transformation of its pastoral and agricultural
    industries.

It was only after the enclosing of lands that refining of stock became
possible. Previously, a stock-owner was always subject to invasion by
stray animals (often in large numbers) belonging to his neighbours.

Thus, as we have seen, the first step, the introduction of wire fencing,
towards the present development of the Live Stock industry of the River
Plate was initiated by an Englishman, and it was another Englishman, Mr.
John Miller, who, in 1848, imported from England, for a Mr. White, the
owner of the estancia “La Campana,” _Tarquin_, the first shorthorn bull
ever seen on the River Plate.

Therefore the River Plate Territories really owe their pastoral
development as well as their railways to the Anglo-Saxon race.

Some ten years later it became the fashion to import stallions of the
carriage and riding kinds; it not being foreseen that the heavier breeds
would also prove useful.

Then came the turn of sheep-breeding; first from imported Merinos. Later,
Rambouillets were introduced and a little later again the Lincoln began
to assert its right to the predominance it has since attained.

In 1866 the Argentine Rural Society was founded by a few leading
estancieros. Still a private society, its admirable and constantly
progressive efforts, usually crowned with success, have given it a status
which is practically official.

The Society has a Registration Office which keeps authoritative Herd and
Flock Books in which are entered the pedigrees of all the pure-breed
cattle, sheep and horses in the country whose owners have applied for
such registration; except thoroughbred horses and merino sheep, the
breeders of which last have not yet arrived at the definition of the
purity of that class of sheep. The walls of this Office are lined with
the Herd and Flock Books of the Breeding Societies of Great Britain and
her Colonies, and, as Mr. Herbert Gibson, himself a prominent member of
the Society, tells us, “there is not in the whole world an analogous
office which covers so diverse and numerous a registration.”

The latest (1908) official Argentine live stock Census gives the
following tables of, respectively, the importation of pedigree bulls and
cows and pedigree rams and ewes, from 1880 to 1907.

PEDIGREE BULLS AND COWS

                                            Official
                               No. of        values.
                                Head.        $ gold.
  From the United Kingdom      14,624       3,770,031
    ”  France                     583         120,724
    ”  Belgium                    325          75,235
    ”  the United States          169          41,200
    ”  Germany                    153          27,770
    ”  Chile                      113          27,034
    ”  Italy                       62           9,553
    ”  Holland                     50           5,300
    ”  Spain                       40           5,700
    ”  Other countries             40          13,870
                               ------       ---------
                               16,156       4,492,372
                               ------       ---------

PEDIGREE RAMS AND EWES

                                            Official
                               No. of        values.
                                Head.        $ gold.
  From the United Kingdom      65,724       3,141,971
    ”  Germany                  3,327         207,833
    ”  France                   1,184          60,154
    ”  the United States          502          33,250
    ”  British Possessions        223          15,500
    ”  Belgium                    209          19,829
    ”  Australia                  125           5,100
    ”  Spain                      128           8,165
    ”  Italy                       56             540
    ”  Holland                     10              30
                               ------       ---------
                               71,488       3,492,372
                               ------       ---------

Total value of cattle and sheep imported for breeding purposes during the
above indicated period $7,588,780 gold—£1,517,756. These animals have
proved worth vastly more than the prices paid for them.

Prior to this, in 1858, the first Rural Show was organized at Palermo.
It was not a success. As Dr. Zeballos has written, “It was held in the
midst of public indifference and passed utterly unnoticed by the press.”
However, it seems to have only been a sort of fair at which all kinds of
other wares jostled some rural produce. In face of this fiasco it is not
surprising that no other Rural Show was held until thirteen years later;
when a really Rural Show was held in the City of Córdoba. This appears to
have had as much success as was to be expected after taking difficulties
of transport into consideration.

The real commencement, however, of the series of great annual shows now
held at Palermo was made by the Rural Society in 1875.

The chief live stock exhibits at these shows consists of—

  HORSES.  “Criollos” (native breed).
           Saddle and race horses.
           Light draught.
           Heavy draught (now in the majority).

  CATTLE.  Shorthorn (in a very large majority).
           Hereford.
           Polled Angus.
           Dairy breeds.

  SHEEP.   Merino.
           Lincoln-Merino crossbreds.
           Lincoln.
           Romney Marsh.
           Shropshire Down.
           Oxford Down.
           Hampshire Down.
           Leicester.

The majority of the sheep exhibits are Lincolns and Merinos.

Fine Pigs and Poultry of all kinds are also to be seen at these shows,
but they are chiefly contributed by the wealthier estancieros. As has
been indicated, the day of pig and poultry farming on a large practical
scale has not yet dawned on the River Plate.

Mr. Herbert Gibson shows us, in his valuable Monograph attached to the
Argentine National Agricultural and Live Stock Census of 1908, that the
coming of Cold Storage establishments, as well as the increase of the
export trade for animals on the hoof, was very largely instrumental in
securing the predominance of the Lincoln breed, most frequently crossed
with merino.

Merino for wool and Lincoln for mutton; and the cross which preserves the
best qualities of both is in effect the guiding rule of the River Plate
sheep-breeder of to-day. However, with the coming of alfalfa came also
the various black-faced or Down breeds which mature quickly into fine
meat carcases.

It may be said that barbed wire, iron water-drawing windmills and cold
storage establishments are the chief inanimate supports of the River
Plate Live Stock industries. Another should be trees; the prime necessity
of which to afford shade for animals which know no other roof but the
heavens, from which a very hot sun shines on the Pampa in summer time, is
not yet as generally appreciated as it should be. Still the planting of
trees on pasture lands began some years ago, and only could be wished to
spread more quickly and universally than it has yet done.

One is all too apt in dealing with the River Plate Republics to confine
one’s ideas regarding them to industries of a magnitude commensurate with
the huge extent of their Territories; but with the coming of the real
colonist, when he does come, the mixed farming which, necessarily for his
own comfort, he will bring with him will greatly enhance the importance
of milch breeds of cattle, pigs, poultry and the produce of the kitchen
garden in the rural economy of the River Plate.

ARGENTINE LIVE STOCK

(LAST CENSUS, 30TH MAY, 1908)

  -------+------------+----------------------------------
         |            |       OFFICIAL VALUATION.
         |  Number of |----------------------------------
         |     Head.  |  $ currency.  | Equivalent in £.
  -------+------------+---------------+------------------
  Cattle | 29,116,625 |   938,685,834 |  81,981,295
  Sheep  | 67,211,758 |   287,359,076 |  25,096,863
  Horses |  7,531,376 |   205,826,834 |  17,976,143
  Mules  |    465,037 |    22,561,075 |   1,970,399
  Swine  |  1,403,591 |    15,672,637 |   1,368,789
  Goats  |  3,945,086 |     8,321,839 |     726,798
  Asses  |    285,088 |     2,854,950 |     249,341
                      +---------------+------------------
                      | 1,481,282,245 | 129,369,628
                      +---------------+------------------

EXPORTS OF PRINCIPAL ARGENTINE ANIMAL PRODUCTS, 1885 TO 1913

  ------+----------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------
        |  Salted  |         |          |          |   Salted  |
        |  Horse   |Dry Horse|Goatskins.| Kidskins.|   Ox and  |Dry Ox and
  YEARS.|  Hides.  |  Hides. | $ gold.  |  $ gold. | Cow Hides.|Cow Hides.
        |  $ gold. | $ gold. |          |          |  $ gold.  |  $ gold.
  ------+----------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------
   1885 |   682,260|   65,651| 1,081,762|   641,050|  4,488,204|  7,511,919
   1886 |   587,271|   86,178|   306,577|   502,040|  3,649,287|  6,267,592
   1887 |   523,128|  231,236|   460,140|   699,569|  3,639,095|  8,408,742
   1888 |   815,840|   84,745|   585,478|   864,111|  4,584,728| 10,046,281
   1889 |   759,588|   77,487|   821,590|   598,677|  5,260,945|  8,448,069
   1890 |   519,483|   82,074| 1,023,478|   754,295|  5,171,473|  5,759,745
   1891 |   908,912|  146,275|   676,329|   687,851|  3,782,143|  5,049,556
   1892 |   380,274|  142,278|   493,647|   593,111|  3,901,454|  6,056,865
   1893 |   673,936|  205,186|   392,958|   607,019|  3,073,310|  5,869,157
   1894 |   758,393|  287,769|   588,458|   819,045|  3,553,198|  7,045,877
   1895 | 1,381,719|  203,652|   648,600|   765,702|  6,332,204|  8,940,950
   1896 |   360,109|  141,847|   689,031|   687,928|  4,598,515|  6,600,005
   1897 |   515,708|  240,763|   779,750|   652,331|  4,605,572|  8,596,344
   1898 |   522,368|  288,734| 1,282,816|   439,546|  5,171,440|  6,887,596
   1899 |   459,824|  233,484| 1,211,087|   541,632|  4,334,832|  8,001,132
   1900 |   389,625|  274,428|   770,499|   260,119|  5,285,819|  8,159,542
   1901 |   390,826|  293,405|   791,745|   304,494|  5,281,756|  8,848,438
   1902 |   406,794|  460,906|   823,328|   292,704|  6,384,955|  8,822,302
   1903 |   453,237|  424,616|   847,465|   221,996|  5,360,748|  7,787,819
   1904 |   507,450|  368,450| 1,078,196|   285,630|  5,367,610|  8,256,351
   1905 |   160,799|  444,027| 1,080,305|   264,462|  9,147,153|  9,929,391
   1906 |    68,933|  507,738| 1,116,762|   256,976|  8,458,664| 10,570,124
   1907 |    51,691|  261,721|   574,204|   237,055|  8,345,410|  8,175,722
   1908 |    18,740|  248,077|   934,174|   184,276|  7,232,842|  8,452,819
   1909 |    28,026|  657,009| 1,124,524|   335,735| 14,214,746| 14,763,693
   1910 |    15,526|  484,893| 1,001,824|   310,694| 16,953,372| 13,758,036
   1911 |    33,374|  591,748|   998,631|   285,114| 19,642,362| 14,797,653
   1912 |    23,112|  356,305| 1,231,906|   228,604| 24,844,075| 17,285,501
   1913 |    20,394|  375,253| 1,162,878|   270,857| 24,543,795| 13,988,905
        +----------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------
  Totals|12,417,340|8,265,934|24,578,142|13,592,623|228,209,707|263,086,126
        +----------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------
   = £  | 2,463,757|1,640,066| 4,876,615| 2,696,954| 45,279,703| 52,199,628
  ------+----------+---------+----------+----------+-----------+-----------

  ------+-----------+-------------+----------+-----------+----------
        |           |             |   Horse  |           |
  YEARS.|Sheepskins.|    Wool.    |   hair.  |  Tallow.  |  Butter.
        |  $ gold.  |   $ gold.   | $ gold.  |  $ gold.  |  $ gold.
  ------+-----------+-------------+----------+-----------+----------
   1885 |  6,267,377|   35,950,111| 1,004,649|  3,489,169|     —
   1886 |  6,350,671|   31,711,604|   775,977|  1,715,158|     —
   1887 |  6,698,408|   32,749,315|   998,643|    788,777|     —
   1888 |  5,610,923|   44,858,606| 1,257,970|  2,140,393|     —
   1889 | 11,386,593|   56,709,774| 1,157,525|  3,297,471|     1,618
   1890 |  6,787,108|   35,521,681|   929,686|  1,996,629|     9,608
   1891 |  4,833,991|   36,037,518|   936,470|  2,391,388|       660
   1892 |  9,618,175|   44,326,060|   790,227|  2,263,729|     3,045
   1893 |  4,158,777|   25,006,348|   829,762|  2,549,763|     8,347
   1894 |  4,915,384|   28,948,933|   996,468|  2,809,450|     5,850
   1895 |  3,711,966|   31,029,522| 1,070,770|  3,807,751|   123,600
   1896 |  4,061,055|   33,516,049|   902,441|  3,179,326|   225,771
   1897 |  4,094,640|   37,450,244|   980,650|  2,656,048|   249,928
   1898 |  6,194,267|   45,584,603| 1,099,465|  2,862,512|   231,626
   1899 |  9,308,535|   71,283,619| 1,129,912|  2,205,593|   294,872
   1900 |  7,472,988|   27,991,561| 1,136,107|  2,803,327|   263,939
   1901 |  7,339,811|   44,666,483| 1,004,677|  3,902,715|   377,545
   1902 |  8,487,078|   45,810,749| 1,064,646|  6,209,038| 1,277,969
   1903 | 10,132,065|   50,424,168| 1,147,879|  4,755,579| 2,132,056
   1904 |  8,676,025|   48,355,002| 1,025,580|  4,012,083| 2,117,761
   1905 |  9,483,396|   64,312,927| 1,245,788|  5,321,099| 2,157,294
   1906 |  8,513,910|   58,402,771| 1,243,812|  3,482,526| 1,762,130
   1907 |  8,458,030|   59,252,948| 1,280,122|  4,806,835| 1,214,173
   1908 |  5,626,416|   47,246,183| 1,143,615|  6,030,601| 1,419,867
   1909 |  8,483,993|   59,921,151| 1,368,724|  7,573,230| 2,597,089
   1910 |  8,623,922|   58,847,699| 1,335,160|  9,536,681| 1,150,610
   1911 |  7,724,872|   50,494,027| 1,581,710| 11,768,900|   558,253
   1912 |  7,657,157|   58,148,664| 2,111,177| 11,314,728| 1,470,682
   1913 |  5,586,253|   45,270,016| 2,681,723|  9,944,642| 1,513,758
        +-----------+-------------+----------+-----------+----------
  Totals|206,263,786|1,309,828,336|34,221,335|129,617,141|21,068,053
        +-----------+-------------+----------+-----------+----------
    = £ | 40,925,354|  259,886,575| 6,789,947| 25,717,686| 4,180,169
  ------+-----------+-------------+----------+-----------+----------

  ------+-------------
  YEARS.|   Totals.
        |   $ gold.
  ------+-------------
   1885 |   61,182,152
   1886 |   51,952,355
   1887 |   55,187,053
   1888 |   70,849,074
   1889 |   88,519,337
   1890 |   58,555,260
   1891 |   55,451,093
   1892 |   68,568,865
   1893 |   43,374,563
   1894 |   50,728,825
   1895 |   58,016,456
   1896 |   54,962,077
   1897 |   60,721,978
   1898 |   70,564,973
   1899 |  100,004,524
   1900 |   54,809,954
   1901 |   73,201,895
   1902 |   80,040,469
   1903 |   83,687,628
   1904 |   80,050,138
   1905 |  103,546,641
   1906 |   94,384,346
   1907 |   92,657,911
   1908 |   78,537,610
   1909 |  111,067,920
   1910 |  112,018,417
   1911 |  108,476,644
   1912 |  124,671,911
   1913 |  105,358,474
        +-------------
  Totals|2,251,148,523
        +-------------
    = £ | £446,656,453
  ------+-------------

The average annual value of the Live Stock products of Uruguay during
the five years ending 1913 was $39,682,850 (Uruguayan) = £8,443,315.
Similarly with Cereal Exports, Live Stock Exports dropped in 1914, but
have more than recovered during 1915. Evidently, however, no War-time
Export Statistics can be taken as indications of the true productiveness
of the countries concerned.

THE MEAT TRADE

The export of Meat from the River Plate Territories is no new thing; the
first of such exports being authorized by Philip III of Spain in 1602.

The export under this edict was entirely confined to jerked beef; the
salting industry only obtaining important development considerably later.
It was not until 1793 that we find another Royal Edict which granted
freedom from Export and Import duties for the salted meat and tallow of
Buenos Aires.

About three-fourths of the exports under these Edicts usually went to
Havana and the remainder to Spain.

The next development of this industry was begun when in 1841 a certain
Hipolito Doinnel established a salting factory at the foot of the Cerro
at Montevideo; at which he also manufactured soap, candles and sulphuric
acid.

During all this period the export of hides was constantly much greater
than that of meat.

The first mention of the export of horse hair relates to the year 1585,
when from 300 to 400 mares were ordered to be killed so that their tails
might be sent to the Guinea coast to be bartered for slaves.

The first privilege or patent granted in the now already independent
River Plate Territories for meat preservation was granted by the Congress
at Paraná, in 1854, to one Samuel Laffone Quevedo for the exclusive use
of a machine invented by him for the preparation and pressing of salted
beef.

Further experiment in preservation, by either heat, cold or in a vacuum,
led to many local patents being granted for various processes from the
year 1867 onward, to the present day in fact; in respect of alternative
systems or suggested improvements of those generally in use.

The historic beginning, however, of the present River Plate Meat Industry
was made in the year 1877 in the spring of which _La Frigorifique_ and in
the autumn of which _La Paraguay_, specially fitted boats, sailed from
Buenos Aires with cargoes of meat preserved by the freezing and chilling
systems discovered by Mr. Charles Tellier.

Thus, while in the past the River Plate Territories exported only
sun-dried meat for the slaves on the Brazilian and Havana sugar
plantations, now they supply meat to the most highly civilized and
exacting countries of the world.

The free export of frozen meat was sanctioned by the Argentine Congress
in 1884, two years after the first of the existing cold storage
establishments in Argentina had been started by Mr. Alfred Drabble. An
establishment which still continues to carry on business successfully
under the control of “The River Plate Fresh Meat Company.”

Other large companies which exploit this industry are the Sansinena
“La Negra” (est. 1883), the “Las Palmas Produce Co.” (est. 1892), the
“La Plata Cold Storage Co.” (est. 1902), the “La Blanca” Cold Storage
(est. 1902), the Sansinena “Cuatreros” (est. 1903), “The Smithfield and
Argentine Meat Co.” (est. 1905), and the “Frigorifico” (est. 1905).

The Meat Trade recognizes an average difference of weight between
Argentine and Uruguayan beef and between Argentine, Uruguayan and
“Patagonian” mutton. Argentine quarters of beef run about 12 to the ton
and Uruguayan about 14 to the ton. Argentine mutton carcases run about
40, Uruguayan about 45 to the ton, and mutton carcases from Patagonia (in
Argentina) some 2 or 3 lbs. lighter than Uruguayan.

Already in March, 1915, British Trade Reports showed that the meat trade
in Great Britain was particularly dull on account of the extremely
high prices ruling and the impossibility of retailers being able to
get an equivalent in their shops. Since then, through the fact of the
Governments of the belligerent powers being, as they are and are expected
to be, large buyers, the conditions of the British Trade have been
completely, if temporarily, changed by the War.[44]

MEAT TRADE EXPORTS FROM 1885 TO 1913

  ------+-----------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------
        |   Frozen  |           |  Sundry |          |          |
        | & chilled |  Frozen   |  frozen |Preserved |Extract of| Powder of
        |   beef    |  mutton   |  meats  |  meats   |   beef   |   meat
  YEARS |           |           |         |          |          |
        |   $ gold  |  $ gold   | $ gold  |  $ gold  |  $ gold  |   $ gold
  ------+-----------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------
   1885 |      1,680|     75,323|     —   |     —    |     —    |    —
   1886 |     12,800|    360,508|    1,876|     —    |   169,991|    —
   1887 |       —   |    963,112|    8,837|     —    |    75,888|    15,250
   1888 |      3,326|  1,459,839|   38,343|    13,809|   128,080|   117,457
   1889 |     58,742|  1,322,604|   17,930|   101,714|   105,668|    19,830
   1890 |     53,029|  1,633,105|     —   |    42,661|   375,132|    19,175
   1891 |      5,902|  1,862,247|   31,211|   258,926|   389,454|    62,116
   1892 |     22,695|  2,034,898|   49,217|   633,601|   520,892|   226,288
   1893 |    222,279|  2,003,254|   34,324|   196,080|   198,070|    75,497
   1894 |     12,400|  1,864,110|   59,645|    65,250|   134,393|    21,562
   1895 |     63,482|  1,675,273|   16,120|    92,325|   208,399|    21,217
   1896 |    119,863|  1,804,205|   24,204|   204,315|   683,487|    13,551
   1897 |    169,644|  2,035,778|   27,903|   115,127|   257,772|     5,582
   1898 |    234,681|  2,393,358|   38,839|   162,294|   605,522|    58,034
   1899 |    363,141|  2,265,069|   36,863|   181,600|   765,504|    —
   1900 |  2,458,957|  4,512,973|   70,797|   140,480|   230,416|    —
   1901 |  4,490,447|  5,041,023|   91,648|    94,717|   433,590|    —
   1902 |  7,001,833|  6,405,804|  163,820|   164,404|   592,696|    —
   1903 |  8,151,956|  6,251,959|  203,973|   374,154|   693,174|    —
   1904 |  9,774,354|  7,089,287|  272,308|   242,861|   414,188|     4,885
   1905 | 15,285,693|  6,268,059|  356,299|   248,826|   870,950|   599,460
   1906 | 15,380,897|  5,391,055|  400,275|   125,908|   842,142|   959,203
   1907 | 13,822,162|  5,582,781|  450,198|   159,477| 1,791,574| 1,536,828
   1908 | 18,081,443|  6,307,688|  740,421|   178,057| 1,379,952| 1,239,918
   1909 | 21,065,747|  5,319,612|  649,206|   639,013| 2,702,988| 1,057,675
   1910 | 25,370,815|  6,008,133|  721,618| 1,215,370| 3,046,680| 1,267,964
   1911 | 31,283,396|  6,873,285|  946,859| 1,541,333| 1,031,154|   904,730
   1912 | 34,285,076|  5,613,971|1,017,992| 1,769,882| 1,223,860| 1,349,557
   1913 | 36,622,889|  3,674,206|  910,311| 1,257,391| 1,598,136| 1,097,566
        +-----------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------
  Totals|244,419,329|104,092,519|7,381,037|10,219,575|21,469,752|10,673,945
        +-----------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------
     = £| 48,495,900| 20,653,277|1,464,480| 2,027,693| 4,259,871| 2,117,846
  ------+-----------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------

  ------+---------+----------------------+---------+----------+-----------
        |Preserved|      LIVE STOCK      |Condensed|  Jerked  |  Totals
  YEARS | tongues |----------------------|  soup   |   beef   |
        |         |  Cattle   |  Sheep   |         |          |
        | $ gold  |  $ gold   |  $ gold  | $ gold  |  $ gold  |  $ gold
  ------+---------+----------------------+---------+----------+-----------
   1885 |    —    |  2,345,313|    58,552|    —    | 4,204,077|  6,684,945
   1886 |   27,267|  2,203,150|    41,557|    —    | 3,738,820|  6,555,969
   1887 |   20,990|  1,415,625|    42,884|    8,257| 2,398,424|  4,949,267
   1888 |   56,668|  1,798 251|    34,685|    —    | 3,456,787|  7,107,245
   1889 |   58,706|  3,194,113|    66,526|    6,889| 6,139,875| 11,092,597
   1890 |  185,412|  3,579,456|   159,428|   10,547| 3,913,304|  9,971,249
   1891 |  195,753|  3,997,270|   387,545|    7,728| 3,566,854| 10,765,006
   1892 |  198,813|  2,264,675|   170,422|    6,455| 4,100,488| 10,589,044
   1893 |  171,584|  4,433,944|   362,904|    —    | 4,115,134| 11,813,070
   1894 |  266,144|  4,540,160|   448,678|    —    | 4,564,447| 11,976,789
   1895 |  158,911|  7,003,230| 1,292,527|   12,069| 4,225,419| 14,768,972
   1896 |  127,980|  6,543,550| 1,536,056|   61,964| 3,217,541| 14,336,716
   1897 |  112,270|  5,018,222| 1,512,684|   22,941| 2,466,313| 11,744,236
   1898 |  112,044|  7,690,450| 1,733,963|   32,447| 2,116,468| 15,178,100
   1899 |  116,439|  6,824,010| 1,631,041|   29,342| 2,038,413| 14,251,422
   1900 |  204,196|  3,678,150|   594,675|   24,005| 1,979,557| 13,894,206
   1901 |  205,525|  1,980,372|    78,248|   16,217| 2,879,455| 15,311,242
   1902 |  167,854|  2,848,445|   368,656|   11,769| 2,647,450| 20,372,731
   1903 |  142,170|  4,437,420|   503,241|  100,599| 1,542,018| 22,400,664
   1904 |  189,400|  2,852,820|    85,219|  114,044| 1,391,931| 22,431,297
   1905 |  155,615|  5,160,483|   364,209|  122,066| 3,738,444| 33,170,104
   1906 |   91,200|  1,676,145|   315,359|   70,614|   596,643| 25,849,441
   1907 |  227,119|  2,062,390|   331,701|  107,789| 1,178,056| 27,250,075
   1908 |  262,058|  1,876,820|   311,376|  115,822|   772,819| 31,266,374
   1909 |  360,444|  4,087,820|   265,908|  188,735| 1,325,053| 37,662,201
   1910 |  284,352|  4,056,450|   231,540|  204,293| 1,033,020| 43,440,235
   1911 |  214,150|  8,202,750|   332,070|  175,744| 1,661,615| 53,167,086
   1912 |  189,523|  9,140,089|   314,694|  197,433| 1,400,748| 56,502,816
   1913 |  131,952|  6,848,830|   311,991|  375,392|   658,097| 53,486,761
        +---------+----------------------+---------+----------+-----------
  Totals|4,634,539|122,120,394|13,888,339|2,023,161|77,067,270|617,989,860
        +---------+----------------------+---------+----------+-----------
       £|  919,551| 24,230,236| 2,755,622|  401,421|15,291,125|122,617,022
  ------+---------+----------------------+---------+----------+-----------

During 1914 the meat producers and importers were alarmed by the purchase
of most of the chief River Plate cold storage establishments by United
States companies, who were credited with the intention of forming a
“combine” to monopolize the industry. Certainly at the commencement of
1914 they were paying high prices to estancieros and selling considerably
increased exports at low prices in the British markets. It would appear,
however, as if matters were in the course of adjustment between all the
River Plate Cold Storage companies when the War came and, as has just
been indicated, altered all the conditions of the meat markets.

For all the above causes it is difficult to assign a _value_[45] to
recent River Plate Meat Exports. Exports which it must be remembered
leave no record as having paid _ad valorem_ export duty, since they are
duty-free exports.

As for the future of this trade there can be little doubt but that it
will continue to increase commensurately with the available quantity of
live stock of high quality. The Cold Storage Companies will buy no other
and thus have constantly encouraged and advanced scientific breeding on
the River Plate. It may safely be assumed that this trade is not likely
to lose by the occurrence or effects of the War.

Recently, in view of what seemed a threatened shortage of cattle for
export demands, producers commenced breeding from one-year-old cows;
instead of beginning only at two years of age, as formerly was the South
American custom.

Not only do the Cold Storage Companies export Meat but they also work
up into marketable forms the various by-products of the animals they
slaughter.

[Illustration: ARGENTINE MEAT TRADE 1888-1913

Progress of Exports in the last 26 years

NOTE.—As will be noticed from the subjoined tables, the decrease for 1913
was due to a falling off of the exports of frozen mutton and of cattle on
the hoof.]

[Illustration: FROZEN AND CHILLED BEEF

Progress of Argentine Exports compared with the principal exporting
countries]

CHAPTER XIII

FORESTRY

Did anyone ever hear of Argentine timber? Few people indeed; though a
good many more know that both of the River Plate Republics are large
importers of wood from the North of Europe. That they need not be so,
because they have all they, and a good many other countries besides,
can possibly need already growing in their own territories (and as much
more as may be wanted, only for the trouble of planting under highly
favourable natural conditions), will come as a surprise even to some
Argentines and Uruguayans; so accustomed are they to import all their
building timber and furniture. Yet the above are facts.[46]

The only well-known forestal products of the River Plate are the logs of
and extract from the QUEBRACHO (_Aspidosperma Quebracho_, Schlet). The
wood of this tree is very hard—hence its name quebra-hacha, break-axe—and
is valuable for cabinet-making, fine carving, and engraving, etc.; but it
rots quickly when exposed to the influences of weather. Notwithstanding
this, on account of its hardness, it is in large demand for railway
sleepers. The extract is very largely used for tanning.

The following lists and descriptions given by Señor Fernando Mauduit in
his erudite Monograph on “Arboriculture in Argentina,” attached to the
Argentine National Census, 1908, cannot, certainly, be improved on by the
present author. These lists, although confined to the enumeration of the
chief classes of trees only, are at the same time fully indicative of
the general nature of forest vegetation not only in Argentina but also in
Uruguay.

A glance at the map of both Republics will show that, from geographic and
climatic distribution, they may practically be reckoned as one country
in this regard. Indeed, as will be seen, Señor Mauduit specifically
includes Uruguay in what he terms the Riparian Region. He says that the
configuration of the different zones and the fertility of their soil
allow of the cultivation of every product of the two Americas, Asia,
Europe and Australia, with the exception of those of the torrid zone.

The following enumeration of “regions” and of the chief kinds of trees
found and capable of being grown in the River Plate countries, with the
respective descriptions, are taken from the Monograph above referred to:—

    1. SUBTROPICAL, comprising the plains of Santiago del Estero
    and the Chaco, the lowlands of Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy, North
    Corrientes and Misiones.

    2. NORTHERN ANDEAN, stretching along the Andes, from San Juan
    to the Bolivian frontier, comprising Catamarca, Salta, Jujuy,
    Los Andes and part of Tucumán.

    3. SOUTHERN ANDEAN, from San Juan to Neuquen.

    4. NORTHERN PAMPEAN, from Santiago del Estero to Buenos Aires,
    wherein the eucalyptus trees do not suffer from frost, and
    comprising Córdoba, San Luis, part of Santa Fé and Buenos Aires.

    5. SOUTHERN PAMPEAN, comprising Córdoba and San Luis, where the
    eucalyptus freezes, Southern Buenos Aires and the Pampas.

    6. AUSTRAL, composed of the territories of Rio Negro, Chubut
    and Santa Cruz.

    7. RIPARIAN, comprising the islands of the Paraná, Entre Rios
    and the shores of the rivers Plate, Paraná and Uruguay.

    8. MARITIME, stretching along the Atlantic coast in a
    belt three leagues wide, more or less, according to the
    configuration of the soil.

    9. STRAITS, consisting of the shores of the Straits of Magellan
    and Tierra del Fuego.

    The confines of all these regions cross and merge into one
    another, at times, on account of the altitude in their
    different zones. The vegetation typical of one zone is often
    scattered through one or more neighbouring ones, so that they
    cannot be exactly defined. The greater or lesser altitude of a
    place often goes towards modifying the uniform character of the
    vegetation.

    In the first region the forests contain the best timber in the
    Republic, cedar or hardwood, so-called (cedrela) quebracho
    white and red, lapacho, algarrobo (carob), acacia, ibirá,
    molle, ñandubay, different woods, Misiones pine, Brazilian
    araucaria, tarco, urunday, aguaribay, cebil, timbó, palm
    trees, etc., and the fruit trees of the region, orange, lemon,
    pomegranate, guava, chirimoyas (custard apple) and pantas.

    Fruit tree planting, though seldom, is more carefully done
    than formerly, and its products inundate the markets of Buenos
    Aires, Rosario and Santa Fé.

    The Paraguayan tea tree, or rather bush (mate), is grown in
    many places and cultivated rationally. Mr. Thays’ experiments
    give room for hoping that this precious bush may become a
    certain source of future wealth, whereas the old system of
    cultivation was bound to entail, early or late, the total
    extinction of the product.

    All kinds of eucalyptus trees grow well, and the extensive
    planting of these trees in the Chaco, Misiones, in Tucumán,
    Corrientes and Santiago del Estero is a consummation devoutly
    to be wished for.

    The same trees are found in the second region, but fewer in
    number and smaller in size, orange, lemon, fig, plum, peach and
    pomegranate trees, also the vine can be successfully grown,
    and in the valleys guayavos, chirimoyas, pantas, avocados and
    persimmons. Plantations of mate and eucalyptus could also be
    tried.

    The third region is warmer and partly covered with vineyards.
    Here the vine is in its native element.

    On the slopes of the Andes the soil is admirably suited for the
    planting of forest trees, such as pines, firs, beeches, and
    all others peculiar to mild, dry climates; as well as for that
    of fruit trees, such as the walnut, chestnut, apple, cherry,
    pear and peach trees … the vine where late frosts are not very
    frequent.

    In the Northern Pampas, or the fourth region, all kinds of
    fruit trees can be grown, soil permitting, orange, fig,
    persimmon, vines, mulberry, almond, peach, apricot, plum,
    cherry, walnut, chestnut, pear and quince trees. This is the
    forest tree region of the plains: hardwood, native willows, the
    paradise tree, ombú, laurel, sequoia, cypress, sycamore, maple
    and many others. The caldén tree covers immense stretches,
    likewise the carob tree.

    The fifth or Southern Pampean region differs from the preceding
    one in the cooler and even colder climate in its southern part.
    Apart from the trees which suffer from frosts this is the most
    favourable zone for tree cultivation in general. All forest
    trees which resist 10° below zero grow well here, the oak,
    beech, ash, maple, pine, fir, spruce, poplar, elm, sycamore and
    such fruit trees as the peach, cherry, plum, apricot, quince,
    pear and apple tree.

    These two regions are those containing the largest plantations
    of trees of all kinds, millions of eucalyptus trees, farms,
    parks and gardens, richly stocked, representing millions of
    dollars, and ever-increasing and multiplying orchards and
    groves which bring in thousands, but whose output could be
    increased tenfold without succeeding in ousting the preserved
    fruit imported from Europe and North America.

    The sixth or Austral region, as its name indicates, is exposed
    to the south winds. It is the cold region which excludes the
    eucalyptus, the Californian pine, and peach tree, the vine,
    etc., but where in sheltered spots the cherry, plum, pear and
    apple tree can be grown, the last especially. This, once known,
    would make the fortune of this region. Cider manufacture would
    furnish a wholesome, pleasant beverage, much cheaper than wine.

    Moreover, the preparation of apple preserves of every kind will
    one day be like that of North America. The man who plants apple
    trees, beginning from 38° S. latitude to the south, secures for
    himself and his children returns proportionate to the outlay
    made.

    The seventh region is very fertile and suited for the planting
    of willows, poplars, alders, cryptomerias, cypresses,
    sycamores, magnolias, palm trees, orange trees, tangerines,
    persimmons, etc. Peach and quince trees are grown here on a
    large scale to supply the markets of the capital. It has been
    the cradle of fruit-growing, and as it has been endowed with
    a mild climate and a generally humid soil everything grows
    luxuriantly and produces abundantly, though the general quality
    of its products is not equal to that of the fruit grown in the
    fifth region.

    The eighth region is arid in certain places, and always
    exposed to the winds and sea fogs which are so harmful to the
    growth of the trees. The winds from the south blow throughout
    the year on nearly all our sea coast. The only trees that can
    be grown successfully are the eucalyptus (_E. globulus_), the
    Canadian and other poplars, the tamarisk, cypress, lambertiana,
    maritime pine, _Pinus insignis_, and all must be planted very
    thickly in order to resist the impetuous attack of the winds
    and the fogs.

    In the ninth and last region we have included the shores of the
    Straits of Magellan as far as Gallegos, and inland as far as
    the hills; and on the other shore Fireland (Tierra del Fuego).
    Fruit tree planting cannot be thought of there for the present,
    the only thing to be done is to propagate largely the native
    growths, and where the climate permits it to plant spruces,
    pines, firs, birches, beeches, hazels, currant bushes, yews,
    all of which are sturdy growths of the colder countries.

    CHIEF INDIGENOUS SPECIES OF FOREST TREES

    QUEBRACHO, _Aspidosperma Quebracho_, Schlet.—A tree 20 metres
    in height by 1 metre in diameter, with very hard wood, greatly
    valued for certain purposes. Does not resist exposure to
    the elements, however, and rots easily. Greatly prized for
    engraving and cabinet-making and for fine wood carving, etc.
    The bark and leaves are rich in tannin. It appears that there
    are some varieties which do not possess so large a percentage
    of tannin.

    It grows easily from seed which is sown in beds when ripe,
    where it must be nursed before sowing in beds. Its growth is
    slow at first, but once the roots have taken well in a soil
    rich in humus it attains a great size. It multiplies naturally
    from its seeds and should form a third as a stock tree in the
    afforestation of the subtropical regions.

    BOLDU, _Boldu chilanum_, Nees.—Grows to a height of 15 metres
    in the Andean regions, where its timber is used for various
    purposes. It multiplies from seed and should be sown in beds in
    holes. Can be utilized as an auxiliary in afforestation of its
    native region.

    LIGNUM VITÆ (Palo Santo), _Bulnesia Sarmienti_, Grisb.—20
    metres in height by 0·75 metre in diameter. Grows plentifully
    in the Chaco and Misiones, Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy, gives a
    timber, heavier than water, which is used for cabinet-making
    and various ornaments. Multiplies easily from seed as an
    auxiliary in subtropical woods.

    PALO BLANCO, _Calycophyllum multiflorum_, Grisb.—About 15
    metres in height, gives very fine timber, yellow in colour,
    used for different joinery purposes. Multiplies from seed like
    the preceding tree and used also as an auxiliary in the same
    regions.

    HORCO MOLLE, _Bumelia obtusiolia_, Roem and Schlet.—12 metres
    in height by O·50 metre in diameter. Furnishes excellent timber
    for cabinet-making and coach-building. Multiplies from seed
    sown in rows as soon as ripe. In mixed subtropical woods, it
    serves as an auxiliary for afforestation and reafforestation.

    GUAICUM, _Cesalpina melanocarpa_, Grisb.—From 10 to 15 metres
    in height. Gives nice veined timber, used for cabinet-making
    and ornaments. Its bark, as well as the seed pods, contains a
    large percentage of tannin. It multiplies from seed and is a
    secondary tree throughout the subtropical zone.

    RED CEDAR, _Cedrela brasiliensis_, A. Juss.—30 metres in height
    by O·75 metre in diameter, and sometimes more. Furnishes very
    fine light timber of a nice colour and easy to work. Much
    used for joinery work. One of the best stock trees in the
    subtropical zone, where it should be used for reafforestation
    in the existing woods, and afforestation throughout the
    subtropical region. To be sown in rows as far as possible and
    with seeds in layers.

    TALA, _Celtis tola_, Gill, _Celtis sellowiana_, Miq.—From 10
    to 15 metres in height. This tree is of slight importance
    for afforestation, although its timber is good for posts,
    cart-trees, handles for tools, etc. Grows in the first, second
    and third regions. Multiplies from seeds in layers as an
    auxiliary in mixed woods and woodlands.

    PALO DE LANZA AMARILLA (Yellow Lancewood), _Chuncoa trifolia_,
    Grisb.—Same height and regions as the preceding tree. To be
    planted in the same woods. The timber is useful for joinery
    work.

    LAUREL, _Emmotum apogon_, Grisb.—One of the finest trees of the
    subtropical region; over 25 metres in height by O·50 metre in
    diameter. The timber is very fine and good, and is useful for
    carpentry work. One of the best kinds for reafforestation and
    as stock for afforestation. Sown in rows in little holes with
    seeds in layers as far as possible.

    WHITE OR YELLOW LAUREL, _Oreodaphne suaveolens_, Meissn.—30
    metres in height by 0·50 metre in diameter. Furnishes light
    timber, aromatic, easily worked and suitable for joinery. Is a
    good auxiliary for reafforestation and for afforestation in the
    first region. Sown like the preceding one.

    BLACK LAUREL or MOUNTAIN LAUREL, _Nectandra porphyria_,
    Grisb.—Same height as the preceding trees and 1 metre in
    diameter. Gives fine yellow timber with a black grain like
    walnut, but requiring a long time to become seasoned, and
    splitting when worked before being quite seasoned. Employed in
    hydraulic works, as it keeps well in water. A good auxiliary
    kind for afforestation in the first, second and fourth regions,
    the seed to be sown in little holes, in rows and in layers.

    TIMBÓ PACARÁ, _Enterolobium timbouva_, Mart.—A very leafy tree
    of the subtropical region, from 15 to 25 metres in height by 1
    to 1·50 metres in diameter. Furnishes timber used for carpentry
    and different household purposes, for boats, casks, etc. The
    bark contains tannin, and the sawdust of the dry wood causes
    sneezing. This is a good auxiliary kind for woods in the first,
    second and fourth regions. Multiplies from seeds sown in holes
    in rows. It can also be grown from twigs to be planted at the
    end of May, a metre apart, in rows of from 1 to 3 metres apart.

    BEECH, _Fagus antarctica_, Mirb., _F. betuloides_, Mirb., _F.
    oblicua_, Mirb.—A tree of 20 to 30 metres in height, peculiar
    to the austral regions, where it forms forests and woods.
    Its timber does not resist damp greatly, but is much prized
    for box-making and internal woodwork. Multiplies easily from
    its seeds, which grow naturally in its shade. When they are
    gathered to be used for afforestation they must be sown at
    once in layers, or in little holes, as their germinative
    power is soon lost. Is one of the best kinds of stock
    trees for afforestation in the 6th and 9th regions and for
    reafforestation where it already grows.

    LARCH, _Fitz-roya patagonica_, Hook.—This conifer of the woods
    of the south attains a height of 30 metres, and the timber
    given by it is equal to pinewood and used for similar purposes.
    Is very suitable for afforestation intermingled with wild pines
    in the austral region, and with spruce in that of the straits.
    It might also be added to the araucaria in the extreme south of
    the Southern Andean region.

    QUILLAY (Soap Bark), _Garugandra amorphoides_, Grisb.—This
    is a very thorny tree and can be used as a protective belt
    round large orchards or plantations for industrial purposes,
    in places where animals trespass, and there is no other way to
    prevent it. It attains a height of 15 metres by 0·75 metre in
    diameter and multiplies naturally from seed. Its timber seems
    to be of good quality, and its bark is used as soap in cleaning
    woollen and cotton fabrics.

    It can be planted as indicated above in regions first, second
    and third; and, should it become a nuisance, it may be rooted
    out when the plantations are strong against trespass.

    CHAÑAR, _Gourlien decorticans_, Gill.—Whole woods of these
    trees are to be found in regions 1, 2, 3 and 4. Its fruit is
    edible and animals crave for it. Its timber is used for various
    household purposes.

    WALNUT (Cayuri), _Juglans australis_, Grisb.—15 metres in
    height by 1 metre in diameter, with timber equal to European
    walnut. This valuable tree, which ought to be cultivated on
    a large scale, is gradually vanishing from our woods without
    any attempt at reafforestation. We shall become aware of its
    industrial value only when it has completely disappeared. It is
    suitable as a stock tree in afforestation and as an auxiliary
    in reafforestation.

    RED QUEBRACHO, _Loxopterigium Lorentzii_, Grisb.—A valuable
    tree, 15 metres in height by 2 metres in diameter, its timber
    is greatly prized for building purposes, and possesses so much
    tannin that it is largely exploited in the Chaco forests. It is
    slow of growth, and, therefore, measures for its multiplication
    are indispensable, so as to avoid exhausting this source of
    wealth. It is one of the best stock kinds for reafforestation,
    a third being planted with species of a more rapid growth.
    It multiplies naturally if care is taken to prevent forest
    fires and to leave always a few full-grown trees standing. Red
    Quebracho timber is hard, heavy, and not easily worked. It is
    used especially for railway sleepers, posts, columns, frames,
    etc. It is nicely veined, and heavy furniture can be made from
    it. Buried or in water it keeps for many years.

    TIPA (Hardwood), _Machærium Tipa_, Benth.—A tree from 20 to 25
    metres in height, very leafy. Its timber is used for different
    household purposes. A splendid avenue tree, but very third-rate
    as a forest tree. The seeds are sown in rows, once ripe: 1st
    and 4th regions.

    MORA (Mulberry), _Maclura Mora_, Grisb.—From 15 to 20 metres
    in height by 1 metre in diameter. Furnishes yellowish,
    fine-grained timber, which is used for the manufacture of
    elegant furniture. Well seasoned, the wood is the colour of
    mahogany. An excellent auxiliary tree in the subtropical,
    Pampean and Northern Andean regions. In mixed woods it may be
    stock or prevailing tree, according to the kinds grown with it.
    It may also be used for woodland cutting. It is sown in rows,
    or grown in nurseries for two years, when the young plants are
    transplanted.

    PALO DE SAN ANTONIO, _Myrsine floribunda_.—15 metres in height
    by 0·75 metre in diameter, with a straight trunk and springy
    wood, which is used principally for making staves. To be sown
    in rows as an auxiliary, in mixed woods, in the 1st, 2nd and
    4th regions.

    CEBIL, _Piptadenia Cebil_, Grisb., _P. communis_, Benth.—A
    tree of 20 to 25 metres in height by over 1 metre in diameter.
    Grows in the subtropical Andean and Northern Pampean regions.
    Excellent timber, but can only be utilized when quite seasoned,
    and is used principally for joinery. To be sown as stock trees
    in furrows or small holes.

    ALGARROBO (Carob Tree), _Prosopis alba_, Grisb.—From 15 to 20
    metres in height by 1 metre in diameter, with timber much used
    in carpentry, and bark possessing a large percentage of tannin.
    A good kind for afforestation in regions 1, 2 and 4; to be sown
    as stock trees in furrows or small holes.

    ÑANDUBAY, _Prosopis algarrobilo_, Grisb.—About 10 metres in
    height, with hard timber, generally used for large stakes and
    posts. Grows well throughout the northern and even in the third
    region. To be sown as an auxiliary in mixed woods.

    IRIRARÚ, VIRARÚ, PALO DE LANZA (Lancewood), _Ruprechtia
    excelsa_, Grisb.—10 to 15 metres in height by 0·75 metre
    in diameter; giving excellent timber for various household
    purposes. To be sown as an auxiliary in woods of the northern
    regions, predominating among timber for cutting.

    LAPACHO, _Tabebuia Avellanedæ_, LORENTZ, _Tabebuia flavescens_,
    Benth.—This beautiful tree is covered with blossoms in spring
    time, the former with pinky mauve and the latter with yellow
    blossoms. In the northern forests it grows to a height of 25
    metres, its wood is very fine-grained and very much prized for
    all sorts of fine carpentry. Two excellent kinds for stock in
    tall mixed woods, 1st and 2nd regions. To be sown in rows, in
    furrows or small holes.

    COCO (Cocoanut Tree), _Zanthoxylum Coco_, Gill.—From 10 to 12
    metres in height by 0·75 metre in diameter. The wood is very
    pretty and fine, valued for elegant furniture. To be sown in
    rows, furrows or small holes as an auxiliary in mixed woods and
    plantations in the 1st and 2nd regions.

    URUNDAY, _Astronium juglandifolium_, Grisb.—A splendid tree
    from 25 to 30 metres in height by 1·50 metres in diameter,
    common in the Chaco. Its timber is very hard and richly
    coloured, it is used for furniture, ship-building, etc. One
    of the best kinds for stock and reafforestation in the first
    region. Multiplies naturally from seed if care be taken to
    leave a few trees standing at suitable distances for producing
    seeds, which scatter easily. In the warm valleys of the 4th
    region, as well as in the 2nd, to be sown in furrows with other
    auxiliary species for afforestation.

    ALDER TREE, _Alnus ferruginea_, Kth.—From the Northern Andean
    region, where it grows to a height of 15 metres by 0·75 metre
    in diameter. Gives white, very easily worked, damp-resisting
    timber, used for joinery work. A good auxiliary kind for
    afforestation in 1st, 2nd, 4th and 7th regions. To be sown in
    rows, in furrows or in plots with other species, one being the
    stock tree.

    NATIVE or RED WILLOW, _Salix Humboldtiana_, Witti.—15 metres in
    height by 1 metre in diameter. Grows well in all regions where
    the eucalyptus does not freeze, gives timber for carpentry
    and multiplies from seed. A good auxiliary in mixed woods and
    timber for cutting, and for reafforestation on damp soil, where
    it is planted from twigs towards the end of the winter. For
    afforestation it is sown in plots when the seeds are ripe, in
    regions 4 and 7 and the more temperate part of region 3.

    SOUTHERN PINE, _Araucaria imbricata_, R. and P.—A tree 50
    metres in height of our southern forests. Its timber is equal
    to the best pine, and it is one of the best stock kinds in the
    6th region. To be sown in rows or in little holes when the
    seeds drop naturally in the 5th and 6th regions.

    MISIONES PINE, _Araucaria brasiliensis_, A. Rich.—This conifer
    grows to a height of 50 metres by 1 metre in diameter in
    certain valleys of the northern regions 1, 2, and part of 3, 4,
    7 and 8, as far as Mar del Plata. Its timber is equal to that
    of the pine, it is used for joinery and building. Sown like
    the preceding tree.

    CYPRESS, _Libocedras chilensis_, Endl.—From the Andes, where it
    grows to a height of 25 to 30 metres by 0·70 metre in diameter.
    Its wood is fine and excels for furniture and veneering. A good
    auxiliary kind for the dense woods of the south.

    CHIEF SPECIES OF EXOTIC FOREST TREES GROWN IN THE COUNTRY

    FIR, _Abies Nordmanniana_, Spach.—From Asia Minor, where it
    grows to a height of 40 metres by 1·50 metres in diameter at
    least, 5th and 6th regions, in tall woods consisting of firs
    alone.

    ACACIA OLIVE, _Acacia melanoxylon_, R. Br.—From Australia,
    where it attains a height of 15 to 20 metres by 1 metre in
    diameter; very branchy, and giving very hard wood known as iron
    wood. A good stock kind in acacia, mimosa and laurel groves in
    regions 4, 5, 7 and 8, as far as Mar del Plata. To be sown in
    rows or in furrows.

    FRENCH MIMOSA, _Acacia dealbata_, Link.—Likewise from
    Australia; it attains a height of 20 metres by 0·50 metre in
    diameter, but breaks easily. A good predominating species and
    for reafforestation of timber for cutting, in regions 4, 5, 7
    and 8, as far as 38° S. latitude.

    MAPLE TREE, _Acer pseudo platanus_, L.—A European tree 20 to 30
    metres in height by 0·75 metre in diameter, growing as rapidly
    as the sycamore maple. An excellent auxiliary kind for tall
    woods of trees with deciduous leaves, in regions 4, 5, 6 and
    7. To be sown in rows, in furrows or one-year-old saplings 2
    metres apart.

    HEAVENLY TREE, _Ailanthus glandulosa_, Desf.—From China, from
    25 to 30 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter; very sturdy,
    and multiplying on all sides from the numberless saplings which
    grow from its roots; furnishes fine, hard, well-veined timber.
    A good kind for mixed woods and for stock timber in regions 4,
    5, 6, 7 and 8. To be sown in rows or planted from saplings.

    ALDER TREE, _Alnus glutinosa_, Gaertn.—From Europe and Western
    Asia. From 20 to 30 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.
    Grows well in the riparian region, and its wood is useful for
    carpentry. Sown in rows, in furrows or in plots.

    SPANISH CHESTNUT, _Castanea vesca_, Gaertn.—From Europe, Asia
    and Northern Africa. It grows here as a fruit tree, but may be
    grown also as a forest stock tree in tall and mixed woods, and
    as an auxiliary in timber for cutting in regions 3, 4, 5, 6
    and 7. Its wood is principally used for staves, casks, etc. To
    be sown in rows as soon as it falls, as the germinative power
    is of short duration. It may also be sown in nursery beds, for
    transplanting when two or three years old.

    CASUARINA (She Oak).—Various species are grown here, chief are
    _C. quadrivalvis_, Labill., _C. equisetifolia_, Forst., and _C.
    glauca_, Sieb. Herb. We ignore the height to which they may
    grow, but many specimens we have are from 20 to 30 metres high.
    The mode of reproduction and cultivation is the same as for
    eucalyptus. The wood is excellent. Suitable for high woods in
    the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th regions.

    CEDARS.—Although not yet grown on a very large scale, the
    specimens we have of _C. Atlantica_, _C. libani_ and _C.
    deodara_, natives of Mounts Atlas, Lebanon and the Himalayas,
    are hardy, cold-resisting, and everything points to our
    being able to grow them well in high woods intermingled with
    cypresses, in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th regions. Its
    timber is first class, and useful for many purposes.

    SWEET CHERRY, _Cerasus avium_, Moench.—From Europe, where it
    grows to a height of 20 to 25 metres, gives splendid wood,
    greatly prized for furniture. The few specimens we have
    scattered through the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th regions. To be
    sown in nursery beds after gathering the seeds, or in layers in
    furrows or small holes. The nurslings are transplanted when a
    year or two old.

    CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA, Don.—From Japan. Grows very well here,
    easily attaining the same height as in its native land, which
    varies from 30 to 40 metres. A good kind for tall woods on
    rich soil. Multiplication and cultivation like that of the
    eucalyptus in the 4th, 5th and 7th regions. Trials in the 8th.

    DAMMARA AUSTRALIS, Lumb.—From New Zealand. The few specimens we
    have in the environs of Buenos Aires show a species quite as
    hardy as in its native land, where it attains a height of 50
    metres by 2 metres in diameter. Grown like the eucalyptus in
    compact groves and in the same region.

    EUCALYPTUS.—Native of Australia. We reckon our specimens of
    this gigantic tree by the thousand, of several different
    kinds. The first known specimens of _E. globulus_ were planted
    more than half a century ago, and now it would take a long time
    to enumerate all our progressive citizens who have devoted
    large tracts of land to forming dense groves of these trees,
    which, besides giving them good returns in the sums represented
    by the present eucalyptus groves, have also contributed to
    increase the value of the land, directly or indirectly.
    Directly, thanks to the amount of vegetable mould which these
    trees originate, and indirectly for the shelter afforded by
    them for growing certain kinds of plants and rearing delicate
    breeds of cattle which would not have thriven in the open
    country. It would be difficult to estimate the share of the
    eucalyptus in the increased value of the lands, flocks and
    herds. In order to form an idea on the subject one must imagine
    what estancias were sixty years ago, with the sheltering ombú
    and the peach grove, enclosed by paradise trees and willows.
    How long it took to grow a tiny grove of willows, paradise tree
    and black wattle, which barely furnished sufficient wood to
    heat the water for brewing mate or Paraguayan tea. Different
    kinds of Eucalyptus are grown under apocryphal specific
    designations, and therefore we abstain from giving them lest we
    lead planters into temptation.

    The best among them are the following:—

    _E. Amygdalina_, Labill.—From Australia and Tasmania, 140
    metres in height by 4 or 5 metres in diameter.

    _E. Botrioydes_, Smith.—From Southern Queensland, where it
    attains a height of 60 metres by 2 metres in diameter.

    _E. diversicolor_, F. v. M.—From Southern Australia, 140 metres
    in height, over 2 metres in diameter.

    _E. cornuta_, Labill.—From the same place as the preceding one,
    60 metres in height by 2 metres in diameter.

    _E. hemiphloia_, F. v. M.—From New South Wales, where it
    attains a height of 60 metres by 2 metres in diameter. The best
    wood of all.

    _E. leucoxylon_, F. v. M.—From New South Wales and Victoria.
    This is the famous “iron bark”; it is only 30 metres in height
    by 2 metres in diameter.

    _E. melliodora_, Cunningh.—New South Wales and Victoria. Gives
    very fine timber and grows to a height of 60 metres by 1·50
    metres in diameter. Its blossoms are much visited by bees.

    _E. occidentalis_, Smith.—From Western Australia. Like E.
    globulus, can be grown near the sea coast. Generally it does
    not exceed 40 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.

    _E. pauciflora_, Sieb.—Southern Australia and Tasmania. From
    50 to 60 metres in height by 2 metres in diameter, wood of
    excellent quality. One of the best cold-resisting species.

    _E. Pilularis_, Smith.—Southern Queensland and New South
    Wales, 100 metres in height and 4 metres in diameter; wood of
    excellent quality.

    _E. viminalis_, Labill.—Southern Australia, where it grows to a
    height of 100 metres by 3 or 4 metres in diameter.

    All these species have been imported and planted in different
    places. Some, on the one hand, and others, on the other,
    probably have been lost, the remainder are mixed to such a
    degree that at present no information can be given about them
    without falling into error.

    All the species mentioned and some others were planted in “3
    de Febrero” Park, about the year 1875-76, in the clump which
    shaded the guanacos’ corral. At first they bore distinguishing
    numbers, but now nothing remains to designate them. Another
    nursery had been started on the other side of the railway to
    the Tigre, beside the avenue of palms, of which also we believe
    not a vestige remains. There also was a nursery of ombús, one
    of hardwood trees and a collection of American grape vines.

    ASH TREE, _Fraxinus excelsior_, L.—Europe. From 25 to 30 metres
    in height by 1 metre in diameter. Gives very elastic, white
    or yellow timber, greatly prized in carriage-building. Grows
    well in the 5th, 6th and 7th regions. The seeds are laid down
    as they ripen, sometimes they take two years to germinate, but
    when they fall naturally to the ground and are covered over by
    leaves in autumn they sprout well. On this account and that
    of its intrinsic value this tree is one of the best kinds for
    stocking tall and mixed woods. The best plan for afforestation
    is to sow the seeds in nursery beds and plant out the following
    year.

    BLACK ACACIA, _Gleditschia triacanthos_.—A thorny North
    American tree; here growing to a height of 25 metres by 0·70
    metre in diameter. Its wood is excellent for cabinet-making.
    Sown in rows as an auxiliary—on account of its thorns. It gives
    a quantity of edible pods like that of the carob tree. It grows
    well in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th regions.

    WALNUT, _Juglans regia_, L.—From Europe and Asia. Does not
    exceed 25 metres in height, but is a metre and more in
    diameter. Grows as a forest tree, but is very suitable for
    stocking mixed woods in the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th regions. To
    be sown in rows, in holes or in nursery beds and planted out
    when a year old. As the seeds keep their germinative power
    for a month only, they must be sown immediately or placed in
    layers. The wood, which is greatly prized, is one of the best
    known and valued.

    PARADISE TREE, _Melia azedarach_, L.—Southern Asia. 15 metres
    in height by 0·60 metre in diameter. A good auxiliary species
    for mixed woods and timber for cutting in the 3rd, 4th, 6th and
    7th regions, where the eucalyptus does not freeze.

    NEGUNDO FRAXINIFOLIUM, Nutt.—From North America, growing well
    in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th regions, where it attains a
    height of 10 to 15 metres by 0·50 metre in diameter. It is a
    good kind for mixed woods and timber for cutting. The seeds are
    sown immediately on ripening. It is also grown from grafting
    twigs.

    FIR, _Picea excelsa_, Linck.—From Europe, where it attains a
    height of 40 metres. The few specimens we know do not allow
    of our expressing any opinion, based on practical experience,
    about the possible merit of this splendid tree in our woods in
    the 3rd, 5th, 6th and 9th regions, though its origin and growth
    give reason for hope. In Europe, in all the plantations we know
    of in Germany, England and France, the fir is one of the best
    cold, storm and drought-resisting trees.

    It is sown in rows, in furrows 2·50 to 3 metres apart,
    according to the soil. It may be planted alone or alternately
    with birch trees.

    PINES.—The kind best known and cultivated here are the
    _Pinus austriaca_, _P. insignis_ and _P. Pinaster_. Without
    questioning the specific designation applied to certain kinds
    of pine trees, we may say that _P. insignis_ grows luxuriantly
    in the 4th, 5th and 7th regions, forming dense woods; the
    _P. Canariensis_, not quite so hardy, does not flourish so
    far south, the other kinds may be grown in those as well as
    in the Riparian austral and maritime regions, where they may
    prove very useful, as well as the varieties _P. maritima_, _P.
    laricio_, etc.

    PLANE TREE, _Platanus orientalis_, L.—From Europe and Asia
    Minor. It grows to 40 metres in height by 1 or 2 metres in
    diameter. It is the favourite for avenues; grows taller in the
    woods, but its foliage is not so luxuriant. Propagated from
    grafting twigs to be planted 50 centimetres apart in rows 2·50
    metres apart. To be thinned out when two years old, leaving the
    latter distance between them and filling up the gaps with those
    taken out. Its wood is useful for many purposes, though not
    first class.

    POPLAR, _Populus_.—We have many large plantations of the
    Lombardy poplar, _P. Nigra_, L., Canadian poplar, _O.
    Canadensis_, Michx., and the Swiss, Virginian and some of
    the Carolina poplar, which is the male plant of the same
    species. Some plantations of the silver poplar, _P. alba_, _P.
    euphratica_ and _P. simoni_, have also been planted.

    All may be utilized as auxiliaries in planting mixed woods and
    timber for cutting. They are very hardy, and the wood is used
    for packing-cases, boxes, etc. They are planted from grafting
    twigs 50 centimetres apart, in rows of 2 metres, to be thinned
    out when necessary.

    WHITE ACACIA, _Robinia pseudo-acacia_.—North American. Grows
    to a height of 25 metres by 0·60 metre in diameter; when
    dry, the wood is excellent, and is used for coach-building,
    cabinet-making, etc. It grows well, especially in mixed woods,
    as the saplings are utilized. In timber plantations it must be
    planted singly as it overruns the ground in a short time. To
    be sown in rows 25 or 30 kilogs. to the hectare, without any
    mixture. From the strongest and straightest specimens stock
    trees are chosen, the others are cut down to the ground every
    two, twelve or eighteen years.

    WILLOW, _Salix_.—The willow is very useful for planting woods
    in damp or low-lying places in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th,
    8th and 9th regions. It is grown from grafting twigs, a metre
    apart, anywhere. The weeping willow, _S. babylonica_, gives
    fuel which sells well. The osier willow, _S. purpurea_, _S.
    rubra_, _S. vitellina_, _S. viminalis_ and _S. amygdalina_,
    furnish fine and common osiers, which are so much used in
    basket-making of every kind, and for light wicker furniture for
    the garden and the beach. It is one of the chief products of
    the Paraná Islands and others.

    ELM TREE, _Ulmus_.—The elms we possess belong to the species
    _U. campestris_, L., and _U. montana_, Burch, both from Europe.
    They attain a height of 40 metres by 1 metre in diameter, and
    grow well on cool gravelly soil. The elm in general is more
    suited to the hills or declivities than to the plains. It
    is very hardy and long-lived. Its timber is excellent for
    coach-building, and some parts of it for cabinet-making. It is
    a good species for stock, in suitable places, in the 3rd, 5th,
    6th and 7th and some parts of the 9th region. It is sown as
    soon as the seeds ripen on well-tilled soil, either in furrows
    or plots.

    EXOTIC FOREST TREES WHICH IT WOULD BE WELL TO INTRODUCE

    FIR TREE.—The most interesting species are:—

    _A. amabilis_ and _A. balsamea_, from North America, grows from
    30 to 40 metres high by 1 to 1·50 metres in diameter. Suitable
    for the 3rd, 5th and 6th regions.

    _A. bifida_, _A. brachyphylla_, from Japan, attain a height of
    40 or 50 metres, 4th, 5th and 7th regions.

    _A. bracteata_, Hook and Arn.—From the mountains of Santa
    Lucia. 50 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.

    _A. concolor_, Lindl.—From the Rocky Mountains, where they grow
    to 30 or 40 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter. These two
    species should be tried in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th regions.

    _A. grandis_, Lindl.—From the northern states of the Union.
    Attains a height of 90 metres by 1 or 2 metres in diameter,
    3rd, 4th and 6th.

    _A. magnifice_, Murr., and _A. mobilis_, Lindl.—From California
    and Oregon, where it grows to a height of 70 to 80 metres by 2
    or 3 metres in diameter; 2nd and 3rd regions, and the hills in
    the 4th and 5th.

    _A. pectinata_, D. C.—From Europe. 40 metres in height by 1
    metre and sometimes more in diameter; 3rd, 5th, 6th and 9th
    regions.

    _A. religiosa_, Lindl.—From Mexico. Attains 40 to 50 metres in
    height by 1 or 2 metres in diameter; 2nd and 3rd regions.

    All fir trees require hilly ground already stocked with trees.
    It is useless to plant them on the open plain. Other conifers,
    known also as firs, belong to the genera _Picea_ and _Tsuga_.

    MAPLE TREE.—The _Acer campestre_ and _A. platanoides_.—From
    Europe, appear to be suited for our 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th
    regions, the latter as a stock species. Thirty feet high.

    The _A. eriocarpum_, Michx., and _A. rubrum_, Michx., are two
    handsome species from North America, where they grow to a
    height of 20 to 35 metres by 1 metre in diameter.

    To be essayed in the same regions as the preceding trees. They
    require deep soil and are cultivated like the sycamore maple.

    ALDERS. The _Alnus cordifolia_, Ten.—From Europe, and _A.
    orientalis_, Dcne., from Asia. Would grow well in the 7th
    region and on the shores of the 5th, 6th and 9th.

    ARAUCARIAS. The _Araucaria Bidwilli_, Hook, and _A.
    Cunninghami_, Ait., both from Eastern Australia. Grow to a
    height of 50 to 60 metres and give excellent timber; 2nd, 3rd
    and 4th regions.

    _A. excelsa_, R. Br.—From Norfolk Island. Attains a height of
    70 metres by 1 metre and over in diameter; 2nd, 3rd and 4th
    regions.

    _A. Cookii_, E. Br., and _A. mulleri_, R. Br.—From New
    Caledonia; 40 metres in height; 1st, 2nd and 4th regions.

    All grow on deep, humid soil, rich in vegetable mould, like
    certain parts of the Chaco and of the 1st and 2nd regions.

    BIRCHES.—Valuable trees for the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 9th
    regions. Do not exceed 30 metres in height on the best soil,
    but very hardy and reach a metre in diameter. The best species
    are _Betula alba_, _B. nigra_, _B. lenta_ and _B. pubescens_.

    AMERICAN WALNUT TREES.—All give excellent timber, strong and
    hardier than the European kinds. Could be planted and sown in
    regions 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The best species for woods are _Carya
    alba_, Nut., and _C. amara_, from Canada. _C. olivæformis_
    and _C. porcina_ from the central states of North America.
    _C. tomentosa_, Nutt., is popularly known in North America as
    Hickory.

    Tall trees, generally very leafy, and suitable for stock in
    mixed woods and for special wood planting, together with
    European and Asiatic species, cultivated like the common
    walnut, _J. regia_.

    CEDARS.—All cedars give very fine wood known as cedar-wood,
    whence the confusion with real cedar belonging to the conifera
    family.

    The Red Cedar of Australia, _Cedrela australis_, Muell., grows
    to 60 metres in height. May be planted in the 1st and 2nd
    regions together with the one we have, _C. brasiliensis_. _C.
    sinensis_, A. Juss, seems more suitable for the 3rd and 5th
    regions.

    CHAMÆYPARIS.—This resinous tree gives excellent timber in the
    United States, where it grows to a height of 25 to 30 metres
    by 0·60 metre in diameter. The species _C. Lawsoniana_ and _C.
    Nutkænsis_, from North America, as well as _C. obtusa_, Endl.,
    from Japan, appear to be suitable for dense woods in regions 4,
    5 and 6.

    DACRYDIUM.—Indigenous to Tasmania and New Zealand. The forest
    species furnish good carpentry timber. From some descriptions
    of Chilian conifers it would seem that some of these are very
    like Dacrydium.

    The most interesting species are _D. cupressinum_, Soland, _D.
    Franklinii_ and _D. Kirkii_, F. v. M.

    These trees grow to a height of 40 to 60 metres and require
    very generous soil, rather damp and warm, like that of the
    1st and 2nd regions in our country. To be cultivated as the
    _Araucaria brasiliensis_ or Misiones pine.

    DIOSPYROS.—The _D. lotus_, from Italy, and _D. Virginiana_
    furnish valuable timber know as ebony. They do not exceed 20
    to 25 metres in height. A trial might be made in the 2nd, 3rd,
    4th, 5th and 7th regions.

    DRIMYS, _D. Winter_, Forst.—A Chilian tree 15 to 20 metres in
    height, gives winter bark, used in medicine. To be tried for
    mixed woods in the 3rd, 4th and 5th regions.

    BEECH, _Fagus sylvatica_, L.—A European tree 30 metres in
    height by half a metre in diameter; gives excellent wood for
    boxes and wooden partitions or anything not exposed to the
    weather. A first-class species for the 3rd, 5th, 6th and 9th
    regions as a stock tree in tall woods.

    ASH TREE.—The _Fraxinus americana_, L., _F. quadrangularis_,
    Michx., _F. sambucifolia_, Lam.—From North America, are trees
    of 30 to 35 metres in height by 0·60 to 1 metre in diameter.
    The timber is highly prized for coach-building and other
    special work. It appears suitable for mixed woods in 5th, 6th
    and 7th regions, where it may be grown like the common ash tree.

    BLACK WALNUT TREE, _Juglans nigra_, L.—From North America,
    where it attains 40 metres in height by 1 metre in diameter.
    Though its wood is not so valuable as common walnut, it is very
    pretty and fine-grained. It might be planted and grown in the
    same regions as the other kinds of walnut.

    JUNIPER TREE, _Juniperus virginiana_, L.—From 25 to 30 metres
    high by 1 metre in diameter, growing in North American
    forests. The wood is very nice, and used by cabinet-makers,
    etc. This conifer appears suitable for dense woods in the 3rd,
    5th and 6th regions, with Lambertiana and other cypresses, and
    is grown in the same way.

    LARCH TREE.—The European _Larix europea_, L., and the American
    _L. microcarpa_ are hardy species of 25 to 40 metres in height
    by 1 metre in diameter, with deciduous leaves, which makes its
    transport easy; 5th, 6th and 8th regions; in tall woods with
    other conifers. Grown like the Spruce.

    SPRUCES.—Great conifers of the cold regions of North America.
    The most suitable species for woods, besides the _P. excelsa_,
    Linck., which we already grow, are the _P. alba_, Linck., from
    Canada, _P. Engelmanii_, Car., from the Rocky Mountains, _P.
    morinda_, Linck., from the Himalayas, and _P. nigra_, Linck.,
    from Northern America. The latter species is suitable for the
    6th and 9th regions; the others for the 5th and 6th, grown as
    firs.

    LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS, Torr.—From California, where it grows to
    40 metres in height, over a metre in diameter, is very strong
    and gives excellent timber. Appears suitable for afforestation
    together with the Chilian variety in the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 7th
    regions.

    To be sown and cultivated like the Lambertiana cypress.

    TULIP TREE, or WHITEWOOD, _Liriodendrum tulipifera_, L.—From
    North America, where it attains a height of 60 metres by 3 and
    4 metres in diameter. Gives good wood and appears suitable for
    growing in tall woods on deep and humid soil in regions 4, 5, 6
    and 7.

    To be sown thickly in furrows or in beds for transplanting when
    a year old.

    PINE TREES.—We already have different kinds of pine trees which
    flourish in woods. It would be well to introduce the better
    species, because we lack such as _Pinus australis_, Michx.,
    from Carolina and Florida, where it grows to 35 to 40 metres
    in height. This is the species which gives the timber known as
    pitchpine.

    _P. Benthamiana_, Hartw.—From California. 70 metres in height
    by 2 metres in diameter. Good timber.

    _P. excelsa_, Wall.—From the Himalayas. 40 metres in height.

    _P. Jeffreyana_, V. H.; _P. Lambertiana_, Doug.; _P.
    Sabiniana_, Doug.; and _P. Torreyana_, all from California.

    _P. Strobus_, L.—From North America. A hardy tree 40 metres in
    height by 1 metre in diameter.

    The Californian species might be tried in the 4th, 5th, 6th
    and 8th regions. The Himalayan species on the mountain ranges
    of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th, and the last-named species in
    the 5th, 6th and 8th. That from the Carolinas might be grown
    together with _P. insignis_.

    To be grown in woods of the same kind in the same regions and
    in the same way as those we have.

    PLANERA CRENATA, Desf.—A tree from the Caucasians; excellent
    timber and very hardy.

    Grown like the elm and in the same regions.

    CAUCASIAN WALNUT TREE, _Pterocarya caucasica_ and _P.
    Spachiand_.—Trees 20 metres in height, magnificent timber and
    suitable for intermingling with other walnut trees, especially
    Carya species.

    SEQUOIA.—From California, where it grows to 80 or 100 metres in
    height by 5 or 6 metres in diameter. The species _S. gigantea_
    is that which attains the greatest size; the _S. sempervirens_
    is more modest and less exacting about the nature of the soil
    and its situation. The former requires porous, deep and rather
    clayey soil, situated on hills or in ravines. To be tried in
    the 3rd and 6th regions and on the mountains in the 4th and
    5th. Grown as the pine.

    LIME TREE.—The different European and North American species,
    _Tilia argentea_, Desf., _T. nigra_, Burk, and _T. silvestris_
    from Europe, might be planted in the 5th, 6th and 7th regions
    in heavy, porous, clay soil.

    _Tsuga douglasi_ (Fir).—From Colorado State, North America.
    Attains a height of 50 metres and furnishes excellent timber.
    Suitable for planting woods together with spruces and firs, and
    grown in the same way.

    AMERICAN ELM TREE, _Ulmus americanus_, L.—This is a very hardy
    species at least 30 metres high. Its timber, though not so very
    good, is yet used in carriage-building and the like. Grown like
    other elm species and in the same regions.

Lest it should be thought that a disproportionate amount of space has
been allotted here to this matter of forestry it must be pointed out
that timber of all kinds constitutes one of the greatest of the still
latent treasures of the River Plate. A treasure which could be easily
realized but which has hitherto been extraordinarily neglected not only
in practice but even by most writers on the countries in question.

Argentina will one day export timber and ornamental woods instead
of importing them as she has done hitherto; and perhaps the present
difficulties of maritime transport will help to turn the eyes of both
Republics to the wealth of building and other timber and fine woods they
have at hand.

A visit to the coach-making works of those of the River Plate Railway
Companies which manufacture their own luxurious saloon and sleeping cars,
would alone suffice to astonish many people by the beauty and value of
the native woods there used, both in the cabinet-maker’s art and in the
most solid portions of construction destined to resist exceptional strain.

Señor Mauduit has already been quoted on the subject of the need of shade
for cattle. A need which estancieros now pretty fully appreciate.

CHAPTER XIV

LITERATURE AND ART

As in most young countries, the Muses have in Argentina and Uruguay had
to be content chiefly with the imported offerings of foreign writers,
artists and composers; while native science has principally been confined
to medicine and surgery and various branches of rural productiveness.
Still the River Plate Territories have always had their historians and
poets, and recent generations have produced some painters, sculptors and
composers.

The Histories of Mitre and Araújo are admirable literary monuments to the
glory of the River Plate Territories and the memory of their authors.
The poetry of the lately deceased Guido y Spano and of the still living
Zorrilla de San Martin occupies a deservedly high place in modern
literature; while the names of Juan Cruz Varela, José Mármol and José
Hernandez (the author of the Lyrics of Gaucho life published under the
title of “Martin Fierro”) will ever remain household words on the River
Plate.

Godofredo Daireaux and Leopoldo Lugones are typical and delightful
writers whose sketches are faithful vignettes of the manners and customs,
landscapes and sentiment of a century and half a century ago, of times
of heroic battles and early peaceful progress. For the rest, one must,
with the Muses, wait with such patience as one may for the appearance
of National types of literature and art; types probably only to be
formed when the National types of men and women have reached their fully
distinct development out of existing cosmopolitan chaos. At present
Argentine and Uruguayan Art and Literature[47] are chiefly imitative;
music, painting and novels being mostly exaggerations of, often not the
best, ephemeral European taste and fashions, while architecture usually
alternates fidelity to stucco with trivially fantastic French “Villa” and
“Château” styles.

Novelists seek to make one’s flesh creep; Painters to outvie either
incomprehensibility or banality; Architects achieve futility and
Musicians are reminiscent of everything except the sad charm of melody
which is their natural inheritance, through the _Payadores_, from Moorish
Spain. The old intervals and harmonies are carefully eschewed in favour
of anything, no matter what, which may seem to have a piquant flavour of
“art nouveau.”

Nevertheless, nature sometimes will out and the old-time moods now and
again penetrate the covering of pseudo-Viennese melody and modern Italian
harmonies under which the composer has sought to hide his natural gifts
and atavistic inspiration.

It is only in the theatre that the true native genius is allowed full
play. Some of the real Argentine dramas and comedies are refreshingly
delightful in their truth of characterization, sentiment and humour. All
is of the soil, true to type and racy. But such things are only played at
minor houses and in rural districts. Fashion knows them not, nor desires
to know them, while Italian and French operatic and dramatic companies
hold the boards of the leading theatres at prices which make it quite
obligatory for all the best people to be seen frequently in their boxes
or stalls. Still the minor theatre is the casket of the one true jewel in
Argentine Art which shines with its inherent native brilliance.

Unless, perhaps, florid oratory may be termed an Art. If so, it is one
which has a wide vogue throughout South America. Few events are there
allowed to pass without lengthy and vigorous “Discursos”; the real or
simulated passion of which rings strangely false in Anglo-Saxon ears.
Much virtue, however, lies in accepted convention, and the South American
sees nothing comic or discordant in a frock-coated orator doing his best
to turn over a sheaf of manuscript with one hand whilst he indulges in
what to us is painfully exaggerated gesticulation with the rest of his
body. On the contrary, the bravas of the audience which punctuate the
barn-storming enunciation of the most high-flown sentiments are evidently
and whole-heartedly sincere expressions of admiration for, at least,
the speaker’s mastery of the declamatory art. Discursos are, in South
America, the inevitable accompaniment of every event of any mark, from a
funeral to the announcement of a dividend.

It is part of the Hero Worship which has so large a place in the Latin
nature. A worship none the less fervent because the enjoyment of it
by its living object is frequently as brief as it must be sweet. Once
dead, of course, a hero is one for ever if he have attained his niche at
some prominent period of his country’s history. Great Presidents live
perennially in the knowledge of every school child, and one bad one is
still honoured by reference to his name and attributes in the comic
journals whenever an unflattering comparison to a living politician is
sought. Rozas and Artígas have their true meed of mingled praise and
blame.

But all this digresses from the heading of this chapter; through,
perhaps, an unconscious effort on the author’s part to eke out an as yet
somewhat barren subject.

The truth is that no country nor individual has ever produced much
art of any account during its or his infancy. And Argentina and
Uruguay are still in the barely adolescent stage of their economic and
political development. The many sympathetic, though often contrasted,
characteristics of the true Argentine and Uruguayan hold out, however,
good hope for artistic achievement in the future. The facts that
Argentina has already one truly native sculptress of more than mediocre
talent in Lola Mora, and one master of the art of word-painting in
illustration of the old-world charm of some of the people and scenery
of various distant parts of the Republic in Leopoldo Lugunes must not
be lost sight of. Nor must the further one that the poetic spirit of
the past which still broods over the wide Pampa has been caught and
crystallized by Godofredo Daireaux in his _Tipos y Paisages Argentinos_
and other delicate allegories and sketches. The River Plate awaits a
native W. C. Cable to write a rosary of tales of the Old Colonial Days
of the Puerto de Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires, of Vice-Regal balls,
of high-combed, mantilla-coifed and beflounced belles in seringa and
orange blossom scented gardens; of sighs and vows breathed between window
bars; of times the politely veneered roughness of which has been softened
for us by the haze of remoteness; a haze which soon will have produced
complete obliteration if some living, understanding brain does not
quickly record their outlines and fill these in with appropriate tints.

Someone will, must, do this. But no stranger. Only a native genius,
daintily contemplative, can, as a labour of love, bring back to life the
_dolce far niente_ days of South America before its Colonists awakened to
the shrill call of Liberty and Independence.

FOOTNOTES

[1] _Tipos y Paisajes Argentinos_, by Godofredo Daireaux.

[2] Though see Mr. Herbert Gibson’s opinion, quoted later.

[3] Still the following words, which occur in an anonymous work on
Uruguay issued by authority of the Consulate-General of that country in
London in 1883, are as essentially true to-day as they were then.

“It cannot too often be repeated that only two classes of emigrants are
fitted for the New World: those who are accustomed to manual labour … and
those who have capital to invest. Clerks and penmen should know to whom
and in what capacity they are going.”

Argentines and Uruguayans can themselves supply all the book-learning and
clerkly devices as yet needed on the River Plate.

[4] The _chiripá_, or primitive native substitute for trousers, is formed
of a shawl-like blanket. This is wrapped round the loins, kilt-fashion;
after which it is brought up between the legs, from back to front, and
the end tucked through the girdle, to hang again down in front.

[5] The first cattle on the River Plate Territories were seven cows and
a bull, brought down through Paraguay from Brazil by two Portuguese, the
brothers Cipriano and Vicente Goes.

[6] The crop has been a good one as regards wheat. As regards maize, it
is uncertain at the time of writing owing to some early rains.

[7] In the case of each of these items Mr. Tornquist gives the facts and
reasons on which his calculation has been based.

[8] With the commencement of 1916, however, capital is flowing into
both countries from the United States for both public works and private
enterprise.

[9] The 1915-16 harvests are reported excellent.

[10] Who concluded his term of office as President of the Republic in
March, 1915.

[11] See, e.g. Spanish, _Llegar_: Portuguese, _Chegar_.

[12] In both countries Congress consists of a Senate and Chamber of
Deputies. In Argentina the term of office of the President of the
Republic is six years, in Uruguay four years.

[13] Dr. Leopoldo del Campo, a high authority on Argentine Constitutional
Law, once publicly stated that Provincial revolutions were sometimes
stimulated by superior influences, with the idea of provoking the
Presidential intervention.

[14] A present breach of this custom has already been referred to.

[15] Señor Batlle has now been succeeded in the Presidential chair by Dr.
Viera, formerly his very able Minister of Finance.

[16] A long, narrow, stone-paved court with the doors of single
dwelling-rooms leading into it and a portal opening on to the street.

[17] One immediate result of this in Argentina was a crop of private
failures. The occurrence of these has since, however, steadily decreased
in number. None at all were recorded during December, 1915. The year
1916 has begun in both countries with a good financial situation and a
promising outlook.

[18] The substance of this advice has recently been embodied in a Foreign
Office Report.

[19] The entry of Italy into the war has stopped this.

[20] Already well begun. As will be seen from the latest statistics,
given in another chapter.

[21] United States Banks have recently opened and are opening branches in
Buenos Aires and Montevideo.

[22] These approximate figures relate to the three years immediately
preceding the commencement of the war.

[23] If the Province has lately found difficulty in paying the interest
on its debt, this has been on account of large expenditure on Public
Works; coupled with mismanagement of its large revenues.

[24] In regard to the outlying Provinces it should always be borne in
mind that the _number_ of head of Live Stock possessed by them need not
and usually does not afford any indication of _value_, for the farther
one gets from Buenos Aires the less careful breeding one finds, and
therefore the greater predominance of native cattle and sheep.

[25] _L’Argentine telle qu’elle est._

[26] Native riding whip of solid hide, straight and tapering.

[27] The _boleadora_ consists of two or of three round stones encased
in hide and attached, each by an independent thong, to the end of a
lasso. The thongs with the stones are swung round the head and, suddenly
released, twine themselves round the legs of the animal to be caught;
which is thrown down by the jerk of the tightened lasso.

[28] Monograph attached to Argentine Agricultural and Live Stock Census,
1908.

[29] This is largely due to the heavy cost of transport even from the
mines to the railway head at the City of San Juan.

[30] The Jesuits also had settlements in Neuquen.

[31] The National Government is now taking active steps to put Rivadavia
petroleum on a sound commercial footing and has recently issued 5% Bonds
to the value of 1¼ millions sterling for that purpose.

[32] Those of Guayra, in Brazil, are rather _rapids_ than falls.

[33] This volume is subject to great fluctuations.

[34] Mate seed must either be picked while it is very young and soft or
else be chemically treated to soften it before planting.

[35] Most of the sugar produced in these Northern Territories goes to
make CAÑA, or native rum.

[36] Prior to the War, Germany imported large quantities of Quebracho
logs for extract-manufacturing and other tanning purposes.

[37] The alarm caused by the realization of this menace has been fruitful
of measures taken by breeders to maintain the increase of stock: and it
is just to add that these measures are already showing good results.

[38] Monograph attached to National Census, 1909.

[39] It is to these newly born “hoppers” that the most rigorous sweeping
and burning is usually applied. They present the greater facilities for
this treatment, and are, as has been indicated, more destructive than
their parents, who may be said to be at the end of life’s span when they
arrive.

[40] In Uruguay, the Ministry of Industries is concerned with all
agricultural matters.

[41] 1000 hectares = 3861 square miles, and 1 hectare = 2·4711 (or a
little less than 2½) acres.

[42] At present most of these supplies go direct to Havre for the use of
the allied troops.

[43] Uruguay can still be roughly divided into two parts by drawing an
almost straight line from, say, Mercedes on the River Uruguay to San
Vicente on the Atlantic, the chief cereal areas lying south of this line,
while the land north of it chiefly carries live stock.

[44] At the moment of writing (February, 1916) the demand by the Allied
Governments has become less.

[45] A letter, received by the author during the preparation of this
book, from one of the great Cold Storage Companies, says: “Much regret
that we cannot give you any reliable information in regard to the Export
Value (for 1914), and do not even care about hazarding a guess.”

[46] It is only fair to add that lack of transport from the chief
forestal areas at present offers economic difficulties.

[47] Uruguayan literature is the less open to adverse criticism in this
regard.

INDEX

  Agricultural instructors, 225, 260

  Agricultural Show, 89

  Agriculture, Argentine, Development of, 241

  Agriculture, Cultivable area, 217, 237

  Agriculture (Exports), 215, 242, 245

  Alcorta, Dr. Figueroa, 2, 3, 64, 65, 66, 67, 208

  Alfalfa and wheat, Alternation of, 224, 225, 254, 255

  Alfalfares, 158

  Alta Gracia, 149

  Americanisms, 44

  Anarchists, recalcitrant, 198

  Anchorena (family), 187

  Andalgalá, 164

  Andes tunnel, 124

  Arab-Semitic blood, 41

  Araújo, 299

  Argentines and Uruguayans contrasted, 42, 45, 59, 60

  Aristocracy, Argentine, 4

  Armageddon, 227

  Arrowroot, 236

  Artígas (general), 30, 31, 38, 71, 152, 301

  Artígas (Department), 63

  Asistencia Publica, 14, 54

  August, 1914, 94, 95

  Avellaneda, 141

  Avenida de Mayo, 14

  Azul, 142

  Bahia Blanca, 140

  Balfour, Jabez, 169, 170

  Ballot, 36

  Banda Oriental, 30, 31, 60

  Bank Holiday, 19, 94, 95

  Banks, 18, 112, 137

  Banks of Issue, 103

  Baring, 31

  Batlle y Ordoñez, Señor, 33, 70

  “Bear” (a famous), 118, 119

  Belgians, 27

  Belgrano (General), 168

  Belle Ville, 149

  Bella Vista, 155

  Bermejo (River), 168, 205, 206

  Boleadora, 15, 170

  Bolza (Buenos Aires), 117, 118

  Bolza de Cereales (Buenos Aires), 116

  Bomberos, 14

  Borax, 168

  Brazil, 35

  Bread and meat, 222

  Bridges, The late Mr., 199

  Britain, 259

  British railway management, 53

  British trade methods, 106, 107

  Buenos Aires (Province of), 63, 139-44

  Buenos Aires (Province), Chief products of, 142

  Buenos Aires (City), 82, 83, 90, 92

  Cafayate, 174

  Caja de Conversión, 19, 98, 99

  “Camp,” 11, 60

  Campo, Dr. L. del, 67

  Campo Santo, 174

  Canelones (Department), 63, 214

  Capital, 11

  Capital, Federal, 63

  Carbó, Dr., 18

  Carmen de Patagones, 190, 193

  Carnot, 74

  Carré, Ferdinand, 251

  Castilian language, 43, 44

  Catamarca (Province of), 63, 163, 164, 165

  Catamarca (Province), Chief products of, 163

  Catamarca, City of, 164

  Cedulas, Argentine National, 114, 115, 119, 120

  Cedulas, Provincial, 119

  Census (Commercial and industrial of city of Buenos Aires), 137

  Centenary, Argentine, 67

  Cereal cultivation, Chief areas of, 223, 224

  Cereals (export), 246

  Cerro Largo (Department), 63

  Cervantes, 43

  Chaco, The (Territory), 63, 214

  Chacrero, 27

  Chaves, Nunflo de, 250

  Chicory, 236

  Children, 57

  Chile, 35

  Chilled meat, 251

  Chiripá, 14

  Chivilcoy, 142

  Choele Choel, 190

  Chubut (Territory), 63, 193, 194, 195, 196

  Chubut (Territory), Chief products of, 196

  Cinnamon, 236

  Club Uruguayo, 79

  Coffee, 173, 218, 236

  Colastiné, 145

  Cold storage, 254, 265

  Cold storage companies, 222, 269, 272

  Colon Theatre, 85

  Colonia (Department), 63, 214

  Colonist-s, 7, 10, 27, 228, 265

  Colonist, The case for, 229

  Colonization, 10, 27, 97

  Commissary, Police, 68, 73

  Common sense, 5, 7, 50, 59

  Comodoro Rivadavia, 193, 194

  Comparative movement, in Ports, 125

  Concessions, 51, 52

  Concórdia, 152, 153

  Congress-es, 62

  Conquistadores, 43, 46

  Constitution-s, 62, 65, 72, 75, 174

  Conventillo, 91

  Conversion Fund, 99

  Conversion Law, 76, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103

  Copper, 164, 166, 179, 184, 192, 214

  Córdoba, Province of, 63, 145

  Córdoba (Province), Chief products of, 146

  Córdoba, City of, 146, 147, 148

  Corn Exchange (Buenos Aires), 116

  Corrientes, Province of, 63, 153

  Corrientes (Province), Chief products of, 153, 155

  Corrientes, City of, 154, 155

  Cost of living, Comparative, 84, 85

  Cotton, 2, 8, 16, 181, 219

  Coya Indians, 172, 173

  Credit, Commercial, 111

  Credit, Customary trade, 112

  Credit, National, 76

  Credito Argentino, 120

  Crisis of 1890, 31

  Cuenca Vidal, 189

  Curanderas, 159

  Curanderos, 159

  Curuzú Cuatia, 155

  Daireaux, Godofredo, 1, 299, 302

  Defensa Agricola, 239, 240

  Departments, 63

  Deputies, Chamber of, 63, 67

  Development of River Plate territories, 1

  Dique San Roque, 149

  Doctrinairism, 27, 69, 70

  Doinnel, Hipolito, 268

  Dollar, Uruguayan, 43

  Drabble, Mr. Alfred, 269

  Drama, Native, 86, 300

  Drought, 225, 259

  Dulce, River, 158, 163

  Durazno (Department), 63, 212

  Earthquakes, 176

  Elections, Corrupt, 36, 68

  Emigrants, 12

  Empedrado, 155

  Entre Rios, Province of, 63, 150

  Entre Rios (Province), Chief products of, 150, 151

  Espinoza, Juan de Galazary, 250

  Estancia-s, 52, 53

  Estanciero-s, 48, 76

  Exports, 128, 130, 135, 136

  Exports, Cereal, 135, 242, 245

  Exports, Live stock and products of, 135, 266, 267

  Farming, 52

  Fashion, 92

  Ferry boats, Train carrying, 151

  Fisheries, 199

  Flores (Department), 63

  Florida (Department), 163, 214

  Formosa (Territory), 63, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210

  Fortune-tellers, 55

  Frozen meat, 251

  Frozen and chilled meat (exports), 275

  Futures, Grain, 116

  Galician language, 44

  Gallegos Port, 197

  Garay, Juan de, 249

  “Gatos,” 117

  Gaucho-s, 2, 13, 47, 48, 158, 159, 170, 171, 172, 173

  German trade methods, 104

  Gibson, Mr. Herbert, 171, 229, 250, 262, 264

  Goes, Brothers, 16, 250

  Gold, 157, 179, 187, 200, 214

  Gold speculation, 103

  Golondrinas, 109

  Government, 4, 5, 62, 64, 74, 75, 76, 77

  Government, Provincial, 64, 65, 77

  Government, Municipal, 77

  Granite, 203

  Grapes, 177, 180, 181

  Groussac, Mr. Paul, 43

  Guanaco, 173

  Guaraní, 43

  Guayra Falls, 202

  Guido y Spano, 299

  Halbach, Mr., 261

  Harvesters, 8

  Harvests, 26

  Harvests, Recent, 245, 246

  Havre, 251

  Hernandez, José, 299

  High Court, Argentine Federal, 2, 3, 63

  “History of Belgrano,” 249

  Hops, 236

  Horse breeding, 253

  Hospitals, 53

  Hot springs, 174, 188

  Hotels, 90

  Huerta, President, 38

  Humahuaca, 168

  Hurlingham, 89

  Hustling, 105

  Hypothecary Bank, Argentine National, 114, 115

  Iberá, Lake, 156

  Ibicuy, 151

  Iguazú Falls, 151, 182, 201, 202

  Ilex Paraguayensis, 220

  Immigrants, 228

  Immigration, 42, 126

  Immigration (Comparative returns), 126

  “Imperio in Imperium,” Railway, 216

  Imports, 129, 130, 131, 132

  Independence, Declaration of, 29, 47, 162, 168

  Indian-s, 15, 41, 46

  Intendente Municipal, 62, 64

  Intensive farming, 6, 255

  Intermarriage, 41

  Interpreter, 108

  Interventor, 66

  Iron, 214

  Irrigation, 137, 149, 150, 158, 160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 175, 177,
     180, 186, 188, 189, 190, 227

  Italianate population, 42

  Ituzaingó, 155

  Jesuits, 160, 185, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 221

  Jeunesse dorée, 58

  Jockey Club, Argentine, 5, 88

  Juarez Celman, 31

  Jujuy, Province of, 63, 167, 168, 169

  Jujuy (Province), Chief products of, 168

  Jujuy, City of, 168

  _La Frigorifique_, 268

  _La Paraguay_, 268

  La Plata, City of, 139, 140

  La Rioja, Province of, 63, 165, 166, 167

  La Rioja (Province), Chief products of, 165

  La Rioja, Province of, 165, 167

  La Rioja, City of, 166

  Labour, 7, 11

  Lago Pellegrini, 189

  Land, 5, 7, 51

  Lands, Fiscal, 7

  Language, 42, 43, 44

  Latent landlords (Latifundíos), 9

  Latifundíos, 207

  Latzina, Dr. Francisco, 17, 236, 237

  Lavalle, General, 168

  Laws, 72

  Leach family, 167, 169

  Lead, 179, 214

  Lertora, Mr., 54

  Liebig factories, 153

  Linseed (export), 242

  Live Stock, Chief areas of, 255

  Live Stock Disease, Comparative absence of, 258

  Live Stock Disease, Precautions against, 258, 259

  Live Stock Products (exports), 266, 267

  Live Stock on Hoof, Prohibited importation into Great Britain, 258, 259

  Live Stock (statistics), 256, 257, 262, 263, 264, 265

  Loans, National, 114, 115, 119, 120

  Loans, Provincial, 65

  Locusts, 238, 239, 240

  Los Andes (Territory), 63, 214

  “Los Remedios” Estancia, 261

  Lotteries, National, 88

  Lugones, Leopoldo, 299, 302

  Maize (export), 242

  Maldonado (Department), 63, 214

  “Mañana,” 20, 49, 225

  Marble, 166, 179

  Mar Chiquita, 149

  Marcos Juarez (town), 149

  Mar-del-Plata, 5, 88, 123, 141

  Mármol, José, 299

  “Martin Fierro,” 299

  Martinez de Hoz, Señor, 253

  Mate, 56, 220, 221

  Mate Yerba, 202, 203

  Mauduit, Señor Fernando, 277, 278, 298

  _Mayflower, The_, 44, 194

  Meat, Early export of, 268

  Meat trade (exports), 270, 271, 272, 273

  Meat trade, Recent, 269, 272

  Mendoza, Pedro de, 249, 250

  Mendoza, Province of, 63, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178

  Mendoza (Province), Chief products of, 175

  Mendoza, City of, 176, 177

  Mercedes (Corrientes), 155

  Metan, 174

  Metric measurements, 106, 107

  Mihanovich (boats), 201, 202

  Mihanovich, Nicolas, 81

  Miller, Mr. John, 261

  Milling industry, 116, 145, 213

  Minas (Department), 63

  Minerals, 157, 163, 164, 166, 187, 192, 214

  Misiones (Territory), 63, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205

  Misiones (Territory), Chief products of, 203, 204

  Mitre, General, 31, 123, 249, 299

  Mitre, The late Señor Emilio, 122

  Mitre Law, The, 122, 123

  Monetary system, Argentine, 101

  Monetary system, Uruguayan, 33, 104

  Monetary values, Equivalent, 100

  Money Markets, 93

  Monroe Doctrine, 105

  Montevideo (City), 32, 45, 53, 79, 80

  Montevideo (Department), 63

  Moorish civilization, 41, 58

  Mora, Lola, 301

  Morals, 90, 91

  Moratorium, 20

  Mulhall, The late Mr. E. T., 191

  Mulhall, The late Mr. Michael, 191

  Nahuel Huapí, Lake, 187, 191, 194

  National Territories, 62, 63

  Negro blood, 40, 41, 46

  Negro race, 15

  Neuquen (Territory), 63, 185, 186, 187, 188

  Neuquen (Territory), Chief products of, 187

  Newton, Mr. Richard, 261

  Nueve de Julio, 142

  Old Colonial days, 29

  Oligarchies, Provincial, 2, 64, 65, 66, 67

  Olivera, Señor, 261

  Once cereal market, 116

  Onyx, “Brazilian,” 157

  Oratory, 300

  Palermo, 5, 87, 88

  Palermo Agricultural Show, 253, 263, 264

  Palermo race-course, 5

  Pampa, A tale of the, 1, 44

  Pampa Central (Territory), 62, 63, 182

  Pampa Central, Chief products of, 183, 184

  Paraguay, 35

  Paraguay, River, 205, 206

  Paraná, City of, 151, 152

  Paraná Congress, 268

  Paraná, River, 123, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 154, 155

  Paraná, River, Upper, 202

  Patriarchs, 1, 2, 48, 51

  Payadores, 13, 299

  Paysandú (Department), 63, 212

  Peaches, 177, 180

  Penna, Dr., 54

  Peon, 12, 47, 48

  Pergamino, 142

  Petroleum, 193, 194

  Philology, 43

  Pig farming, 253, 254

  Pilcolmayo, River, 205, 206

  Pillado, Señor Ricardo, 17, 101, 241

  Plaza, Dr. Victorino de la, 18, 34, 39

  Pocitos, 79

  Politics, Argentine (foreign or commercial), 3

  Politics, Argentine internal, 3, 4, 75

  Ponchos, 14, 173

  Population, 8, 15, 96, 97, 254

  Population, Problem of, 226, 227, 228

  Ports, 125

  Posadas, 201

  Poultry farming, 253, 254

  Protective economic measures (War), 94, 95

  Provinces, 62, 63

  Public works, 137

  Puente del Inca, 177

  Puerto Deseado, 197

  Quack doctors, 55, 159

  Quebracho, 2, 144, 154, 158, 206, 277

  Quevedo, 268

  Quichúa, 43

  Quintana, Dr. Manuel, 66

  Railway enterprise, 215, 216, 217

  Railway “Imperium in Imperio,” 122

  Railways, 215, 216

  Railways, Foreign, 6

  Railways, Foreign capital invested in, 122

  Railways (total lengths of lines), 122

  Railways (gauges in use), 122

  Railways, The Buenos Aires Western, 122, 184

  Railways, The Central Argentine, 52, 122, 149

  Railways, The Buenos Aires Great Southern, 122, 124, 140, 184, 186, 191

  Railways, The Buenos Aires Pacific, 122, 124, 140, 177, 184, 190, 193

  Railways, The Central Córdoba, 124

  Railways, The Entre Rios, 124

  Railways, The Province of Santa Fé, 123, 124

  Railways, The Province of Buenos Aires, 124

  Railways, The N. E. Argentine, 201, 205

  Railways, The Central Uruguay of Montevideo, 122

  Railways, Argentine National, 124, 163, 167

  Railways, An U.S. Syndicate, 124

  Railways, travelling comforts, 123

  Ramirez, 79

  Rawson (town), 194

  “Reds,” 32, 60, 69, 76

  Rebenque, 170

  Recoleta, 89

  Regulations, 72

  Retail traders, Nationalities of, 138

  Revenue, Surplus, 136, 137

  “Revolución de Arriba,” 67

  Rice, 218, 219

  Rio Colorado, 143, 183, 187, 189

  Rio Cuarto (town), 149

  Rio Grande do Sul, State of, 35, 213

  Rio Negro (Argentina), 183, 187, 189, 190

  Rio Negro (Uruguay), 213

  Rio Negro (Territory), 63, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193

  Rio Negro (Territory), Chief products of, 191, 192

  Rio Negro (Department), 63

  River Plate Spanish (language), 42, 43, 44

  Rivera (Department), 63

  Rocha (Department), 63, 214

  Rosario (de la Frontera), 174

  Rosario (de Santa Fé), 145

  Rozas, Juan Manuel de, 30, 31, 38, 152, 261, 301

  Rural banks, 28

  Rural Society (Argentine), 251, 262

  Saenz Peña, Dr., 34, 36, 64, 67, 68, 76

  Saladillo, River, 158

  Salta, Province of, 63, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174

  Salta, City of, 174

  Salto (Department), 63

  San Antonio, Bay, 190, 191

  San Blas, 191, 192

  San Ignacio, 202, 203

  San Jorge (gulf), 193

  San José (Department), 63, 214

  San Juan, Province of, 63, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182

  San Juan (Province), Former finances of, 178, 179

  San Juan, City of, 182

  San Luis, Province of, 63, 156

  San Luis (Province), Chief products of, 157, 158

  San Martin, General, 156

  San Martin, Zorrilla de, 299

  San Matias (gulf), 190

  San Rafael, 175

  Sandhills, Shifting, 248

  Santa Cruz (Territory), 63, 195, 196, 197

  Santa Cruz (Territory), Chief products of, 197

  Santa Fé, Province of, 63, 144

  Santa Fé (Province), Chief products of, 144

  Santa Fé, City of, 144, 145

  Santa Marina, Señor, 81

  Santa Rosa de Toay, 184

  Santiago del Estero, Province of, 63, 158, 159, 160

  Santiago del Estero (Province), Chief products of, 158

  Sarmiento, President, 31, 152

  Securities, 28

  Securities (investment), 116

  Senate, Senators, 63, 65, 67

  Servants, 56

  Settlers, 9, 185

  Sierra de la Ventana, 143

  Silesian Brothers, 199

  Silver, 164, 166, 179, 214

  Single-tax, 28

  Smuggling, overland, 209

  Socialism, 28, 70

  Society, Argentine, 4

  Soil, The nature of, 246, 247, 248

  Spain, 29, 30

  Spanish blood, 40, 46

  Spanish-speaking commercial travellers, 107

  Speculative shares, 113, 118

  Squadron of Security, 14

  Soler Theatre, 79

  “Soriano” (Department), 63, 212, 214

  “Standard,” The Buenos Aires, 191

  Statistics, Foreign trade, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133

  Statistics, Uruguayan, Deficiencies of, 132

  Stock Exchange, Buenos Aires, 113, 114

  Storekeeper, 8

  Sugar, 16, 160, 161, 162, 167, 218

  Sugar-beet, 236

  Sulphur, 179

  “Sun of May,” 168

  “Swallows” (Golondrinas), 9

  Sweet Sorghum, 236

  Swiss colony, 27

  Tandíl, 82, 143, 144

  Tarquin (bull), 261

  Tea, 236

  Tellier, Charles, 251, 269

  Terrasson, Eugenio, 251

  Theatre, 58

  “The Land we Live on,” 229

  Tierra del Fuego, 63, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200

  Tigre River, 87, 89, 143

  Timber, 16, 187, 202, 209, 277, 298

  Tin, 164, 166

  Tobacco, 16, 181, 218, 219, 220

  Tornquist, Mr. C. A., 19, 21-26

  Tosca, 247, 248

  Tramways, Buenos Aires, 84

  Tramways, Montevideo, 71, 85

  Transandine Railway, 175, 177

  Traps for the unwary, 9

  Treinta y Tres (Department), 63

  Tres Arroyos, 142

  Tronador (mountain), 187

  Tucuarembo (Department), 63, 212

  Tucumán, Province of, 63, 160, 161, 162, 163

  Tucumán (Province), Chief products of, 160

  United States, 44, 105

  United States, trade methods, 105, 106

  Urquíza, General, 151, 152

  Uruguay, 212, 213, 214

  Uruguay, River, 123, 155, 156

  Ushuaia, 199

  Vanilla, 236

  Varela, Juan Cruz, 299

  Viceroys, Viceregal, 29

  Victoria Island, 187

  Vicuna, 173

  Viedma, 192

  Viera, Dr., 18

  Villa Constitución, 145

  Villanueva, Señor Benito, 143

  Voting, Obligatory, 36

  Walle, Paul, 159, 197

  War, The, 18, 28

  Welsh colony, 27, 194, 195

  Wheat (chief areas of production), 223, 224

  Wheat (export), 135, 242, 246

  Wheat and lucerne, Alternation of, 254, 255

  White, Mr., 261

  “Whites,” 32, 60, 69, 76

  Windmills, Water-drawing, 142, 225, 260

  Wine, 157, 165, 174, 175, 177, 180

  Wit, Native, 13

  Wolfram, 157

  Women, 55, 57

  Wool exports, 136, 260, 267

  Yankee, 48, 106

  Zárate, 151, 254

  Zeballos, Dr., 263

  Zinc, 179

PRINTED BY WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD. PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND

Transcriber’s Note

List of changes made to the text to correct suspected printing errors:

Page 5 “Is there a good bargain to be made” changed to “If there is a
good bargain to be made”

Page 17 “the latter is still” changed to “the former is still”

Page 43 “certain Argentine amateur philogists” changed to “certain
Argentine amateur philologists”

Page 65 “would proceed to rat shamelessly” changed to “would proceed to
rant shamelessly”

Page 79 “take convenient tram” changed to “take a convenient tram”

Page 151 “take train” changed to “take a train”

Page 221 “the Adine regions” changed to “the Andine regions”

Page 255 “Buenos Aires, Sante Fé, Córdoba” changed to “Buenos Aires,
Santa Fé, Córdoba”

Page 270 (table header) “Power of meat” changed to “Powder of meat”

Page 294 “_C. sineusis_” changed to “_C. sinensis_”

Page 295 “A first-cless species” changed to “A first-class species”

Page 297 “especially Csrya species” changed to “especially Carya species”

Page 297 “_Tsuga doglasi_” changed to “_Tsuga douglasi_”

Page 302 “Godefredo Daireaux” changed to “Godofredo Daireaux”

Page 308 (index entry) “Spanish-speaking commercial travvellers” changed
to “Spanish-speaking commercial travellers”

Corrections to accents, punctuation and the publisher’s catalogue which
follows have been made without note.

A SELECTION OF BOOKS PUBLISHED BY METHUEN AND CO. LTD. LONDON

36 ESSEX STREET W.C.

CONTENTS

                                      PAGE

  General Literature                     2

  Ancient Cities                        12

  Antiquary’s Books                     12

  Arden Shakespeare                     13

  Classics of Art                       13

  ‘Complete’ Series                     14

  Connoisseur’s Library                 14

  Handbooks of English Church History   15

  Handbooks of Theology                 15

  Health Series                         15

  ‘Home Life’ Series                    15

  Leaders of Religion                   16

  Library of Devotion                   16

  Little Books on Art                   17

  Little Guides                         17

  Little Library                        18

  Little Quarto Shakespeare             19

  Miniature Library                     19

  New Library of Medicine               19

  New Library of Music                  20

  Oxford Biographies                    20

  Seven Plays                           20

  Sport Series                          20

  States of Italy                       20

  Westminster Commentaries              20

  ‘Young’ Series                        21

  Shilling Library                      21

  Books for Travellers                  22

  Some Books on Art                     22

  Some Books on Italy                   23

  Fiction                               24

  Books for Boys and Girls              29

  Shilling Novels                       29

  Sevenpenny Novels                     30

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