great horns, likewise quite entire; and a third which had swallowed a
porcupine armed with all his "sagittiferis aculeis." In Amboyna a woman
great with child had been swallowed by such a serpent....

  "Quod si animal quoddam robustius renitatur, ut spiris anguinis enecari
  non possit, serpens crebris cum animali convolutionibus caudâ suâ
  proximam arborem in auxilium et robur corporis arripit eamque circumdat,
  quo eo fortius et valentius gyris suis animal comprimere, suffocare, et
  demum enecare possit...."

  "Factum est hoc modo, ut (quod ex fide dignissimis habeo) in Regno Aracan
  ... talis vasti corporis anguis prope flumen quoddam, cum Uro-bubalo,
  sive sylvestri bubalo aut uro ... immani spectaculo congredi visus
  fuerit, eumque dicto modo occiderit; quo conflictu et plusquam hostili
  amplexu fragor ossium in bubalo comminutorum ad distantiam tormenti
  bellici majoris ... a spectatoribus sat eminus stantibus exaudiri
  potuit...."

The natives said these great snakes had poisonous fangs. These Cleyer could
not find, but he believes the teeth to be in some degree venomous, for a
servant of his scratched his hand on one of them. It swelled, greatly
inflamed, and produced fever and delirium:

  "Nec prius cessabant symptomata, quam Serpentinus lapis (see SNAKE-STONE)
  quam Patres Jesuitae hic componunt, vulneri adaptatus omne venenum
  extraheret, et ubique symptomata convenientibus antidotis essent
  profligata."

Again, in 1768, we find in the _Scots Magazine_, App. p. 673, but quoted
from "London pap. Aug. 1768," and signed by _R. Edwin_, a professed
eye-witness, a story with the following heading: "Description of the
ANACONDA, a monstrous species of serpent. In a letter from an English
gentleman, many years resident in the Island of Ceylon in the East
Indies.... The Ceylonese seem to know the creature well; they call it
ANACONDA, and talked of eating its flesh when they caught it." He describes
its seizing and disposing of an enormous "tyger." The serpent darts on the
"tyger" from a tree, attacking first with a bite, then partially crushing
and dragging it to the tree ... "winding his body round both the tyger and
the tree with all his violence, till the ribs and other bones began to give
way ... each giving a loud crack when it burst ... the poor creature all
this time was living, and at every loud crash of its bones gave a houl, not
loud, yet piteous enough to pierce the cruelest heart."

Then the serpent drags away its victim, covers it with slaver, swallows it,
etc. The whole thing is very cleverly told, but is evidently a romance
founded on the description by "D. Cleyerus," which is quoted by Ray. There
are no tigers in Ceylon. In fact, "R. Edwin" has developed the Romance of
the Anaconda out of the description of D. Cleyerus, exactly as "Mynheer
Försch" some years later developed the Romance of the Upas out of the older
stories of the poison tree of Macassar. Indeed, when we find "Dr Andrew
Cleyer" mentioned among the early relators of these latter stories, the
suspicion becomes strong that both romances had the same author, and that
"R. Edwin" was also the true author of the wonderful story told under the
name of Foersch. (See further under UPAS.)

In Percival's _Ceylon_ (1803) we read: "Before I arrived in the island I
had heard many stories of a monstrous snake, so vast in size as to devour
tigers and buffaloes, and so daring as even to attack the elephant" (p.
303). Also, in Pridham's _Ceylon and its Dependencies_ (1849, ii. 750-51):
"Pimbera or ANACONDA is of the genus Python, Cuvier, and is known in
English as the rock-snake." Emerson Tennent (_Ceylon_, 4th ed., 1860, i.
196) says: "The great python (the 'boa' as it is commonly designated by
Europeans, the 'ANACONDA' of Eastern story) which is supposed to crush the
bones of an elephant, and to swallow a tiger".... It may be suspected that
the letter of "R. Edwin" was the foundation of all or most of the stories
alluded to in these passages. Still we have the authority of Ray's friend
that Anaconda, or rather _Anacondaia_, was at Leyden applied as a Ceylonese
name to a specimen of this python. The only interpretation of this that we
can offer is Tamil _ānai-kondra_ [_āṇaik-kónḍa_], "which killed an
elephant"; an appellative, but not a name. We have no authority for the
application of this appellative to a snake, though the passages quoted from
Percival, Pridham, and Tennent are all suggestive of such stories, and the
interpretation of the name _anacondaia_ given to Ray: "_Bubalorum_ ...
membra conterens," is at least quite analogous as an appellative. It may be
added that in Malay ANAKANDA signifies "one that is well-born," which does
not help us.... [Mr Skeat is unable to trace the word in Malay, and rejects
the derivation from _anakanda_ given above. A more plausible explanation is
that given by Mr D. Ferguson (8 Ser. _N. & Q._ xii. 123), who derives
_anacandaia_ from Singhalese _Henakandayâ_ (_hena_, 'lightning'; _kanda_,
'stem, trunk,') which is a name for the whip-snake (_Passerita
mycterizans_), the name of the smaller reptile being by a blunder
transferred to the greater. It is at least a curious coincidence that
Ogilvy (1670) in his "_Description of the African Isles_" (p. 690), gives:
"_Anakandef_, a sort of small snakes," which is the Malagasy _Anakandîfy_,
'a snake.']

  1859.—"The skins of ANACONDAS offered at Bangkok come from the northern
  provinces."—_D. O. King_, in _J. R. G. Soc._, xxx. 184.

ANANAS, s. The Pine-apple (_Ananassa sativa_, Lindl.; _Bromelia Ananas_,
L.), a native of the hot regions of Mexico and Panama. It abounded, as a
cultivated plant, in Hispaniola and all the islands according to Oviedo.
The Brazilian _Nana_, or perhaps _Nanas_, gave the Portuguese _Ananas_ or
_Ananaz_. This name has, we believe, accompanied the fruit whithersoever,
except to England, it has travelled from its home in America. A pine was
brought home to Charles V., as related by J. D'Acosta below. The plant is
stated to have been first, in Europe, cultivated at Leyden about 1650 (?).
In England it first fruited at Richmond, in Sir M. Decker's garden, in
1712.[28] But its diffusion in the East was early and rapid. To one who has
seen the hundreds of acres covered with pine-apples on the islands
adjoining Singapore, or their profusion in a seemingly wild state in the
valleys of the Kasia country on the eastern borders of Bengal, it is hard
to conceive of this fruit as introduced in modern times from another
hemisphere. But, as in the case of tobacco, the name bewrayeth its true
origin, whilst the large natural family of plants to which it belongs is
exclusively American. The names given by Oviedo, probably those of
Hispaniola, are _Iaiama_ as a general name, and _Boniana_ and _Aiagua_ for
two species. Pine-apples used to cost a PARDAO (a coin difficult to
determine the value of in those days) when first introduced in Malabar,
says Linschoten, but "now there are so many grown in the country, that they
are good cheape" (91); [Hak. Soc. ii. 19]. Athanasius Kircher, in the
middle of the 17th century, speaks of the _ananas_ as produced in great
abundance in the Chinese provinces of Canton, Kiangsu and Fuhkien. In Ibn
Muhammad Wali's _H. of the Conquest of Assam_, written in 1662, the
pine-apples of that region are commended for size and flavour. In the last
years of the preceding century Carletti (1599) already commends the
excellent _ananas_ of Malacca. But even some 20 or 30 years earlier the
fruit was grown profusely in W. India, as we learn from Chr. d'Acosta
(1578). And we know from the _Āīn_ that (about 1590) the _ananas_ was
habitually served at the table of Akbar, the price of one being reckoned at
only 4 _dams_, or 1/10 of a rupee; whilst Akbar's son Jahāngīr states that
the fruit came from the sea-ports in the possession of the Portuguese.—(See
_Āīn_, i. 66-68.)

In Africa too, this royal fruit has spread, carrying the American name
along with it. "The Mānānāzi[29] or pine-apple," says Burton, "grows
luxuriantly as far as 3 marches from the coast (of Zanzibar). It is never
cultivated, nor have its qualities as a fibrous plant been discovered."
(_J.R.G.S._ xxix. 35). On the Ile Ste Marie, of Madagascar, it grew in the
first half of the 17th century as _manasse_ (_Flacourt_, 29).

Abul Faẓl, in the _Āīn_, mentions that the fruit was also called
_kaṭhal-i-safarī_, or 'travel jack-fruit,' "because young plants put into a
vessel may be taken on travels and will yield fruits." This seems a
nonsensical pretext for the name, especially as another American fruit, the
Guava, is sometimes known in Bengal as the _Safarī-ām_, or 'travel mango.'
It has been suggested by one of the present writers that these cases may
present an uncommon use of the word _safarī_ in the sense of 'foreign' or
'outlandish,' just as Clusius says of the pine-apple in India,
"_peregrinus_ est hic fructus," and as we begin this article by speaking of
the _ananas_ as having 'travelled' from its home in S. America. In the
_Tesoro_ of Cobarruvias (1611) we find "_Çafari_, cosa de Africa o Argel,
como grenada" ('a thing from Africa or Algiers, such as a pomegranate').
And on turning to _Dozy and Eng._ we find that in Saracenic Spain a
renowned kind of pomegranate was called _rommān safarī_: though this was
said to have its name from a certain _Safar ibn-Obaid al Kilāi_, who grew
it first. One doubts here, and suspects some connection with the Indian
terms, though the link is obscure. The lamented Prof. Blochmann, however,
in a note on this suggestion, would not admit the possibility of the use of
_safarī_ for 'foreign.' He called attention to the possible analogy of the
Ar. _safarjal_ for 'quince.' [Another suggestion may be hazarded. There is
an Ar. word, _āsāfīriy_, which the dicts. define as 'a kind of olive.'
Burton (_Ar. Nights_, iii. 79) translates this as 'sparrow-olives,' and
says that they are so called because they attract sparrows (_āsāfīr_). It
is perhaps possible that this name for a variety of olive may have been
transferred to the pine-apple, and on reaching India, have been connected
by a folk etymology with _safarī_ applied to a 'travelled' fruit.] In
Macassar, according to Crawfurd, the _ananas_ is called _Pandang_, from its
strong external resemblance, as regards fruit and leaves, to the
_Pandanus_. Conversely we have called the latter _screw-pine_, from its
resemblance to the _ananas_, or perhaps to the pine-cone, the original
owner of the name. Acosta again (1578) describes the _Pandanus
odoratissima_ as the 'wild _ananas_,' and in Malayālam the pine-apple is
called by a name meaning 'pandanus-jack-fruit.'

The term _ananas_ has been Arabized, among the Indian pharmacists at least,
as _'aīn-un-nās_ 'the eye of man'; in Burmese _nan-na-si_, and in
Singhalese and Tamil as _annāsi_ (see _Moodeen Sheriff_).

We should recall attention to the fact that pine-apple was good English
long before the discovery of America, its proper meaning being what we have
now been driven (for the avoiding of confusion) to call a _pine-cone_. This
is the only meaning of the term 'pine-apple' in Minsheu's _Guide into
Tongues_ (2nd ed. 1627). And the _ananas_ got this name from its strong
resemblance to a pine-cone. This is most striking as regards the large
cones of the Stone-Pine of S. Europe. In the following three first
quotations 'pine-apple' is used in the old sense:

  1563.—"To all such as die so, the people erecteth a chappell, and to each
  of them a pillar and pole made of _Pine-apple_ for a perpetuall
  monument."—_Reports of Japan_, in _Hakl._ ii. 567.

     "    "The greater part of the quadrangle set with savage trees, as
  Okes, Chesnuts, Cypresses, _Pine-apples_, Cedars."—_Reports of China_,
  tr. by _R. Willes_, in _Hakl._ ii. 559.

  1577.—"In these islandes they found no trees knowen vnto them, but
  _Pine-apple_ trees, and Date trees, and those of marueylous heyght, and
  exceedyng hardé."—_Peter Martyr_, in Eden's _H. of Trauayle_, fol. 11.

Oviedo, in _H. of the_ (Western) _Indies_, fills 2½ folio pages with an
enthusiastic description of the _pine-apple_ as first found in Hispaniola,
and of the reason why it got this name (_pina_ in Spanish, _pigna_ in
Ramusio's Italian, from which we quote). We extract a few fragments.

  1535.—"There are in this iland of Spagnuolo certain thistles, each of
  which bears a _Pigna_, and this is one of the most beautiful fruits that
  I have seen.... It has all these qualities in combination, viz. beauty of
  aspect, fragrance of colour, and exquisite flavour. The Christians gave
  it the name it bears (_Pigna_) because it is, in a manner, like that. But
  the _pine-apples_ of the Indies of which we are speaking are much more
  beautiful than the _pigne_ [_i.e._ pine-cones] of Europe, and have
  nothing of that hardness which is seen in those of Castile, which are in
  fact nothing but wood," &c.—_Ramusio_, iii. f. 135 v.

  1564.—"Their pines be of the bigness of two fists, the outside whereof is
  of the making of a _pine-apple_ [_i.e._ pine-cone], but it is softe like
  the rinde of a cucomber, and the inside eateth like an apple, but it is
  more delicious than any sweet apple sugared."—_Master John Hawkins_, in
  _Hakl._ iii. 602.

  1575.—"Aussi la plus part des Sauuages s'en nourrissent vne bonne partie
  de l'année, comme aussi ils font d'vne autre espece de fruit, nom̃é NANA,
  qui est gros com̃e vne moyenne citrouille, et fait autour comme vne pomme
  de pin...."—_A. Thevet, Cosmographie Vniverselle_, liv. xxii. ff. 935
  _v._, 936 (with a pretty good cut).

  1590.—"The Pines, or Pine-apples, are of the same fashion and forme
  outwardly to those of Castille, but within they wholly differ.... One
  presented one of these Pine-apples to the Emperour Charles the fift,
  which must have cost much paine and care to bring it so farre, with the
  plant from the Indies, yet would he not trie the taste."—_Jos. de
  Acosta_, E. T. of 1604 (Hak. Soc.), 236-7.

  1595.—"... with diuers sortes of excellent fruits and rootes, and great
  abundance of _Pinas_, the princesse of fruits that grow vnder the
  Sun."—_Ralegh, Disc. of Guiana_ (Hak. Soc.), 73.

  c. 1610.—"ANANATS, et plusieurs autres fruicts."—_P. de Laval_, i. 236
  [Hak. Soc. i. 328].

  1616.—"The ANANAS or Pine, which seems to the taste to be a pleasing
  compound, made of strawberries, claret-wine, rose-water, and sugar, well
  tempered together."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1469.

  1623.—"The ANANAS is esteemed, and with reason, for it is of excellent
  flavour, though very peculiar, and rather acid than otherwise, but having
  an indescribable dash of sweetness that renders it agreeable. And as even
  these books (Clusius, &c.) don't mention it, if I remember rightly, I
  will say in brief that when you regard the entire fruit externally, it
  looks just like one of our pine-cones (_pigna_), with just such scales,
  and of that very colour."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 582 [Hak. Soc., i. 135].

  1631.—Bontius thus writes of the fruit:—

   "Qui legitis Cynaras, atque Indica dulcia fraga,
    Ne nimis haec comedas, fugito hinc, latet anguis in herbâ."
               Lib. vi. cap. 50, p. 145.

  1661.—"I first saw the famous _Queen Pine_ brought from Barbados and
  presented to his Majestie; but the first that were ever seen in England
  were those sent to Cromwell House foure years since."—_Evelyn's Diary_,
  July 19.

  [c. 1665.—"Among other fruits, they preserve large citrons, such as we
  have in Europe, a certain delicate root about the length of sarsaparilla,
  that common fruit of the Indies called _amba_, another called
  ANANAS...."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 438.]

  1667.—"Ie peux à très-juste titre appeller l'ANANAS le Roy des fruits,
  parcequ'il est le plus beau, et le meilleur de tous ceux qui sont sur la
  terre. C'est sans doute pour cette raison le Roy des Roys luy a mis une
  couronne sur la teste, qui est comme une marque essentielle de sa
  Royaute, puis qu'à la cheute du pere, il produit un ieune Roy qui luy
  succede en toutes ses admirables qualitez."—_P. Du Tertre, Hist. Gén. des
  Antilles Habitées par les François_, ii. 127.

  1668.—"Standing by his Majesty at dinner in the Presence, there was of
  that rare fruit call'd the _King-pine_, grown in the Barbadoes and the
  West indies, the first of them I have ever seene. His Majesty having cut
  it up was pleas'd to give me a piece off his owne plate to taste of, but
  in my opinion it falls short of those ravishing varieties of
  deliciousness describ'd in Capt. Ligon's history and others."—_Evelyn_,
  July 19.

  1673.—"The fruit the English call _Pine-Apple_ (the Moors ANANAS) because
  of the Resemblance."—_Fryer_, 182.

  1716.—"I had more reason to wonder that night at the King's table" (at
  Hanover) "to see a present from a gentleman of this country ... what I
  thought, worth all the rest, two ripe ANANASSES, which to my taste are a
  fruit perfectly delicious. You know they are naturally the growth of the
  Brazil, and I could not imagine how they came here but by
  enchantment."—_Lady M. W. Montagu_, Letter XIX.

  1727.—

   "Oft in humble station dwells
    Unboastful worth, above fastidious pomp;
    Witness, thou best ANANA, thou the pride
    Of vegetable life, beyond whate'er
    The poets imaged in the golden age."
               _Thomson, Summer._

  The poet here gives the word an unusual form and accent.

  c. 1730.—"They (the Portuguese) cultivate the skirts of the hills, and
  grow the best products, such as sugar-cane, _pine-apples_, and
  rice."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 345.

A curious question has been raised regarding the _ananas_, similar to that
discussed under CUSTARD-APPLE, as in the existence of the pine-apple to the
Old World, before the days of Columbus.

In Prof. Rawlinson's _Ancient Monarchies_ (i. 578), it is stated in
reference to ancient Assyria: "Fruits ... were highly prized; amongst those
of most repute were pomegranates, grapes, citrons, and apparently
pine-apples." A foot-note adds: "The representation is so exact that I can
hardly doubt the pine-apple being intended. Mr Layard expresses himself on
this point with some hesitation (_Nineveh and Babylon_, p. 338)." The cut
given is something like the conventional figure of a pine-apple, though it
seems to us by no means very exact as such. Again, in Winter Jones's tr. of
Conti (c. 1430) in _India in the 15th Century_, the traveller, speaking of
a place called _Panconia_ (read _Pauconia_ apparently Pegu) is made to say:
"they have _pine-apples_, oranges, chestnuts, melons, but small and green,
white sandal-wood and camphor."

We cannot believe that in either place the object intended was the
_Ananas_, which has carried that American name with it round the world.
Whatever the Assyrian representation was intended for, Conti seems to have
stated, in the words _pinus habent_ (as it runs in Poggio's Latin) merely
that they had pine-trees. We do not understand on what ground the
translator introduced _pine-apples_. If indeed any fruit was meant, it
might have been that of the screw-pine, which though not eaten might
perhaps have been seen in the bazars of Pegu, as it is used for some
economical purposes. But _pinus_ does not mean a fruit at all. 'Pine-cones'
even would have been expressed by _pineas_ or the like. [A reference to Mr
L. W. King was thus answered: "The identity of the tree with the date-palm
is, I believe, acknowledged by all naturalists who have studied the trees
on the Assyrian monuments, and the 'cones' held by the winged figures have
obviously some connection with the trees. I think it was Prof. Tylor of
Oxford (see _Academy_, June 8, 1886, p. 283) who first identified the
ceremony with the fertilization of the palm, and there is much to be said
for his suggestion. The date-palm was of very great use to the Babylonians
and Assyrians, for it furnished them with food, drink, and building
materials, and this fact would explain the frequent repetition on the
Assyrian monuments of the ceremony of fertilisation. On the other hand,
there is no evidence, so far as I know, that the pine-apple was extensively
grown in Assyria." Also see _Maspero, Dawn of Civ._ 556 _seq._; on the use
of the pine-cone in Greece, _Fraser, Pausanias_, iii. 65.]

ANCHEDIVA, ANJEDIVA, n.p. A small island off the W. coast of India, a
little S. of Carwar, which is the subject of frequent and interesting
mention in the early narratives. The name is interpreted by Malayālim as
_añju-dīvu_, 'Five Islands,' and if this is correct belongs to the whole
group. This may, however, be only an endeavour to interpret an old name,
which is perhaps traceable in Αἰγιδίων Νῆσος of Ptolemy. It is a remarkable
example of the slovenliness of English professional map-making that Keith
Johnston's _Royal Atlas_ map of India contains no indication of this famous
island. [The _Times Atlas_ and Constable's _Hand Atlas_ also ignore it.] It
has, between land surveys and sea-charts, been omitted altogether by the
compilers. But it is plain enough in the Admiralty charts; and the way Mr
Birch speaks of it in his translation of Alboquerque as an "Indian seaport,
no longer marked on the maps," is odd (ii. 168).

  c. 1345.—Ibn Batuta gives no name, but Anjediva is certainly the island
  of which he thus speaks: "We left behind us the island (of Sindābūr or
  Goa), passing close to it, and cast anchor by a small island near the
  mainland, where there was a temple, with a grove and a reservoir of
  water. When we had landed on this little island we found there a _Jogi_
  leaning against the wall of a _Budkhānah_ or house of idols."—_Ibn
  Batuta_, iv. 63.

The like may be said of the _Roteiro_ of V. da Gama's voyage, which
likewise gives no name, but describes in wonderful correspondence with Ibn
Batuta; as does Correa, even to the _Jogi_, still there after 150 years!

  1498.—"So the Captain-Major ordered Nicolas Coello to go in an armed
  boat, and see where the water was; and he found in the same island a
  building, a church of great ashlar-work, which had been destroyed by the
  Moors, as the country people said, only the chapel had been covered with
  straw, and they used to make their prayers to three black stones in the
  midst of the body of the chapel. Moreover they found, just beyond the
  church, a _tanque_ of wrought ashlar, in which we took as much water as
  we wanted; and at the top of the whole island stood a great _tanque_ of
  the depth of 4 fathoms, and moreover we found in front of the church a
  beach where we careened the ship."—_Roteiro_, 95.

  1510.—"I quitted this place, and went to another island which is called
  ANZEDIVA.... There is an excellent port between the island and the
  mainland, and very good water is found in the said island."—_Varthema_,
  120.

  c. 1552.—"Dom Francesco de Almeida arriving at the Island of ANCHEDIVA,
  the first thing he did was to send João Homem with letters to the factors
  of Cananor, Cochin, and Coulão...."—_Barros_, I. viii. 9.

  c. 1561.—"They went and put in at ANGEDIVA, where they enjoyed themselves
  much; there were good water springs, and there was in the upper part of
  the island a tank built with stone, with very good water, and much wood;
  ... there were no inhabitants, only a beggar man whom they called
  _Joguedes_...."—_Correa_, Hak. Soc. 239.

  1727.—"In January, 1664, my Lord (Marlborough) went back to England ...
  and left Sir Abraham with the rest, to pass the westerly Monsoons, in
  some Port on the Coast, but being unacquainted, chose a desolate Island
  called ANJADWA, to winter at.... Here they stayed from April to October,
  in which time they buried above 200 of their Men."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 182.
  At p. 274 the name is printed more correctly ANJEDIVA.

ANDAMAN, n.p. The name of a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal,
inhabited by tribes of a negrito race, and now partially occupied as a
convict settlement under the Government of India. The name (though perhaps
obscurely indicated by Ptolemy—see H. Y. in _P.R.G.S._ 1881, p. 665) first
appears distinctly in the Ar. narratives of the 9th century. [The Ar. dual
form is said to be from _Agamitae_, the Malay name of the aborigines.] The
persistent charge of cannibalism seems to have been unfounded. [See E. H.
Man, _On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, Intro. xiii.
45.]

  A.D. 851.—"Beyond are two islands divided by a sea called ANDĀMĀN. The
  natives of these isles devour men alive; their hue is black, their hair
  woolly; their countenance and eyes have something frightful in them ...
  they go naked, and have no boats...."—_Relation des Voyages_, &c. par
  _Reinaud_, i. 8.

  c. 1050.—These islands are mentioned in the great Tanjore
  temple-inscription (11th cent.) as _Tīmaittīvu_, 'Islands of Impurity,'
  inhabited by cannibals.

  c. 1292.—"ANGAMANAIN is a very large Island. The people are without a
  King and are idolators, and are no better than wild beasts ... they are a
  most cruel generation, and eat everybody that they can catch if not of
  their own race."—_Marco Polo_, Bk. iii. c. 13.

  c. 1430.—"... leaving on his right hand an island called ANDEMANIA, which
  means the island of Gold, the circumference of which is 800 miles. The
  inhabitants are cannibals. No travellers touch here unless driven to do
  so by bad weather, for when taken they are torn to pieces and devoured by
  these cruel savages."—_Conti_, in _India in XV. Cent._, 8.

  c. 1566.—"Da Nicubar sinò a Pegu é vna catena d'Isole infinite, delle
  quali molte sono habitate da gente seluaggia, e chiamansi ISOLE D'ANDEMAN
  ... e se per disgratia si perde in queste Isole qualche naue, come già se
  n'ha perso, non ne scampa alcuno, che tutti gli amazzano, e
  mangiano."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 391.

  1727.—"The Islands opposite the Coast of _Tanacerin_ are the ANDEMANS.
  They lie about 80 leagues off, and are surrounded by many dangerous Banks
  and Rocks; they are all inhabited with _Canibals_, who are so fearless
  that they will swim off to a Boat if she approach near the shore, and
  attack her with their wooden Weapons...."—_A. Hamilton_, ii. 65.

ANDOR, s. Port. 'a litter,' and used in the old Port. writers for a
palankin. It was evidently a kind of MUNCHEEL or DANDY, _i.e._ a slung
hammock rather than a palankin. But still, as so often is the case, comes
in another word to create perplexity. For _andas_ is, in Port., a bier or a
_litter_, appearing in Bluteau as a genuine Port. word, and the use of
which by the writer of the Roteiro quoted below shows that it is so indeed.
And in defining ANDOR the same lexicographer says: "A portable vehicle in
India, in those regions where they do not use beasts, as in Malabar and
elsewhere. It is a kind of contrivance like an uncovered _Andas_, which men
bear on their shoulders, &c.... Among us ANDOR is a machine with four arms
in which images or reliques of the saints are borne in processions." This
last term is not, as we had imagined an old Port. word. It is Indian, in
fact Sanskrit, _hindola_, 'a swing, a swinging cradle or hammock,' whence
also Mahr. _hinḍolā_, and H. _hinḍolā_ or _hanḍolā_. It occurs, as will be
seen, in the old Ar. work about Indian wonders, published by MM. Van der
Lith and Marcel Devic. [To this Mr Skeat adds that in Malay ANDOR means 'a
buffalo-sledge for carting rice,' &c. It would appear to be the same as the
Port. word, though it is hard to say which is the original.]

  1013.—"Le même m'a conté qu'à Sérendîb, les rois et ceux qui se
  comportent à la façon des rois, se font porter dans le HANDOUL (handūl)
  qui est semblable à une litière, soutenu sur les épaules de quelques
  piétons."—_Kitāb 'Ajāīb-al Hind_, p. 118.

  1498.—"After two days had passed he (the Catual [COTWAL]) came to the
  factory in an ANDOR which men carried on their shoulders, and these
  (_andors_) consist of great canes which are bent overhead and arched, and
  from these are hung certain cloths of a half fathom wide, and a fathom
  and a half long, and at the ends are pieces of wood to bear the cloth
  which hangs from the cane; and laid over the cloth there is a great
  mattrass of the same size, and this all made of silk-stuff wrought with
  gold-thread, and with many decorations and fringes and tassels; whilst
  the ends of the cane are mounted with silver, all very gorgeous, and
  rich, like the lords who travel so."—_Correa_, i. 102.

  1498.—"Alii trouveram ao capitam mor humas ANDAS d'omeens em que os
  onrrados, custumam em a quella terra d'andar, e alguns mercadores se as
  querem ter pagam por ello a elrey certa cousa."—_Roteiro_, pp. 54-55.
  _I.e._ "There they brought for the Captain-Major certain ANDAS, borne by
  men, in which the persons of distinction in that country are accustomed
  to travel, and if any merchants desire to have the same they pay to the
  King for this a certain amount."

  1505.—"Il Re se fa portare in vna Barra quale chiamono ANDORA portata da
  homini."—_Italian version of Dom Manuel's Letter_ to the K. of Castille.
  (Burnell's Reprint) p. 12.

  1552.—"The Moors all were on foot, and their Captain was a valiant Turk,
  who as being their Captain, for the honour of the thing was carried in an
  ANDOR on the shoulders of 4 men, from which he gave his orders as if he
  were on horseback."—_Barros_, II. vi. viii.

  [1574.—See quotation under PUNDIT.]

  1623.—Della Valle describes three kinds of shoulder-borne vehicles in use
  at Goa: (1) _reti_ or nets, which were evidently the simple hammock,
  MUNCHEEL or DANDY; (2) the ANDOR; and (3) the palankin. "And these two,
  the palankins and the ANDORS, also differ from one another, for in the
  ANDOR the cane which sustains it is, as it is in the _reti_, straight;
  whereas in the palankin, for the greater convenience of the inmate, and
  to give more room for raising his head, the cane is arched upward like
  this, Ω. For this purpose the canes are bent when they are small and
  tender. And those vehicles are the most commodious and honourable that
  have the curved canes, for such canes, of good quality and strength to
  bear the weight, are not numerous; so they sell for 100 or 120 PARDAOS
  each, or about 60 of our _scudi_."—_P. della Valle_, ii. 610.

  c. 1760.—"Of the same nature as palankeens, but of a different name, are
  what they call ANDOLAS ... these are much cheaper, and less
  esteemed."—_Grose_, i. 155.

ANDRUM, s. Malayāl. _āndram_. The form of hydrocele common in S. India. It
was first described by Kaempfer, in his _Decas_, Leyden, 1694.—(See also
his _Amoenitates Exoticae_, Fascic. iii. pp. 557 _seqq._)

ANGELY-WOOD, s. Tam. _anjilī-_, or _anjalī-maram_; _artocarpus hirsuta_
Lam. [in Malabar also known as _Iynee_ (_áyini_) (_Logan_, i. 39)]. A wood
of great value on the W. Coast, for shipbuilding, house-building, &c.

  c. 1550.—"In the most eminent parts of it (Siam) are thick Forests of
  ANGELIN wood, whereof thousands of ships might be made."—_Pinto_, in
  _Cogan_, p. 285; see also p. 64.

  1598.—"There are in India other wonderfull and thicke trees, whereof
  Shippes are made: there are trees by Cochiin, that are called ANGELINA,
  whereof certaine scutes or skiffes called Tones [DONEY] are made ... it
  is so strong and hard a woode that Iron in tract of time would bee
  consumed thereby by reason of the hardness of the woode."—_Linschoten_,
  ch. 58 [Hak. Soc. ii. 56].

  1644.—"Another thing which this province of Mallavar produces, in
  abundance and of excellent quality, is timber, particularly that called
  ANGELIM, which is most durable, lasting many years, insomuch that even if
  you desire to build a great number of ships, or vessels of any kind ...
  you may make them all in a year."—_Bocarro_, MS. f. 315.

ANGENGO, n.p. A place on the Travancore coast, the site of an old English
Factory; properly said to be _Añju-tengu_, _Añchutennu_, Malayāl.; the
trivial meaning of which would be "five cocoa-nuts." This name gives rise
to the marvellous rhapsody of the once famous Abbé Raynal, regarding
"Sterne's Eliza," of which we quote below a few sentences from the 3½ pages
of close print which it fills.

  1711.—"... ANJENGO is a small Fort belonging to the _English East India
  Company_. There are about 40 Soldiers to defend it ... most of whom are
  _Topazes_, or mungrel Portuguese."—_Lockyer_, 199.

  1782.—"Territoire d'ANJINGA; tu n'es rien; mais tu as donné naissance à
  Eliza. Un jour, ces entrepôts ... ne subsisteront plus ... mais si mes
  écrits ont quelque durée, le nom d'ANJINGA restera dans le mémoire des
  hommes ... ANJINGA, c'est à l'influence de ton heureux climat qu'elle
  devoit, sans doute, cet accord presqu'incompatible de volupté et de
  décence qui accompagnoit toute sa personne, et qui se mêloit à tous ses
  mouvements, &c., &c."—_Hist. Philosophique des Deux Indes_, ii. 72-73.

ANICUT, s. Used in the irrigation of the Madras Presidency for the dam
constructed across a river to fill and regulate the supply of the channels
drawn off from it; the cardinal work in fact of the great irrigation
systems. The word, which has of late years become familiar all over India,
is the Tam. comp. _aṉai-kaṭṭu_, 'Dam-building.'

  1776.—"Sir—We have received your letter of the 24th. If the Rajah pleases
  to go to the ANACUT, to see the repair of the bank, we can have no
  objection, but it will not be convenient that you should leave the
  garrison at present."—_Letter from Council at Madras_ to Lt.-Col. Harper,
  Comm. at Tanjore, in _E. I. Papers_, 1777, 4to, i. 836.

  1784.—"As the cultivation of the Tanjore country appears, by all the
  surveys and reports of our engineers employed in that service, to depend
  altogether on a supply of water by the Cauvery, which can only be secured
  by keeping the ANICUT and banks in repair, we think it necessary to
  repeat to you our orders of the 4th July, 1777, on the subject of these
  repairs."—_Desp. of Court of Directors_, Oct. 27th, as amended by Bd. of
  Control, in _Burke_, iv. 104.

  1793.—"The ANNICUT is no doubt a _judicious building_, whether the work
  of _Solar Rajah_ or anybody else."—_Correspondence between A. Ross, Esq.,
  and G. A. Ram, Esq., at Tanjore_, on the subject of furnishing water to
  the N. Circars. In _Dalrymple, O. R._, ii. 459.

  1862.—"The upper Coleroon ANICUT or weir is constructed at the west end
  of the Island of Seringham."—_Markham, Peru & India_, 426.

  [1883.—"Just where it enters the town is a large stone dam called
  Fischer's ANAIKAT."—_Lefanu, Man. of Salem_, ii. 32.]

ANILE, NEEL, s. An old name for indigo, borrowed from the Port. _anil_.
They got it from the Ar. _al-nīl_, pron. _an-nīl_; _nīl_ again being the
common name of indigo in India, from the Skt. _nīla_, 'blue.' The
vernacular (in this instance Bengali) word appears in the title of a native
satirical drama _Nīl-Darpan_, 'The Mirror of Indigo (planting),' famous in
Calcutta in 1861, in connection with a _cause célèbre_, and with a sentence
which discredited the now extinct Supreme Court of Calcutta in a manner
unknown since the days of Impey.

"_Neel-walla_" is a phrase for an Indigo-planter [and his Factory is
"_Neel-kothee_"].

  1501.—Amerigo Vespucci, in his letter from the Id. of Cape Verde to
  Lorenzo di Piero Francesco de' Medici, reporting his meeting with the
  Portuguese Fleet from India, mentions among other things brought "ANIB
  and tuzia," the former a manifest transcriber's error for _anil_.—In
  _Baldelli Boni_, '_Il Milione_,' p. lvii.

  1516.—In Barbosa's price list of Malabar we have:

   "ANIL nadador (i.e. floating; see _Garcia_ below) very good,
    per _farazola_ ... _fanams_ 30.
    ANIL loaded, with much sand,
    per _farazola_ ... _fanams_ 18 to 20."
               In _Lisbon Collection_, ii. 393.

  1525.—"A load of ANYLL in cakes which weighs 3½ maunds, 353
  tangas."—_Lembrança_, 52.

  1563.—"ANIL is not a medicinal substance but an article of trade, so we
  have no need to speak thereof.... The best is pure and clear of earth,
  and the surest test is to burn it in a candle ... others put it in water,
  and if it floats then they reckon it good."—_Garcia_, f. 25 v.

  1583.—"NEEL, the churle 70 duckats, and a churle is 27 rottles and a half
  of Aleppo."—_Mr Iohn Newton_, in _Hakl._ ii. 378.

  1583.—"They vse to pricke the skinne, and to put on it a kind of ANILE,
  or blacking which doth continue alwayes."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 395.

  c. 1610.—"... l'ANIL ou Indique, qui est vne teinture bleüe violette,
  dont il ne s'en trouue qu'à Cambaye et Suratte."—_Pyrard de Laval_, ii.
  158; [Hak. Soc. ii. 246].

  [1614.—"I have 30 fardels ANIL Geree." _Foster_, _Letters_, ii. 140. Here
  _Geree_ is probably H. _jaṛi_ (from _jaṛ_, 'the root'), the crop of
  indigo growing from the stumps of the plants left from the former year.]

  1622.—"E conforme a dita pauta se dispachará o dito ANIL e canella."—In
  _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 2, 240.

  1638.—"Les autres marchandises, que l'on y débite le plus, sont ... du
  sel ammoniac, et de l'indigo, que ceux de pais appellent
  ANIL."—_Mandelslo_, Paris, 1659, 138.

  1648.—"... and a good quantity of ANIL, which, after the place where most
  of it is got, is called _Chirchees_ Indigo."—_Van Twist_, 14. Sharkej or
  Sirkej, 5 m. from Ahmedabad. "Cirquez Indigo" (1624) occurs in
  _Sainsbury_, iii. 442. It is the "_Sercase_" of Forbes [_Or. Mem._ 2nd
  ed. ii. 204]. The Dutch, about 1620, established a factory there on
  account of the indigo. Many of the Sultans of Guzerat were buried there
  (_Stavorinus_, iii. 109). Some account of the "Sarkhej _Rozas_," or
  Mausolea, is given in H. Brigg's _Cities of Gujaráshtra_ (Bombay, 1849,
  pp. 274, _seqq._). ["Indigo of Bian (Biana) _Sicchese_" (1609), _Danvers,
  Letters_, i. 28; "Indico, of Laher, here worth viij^s the pounde
  _Serchis_."—_Birdwood, Letter Book_, 287.]

  1653.—"Indico est un mot Portugais, dont l'on appelle une teinture bleüe
  qui vient des Indes Orientales, qui est de contrabande en France, les
  Turqs et les Arabes la nomment NIL."—_De la Boullaye-le-Gouz_, 543.

  [1670.—"The neighbourhood of Delhi produces ANIL or Indigo."—_Bernier_
  (ed. _Constable_), 283.]

ANNA, s. Properly H. _āna_, _ānah_, the 16th part of a rupee. The term
belongs to the Mohammedan monetary system (RUPEE). There is no coin of one
_anna_ only, so that it is a money of account only. The term _anna_ is used
in denoting a corresponding fraction of any kind of property, and
especially in regard to coparcenary shares in land, or shares in a
speculation. Thus a one-_anna_ share is 1/16 of such right, or a share of
1/16 in the speculation; a four-_anna_ is ¼, and so on. In some parts of
India the term is used as subdivision (1/16) of the current land measure.
Thus, in Saugor, the _anna_ = 16 _rūsīs_, and is itself 1/16 of a _kancha_
(_Elliot, Gloss._ s.v.). The term is also sometimes applied colloquially to
persons of mixt parentage. 'Such a one has at least 2 _annas_ of dark
blood,' or 'coffee-colour.' This may be compared with the Scotch expression
that a person of deficient intellect 'wants twopence in the shilling.'

  1708.—"Provided ... that a debt due from Sir Edward Littleton ... of
  80,407 Rupees and Eight ANNAS Money of _Bengal_, with Interest and
  Damages to the said English Company shall still remain to them...."—_Earl
  of Godolphin's Award_ between the Old and the New E. I. Co., in
  _Charters_, &c., p. 358.

  1727.—"The current money in Surat:

    Bitter Almonds go 32 to a _Pice_:
      1 ANNOE is     4 Pice.
      1 Rupee         16 ANNOES.

  In Bengal their Accounts are kept in _Pice_:

    12 to an Annoe.
    16 ANNOES to a Rupee."
         _A. Hamilton_, ii. App. pp. 5, 8.

ANT, WHITE, s. The insect (_Termes bellicosus_ of naturalists) not properly
an ant, of whose destructive powers there are in India so many disagreeable
experiences, and so many marvellous stories. The phrase was perhaps taken
up by the English from the Port. _formigas branchas_, which is in Bluteau's
Dict. (1713, iv. 175). But indeed exactly the same expression is used in
the 14th century by our medieval authority. It is, we believe, a fact that
these insects have been established at Rochelle in France, for a long
period, and more recently at St. Helena. They exist also at the Convent of
Mt. Sinai, and a species in Queensland.

  A.D. c. 250.—It seems probable that Aelian speaks of White Ants.—"But the
  Indian ants construct a kind of heaped-up dwellings, and these not in
  depressed or flat positions easily liable to be flooded, but in lofty and
  elevated positions...."—_De Nat. Animal._ xvi. cap. 15.

  c. 1328.—"Est etiam unum genus parvissimarum _formicarum_ sicut lana
  _albarum_, quarum durities dentium tanta est quod etiam ligna rodunt et
  venas lapidum; et quotquot breviter inveniunt siccum super terram, et
  pannos laneos, et bombycinos laniant; et faciunt ad modum muri crustam
  unam de arenâ minutissimâ, ita quod sol non possit eas tangere; et sic
  remanent coopertae; verum est quod si contingat illam crustam frangi, et
  solem eas tangere, quam citius moriuntur."—_Fr. Jordanus_, p. 53.

  1679.—"But there is yet a far greater inconvenience in this Country,
  which proceeds from the infinite number of WHITE EMMETS, which though
  they are but little, have teeth so sharp, that they will eat down a
  wooden Post in a short time. And if great care be not taken in the places
  where you lock up your Bales of Silk, in four and twenty hours they will
  eat through a Bale, as if it had been saw'd in two in the
  middle."—_Tavernier's Tunquin_, E. T., p. 11.

  1688.—"Here are also abundance of Ants of several sorts, and Wood-lice,
  called by the English in the East Indies, WHITE ANTS."—_Dampier_, ii.
  127.

  1713.—"On voit encore des fourmis de plusieurs espèces; la plus
  pernicieuse est celle que les Européens ont nommé FOURMI
  BLANCHE."—_Lettres Edifiantes_, xii. 98.

  1727.—"He then began to form Projects how to clear Accounts with his
  Master's Creditors, without putting anything in their Pockets. The first
  was on 500 chests of _Japon_ Copper ... and they were brought into
  Account of Profit and Loss, for so much eaten up by the WHITE ANTS."—_A.
  Hamilton_, ii. 169.

  1751.—"... concerning the Organ, we sent for the Revd. Mr. Bellamy, who
  declared that when Mr. Frankland applied to him for it that he told him
  that it was not in his power to give it, but wished it was removed from
  thence, as Mr. Pearson informed him it was eaten up by the WHITE
  ANTS."—_Ft. Will. Cons._, Aug. 12. In _Long_, 25.

  1789.—"The WHITE ANT is an insect greatly dreaded in every house; and
  this is not to be wondered at, as the devastation it occasions is almost
  incredible."—_Munro, Narrative_, 31.

  1876.—"The metal cases of his baggage are disagreeably suggestive of
  WHITE ANTS, and such omnivorous vermin."—_Sat. Review_, No. 1057, p. 6.

APĪL, s. Transfer of Eng. 'Appeal'; in general native use, in connection
with our Courts.

  1872.—"There is no Sindi, however wild, that cannot now understand
  'Rasíd' (receipt) [RASEED] and 'APĪL' (appeal)."—_Burton, Sind
  Revisited_, i. 283.

APOLLO BUNDER, n.p. A well-known wharf at Bombay. A street near it is
called Apollo Street, and a gate of the Fort leading to it 'the Apollo
Gate.' The name is said to be a corruption, and probably is so, but of what
it is a corruption is not clear. The quotations given afford different
suggestions, and Dr Wilson's dictum is entitled to respect, though we do
not know what _pālawā_ here means. Sir G. Birdwood writes that it used to
be said in Bombay, that _Apollo-bandar_ was a corr. of _palwa_-bandar,
because the pier was the place where the boats used to land _palwa_ fish.
But we know of no fish so called; it is however possible that the _palla_
or _Sable-fish_ (HILSA) is meant, which is so called in Bombay, as well as
in Sind. [The _Āīn_ (ii. 338) speaks of "a kind of fish called _palwah_
which comes up into the Indus from the sea, unrivalled for its fine and
exquisite flavour," which is the HILSA.] On the other hand we may observe
that there was at Calcutta in 1748 a frequented tavern called the Apollo
(see _Long_, p. 11). And it is not impossible that a house of the same name
may have given its title to the Bombay street and wharf. But Sir Michael
Westropp's quotation below shows that _Pallo_ was at least the native
representation of the name more than 150 years ago. We may add that a
native told Mr W. G. Pedder, of the Bombay C.S., from whom we have it, that
the name was due to the site having been the place where the "_poli_" cake,
eaten at the Holi festival, was baked. And so we leave the matter.

  [1823.—"Lieut. Mudge had a tent on APOLLO-green for astronomical
  observations."—_Owen, Narrative_, i. 327.]

  1847.—"A little after sunset, on 2nd Jan. 1843, I left my domicile in
  Ambrolie, and drove to the PÁLAWÁ BANDAR, which receives from our
  accommodative countrymen the more classical name of _Apollo_
  pier."—_Wilson, Lands of the Bible_, p. 4.

  1860.—"And atte what place ye Knyghte came to Londe, theyre ye ffolke ...
  worschyppen II Idolys in cheefe. Ye ffyrste is APOLLO, wherefore yē
  cheefe londynge place of theyr Metropole is hyght APOLLO-BUNDAR...."—Ext.
  from a MS. of Sir John Mandeville, lately discovered. (A friend here
  queries: 'By Mr. Shapira?')

  1877.—"This bunder is of comparatively recent date. Its name 'APOLLO' is
  an English corruption of the native word _Pallow_ (fish), and it was
  probably not extended and brought into use for passenger traffic till
  about the year 1819...."—_Maclean, Guide to Bombay_, 167. The last work
  adds a note: "Sir Michael Westropp gives a different derivation....:
  _Polo_, a corruption of _Pálwa_, derived from _Pál_, which _inter alia_
  means a fighting vessel, by which kind of craft the locality was probably
  frequented. From _Pálwa_ or _Pálwar_, the bunder now called Apollo is
  supposed to take its name. In the memorial of a grant of land, dated 5th
  Dec., 1743, the _pákhádé_ in question is called _Pallo_."—_High Court
  Reports_, iv. pt. 3.

  [1880.—"His mind is not prehensile like the tail of the APOLLO
  BUNDAR."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days in India_, p. 141.]

APRICOT, s. _Prunus Armeniaca_, L. This English word is of curious origin,
as Dozy expounds it. The Romans called it _Malum Armeniacum_, and also
(_Persicum_?) _praecox_, or 'early.' Of this the Greeks made πραικόκκιον,
&c., and the Arab conquerors of Byzantine provinces took this up as
_birḳōḳ_ and _barḳōḳ_, with the article _al-barḳōḳ_, whence Sp.
_albarcoque_, Port. _albricoque_, _alboquorque_, Ital. _albercocca_,
_albicocca_, Prov. _aubricot_, _ambricot_, Fr. _abricot_, Dutch _abricock_,
_abrikoos_, Eng. _apricock_, APRICOT. Dozy mentions that Dodonaeus, an old
Dutch writer on plants, gives the vernacular name as _Vroege Persen_,
'Early Peaches,' which illustrates the origin. In the Cyprus bazars,
apricots are sold as χρυσόμηλα; but the less poetical name of
'_kill-johns_' is given by sailors to the small hard kinds common to St.
Helena, the Cape, China, &c. _Zard ālū_ [ALOO] (Pers.) 'yellow-plum' is the
common name in India.

  1615.—"I received a letter from Jorge Durois ... with a baskit of
  APRECOCKES for my selfe...."—_Cocks's Diary_, i. 7.

  1711.—"APRICOCKS—the Persians call _Kill Franks_, because Europeans not
  knowing the Danger are often hurt by them."—_Lockyer_, p. 231.

  1738.—"The common APRICOT ... is ... known in the Frank language (in
  Barbary) by the name of _Matza Franca_, or the Killer of
  Christians."—_Shaw's Travels_, ed. 1757, p. 144.

ARAB, s. This, it may be said, in Anglo-Indian always means 'an Arab
horse.'

  1298.—"Car il va du port d'Aden en Inde moult grant quantité de bons
  destriers ARRABINS et chevaus et grans roncins de ij selles."—_Marco
  Polo_, Bk. iii. ch. 36. [See _Sir H. Yule's_ note, 1st ed., vol. ii.
  375.]

  1338.—"Alexandre descent du destrier ARRABIS."—_Rommant d'Alexandre_
  (Bodl. MS.).

  c. 1590.—"There are fine horses bred in every part of the country; but
  those of Cachh excell, being equal to ARABS."—_Āīn_, i. 133.

  1825.—"ARABS are excessively scarce and dear; and one which was sent for
  me to look at, at a price of 800 rupees, was a skittish, cat-legged
  thing."—_Heber_, i. 189 (ed. 1844).

  c. 1844.—A local magistrate at Simla had returned from an unsuccessful
  investigation. An acquaintance hailed him next day: 'So I hear you came
  back _re infectâ_?' 'No such thing,' was the reply; 'I came back on my
  grey ARAB!'

  1856.—

       "... the true blood-royal of his race,
    The silver ARAB with his purple veins
    Translucent, and his nostrils caverned wide,
    And flaming eye...."
               _The Banyan Tree._

ARAKAN, ARRACAN, n.p. This is an European form, perhaps through Malay
[which Mr Skeat has failed to trace], of _Rakhaing_, the name which the
natives give themselves. This is believed by Sir Arthur Phayre [see _Journ.
As. Soc. Ben._ xii. 24 _seqq._] to be a corruption of the Skt. _rākshasa_,
Pali _rakkhaso_, _i.e._ 'ogre' or the like, a word applied by the early
Buddhists to unconverted tribes with whom they came in contact. It is not
impossible that the Ἀργυρῆ of Ptolemy, which unquestionably represents
Arakan, may disguise the name by which the country is still known to
foreigners; at least no trace of the name as 'Silver-land' in old Indian
Geography has yet been found. We may notice, without laying any stress upon
it, that in Mr. Beal's account of early Chinese pilgrims to India, there
twice occurs mention of an Indo-Chinese kingdom called _O-li-ki-lo_, which
transliterates fairly into some name like _Argyrē_, and not into any other
yet recognisable (see _J.R.A.S._ (N.S.) xiii. 560, 562).

  c. 1420-30.—"Mari deinceps cum mense integro ad ostium RACHANI fluvii
  pervenisset."—_N. Conti_, in _Poggius, De Varietate Fortunae_.

  1516.—"Dentro fra terra del detto regno di Verma, verso tramontana vi è
  vn altro regno di Gentili molto grande ... confina similmente col regno
  di Bẽgala e col regno di Aua, e chiamasi ARACAN."—_Barbosa_, in
  _Ramusio_, i. 316.

  [c. 1535.—"_Arquam_": See CAPELAN.]

  1545.—"They told me that coming from India in the ship of Jorge Manhoz
  (who was a householder in Goa), towards the Port of Chatigaon in the
  kingdom of Bengal, they were wrecked upon the shoals of RACAON owing to a
  badly-kept watch."—_Pinto_, cap. clxvii.

  1552.—"Up to the Cape of Negraes ... will be 100 leagues, in which space
  are these populated places, Chocoriá, Bacalá, ARRACÃO City, capital of
  the kingdom so styled...."—_Barros_, I. ix. 1.

  1568.—"Questo Re di RACHAN ha il suo stato in mezzo la costa, tra il
  Regno di Bengala e quello di Pegù, ed è il maggiore nemico che habbia il
  Re del Pegù."—_Cesare de' Federici_, in _Ramusio_, iii. 396.

  1586.—"... Passing by the Island of Sundiua, Porto grande, or the
  Countrie of Tippera, the Kingdom of RECON and _Mogen_ (MUGG) ... our
  course was S. and by E. which brought vs to the barre of Negrais."—_R.
  Fitch_, in _Hakl._ ii. 391.

  c. 1590.—"To the S.E. of Bengal is a large country called ARKUNG to which
  the Bunder of Chittagong properly belongs."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_, ed. 1800,
  ii. 4. [Ed. _Jarrett_, ii. 119] in orig. (i. 388) ARKHANG.

  [1599.—ARRACAN. See MACAO.

  [1608.—RAKHANG. See CHAMPA.

  [c. 1069.—ARACAN. See PROME.

  [1659.—Aracan. See TALAPOIN.]

  1660.—"Despatches about this time arrived from Mu'azzam Khān, reporting
  his successive victories and the flight of Shuja to the country of
  RAKHANG, leaving Bengal undefended."—_Khāfī Khān_, in _Elliot_, vii. 254.

  [c. 1660.—"The Prince ... sent his eldest son, Sultan Banque, to the King
  of RACAN, or Mog."—_Bernier_ (ed. _Constable_), 109.]

  c. 1665.—"Knowing that it is impossible to pass any Cavalry by Land, no,
  not so much as any Infantry, from _Bengale_ into RAKAN, because of the
  many channels and rivers upon the Frontiers ... he (the Governor of
  Bengal) thought upon this experiment, viz. to engage the _Hollanders_ in
  his design. He therefore sent a kind of Ambassador to
  Batavia."—_Bernier_, E. T., 55 [(ed. _Constable_, 180)].

  1673.—"... A mixture of that Race, the most accursedly base of all
  Mankind who are known for their Bastard-brood lurking in the Islands at
  the Mouths of the Ganges, by the name of RACANNERS."—_Fryer_, 219. (The
  word is misprinted _Buccaneers_; but see Fryer's _Index_.)

  1726.—"It is called by some Portuguese ORRAKAN, by others among them
  ARRAKAON, and by some again RAKAN (after its capital) and also Mog
  (MUGG)."—_Valentijn_, v. 140.

  1727.—"ARACKAN has a Conveniency of a noble spacious River."—_A.
  Hamilton_, ii. 30.

ARBOL TRISTE, s. The tree or shrub, so called by Port. writers, appears to
be the _Nyctanthes arbor tristis_, or _Arabian jasmine_ (N. O.
_Jasmineae_), a native of the drier parts of India. [The quotations explain
the origin of the name.]

  [c. 1610.—"Many of the trees they call TRISTES, of which they make
  saffron."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc., i. 411.

     "    "That tree called TRISTE, which is produced in the East Indies,
  is so named because it blooms only at night."—_Ibid._ ii. 362; and see
  Burnell's _Linschoten_, Hak. Soc. ii. 58-62.

  1624.—"I keep among my baggage to show the same in Italy, as also some of
  the tree TRIFOE (in orig. _Arbor Trisoe_, a misprint for _Tristo_) with
  its odoriferous flowers, which blow every day and night, and fall at the
  approach of day."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. ii. 406.]

ARCOT, n.p. _Arkāt_, a famous fortress and town in the Madras territory, 65
miles from Madras. The name is derived by Bp. Caldwell from Tam. _āṛkāḍ_,
the 'Six Forests,' confirmed by the Tam.-Fr. Dict. which gives a form
_āṛukāḍu_ = 'Six forêts' ["the abode of six Rishis in former days. There
are several places of this name in the southern districts besides the town
of Arcot near Vellore. One of these in Tanjore would correspond better than
that with Harkatu of Ibn Batuta, who reached it on the first evening of his
march inland after landing from Ceylon, apparently on the shallow coast of
Madura or Tanjore."—_Madras Ad. Man._ ii. 211]. Notwithstanding the
objection made by Maj.-Gen. Cunningham in his _Geog. of Ancient India_, it
is probable that Arcot is the Ἀρκατοῦ βασίλειον Σῶρα of Ptolemy, 'Arkatu,
residence of K. Sora.'

  c. 1346.—"We landed with them on the beach, in the country of Ma'bar ...
  we arrived at the fortress of HARKĀTŪ, where we passed the night."—_Ibn
  Batuta_, iv. 187, 188.

  1785.—"It may be said that this letter was written by the Nabob of ARCOT
  in a moody humour.... Certainly it was; but it is in such humours that
  the truth comes out."—_Burke's Speech_, Feb. 28th.

ARECA, s. The seed (in common parlance the nut) of the palm _Areca
catechu_, L., commonly, though somewhat improperly, called 'betel-nut'; the
term BETEL belonging in reality to the leaf which is chewed along with the
_areca_. Though so widely cultivated, the palm is unknown in a truly
indigenous state. The word is Malayāl. _aḍakka_ [according to Bp. Caldwell,
from _adai_ 'close arrangement of the cluster,' _kay_, 'nut' _N.E.D._], and
comes to us through the Port.

  1510.—"When they eat the said leaves (betel), they eat with them a
  certain fruit which is called _coffolo_, and the tree of the said
  _coffolo_ is called ARECHA."—_Varthema_, Hak. Soc., 144.

  1516.—"There arrived there many zambucos [SAMBOOK] ... with
  ARECA."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc., 64.

  1521.—"They are always chewing ARECCA, a certaine Fruit like a Peare, cut
  in quarters and rolled up in leaves of a Tree called _Bettre_ (or
  _Vettele_), like Bay leaves; which having chewed they spit forth. It
  makes the mouth red. They say they doe it to comfort the heart, nor could
  live without it."—_Pigafetta_, in _Purchas_, i. 38.

  1548.—"In the _Renda do Betel_, or Betel duties at Goa are included
  Betel, AREQUA, jacks, green ginger, oranges, lemons, figs, coir, mangos,
  citrons."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 48. The Port. also formed a word _ariqueira_
  for the tree bearing the nuts.

  1563.—"... and in Malabar they call it _pac_ (Tam. _pāk_); and the Nairs
  (who are the gentlemen) call it ARECA."—_Garcia D'O._, f. 91 _b._

  c. 1566.—"Great quantitie of ARCHA, which is a fruite of the bignesse of
  nutmegs, which fruite they eate in all these parts of the Indies, with
  the leafe of an Herbe, which they call _Bettell_."—_C. Frederike_,
  transl. in _Hakl._ ii. 350.

  1586.—"Their friends come and bring gifts, cocos, figges, ARRECAES, and
  other fruits."—_Fitch_, in _Hakl._, ii. 395.

  [1624.—"And therewith they mix a little ashes of sea-shells and some
  small pieces of an Indian nut sufficiently common, which they here call
  _Foufel_, and in other places ARECA; a very dry fruit, seeming within
  like perfect wood; and being of an astringent nature they hold it good to
  strengthen the Teeth."—_P. della Valle_, Hak. Soc. i. 36. Mr Grey says:
  "As to the Port. name, _Foufel_ or _Fofel_, the origin is uncertain. In
  Sir J. Maundeville's Travels it is said that black pepper "is called
  _Fulful_," which is probably the same word as "_Foufel_." But the Ar.
  _Fawfal_ or _Fufal_ is 'betel-nut.'"]

  1689.—"... the _Neri_ which is drawn from the AREQUIES Tree in a fresh
  earthen vessel, is as sweet and pleasant as Milk."—_Ovington_, 237.
  [_Neri_ = H. and Mahr. _nīr_, 'sap,' but _neri_ is, we are told, Guzerati
  for toddy in some form.]

ARGEMONE MEXICANA. This American weed (N.O. _Papaveraceae_) is notable as
having overrun India, in every part of which it seems to be familiar. It is
known by a variety of names, _Firinghī dhatūra_, gamboge thistle, &c. [See
Watt, _Dict. Econ. Prod._, i. 306 _seqq._]

ARGUS PHEASANT, s. This name, which seems more properly to belong to the
splendid bird of the Malay Peninsula (_Argusanus giganteus_, Tem., _Pavo
argus_, Lin.), is confusingly applied in Upper India to the Himālayan
horned pheasant _Ceriornis_ (Spp. _satyra_, and _melanocephala_) from the
round white eyes or spots which mark a great part of the bird's
plumage.—See remark under MOONAUL.

ARRACK, RACK, s. This word is the Ar. _'araḳ_, properly 'perspiration,' and
then, first the exudation or sap drawn from the date palm (_'araḳ
al-tamar_); secondly any strong drink, 'distilled spirit,' 'essence,' etc.
But it has spread to very remote corners of Asia. Thus it is used in the
forms _ariki_ and _arki_ in Mongolia and Manchuria, for spirit distilled
from grain. In India it is applied to a variety of common spirits; in S.
India to those distilled from the fermented sap of sundry palms; in E. and
N. India to the spirit distilled from cane-molasses, and also to that from
rice. The Turkish form of the word, _rāḳi_, is applied to a spirit made
from grape-skins; and in Syria and Egypt to a spirit flavoured with
aniseed, made in the Lebanon. There is a popular or slang Fr. word,
_riquiqui_, for brandy, which appears also to be derived from _araḳī_
(_Marcel Devic_). Humboldt (_Examen_, &c., ii. 300) says that the word
first appears in Pigafetta's Voyage of Magellan; but this is not correct.

  c. 1420.—"At every _yam_ (post-house) they give the travellers a sheep, a
  goose, a fowl ... 'ARAK...."—_Shah Rukh's Embassy to China_, in N. & E.,
  xiv. 396.

  1516.—"And they bring cocoa-nuts, HURRACA (which is something to
  drink)...."—_Barbosa_, Hak. Soc. 59.

  1518.—"—que todos os mantimentos asy de pão, como vinhos, ORRACAS,
  arrozes, carnes, e pescados."—In _Archiv. Port. Orient._, fasc. 2, 57.

  1521.—"When these people saw the politeness of the captain, they
  presented some fish, and a vessel of palm-wine, which they call in their
  language URACA...."—_Pigafetta_, Hak. Soc. 72.

  1544.—"Manueli a cruce ... commendo ut plurimum invigilet duobus illis
  Christianorum Carearum pagis, diligenter attendere ... nemo potu ORRACAE
  se inebriet ... si ex hoc deinceps tempore Punicali ORRACHA potetur,
  ipsos ad mihi suo gravi damno luituros."—_Scti. Fr. Xav. Epistt._, p.
  111.

  1554.—"And the excise on the _orraquas_ made from palm-trees, of which
  there are three kinds, viz., _çura_, which is as it is drawn; ORRAQUA,
  which is _çura_ once boiled (_cozida_, qu. distilled?); _sharab_
  (_xarao_) which is boiled two or three times and is stronger than
  _orraqua_."—_S. Botelho, Tombo_, 50.

  1563.—"One kind (of coco-palm) they keep to bear fruit, the other for the
  sake of the _çura_, which is _vino mosto_; and this when it has been
  distilled they call ORRACA."—_Garcia D'O._, f. 67. (The word _surā_, used
  here, is a very ancient importation from India, for Cosmas (6th century)
  in his account of the coco-nut, confounding (it would seem) the milk with
  the toddy of that palm, says: "The _Argellion_ is at first full of a very
  sweet water, which the Indians drink from the nut, using it instead of
  wine. This drink is called _rhoncosura_, and is extremely pleasant." It
  is indeed possible that the RHONCO here may already be the word
  _arrack_).

  1605.—"A Chines borne, but now turned Iauan, who was our next neighbour
  ... and brewed ARACKE which is a kind of hot drinke, that is vsed in most
  of these parts of the world, instead of Wine...."—_E. Scot_, in
  _Purchas_, i. 173.

  1631.—"... jecur ... a potu istius maledicti ARAC, non tantum in
  temperamento immutatum, sed etiam in substantiâ suâ corrumpitur."—_Jac.
  Bontius_, lib. ii. cap. vii. p. 22.

  1687.—"Two jars of ARACK (made of rice as I judged) called by the Chinese
  _Samshu_ [SAMSHOO]."—_Dampier_, i. 419.

  1719.—"We exchanged some of our wares for opium and some
  ARRACK...."—_Robinson Crusoe_, Pt. II.

  1727.—"Mr Boucher had been 14 Months soliciting to procure his
  _Phirmaund_; but his repeated Petitions ... had no Effect. But he had an
  _Englishman_, one _Swan_, for his Interpreter, who often took a large
  Dose of ARRACK.... Swan got pretty near the King (Aurungzeb) ... and
  cried with a loud Voice in the Persian Language that his Master wanted
  Justice done him" (see DOAI).—_A. Hamilton_, i. 97.

RACK is a further corruption; and RACK-PUNCH is perhaps not quite obsolete.

  1603.—"We taking the But-ends of Pikes and Halberts and Faggot-sticks,
  drave them into a RACKE-house."—_E. Scot_, in _Purchas_, i. 184.

  Purchas also has VRACA and other forms; and at i. 648 there is mention of
  a strong kind of spirit called RACK-_apee_ (Malay _āpī_ = 'fire'). See
  FOOL'S RACK.

  1616.—"Some small quantitie of Wine, but not common, is made among them;
  they call it RAACK, distilled from Sugar and a spicie Rinde of a Tree
  called _Iagra_ [JAGGERY]."—_Terry_, in _Purchas_, ii. 1470.

  1622.—"We'll send him a jar of RACK by next conveyance."—Letter in
  _Sainsbury_, iii. 40.

  1627.—"Java hath been fatal to many of the English, but much through
  their own distemper with RACK."—_Purchas, Pilgrimage_, 693.

  1848.—"Jos ... finally insisted upon having a bowl of RACK PUNCH.... That
  bowl of RACK PUNCH was the cause of all this history."—_Vanity Fair_, ch.
  vi.

ARSENAL, s. An old and ingenious etymology of this word is _arx navalis_.
But it is really Arabic. Hyde derives it from _tars-khānah_, 'domus
terroris,' contracted into _tarsānah_, the form (as he says) used at
Constantinople (_Syntagma Dissertt._, i. 100). But it is really the Ar.
_dār-al-ṣinā'a_, 'domus artificii,' as the quotations from Mas'ūdī clearly
show. The old Ital. forms _darsena_, _darsinale_ corroborate this, and the
Sp. _ataraçana_, which is rendered in Ar. by Pedro de Alcala, quoted by
Dozy, as _dar a cinaa_.—(See details in _Dozy, Oosterlingen_, 16-18.)

  A.D. 943-4.—"At this day in the year of the Hijra 332, Rhodes (_Rodas_)
  is an arsenal (_dār-ṣinā'a_) where the Greeks build their
  war-vessels."—_Mas'ūdī_, ii. 423. And again "_dār-ṣinā'at al marākib_,"
  'an arsenal of ships,' iii. 67.

  1573.—"In this city (Fez) there is a very great building which they call
  DARAÇANA, where the Christian captives used to labour at blacksmith's
  work and other crafts under the superintendence and orders of renegade
  headmen ... here they made cannon and powder, and wrought swords,
  cross-bows, and arquebusses."—_Marmol, Desc. General de Affrica_, lib.
  iii. f. 92.

  1672.—"On met au TERSHANA deux belles galères à l'eau."—_Antoine Galland,
  Journ._, i. 80.

ART, EUROPEAN. We have heard much, and justly, of late years regarding the
corruption of Indian art and artistic instinct by the employment of the
artists in working for European patrons, and after European patterns. The
copying of such patterns is no new thing, as we may see from this passage
of the brightest of writers upon India whilst still under Asiatic
government.

  c. 1665.—"... not that the Indians have not wit enough to make them
  successful in Arts, they doing very well (as to some of them) in many
  parts of India, and it being found that they have inclination enough for
  them, and that some of them make (even without a Master) very pretty
  workmanship and imitate so well our work of Europe, that the difference
  thereof will hardly be discerned."—_Bernier_, E. T., 81-82 [ed.
  _Constable_, 254].

ARTICHOKE, s. The genealogy of this word appears to be somewhat as follows:
The Ar. is AL-ḤARSHŪF (perhaps connected with _ḥarash_, 'rough-skinned') or
_al-kharshūf_; hence Sp. ALCARCHOFA and It. _carcioffo_ and _arciocco_, Fr.
_artichaut_, Eng. _artichoke_.

  c. 1348.—"The Incense (benzoin) tree is small ... its branches are like
  those of a thistle or an artichoke (AL-KHARSHAF)."—_Ibn Batuta_, iv. 240.
  AL-KHARSHAF in the published text. The spelling with _ḥ_ instead of
  _k̲h̲_ is believed to be correct (see _Dozy_, s.v. _Alcarchofa_); [also
  see _N.E.D._ s.v. _Artichoke_].

ARYAN, adj. Skt. _Ārya_, 'noble.' A term frequently used to include all the
races (Indo-Persic, Greek, Roman, Celtic, Sclavonic, &c.) which speak
languages belonging to the same family as Sanskrit. Much vogue was given to
the term by Pictet's publication of _Les Origines Indo-Européennes, ou les
Aryas Primitifs_ (Paris, 1859), and this writer seems almost to claim the
name in this sense as his own (see quotation below). But it was in use long
before the date of his book. Our first quotation is from Ritter, and there
it has hardly reached the full extent of application. Ritter seems to have
derived the use in this passage from Lassen's _Pentapotamia_. The word has
in great measure superseded the older term _Indo-Germanic_, proposed by F.
Schlegel at the beginning of the last century. The latter is, however,
still sometimes used, and M. Hovelacque, especially, prefers it. We may
observe here that the connection which evidently exists between the several
languages classed together as Aryan cannot be regarded, as it was formerly,
as warranting an assumption of identity of race in all the peoples who
speak them.

It may be noted as curious that among the Javanese (a people so remote in
blood from what we understand by Aryan), the word _ārya_ is commonly used
as an honorary prefix to the names of men of rank; a survival of the
ancient Hindu influence on the civilisation of the island.

The earliest use of _Aryan_ in an ethnic sense is in the Inscription on the
tomb of Darius, in which the king calls himself an Aryan, and of Aryan
descent, whilst Ormuzd is in the Median version styled, 'God of the
Aryans.'

  B.C. c. 486.—"_Adam Dáryavush Khsháyathiya vazarka ... Pársa, Pársahiyá
  putra_, ARIYA, ARIYA _chitra_." _i.e._ "I (am) Darius, the Great King,
  the King of Kings, the King of all inhabited countries, the King of this
  great Earth far and near, the son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenian, a
  Persian, an ARIAN, of _Arian_ descent."—In _Rawlinson's Herodotus_, 3rd
  ed., iv. 250.

  "These Medes were called anciently by all people ARIANS, but when Medêa,
  the Colchian, came to them from Athens, they changed their
  name."—_Herodot._, vii. 62 (Rawlins).

  1835.—"Those eastern and proper Indians, whose territory, however,
  Alexander never touched by a long way, call themselves in the most
  ancient period _Arians_ (ARIER) (_Manu_, ii. 22, x. 45), a name
  coinciding with that of the ancient Medes."—_Ritter_, v. 458.

  1838.—See also _Ritter_, viii. 17 seqq.; and Potto's art. in _Ersch &
  Grueber's Encyc._, ii. 18, 46.

  1850.—"The ARYAN tribes in conquering India, urged by the Brahmans, made
  war against the Turanian demon-worship, but not always with complete
  success."—_Dr. J. Wilson_, in _Life_, 450.

  1851.—"We must request the patience of our readers whilst we give a short
  outline of the component members of the great ARIAN family. The first is
  the Sanskrit.... The second branch of the Arian family is the Persian....
  There are other scions of the Arian stock which struck root in the soil
  of Asia, before the Arians reached the shores of Europe...."—(_Prof. Max
  Müller_) _Edinburgh Review_, Oct. 1851, pp. 312-313.

  1853.—"Sur les sept premières civilisations, qui sont celles de l'ancien
  monde, six appartiennent, en partie au moins, à la race
  ARIANE."—_Gobineau, De l'Inégalité des Races Humaines_, i. 364.

  1855.—"I believe that all who have lived in India will bear testimony ...
  that to natives of India, of whatever class or caste, Mussulman, Hindoo,
  or Parsee, 'ARYAN or Tamulian,' unless they have had a special training,
  our European paintings, prints, drawings, and photographs, plain or
  coloured, if they are landscapes, are absolutely unintelligible."—_Yule,
  Mission to Ava_, 59 (publ. 1858).

  1858.—"The ARYAN tribes—for that is the name they gave themselves, both
  in their old and new homes—brought with them institutions of a simplicity
  almost primitive."—_Whitney, Or. & Ling. Studies_, ii. 5.

  1861.—"Latin, again, with Greek, and the Celtic, the Teutonic, and
  Slavonic languages, together likewise with the ancient dialects of India
  and Persia, must have sprung from an earlier language, the mother of the
  whole Indo-European or ARYAN family of speech."—_Prof. Max Müller,
  Lectures_, 1st Ser. 32.

We also find the verb _Aryanize_:

  1858.—"Thus all India was brought under the sway, physical or
  intellectual and moral, of the alien race; it was thoroughly
  ARYANIZED."—_Whitney, u. s._ 7.

ASHRAFEE, s. Arab. _ashrafī_, 'noble,' applied to various gold coins (in
analogy with the old English 'noble'), especially to the _dīnār_ of Egypt,
and to the Gold MOHUR of India.—See XERAFINE.

  c. 1550.—"There was also the sum of 500,000 Falory ASHRAFIES equal in the
  currency of Persia to 50,000 royal Irak tomāns."—_Mem. of Humayun_, 125.
  A note suggests that _Falory_, or _Flori_, indicates _florin_.

ASSAM, n.p. The name applied for the last three centuries or more to the
great valley of the Brahmaputra River, from the emergence of its chief
sources from the mountains till it enters the great plain of Bengal. The
name _Āsām_ and sometimes _Āshām_ is a form of _Āhām_ or _Āhom_, a dynasty
of Shan race, who entered the country in the middle ages, and long ruled
it. Assam politically is now a province embracing much more than the name
properly included.

  c. 1590.—"The dominions of the Rajah of ASHAM join to Kamroop; he is a
  very powerful prince, lives in great state, and when he dies, his
  principal attendants, both male and female, are voluntarily buried alive
  with his corpse."—_Gladwin's Ayeen_ (ed. 1800) ii. 3; [_Jarrett_, trans.
  ii. 118].

  1682.—"Ye Nabob was very busy dispatching and vesting divers principal
  officers sent with all possible diligence with recruits for their army,
  lately overthrown in ASHAM and _Sillet_, two large plentiful countries 8
  days' journey distant from this city (Dacca)."—_Hedges, Diary_, Oct.
  29th; [Hak. Soc. i. 43].

  1770.—"In the beginning of the present century, some Bramins of Bengal
  carried their superstitions to ASHAM, where the people were so happy as
  to be guided solely by the dictates of natural religion."—_Raynal_ (tr.
  1777) i. 420.

  1788.—"M. Chevalier, the late Governor of Chandernagore, by permission of
  the King, went up as high as the capital of ASSAM, about the year
  1762."—_Rennell's Mem._, 3rd ed. p. 299.

ASSEGAY, s. An African throwing-spear. Dozy has shown that this is Berber
_zaghāya_, with the Ar. article prefixed (p. 223). Those who use it often
seem to take it for a S. African or Eastern word. So Godinho de Eredia
seems to use it as if Malay (f. 21_v_). [Mr Skeat remarks that the nearest
word in Malay is _seligi_, explained by Klinkert as 'a short wooden
throwing-spear,' which is possibly that referred to by G. de Eredia.]

  c. 1270.—"There was the King standing with three 'exortins' (or men of
  the guard) by his side armed with javelins [_ab lur_
  ATZAGAYES]".—_Chronicle of K. James of Aragon_, tr. by Mr. Foster, 1883,
  i. 173.

  c. 1444.—"... They have a quantity of AZAGAIAS, which are a kind of light
  darts."—_Cadamosto, Navegação primeira_, 32.

  1552.—"But in general they all came armed in their fashion, some with
  AZAGAIAS and shields and others with bows and quivers of
  arrows."—_Barros_, I. iii. 1.

  1572.—

   "Hum de escudo embraçado, e de AZAGAIA,
    Outro de arco encurvado, e setta ervada."
               _Camões_, i. 86.

  By Burton:

   "this, targe on arm and ASSEGAI in hand,
    that, with his bended bow, and venom'd reed."

  1586.—"I loro archibugi sono belli, e buoni, come i nostri, e le lance
  sono fatte con alcune canne piene, e forti, in capo delle quali mettono
  vn ferro, come uno di quelli delle nostri ZAGAGLIE."—_Balbi_, 111.

  1600.—"These they use to make Instruments of wherewith to fish ... as
  also to make weapons, as Bows, Arrowes, Aponers, and ASSAGAYEN."—_Disc.
  of Guinea_, from the Dutch, in _Purchas_, ii. 927.

  1608.—"Doncques voyant que nous ne pouvions passer, les deux hommes sont
  venu en nageant auprès de nous, et ayans en leurs mains trois Lancettes
  ou ASAGAYES."—_Houtman_, 5_b_.

  [1648.—"The ordinary food of these Cafres is the flesh of this animal
  (the elephant), and four of them with their ASSEGAIS (in orig.
  AGEAGAYES), which are a kind of short pike, are able to bring an elephant
  to the ground and kill it."—_Tavernier_ (ed. _Ball_), ii. 161, cf. ii.
  295.]

  1666.—"Les autres armes offensives (in India) sont l'arc et la flêche, le
  javelot ou ZAGAYE...."—_Thevenot_, v. 132 (ed. 1727).

  1681.—"... encontraron diez y nueve hombres bazos armados con dardas, y
  AZAGAYAS, assi llaman los Arabes vnas lanças pequeñas arrojadizas, y
  pelearon con ellos."—_Martinez de la Puente, Compendio_, 87.

  1879.—

   "Alert to fight, athirst to slay,
    They shake the dreaded ASSEGAI,
    And rush with blind and frantic will
    On all, when few, whose force is skill."
          _Isandlana_, by _Ld. Stratford de
            Redcliffe, Times_, March 29.

ATAP, ADAP, s. Applied in the Malayo-Javanese regions to any palm-fronds
used in thatching, commonly to those of the NIPA (_Nipa fruticans_,
Thunb.). [_Atap_, according to Mr Skeat, is also applied to any roofing;
thus tiles are called _atap batu_, 'stone _ataps_.'] The Nipa, "although a
wild plant, for it is so abundant that its culture is not necessary, it is
remarkable that its name should be the same in all the languages from
Sumatra to the Philippines."—(_Crawfurd, Dict. Ind. Arch._ 301). ATĔP is
Javanese for 'thatch.'

  1672.—"ATAP or leaves of Palm-trees...."—_Baldaeus, Ceylon_, 164.

  1690.—"ADAPOL (quae folia sunt sicca et vetusta)...."—_Rumphius, Herb.
  Amb._ i. 14.

  1817.—"In the maritime districts, ĀTAP or thatch is made ... from the
  leaves of the _nipa_."—_Raffles, Java_, i. 166; [2nd ed. i. 186].

  1878.—"The universal roofing of a Perak house is ATTAP stretched over
  bamboo rafters and ridge-poles. This _attap_ is the dried leaf of the
  nipah palm, doubled over a small stick of bamboo, or _nibong_."—_McNair,
  Perak, &c._, 164.

ATLAS, s. An obsolete word for 'satin,' from the Ar. _aṭlas_, used in that
sense, literally 'bare' or 'bald' (comp. the Ital. _raso_ for 'satin'). The
word is still used in German. [The _Draper's Dict._ (s.v.) says that "a
silk stuff wrought with threads of gold and silver, and known by this name,
was at one time imported from India." Yusuf Ali (_Mon. on Silk Fabrics_, p.
93) writes: "_Atlas_ is the Indian satin, but the term _satan_ (corrupted
from the English) is also applied, and sometimes specialised to a thicker
form of the fabric. This fabric is always substantial, _i.e._ never so thin
or netted as to be semi-transparent; more of the weft showing on the upper
surface than of the warp."]

  1284.—"Cette même nuit par ordre du Sultan quinze cents de ses Mamlouks
  furent revêtus de robes d'ATLAS rouges brodées...."—_Makrizi_, t. ii. pt.
  i. 69.

     "    "The Sultan Mas'ūd clothed his dogs with trappings of AṬLAS of
  divers colours, and put bracelets upon them."—_Fakhrī_, p. 68.

  1505.—"Raso por seda rasa."—ATLĀS, _Vocabular Arauigo of Fr. P. de
  Alcala_.

  1673.—"They go Rich in Apparel, their Turbats of Gold, Damask'd Gold
  ATLAS Coats to their Heels, Silk, _Alajah_ or Cuttanee
  breeches."—_Fryer_, 196.

  1683.—"I saw ye _Taffaties_ and ATLASSES in ye Warehouse, and gave
  directions concerning their several colours and stripes."—_Hedges,
  Diary_, May 6; [Hak. Soc. i. 85].

  1689.—(Surat) "is renown'd for ... rich Silks, such as ATLASSES ... and
  for Zarbafts [ZERBAFT]...."—_Ovington_, 218.

  1712.—In the _Spectator_ of this year are advertised "a purple and gold
  ATLAS gown" and "a scarlet and gold ATLAS petticoat edged with
  silver."—Cited in _Malcolm's Anecdotes_ (1808), 429.

  1727.—"They are exquisite in the Weaver's Trade and Embroidery, which may
  be seen in the rich ATLASSES ... made by them."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 160.

  c. 1750-60.—"The most considerable (manufacture) is that of their
  ATLASSES or satin flowered with gold and silver."—_Grose_, i. 117.

  _Note._—I saw not long ago in India a Polish Jew who was called Jacob
  ATLAS, and he explained to me that when the Jews (about 1800) were forced
  to assume surnames, this was assigned to his grandfather, because he wore
  a black satin gaberdine!—(_A. B._ 1879.)

ATOLL, s. A group of coral islands forming a ring or chaplet, sometimes of
many miles in diameter, inclosing a space of comparatively shallow water,
each of the islands being on the same type as the _atoll_. We derive the
expression from the Maldive islands, which are the typical examples of this
structure, and where the form of the word is _atoḷu_. [P. de Laval (Hak.
Soc. i. 93) states that the provinces in the Maldives were known as
_Atollon_.] It is probably connected with the Singhalese _ätul_, 'inside';
[or _etula_, as Mr Gray (_P. de Laval_, Hak. Soc. i. 94) writes the word.
The _Mad. Admin. Man._ in the Glossary gives Malayāl. _attālam_, 'a sinking
reef']. The term was made a scientific one by Darwin in his publication on
Coral Reefs (see below), but our second quotation shows that it had been
generalised at an earlier date.

  c. 1610.—"Estant au milieu d'vn ATOLLON, vous voyez autour de vous ce
  grand banc de pierre que jay dit, qui environne et qui defend les isles
  contre l'impetuosité de la mer."—_Pyrard de Laval_, i. 71 (ed. 1679);
  [Hak. Soc. i. 94].

  1732.—"ATOLLON, a name applied to such a place in the sea as exhibits a
  heap of little islands lying close together, and almost hanging on to
  each other."—_Zeidler's_ (German) _Universal Lexicon_, s.v.

  1842.—"I have invariably used in this volume the term ATOLL, which is the
  name given to these circular groups of coral islets by their inhabitants
  in the Indian Ocean, and is synonymous with 'lagoon-island.'"—_Darwin,
  The Structure, &c., of Coral Reefs_, 2.

AUMIL, s. Ar. and thence H. _'āmil_ (noun of agency from _'amal_, 'he
performed a task or office,' therefore 'an agent'). Under the native
governments a collector of Revenue; also a farmer of the Revenue invested
with chief authority in his District. Also

AUMILDAR. Properly _'amaldār_, 'one holding office'; (Ar. _'amal_, 'work,'
with P. term of agency). A factor or manager. Among the Mahrattas the
_'Amaldār_ was a collector of revenue under varying conditions—(See details
in _Wilson_). The term is now limited to Mysore and a few other parts of
India, and does not belong to the standard system of any Presidency. The
word in the following passage looks as if intended for _'amaldār_, though
there is a term _Māldār_, 'the holder of property.'

  1680.—"The MAULDAR or _Didwan_ [DEWAN] that came with the _Ruccas_
  [ROOCKA] from Golcondah sent forward to Lingappa at Conjiveram."—_Ft. St.
  Geo. Cons._, 9th Novr. No. III., 38.

  c. 1780.—"... having detected various frauds in the management of the
  AMULDAR or renter ... (M. Lally) paid him 40,000 rupees."—_Orme_, iii.
  496 (ed. 1803).

  1793.—"The AUMILDARS, or managers of the districts."—_Dirom_, p. 56.

  1799.—"I wish that you would desire one of your people to communicate
  with the AMILDAR of Soondah respecting this road."—_A. Wellesley_ to T.
  Munro, in _Munro's Life_, i. 335.

  1804.—"I know the character of the Peshwah, and his ministers, and of
  every Mahratta AMILDAR sufficiently well...."—_Wellington_, iii. 38.

  1809.—"Of the AUMIL I saw nothing."—_Ld. Valentia_, i. 412.

AURUNG, s. H. from P. _aurang_, 'a place where goods are manufactured, a
depôt for such goods.' During the Company's trading days this term was
applied to their factories for the purchase, on advances, of native
piece-goods, &c.

  1778.—"... Gentoo-factors in their own pay to provide the investments at
  the different AURUNGS or cloth markets in the province."—_Orme_, ii. 51.

  1789.—"I doubt, however, very much whether he has had sufficient
  experience in the commercial line to enable him to manage so difficult
  and so important an AURUNG as Luckipore, which is almost the only one of
  any magnitude which supplies the species of coarse cloths which do not
  interfere with the British manufacture."—_Cornwallis_, i. 435.

AVA, n.p. The name of the city which was for several centuries the capital
of the Burmese Empire, and was applied often to that State itself. This
name is borrowed, according to Crawfurd, from the form _Awa_ or _Awak_ used
by the Malays. The proper Burmese form was _Eng-wa_, or 'the Lake-Mouth,'
because the city was built near the opening of a lagoon into the Irawadi;
but this was called, even by the Burmese, more popularly _A-wā_, 'The
Mouth.' The city was founded A.D. 1364. The first European occurrence of
the name, so far as we know, is (c. 1440) in the narrative of Nicolo Conti,
and it appears again (no doubt from Conti's information) in the great
World-Map of Fra Mauro at Venice (1459).

  c. 1430.—"Having sailed up this river for the space of a month he arrived
  at a city more noble than all the others, called AVA, and the
  circumference of which is 15 miles."—_Conti_, in _India in the XVth
  Cent._ 11.

  c. 1490.—"The country (Pegu) is distant 15 days' journey by land from
  another called AVA in which grow rubies and many other precious
  stones."—_Hier. di Sto. Stefano_, u. s. p. 6.

  1516.—"Inland beyond this Kingdom of Pegu ... there is another Kingdom of
  Gentiles which has a King who resides in a very great and opulent city
  called AVA, 8 days' journey from the sea; a place of rich merchants, in
  which there is a great trade of jewels, rubies, and spinel-rubies, which
  are gathered in this Kingdom."—_Barbosa_, 186.

  c. 1610.—"... The King of OVÁ having already sent much people, with
  cavalry, to relieve Porão (Prome), which marches with the Pozão (?) and
  city of OVÁ or ANVÁ, (which means 'surrounded on all sides with
  streams')...."—_Antonio Bocarro, Decada_, 150.

  1726.—"The city AVA is surpassing great.... One may not travel by land to
  Ava, both because this is permitted by the Emperor to none but envoys, on
  account of the Rubies on the way, and also because it is a very perilous
  journey on account of the tigers."—_Valentijn, V._ (_Chorom._) 127.

AVADAVAT, s. Improperly for _Amadavat_. The name given to a certain pretty
little cage-bird (_Estrelda amandava_, L. or 'Red Wax-Bill') found
throughout India, but originally brought to Europe from _Aḥmadābād_ in
Guzerat, of which the name is a corruption. We also find Aḥmadābād
represented by _Madava_: as in old maps _Astarābād_ on the Caspian is
represented by _Strava_ (see quotation from _Correa_ below). [One of the
native names for the bird is _lāl_, 'ruby,' which appears in the quotation
from Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali below.]

  1538.—"... o qual veyo d'AMADAVA principall cidade do reino."—In _S.
  Botelho, Tombo_, 228.

  1546.—"The greater the resistance they made, the more of their blood was
  spilt in their defeat, and when they took to flight, we gave them chase
  for the space of half a league. And it is my belief that as far as the
  will of the officers and lascarys went, we should not have halted on this
  side of MADAVÁ; but as I saw that my people were much fatigued, and that
  the Moors were in great numbers, I withdrew them and brought them back to
  the city."—D. João de Castro's despatch to the City of Goa respecting the
  victory at Diu.—_Correa_, iv. 574.

  1648.—"The capital (of Guzerat) lies in the interior of the country and
  is named _Hamed-Ewat_, _i.e._ the City of King _Hamed_ who built it;
  nowadays they call it _Amadavar_ or AMADABAT."—_Van Twist_, 4.

  1673.—"From AMIDAVAD, small Birds, who, besides that they are spotted
  with white and Red no bigger than Measles, the principal Chorister
  beginning, the rest in Consort, Fifty in a Cage, make an admirable
  Chorus."—_Fryer_, 116.

  [1777.—"... a few presents now and then—china, shawls, congou tea,
  AVADAVATS, and Indian crackers."—_The School for Scandal_, v. i.]

  1813.—"... AMADAVATS, and other songsters are brought thither (Bombay)
  from Surat and different countries."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._ i. 47. [The 2nd
  ed. (i. 32) reads AMADAVADS.]

  [1832.—"The lollah, known to many by the name of HAVER-DEWATT, is a
  beautiful little creature, about one-third the size of a
  hedge-sparrow."—_Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali, Observat._ ii. 54.]

AVATAR, s. Skt. _Avatāra_, an incarnation on earth of a divine Being. This
word first appears in Baldaeus (1672) in the form AUTAAR (_Afgoderye_, p.
52), which in the German version generally quoted in this book takes the
corrupter shape of _Altar_.

  [c. 1590.—"In the city of Sambal is a temple called Hari Mandal (the
  temple of Vishnu) belonging to a Brahman, from among whose descendants
  the tenth AVATAR will appear at this spot."—_Āīn_, tr. Jarrett, ii. 281.]

  1672.—"Bey den Benjanen haben auch diese zehen Verwandlungen den Namen
  daas sie ALTARE heissen, und also hat Mats _Altar_ als dieser erste,
  gewähret 2500 Jahr."—_Baldaeus_, 472.

  1784.—"The ten AVATÁRS or descents of the deity, in his capacity of
  Preserver."—_Sir W. Jones_, in _Asiat. Res._ (reprint) i. 234.

  1812.—"The AWATARS of Vishnu, by which are meant his descents upon earth,
  are usually counted ten...."—_Maria Graham_, 49.

  1821.—"The Irish AVATAR."—_Byron._

  1845.—"In Vishnu-land what AVATAR?"—_Browning, Dramatic Romances, Works_,
  ed. 1870, iv. pp. 209, 210.

  1872.—"... all which cannot blind us to the fact that the Master is
  merely another AVATAR of Dr Holmes himself."—_Sat. Review_, Dec. 14, p.
  768.

  1873.—"He ... builds up a curious History of Spiritualism, according to
  which all matter is mediately or immediately the AVATAR of some
  Intelligence, not necessarily the highest."—_Academy_, May 15th, 172_b_.

  1875.—"Balzac's AVATARS were a hundredfold as numerous as those of
  Vishnu."—_Ibid._, April 24th, p. 421.

AVERAGE, s. Skeat derives this in all its senses from L. Latin _averia_,
used for cattle; for his deduction of meanings we must refer to his
Dictionary. But it is worthy of consideration whether _average_, in its
special marine use for a proportionate contribution towards losses of those
whose goods are cast into the sea to save a ship, &c., is not directly
connected with the Fr. _avarie_, which has quite that signification. And
this last Dozy shows most plausibly to be from the Ar. '_awār_, spoilt
merchandise.' [This is rejected by the _N.E.D._, which concludes that the
Ar. _'awār_ is "merely a mod. Arabic translation and adaptation of the
Western term in its latest sense."] Note that many European words of trade
are from the Arabic; and that _avarie_ is in Dutch _avarij_, _averij_, or
_haverij_.—(See Dozy, _Oosterlingen_.)

AYAH, s. A native lady's-maid or nurse-maid. The word has been adopted into
most of the Indian vernaculars in the forms _āya_ or _āyā_, but it is
really Portuguese (f. AIA, 'a nurse, or governess'; m. _aio_, 'the governor
of a young noble'). [These again have been connected with L. Latin _aidus_,
Fr. _aide_, 'a helper.']

  1779.—"I was sitting in my own house in the compound, when the IYA came
  down and told me that her mistress wanted a candle."—_Kitmutgar's
  evidence_, in the case of _Grand v. Francis_. Ext. in _Echoes of Old
  Calcutta_, 225.

  1782.—(A Table of Wages):—

   "_Consumah_.........10 (rupees a month).
        *   *   *   *   *   *
    EYAH....................5."—_India Gazette_, Oct. 12.

  1810.—"The female who attends a lady while she is dressing, etc., is
  called an AYAH."—_Williamson, V. M._ i. 337.

  1826.—"The lieutenant's visits were now less frequent than usual; one
  day, however, he came ... and on leaving the house I observed him slip
  something, which I doubted not was money, into the hand of the AYAH, or
  serving woman, of Jane."—_Pandurang Hari_, 71; [ed. 1873, i. 99].

  1842.—"Here (at Simla) there is a great preponderence of Mahometans. I am
  told that the guns produced absolute consternation, visible in their
  countenances. One AYAH threw herself upon the ground in an agony of
  despair.... I fired 42 guns for Ghuzni and Cabul; the 22nd (42nd?)
  gun—which announced that all was finished—was what overcame the
  Mahometans."—_Lord Ellenborough_, in _Indian Administration_ 295. This
  stuff was written to the great Duke of Wellington!

  1873.—"The white-robed AYAH flits in and out of the tents, finding a home
  for our various possessions, and thither we soon retire."—_Fraser's
  Mag._, June, i. 99.

  1879.—"He was exceedingly fond of his two children, and got for them
  servants; a man to cook their dinner, and an AYAH to take care of
  them."—_Miss Stokes, Indian Fairy Tales_, 7.

B

BABA, s. This is the word usually applied in Anglo-Indian families, by both
Europeans and natives, to the children—often in the plural form, _bābā lōg_
(_lōg_ = folk). The word is not used by the natives among themselves in the
same way, at least not habitually: and it would seem as if our word _baby_
had influenced the use. The word _bābā_ is properly Turki = 'father';
sometimes used to a child as a term of endearment (or forming part of such
a term, as in the P. _Bābājān_, 'Life of your Father'). Compare the Russian
use of _batushka_. [_Bābājī_ is a common form of address to a Faḳīr,
usually a member of one of the Musulman sects. And hence it is used
generally as a title of respect.]

  [1685.—"A Letter from the Pettepolle BOBBA."—_Pringle, Diary, Fort St.
  Geo._ iv. 92.]

  1826.—"I reached the hut of a Gossein ... and reluctantly tapped at the
  wicket, calling, 'O BABA, O Maharaj.'"—_Pandurang Hari_ [ed. 1873, i.
  76].

  [1880.—"While SUNNY BABA is at large, and might at any time make a raid
  on Mamma, who is dozing over a novel on the spider chair near the mouth
  of the thermantidote, the Ayah and Bearer dare not leave their
  charge."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days_, p. 94.]

BABAGOOREE, s. H. _Bābāghūrī_, the white agate (or chalcedony?) of Cambay.
[For these stones see _Forbes, Or. Mem._ 2nd ed. i. 323: _Tavernier_, ed.
Ball, i. 68.] It is apparently so called from the patron saint or martyr of
the district containing the mines, under whose special protection the
miners place themselves before descending into the shafts. Tradition
alleges that he was a prince of the great Ghori dynasty, who was killed in
a great battle in that region. But this prince will hardly be found in
history.

  1516.—"They also find in this town (Limadura in Guzerat) much chalcedony,
  which they call BABAGORE. They make beads with it, and other things which
  they wear about them."—_Barbosa_, 67.

  1554.—"In this country (Guzerat) is a profusion of BĀBĀGHŪRĪ and
  carnelians; but the best of these last are those coming from
  Yaman."—_Sidi 'Ali Kapudān_, in _J.A.S.B._ v. 463.

  1590.—"By the command of his Majesty grain weights of BĀBĀGHŪRĪ were
  made, which were used in weighing."—_Āīn_, i. 35, and note, p. 615
  (_Blochmann_).

  1818.—"On the summit stands the tomb ... of the titular saint of the
  country, BABA GHOR, to whom a devotion is paid more as a deity than as a
  saint...."—_Copland_, in _Tr. Lit. Soc. Bo._, i. 294.

  1849.—Among ten kinds of carnelians specified in H. Briggs's _Cities of
  Gujaráshtra_ we find "BAWA GORI Akik, a veined kind."—p. 183.

BABBS, n.p. This name is given to the I. of Perim, in the St. of
Babelmandel, in the quotation from Ovington. It was probably English
sea-slang only. [Mr Whiteway points out that this is clearly from _albabo_,
the Port. form of the Ar. word. João de Castro in Roteiro (1541), p. 34,
says: "This strait is called by the neighbouring people, as well as those
who dwell on the shores of the Indian Ocean, ALBABO, which in Arabic
signifies 'gates.'"]

  [1610.—"We attempting to work up to the BABE."—_Danvers, Letters_, i.
  52.]

  [1611.—"There is at the BABB a ship come from Swahell."—_Ibid._ i. 111.]

  1690.—"The BABBS is a small island opening to the _Red Sea_.... Between
  this and the Main Land is a safe Passage...."—_Ovington_, 458.

  [1769.—"Yet they made no estimation of the currents without the BABS";
  (note), "This is the common sailors' phrase for the Straits of
  Babelmandel."—_Bruce, Travels to discover the Source of the Nile_, ed.
  1790, Bk. i. cap. ii.]

BABER, BHABUR, s. H. _bābar_, _bhābar_. A name given to those districts of
the N.W. Provinces which lie immediately under the Himālaya to the dry
forest belt on the talus of the hills, at the lower edge of which the
moisture comes to the surface and forms the wet forest belt called Tarāī.
(See TERAI.) The following extract from the report of a lecture on Indian
Forests is rather a happy example of the danger of "a little learning" to a
reporter:

  1877.—"Beyond that (the Tarāī) lay another district of about the same
  breadth, called in the native dialect the BAHADAR. That in fact was a
  great filter-bed of sand and vegetation."—_London Morning Paper of 26th
  May._

BABI-ROUSSA, s. Malay _babi_[30] ('hog') _rūsa_ ('stag'). The 'Stag-hog,' a
remarkable animal of the swine genus (_Sus babirussa_, L.; _Babirussa
alfurus_, F. Cuvier), found in the island of Bourou, and some others of the
I. Archipelago, but nowhere on continental Asia. Yet it seems difficult to
apply the description of Pliny below, or the name and drawing given by
Cosmas, to any other animal. The 4-horned swine of Aelian is more probably
the African Wart-hog, called accordingly by F. Cuvier _Phacochoerus
Aeliani_.

  c. A.D. 70.—"The wild bores of India have two bowing fangs or tuskes of a
  cubit length, growing out of their mouth, and as many out of their
  foreheads like calves hornes."—_Pliny_, viii. 52 (_Holland's Tr._ i.
  231).

  c. 250. "Λέγει δὲ Δίνων ἐν Αἰθιωπίᾳ γίνεσθαι ... ὕς τετράκερως."—_Aelian,
  De Nat. Anim._ xvii. 10.

  c. 545.—"The _Choirelaphus_ ('Hog-stag') I have both seen and
  eaten."—_Cosmas Indicopleustes_, in _Cathay_, &c., p. clxxv.

  1555.—"There are _hogs also with hornes_, and parats which prattle much
  which they call _noris_ (LORY)."—_Galvano, Discoveries of the World_,
  Hak. Soc. 120.

  1658.—"Quadrupes hoc inusitatatae figurae monstrosis bestiis ascribunt
  Indi quod adversae speciei animalibus, Porco scilicet et Cervo, pronatum
  putent ... ita ut primo intuitu quatuor cornibus juxta se positis
  videatur armatum hoc animal BABY-ROUSSA."—_Piso_, App. to _Bontius_, p.
  61.

  [1869.—"The wild pig seems to be of a species peculiar to the island
  (Celebes); but a much more curious animal of this family is the BABIRUSA
  or Pig-deer, so named by the Malays from its long and slender legs, and
  curved tusks resembling horns. This extraordinary creature resembles a
  pig in general appearance, but it does not dig with its snout, as it
  feeds on fallen fruits.... Here again we have a resemblance to the
  Wart-hogs of Africa, whose upper canines grow outwards and curve up so as
  to form a transition from the usual mode of growth to that of the
  _Babirusa_. In other respects there seems no affinity between these
  animals, and the _Babirusa_ stands completely isolated, having no
  resemblance to the pigs of any other part of the world."—_Wallace, Malay
  Archip._ (ed. 1890), p. 211, _seqq._]

BABOO, s. Beng. and H. _Bābū_ [Skt. _vapra_, 'a father']. Properly a term
of respect attached to a name, like _Master_ or _Mr._, and formerly in some
parts of Hindustan applied to certain persons of distinction. Its
application as a term of respect is now almost or altogether confined to
Lower Bengal (though C. P. Brown states that it is also used in S. India
for 'Sir, My lord, your Honour'). In Bengal and elsewhere, among
Anglo-Indians, it is often used with a slight savour of disparagement, as
characterizing a superficially cultivated, but too often effeminate,
Bengali. And from the extensive employment of the class, to which the term
was applied as a title, in the capacity of clerks in English offices, the
word has come often to signify 'a native clerk who writes English.'

  1781.—"I said.... From my youth to this day I am a servant to the
  English. I have never gone to any Rajahs or BAUBOOS nor will I go to
  them."—Depn. of _Dooud Sing_, Commandant. In _Narr. of Insurn. at
  Banaras_ in 1781. Calc. 1782. Reprinted at Roorkee, 1853. App., p. 165.

  1782.—"_Cantoo_ BABOO" appears as a subscriber to a famine fund at Madras
  for 200 Sicca Rupees.—_India Gazette_, Oct. 12.

  1791.

   "Here Edmund was making a monstrous ado,
    About some bloody Letter and Conta BAH-BOOH."[31]
               _Letters of Simkin the Second_, 147.

  1803.—"... Calling on Mr. Neave I found there BABOO Dheep Narrain,
  brother to Oodit Narrain, Rajah at Benares."—_Lord Valentia's Travels_,
  i. 112.

  1824.—"... the immense convent-like mansion of some of the more wealthy
  BABOOS...."—_Heber_, i. 31, ed. 1844.

  1834.—"The BABOO and other Tales, descriptive of Society in India."—Smith
  & Elder, London. (By Augustus Prinsep.)

  1850.—"If instruction were sought for from them (the Mohammedan
  historians) we should no longer hear bombastic BABOOS, enjoying under our
  Government the highest degree of personal liberty ... rave about
  patriotism, and the degradation of their present position."—_Sir H. M.
  Elliot_, Orig. Preface to _Mahom. Historians of India_, in Dowson's ed.,
  I. xxii.

  c. 1866.

   "But I'd sooner be robbed by a tall man who showed me a yard of steel,
    Than be fleeced by a sneaking BABOO, with a peon and badge at his
        heel."
               _Sir A. C. Lyall, The Old Pindaree._

  1873.—"The pliable, plastic, receptive BABOO of Bengal eagerly avails
  himself of this system (of English education) partly from a servile wish
  to please the _Sahib logue_, and partly from a desire to obtain a
  Government appointment."—_Fraser's Mag._, August, 209.

  [1880.—"English officers who have become de-Europeanised from long
  residence among undomesticated natives.... Such officials are what Lord
  Lytton calls White BABOOS."—_Aberigh-Mackay, Twenty-one Days_, p. 104.]

_N.B._—In Java and the further East _bābū_ means a nurse or female servant
(Javanese word).

BABOOL, s. H. _babūl_, _babūr_ (though often mispronounced _bābul_, as in
two quotations below); also called _kīkar_. A thorny mimosa common in most
parts of India except the Malabar Coast; the _Acacia arabica_, Willd. The
Bhils use the gum as food.

  1666.—"L'eau de Vie de ce Païs ... qu'on y boit ordinairement, est faicte
  de _jagre_ ou sucre noir, qu'on met dans l'eau avec de l'écorce de
  l'arbre BABOUL, pour y donner quelque force, et ensuite on les distile
  ensemble."—_Thevenot_, v. 50.

  1780.—"Price Current. _Country Produce_: BABLE Trees, large, 5 pc. each
  tree."—_Hickey's Bengal Gazette_, April 29. [This is _bāblā_, the Bengali
  form of the word.]

  1824.—"Rampoor is ... chiefly remarkable for the sort of fortification
  which surrounds it. This is a high thick hedge ... of bamboos ... faced
  on the outside by a formidable underwood of cactus and BÂBOOL."—_Heber_,
  ed. 1844, i. 290.

  1849.—"Look at that great tract from Deesa to the Hāla mountains. It is
  all sand; sometimes it has a little ragged clothing of BĀBUL or
  milk-bush."—_Dry Leaves from Young Egypt_, 1.

BABOON, s. This, no doubt, comes to us through the Ital. _babuino_; but it
is probable that the latter word is a corruption of Pers. _maimūn_ ['the
auspicious one'], and then applied by way of euphemism or irony to the
baboon or monkey. It also occurs in Ital. under the more direct form of
_maimone_ in _gatto-maimone_, 'cat-monkey,' or rather 'monkey-cat.' [The
_N.E.D._ leaves the origin of the word doubtful, and does not discuss this
among other suggested derivations.]

BACANORE and BARCELORE, nn.pp. Two ports of Canara often coupled together
in old narratives, but which have entirely disappeared from modern maps and
books of navigation, insomuch that it is not quite easy to indicate their
precise position. But it would seem that Bacanore, Malayāl. _Vakkanūr_, is
the place called in Canarese _Bārkūr_, the _Barcoor-pettah_ of some maps,
in lat. 13° 28½′. This was the site of a very old and important city, "the
capital of the Jain kings of Tulava ... and subsequently a stronghold of
the Vijiyanagar Rajas."—_Imp. Gazet._ [Also see Stuart, _Man. S. Canara_,
ii. 264.]

Also that _Barcelore_ is a Port. corruption of _Basrūr_ [the Canarese
_Basarūru_, 'the town of the waved-leaf fig tree.' (_Mad. Adm. Man.
Gloss._, s.v.).] It must have stood immediately below the 'Barsilur Peak'
of the Admiralty charts, and was apparently identical with, or near to, the
place called Seroor in Scott's Map of the Madras Presidency, in about lat.
13° 55′. [See Stuart, _ibid._ ii. 242. Seroor is perhaps the _Shirūr_ of Mr
Stuart (_ibid._ p. 243).]

  c. 1330.—"Thence (from Hannaur) the traveller came to BĀSARŪR, a small
  city...."—_Abulfeda_, in _Gildemeister_, 184.

  c. 1343.—"The first town of Mulaibār that we visited was ABU-SARŪR, which
  is small, situated on a great estuary, and abounding in coco-nut
  trees.... Two days after our departure from that town we arrived at
  FĀKANŪR, which is large and situated on an estuary. One sees there an
  abundance of sugar-cane, such as has no equal in that country."—_Ibn
  Batuta_, iv. 77-78.

  c. 1420.—"Duas praeterea ad maritimas urbes, alteram PACHAMURIAM ...
  nomine, xx diebus transiit."—_Conti_, in _Poggius de Var. Fort._ iv.

  1501.—"BACANUT," for Bacanur, is named in Amerigo Vespucci's letter,
  giving an account of Da Gama's discoveries, first published by Baldelli
  Boni, _Il Milione_, pp. liii. _seqq._

  1516.—"Passing further forward ... along the coast, there are two little
  rivers on which stand two places, the one called BACANOR, and the other
  BRACALOR, belonging to the kingdom of Narsyngua and the province of
  Tolinate (_Tulu-nāḍa_, _Tuluva_ or S. Canara). And in them is much good
  rice grown round about these places, and this is loaded in many foreign
  ships and in many of Malabar...."—_Barbosa_, in Lisbon Coll. 294.

  1548.—"The Port of the River of BARCALOR pays 500 loads (of rice as
  tribute)."—_Botelho, Tombo_, 246.

  1552.—"Having dispatched this vessel, he (V. da Gama) turned to follow
  his voyage, desiring to erect the _padrão_ (votive pillar) of which we
  have spoken; and not finding a place that pleased him better, he erected
  one on certain islets joined (as it were) to the land, giving it the name
  of Sancta Maria, whence these islands are now called Saint Mary's Isles,
  standing between BACANOR and Baticalá, two notable places on that
  coast."—_De Barros_, I. iv. 11.

     "    "... the city Onor, capital of the kingdom, Baticalá, Bendor,
  BRACELOR, BACANOR."—_Ibid._ I. ix. 1.

  1726.—"In BARSELOOR or BASSELOOR have we still a factory ... a little
  south of Basseloor lies BAQUANOOR and the little River
  Vier."—_Valentijn_, v. (Malabar) 6.

  1727.—"The next town to the Southward of _Batacola_ [BATCUL] is
  BARCELOAR, standing on the Banks of a broad River about 4 Miles from the
  Sea.... The Dutch have a Factory here, only to bring up Rice for their
  Garrisons.... BACCANOAR and _Molkey_ lie between BARCELOAR and
  _Mangalore_, both having the benefit of Rivers to export the large
  quantities of Rice that the Fields produce."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 284-5.
  [_Molkey_ is _Mulki_, see Stuart, _op. cit._ ii. 259.]

  1780.—"St Mary's Islands lie along the coast N. and S. as far as off the
  river of BACANOR, or Callianpoor, being about 6 leagues.... In lat. 13°
  50′ N., 5 leagues from _Bacanor_, runs the river BARSALOR."—_Dunn's N.
  Directory_, 5th ed. 105.

  1814.—"BARCELORE, now frequently called Cundapore."—_Forbes, Or. Mem._
  iv. 109, also see 113; [2nd ed. II. 464].

BACKDORE, s. H. _bāg-ḍor_ ('bridle-cord'); a halter or leading rein.

BACKSEE. Sea H. _bāksī_: nautical 'aback,' from which it has been formed
(_Roebuck_).

BADEGA, n.p. The Tamil _Vaḍagar_, _i.e._ 'Northerners.' The name has at
least two specific applications:

A. To the Telegu people who invaded the Tamil country from the kingdom of
Vijayanagara (the BISNAGA or NARSINGA of the Portuguese and old travellers)
during the later Middle Ages, but especially in the 16th century. This word
first occurs in the letters of St. Francis Xavier (1544), whose Parava
converts on the Tinnevelly Coast were much oppressed by these people. The
_Badega_ language of Lucena, and other writers regarding that time, is the
Telegu. The Badagas of St. Fr. Xavier's time were in fact the emissaries of
the Nāyaka rulers of Madura, using violence to exact tribute for those
rulers, whilst the Portuguese had conferred on the Paravas "the somewhat
dangerous privilege of being Portuguese subjects."—See _Caldwell, H. of
Tinnevelly_, 69 _seqq._

  1544.—"Ego ad Comorinum Promontorium contendo eòque naviculas deduco xx.
  cibariis onustas, ut miseris illis subveniam Neophytis, qui BAGADARUM
  (read BADAGARUM) acerrimorum Christiani nominis hostium terrore perculsi,
  relictis vicis, in desertas insulas se abdiderunt."—_S. F. Xav. Epistt._
  I. vi., ed. 1677.

  1572.—"Gens est in regno Bisnagae quos BADAGAS vocant."—_E. Acosta_, 4
  _b._

  1737.—"In eâ parte missionis Carnatensis in quâ _Telougou_, ut aiunt,
  lingua viget, seu inter BADAGOS, quinque annos versatus sum; neque
  quamdiu viguerunt vires ab illâ dilectissimâ et sanctissimâ Missione
  Pudecherium veni."—In _Norbert_, iii. 230.

  1875.—"Mr C. P. Brown informs me that the early French missionaries in
  the Guntur country wrote a vocabulary 'de la langue Talenga, dite
  vulgairement le BADEGA."—_Bp. Caldwell, Dravidian Grammar_, Intr. p. 33.

B. To one of the races occupying the Nilgiri Hills, speaking an old
Canarese dialect, and being apparently a Canarese colony, long separated
from the parent stock.—(See _Bp. Caldwell's Grammar_, 2nd ed., pp. 34, 125,
&c.) [The best recent account of this people is that by Mr Thurston in
_Bulletin of the Madras Museum_, vol. ii. No. 1.] The name of these people
is usually in English corrupted to BURGHERS.

BADGEER, s. P. _bād-gīr_, 'wind-catch.' An arrangement acting as a windsail
to bring the wind down into a house; it is common in Persia and in Sind.
[It is the _Bādhanj_ of Arabia, and the _Malkaf_ of Egypt (_Burton, Ar.
Nights_, i. 237; _Lane, Mod. Egypt_, i. 23.]

  1298.—"The heat is tremendous (at Hormus), and on that account the houses
  are built with ventilators (_ventiers_) to catch the wind. These
  ventilators are placed on the side from which the wind comes, and they
  bring the wind down into the house to cool it."—_Marco Polo_, ii. 450.

  [1598.—A similar arrangement at the same place is described by
  _Linschoten_, i. 51, Hak. Soc.]

  1682.—At Gamron (GOMBROON) "most of the houses have a square tower which
  stands up far above the roof, and which in the upper part towards the
  four winds has ports and openings to admit air and catch the wind, which
  plays through these, and ventilates the whole house. In the heat of
  summer people lie at night at the bottom of these towers, so as to get
  good rest."—_Nieuhof, Zee en Lant-Reize_, ii. 79.

  [1798.—"The air in it was continually refreshed and renewed by a
  cool-sail, made like a funnel, in the manner of M. du
  Hamel."—_Stavorinus, Voyage_, ii. 104.]

  1817.

   "The _wind-tower_ on the Emir's dome
    Can scarcely win a breath from heaven."
               _Moore, Fire-worshippers._

  1872.—"... BADGIRS or windcatchers. You see on every roof these
  diminutive screens of wattle and dab, forming acute angles with the
  hatches over which they project. Some are moveable, so as to be turned to
  the S.W. between March and the end of July, when the monsoon sets in from
  that quarter."—_Burton's Sind Revisited_, 254.

  1881.—"A number of square turrets stick up all over the town; these are
  BADGIRS or ventilators, open sometimes to all the winds, sometimes only
  to one or two, and divided inside like the flues of a great chimney,
  either to catch the draught, or to carry it to the several rooms
  below."—_Pioneer Mail, March 8th._

BADJOE, BAJOO, s. The Malay jacket (Mal. _bājū_) [of which many varieties
are described by Dennys (_Disc. Dict._ p. 107)].

  [c. 1610.—"The women (Portuguese) take their ease in their smocks or
  BAJUS, which are more transparent and fine than the most delicate crape
  of those parts."—_Pyrard de Laval_, Hak. Soc. ii. 112.]

  1784.—"Over this they wear the BADJOO, which resembles a morning gown,
  open at the neck, but fastened close at the wrist, and half-way up the
  arm."—_Marsden, H. of Sumatra_, 2nd ed. 44.

  1878.—"The general Malay costume ... consists of an inner vest, having a
  collar to button tight round the neck, and the BAJU, or jacket, often of
  light coloured dimity, for undress."—_McNair_, 147.

  1883.—"They wear above it a short-sleeved jacket, the BAJU, beautifully
  made, and often very tastefully decorated in fine needlework."—_Miss
  Bird, Golden Chersonese_, 139.

BAEL, s. H. _bel_, Mahr. _bail_, from Skt. _vilva_, the Tree and Fruit of
_Aegle marmelos_ (Correa), or 'Bengal Quince,' as it is sometimes called,
after the name (_Marmelos de Benguala_) given it by Garcia de Orta, who
first described the virtues of this fruit in the treatment of dysentery,
&c. These are noticed also by P. Vincenzo Maria and others, and have always
been familiar in India. Yet they do not appear to have attracted serious
attention in Europe till about the year 1850. It is a small tree, a native
of various parts of India. The dried fruit is now imported into
England.—(See _Hanbury and Flückiger_, 116); [_Watt, Econ. Dict._ i. 117
_seqq._]. The shelly rind of the bel is in the Punjab made into carved
snuff-boxes for sale to the Afghans.

  1563.—"And as I knew that it was called BELI in Baçaim, I enquired of
  those native physicians which was its proper name, _cirifole_ or _beli_,
  and they told me that _cirifole_ [_śriphala_] was the physician's name
  for it."—_Garcia De O._, ff. 221 _v._, 222.

  [1614.—"One jar of BYLE at ru. 5 per maund."—_Foster, Letters_, iii. 41.]

  1631.—Jac. Bontius describes the BEL as _malum cydonium_ (_i.e._ a
  quince), and speaks of its pulp as good for dysentery and the _cholerae
  immanem orgasmum_.—Lib. vi. cap. viii.

  1672.—"The BILI plant grows to no greater height than that of a man [this
  is incorrect], all thorny ... the fruit in size and hardness, and nature
  of rind, resembles a pomegranate, dotted over the surface with little
  dark spots equally distributed.... With the fruit they make a decoction,
  which is a most efficacious remedy for dysenteries or fluxes, proceeding
  from excessive heat...."—_P. Vincenzo_, 353.

  1879.—"... On this plain you will see a large BÉL-tree, and on it one big
  BÉL-fruit."—_Miss Stokes, Indian Fairy Tales_, 140.

BAFTA, s. A kind of calico, made especially at Baroch; from the Pers.
_bāfta_, 'woven.' The old Baroch _baftas_ seem to have been fine goods.
Nothing is harder than to find intelligible explanations of the distinction
between the numerous varieties of cotton stuffs formerly exported from
India to Europe under a still greater variety of names; names and trade
being generally alike obsolete. _Baftas_ however survived in the Tariffs
till recently. [_Bafta_ is at present the name applied to a silk fabric.
(See quotation from _Yusuf Ali_ below.) In Bengal, Charpata and Noakhali in
the Chittagong Division were also noted for their cotton _baftas_
(_Birdwood, Industr. Arts_, 249).]

  1598.—"There is made great store of Cotton Linnen of diuers sort ...
  BOFFETAS."—_Linschoten_, p. 18. [Hak. Soc. i. 60.]

  [1605-6.—"_Patta Kassa_ of the ffinest _Totya_, BAFFA."—_Birdwood, First
  Letter Book_, 73. We have also "Black BAFFATTA."—_Ibid._ 74.]

  [1610.—"BAFFATA, the corge Rs. 100."—_Danvers, Letters_, i. 72.]

  1612.—"BAFTAS or white Callicos, from twentie to fortie Royals the
  _corge_."—_Capt. Saris_, in _Purchas_, i. 347.

  1638.—"... tisserans qui y font cette sorte de toiles de cotton, que l'on
  appelle BAFTAS, qui sont les plus fines de toutes celles qui se font dans
  la Prouince de Guzaratta."—_Mandelslo_, 128.

  1653.—"BAFTAS est un nom Indien qui signifie des toiles fort serrées de
  cotton, lesquelles la pluspart viennent de Baroche, ville du Royaume de
  Guzerat, appartenant au Grand Mogol."—_De la B. le Gouz_, 515.

  1665.—"The BAFTAS, or Calicuts painted red, blue, and black, are carried
  white to _Agra_ and _Amadabad_, in regard those cities are nearest the
  places where the _Indigo_ is made that is us'd in
  colouring."—_Tavernier_, (E. T.) p. 127; [ed. _Ball_, ii. 5].

  1672.—"_Broach_ BAFTAS, broad and narrow."—_Fryer_, 86.

  1727.—"The _Baroach_ BAFTAS are famous throughout all India, the country
  producing the best Cotton in the World."—_A. Hamilton_, i. 144.

  1875.—In the Calcutta Tariff valuation of this year we find Piece Goods,
  Cotton:

    BAFTAHS, score, Rs. 30.

  [1900.—"Akin to the _pot thāns_ is a fabric known as BAFTA (literally
  woven), produced in Benares; body pure silk, with _butis_ in _kalabatun_
  or cloth; ... used for _angarkhas_, _kots_, and women's _paijamas_
  (Musulmans)."—_Yusuf Ali, Mon. on Silk Fabrics_, 97.]

It is curious to find this word now current on Lake Nyanza. The burial of
King Mtesa's mother is spoken of:

  1883.—"The chiefs half filled the nicely-padded coffin with BUFTA
  (bleached calico) ... after that the corpse and then the coffin was
  filled up with more BUFTA...."—In _Ch. Missy. Intelligencer_, N.S., viii.
  p. 543.

BAHAR, s. Ar. _bahār_, Malayāl. _bhāram_, from Skt. _bhāra_, 'a load.' A
weight used in large trading transactions; it varied much in different
localities; and though the name is of Indian origin it was naturalised by
the Arabs, and carried by them to the far East, being found in use, when
the Portuguese arrived in those seas, at least as far as the Moluccas. In
the Indian islands the _bahār_ is generally reckoned as equal to 3 PECULS
(q.v.), or 400 avoirdupois. But there was a different _bahār_ in use for
different articles of merchandise; or, rather, each article had a special
surplus allowance in weighing, which practically made a different _bahār_
(see PICOTA). [Mr. Skeat says that it is now uniformly equal to 400 lbs.
av. in the British dominions in the Malay Peninsula; but Klinkert gives it
as the equivalent of 12 _pikuls_ of AGAR-AGAR; 6 of cinnamon; 3 of
TRIPANG.]

  1498.—"... and begged him to send to the King his Lord a BAGAR of
  cinnamon, and another of clove ... for sample" (_a mostra_).—_Roteiro de
  V. da Gama_, 78.

  1506.—"In Cananor el suo Re si è zentil, e qui nasce zz. (_i.e._
  _zenzeri_ or 'ginger'); ma li zz. pochi e non cusi boni come quelli de
  Colcut, e suo peso si chiama BAAR, che sono K. (Cantari) 4 da
  Lisbona."—_Relazione di Leonardo Ca' Masser_, 26.

  1510.—"If the merchandise about which they treat be spices, they deal by
  the _bahar_, which BAHAR weighs three of our _cantari_."—_Varthema_, p.
  170.

  1516.—"It (Malacca) has got such a quantity of gold, that the great
  merchants do not estimate their property, nor reckon otherwise than by
  _bahars_ of gold, which are 4 quintals to each BAHAR."—_Barbosa_, 193.

  1552.—"300 BAHARES of pepper."—_Castanheda_, ii. 301. Correa writes
  BARES, as does also Couto.

  1554.—"The BAAR of nuts (_noz_) contains 20 faraçolas, and 5 maunds more
  of PICOTA; thus the _baar_, with its _picota_, contains 20½
  faraçolas...."—_A. Nunes_, 6.

  c. 1569.—"After this I saw one that would have given a BARRE of Pepper,
  which is two Quintals and a halfe, for a little Measure of water, and he
  could not have it."—_C. Fredericke_, in _Hakl._ ii. 358.

  1598.—"Each BHAR of _Sunda_ weigheth 330 _catten_ of
  China."—_Linschoten_, 34: [Hak. Soc. i. 113].

  1606.—"... their came in his company a Portugall Souldier, which brought
  a Warrant from the Capitaine to the Gouernor of _Manillia_, to trade with
  vs, and likewise to giue _John Rogers_, for his pains a BAHAR of
  Cloues."—_Middleton's Voyage_, D. 2. _b_.

  1613.—"Porque os naturaes na quelle tempo possuyão muytos BÂRES de
  ouro."—_Godinho de Eredia_, 4 v.

  [1802.—"That at the proper season for gathering the pepper and for a
  _Pallam_ weighing 13 rupees and 1½ _Viessam_ 120 of which are equal to a
  _Tulam_ or _Maund_ weighing 1,732 rupees, calculating, at which standard
  for one BAROM or _Candy_ the Sircar's price is Rs. 120."—_Procl. at
  Malabar_, in _Logan_, iii. 348. This makes the BAROM equal to 650 lbs.]

BAHAUDUR, s. H. _Bahādur_, 'a hero, or champion.' It is a title affixed
commonly to the names of European officers in Indian documents, or when
spoken of ceremoniously by natives (_e.g._ "Jones Ṣāhib _Bahādur_"), in
which use it may be compared with "the gallant officer" of Parliamentary
courtesy, or the _Illustrissimo Signore_ of the Italians. It was conferred
as a title of honour by the Great Mogul and by other native princes [while
in Persia it was often applied to slaves (Burton, _Ar. Nights_, iii. 114)].
Thus it was particularly affected to the end of his life by Hyder Ali, to
whom it had been given by the Raja of Mysore (see quotation from John
Lindsay below [and Wilks, _Mysoor_, Madras reprint, i. 280]). _Bahādur_ and
_Sirdār Bahādur_ are also the official titles of members of the 2nd and 1st
classes respectively of the Order of British India, established for native
officers of the army in 1837. [The title of _Rāē Bahādur_ is also conferred
upon Hindu civil officers.]

As conferred by the Court of Delhi the usual gradation of titles was
(ascending):—1. _Bahādur_; 2. _Bahādur Jang_; 3. _Bahādur ud-Daulah_; 4.
_Bahādur ul-mulk_. At Hyderabad they had also _Bahādur ul-Umrā_
(_Kirkpatrick_, in _Tippoo's Letters_, 354). [Many such titles of Europeans
will be found in _North Indian N. & Q._, i. 35, 143, 179; iv. 17.]

In Anglo-Indian colloquial parlance the word denotes a haughty or pompous
personage, exercising his brief authority with a strong sense of his own
importance; a _don_ rather than a swaggerer. Thackeray, who derived from
his Indian birth and connections a humorous felicity in the use of
Anglo-Indian expressions, has not omitted this serviceable word. In that
brilliant burlesque, the _Memoirs of Major Gahagan_, we have the Mahratta
traitor _Bobachee Bahauder_. It is said also that Mr Canning's malicious
wit bestowed on Sir John Malcolm, who was not less great as a talker than
as a soldier and statesman, the title, not included in the Great Mogul's
repertory, of _Bahauder Jaw_.[32]

_Bahādur_ is one of the terms which the hosts of Chingiz Khan brought with
them from the Mongol Steppes. In the Mongol genealogies we find Yesugai
_Bahādur_, the father of Chingiz, and many more. Subutai _Bahādur_, one of
the great soldiers of the Mongol host, twice led it to the conquest of
Southern Russia, twice to that of Northern China. In Sanang Setzen's
poetical annals of the Mongols, as rendered by I. J. Schmidt, the word is
written _Baghatur_, whence in Russian _Bogatir_ still survives as a memento
probably of the Tartar domination, meaning 'a hero or champion.' It occurs
often in the old Russian epic ballads in this sense; and is also applied to
Samson of the Bible. It occurs in a Russian chronicler as early as 1240,
but in application to Mongol leaders. In Polish it is found as _Bohatyr_,
and in Hungarian as _Bátor_,—this last being in fact the popular Mongol
pronunciation of _Baghatur_. In Turki also this elision of the guttural
extends to the spelling, and the word becomes _Bātur_, as we find it in the
Dicts. of Vambéry and Pavet de Courteille. In Manchu also the word takes
the form of _Baturu_, expressed in Chinese characters as _Pa-tu-lu_;[33]
the Kirghiz has it as _Batyr_; the Altai-Tataric as _Paattyr_, and the
other dialects even as _Magathyr_. But the singular history of the word is
not yet entirely told. Benfey has suggested that the word originated in
Skt. _bhaga-dhara_ ('happiness-possessing').[34] But the late lamented
Prof. A. Schiefner, who favoured us with a note on the subject, was
strongly of opinion that the word was rather a corruption "through
dissimulation of the consonant," of the Zend _bagha-puthra_ 'Son of God,'
and thus but another form of the famous term FAGHFŪR, by which the old
Persians rendered the Chinese _Tien-tsz_ ('Son of Heaven'), applying it to
the Emperor of China.

  1280-90.—In an eccentric Persian poem purposely stuffed with Mongol
  expressions, written by Purbahā Jāmī in praise of Arghūn Khān of Persia,
  of which Hammer has given a German translation, we have the following:—

   "The Great Kaan names thee his _Ulugh-Bitekchī_ [Great Secretary],
    Seeing thou art _bitekchi_ and BEHĀDIR to boot;
    O Well-beloved, the _yarlīgh_ [rescript] that thou dost issue is obeyed
    By Turk and Mongol, by Persian, Greek, and Barbarian!"
               _Gesch. der Gold. Horde_, 461.

  c. 1400.—"I ordained that every Ameer who should reduce a Kingdom, or
  defeat an army, should be exalted by three things: by a title of honour,
  by the _Tugh_ [Yak's tail standard], and by the _Nakkára_ [great kettle
  drum]; and should be dignified by the title of BAHAUDUR."—_Timour's
  Institutes_, 283; see also 291-293.

  1404.—"E elles le dixeron q̃ aquel era uno de los valiẽtes e BAHADURES
  q'en el linage del Señor auia."—_Clavijo_, § lxxxix.

     "    "E el home q̃ este haze e mas vino beue dizen que es BAHADUR, que
  dizen elles por homem rezio."—Do. § cxii.

  1407.—"The Prince mounted, escorted by a troop of BAHADURS, who were
  always about his person."—_Abdurrazāk's Hist._ in _Not. et Ext._ xiv.
  126.

  1536.—(As a proper name.) "Itaq̃ ille potentissimus Rex BADUR, Indiae
  universae terror, a quo nonulli regnũ Pori maximi quõdam regis teneri
  affirmant...."—Letter from _John III. of Portugal_ to Pope Paul III.

Hardly any native name occurs more frequently in the Portuguese Hist. of
India than this of _Badur_—viz. Bahādur Shāh, the warlike and powerful king
of Guzerat (1526-37), killed in a fray which closed an interview with the
Viceroy, Nuno da Cunha, at Diu.

  1754.—"The _Kirgeese Tartars_ ... are divided into three _Hordas_, under
  the Government of a _Khan_. That part which borders on the Russian
  dominions was under the authority of _Jean Beek_, whose name on all
  occasions was honoured with the title of BATER."—_Hanway_, i. 239. The
  name _Jean Beek_ is probably _Janibek_, a name which one finds among the
  hordes as far back as the early part of the 14th century (see _Ibn
  Batuta_, ii. 397).

  1759.—"From Shah Alum BAHADRE, son of Alum Guire, the Great Mogul, and
  successor of the Empire, to Colonel Sabut Jung BAHADRE" (_i.e._
  Clive).—Letter in _Long_, p. 163.

We have said that the title _Behauder_ (_Bahādur_) was one by which Hyder
Ali of Mysore was commonly known in his day. Thus in the two next
quotations:

  1781.—"Sheikh Hussein upon the guard tells me that our army has beat the
  BEHAUDER [_i.e._ Hyder Ali], and that peace was making. Another sepoy in
  the afternoon tells us that the BEHAUDER had destroyed our army, and was
  besieging Madras."—_Captivity of Hon. John Lindsay_, in _Lives of the
  Lindsays_, iii. 296.

  1800.—"One lac of BEHAUDRY pagodas."—_Wellington_, i. 148.

  1801.—"Thomas, who was much in liquor, now turned round to his _sowars_,
  and said—'Could any one have stopped Sahib BAHAUDOOR at this gate but one
  month ago?' 'No, no,' replied they; on which——"—_Skinner, Mil. Mem._ i.
  236.

  1872.—"... the word 'BAHÁDUR' ... (at the Mogul's Court) ... was only
  used as an epithet. Ahmed Shah used it as a title and ordered his name to
  be read in the Friday prayer as 'Mujahid ud dín Muhammad Abú naçr Ahmad
  Sháh BAHÁDUR. Hence also '_Kampaní_ BAHADUR,' the name by which the E. I.
  Company is still known in India. The modern 'Khan BAHÁDUR' is, in Bengal,
  by permission assumed by Muhammedan Deputy Magistrates, whilst Hindu
  Deputy Magistrates assume 'Rái BAHÁDUR'; it stands, of course, for
  'Khán-i-BAHÁDUR,' 'the courageous Khán.' The compound, however, is a
  modern abnormal one; for 'Khán' was conferred by the Dihli Emperors, and
  so also 'Bahádur' and 'Bahádur Khán,' but not 'Khán Bahádur.'"—_Prof.
  Blochmann_, in _Ind. Antiquary_, i. 261.

  1876.—"Reverencing at the same time bravery, dash, and boldness, and
  loving their freedom, they (the Kirghiz) were always ready to follow the
  standard of any BATYR, or hero, ... who might appear on the
  stage."—_Schuyler's Turkistan_, i. 33.

  1878.—"Peacock feathers for some of the subordinate officers, a yellow
  jacket for the successful general, and the bestowal of the Manchoo title
  of BATURU, or 'Brave,' on some of the most distinguished brigadiers, are
  probably all the honours which await the return of a triumphal army. The
  reward which fell to the share of 'Chinese Gordon' for the part he took
  in the suppression of the Taiping rebellion was a yellow jacket, and the
  title of _Baturu_ has lately been bestowed on Mr Mesny for years of
  faithful service against the rebels in the province of
  Kweichow."—_Saturday Rev._, Aug. 10, p. 182.

     "    "There is nothing of the great BAHAWDER about him."—_Athenaeum_,
  No. 2670, p. 851.

  1879.—"This strictly prohibitive Proclamation is issued by the Provincial
  Administrative Board of Likim ... and Chang, Brevet-Provincial Judge,
  chief of the Foochow Likim Central Office, Taot'ai for special service,
  and BAT'URU with the title of 'Awe-inspiring Brave'"—Transl. of