work it up into a troches and set it by. Dioscorid. lib. v. cap. 869.

44. _Cedria_ is what distils from the cedar-tree; the best is thick,
pellucid, and of a strong smell, and not diffusing itself when poured
out. Dioscorid. lib. i. cap. 106.

45. _Laurel oil._) This was made in different ways. One method was
boiling the berries in water when they fall off the tree, which causes
them to emit their oil, which is separated by the hands into _shells_.
Others impregnate the oil of unripe olives with cyperus, calamus,
and afterwards putting in the tender leaves of the laurel, boil
them together. Others add to these bay-berries, till the oil smell
sufficiently of them. Others mix with it storax and myrrh. Dioscorides,
lib. i. cap. 50.

46. _Rasile verdigrease_ is made by suspending a copper vessel, or
plate, over the steam of vinegar for ten days; then the verdigrease
produced is scraped off. Or else by putting one or more lumps or plates
of copper into husks of grapes grown sour. Dioscorid. lib. v. cap. 865.

47. _Oesypum_ is the oily part collected from sordid wool thus: the
wool was washed in warm water, and all its sordes expressed, the fat
swimmed a-top, with a froth, and upon throwing in some sea water, it
subsided to the bottom, and when all the œsypum was obtained from it in
this manner, it was purified by repeated affusions of water. When pure
it has no sharp taste, but is in some degree astringent, and appears
white. It has a heating quality, fills up ulcers, and is emollient.
Dioscorid. lib. ii. cap. 272.

48. _Boiled copperas._) Dioscorides mentions a species prepared
in Spain that had the name of χάλκανθον ἑφθὸν--_atramentum sutorium
coctum_. Lib. v. cap. 888.

49. _Cicine._) A proper quantity of κροτωνὼν, _of the Ricinus_, is
dried in the sun, till their exterior coat break and fall off. Then the
pulp is collected, put into a mortar, and pounded well, and afterwards
removed into a tinned kettle containing water, and boiled over a fire.
When all the juice is obtained from them, remove the vessel from the
fire, and take up the oil that swims a-top, and set it by. In Egypt,
where great use is made of this oil, they obtain it by first grinding
the seed, and then pressing it. Dioscorid. lib. i. cap. 38.

50. _Burnt ceruss._) Put powdered ceruss into a deep vessel; set
it on the fire, stirring it with a ferula, till it has the colour
of sandaracha, (red arsenick). Dioscorides also mentions a toasted
or roasted ceruss, but the process is of the same nature, and only
stopped, when the ceruss acquires a lemon colour. Dioscorid. lib. v. c.
877.

51. _Polybus._) I have chosen to read this name with the older
editions, because our author afterwards mentions the sphragis of
Polybus, which can have no other place to refer to but this.

52. _Cauneæ._) Mentioned by Cicero, De Divinatione, lib. 2.

53. _Susine ointment._) For making this, oil was first boiled with
wine, calamus, and myrrh, and after being strained, cardamom was
infused in it, til it gave a proper flavour, After this, to three and
an half pound of this oil were added the leaves of a thousand lilies,
and the whole was stirred with hands anointed with honey. After
standing a day and a night, the lilies were squeezed out. Dioscorid.
lib. i. c. 63.

54. _If a woman does not conceive._) _Si non comprehendit._ This
sentence has, in some copies, been joined with the former, _si
concidere vitio locorum, &c._ as if _comprehendit_ related to the
consistence of the pessus obtained by the honey. There are several
other explanations offered, but none of them with any appearance of
truth. I thought it capable of no other sense than what I have given
in the translation; and was pleased to find this supported by the
opinion of Morgagni, Ep. i. p. 18.

55. _Sprinkled on dry._) The words as they stand in the text,
seem capable of no proper sense. _Misy quoque et galla, si paribus
portionibus misceantur, corpus consumunt: eaque vel arida inspergere
licet, vel excepta cadmia, illinere._ I have therefore taken the
liberty to transpose _cadmia_, and place it after _galla_ for the
cadmia is as dry as the other two, and therefore could not serve to
bring them to any consistence; but still there seems to be a word
wanting after _excepta_, to denote the substance for uniting them.

56. _Marmor coctum._) I suppose this to be burnt marble; for
Dioscorides mentions a lapis alabastrites, which was burnt, and mixed
with resin or pitch, and thus used to discuss hardnesses. Lib. v. c.
927.

57. _Ignis sacer._) Some, among whom is Heister[JF], believes,
that Celsus calls an erysipelas _ignis sacer_, whereas he has
erysipelas under its own name, cap. 26. of this book.--Fabricius[JG]
ab Aquapendente, and Wiseman[JH], by his _ignis sacer_ understand the
miliary herpes. See our author’s description of it, cap. 28.

  [JF] Chirurg. p. i. lib. iv. cap. 6.

  [JG] Oper. Chirurg. lib. i. cap. 18.

  [JH] Book i. chap. 17.

58. _Malabathrum._) It is a question, whether the modern malabathrum,
or Indian leaf, is the same with the ancient. Dioscorides says, some
will have it to be the leaf of Indian nard being deceived by the
similarity of its smell. But that is not true; for it is a vegetable of
a peculiar nature, growing in the fens of India, without any root, the
leaves swimming on the surface of the water. Lib. i. cap. 11.

59. _Black cassia_ is the second species mentioned by Dioscorides,
who says it is preferable to the first, and fittest for medicinal use;
the natives of Arabia call it zigir; it is thick, and smells like
roses. Lib. i. cap. 12.

60. _Myrrh called stacte_ was the oily part expressed from particular
kinds of myrrh, and was very fragrant. Dioscorid. lib. i. c. 78.

61. _Pontic root._) Dale, with Alpinus, believes the rhapontic of the
ancients to be the same with the true rhapontic of the moderns.

62. See note at chap. 24. book iv.

63. _Sil._) Rhodius, together with Constantine and Ronsseus, are for
reading _seselis_ instead of _silis_, for sil is a species of ochre;
and they take it for the _seseli Creticum_, or _tordylium_, _hartwort
of Candy_.

63a. _Between the fingers. Vel inter digitos._) Morgagni observes,
that, instead of these words, his MS. and all his editions read _In
articulis_ which the reader, he says, cannot wonder at, if he considers
what follows concerning the difficulty of curing wounds in the joints,
p. 297. of the original. Ep. 6. p. 144.

64. _Fibulæ._) The word _fibula_, in other classical authors is
translated by a _buckle_; which from its connection in such places
appears very proper. But upon comparing the several passages in our
author, where the use of them is directed, it seems very difficult to
give any account of them. The variety of opinions may very well be
reduced to two, those of Guido de Cauliaco and Fallopius. The first
believed them to be hooks, whose size was adapted to that of the
wounded member, curved at both ends in the form of the letter S, that
they might be fixed to both lips of the wound. According to Fallopius
the _fibula_ was nothing else but the interrupted suture now commonly
used in wounds.

Fabricius was at first of opinion, that the fibula was not made of
thread, but copper or iron, not hard, as Guido would have it, but
softer and flexible, that it might be fixed through the lips of the
wound and then twisted. But after mature consideration, he says he
found Fallopius’s opinion to be most agreeable to truth.

Rhodius in his treatise _de Acia_, where his design is only to clear up
_the fibula and acia of Celsus_, has been at immense pains to collect
every thing extant in any of the ancients about their _fibulæ_; but
as there is nothing which occurs in any of the old physicians more
particular than in our author, it is not to be wondered, that every
thing in his treatise of real importance to the scope of his enquiry,
is contained in Fabric. ab Aquapendente, lib. ii. de Vulnerib. cap. 5.
et de Chirurgic. Operation. cap. 108.

The principal places, in which our author mentions _fibulæ_, are lib.
v. cap. 26. p. 292. in the original, p. 293.--Lib. 7. cap. 4. p.
412.--Cap. 19. p. 462. et 464.--Cap. 22. p. 469.--Cap. 25. p. 473.

The difficulty seems to rest here, that our author should use the
term _fibula_, which in other classical authors is always taken for a
buckle, or something of that kind made of metal, without distinguishing
it from the ordinary _fibula_, as one should imagine he would have
done, had he intended thread. Could it be a metal wire with a loop at
one end, and the other first put through the wound, then passed into
the loop, and twisted; which it would be easier to cut than pull out?
This seems to obviate the strongest objection against its being of
metal, drawn from the verb _incido_, which some moderns would have only
applicable to thread.

Rhodius _de Acia_, cap. 6. will have the _fibula_ used to the prepuce
of boys (mentioned by our author lib. vii. cap. 25.) to be of metal;
and according to Joann. Britannicus a small ring either of silver,
gold, or copper.

I have only to add, that instead of _paulatim_ according to Linden and
Almeloveen, I have read _paulum_ with Pinzi, Junta, Aldus, and others.

65. _Soft thread_, _acia molli_.) _Acia_ occurs no where else but
in this single place of Celsus; the translation is agreeable to the
sentiments of Rhodius _de Acia_, cap. 14. and I think it capable of
no other sense. It may not be improper however to observe, that in
some copies, though they are not of the best authority, _acu_ is read
instead of _acia_, but with no apparent meaning.

66. _After applying._) I read with Constantine _imposito_ for
_impositum_, which last has no place in the construction with a proper
sense.

67. _And the flesh within is corrupted._) Malique odoris est, _et
caro intus corrupta_. All the editions of Morgagni[JI] have _carunculæ
corruptae_, and the MS, _carunculaeque corruptae_, which Morgagni likes
better; because it would have been to no purpose to have repeated _caro
ejus corrupta_, which had occurred only a few lines before; whereas
with the other reading, we expunge the colon, and make _carunculae_
relate to the verb _resolvuntur_.

  [JI] Ep. 7. p. 206.

68. _The skin a little farther off._) I have here followed the
reading of the older editions, _ulterior_ instead of _deterior_ in
Linden, which agrees much better with the sense of the whole passage.
Vide Morg. ep. 6. p. 149.

69. _The skin is entire, but the flesh within._) Linden omits
_integra cute_, which is in the older editions, and Morgagni’s
MS[JJ].--As the sense seems to require it, I have taken it into the
translation.

  [JJ] E p. 6. p. 144.]

70. _Almost all bites._) I read here, omnis _fere_ morsus, with
Nicolaus Junta and the Manutii, and not _feræ_, as Linden and
Almeloveen have it. For Celsus himself makes no distinction between
venenatos et non venenatos morsus.

71. _Psylli._) Pliny, from the authority of Agatharchides, says,
there was a nation called Psylli, in whose bodies there was some humour
destructive to serpents, by the odour of which they stupified them.
They had a custom among them of exposing their children to the fiercest
of these creatures, that they might try the chastity of their wives,
the serpents not flying from those, that were not of their blood. Plin.
lib. vii. c. 2. This account of Pliny’s has no better foundation than
other vulgar errors: but we may observe, our author was too curious an
enquirer into nature to give credit to such fables.

72. _Especially in Gaul._) The Gauls tinged their arrows in hunting
with hellebore, and cutting out the wound they made all round, they
pretended it made the flesh more tender. Plin. lib. xxv. c. 5.

73. _Cerastes_, from κερας, a horn, is a serpent of one or two cubits
in length, of a sandy colour in the body, and near the tail void of
scales; upon its head something rises like horns, and the parts about
the belly are covered with scales, orderly disposed, which as it creeps
along makes a rustling noise like hissing. Æt. Tetrab. 4. Serm. 1. cap.
28.

74. _Dipsas_, a serpent called by that name, from the immoderate
thirst, which is caused by its bite. It is found in maritime places, is
about a cubit in length, thick, and becoming gradually smaller towards
the tail. Id. cap. 22.

75. _Hæmorrhois._) Paulus Ægineta tells us, persons bit by an
hæmorrhois are tormented with pains, their bodies become short and
small, there is a violent hæmorrhage from the wound, and if there is a
cicatrix in any part of the body, it bursts and bleeds: the stools are
bloody, the blood discharged is grumous, blood is brought up from the
lungs by coughing; and being seized with a vomiting of blood they die
immediately. He adds, that remedies must be applied before the symptoms
appear; for after they come on, all means are vain.

76. _Chersydrus._) The name of this imports it to be an amphibious
animal, from χέρσος _terra_, and ὕδωρ _aqua_.

77. _The Phalangium_ is unknown to Italy, and is of several kinds;
one like an ant, but much larger, with a red head, the rest of its
body black and variegated with white spots. The bite of this is worse
than that of a wasp. The Greeks gave this name also to two species of
spiders, the lupus, and another downy with a large head. Plin. Nat.
Hist. lib. xxix. cap. 4.

78. _Pastinaca fish_ was of the plani kind, and had a cartilage
instead of a spine. The aculeus, or κεντρὸν of this fish is a remedy
for the tooth-ach, as Dioscorides informs us, and Celsus himself
mentions, lib. vi. cap 9. Dale calls it the poison fish, fire, or
fierce flaw. The liver is said to be good against itching; in oil it
removes lichens and lepras.--This cleansing quality attributed to it,
makes it probable our author intends it here, for no such virtue is
attributed to the water, or sea-parsnip.

79. _Now this is a very bad kind._) One of the great sources of
corruption is a false punctuation; and as I could make no sense of
this sentence as it now stands, I have translated it agreeably to the
following; _Namque pessimum id genus est. Fereque primum id fit, quod
cacoethes à Græcis nominatur._ As it stood before, the cacoethes was
called the worst kind, which our author contradicts immediately, by
saying that no other species but that can be cured. Some of the older
editions read _ob quæ_ for _namque_, that is, ‘Upon these accounts this
is a very bad kind.’ Which appears to agree better with the context.

80. _None of these can be removed but the cacoethes._) Here again
the sense of the author is manifestly corrupted by the punctuation in
Linden and Almeloveen; but Morgagni[JK] has set it to right in this
manner:--_Tolli nihil nisi cacoethes potest: reliqua curationibus
irritantur; et quo major vis adhibita est, eo magis. Quidam usi sunt,
&c._ The translation is conformable to this. Which reading is almost
the same with Constantine’s.

  [JK] Ep. i. p. 36.

81. _Of a good juice._) See book ii. chap. 20.

82. _Probe._) One kind of the probe or _specillum_ of the ancients
was broad at one extremity for the purpose, which Celsus here mentions.
Vide Scultet. Armament. Chirurg. tab. 8. fig. 6.

83. _Chironian._) So called, says Paulus Ægineta, because it requires
a very great physician, such as Chiron. Lib. iv. cap. 46.

84. _These are the methods prescribed by physicians._) This
translation is agreeable to the reading of the most ancient editions,
particularly Nicolaus, Pinzi, Junta, and Aldus. _Quæ cum medici
doceant, quorundam rusticorum, &c._ In Linden and Almeloveen the
passage has a quite different turn: _Quæ cum medici doceant, ab
iis requirenda. Quorundam, &c._--That is, ‘These being the methods
prescribed by physicians, they will be best practised under their
direction.’

85. _Leaven._) The common leaven for bread among the Romans was paste
worked up without salt, and boiled after the manner of pulticula, then
suffered to stand till it turned sour. Plin. lib. xviii. cap. 11.

86. _From its figure, our authors call it panus._) _Panus_, a clue
or ball of wool or yarn; πη̃νος, or πα̃νος the Greeks used in the same
sense, but did not apply it, as the Romans did, to this tumour.

87. _The same applications._) I have here followed the reading of
Pinzi Manut. Ruell. Stephens and Morgagni’s MS. autem for _aut_, and
_tantum modo_ for _tantummodo_. Morgagni, Ep. vi. p. 156.

88. _If it does not slip out, &c._) Almeloveen and Linden read, _si
non dilabitur sede, qua innititur_; whereas the prior editions wrote,
_si non labitur, sede quale innititur_; i. e. ‘if it does not slide,
but rests upon a smooth surface.’ This Morgagni[JL] likes much better,
as agreeable to Celsus himself, who adds, _si inæquale quoque et
asperum_, &c, that is, in the first case where the probe rested, but
upon a plain surface, the caries was but little advanced; whereas under
the following appearances it was more considerable.

  [JL] Ep. vi. p. 162.

89. _Collyrium._) This name, at present, is appropriated to medicines
designed for the eyes; in which sense the ancients also used it. But
they gave it a greater latitude, to denote likewise a composition
of powders brought to a consistence by some liquid, and formed into
something like a tent, of various sizes, according to the cavities it
was designed for. Thus Scribonius Largus orders a collyrium of the
bigness of a pine kernel, to be introduced into the anus, Cap. xxxvii.
comp. 142.

90. _Which is more ulcerated._ _Quæ magis exulcerata est._) Several
of the ancient editions read _quia_ for _quæ_, that is, ‘Because it is
more ulcerated.’

91. _Spreads wide._) This whole passage was very much corrupted in
the old editions. We are obliged to Linden for several corrections in
it; but he reads this part _Proceditque et latet_, that is, _It spreads
and conceals itself_. As this can hardly be the meaning of the author,
I read _Procedit latè_, which is in Pinzi, Junta, Aldus, and others;
only I take the liberty of expunging _et_.

92. _Cimolian chalk._) I have here kept close to the author’s term
_subcærulea_. Pliny and Dioscorides describe this kind as inclining to
purple. See note book ii. chap. 33.

NOTES

TO

BOOK VI.

2. _Gum._) Our author here manifestly distinguishes between _lachryma
and pituita_. The ancients imagined the _pituita_ to be concreted
tears, whereas it is the sebaceous matter secreted from the glands of
Meibomius. To translate it in one word I have therefore given it the
vulgar English name.

3. _Phlegm._) Vid. lib. ii. cap. 23.

4. _Diet ought to be somewhat fuller than formerly._) In Almeloveen
and Linden, _Post hæc cibo pleniore, quam ex operum consuetudine_. The
reading in the older editions was _ex eorum dierum consuetudine_, which
Morgagni prefers, Ep. vi. p. 153. and is the reading I have followed.

5. _Burnt antimony._) The antimony is rubbed over with suet, and hid
in the fire till the suet is burnt, and then being taken out, it is
extinguished in the milk of a woman, that has had a male child, or in
old wine. Dioscorid. lib. v. c. 873.

6. _Specillum asperatum._) Paulus Ægineta, treating of the same
disorder, mentions this instrument by the name of _blepharoxyston_,
that is, _an instrument for scraping the eye-lids_. It is delineated by
Heister, p. 2. tab. 16. fig. 5.

7. _Psoricum._) Dioscorides gives the same process for making of
psoricum: only he orders the vessel to be buried in dung for forty
days, about the heats of the dog star. Lib. v. cap. 890.

8. _Hot waters._) By our author’s using the plural number here, it
may be doubted, whether he does not intend mineral hot waters.

9. _Strigil._) This is used by other authors to signify a currycomb,
or that instrument, with which the sordes were scraped off the skin at
the baths; but in this place it can be taken for nothing else but a
tube or syringe.

10. The _specillum oricularium_, from its use here, as well as in
other places, must have been some kind of forceps.

11. _A board is laid down._) I could make no proper sense of this
sentence according to the present pointing, and therefore have altered
the punctuation in this manner; _tabula quoque collocatur, media
inhærens, capitibus utrinque pendentibus, &c._

12. The _teda_ is a tree very like the pine, abounding with resin.
Pliny says, that all the trees, that afford resin, by an excess of fat
are changed into the teda. Hence teda is often used for a torch in
Latin authors. Vid. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xvi. c. 10. & lib. xvii. c.
24.

13. _Sory_ was a mineral of much the same virtues as _misy_ and
_chalcitis_: it is strong scented, and creates a nausea. It is produced
in Egypt, Africa, Spain, and Cyprus. Dioscorid. lib. v. c. 893.

14. _Rhus_ is a shrub growing in rocky places, of about two cubits
in length; it has long leaves, and reddish, the fruit of it is like
a grape stone. The bark about is very useful: it has a styptick
quality, and is used for the same purposes as acacia. It was used by
the tanners. Dioscorid. lib. i. c. 138. It is supposed to be rhus
obsoniorum, or sumach of the moderns.

15. _In the inner part._) For _ulteriore_ in Almeloveen, I chuse to
read with Constantine _interiore_.

16. _In nine cyathi._) There is no liquid mentioned in Linden’s or
Almeloveen’s edition, but most of the others have _Ex novem cyathis
vini_.

17. _That the skin be kept from falling in contact, &c._) This
is agreeable to the reading of Linden and Almeloveen, _Illam esse
servandam ne considat, ulcerique agglutinetur_. But [JM] Morgagni would
here restore the reading of his editions and the MS. _Illam non esse
servandam ne considat_, &c. that is, ‘It must always be cut off in
such a case;’ which indeed is rendered probable by our author’s first
ordering circumcision, when there is a loss of substance in the penis;
and then his adding _Perpetuumque est_, as if that were a general rule
for the same operation in like circumstances.

  [JM] Ep. 6. p. 145.

18. _Vulsella._) This instrument is delineated by Scultet. Arm.
Chirurg. tab. 4. fig. 1.

19. _Cicatrix is formed._ _Fit cicatrix._) I find no variety in any
of the copies, which I have seen. The sense however seems to require
_crusta_ instead of _cicatrix_; because the caustic medicines would
produce an eschar, whereas no cicatrix would be formed, till the eschar
cast off, and the ulcer was deterged and incarned.

20. _Consumed either by stronger medicines, &c._) This is agreeable
to the reading of the older editions--_Si hac ratione non tollitur:
vel medicamentis vehementioribus, vel ferro adurendum est._--Linden
and Almeloveen have it thus: _Si hac ratione non tollitur, vel aliis
medicamentis similibus, vel vehementioribus: ferro adurendum est_.
That is, ‘If it is not removed by this method, or like medicines, or
stronger, it must be burnt by the actual cautery.’ Which, Morgagni[JN]
justly observes, besides the incongruity of recommending similar
medicines after the first have failed, alters the sense much for the
worse.

  [JN] Ep. vi. p. 146.

NOTES

TO

BOOK VII.

1. _Physician makes a wound._) An English reader may naturally
suppose that the term should be _surgeon_; but as our author here uses
the word _medicus_, I did not think myself at liberty to depart from
it; especially as his not using _chirurgus_ was from choice, since
this word occurred in the preceding paragraph. Celsus supposes an
accomplished physician acquainted with all the branches.

2. _Nevertheless, it is not right to trust, &c._) In this translation
I have followed Linden and Almeloveen. But the reading in most of the
old editions, as Nicolaus, Pinzi, Junta, Aldus, Gryphius, &c. is _Neque
tamen fas non est nihil cucurbitula agere_; that is, ‘Yet it is not an
inviolable rule always to employ the cupping-vessel.’ Which I must own,
appears most agreeable to the sense of this place; because our author
immediately proceeds to consider a case, in which cupping can be of no
service. See Morg. Ep. vi. p. 151.

3. _Even before the suppuration is formed._) I have here followed the
old reading, _tum pure quoque maturior hæc interdum esse consuevit_,
which seems to agree better with our author’s reasoning; for as he
had just blamed Meges for introducing the new term _callus_ instead
of _tunica_, without necessity; so he adds, that he was mistaken also
in believing that it was never found but inclosing an old collection
of matter. He on the contrary says, that it sometimes appears before
the generation of pus. Linden and Almeloveen read _tum, pure quoque
maturiore, hæc interdum esse consuevit_; that is, ‘And this is found,
even when the suppuration is more ripened.’ Whether the connexion
of this with what went before be natural, the reader may judge for
himself. I do not know but these learned editors may have put another
sense upon _maturiore, when the suppuration is sooner ripened_: which
would be pretty much the same with the old reading. However the first
is preferred by Morgagni, Ep. vi. p. 152.

4. _Lest convulsions follow, which may debilitate, &c._) This
translation is agreeable to the reading in Linden and Almeloveen; but
all the older editions read thus, _ne vel distendantur hi, vel membrum
debilitent_; i. e. ‘Lest either convulsions follow, or the limb be
disabled.’ And this appears the more probable, as one of them might
happen without the other following. And so it is quoted by Fabricius ab
Aquapendente.

5. _And some again require a wound, &c._) _Jamque alia rectam plagam
desiderant, ut in carne: alia vero vehementer cutem extenuant, in
quibus tota ea super pus excidenda est._ There are several variations
in the reading of the copies of this paragraph, but they do not remove
the difficulty. Morgagni[JO] very ingeniously conjectures, that after
Celsus had considered such as were quite mature, he next mentioned
such as were not quite ripe; and did not talk here of cutting off the
whole skin, because he afterwards says, _Est etiam in rerum natura, ut
cutis latius excidenda sit_; and that what is here said of the skin
being extenuated, was repeated from above by carelessness. All the old
editions and MSS. have _itemque_ for _jamque_; none of them _ut_; the
MS. _tuto_ for _tota_. Upon the whole, he seems inclined to read it
thus: _Itemque alia rectam plagam desiderant in carne; in quibus tuto
ea super pus incidenda sit_; i. e. ‘Others again require a wound in a
straight direction in the flesh, in which it may be proper and safe to
make an incision above the pus.’

  [JO] Ep. vii. p. 181.

6. _Crude lint._) Fabricius ab Aquapendente and Rhodius take this
crude lint to be such as has not been boiled in a lixivium.

7. _Loosing this knot. Soluto nodo._) Morgagni[JP] here prefers
the old reading, _salvo nodo_, _without loosing the knot_, for this
reason, that our author immediately orders the knot to be loosed every
third day, for changing the string. And thus also it is quoted by
Aquapendente, De chirurg. operation. cap. 93.--Celsus has here followed
Hippocrates, Lib. de fistul. where he orders the string to be drawn
and twisted every day, as much as it is loosened by the putrefaction
of the fistula; but he says nothing of untying the knot every day.
The difference is not material; for if _salvo nodo_ be the reading,
the string must be made tighter in the manner Hippocrates directs.
According to the reading of Linden, the method is plain, nor does it
seem to be attended with any difficulty; for it is untied twice a day
to move the ligature; and also untied every third day, for the sake of
introducing a fresh ligature, because the old one must not be suffered
to rot.

  [JP] Ep. vi. p. 151.

8. _A very small habenula may be cut out._) Linden and Almeloveen
read here, _habenula tenuis admodum injiciatur_, which I think has no
proper connection either with what goes before or follows. It is true,
Aquapendente has given two explications of this passage, according to
the same reading, De chirurg. operat. cap. 93. Neither of which appears
to me consistent with the reasons Celsus gives for this method: I have
therefore chosen to follow Nicolaus, Pachel, Pinzi, Junta, Aldus, and
others, who have _ejiciatur_ for _injiciatur_, which seems to clear up
the difficulties of this place.--Our author uses _habena_ often for a
strap; but by _habenula_ here he must understand a small slip or stripe
of flesh.

9. _Gum_ in this place (_pituita_) must signify a purulent fluid.

10. _Like a spatha._) A knife was said to resemble a spatha, when
it ended in an acute point with sharp edges on both sides, which
our author mentions chap. x. for the excision of a polypus in the
nose.--The needle here described is thin and broad, so that it was more
like this instrument than a common needle. Vid. Fabric. ab. Aquapend.
de Oper. Chirurg. cap. 107.

11. _Of the colour of wax._) I have here departed from the reading of
all the copies, and instead of it admit the correction of Mercurialis
_cereus_ for _cæruleus_, which is approved by the best judges, and
seems to be confirmed by its affinity to the gold colour immediately
following. Vid. Mercurial. Var. Lect. lib. v. cap. 5. & Le Clerc. Hist.
de la Medicine, p. 2. liv. 4. sect. 2. chap. 5.

12. _The needle sharp pointed, but not too slender._) The reading in
Almeloveen is _Tum acus admovenda est, aut acuta, aut certe non nimium
tenuis_. As I could find no sense from this reading, or any other that
is proposed, I have taken the liberty to read thus, _Tum acus admovenda
est acuta, at certe non nimium tenuis_.

13. _With timidity._ _Timide._) Though this reading may be defended,
yet as what our author adds of the needle finding no resistance should
make an operator more cautious, it is possible he wrote _temere_.

14. _Below the bone._) I have here followed the old reading _sub
osse_, and not as Almeloveen has it _ab osse_, which plainly appears
to be erroneous by what our author says, when he mentions this species
again, _Manifestum sub osse descendere_.

15. _Humour still flows._) Here is a manifest error in Linden and
Almeloveen, who read _tumor_ instead of _humor_, which all the old
copies have. Morgagni, ep. 5. p. 150.

16. _And therefore cannot be separated._) In the original _Ideoque
legi non possunt_. Our author here barely mentions the _lectio
venarum_, and a little below speaks of it as a distinct operation in
these words, _Sed nihil melius est, quam quod in Gallia quoque comata
sit, ubi venas in temporibus, et in superiore capitis parte legunt_.
In the conclusion of the chapter he promises a full explanation of it,
when he comes to the varices of the legs. The place he refers to is the
_31st_ chapter of this book, where the reader will find, he does not
once use the word _lego_ through the whole: not that he forgot it, for
he puts us in mind of this very passage in the beginning: _Huc autem et
earum venularum, quæ in capite nocent,--curationem distuli_; he then
proceeds to describe two methods of cure by the actual cautery, and
excision. In the first process I find nothing applicable to _lego_,
there as well as here, cauterizing being quite a different thing;
but in the second, namely the excision, the veins are separated from
the contiguous parts, and are taken up by several blunt hooks, at the
distance of four fingers breadth from each other, then, one of these
hooks being raised, the vein is cut through and pulled away: so in
all the rest (the terms are _Excipitur_, _diducitur_, _attrahitur_,
_evellitur_, _rursus abscinditur_.) Now from the various senses, which
_lego_ bears in the classics, it seems without a strain capable of
signifying any step of this operation. And as it is not uncommon among
the ancients to include several known consequences under one term, I
must own it appears to me our author intends them all, when he uses the
word _lego_ in this chapter.

17. _Through what remains._) Instead of _super est_ in Linden and
Almeloveen, which seems to be directly contrary to our author’s
meaning, I read in one word _superest_, with the older editions.

18. _Defects in these three parts, if they be small, &c._) Linden
and Almeloveen read _Curta igitur in his tribus, ac si qua parte parva
sunt, &c._ The more ancient editions have _Ac si qua parva paria
sunt_; neither of which seem to give the author’s meaning. I cannot
help thinking the whole passage should run thus. _Curta igitur in his
tribus, si qua parva sunt, curari possunt: si qua majora sunt, aut
non accipiunt curationem, &c._ For neither _paria_ nor _parte_ appear
to be at all proper after what was said in the conclusion of the last
chapter, where he expressly confined these defects to the three parts
abovementioned. I have therefore ventured to translate according to
that reading; a liberty however I durst not take without advertising
the reader.

19. _Sometimes however the skin--left deformed._) I have here
translated according to the reading of Linden and Almeloveen, from
which I find no other variety than that of _autem_ for _tamen_. But
this observation by no means agrees with the general rule contained in
the next words, _Hujusmodi loci altera pars incidenda, altera intacta
habenda est._ If we are allowed to reject _haud_, it will run thus:
_Sometimes however it happens, that to draw forward the skin on one
of the sides, would effectually disfigure the part it has left._ This
sense appears quite consistent both with the general rule, _Hujusmodi
loci, &c._ and its application, _Ergo ex imis auribus, &c._

20. _Two regulæ._) _Regula_ is commonly taken for a ruler. Our author
himself directs a single regula to be applied to a fractured bone,
where there is a protuberance, to keep that down, Lib. viii. cap. 10.
In this place he mentions the end proposed by them. It seems probable
that they were two pieces of wood fixed together by a hinge, and used
in the same manner as farriers use the instrument by them called
barnacles.

21. _In two lines._) Instead of _duæ tunicæ_, I read here with
Nicolaus, Aldus, Stephens, and others, _duæ lineæ_.

22. _Small glands_, _Glandulis_.) Most of the old copies have instead
of this word, _medullis_. But Aquapendente in quoting this place,
follows the same reading with Linden and Almeloveen.

23. _The coats however, &c._) I have here followed the old reading
_tunicæ_, for _tunicarum_ in Linden and Almeloveen. According to which
the translation would run, ‘They (_the testicles_) are pained however
in wounds and inflammation of the coats, which contain them.’--Which
must appear quite inconsistent with what our author had said the line
before, so that Morgagni[JQ] very properly asks how they can be void of
all sensation, and yet be pained in diseases of their coats?

  [JQ] Ep. v. p. 135.

24. _By an assistant._) I read _ministro_ instead of _sinistro_,
which is in Linden.--See Morgagni, Ep. vi. p. 147.

25. _Sometimes upon account of their health._ _Interdum valetudinis
causa._) Some of the older editions insert before this, _Interdum
vocis_, _Sometimes on account of their voice_. I do not know how this
came to be dropped afterwards: for it is certain this was one very
common reason for infibulating.

26. _Sticks where that grows narrower._) In Almeloveen and Linden,
_Nonnunquam etiam prolapsus in ipsam fistulam calculus, qui subinde
ea extenuatur._-----Which I think is capable of no sense, and have
therefore taken the liberty to follow Morgagni’s conjecture _qua_ for
_qui_. Ep. i. p. 38.

27. _Being first slightly anointed with oil, &c._ _Leniter prius
unctos oleo simul in anum ejus demittit._) The old editions, without
any mention of the oil, have, _Leniter prius unum deinde alterum in
anum ejus demittit_; that is, _Introduces gently the fore and middle
fingers, first the one and then the other_.

28. _Come out prone_, that is, _with its end foremost_, _ut pronus
exeat_.) This Constantine changed in the margin into _Ut ne pronus
exeat_, which Linden received into the text. Constantine explains
_prone_ by lying on its side, and says it is hardly possible to extract
an oblong stone in that posture, supposing, no doubt, that it must
necessarily lie across the orifice. See Morgagni, Ep. v. p. 128.

29. _Then in that part where the bottom of the wound is straiter,
&c._ _Deinde ea parte qua strictior ima plaga est._) Thus all the
printed copies read. This passage has given rise to a variety of
opinions on the nature of the first and second wound: some imagining
that the first, which is called the lunated incision, was concave
towards the rectum; others, on the contrary, from the word _coxæ_
being used for the ilia as well as the ischia, believed it was concave
towards the scrotum.

Then, with respect to the transverse incision made through the neck of
the bladder, some have thought that the word transverse was used as
it regarded the first wound, so that the second incision was nearly
perpendicular to the first, and the urethra was divided longitudinally;
others again have supposed, that the incision was made transverse, with
regard to the course of the urethra, that is, the neck of the bladder
was opened transversely.

Though all the printed copies agree in the above reading, yet Morgagni
informs us that instead of _Qua strictior ima plaga est_, his ancient
MS has _Qua resima plaga est_, which would determine the convexity of
the lunated incision to be towards the rectum; because in that case
the cornua of the lunated incision would point to the superior part of
the body. But this reading does not fix the direction of the _plaga
transversa_, whether it was called so in respect of the parts, or the
first incision: nor does that ingenious author favour us with his own
opinion, but seems to prefer this to the common reading. Ep. vii. p.
189.

Now it should seem almost certain, that the lunated incision was meant
to be concave towards the rectum; because when made in that direction,
it would probably render the rectum much more loose and supple, than it
is in its natural state, and thereby greatly facilitate the operation,
by allowing the surgeon a much freer use of the two fingers, which are
introduced into the rectum, and consequently admitting him to bring
the stone more easily forwards into the neck of the bladder. One would
suppose, however, that the benefit here suggested to arise from this
lunated incision, was not extremely evident, or it would not have been
dropped so early by succeeding surgeons: Ægineta makes not the least
mention of this process, nor do we know when it was first discontinued.
Perhaps, even in Celsus’s time, there were different methods of
performing this operation; for does not he himself, when describing
Meges’s manner of cutting upon a rough stone, omit the lunated
incision? And does he not imply that there were different methods by
saying, _Quocunque autem modo cervix ea parte secta est_, &c.?

With regard to the _transversa plaga_, it should seem by the use of
that term, when he describes the manner of cutting women, that it was
transverse with respect to the perineum; and indeed, it is natural to
suppose, when the stone was brought forward by the fingers, and the
neck only of the bladder was to be cut, that the incision should be
made in that direction. But those, who contend that the _transversa
plaga_ was made transverse with respect only to the first incision,
may urge, that Celsus in this very passage orders the incision of the
neck of the bladder to be made so large, that the opening in the _iter
urinæ_ may exceed the dimensions of the stone. If, therefore, Celsus in
this place intends that the urethra should be opened, one would suppose
the incision must be made according to the length of that canal; but I
believe it may be questioned, whether Celsus is sufficiently accurate
in his notions of the anatomy of these parts, to determine his meaning
by that expression.

It is very remarkable, that how much soever this operation of Celsus’s
may have engaged the attention of later ages, neither Galen, Oribasius,
nor Ægineta make the least mention of his method: nay Ægineta (lib.
vi. cap. 60.) describes the cutting on the gripe nearly as it has been
practised in our own age.

30. _A crotchet_, in the original _uncus_.) Our author here describes
the instrument he mentions, and as the use is the same, and the form
not very different from that once employed by modern surgeons, I have
taken the liberty to use their term. But the reader will please to
observe, that this _uncus_ is different from that mentioned in chapter
xxix. used in extracting a dead fœtus.

31. _On the external part smooth._) As the ancient editions have
_exteriori_, which is made extremely clear by our author’s description,
_Qua corpori jungitur_, it is hardly worth while to observe that
_interiori_ in Linden must be an error of the press.

32. _Knees._) Other copies have _inguinibus_, instead of _in genibus_.

33. _Which by pressing upon the bladder._) Instead of _Atque vesicam
urgendo_, in Linden and Almeloveen, I read _Quæ vesicam urgendo_, with
Nicolaus, Pachel, Pinzi, and several other old editions.

34. _Into the anus._ _In anum._) This is the reading of all the
copies, which I have seen; but it is highly probable our author
wrote _colem_ for _anum_. For as I see no propriety in introducing a
pipe into the anus, so in the very case before us, a catheter in the
urethra, is at present esteemed the best method of cure.

35. _Sore places._) It appears that in this place, Celsus uses the
word _cicatrix_ for a wound as well as a scar, of which I do not
remember another instance in his work.

36. _Which are brought to digestion._) I have here followed the
old reading, _in quibus pus moveri debet_, because I think it more
agreeable to our author’s practice.----Constantine had inserted _non_,
in which he was followed by Linden and Almeloveen; he supported his
correction by referring to p. 290. lib. 5. in the original, where
Celsus gives directions about a hæmorrhage from wounds; but I own I can
see nothing there to incline me to his opinion.

NOTES

TO

BOOK VIII.

1. Morgagni[JR], with Paaw, thinks it probable, that there is some
chasm in the text, because Celsus does not describe the coronal suture,
which he could not be ignorant of.

  [JR] Ep. 4. p. 91.

2. _Over these muscles too, &c._ _Super bos quoque musculos, qui
tempora contegunt, os medium, in exteriorem partem inclinatam, positum
est._) Thus Linden and Almeloveen. All the other copies have, _sub
his musculis, qui tempora connectunt_; in the following words they
differ, which Ronsseus would read thus, _os medium in interiorem partem
inclinatam_; in this he was followed by Paaw, who was of opinion, that
Celsus intended here the _processus petrosus_; which Morgagni thinks
quite foreign to the question. It is probable, says the same author,
that Linden changed _sub his musculis_ into _super hos musculos_, to
make the description answer to the _processus zygomaticus_, which
our author describes a little after, under the name of _jugale_. His
own conjecture is, that Celsus wrote _sub his musculis, qui tempora
continent_, and that he meant that part of the temporal bone which is
covered by the crotaphite muscle. Morgag. Ep. 7. p. 212. 214. But as
this description of a bone is inserted in the midst of the sutures,
there is some foundation to suspect the whole to be an interpolation.

3. _The maxilla is a soft bone._ _Maxilla vero est molle os._) Thus
all the editions read, but Morgagni[JS] suspects _molle_ should be
_mobile, a moveable bone_; for Celsus himself calls the sternum a
strong and hard bone, which is not to be compared in that respect with
the maxilla.--It is no objection to this reading, that the author adds,
_solaque ea movetur_, for that is to exclude the upper jaw-bone. The
reader will please to observe, that maxilla, by our author, is applied
only to the lower jaw-bone, for he includes the upper jaw-bones under
the malæ.

  [JS] Ep. 7. p. 211.

4. _Is broader below._) I have here followed the proposed emendation
of Morgagni, _infra_ for _intra_. Ep. 1. p. 40.

5. _And all the vertebræ._) What follows relating to the structure
and connection of the vertebræ, appears to be very much corrupted, in
so much, that the reading in all the copies makes our author contradict
himself. I shall be content with mentioning some observations of
Morgagni’s upon the reading of Linden. The words in the parenthesis
(says he) _exceptis tribus summis_, _except the three uppermost_, were
surely never wrote by Celsus, at least not as they stand; for if the
three first vertebræ want depressions in their superior surfaces, how
comes the first to receive into its depressions the two small processes
of the head, as our author immediately adds?

The adding of _parvis_ to _tuberibus_ he judges to be superfluous,
because Celsus had said just before _exiguis ejus processibus_. He
conjectures that _secunda superioris parti inferiori inseritur_ is
interpolated, because the connection is more natural without these
words. A little after follows _tertia eodem modo secundam excipit_, as
if a process stood out from the inferior part of the second vertebra,
to be surrounded by the third in the same manner, that its processus
dentatus is surrounded by the first; so that all these five words he
seems with justice inclined to expunge.

After these Linden adds, _Jamque vertebra tertia tubercula, quæ
inferiori inserantur, excipit_; which at first view must appear highly
absurd. I therefore have followed, in the translation, the reading of
Nicolaus, Pachel, Pinzi, Stephens, and Morgagni’s manuscript, _exigit_
for _excipit_.--See Morgagni Ep. vii. from 173 to 177.

6. _The six inferior ones._) Almeloveen and Linden read here _septem_
inferiores, others write _undecim_, as if the following description
related to all the ribs. But that is false, as appears by the sequel,
and it is plain, from the whole passage, our author could write nothing
else than _sex_.

7. _But at the first rib, &c._) This whole paragraph is extremely
obscure. The variation of reading in the older copies does not in
the least lessen the difficulty. If we were allowed to understand by
_jugulum_, _the neck_, the whole description, lame as it is, could then
answer no bone but the _clavicle_; but _jugulum_ in no other place
of this work seems to be used for any thing else but the _clavicle_,
so that _id ipsum, &c._ would appear to be the beginning of the
description of that bone.--Morgagni thinks, that though the description
is far from just, yet that most of the words, as they now stand,
relate to the _spine of the scapula_, which may be said to sustain the
clavicle; and it is observable, that if our author does not intend the
_spina scapulæ_ here, he makes no mention of it at all. Vide Morgagni,
Ep. vii. p. 177. I must own the reading appears to me so much depraved,
that it is impossible to determine, precisely, what our author has had
in view.

8. _Is a little concave, &c._) This translation follows Linden and
Almeloveen. In all the other copies the reading is _leniter gibbus,
et in priorem et posteriorem, interiorem et exteriorem partem_, as if
the bone was concave on no side. Morgagni[JT] therefore proposes a
reading agreeable to truth. _Leniter gibbus in priorem et posteriorem
et interiorem, cavus in exteriorem_; _i. e._ gently convex in its fore
and posterior, and internal part; concave externally.

  [JT] Ep. vii. p. 216.

9. _The two bones of the fore arm at first, &c._) The reading in
Linden and Almeloveen is _primo vero duo radii et brachii ossa, &c._
which at once appears to be wrong, because Celsus had said before, _quæ
res sedem brachio præstat, quod constat ex duobus ossibus_, to which
two he immediately gives the names of Radius and Cubitus, so that it
would be sufficient, as Morgagni observes, to have wrote _duo brachii
ossa_, or if they must be named _duo radii et cubiti ossa_ according to
the first of which I have translated. The other editions have _primo
vero duobus radiis brachii ossa_. See Morgagni, Ep. i. p. 28.

10. _Properly enough, &c._) _Sura_ was the Roman name for the calf of
the leg, whence our author says, that name is properly enough given to
the fibula.

11. _The same may be collected._) _Colligi idem potest._ Morgagni[JU]
would have the old reading restored here, _nigrities colligi quidem
potest_. _A blackness may be discovered_, &c. because these words in
the next chapter, _sive autem nigrities quam terebra detexit, &c._ make
it plain the terebra was only used in sounding the blackness.

  [JU] Ep. vi. p. 159.

12. _But if the blackness goes thorough._) Sin autem nigrities, and
then there follows _est aut si caries_, which appears a manifest error
by reason of what follows. With Constantine and Ronsseus, I therefore
judge these words should be expunged, and have taken no notice of them
in the translation.

13. _Is made by the angle of a chisel._) I here take the reading of
the older editions, _angulo scalpri sinus exiguus fit_. I suppose _sit_
in Linden and the later copies has been a typographical error. See
Morgagni, Ep. vi. p. 162.

14. _Being raised in the same._) I have here translated agreeably
to the old reading _excitatæ nares_, instead of which, by a palpable
error, Linden and Almeloveen had _exercitatæ nares_. Morgagni, Ep. i.
p. 29.

15. _The swelled part._) In Almeloveen and Linden it is _tumens
locus_, instead of which the old reading was better, _tum is locus_,
_then this par_t; because our author had not mentioned any swelling
before. Vid. Morgagni, Ep. v. p. 140.

16. _For if any part is separated from a vertebra, or is any way
broken._) This is according to the reading of Linden and Almeloveen;
but several of the older copies have _Si id, quod ex vertebra excedit,
aliquo modo fractum est_; that is, _If the part, that stands out from a
vertebra (the spinal process) is any way fractured_. This agrees very
well with what is said afterwards of the fragments being spinous.

17. _Which should be rolled about the fracture._ _Quæ circa fracturam
ter voluta._) I find no various reading in any of the editions, but
I think I can produce one from our author himself, who is far from a
profusion of words and repetitions, and thinks this circumstance of
importance enough to make a rule bcsy itself in the following words;
_Satisque est eam ter hoc quoque modo circuere_. Upon his authority I
have therefore ventured to omit the first _ter_.

18. _And if means only are found, &c._) The period in Linden and
Almeloveen runs thus, _Ac, si nihil aliud quam dolori occurrendum est,
idem, qui fuit, ejus usus est_; that is, ‘And if nothing else is to be
done but to remove the pain, its use continues the same as before.’ As
it is evident this cannot be our author’s meaning, I have followed in
the translation the old reading _occursum_ for _occurrendum_.

19. _Broader than the wound._) I follow here the old reading
_latioribus_ for _laxioribus_ in Linden, of which I could find no
proper sense. In the following words I have also removed the point at
_vulnus potest_ as the ancient editions have it, and the connection
seems to require.

20. _Must be applied with that part, &c._) This is according to
Linden’s edition.--None of the more ancient seem to give the true
reading of this whole passage taken together, but some of them afford
hints. Instead of _Acutæ ossis prominentis cuspidi_, Pinzi has _Recte
se habendi capiti_; others _Recte se habenti capiti_. Upon the whole I
think Morgagni’s[JV] reflections upon this passage extremely probable;
our author had before ordered a sharp point of a fragment to be either
cut off or filed down and smoothed: he is now considering how the
fragment itself is to be replaced. If we read it thus, the sense seems
to be pretty clear: _Vulsella, quali fabri utuntur, injicienda est
capiti ossis recte habenti, ab ea parte, qua sima est, &c._ that is,
‘A workman’s vulsella should be applied with that part, which turns
inward, to the sound end of the bone, that by its convex part the
prominent bone may be thrust into its place.’

  [JV] Ep. v. p. 129.

21. _Unite obliquely._ _Solent tamen interdum adversa inter se ossa
confervere._) Thus Linden and Almeloveen.--But by what follows it is
plain _adversa_ was never wrote by our author in this place. Many
editions have _transversa_; others _diversa_, which I think is the
only probable reading, and have taken it in the same sense as Morgagni
does.--Ep. vi. p. 164.

22. _Of the scapula recedes from the humerus._ _Os scapularum ab
humero recedit._) Morgagni very ingeniously suspects that instead of
_ab humero_ our author wrote _ab jugulo_, because the clavicle is
joined with the scapula, as the tibia with the fibula. Ep. vii. p. 209.
As it now stands _ab humero_, it would come under the second head;
_Modo articuli suis sedibus excidunt_.

23. _Yet it is of no use._ _Et ut aliquid decoris eo loco, sic nihil
usus admittitur._) Thus Linden and Almeloveen, and I find no other
variation in any of the copies, except _sit_ for _sic_, which does not
alter the sense. Our author had said immediately before, ‘That bones
thus separated never come together again,’ which makes it improbable
he would add, ‘That some comeliness would remain.’ For this reason
I suspect we should read _amittitur_ for _admittitur_, and then the
meaning will be quite opposite, thus, ‘And though their comeliness is
impaired, yet their use continues the same as before.’

24. _Is less firmly held after it is reduced._) In a luxation of the
humerus from a lax habit Hippocrates advises the use of the actual
cautery, but with great caution, for fear of injuring the blood vessels
or tendons; and when the ulcers are clean and fit for cicatrizing, to
bind the arm close down to the side, and allow no motion, that the
cicatrix may contract the part the more, and strengthen the joint.
He censures the practice of his predecessors, who cauterized on the
external and anterior side, which ever way the bone had been luxated,
and observes that when the humerus is liable to slip into the arm-pit,
this would rather push it downward, than prevent its luxation. He
proposed therefore the new method of applying the cautery to that part,
toward which the bone is liable to be protruded. Hippocrat. de Articul.
p. 787, 788, and 789.

25. _That even frequent speaking, by the motion of the mouth, hurts
the nerves of the temples._) This is according to the reading of Linden
and Almeloveen. The old editions have _adeo ut sermo quoque frequens
motu oris per nervos lædat_; that is, _that even frequent speaking, by
the motion of the mouth by the nerves, hurts_. See Morgagni, ep. v. p.
130.

26. _Tone of the nerves be restored._) I follow here the old editions
in reading _restituta_ for _destituta_.

27. _That the finger may be restored, &c._) In Linden and Almeloveen,
_ut ita in locum, unde lapsus est digitus, restituatur_. [JW]Morgagni
observes, that our author had said, there were as many different cases
and the same signs as in the hands; but according to this reading he
takes no notice of the cure of lateral luxations. Whereas the whole is
set right by restoring the old reading, which was, instead of these
words, that are quoted from the original, _Atque id, quod in latus
elapsum est, digitis restitui_, _i. e._ “and that which is luxated
laterally ought to be reduced by the fingers.”

  [JW] Ep. vi. p. 166.

28. _Having treated of the humerus._) _Cum de humeris dixerim._
We might here (says Morgagni) have taken _humeris_ for the superior
extremities as _cruribus_ for the inferior, but the MS. and all my
editions have _cum de his dixerim: de his quoque_ (or as Stephens has
it _de iis quoque_) _quæ in cruribus, &c._ Ep. vi. p. 167.

29. _By keeping the middle or upper part of the joint in some
canaliculus._) This whole sentence _Potest tamen conditus articulus
medius aut summus canaliculo aliquo contineri_, in all the old
editions is placed at the end of the _24th_ chap. and not here.--But
[JX]Morgagni suspects, and as it appears to me, very justly, it should
be rather referred to luxated fingers than toes, and that Linden
guided by some MS. had transferred it from the _24th_ to the _19th_,
from whence it was transposed to this place by the carelessness of the
copiers, where it stands very improperly.

  [JX] Ep. vi. p. 169.

THE

INDEX.

N.B.--n. _refers to the notes_.

  A.                                                                Page

  Abstinence, too great, hurtful, 18

  ---- of two kinds, 71

  Acopon what, n., 26

  Acorum, n., 21

  Actions, natural what, 4

  Æsculapius, why deified, 1

  ---- register kept at his temple, its use, n., 1

  Ages, the proper regimen for each, 25

  ---- what reasons favourable or hurtful to each, 36

  ---- the peculiar disorders of each, 37

  Alica, n., 12

  Allum, n., 27

  Alopecia, 263

  Ammoniacum thymiama, n., 31

  Ammonius Alexandrinus, an improver of surgery, 309

  Andreas, 186

  Antimony, n., 30

  ---- washed, n., 38

  Aphronitre, n., 28

  Apollonius, an empiric, 3

  Apollonius Mus, 186

  Apollonii, two surgeons, 309

  Apples (poma) what, n., 6

  Asclepiades alters the method of practice, 3

  ---- finds a man carried to burial alive, 45

  ---- his book upon general remedies, 68

  ---- account of the duty of a physician, 91

  ---- practice in a tertian, 111

  Autumn the most dangerous season, and why, 34

  ---- its usual distempers, 35

  B.

  Balsam, n., 20

  Baths, ancient described, n., 4

  ---- their use, 72

  ---- cautions concerning them, 72

  ---- whether proper in fevers, 72

  Beef sometimes most easily concocted, 160

  Berry gnidian, n., 28

  Bleeding, the proper subjects for it, 60-61

  ---- how to be performed, and where, 62

  ---- dangers attending the operation, 63

  Boys to be differently treated from men in distempers, 103

  C.

  Cachexia, its causes, 129

  Cachrys, n., 31

  Cadmia, n., 29

  Cardamomum, n., 20

  Caries, its depth how known, 389

  Cassia black, n., 33

  Cassius an ingenious physician in Celsus’s time, 14-172

  Catapotia what, n., 20

  Causes of diseases occult and evident, 3

  Cedria, n., 31

  Celsus his opinion in the controversy between the rationalists
       and empiricks, 9-11

  ---- of the methodists, 12

  ---- use of dissections, 15

  ---- his complaints of the conduct of patients, 71

  ---- says one physician cannot attend many patients, 93

  ---- his practice with regard to food in continued fevers, n., 16

  ---- in a tertian, 111

  ---- opinion of the paracentesis, 128

  ---- practice in a jaundice, 136

  ---- whether the drink should be cold or hot in a purging, 177

  Cerastes, n., 35

  Ceruss burnt, n., 32

  Chalk Cimolian, n., 14

  Chalcitis, n., 27

  Changes in the way of life to be gradual, 19

  ---- of place, 19

  Changing a disease, sometimes useful, 106

  Chersydrus, 239

  Chirurgery the most ancient branch of medicine, 2

  ---- its effects the most evident, 308

  ---- its province, 309

  Chrysippus a physician, 2

  Chrysocolla, n., 28

  Cleophantus his practice in a tertian, 111

  Clibanum, n., 10

  Clysters, when proper, 65

  ---- their kinds and management, 66

  ---- for nourishing, 122

  Coition, when to be used, 16

  Cold, to whom useful, and hurtful, 30

  Coldness what, 90

  Collyrium what, and how used, n., 37

  ---- of Nileus the best of all, 271

  Colour, what portends an approaching illness, 38

  Conchylia, n., 11

  Concoction, various opinions about it, 5

  Copper, scales of, n., 10

  ---- calcined, n., 28

  ---- flower of, n., 29

  Crocomagma what, n., 31

  Cupping, its uses, 64

  Cutiliæ, n., 24

  Cyperus long and round, n., 21

  Cytisus, n., 24

  D.

  Days critical, 94

  Defrutum, n., 7

  Delirium, in the paroxysm of an intermittent, not dangerous, 114

  Democritus skilled in medicine, 2

  ---- declared the marks of death fallacious, 45

  Dietetice a part of physic, 3

  ---- differently treated by the rationalists and empirics, 4

  Digestion what, n., 2

  Diocles the Carystian, 2

  ---- his graphiscus for extracting weapons, 318

  Diphryges, n., 29

  Dipsas, n., 35

  Diseases attributed to the anger of the gods, 1

  ---- unknown, instance of one, 10

  ---- increasing and declining, their marks, 87

  Diuretics not good in disorders of the fauces, 154

  Drink, astringent, what, 178

  Dropsy, more easily cured in slaves than free men, 124

  E.

  Ears, the danger of their disorders, 281

  Earth, Eretrian, n., 30

  Empedocles, skilled in medicine, 2

  Empirics, their doctrine and arguments, 6-11

  Erasistratus, a physician, 2

  ---- dissected living bodies, 5

  ---- his opinion about drinking in fevers, 92

  Euelpistus, an improver of surgery, 309

  Excess, small, less dangerous in drinking than eating, 18

  Exercises proper for the valetudinary after employment, 17

  ---- what and how long, 18

  F.

  Far, what, n., 15

  Fatigue, management after, 19-21

  Ferula, n., 24

  Fevers, what not dangerous, 39

  ---- bad, 40

  ---- prognostics of their continuance, 41

  ---- not easily known from the pulse, or heat, 100

  Fevers, marks of their presence, 101

  ---- what discharges necessary in them, and when, 102

  Fibula, n., 34

  Fistula, opposite to the intestines, dangerous, 315

  Fomentations, warm, what their effects, 74

  Food, when given in fevers by the ancients, 92

  ---- a variety of it when useful, 101

  Foramina, in the head, how many, 382

  Frankincense, n., 23

  ---- soot of, n., 28

  Fractures of the skull how discovered, 393-394

  Friction, its various effects all depending on one principle, 68

  ---- the proper times for using it, and its degrees, 69

  G.

  Garum, n., 13

  Gestation, when proper, 70

  ---- its various kinds, 70

  Glaucias, an empiric, 3

  Gorgias, an improver of surgery, 309

  Gum, n., 27

  ---- in the eyes, n., 38

  Gypsum, what, n., 15

  H.

  Habits of body, different regimen for them, 22

  ---- corpulent and slender, diseases of, 38

  Heat, to whom useful and hurtful, 31

  Hæmorrhois, n., 35

  Hellebore, white, when properly used for purging, 65

  Heraclides of Tarentum, an empiric, 3

  ---- his practice in a quartan condemned, 112

  Heron, two of that name improvers of surgery, 309

  Herophilus an empiric, 2

  ---- dissected living bodies, 5

  Hippocrates, the first that separated medicine from philosophy, 2

  ---- said to be the disciple of Democritus, 2

  ---- delivers the best prognostics, 33

  ---- gives short and full directions for friction, 68

  ---- his doctrine of critical days refuted by Celsus, 94

  ---- deceived by the sutures, 394

  Hours, the Roman, n., 8

  Hydromel, how made, n., 10

  Hypocistis, n., 29

  Hyssop, how used for a vomit, by Hippocrates, n., 6

  I.

  Iatrolipta, what, n., 4

  Ignis sacer, n., 33

  Infibulating boys, the method, 361

  Inflammation, its marks, 107

  Incisions, general rules for them, 312

  Intrita, what, n., 16

  Intestines, their wounds, whether curable, 345

  Issues, general rule about them, 181

  L.

  Laser, what, n., 17

  Lead, calcined, n., 27

  ---- dross of, n., 30

  ---- washed, n., 31

  Lithotomy, the proper age, &c. for it, 363

  ---- patient’s posture, 363

  Lithotomy, the transverse wound, n., 44

  ---- Meges’s improvement in the operation, 366

  Lotus, n., 6

  Lycium, n., 23

  M.

  Machaon, 1

  Madness of Ajax and Orestes, what, n., 18

  Malabathrum, n., 33

  Malagma, n., 20

  Matter, n., 30

  Medicine, its design and rise, 1

  ---- by whom improved, &c., 2

  ---- how divided, 2

  ---- a conjectural art, 10-46

  Meges, the most learned surgeon, 309

  ---- his account of the coat of an abscess censured, 311

  Melinum, n., 27

  Methodists, their doctrine, 11

  Metrodorus, his management under a dropsy, 125

  Milk, when hurtful and where proper, 131

  Mind, to be kept easy in sickness, 99

  Minium, what, n., 25

  Misy, n., 27

  Mulse, n., 6

  Myrrh, called stacte, n., 33

  N.

  Nard, n., 20

  ---- ointment of, n., 31

  Nature, its great power, 55

  Navel, a tumour of, its causes, 342

  Nitre, n., 15

  O.

  Oesypum, n., 32

  Oil, cicine, n., 32

  ---- cyprine, n., 15

  ---- of iris, n., 15

  ---- of laurel, n., 31

  ---- of myrtle, n., 14

  ---- of quinces, 14

  ---- of roses, 14

  ---- Syrian, n., 23

  Ointment, Susine, n., 32

  Omphacium, n., 28

  Operations, chirurgical, the proper season for them, 324

  Ophiasis, 263

  P.

  Palate, to be often consulted in medicines, 175

  Panaces, n., 20

  Panus, 248

  Passum, how prepared, n., 12

  Paper, burnt, n., 30

  Pastinaca fish, 239

  Pestilence, 2-31

  Petron, remarkable for using contrary methods, 106

  Phacia, 264

  Phalangium, n., 36

  Philosophers studied physic, and why, 2

  Philoxenus, an improver of surgery, 309

  Phrenitic patients, whether to be kept in the light or in
       the dark, 116

  ---- whether to be bled, 116

  Phymosis, its chirurgical cure, 360

  Podalirius, 1

  Polenta, what, n., 19

  Poppy tears, n., 30

  Poison swallowed, more dangerous than a venomous bite or sting, 240

  Praxagoras, 2

  Prepuce, the operation for bringing that over the glans, 360

  Preserves, hurtful, 19

  Prognostics, certain, 44

  Propolis, n., 28

  Psoricum, n., 38

  Psylli, 237

  Pthisis, incident to the strongest age, 131

  Ptisan, how prepared, n., 10

  Pulse, pulticula, n., 12

  Purging, when useful, 24-66

  ---- when improper, 41-66

  Pythagoras, skilled in physic, 2

  R.

  Rationalists, their doctrine and arguments, 3-6

  Remedies, their operation, 59

  ---- contrary, sometimes successful, 105

  ---- but rash, 105

  Rhus, Syrian, n., 39

  Root, Pontic, n., 43

  S.

  Salamander, n., 29

  Salsamentum, n., 11

  Sansucus, n., 30

  Seasons, the regimen for each, 25

  ---- considered with regard to health, 34

  Serapion, author of the empiric sect, 3

  Sesamum, n., 24

  Shuddering, a common cause of it, 109

  Siligo, what, n., 11

  Sleep, a good or bad sign, 38

  Sory, n., 39

  Sostratus, an improver of surgery, 309

  Specillum asperatum, 276

  ---- oricularium, 286

  Spitting, what it indicates, 55

  Spleen, contracted by smith’s forge water, how discovered, 165

  Spodium, n., 29

  Spring, its distempers, 34

  Strigil, n., 38

  Struthium, n., 30

  Stone in the bladder, symptoms of, 48

  ---- sarcophagus, n., 26

  ---- Asian, 26

  ---- Phrygian, n., 29

  ---- scissile, 30

  Stools good, 40

  ---- bad, 42-46

  Subruinæ, n., 24

  Summer, its diseases, 34

  Suppurations, their several causes, 50

  ---- not yet visible how known, 51

  ---- good and bad kinds, 55

  Surgeon, qualifications of, 309

  Sutures in the head, 382

  ---- how they may deceive, 394

  Sweats, what they indicate, 39

  ---- how procured, 72

  T.

  Teda, n., 39

  Thapsia, n., 31

  Tharrias, his opinion and practice in a lethargy, 123

  ---- practice in an ascites, 128

  Themison a follower of Asclepiades, 3

  ---- departs from him in his old age, 3

  Tragum, n., 12

  Tryphon, the father, an improver of surgery, 309

  U. Urine in sickness good, 40

  ---- bad, 42

  ---- its appearances, if a fever is to be tedious, 42

  ---- various indications from it, 48

  ---- how discharged by a catheter, 362

  V.

  Veins cauterized, their treatment after, 334

  Verdigrease rasile, n., 32

  Vervains what, 85

  Vomits rejected by Asclepiades, 20

  ---- when useful, 20

  Vulsella, n., 39

  W.

  Water, its trial, 77

  ---- cold, useful to the head, 27

  Weather more or less healthful, 34

  ---- the effects of the several kinds, 35

  Winds, their effects upon the body, 35

  ---- what most healthful, 35

  Wine Aminæan, n., 22

  ---- Allobrogic, n., 24

  ---- Rhetic, 24

  ---- Signine, 24

  ---- salt, n., 6

  ---- resinated, n., 13

FINIS.

  _Printed by C. Stewart._

_Just Published by DICKINSON & Co._

_Infirmary Street, Edinburgh._

  COLLOQUIA ANATOMICA, PHYSIOLOGICA,

  atque CHEMICA,

  Quæstionibus et Responsis;

  Ad usum INGENUAE JUVENTUTIS accommodata.

  Auctore

  ARCHIBALDO ROBERTSON, M.D.

  Et apud Edinenses Sermonum Practicorum de Arte

  Medicinali Praelectore.

  Editio Secunda.

  LEXICON LINGUAE LATINAE
  COMPENDIARIUM;

  Or, a COMPENDIOUS DICTIONARY of the LATIN TONGUE,

  BY THE LATE

  ALEXANDER ADAM, LL. D.

  Rector of the HIGH SCHOOL of EDINBURGH.

  SECOND EDITION.

  To which is added,

  An ENGLISH AND LATIN DICTIONARY,

  With an INDEX of PROPER NAMES,

  BY

  ADAM DICKINSON.

=Corrected misspellings= include the following:

  necesssary → necessary
  belived → believed
  plaintain → plantain
  accout → account
  paroxyms → paroxysm
  cardamon → cardamom
  prescriptipn → prescription
  inflammmation → inflammation
  w ich → which
   n → in
  wiound → wound
  j w → jaw
  humour → tumour
  chissel → chisel
  Hippocates → Hippocrates
  Baslam → Balsam
  the the → the
  linimen → liniment
  intrument → instrument
  carelesness → carelessness

=Spelling inconsistencies= include (but not limited to) the following:

  antient/ancient
  aromatick/aromatic
  cummin/cumin
  diuretick/diuretic
  encrease/increase
  fore arm/fore-arm/forearm
  haemorrhage/hæmorrhage/hemorrhage
  milstone/mill-stone
  teprion/tephrion
  tremor/tremour

The following typographic errors have been corrected:

a) the block of index entries commencing with U were incorrectly placed
   _after_ V and have been repositioned;

b) an incorrect index page reference to ‘Passum’ has been corrected;

c) a group of Book V notes that were incorrectly numbered 89–96 have
   been renumbered 84–91 to correspond with the text anchors;

d) an incorrectly numbered note in Book V has been renumbered Note 63a;

e) incorrectly numbered Note 1 in Book VI has been renumbered as Note
   92 in Book V.