Bornu, and other pagans on the south towards Bauchi. The Waube flows
from Kano through the province via Hadeija and by Damjiri in Bornu to
Lake Chad, affording a route for the transport of goods brought by the
Zungeru-Zaria-Kano railway to the headquarters of Katagum and western
Bornu. Katagum is a fertile province inhabited by an industrious people
whose manufactures rival those of Kano.

In ancient times the province of Katagum formed the debateable country
between Bornu and the Hausa states. Though Mahommedan it resisted the
Fula invasion. Its northern emirates were for a long time subject to
Bornu, and its customs are nearly assimilated to those of Bornu. The
province was taken under administrative control by the British in
October 1903. In 1904 the capitals of Gummel, Hadeija, Messau and
Jemaari, were brought into touch with the administration and native and
provincial courts established. At the beginning of 1905 Katagum was
incorporated as a sub-province with the province of Kano, and the
administrative organization of a double province was extended over the
whole. Hadeija, which is a very wealthy town and holds an important
position both as a source of supplies and a centre of trade, received a
garrison of mounted infantry and became the capital of the sub-province.

Hadeija was an old Habe town and its name, an evident corruption of
Khadija, the name of the celebrated wife and first convert of Mahomet,
is a strong presumption of the incorrectness of the Fula claim to have
introduced Islam to its inhabitants. The ruling dynasty of Hadeija was,
however, overthrown by Fula usurpation towards the end of the 18th
century, and the Fula ruler received a flag and a blessing from Dan
Fodio at the beginning of his sacred war in the opening years of the
19th century. Nevertheless the habit of independence being strong in the
town of Hadeija the little emirate held its own against Sokoto, Bornu
and all comers. Though included nominally within the province at Katagum
it was the boast of Hadeija that it had never been conquered. It had
made nominal submission to the British in 1903 on the successful
conclusion of the Kano-Sokoto campaign, and in 1905, as has been stated,
was chosen as the capital of the sub-province. The emir's attitude
became, however, in the spring of 1906 openly antagonistic to the
British and a military expedition was sent against him. The emir with
his disaffected chiefs made a plucky stand but after five hours' street
fighting the town was reduced. The emir and three of his sons were
killed, and a new emir, the rightful heir to the throne, who had shown
himself in favour of a peaceful policy, was appointed. The offices of
the war chiefs in Hadeija were abolished and 150 yards of the town wall
were broken down.

Slave dealing is at an end in Katagum. The military station at Hadeija
forms a link in the chain of British forts which extends along the
northern frontier of the protectorate. (See NIGERIA.)     (F. L. L.)

KATANGA, a district of Belgian Congo, forming the south-eastern part of
the colony. Area, approximately, 180,000 sq. m.; estimated population
1,000,000. The natives are members of the Luba-Lunda group of Bantus.
It is a highly mineralized region, being specially rich in copper ore.
Gold, iron and tin are also mined. Katanga is bounded S. and S.E. by
Northern Rhodesia, and British capital is largely interested in the
development of its resources, the administration of the territory being
entrusted to a committee on which British members have seats. Direct
railway communication with Cape Town and Beira was established in 1909.
There is also a rail and river service via the Congo to the west coast.
(See CONGO FREE STATE.)

KATER, HENRY (1777-1835), English physicist of German descent, was born
at Bristol on the 16th of April 1777. At first he purposed to study law;
but this he abandoned on his father's death in 1794, and entered the
army, obtaining a commission in the 12th regiment of foot, then
stationed in India, where he rendered valuable assistance in the great
trigonometrical survey. Failing health obliged him to return to England;
and in 1808, being then a lieutenant, he entered on a distinguished
student career in the senior department of the Royal Military College at
Sandhurst. Shortly after he was promoted to the rank of captain. In 1814
he retired on half-pay, and devoted the remainder of his life to
scientific research. He died at London on the 26th of April 1835.

His first important contribution to scientific knowledge was the
comparison of the merits of the Cassegrainian and Gregorian telescopes,
from which (_Phil. Trans._, 1813 and 1814) he deduced that the
illuminating power of the former exceeded that of the latter in the
proportion of 5 : 2. This inferiority of the Gregorian he explained as
being probably due to the mutual interference of the rays as they
crossed at the principal focus before reflection at the second mirror.
His most valuable work was the determination of the length of the
second's pendulum, first at London and subsequently at various stations
throughout the country (_Phil. Trans._, 1818, 1819). In these researches
he skilfully took advantage of the well-known property of reciprocity
between the centres of suspension and oscillation of an oscillating
body, so as to determine experimentally the precise position of the
centre of oscillation; the distance between these centres was then the
length of the ideal simple pendulum having the same time of oscillation.
As the inventor of the floating collimator, Kater rendered a great
service to practical astronomy (_Phil. Trans._, 1825, 1828). He also
published memoirs (_Phil. Trans._, 1821, 1831) on British standards of
length and mass; and in 1832 he published an account of his labours in
verifying the Russian standards of length. For his services to Russia in
this respect he received in 1814 the decoration of the order of St.
Anne; and the same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

  His attention was also turned to the subject of compass needles, his
  Bakerian lecture "On the Best Kind of Steel and Form for a Compass
  Needle" (_Phil. Trans._, 1821) containing the results of many
  experiments. The treatise on "Mechanics" in Lardner's _Cyclopaedia_
  was partly written by him; and his interest in more purely
  astronomical questions was evidenced by two communications to the
  Astronomical Society's _Memoirs_ for 1831-1833--the one on an
  observation of Saturn's outer ring, the other on a method of
  determining longitude by means of lunar eclipses.

KATHA, a district in the northern division of Upper Burma, with an area
of 6994 sq. m., 3730 of which consists of the former separate state of
Wuntho. It is bounded N. by the Upper Chindwin, Bhamo and Myitkyina
districts, E. by the Kaukkwe River as far as the Irrawaddy, thence east
of the Irrawaddy by the Shan State of Möng Mit (Momeik), and by the
Shweli River, S. by the Ruby Mines district and Shwebo, and W. by the
Upper Chindwin district. Three ranges of hills run through the district,
known as the Minwun, Gangaw and Mangin ranges. They separate the three
main rivers--the Irrawaddy, the Mèza and the Mu. The Minwun range runs
from north to south, and forms for a considerable part of its length the
dividing line between the Katha district proper and what formerly was
the Wuntho state. Its average altitude is between 1500 and 2000 ft. The
Gangaw range runs from the north of the district for a considerable
portion of its length close to and down the right bank of the Irrawaddy
as far as Tigyaing, where the Myatheindan pagoda gives its name to the
last point. Its highest point is 4400 ft., but the average is between
1500 and 2000 ft. The Katha branch of the railway crosses it at Petsut,
a village 12 miles west of Katha town. The Mangin range runs through
Wuntho (highest peak, Maingthôn, 5450 ft.).

Gold, copper, iron and lead are found in considerable quantities in the
district. The Kyaukpazat gold-mines, worked by an English company, gave
good returns, but the quartz reef proved to be a mere pocket and is now
worked out. The iron, copper and lead are not now worked. Jade and
soapstone also exist, and salt is produced from brine wells. There are
three forest reserves in Katha, with a total area of 1119 sq. m. The
population in 1901 was 176,223, an increase of 32% in the decade. The
number of Shans is about half that of Burmese, and of Kadus half that of
Shans. The Shans are mostly in the Wuntho sub-division. Rice is the
chief crop in the plains, tea, cotton, sesamum and hill rice in the
hills. The valley of the Mèza, which is very malarious, was used as a
convict settlement under Burmese rule. The district was first occupied
by British troops in 1886, but it was not finally quieted till 1890,
when the Wuntho sawbwa was deposed and his state incorporated in Katha
district.

KATHA is the headquarters of the district. The principal means of
communication are the Irrawaddy Flotilla steamers, which run between
Mandalay and Bhamo, and the railway which communicates with Sagaing to
the south and Myitkyina to the north. A ferry-steamer plies between
Katha and Bhamo.

KATHIAWAR, or KATTYWAR, a peninsula of India, within the Gujarat
division of Bombay, giving its name to a political agency. Total area,
about 23,400 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 2,645,805. These figures include a
portion of the British district of Ahmedabad, a portion of the state of
Baroda, and the small Portuguese settlement of Diu. The peninsula is
bounded N. by the Runn of Cutch, E. by Ahmedabad district and the Gulf
of Cambay, and S. and W. by the Arabian Sea. The extreme length is 220
m.; the greatest breadth about 165 m. Generally speaking, the surface is
undulating, with low ranges running in various directions. With the
exception of the Tangha and Mandav hills, in the west of Jhalawar, and
some unimportant hills in Hallar, the northern portion of the country is
flat; but in the south, from near Gogo, the Gir range runs nearly
parallel with the coast, and at a distance of about 20 m. from it, along
the north of Babriawar and Sorath, to the neighbourhood of Girnar.
Opposite this latter mountain is the solitary Osam hill, and then still
farther west is the Barada group, between Hallar and Barada, running
about 20 m. north and south from Gumli to Ranawao. The Girnar group of
mountains is an important granitic mass, the highest peak of which rises
to 3500 ft. The principal river is the Bhadar, which rises in the Mandav
hills, and flowing S.W. falls into the sea at Navi-Bandar; it is
everywhere marked by highly cultivated lands adjoining its course of
about 115 m. Other rivers are the Aji, Machhu and Satrunji--the last
remarkable for romantic scenery. Four of the old races, the Jaitwas,
Churasamas, Solunkis and Walas still exist as proprietors of the soil
who exercised sovereignty in the country prior to the immigration of the
Jhalas, Jadejas, Purmars, Kathis, Gohels, Jats, Mahommedans and
Mahrattas, between whom the country is now chiefly portioned out.
Kathiawar has many notable antiquities, comprising a rock inscription of
Asoka, Buddhist caves, and fine Jain temples on the sacred hill of
Girnar and at Palitana.

The political agency of Kathiawar has an area of 20,882 sq. m. In 1901
the population was 2,329,196, showing a decrease of 15% in the decade
due to the results of famine. The estimated gross revenue of the several
states is £1,278,000; total tribute (payable to the British, the gaekwar
of Baroda and the nawab of Junagarh), £70,000. There are altogether 193
states of varying size and importance, of which 14 exercise independent
jurisdiction, while the rest are more or less under British
administration. The eight states of the first class are Junagaw,
Nawanagar, Bhaunagar, Porbandar, Dhrangadra, Morvi, Gondal and
Jafarabad. The headquarters of the political agent are at Rajkot, in the
centre of the peninsula, where also is the Rajkumar college, for the
education of the sons of the chiefs. There is a similar school for
_girasias_, or chiefs of lower rank, at Gondal. An excellent system of
metre-gauge railways has been provided at the cost of the leading
states. Maritime trade is also very active, the chief ports being
Porbandar, Mangrol and Verawal. In 1903-1904 the total sea-borne exports
were valued at £1,300,000, and the imports at £1,120,000. The
progressive prosperity of Kathiawar received a shock from the famine of
1899-1900, which was felt everywhere with extreme severity.

KATKOV, MICHAEL NIKIFOROVICH (1818-1887), Russian journalist, was born
in Moscow in 1818. On finishing his course at the university he devoted
himself to literature and philosophy, and showed so little individuality
that during the reign of Nicholas I. he never once came into
disagreeable contact with the authorities. With the Liberal reaction and
strong reform movement which characterized the earlier years of
Alexander II.'s reign (1855-1881) he thoroughly sympathized, and for
some time he warmly advocated the introduction of liberal institutions
of the British type, but when he perceived that the agitation was
assuming a Socialistic and Nihilist tinge, and that in some quarters of
the Liberal camp indulgence was being shown to Polish national
aspirations, he gradually modified his attitude until he came to be
regarded by the Liberals as a renegade. At the beginning of 1863 he
assumed the management and editorship of the _Moscow Gazette_, and he
retained that position till his death in 1887. During these twenty-four
years he exercised considerable influence on public opinion and even on
the Government, by representing with great ability the moderately
Conservative spirit of Moscow in opposition to the occasionally
ultra-Liberal and always cosmopolitan spirit of St Petersburg. With the
Slavophils he agreed in advocating the extension of Russian influence in
south-eastern Europe, but he carefully kept aloof from them and
condemned their archaeological and ecclesiastical sentimentality. Though
generally temperate in his views, he was extremely incisive and often
violent in his modes of expressing them, so that he made many enemies
and sometimes incurred the displeasure of the press-censure and the
ministers, against which he was more than once protected by Alexander
III. in consideration of his able advocacy of national interests. He is
remembered chiefly as an energetic opponent of Polish national
aspirations, of extreme Liberalism, of the system of public instruction
based on natural science, and of German political influence. In this
last capacity he helped to prepare the way for the Franco-Russian
alliance.

KATMANDU (less correctly KHATMANDU), the capital of the state of Nepal,
India, situated on the bank of the Vishnumati river at its confluence
with the Baghmati, in 27° 36´ N., 85° 24´ E. The town, which is said to
have been founded about 723, contains a population estimated at 70,000,
occupying 5000 houses made of brick, and usually from two to four
storeys high. Many of the houses have large projecting wooden windows or
balconies, richly carved. The maharaja's palace, a huge, rambling,
ungainly building, stands in the centre of the town, which also contains
numerous temples. One of these, a wooden building in the centre of the
town, gives it its name (_kat_ = wood). The streets are extremely
narrow, and the whole town very dirty. A British resident is stationed
about a mile north of the town.

KATO, TAKA-AKIRA (1859-   ), Japanese statesman, was born at Nagoya, and
commenced life as an employee in the great firm of Mitsu Bishi. In 1887
he became private secretary to Count Okuma, minister of state for
foreign affairs. Subsequently he served as director of a bureau in the
finance department, and from 1894 to 1899 he represented his country at
the court of St James. He received the portfolio of foreign affairs in
the fourth Ito cabinet (1900-1901), which remained in office only a few
months. Appointed again to the same position in the Saionji cabinet
(1906), he resigned after a brief interval, being opposed to the
nationalization of the private railways, which measure the cabinet
approved. He then remained without office until 1908, when he again
accepted the post of ambassador in London. He was decorated with the
grand cross of St Michael and St George, and earned the reputation of
being one of the strongest men among the junior statesmen.

KATRINE, LOCH, a fresh-water lake of Scotland, lying almost entirely in
Perthshire. The boundary between the counties of Perth and Stirling runs
from Glengyle, at the head of the lake, down the centre to a point
opposite Stronachlachar from which it strikes to the south-western shore
towards Loch Arklet. The loch, which has a south-easterly trend, is
about 8 m. long, and its greatest breadth is 1 m. It lies 364 ft. above
the sea-level. It occupies an area of 4¾ square miles and has a drainage
basin of 37½ square miles. The average depth is 142 ft., the greatest
depth being 495 ft. The average annual rainfall is 78 inches. The mean
temperature at the surface is 56.4° F., and at the bottom 41° F. The
scenery has been immortalized in Sir Walter Scott's _Lady of the Lake_.
The surrounding hills are of considerable altitude, the most remarkable
being the head of Ben A'an (1750 ft.) and the grassy craigs and broken
contour of Ben Venue (2393 ft.). It is fed by the Gyle and numerous
burns, and drained by the Achray to Loch Achray and thence by the Black
Avon to Loch Vennacher. Since 1859 it has formed the chief source of the
water-supply of Glasgow, the aqueduct leaving the lake about 1½ m. S.E.
of Stronachlachar. By powers obtained in 1885 the level of the lake was
increased by 5 ft. by a system of sluices regulating the outflow of the
Achray. One result of this damming up has been to submerge the Silver
Strand and to curtail the dimensions of Ellen's Isle. The principal
points on the shores are Glengyle, formerly a fastness of the
Macgregors, the Trossachs, the Goblins' Cave on Ben Venue, and
Stronachlachar (Gaelic, "the mason's nose"), from which there is a ferry
to Coilachra on the opposite side. A road has been constructed from the
Trossachs for nearly six miles along the northern shore. During summer
steamers ply between the Trossachs and Stronachlachar and there is a
daily service of coaches from the Trossachs to Callander (about 10 m.)
and to Aberfoyle (9 m.), and between Stronachlachar, to Inversnaid on
Loch Lomond (about 4½ m.). The road to Inversnaid runs through the
Macgregors' country referred to in Scott's _Rob Roy_.

KATSENA, an ancient state of the western Sudan, now included in the
province of Kano in the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria.
Katsena was amongst the oldest of the Hausa states. There exist
manuscripts which carry back its history for about 1000 years and
tradition ascribes the origin of the Hausa population, which is known
also by the name of Habe or Habeche, to the union of Bajibda of Bagdad
with a prehistoric queen of Daura. The conquest of the Habe of Katsena
by the Fula about the beginning of the 19th century made little
difference to the country. The more cultivated Habe were already
Mahommedan and the new rulers adopted the existing customs and system of
government. These were in many respects highly developed and included
elaborate systems of taxation and justice.

The capital of the administrative district is a town of the same name,
in 13° N., 7° 41´ E., being 160 m. E. by S. of the city of Sokoto, and
84 m. N.W. of Kano. The walls of Katsena have a circuit of between 13
and 14 miles, but only a small part of the enclosed space is inhabited.
In the 17th and 18th centuries it appears to have been the largest town
in the Hausa countries, and its inhabitants at that time numbered some
100,000. The date of the foundation of the present town must be
comparatively modern, for it is believed to have been moved from its
ancient site and at the time of Leo Africanus (c. 1513) there was no
place of any considerable size in the province of Katsena. Before that
period Katsena boasted of being the chief seat of learning throughout
the Hausa states and this reputation was maintained to the time of the
Fula conquest. In the beginning of the 19th century the town fell into
the hands of the Fula, but only after a protracted and heroic defence.
In March 1903 Sir F. Lugard visited Katsena on his way from Sokoto and
the emir and chiefs accepted British suzerainty without fighting. The
Katsena district has since formed an administrative district in the
double province of Kano and Katagum. The emir was unfaithful to his oath
of allegiance to the British crown, and was deposed in 1904. His
successor was installed and took the oath of allegiance in December of
the same year. Katsena is a rich and populous district.

  See the _Travels_ of Heinrich Barth (new ed., London, 1890, chs.
  xxiii. and xxiv.). Consult also the _Annual Reports_ on Northern
  Nigeria issued by the Colonial Office, London, particularly the Report
  for 1902.

KATSENA is also the name of a town in the district of Katsena-Allah, in
the province of Muri, Northern Nigeria. This district is watered by a
river of the same name which takes its rise in the mountains of the
German colony of Cameroon, and flows into the Benue at a point above
Abinsi.

KATSURA, TARO, MARQUESS (1847-   ), Japanese soldier and statesman, was
born in 1847 in Choshu. He commenced his career by fighting under the
Imperial banner in the civil war of the Restoration, and he displayed
such talent that he was twice sent at public expense to Germany (in 1870
and 1884) to study strategy and tactics. In 1886 he was appointed
vice-minister of war, and in 1891 the command of division devolved on
him. He led the left wing of the Japanese army in the campaign of
1894-95 against China, and made a memorable march in the depth of winter
from the north-east shore of the Yellow Sea to Haicheng, finally
occupying Niuchwang, and effecting a junction with the second army corps
which moved up the Liaotung peninsula. For these services he received
the title of viscount. He held the portfolio of war from 1898 to 1901,
when he became premier and retained office for four and a half years, a
record in Japan. In 1902 his cabinet concluded the first _entente_ with
England, which event procured for Katsura the rank of count. He also
directed state affairs throughout the war with Russia, and concluded the
offensive and defensive treaty of 1905 with Great Britain, receiving
from King Edward the grand cross of the order of St Michael and St
George, and being raised by the mikado to the rank of marquess. He
resigned the premiership in 1905 to Marquess Saionji, but was again
invited to form a cabinet in 1908. Marquess Katsura might be considered
the chief exponent of conservative views in Japan. Adhering strictly to
the doctrine that ministries were responsible to the emperor alone and
not at all to the diet, he stood wholly aloof from political parties,
only his remarkable gift of tact and conciliation enabling him to govern
on such principles.

KATTERFELTO (or KATERFELTO), GUSTAVUS (d. 1799), quack doctor and
conjurer, was born in Prussia. About 1782 he came to London, where his
advertisements in the newspapers, headed "Wonders! Wonders! Wonders!"
enabled him to trade most profitably upon the credulity of the public
during the widespread influenza epidemic of that year. His public
entertainment, which, besides conjuring, included electrical and
chemical experiments and demonstrations with the microscope, extracted a
flattering testimonial from the royal family, who witnessed it in 1784.
The poet William Cowper refers to Katterfelto in _The Task_; he became
notorious for a long tour he undertook, exciting marvel by his conjuring
performances.

KATTOWITZ, a town in the Prussian province of Silesia, on the Rawa, near
the Russian frontier, 5 m. S.E. from Beuthen by rail. Pop. (1875),
11,352; (1905), 35,772. There are large iron-works, foundries and
machine shops in the town, and near it zinc and anthracite mines. The
growth of Kattowitz, like that of other places in the same district, has
been very rapid, owing to the development of the mineral resources of
the neighbourhood. In 1815 it was a mere village, and became a town in
1867. It has monuments to the emperors William I. and Frederick III.

  See G. Hoffmann, _Geschichte der Stadt Kattowitz_ (Kattowitz, 1895).

KATWA, or CUTWA, a town of British India, in Burdwan district, Bengal,
situated at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Ajai rivers. Pop.
(1901), 7220. It was the residence of many wealthy merchants, but its
commercial importance has declined as it is without railway
communication and the difficulties of the river navigation have
increased. It was formerly regarded as the key to Murshidabad. The old
fort, of which scarcely a vestige remains, is noted as the scene of the
defeat of the Mahrattas by Ali Vardi Khan.

KATYDID, the name given to certain North American insects, belonging to
the family _Locustidae_, and related to the green or tree grasshoppers
of England. As in other members of the family, the chirrup, alleged to
resemble the words "Katydid," is produced by the friction of a file on
the underside of the left forewing over a ridge on the upperside of the
right. Several species, belonging mostly to the genera _Microcentonus_
and _Cyrtophallus_, are known.

KAUFBEUREN, a town in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the Wertach, 55 m. S.W.
of Munich by rail. Pop. (1905), 8955. Kaufbeuren is still surrounded by
its medieval walls and presents a picturesque appearance. It has a
handsome town hall with fine paintings, an old tower (the Hexenturm, or
witches' tower), a museum and various educational institutions. The most
interesting of the ecclesiastical buildings is the chapel of St Blasius,
which was restored in 1896. The chief industries are cotton spinning,
weaving, bleaching, dyeing, printing, machine building and lithography,
and there is an active trade in wine, beer and cheese. Kaufbeuren is
said to have been founded in 842, and is first mentioned in chronicles
of the year 1126. It appears to have become a free imperial city about
1288, retaining the dignity until 1803, when it passed to Bavaria. It
was formerly a resort of pilgrims, and Roman coins have been found in
the vicinity.

  See F. Stieve, _Die Reichsstadt Kaufbeuren und die bayrische
  Restaurationspolitik_ (Munich, 1870); and Schröder, _Geschichte der
  Stadt und Katholischen Pfarrei Kaufbeuren_ (Augsburg, 1903).

KAUFFMANN, [MARIA ANNA] ANGELICA (1741-1807), the once popular artist
and Royal Academician, was born at Coire in the Grisons, on the 30th of
October 1741. Her father, John Josef Kauffmann, was a poor man and
mediocre painter, but apparently very successful in teaching his
precocious daughter. She rapidly acquired several languages, read
incessantly, and showed marked talents as a musician. Her greatest
progress, however, was in painting; and in her twelfth year she had
become a notability, with bishops and nobles for her sitters. In 1754
her father took her to Milan. Later visits to Italy of long duration
appear to have succeeded this excursion; in 1763 she visited Rome,
returning to it again in 1764. From Rome she passed to Bologna and
Venice, being everywhere fêted and caressed, as much for her talents as
for her personal charms. Writing from Rome in August 1764 to his friend
Franke, Winckelmann refers to her exceptional popularity. She was then
painting his picture, a half-length, of which she also made an etching.
She spoke Italian as well as German, he says; and she also expressed
herself with facility in French and English--one result of the
last-named accomplishment being that she painted all the English
visitors to the Eternal City. "She may be styled beautiful," he adds,
"and in singing may vie with our best virtuosi." While at Venice, she
was induced by Lady Wentworth, the wife of the English ambassador to
accompany her to London, where she appeared in 1766. One of her first
works was a portrait of Garrick, exhibited in the year of her arrival at
"Mr Moreing's great room in Maiden Lane." The rank of Lady Wentworth
opened society to her, and she was everywhere well received, the royal
family especially showing her great favour.

Her firmest friend, however, was Sir Joshua Reynolds. In his pocket-book
her name as "Miss Angelica" or "Miss Angel" appears frequently, and in
1766 he painted her, a compliment which she returned by her "Portrait of
Sir Joshua Reynolds," aetat. 46. Another instance of her intimacy with
Reynolds is to be found in the variation of Guercino's "Et in Arcadia
ego" produced by her at this date, a subject which Reynolds repeated a
few years later in his portrait of Mrs Bouverie and Mrs Crewe. When,
about November 1767, she was entrapped into a clandestine marriage with
an adventurer who passed for a Swedish count (the Count de Horn)
Reynolds befriended her, and it was doubtless owing to his good offices
that her name is found among the signatories to the famous petition to
the king for the establishment of the Royal Academy. In its first
catalogue of 1769 she appears with "R.A." after her name (an honour
which she shared with another lady and compatriot, Mary Moser); and she
contributed the "Interview of Hector and Andromache," and three other
classical compositions. From this time until 1782 she was an annual
exhibitor, sending sometimes as many as seven pictures, generally
classic or allegorical subjects. One of the most notable of her
performances was the "Leonardo expiring in the Arms of Francis the
First," which belongs to the year 1778. In 1773 she was appointed by the
Academy with others to decorate St Paul's, and it was she who, with
Biagio Rebecca, painted the Academy's old lecture room at Somerset
House. It is probable that her popularity declined a little in
consequence of her unfortunate marriage; but in 1781, after her first
husband's death (she had been long separated from him), she married
Antonio Zucchi (1728-1795), a Venetian artist then resident in England.
Shortly afterwards she retired to Rome, where she lived for twenty-five
years with much of her old prestige. In 1782 she lost her father; and in
1795--the year in which she painted the picture of Lady Hamilton--her
husband. She continued at intervals to contribute to the Academy, her
last exhibit being in 1797. After this she produced little, and in
November 1807 she died, being honoured by a splendid funeral under the
direction of Canova. The entire Academy of St Luke, with numerous
ecclesiastics and virtuosi, followed her to her tomb in S. Andrea delle
Fratte, and, as at the burial of Raphael, two of her best pictures were
carried in procession.

  The works of Angelica Kauffmann have not retained their reputation.
  She had a certain gift of grace, and considerable skill in
  composition. But her drawing is weak and faulty; her figures lack
  variety and expression; and her men are masculine women. Her
  colouring, however, is fairly enough defined by Waagen's term
  "cheerful." Rooms decorated by her brush are still to be seen in
  various quarters. At Hampton Court is a portrait of the duchess of
  Brunswick; in the National Portrait Gallery, a portrait of herself.
  There are other pictures by her at Paris, at Dresden, in the Hermitage
  at St Petersburg, and in the Alte Pinakothek at Munich. The Munich
  example is another portrait of herself; and there is a third in the
  Uffizi at Florence. A few of her works in private collections have
  been exhibited among the "Old Masters" at Burlington House. But she is
  perhaps best known by the numerous engravings from her designs by
  Schiavonetti, Bartolozzi and others. Those by Bartolozzi especially
  still find considerable favour with collectors. Her life was written
  in 1810 by Giovanni de Rossi. It has also been used as the basis of a
  romance by Léon de Wailly, 1838; and it prompted the charming novel
  contributed by Mrs Richmond Ritchie to the _Cornhill Magazine_ in 1875
  under the title of "Miss Angel."     (A. D.)

KAUFMANN, CONSTANTINE PETROVICH (1818-1882), Russian general, was born
at Maidani on the 3rd of March 1818. He entered the engineer branch in
1838, served in the campaigns in the Caucasus, rose to be colonel, and
commanded the sappers and miners at the siege of Kars in 1855. On the
capitulation of Kars he was deputed to settle the terms with General Sir
W. Fenwick Williams. In 1861 he became director-general of engineers at
the War Office, assisting General Milutin in the reorganization of the
army. Promoted lieut.-general in 1864, he was nominated
aide-de-camp-general and governor of the military conscription of Vilna.
In 1867 he became governor of Turkestan, and held the post until his
death, making himself a name in the expansion of the empire in central
Asia. He accomplished a successful campaign in 1868 against Bokhara,
capturing Samarkand and gradually subjugating the whole country. In 1873
he attacked Khiva, took the capital, and forced the khan to become a
vassal of Russia. Then followed in 1875 the campaign against Khokand, in
which Kaufmann defeated the khan, Nasr-ed-din. Khokand north of the
Syrdaria was annexed to Russia, and the independence of the rest of the
country became merely nominal. This rapid absorption of the khanates
brought Russia into close proximity to Afghanistan, and the reception of
Kaufmann's emissaries by the Amir was a main cause of the British war
with Afghanistan in 1878. Although Kaufmann was unable to induce his
government to support all his ambitious schemes of further conquest, he
sent Skobeleff in 1880 and 1881 against the Akhal Tekkés, and was
arranging to add Merv to his annexations when he died suddenly at
Tashkend on the 15th of May 1882.

KAUKAUNA, a city of Outagamie county, Wisconsin, U.S.A., on the Fox
river 7 m. N.E. of Appleton and about 100 m. N. of Milwaukee. Pop.
(1900), 5115, of whom 1044 were foreign-born (1905) 4991; (1910) 4717.
Kaukauna is served by the Chicago & North-Western railway (which has
car-shops here), by inter-urban electric railway lines connecting with
other cities in the Fox river, valley, and by river steamboats. It has a
Carnegie library, a hospital and manufactories of pulp, paper, lumber
and woodenware. Dams on the Fox River furnish a good water-power. The
city owns its waterworks. A small settlement of Indian traders was made
here as early as 1820; in 1830 a Presbyterian mission was established,
but the growth of the place was slow, and the city was not chartered
until 1885.

KAULBACH, WILHELM VON (1805-1874), German painter, was born in
Westphalia on the 15th of October 1805. His father, who was poor,
combined painting with the goldsmith's trade, but means were found to
place Wilhelm, a youth of seventeen, in the art academy of Düsseldorf,
then becoming renowned under the directorship of Peter von Cornelius.
Young Kaulbach contended against hardships, even hunger. But his courage
never failed; and, uniting genius with industry, he was ere long
foremost among the young national party which sought to revive the arts
of Germany. The ambitious work by which Louis I. sought to transform
Munich into a German Athens afforded the young painter an appropriate
sphere. Cornelius had been commissioned to execute the enormous frescoes
in the Glyptothek, and his custom was in the winters, with the aid of
Kaulbach and others, to complete the cartoons at Düsseldorf, and in the
summers, accompanied by his best scholars, to carry out the designs in
colour on the museum walls in Munich. But in 1824 Cornelius became
director of the Bavarian academy. Kaulbach, not yet twenty, followed,
took up his permanent residence in Munich, laboured hard on the public
works, executed independent commissions, and in 1849, when Cornelius
left for Berlin, succeeded to the directorship of the academy, an office
which he held till his death on the 7th of April 1874. His son Hermann
(1846-1909) also became a distinguished painter.

Kaulbach matured, after the example of the masters of the Middle Ages,
the practice of mural or monumental decoration; he once more conjoined
painting with architecture, and displayed a creative fertility and
readiness of resource scarcely found since the era of Raphael and
Michelangelo. Early in the series of his multitudinous works came the
famous Narrenhaus, the appalling memories of a certain madhouse near
Düsseldorf; the composition all the more deserves mention for points of
contact with Hogarth. Somewhat to the same category belong the
illustrations to _Reineke Fuchs_. These, together with occasional
figures or passages in complex pictorial dramas, show how dominant and
irrepressible were the artist's sense of satire and enjoyment of fun;
character in its breadth and sharpness is depicted with keenest relish,
and at times the sardonic smile bursts into the loudest laugh. Thus
occasionally the grotesque degenerates into the vulgar, the grand into
the ridiculous, as in the satire on "the Pigtail Age" in a fresco
outside the New Pinakothek. Yet these exceptional extravagances came not
of weakness but from excess of power. Kaulbach tried hard to become
Grecian and Italian; but he never reached Phidias or Raphael; in short
the blood of Dürer, Holbein and Martin Schongauer ran strong in his
veins. The art products in Munich during the middle of the 19th century
were of a quantity to preclude first-rate quality, and Kaulbach
contracted a fatal facility in covering wall and canvas by the acre. He
painted in the Hofgarten, the Odeon, the Palace and on the external
walls of the New Pinakothek. His perspicuous and showy manner also
gained him abundant occupation as a book illustrator: in the pages of
the poets his fancy revelled; he was glad to take inspiration from
Wieland, Goethe, even Klopstock; among his engraved designs are the
Shakespeare gallery, the Goethe gallery and a folio edition of the
Gospels. With regard to these examples of "the Munich school," it was
asserted that Kaulbach had been unfortunate alike in having found
Cornelius for a master and King Louis for a patron, that he attempted
"subjects far beyond him, believing that his admiration for them was
the same as inspiration"; and supplied the lack of real imagination by
"a compound of intellect and fancy."

Nevertheless in such compositions as the Destruction of Jerusalem and
the Battle of the Huns Kaulbach shows creative imagination. As a
dramatic poet he tells the story, depicts character, seizes on action
and situation, and thus as it were takes the spectator by storm. The
manner may be occasionally noisy and ranting, but the effect after its
kind is tremendous. The cartoon, which, as usual in modern German art,
is superior to the ultimate picture, was executed in the artist's prime
at the age of thirty. At this period, as here seen, the knowledge was
little short of absolute; subtle is the sense of beauty; playful,
delicate, firm the touch; the whole treatment artistic.

Ten or more years were devoted to what the Germans term a "cyclus"--a
series of pictures depicting the Tower of Babel, the Age of Homer, the
Destruction of Jerusalem, the Battle of the Huns, the Crusades and the
Reformation. These major tableaux, severally 30 ft. long, and each
comprising over one hundred figures above life-size, are surrounded by
minor compositions making more than twenty in all. The idea is to
congregate around the world's historic dramas the prime agents of
civilization; thus here are assembled allegoric figures of Architecture
and other arts, of Science and other kingdoms of knowledge, together
with lawgivers from the time of Moses, not forgetting Frederick the
Great. The chosen situation for this imposing didactic and theatric
display is the Treppenhaus or grand staircase in the new museum, Berlin;
the surface is a granulated, absorbent wall, specially prepared; the
technical method is that known as "water-glass," or "liquid flint," the
infusion of silica securing permanence. The same medium was adopted in
the later wall-pictures in the Houses of Parliament, Westminster.

The painter's last period brings no new departure; his ultimate works
stand conspicuous by exaggerations of early characteristics. The series
of designs illustrative of Goethe, which had an immense success, were
melodramatic and pandered to popular taste. The vast canvas, more than
30 ft. long, the Sea Fight at Salamis, painted for the Maximilianeum,
Munich, evinces wonted imagination and facility in composition; the
handling also retains its largeness and vigour; but in this astounding
scenic uproar moderation and the simplicity of nature are thrown to the
winds, and the whole atmosphere is hot and feverish.

  Kaulbach's was a beauty-loving art. He is not supreme as a colourist;
  he belongs in fact to a school that holds colour in subordination; but
  he laid, in common with the great masters, the sure foundation of his
  art in form and composition. Indeed, the science of composition has
  seldom if ever been so clearly understood or worked out with equal
  complexity and exactitude; the constituent lines, the relation of the
  parts to the whole, are brought into absolute agreement; in modern
  Germany painting and music have trodden parallel paths, and Kaulbach
  is musical in the melody and harmony of his compositions. His
  narrative too is lucid, and moves as a stately march or royal triumph;
  the sequence of the figures is unbroken; the arrangement of the groups
  accords with even literary form; the picture falls into incident,
  episode, dialogue, action, plot, as a drama. The style is eclectic; in
  the Age of Homer the types and the treatment are derived from Greek
  marbles and vases; then in the Tower of Babel the severity of the
  antique gives place to the suavity of the Italian renaissance; while
  in the Crusades the composition is let loose into modern romanticism,
  and so the manner descends into the midst of the 19th century. And yet
  this scholastically compounded art is so nicely adjusted and smoothly
  blended that it casts off all incongruity and becomes homogeneous as
  the issue of one mind. But a fickle public craved for change; and so
  the great master in later years waned in favour, and had to witness,
  not without inquietude, the rise of an opposing party of naturalism
  and realism.     (J. B. A.)

KAUNITZ-RIETBURG, WENZEL ANTON, PRINCE VON (1711-1794), Austrian
chancellor and diplomatist, was born at Vienna on the 2nd of February
1711. His father, Max Ulrich, was the third count of Kaunitz, and
married an heiress, Maria Ernestine Franziska von Rietburg. The family
was ancient, and was believed to have been of Slavonic origin in
Moravia. Wenzel Anton, being a second son, was designed for the church,
but on the death of his elder brother he was trained for the law and for
diplomacy, at Vienna, Leipzig and Leiden, and by travel. His family had
served the Habsburgs with some distinction, and Kaunitz had no
difficulty in obtaining employment. In 1735 he was a _Reichshofrath_.
When the Emperor Charles VI. died in 1740, he is said to have hesitated
before deciding to support Maria Theresa. If so, his hesitation did not
last long, and left no trace on his loyalty. From 1742 to 1744 he was
minister at Turin, and in the latter year was sent as minister with the
Archduke Charles of Lorraine, the governor of Belgium. He was therefore
an eye-witness of the campaigns in which Marshal Saxe overran Belgium.
At this time he was extremely discouraged, and sought for his recall.
But he had earned the approval of Maria Theresa, who sent him as
representative of Austria to the peace congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in
1748. His tenacity and dexterity established his reputation as a
diplomatist. He confirmed his hold on the regard and confidence of the
empress by the line he took after the conclusion of the peace. In 1749
Maria Theresa appealed to all her counsellors for advice as to the
policy Austria ought to pursue in view of the changed conditions
produced by the rise of Prussia. The great majority of them, including
her husband Francis I., were of opinion that the old alliance with the
sea Powers, England and Holland, should be maintained. Kaunitz, either
because he was really persuaded that the old policy must be given up, or
because he saw that the dominating idea in the mind of Maria Theresa was
the recovery of Silesia, gave it as his opinion that Frederick was now
the "most wicked and dangerous enemy of Austria," that it was hopeless
to expect the support of Protestant nations against him, and that the
only way of recovering Silesia was by an alliance with Russia and
France. The empress eagerly accepted views which were already her own,
and entrusted the adviser with the execution of his own plans. An
ambassador to France from 1750 to 1752, and after 1753 as "house, court
and state chancellor," Kaunitz laboured successfully to bring about the
alliance which led to the Seven Years' War. It was considered a great
feat of diplomacy, and established Kaunitz as the recognized master of
the art. His triumph was won in spite of personal defects and
absurdities which would have ruined most men. Kaunitz had manias rarely
found in company with absolute sanity. He would not hear of death, nor
approach a sick man. He refused to visit his dying master Joseph II. for
two whole years. He would not breathe fresh air. On the warmest summer
day he kept a handkerchief over his mouth when out of doors, and his
only exercise was riding under glass, which he did every morning for
exactly the same number of minutes. He relaxed from his work in the
company of a small dependent society of sycophants and buffoons. He was
consumed by a solemn, garrulous and pedantic vanity. When in 1770 he met
Frederick the Great at Mährisch-Neustadt, he came with a summary of
political principles, which he called a catechism, in his pocket, and
assured the king that he must be allowed to speak without interruption.
When Frederick, whose interest it was to humour him, promised to listen
quietly, Kaunitz rolled his mind out for two hours, and went away with
the firm conviction that he had at last enlightened the inferior
intellect of the king of Prussia as to what politics really were. Within
a very short time Frederick had completely deceived and out-manoeuvred
him. With all his pomposity and conceit, Kaunitz was astute, he was
laborious and orderly; when his advice was not taken he would carry out
the wishes of his masters, while no defeat ever damped his pertinacity.

To tell his history from 1750 till his retirement in 1792 would be to
tell part of the internal history of Austria, and all the international
politics of eastern and central Europe. His governing principle was to
forward the interests of "the august house of Austria," a phrase
sometimes repeated at every few lines of his despatches. In internal
affairs he in 1758 recommended, and helped to promote, a simplification
of the confused and subdivided Austrian administration. But his main
concern was always with diplomacy and foreign policy. Here he strove
with untiring energy, and no small measure of success, to extend the
Austrian dominions. After the Seven Years' War he endeavoured to avoid
great risks, and sought to secure his ends by alliances, exchanges and
claims professing to have a legal basis, and justified at enormous
length by arguments both pedantic and hypocritical. The French
Revolution had begun to alter all the relations of the Powers before his
retirement. He never understood its full meaning. Yet the circular
despatch which he addressed to the ambassadors of the emperor on the
17th of July 1794 contains the first outlines of Metternich's policy of
"legitimacy," and the first proposal for the combined action of the
powers, based on the full recognition of one another's rights, to defend
themselves against subversive principles. Kaunitz died at his house, the
Garten Palast, near Vienna, on the 27th of June 1794. He married on the
6th of May 1736, Maria Ernestine von Starhemberg, who died on the 6th of
September 1754. Four sons were born of the marriage.

  See Hormayr, _Oesterreichischer Plutarch_ (Vienna, 1823), for a
  biographical sketch based on personal knowledge. Also see Brunner,
  _Joseph II.: Correspondance avec Cobenzl et Kaunitz_ (Mayence, 1871);
  A. Beer, _Joseph II., Leopold II. und Kaunitz_ (Vienna, 1873).

KAUP, JOHANN JAKOB (1803-1873), German naturalist, was born at Darmstadt
on the 10th of April 1803. After studying at Göttingen and Heidelberg he
spent two years at Leiden, where his attention was specially devoted to
the amphibians and fishes. He then returned to Darmstadt as an assistant
in the grand ducal museum, of which in 1840 he became inspector. In 1829
he published _Skizze zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der europäischen
Thierwelt_, in which he regarded the animal world as developed from
lower to higher forms, from the amphibians through the birds to the
beasts of prey; but subsequently he repudiated this work as a youthful
indiscretion, and on the publication of Darwin's _Origin of Species_ he
declared himself against its doctrines. The extensive fossil deposits in
the neighbourhood of Darmstadt gave him ample opportunities for
palaeontological inquiries, and he gained considerable reputation by his
_Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der urweltlichen Säugethiere_
(1855-1862). He also wrote _Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel_
(1844), and, with H. G. Brown (1800-1862) of Heidelberg, _Die
Gavial-artigen Reste aus dem Lias_ (1842-1844). He died at Darmstadt on
the 4th of July 1873.

KAURI PINE, in botany, _Agathis australis_, a conifer native of New
Zealand where it is abundant in forests in the North Island between the
North Cape and 38° south latitude. The forests are rapidly disappearing
owing to use as timber and to destruction by fires. It is a tall
resiniferous tree, usually ranging from 80 to 100 ft. in height, with a
trunk 4 to 10 ft. in diameter, but reaching 150 ft., with a diameter of
15 to 22 ft.; it has a straight columnar trunk and a rounded bushy head.
The thick resiniferous bark falls off in large flat flakes. The leaves,
which persist for several years, are very thick and leathery; on young
trees they are lance-shaped 2 to 4 in. long and ¼ to ½ in. broad,
becoming on mature trees linear-oblong or obovate-oblong and ¾ to 1½ in.
long. The ripe cones are almost spherical, erect, and 2 to 3 in. in
diameter; the broad, flat, rather thin cone-scales fall from the axis
when ripe. Each scale bears a single compressed seed with a membranous
wing. The timber is remarkable for its strength, durability and the ease
with which it is worked. The resin, kauri-gum, is an amber-like deposit
dug in large quantities from the sites of previous forests, in lumps
generally varying in size from that of a hen's egg to that of a man's
head. The colour is of a rich brown or amber yellow, or it may be almost
colourless and translucent. It is of value for varnish-making.

KAVA (CAVA or AVA), an intoxicating, but non-alcoholic beverage,
produced principally in the islands of the South Pacific, from the roots
or leaves of a variety of the pepper plant (_Piper methysticum_). The
method of preparation is somewhat peculiar. The roots or leaves are
first chewed by young girls or boys, care being taken that only those
possessing sound teeth and excellent general health shall take part in
this operation. The chewed material is then placed in a bowl, and water
or coco-nut milk is poured over it, the whole is well stirred, and
subsequently the woody matter is removed by an ingenious but simple
mechanical manipulation. The resulting liquid, which has a muddy or
_café-au-lait_ appearance, or is of a greenish hue if made from leaves,
is now ready for consumption. The taste of the liquid is at first sweet,
and then pungent and acrid. The usual dose corresponds to about two
mouthfuls of the root. Intoxication (but this apparently only applies to
those not inured to the use of the liquor) follows in about twenty
minutes. The drunkenness produced by kava is of a melancholy, silent and
drowsy character. Excessive drinking is said to lead to skin and other
diseases, but _per contra_ many medicinal virtues are ascribed to the
preparation. There appears to be little doubt that the active principle
in this beverage is a poison of an alkaloidal nature. It seems likely
that this substance is not present as such (i.e. as a free alkaloid) in
the plant, but that it exists in the form of a glucoside, and that by
the process of chewing this glucoside is split up by one of the ferments
in the saliva into the free alkaloid and sugar.

  See _Pharm. Journ_. iii. 474; iv. 85; ix. 219; vii. 149; _Comptes
  Rendus_, l. 436, 598; lii. 206; _Journ. de Pharm._ (1860) 20; (1862)
  218; Seeman, _Flora Vitiensis_, 260; Beachy, _Voyage of the
  "Blossom,"_ ii. 120.

KAVADH (KABADES, KAUADES), a Persian name which occurs first in the
mythical history of the old Iranian kingdom as Kai Kobadh (Kaikobad). It
was borne by two kings of the Sassanid dynasty.

(1) KAVADH I., son of Peroz, crowned by the nobles in 488 in place of
his uncle Balash, who was deposed and blinded. At this time the empire
was utterly disorganized by the invasion of the Ephthalites or White
Huns from the east. After one of their victories against Peroz, Kavadh
had been a hostage among them during two years, pending the payment of a
heavy ransom. In 484 Peroz had been defeated and slain with his whole
army. Balash was not able to restore the royal authority. The hopes of
the magnates and high priests that Kavadh would suit their purpose were
soon disappointed. Kavadh gave his support to the communistic sect
founded by Mazdak, son of Bamdad, who demanded that the rich should
divide their wives and their wealth with the poor. His intention
evidently was, by adopting the doctrine of the Mazdakites, to break the
influence of the magnates. But in 496 he was deposed and incarcerated in
the "Castle of Oblivion (Lethe)" in Susiana, and his brother Jamasp
(Zamaspes) was raised to the throne. Kavadh, however, escaped and found
refuge with the Ephthalites, whose king gave him his daughter in
marriage and aided him to return to Persia. In 499 he became king again
and punished his opponents. He had to pay a tribute to the Ephthalites
and applied for subsidies to Rome, which had before supported the
Persians. But now the emperor Anastasius refused subsidies, expecting
that the two rival powers of the East would exhaust one another in war.
At the same time he intervened in the affairs of the Persian part of
Armenia. So Kavadh joined the Ephthalites and began war against the
Romans. In 502 he took Theodosiopolis in Armenia, in 503 Amida
(Diarbekr) on the Tigris. In 505 an invasion of Armenia by the western
Huns from the Caucasus led to an armistice, during which the Romans paid
subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of the fortifications on
the Caucasus. When Justin I. (518-527) came to the throne the conflict
began anew. The Persian vassal, Mondhir of Hira, laid waste Mesopotamia
and slaughtered the monks and nuns. In 531 Belisarius was beaten at
Callinicum. Shortly afterwards Kavadh died, at the age of eighty-two, in
September 531. During his last years his favourite son Chosroes had had
great influence over him and had been proclaimed successor. He also
induced Kavadh to break with the Mazdakites, whose doctrine had spread
widely and caused great social confusion throughout Persia. In 529 they
were refuted in a theological discussion held before the throne of the
king by the orthodox Magians, and were slaughtered and persecuted
everywhere; Mazdak himself was hanged. Kavadh evidently was, as
Procopius (_Pers._ i. 6) calls him, an unusually clear-sighted and
energetic ruler. Although he could not free himself from the yoke of the
Ephthalites, he succeeded in restoring order in the interior and fought
with success against the Romans. He built some towns which were named
after him, and began to regulate the taxation.

(2) KAVADH II. SHEROE (Siroes), son of Chosroes II., was raised to the
throne in opposition to his father in February 628, after the great
victories of the emperor Heraclius. He put his father and eighteen
brothers to death, began negotiations with Heraclius, but died after a
reign of a few months.     (Ed. M.)

KAVALA, or CAVALLA, a walled town and seaport of European Turkey in the
vilayet of Salonica, on the Bay of Kavala, an inlet of the Aegean Sea.
Pop. (1905), about 5000. Kavala is built on a promontory stretching
south into the bay, and opposite the island of Thasos. There is a
harbour on each side of the promontory. The resident population is
increased in summer by an influx of peasantry, of whom during the season
5000 to 6000 are employed in curing tobacco and preparing it for export.
The finest Turkish tobacco is grown in the district, and shipped to all
parts of Europe and America, to the annual value of about £1,250,000.
Mehemet Ali was born here in 1769, and founded a Turkish school which
still exists. His birthplace, an unpretentious little house in one of
the tortuous older streets, can be distinguished by the tablet which the
municipal authorities have affixed to its front wall. Numerous Roman
remains have been found in the neighbourhood, of which the chief is the
large aqueduct on two tiers of arches which still serves to supply the
town and dilapidated citadel with water from Mount Pangeus.

  Kavala has been identified with Neapolis, at which St Paul landed on
  his way from Samothrace to Philippi (Acts xvi. 11). Neapolis was the
  port of Philippi, as Kavala now is of Seres; in the bay on which it
  stands the fleet of Brutus and Cassius was stationed during the battle
  of Philippi. Some authorities identify Neapolis with Datum ([Greek:
  Daton]), mentioned by Herodotus as famous for its gold mines.

KAVANAGH, ARTHUR MACMORROUGH (1831-1889), Irish politician, son of
Thomas Kavanagh, M.P., who traced his descent to the ancient kings of
Leinster, was born in Co. Carlow, Ireland, on the 25th of March 1831. He
had only the rudiments of arms and legs, but in spite of these physical
defects had a remarkable career. He learnt to ride in the most fearless
way, strapped to a special saddle, and managing the horse with the
stumps of his arms; and also fished, shot, drew and wrote, various
mechanical contrivances being devised to supplement his limited physical
capacities. He travelled extensively in Egypt, Asia Minor, Persia and
India between 1846 and 1853, and after succeeding to the family estates
in the latter year, he married in 1855 his cousin, Miss Frances Mary
Leathley. Assisted by his wife, he was a most philanthropic landlord,
and was an active county magistrate and chairman of the board of
guardians. A Conservative and a Protestant, he sat in Parliament for Co.
Wexford from 1866 to 1868, and for Co. Carlow from 1868 to 1880. He was
opposed to the disestablishment of the Irish Church, but supported the
Land Act of 1870, and sat on the Bessborough Commission. In 1886 he was
made a member of the Privy Council in Ireland. He died of pneumonia on
the 25th of December 1889, in London. It is supposed that his
extraordinary career suggested the idea of "Lucas Malet's" novel, _The
History of Sir Richard Calmady_.

KAVANAGH, JULIA (1824-1877), British novelist, was born at Thurles in
Tipperary, Ireland, in 1824. She was the daughter of Morgan Peter
Kavanagh (d. 1874), author of various worthless philological works and
some poems. Julia spent several years of her early life with her parents
in Normandy, laying there the foundation of a mastery of the French
language and insight into French modes of thought, which was perfected
by her later frequent and long residences in France. Miss Kavanagh's
literary career began with her arrival in London about 1844, and her
uneventful life affords few incidents to the biographer. Her first book
was _Three Paths_ (1847), a story for the young; but her first work to
attract notice was _Madeleine, a Tale of Auvergne_ (1848). Other books
followed: _A Summer and Winter in the Two Sicilies_ (1858); _French
Women of Letters_ (1862); _English Women of Letters_ (1862); _Woman in
France during the 18th Century_ (1850); and _Women of Christianity_
(1852). The scenes of her stories are almost always laid in France, and
she handles her French themes with fidelity and skill. Her style is
simple and pleasing rather than striking; and her characters are
interesting without being strongly individualized. Her most popular
novels were perhaps _Adèle_ (1857), _Queen Mab_ (1863), and _John
Dorrien_ (1875). On the outbreak of the Franco-German War Julia Kavanagh
removed with her mother from Paris to Rouen. She died at Nice on the
28th of October 1877.

KAVASS, or CAVASS (adapted from the Turkish _qawwas_, a bow-maker;
Arabic _qaws_, a bow), a Turkish name for an armed police-officer; also
for a courier such as it is usual to engage when travelling in Turkey.

KAVIRONDO, a people of British East Africa, who dwell in the valley of
the Nzoia River, on the western slopes of Mount Elgon, and along the
north-east coast of Victoria Nyanza. Kavirondo is the general name of
two distinct groups of tribes, one Bantu and the other Nilotic. Both
groups are immigrants, the Bantu from the south, the Nilotic from the
north. The Bantu appear to have been the first comers. The Nilotic
tribes, probably an offshoot of the Acholi (q.v.), appear to have
crossed the lake to reach their present home, the country around
Kavirondo Gulf. Of the two groups the Bantu now occupy a more northerly
position than their neighbours, and "are practically the most northerly
representatives of that race" (Hobley). Their further progress north was
stopped by the southward movement of the Nilotic tribes, while the
Nilotic Kavirondo in their turn had their wanderings arrested by an
irruption of Elgumi people from the east. The Elgumi are themselves
probably of Nilotic origin. Both groups of Kavirondo are physically
fine, the Nilotic stock appearing more virile than the Bantu. The Bantu
Kavirondo are divided into three principal types--the Awa-Rimi, the
Awa-Ware and the Awa-Kisii. By the Nilotic Kavirondo their Bantu
neighbours are known as Ja-Mwa. The generic name for the Nilotic tribes
is Ja-Luo. The Bantu Kavirondo call them Awa-Nyoro. The two groups have
many characteristics in common. A characteristic feature of the people
is their nakedness. Among the Nilotic Kavirondo married men who are
fathers wear a small piece of goat-skin, which though practically
useless as a covering must be worn according to tribal etiquette. Even
among men who have adopted European clothing this goat-skin must still
be worn underneath. Contact with whites has led to the adoption of
European clothing by numbers of the men, but the women, more
conservative, prefer nudity or the scanty covering which they wore
before the advent of Europeans. Among the Bantu Kavirondo married women
wear a short fringe of black string in front and a tassel of banana
fibre suspended from a girdle behind, this tassel having at a distance
the appearance of a tail. Hence the report of early travellers as to a
tailed race in Africa. The Nilotic Kavirondo women wear the tail, but
dispense with the fringe in front. For "dandy" they wear a goat-skin
slung over the shoulders. Some of the Bantu tribes practise
circumcision, the Nilotic tribes do not. Patterns are tattooed on chest
and stomach for ornament. Men, even husbands, are forbidden to touch the
women's tails, which must be worn even should any other clothing be
wrapped round the body. The Kavirondo are noted for their independent
and pugnacious nature, their honesty and their sexual morality, traits
particularly marked among the Bantu tribes. There are more women than
men, and thus the Kavirondo are naturally inclined towards polygamy.
Among the Bantu tribes a man has the refusal of all the younger sisters
of his wife as they attain puberty. Practically no woman lives unmarried
all her life, for if no suitor seeks her, she singles out a man and
offers herself to him at a "reduced price," an offer usually accepted,
as the women are excellent agricultural labourers. The Nilotic Kavirondo
incline to exogamy, endeavouring always to marry outside their clan.
Girls are betrothed at six or seven, and the husband-elect continually
makes small presents to his father-in-law-elect till the bride reaches
womanhood. It is regarded as shameful if the girl be not found a virgin
on her wedding day. She is sent back to her parents, who have to return
the marriage price, and pay a fine. The wife's adultery was formerly
punished with death, and the capital penalty was also inflicted on young
men and girls guilty of unchastity. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the usual
minimum price for a wife is forty hoes, twenty goats and one cow, paid
in instalments. The Nilotic Kavirondo pay twenty sheep and two to six
cows; the husband-elect can claim his bride when he has made half
payment. If a woman dies without bearing children, the amount of her
purchase is returnable by her father, unless the widower consents to
replace her by another sister. The women are prolific and the birth of
twins is common. This is considered a lucky event, and is celebrated by
feasting and dances. Among the Bantu Kavirondo the mother of twins must
remain in her hut for seven days. Among the Nilotic Kavirondo the
parents and the infants must stay in the hut for a whole month. If a
Bantu mother has lost two children in succession the next child born is
taken out at dawn and placed on the road, where it is left till a
neighbour, usually a woman friend who has gone that way on purpose,
picks it up. She takes it to its mother who gives a goat in return. A
somewhat similar custom prevails among the Nilotic tribes. Names are not
male and female, and a daughter often bears her father's name.

  The Kavirondo bury their dead. Among one of the Bantu tribes, the
  Awa-Kisesa, a chief is buried in the floor of his own hut in a sitting
  position, but at such a depth that the head protrudes. Over the head
  an earthenware pot is placed, and his principal wives have to remain
  in the hut till the flesh is eaten by ants or decomposes, when the
  skull is removed and buried close to the hut. Later the skeleton is
  unearthed, and reburied with much ceremony in the sacred burial place
  of the tribe. Married women of the Bantu tribes are buried in their
  hut lying on their right side with legs doubled up, the hut being then
  deserted. Among the Nilotic tribes the grave is dug beneath the
  verandah of the hut. Men of the Bantu tribes are buried in an open
  space in the midst of their huts; in the Nilotic tribes, if the first
  wife of the deceased be alive he is buried in her hut, if not, beneath
  the verandah of the hut in which he died. A child is buried near the
  door of its mother's hut. A sign of mourning is a cord of banana fibre
  worn round the neck and waist. A chief chooses, sometimes years before
  his death, one of his sons to succeed him, often giving a brass
  bracelet as insignia. A man's property is divided equally among his
  children.

  The Kavirondo are essentially an agricultural people: both men and
  women work in the fields with large iron hoes. In addition to sorghum,
  _Eleusine_ and maize, tobacco and hemp are both cultivated and smoked.
  Both sexes smoke, but the use of hemp is restricted to men and
  unmarried women, as it is thought to injure child-bearing women. Hemp
  is smoked in a hubble-bubble. The Kavirondo cultivate sesamum and make
  an oil from its seeds which they burn in little clay lamps. These
  lamps are of the ancient saucer type, the pattern being, in Hobley's
  opinion, introduced into the country by the coast people. While some
  tribes live in isolated huts, those in the north have strongly walled
  villages. The walls are of mud and formerly, among the Nilotic tribes,
  occasionally of stone. Since the advent of the British the security of
  the country has induced the Kavirondo to let the walls fall into
  disrepair. Their huts are circular with conical thatched roof, and
  fairly broad verandah all round. A portion of the hut is partitioned
  off as a sleeping-place for goats, and the fowls sleep indoors in a
  large basket. Skins form the only bedsteads. In each hut are two
  fireplaces, about which a rigid etiquette prevails. Strangers or
  distant relatives are not allowed to pass beyond the first, which is
  near the door, and is used for cooking. At the second, which is nearly
  in the middle of the hut, sit the hut owner, his wives, children,
  brothers and sisters. Around this fireplace the family sleep. Cooking
  pots, water pots and earthenware grain jars are the only other
  furniture. The food is served in small baskets. Every full grown man
  has a hut to himself, and one for each wife. The huts of the Masaba
  Kavirondo of west Elgon have the apex of the roof surmounted by a
  carved pole which Sir H. H. Johnston says is obviously a phallus.
  Among the Bantu Kavirondo a father does not eat with his sons, nor do
  brothers eat together. Among the Nilotic tribes father and sons eat
  together, usually in a separate hut with open sides. Women eat apart
  and only after the men have finished. The Kavirondo keep cattle,
  sheep, goats, fowls and a few dogs. Women do not eat sheep, fowls or
  eggs, and are not allowed to drink milk except when mixed with other
  things. The flesh of the wild cat and leopard is esteemed by most of
  the tribes. From _Eleusine_ a beer is made. The Kavirondo are plucky
  hunters, capturing the hippopotamus with ropes and traps, and
  attacking with spears the largest elephants. Fish, of which they are
  very fond, are caught by line and rod or in traps. Bee-keeping is
  common, and where trees are scarce the hives are placed on the roof of
  the hut. Among the Bantu Kavirondo goats and sheep are suffocated, the
  snout being held until the animal dies. Though a peaceful people the
  Kavirondo fight well. Their weapons are spears with rather long flat
  blades without blood-courses, and broad-bladed swords. Some use
  slings, and most carry shields. Bows and arrows are also used;
  firearms are however displacing other weapons. Kavirondo warfare was
  mainly defensive and intertribal, this last a form of vendetta. When a
  man had killed his enemy in battle he shaved his head on his return
  and he was rubbed with "medicine" (generally goat's dung), to defend
  him from the spirit of the dead man. This custom the Awa-Wanga
  abandoned when they obtained firearms. The young warriors were made to
  stab the bodies of their slain enemies. Kavirondo industries are
  salt-making, effected by burning reeds and water-plants and passing
  water through the ashes; the smelting of iron ore (confined to the
  Bantu tribes); pottery and basket-work.

  The Kavirondo have many tribes, divided, Sir H. H. Johnston suspects,
  totemically. Their religion appears to be a vague ancestor-worship,
  but the northern tribes have two gods, Awafwa and Ishishemi, the
  spirits of good and evil. To the former cattle and goats are
  sacrificed. The Kavirondo have great faith in divination from the
  entrails of a sheep. Nearly everybody and everything is to the
  Kavirondo ominous of good or evil. They have few myths or traditions;
  the ant-bear is the chief figure in their beast-legends. They believe
  in witchcraft and practise trial by ordeal. As a race the Kavirondo
  are on the increase. This is due to their fecundity and morality.
  Those who live in the low-lying lands suffer from a mild malaria,
  while abroad they are subject to dysentery and pneumonia. Epidemics of
  small-pox have occurred. Native medicine is of the simplest. They
  dress wounds with butter and leaves, and for inflammation of the lungs
  or pleurisy pierce a hole in the chest. There are no
  medicine-men--the women are the doctors. Certain of the incisor teeth
  are pulled out. If a man retains these he will, it is thought, be
  killed in warfare. Among certain tribes the women also have incisor
  teeth extracted, otherwise misfortune would befall their husbands. For
  the same reason the wife scars the skin of her forehead or stomach. A
  Kavirondo husband, before starting on a perilous journey, cuts scars
  on his wife's body to ensure him good luck. Of dances the Kavirondo
  have four--the birth dance, the death dance, that at initiation and
  one of a propitiatory kind in seasons of drought. Their music is
  plaintive and sometimes pretty, produced by a large lyre-shaped
  instrument. They use also various drums.

  The Ja-Luo women use for ear ornaments small beads attached to pieces
  of brass. Like the aggry beads of West Africa these beads are not of
  local manufacture nor of recent introduction. They are ancient, in
  colour generally blue, occasionally yellow or green, and are picked up
  in certain districts after heavy rain. By the natives they are
  supposed to come down with the rain. They are identical in shape and
  colour with ancient Egyptian beads and other beads obtained from
  ancient cities in Baluchistan.

  See C. W. Hobley, _Eastern Uganda, an Ethnological Survey_ (Anthrop.
  Inst., _Occasional Papers_, No. 1, London, 1902); Sir H. H. Johnston,
  _Uganda Protectorate_ (1902); J. F. Cunningham, _Uganda and its
  Peoples_ (1905); Paul Kollmann, _The Victoria Nyanza_ (1899).
       (T. A. J.)

KAW, or KANSA, a tribe of North American Indians of Siouan stock. They
were originally an offshoot of the Osages. Their early home was in
Missouri, whence they were driven to Kansas by the Dakotas. They were
moved from one reservation to another, till in 1873 they were settled in
Indian Territory; they have since steadily decreased, and now number
some 200.

KAWARDHA, a feudatory state of India, within the Central Provinces;
area, 798 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 57,474, showing a decrease of 37% in the
decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, £7000. Half the state consists
of hill and forest. The residence of the chief, who is a Raj Gond, is at
Kawardha (pop. 4772), which is also the headquarters of the Kabirpanthi
sect (see KABIR).

KAY, JOHN (1742-1826), Scottish caricaturist, was born near Dalkeith,
where his father was a mason. At thirteen he was apprenticed to a
barber, whom he served for six years. He then went to Edinburgh, where
in 1771 he obtained the freedom of the city by joining the corporation
of barber-surgeons. In 1785, induced by the favour which greeted certain
attempts of his to etch in aquafortis, he took down his barber's pole
and opened a small print shop in Parliament Square. There he continued
to flourish, painting miniatures, and publishing at short intervals his
sketches and caricatures of local celebrities and oddities, who abounded
at that period in Edinburgh society. He died on the 21st of February
1826.

  Kay's portraits were collected by Hugh Paton and published under the
  title _A series of original portraits and caricature etchings by the
  late John Kay, with biographical sketches and illustrative anecdotes_
  (Edin., 2 vols. 4to, 1838; 8vo ed., 4 vols., 1842; new 4to ed., with
  additional plates, 2 vols., 1877), forming a unique record of the
  social life and popular habits of Edinburgh at its most interesting
  epoch.

KAY, JOSEPH (1821-1878), English economist, was born at Salford,
Lancashire, on the 27th of February 1821. Educated privately and at
Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple
in 1848. He was appointed judge of the Salford Hundred court of record
in 1862 and in 1869 was made a queen's counsel. He is best known for a
series of works on the social condition of the poor in France,
Switzerland, Holland, Germany and Austria, the materials for which he
gathered on a four years' tour as travelling bachelor of his university.
They were _The Education of the Poor in England and Europe_ (London,
1846); _The Social Condition of the People in England and Europe_
(London, 1850, 2 vols.); _The Condition and Education of Poor Children
in English and in German Towns_ (Manchester, 1853). He was also the
author of _The Law relating to Shipmasters and Seamen_ (London, 1875)
and _Free Trade in Land_ (1879, with a memoir). He died at Dorking,
Surrey, on the 9th of October 1878.

KAYAK, or CAYAK, an Eskimo word for a fishing boat, in common use from
Greenland to Alaska. It has been erroneously derived from the Arabic
_caique_, supposed to have been applied to the native boats by early
explorers. The boat is made by covering a light wooden framework with
sealskin. A hole is pierced in the centre of the top of the boat, and
the _kayaker_ (also dressed in sealskin) laces himself up securely when
seated to prevent the entrance of water. The kayak is propelled like a
canoe by a double-bladed paddle. The name _kayak_ is properly only
applied to the boat used by an Eskimo man--that used by a woman is
called an _umiak_.

KAYASTH, the writer caste of Northern India, especially numerous and
influential in Bengal. In 1901 their total number in all India was more
than two millions. Their claim to be Kshattriyas who have taken to
clerical work is not admitted by the Brahmans. Under Mahommedan rule
they learnt Persian, and filled many important offices. They are now
eager students of English, and have supplied not only several judges to
the high court but also the first Hindu to be a member of the
governor-general's council. In Bombay their place is taken by the
Prabhus, and in Assam by the Kalitas (Kolitas); in Southern India there
is no distinct clerical caste.

KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1876), English military historian, was the
son of Charles Kaye, a solicitor, and was educated at Eton and the Royal
Military College, Addiscombe. From 1832 to 1841 he was an officer in the
Bengal Artillery, afterwards spending some years in literary pursuits
both in India and in England. In 1856 he entered the civil service of
the East India Company, and when the government of India was transferred
to the British crown succeeded John Stuart Mill as secretary of the
political and secret department of the India office. In 1871 he was made
a K.C.S.I. He died in London on the 24th of July 1876. Kaye's numerous
writings include _History of the Sepoy War in India_ (London,
1864-1876), which was revised and continued by Colonel G. B. Malleson
and published in six volumes in 1888-1889; _History of the War in
Afghanistan_ (London, 1851), republished in 1858 and 1874;
_Administration of the East India Company_ (London, 1853); _The Life and
Correspondence of Charles, Lord Metcalfe_ (London, 1854); _The Life and
Correspondence of Henry St George Tucker_ (London, 1854); _Life and
Correspondence of Sir John Malcolm_ (London, 1856); _Christianity in
India_ (London, 1859); _Lives of Indian Officers_ (London, 1867); and
two novels, _Peregrine Pultney_ and _Long engagements_. He also edited
several works dealing with Indian affairs; wrote _Essays of an Optimist_
(London, 1870); and was a frequent contributor to periodicals.

KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL (1845-   ), German geologist and
palaeontologist, was born at Königsberg, on the 26th of March 1845. He
was educated at Berlin where he took his degree of Ph.D. in 1870. In
1882 he became professor of geology in the university at Marburg. He
investigated fossils of various ages and from all parts of the world,
but more especially from the Palaeozoic formations, including those of
South Africa, the Polar regions, and notably the Devonian fossils of
Germany, Bohemia and other parts of Europe.

  Among his separate works are _Lehrbuch der Geologie_ (2 vols., ii.),
  _Geologische Formationskunde_ 1891 (2nd ed., 1902), and i. _Allgemeine
  Geologie_ (1893), vol. ii. (the volume first issued) was translated
  and edited by P. Lake, 1893, under the title _Textbook of Comparative
  Geology_. Another work is _Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna der
  Siegenschen Grauwacke_ (1892).

KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, SIR JAMES PHILLIPS, BART. (1804-1877), English
politician and educationalist, was born at Rochdale, Lancashire, on the
20th of July 1804, the son of Robert Kay. At first engaged in a Rochdale
bank, in 1824 he became a medical student at Edinburgh University.
Settling in Manchester about 1827, he worked for the Ancoats and Ardwick
Dispensary, and the experience which he thus gained of the conditions of
the poor in the Lancashire factory districts, together with his interest
in economic science, led to his appointment in 1835 as poor law
commissioner in Norfolk and Suffolk and later in the London districts.
In 1839 he was appointed first secretary of the committee formed by the
Privy Council to administer the Government grant for the public
education in Great Britain. He is remembered as having founded at
Battersea, London, in conjunction with E. Carleton Tufnell, the first
training college for school teachers (1839-1840); and the system of
national school education of the present day, with its public
inspection, trained teachers and its support by state as well as local
funds, is largely due to his initiative. In 1842 he married Lady Janet
Shuttleworth, assuming by royal licence his bride's name and arms. A
breakdown in his health led him to resign his post on the committee in
1849, but subsequent recovery enabled him to take an active part in the
working of the central relief committee instituted under Lord Derby,
during the Lancashire cotton famine of 1861-1865. He was created a
baronet in 1849. Until the end of his life he interested himself in the
movements of the Liberal party in Lancashire, and the progress of
education. He died in London on the 26th of May 1877. His _Physiology,
Pathology and Treatment of Asphyxia_ became a standard textbook, and he
also wrote numerous papers on public education.

His son, Sir Ughtred James Kay-Shuttleworth (b. 1844), became a
well-known Liberal politician, sitting in parliament for Hastings from
1869 to 1880 and for the Clitheroe division of Lancashire from 1885 till
1902, when he was created Baron Shuttleworth. He was chancellor of the
duchy of Lancaster in 1886, and secretary to the Admiralty in 1892-1895.

KAZALA, or KAZALINSK, a fort and town in the Russian province of
Syr-darya in West Turkestan, at the point where the Kazala River falls
into the Syr-darya, about 50 m. from its mouth in Lake Aral, in 45° 45´
N. and 62° 7´ E., "at the junction," to quote Schuyler, "of all the
trade routes in Central Asia, as the road from Orenburg meets here with
the Khiva, Bokhara and Tashkent roads." Besides carrying on an active
trade with the Kirghiz of the surrounding country, it is of growing
importance in the general current of commerce. Pop. (1897), 7600. The
floods in the river make it an island in spring; in summer it is parched
by the sun and hot winds, and hardly a tree can be got to grow. The
streets are wide, but the houses, as well as the fairly strong fort, are
built of mud bricks.

KAZAÑ, a government of middle Russia, surrounded by the governments of
Vyatka, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, Nizhniy-Novgorod and Kostroma. Area
24,601 sq. m. It belongs to the basins of the Volga and its tributary
the Kama, and by these streams the government is divided into three
regions; the first, to the right of the main river, is traversed by deep
ravines sloping to the north-east, towards the Volga, and by two ranges
of hills, one of which (300 to 500 ft.) skirts the river; the second
region, between the left bank of the Volga and the left bank of the
Kama, is an open steppe; and the third, between the left bank of the
Volga and the right bank of the Kama, resembles in its eastern part the
first region, and in its western part is covered with forest. Marls,
limestones and sandstones, of Permian or Triassic age, are the principal
rocks; the Jurassic formation appears in a small part of the Tetyúshi
district in the south; and Tertiary rocks stretch along the left bank of
the Volga. Mineral springs (iron, sulphur and petroleum) exist in
several places. The Volga is navigable throughout its course of 200 m.
through Kazañ, as well as the Kama (120 m.); and the Vyatka, Kazanka,
Rutka, Tsivyl, Greater Kokshaga, Ilet, Vetluga and Mesha, are not
without value as waterways. About four hundred small lakes are
enumerated within the government; the upper and lower Kaban supply the
city of Kazañ with water.

The climate is severe, the annual mean temperature being 37.8° F. The
rainfall amounts to 16 in. Agriculture is the chief occupation, and 82%
of the population are peasants. Out of 7,672,600 acres of arable land,
4,516,500 are under crops--chiefly rye and oats, with some wheat,
barley, buckwheat, lentils, flax, hemp and potatoes. But there generally
results great scarcity, and even famine, in bad years. Live stock are
numerous. Forests cover 35% of the total area. Bee-keeping is an
important industry. Factories employ about 10,000 persons and include
flour-mills, distilleries, factories for soap, candles and tallow, and
tanneries. A great variety of petty trades, especially those connected
with wood, are carried on in the villages, partly for export. The fairs
are well attended. There is considerable shipping on the Volga, Kama,
Vyatka and their tributaries. Kazañ is divided into twelve districts.
The chief town is Kazañ (q.v.). The district capitals, with their
populations in 1897 are: Cheboksary (4568), Chistopol (20,161),
Kozmodemyansk (5212), Laishev (5439), Mamadyzh (4213), Spask (2779),
Sviyazhsk (2363), Tetyushi (4754). Tsarevokokshaisk (1654), Tsivylsk
(2337) and Yadrin (2467). Population (1879), 1,872,437; (1897),
2,190,185, of whom 1,113,555 were women, and 176,396 lived in towns. The
estimated population in 1906 was 2,504,400. It consists principally of
Russians and Tatars, with a variety of Finno-Turkish tribes: Chuvashes,
Cheremisses, Mordvinians, Votyaks, Mescheryaks, and some Jews and Poles.
The Russians belong to the Orthodox Greek Church or are Nonconformists;
the Tatars are Mussulmans; and the Finno-Turkish tribes are either
pagans or belong officially to the Orthodox Greek Church, the respective
proportions being (in 1897): Orthodox Greek, 69.4% of the whole;
Nonconformists, 1%; Mussulmans, 28.8%.     (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.)

KAZAÑ (called by the Cheremisses _Ozon_), a town of eastern Russia,
capital of the government of the same name, situated in 55° 48´ N. and
49° 26´´ E., on the river Kazanka, 3 m. from the Volga, which however
reaches the city when it overflows its banks every spring. Kazañ lies
650 m. E. from Moscow by rail and 253 m. E. of Nizhniy-Novgorod by the
Volga. Pop. (1883), 140,726; (1900), 143,707, all Russians except for
some 20,000 Tatars. The most striking feature of the city is the _kreml_
or citadel, founded in 1437, which crowns a low hill on the N.W. Within
its wall, capped with five towers, it contains several churches, amongst
them the cathedral of the Annunciation, founded in 1562 by Gury, the
first archbishop of Kazañ, Kazañ being an archiepiscopal see of the
Orthodox Greek Church. Other buildings in the kreml are a magnificent
monastery, built in 1556; an arsenal; the modern castle in which the
governor resides; and the red brick Suyumbeka tower, 246 ft. high, which
is an object of great veneration to the Tatars as the reputed
burial-place of one of their saints. A little E. of the kreml is the
Bogoroditski convent, built in 1579 for the reception of the Black
Virgin of Kazañ, a miracle-working image transferred to Moscow in 1612,
and in St Petersburg since 1710. Kazañ is the intellectual capital of
eastern Russia, and an important seat of Oriental scholarship. Its
university, founded in 1804, is attended by nearly 1000 students.
Attached to it are an excellent library of 220,000 vols., an
astronomical observatory, a botanical garden and various museums. The
ecclesiastical academy, founded in 1846, contains the old library of the
Solovetsk (Solovki) monastery, which is of importance for the history of
Russian religious sects. The city is adorned with bronze statues of Tsar
Alexander II., set up facing the kreml in 1895, and of the poet G. R.
Derzhavin (1743-1816); also with a monument commemorating the capture of
Kazañ by Ivan the Terrible. The central parts of the city consist
principally of small one-storeyed houses, surrounded by gardens, and are
inhabited chiefly by Russians, while some 20,000 Tatars dwell in the
suburbs. Kazañ is, further, the intellectual centre of the Russian
Mahommedans, who have here their more important schools and their
printing-presses. Between the city and the Volga is the Admiralty
suburb, where Peter the Great had his Caspian fleet built for his
campaigns against Persia. The more important manufactures are leather
goods, soap, wax candles, sacred images, cloth, cottons, spirits and
bells. A considerable trade is carried on with eastern Russia, and with
Turkestan and Persia. Previous to the 13th century, the present
government of Kazañ formed part of the territory of the Bulgarians, the
ruins of whose ancient capital, Bolgari or Bolgary, lie 60 m. S. of
Kazañ. The city of Kazañ itself stood, down to the 13th century, 30 m.
to the N.E., where traces of it can still be seen. In 1438 Ulugh
Mahommed (or Ulu Makhmet), khan of the Golden Horde of the Mongols,
founded, on the ruins of the Bulgarian state, the kingdom of Kazañ,
which in its turn was destroyed by Ivan the Terrible of Russia in 1552
and its territory annexed to Russia. In 1774 the city was laid waste by
the rebel Pugachev. It has suffered repeatedly from fires, especially in
1815 and 1825. The Kazañ Tatars, from having lived so long amongst
Russians and Finnish tribes, have lost a good many of the characteristic
features of their Tatar (Mongol) ancestry, and bear now the stamp of a
distinct ethnographic type. They are found also in the neighbouring
governments of Vyatka, Ufa, Orenburg, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Tambov
and Nizhniy-Novgorod. They are intelligent and enterprising, and are
engaged principally in trade.

  See Pineghin's _Kazañ Old and New_ (in Russian); Velyaminov-Zernov's
  _Kasimov Tsars_ (3 vols., St Petersburg, 1863-1866); Zarinsky's
  _Sketches of Old Kazañ_ (Kazañ, 1877); Trofimov's _Siege of Kazañ in_
  1552 (Kazañ, 1890); Firsov's books on the history of the native
  population (Kazañ, 1864 and 1869); and Shpilevski, on the antiquities
  of the town and government, in _Izvestia i Zapiski_ of the Kazañ
  University (1877). A bibliography of the Oriental books published in
  the city is printed in _Bulletins_ of the St Petersburg Academy
  (1867). Compare also L. Leger's "Kazañ et les tartares," in _Bibl.
  Univ. de Genève_ (1874).     (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.)

KAZERUN, a district and town of the province of Fars in Persia. The
district is situated between Shiraz and Bushire. In its centre is the
Kazerun Valley with a direction N.W. to S.E., a fertile plain 30 m. long
and 7 to 8 m. broad, bounded S.E. by the Parishan Lake (8 m. long, 3 m.
broad) N.W. by the Boshavir River, with the ruins of the old city of
Beh-Shahpur (Beshaver, Boshavir, also, short, Shapur) and Sassanian
bas-reliefs on its banks. There also, in a cave, is a statue of Shapur.
The remainder of the district is mostly hilly country intersected by
numerous streams, plains and hills being covered with zizyphus, wild
almond and oak. The district is divided into two divisions: town and
villages, the latter being called Kuh i Marreh and again subdivided into
(1) Pusht i Kuh; (2) Yarruk; (3) Shakan. It has forty-six villages and a
population of about 15,000; it produces rice of excellent quality,
cotton, tobacco and opium, but very little corn, and bread made of the
flour of acorns is a staple of food in many villages. Wild almonds are
exported.

Kazerun, the chief place of the district, is an unwalled town situated
in the midst of the central plain, in 29° 37´ N., 51° 43´ E. at an
elevation of 2800 ft., 70 m. from Shiraz, and 96 m. from Bushire. It has
a population of about 8000, and is divided into four quarters separated
by open spaces. Adjoining it on the W. is the famous Nazar garden, with
noble avenues of orange trees planted by a former governor, Hajji Ali
Kuli Khan, in 1767. A couple of miles N. of the city behind a low range
of hills are the imposing ruins of a marble building said to stand over
the grave of Sheik Amin ed din Mahommed b. Zia ed din Mas'ud, who died
A.H. 740 (A.D. 1339). S.E. of the city on a huge mound are ruins of
buildings with underground chambers, popularly known as Kal'eh i Gabr,
"castle of the fire-worshippers."

KAZINCZY, FERENCZ (1750-1831), Hungarian author, the most indefatigable
agent in the regeneration of the Magyar language and literature at the
end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, was born on the 27th
of October 1759, at Ér-Semlyén, in the county of Bihar, Hungary. He
studied law at Kassa and Eperies, and in Pest, where he also obtained a
thorough knowledge of French and German literature, and made the
acquaintance of Gideon Ráday, who allowed him the use of his library. In
1784 Kazinczy became subnotary for the county of Abaúj; and in 1786 he
was nominated inspector of schools at Kassa. There he began to devote
himself to the restoration of the Magyar language and literature by
translations from classical foreign works, and by the augmentation of
the native vocabulary from ancient Magyar sources. In 1788, with the
assistance of Baróti Szabó and John Bacsányi, he started at Kassa the
first Magyar literary magazine, _Magyar Muzeum_; the _Orpheus_, which
succeeded it in 1790, was his own creation. Although, upon the accession
of Leopold II, Kazinczy, as a non-Catholic, was obliged to resign his
post at Kassa, his literary activity in no way decreased. He not only
assisted Gideon Ráday in the establishment and direction of the first
Magyar dramatic society, but enriched the repertoire with several
translations from foreign authors. His _Hamlet_, which first appeared at
Kassa in 1790, is a rendering from the German version of Schröder.
Implicated in the democratic conspiracy of the abbot Martinovics,
Kazinczy was arrested on the 14th of December 1794, and condemned to
death; but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment. He was released in
1801, and shortly afterwards married Sophia Török, daughter of his
former patron, and retired to his small estate at Széphalom or
"Fairhill," near Sátor-Ujhely, in the county of Zemplén. In 1828 he took
an active part in the conferences held for the establishment of the
Hungarian academy in the historical section of which he became the first
corresponding member. He died of Asiatic cholera, at Széphalom, on the
22nd of August 1831.

  Kazinczy, although possessing great beauty of style, cannot be
  regarded as a powerful and original thinker; his fame is chiefly due
  to the felicity of his translations from the masterpieces of Lessing,
  Goethe, Wieland, Klopstock, Ossian, La Rochefoucauld, Marmontel,
  Molière, Metastasio, Shakespeare, Sterne, Cicero, Sallust, Anacreon,
  and many others. He also edited the works of Baróczy (Pest, 1812, 8
  vols.) and of the poet Zrinyi (1817, 2 vols.), and the poems of Dayka
  (1813, 3 vols.) and of John Kis, (1815, 3 vols.). A collective edition
  of his works (_Szép Literatura_), consisting for the most part of
  translations, was published at Pest, 1814-1816, in 9 vols. His
  original productions (_Eredeti Mukái_), largely made up of letters,
  were edited by Joseph Bajza and Francis Toldy at Pest, 1836-1845, in 5
  vols. Editions of his poems appeared in 1858 and in 1863.

KAZVIN, a province and town of Persia. The province is situated N.W. of
Teheran and S. of Gilan. On the W. it is bounded by Khamseh. It pays a
yearly revenue of about £22,000, and contains many rich villages which
produce much grain and fruit, great quantities of the latter being dried
and exported.

Kazvin, the capital of the province, is situated at an elevation of 4165
ft., in 36° 15´ N. and 50° E., and 92 m. by road from Teheran. The city
is said to have been founded in the 4th century by the Sassanian king
Shapur II (309-379). It has been repeatedly damaged by earthquakes. Many
of its streets and most of the magnificent buildings seen there by
Chardin in 1674 and other travellers during the 17th century are in
ruins. The most remarkable remains are the palace of the Safawid shahs
and the mosque with its large blue dome. In the 16th century Shah
Tahmasp I. (1524-1576) made Kazvin his capital, and it remained so till
Shah Abbas I. (1587-1629) transferred the seat of government to Isfahán.
The town still bears the title Dar es Salteneh, "the seat of
government." Kazvin has many baths and cisterns fed by underground
canals. The system of irrigation formerly carried on by these canals
rendered the plain of Kazvin one of the most fertile regions in Persia;
now most of the canals are choked up. The city has a population of about
50,000 and a thriving transit trade, particularly since 1899 when the
carriage road between Resht and Teheran with Kazvin as a half-way stage
was opened under the auspices of the Russian "Enzeli-Teheran Road
Company." Great quantities of rice, fish and silk are brought to it
from Gilan for distribution in Persia and export to Turkey.

KEAN, EDMUND (1787-1833), was born in London on the 17th of March[1]
1787. His father was probably Edmund Kean, an architect's clerk; and his
mother was an actress, Ann Carey, grand-daughter of Henry Carey. When in
his fourth year Kean made his first appearance on the stage as Cupid in
Noverre's ballet of _Cymon_. As a child his vivacity and cleverness, and
his ready affection for those who treated him with kindness, made him a
universal favourite, but the harsh circumstances of his lot, and the
want of proper restraint, while they developed strong self-reliance,
fostered wayward tendencies. About 1794 a few benevolent persons
provided the means of sending him to school, where he mastered his tasks
with remarkable ease and rapidity; but finding the restraint
intolerable, he shipped as a cabin boy at Portsmouth. Discovering that
he had only escaped to a more rigorous bondage, he counterfeited both
deafness and lameness with a histrionic mastery which deceived even the
physicians at Madeira. On his return to England he sought the protection
of his uncle Moses Kean, mimic, ventriloquist and general entertainer,
who, besides continuing his pantomimic studies, introduced him to the
study of Shakespeare. At the same time Miss Tidswell, an actress who had
been specially kind to him from infancy, taught him the principles of
acting. On the death of his uncle he was taken charge of by Miss
Tidswell, and under her direction he began the systematic study of the
principal Shakespearian characters, displaying the peculiar originality
of his genius by interpretations entirely different from those of
Kemble. His talents and interesting countenance induced a Mrs Clarke to
adopt him, but the slight of a visitor so wounded his pride that he
suddenly left her house and went back to his old surroundings. In his
fourteenth year he obtained an engagement to play leading characters for
twenty nights in York Theatre, appearing as Hamlet, Hastings and Cato.
Shortly afterwards, while he was in the strolling troupe belonging to
Richardson's show, the rumour of his abilities reached George III., who
commanded him to recite at Windsor. He subsequently joined Saunders's
circus, where in the performance of an equestrian feat he fell and broke
his legs--the accident leaving traces of swelling in his insteps
throughout his life. About this time he picked up music from Charles
Incledon, dancing from D'Egville, and fencing from Angelo. In 1807 he
played leading parts in the Belfast theatre with Mrs Siddons, who began
by calling him "a horrid little man" and on further experience of his
ability said that he "played very, very well," but that "there was too
little of him to make a great actor." An engagement in 1808 to play
leading characters in Beverley's provincial troupe was brought to an
abrupt close by his marriage (July 17) with Miss Mary Chambers of
Waterford, the leading actress. For several years his prospects were
very gloomy, but in 1814 the committee of Drury Lane theatre, the
fortunes of which were then so low that bankruptcy seemed inevitable,
resolved to give him a chance among the "experiments" they were making
to win a return of popularity. When the expectation of his first
appearance in London was close upon him he was so feverish that he
exclaimed "If I succeed I shall go mad." His opening at Drury Lane on
the 26th of January 1814 as Shylock roused the audience to almost
uncontrollable enthusiasm. Successive appearances in Richard III.,
Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth and Lear served to demonstrate his complete
mastery of the whole range of tragic emotion. His triumph was so great
that he himself said on one occasion, "I could not feel the stage under
me." On the 29th of November 1820 Kean appeared for the first time in
New York as Richard III. The success of his visit to America was
unequivocal, although he fell into a vexatious dispute with the press.
On the 4th of June 1821 he returned to England.

Probably his irregular habits were prejudicial to the refinement of his
taste, and latterly they tended to exaggerate his special defects and
mannerisms. The adverse decision in the divorce case of Cox v. Kean on
the 17th of January 1825 caused his wife to leave him, and aroused
against him such bitter feeling, shown by the almost riotous conduct of
the audiences before which he appeared about this time, as nearly to
compel him to retire permanently into private life. A second visit to
America in 1825 was largely a repetition of the persecution which, in
the name of morality, he had suffered in England. Some cities showed him
a spirit of charity; many audiences submitted him to the grossest
insults and endangered his life by the violence of their disapproval. In
Quebec he was much impressed with the kindness of some Huron Indians who
attended his performances, and he was made chief of the tribe, receiving
the name Alanienouidet. Kean's last appearance in New York was on the
5th of December 1826 in Richard III., the rôle in which he was first
seen in America. He returned to England and was ultimately received with
all the old favour, but the contest had made him so dependent on the use
of stimulants that the gradual deterioration of his gifts was
inevitable. Still, even in their decay his great powers triumphed during
the moments of his inspiration over the absolute wreck of his physical
faculties, and compelled admiration after his gait had degenerated into
a weak hobble, and the lightning brilliancy of his eyes had become dull
and bloodshot, and the tones of his matchless voice marred by rough and
grating hoarseness. His appearance in Paris was a failure owing to a fit
of drunkenness. His last appearance on the stage was at Covent Garden,
on the 25th of March 1833 when he played Othello to the Iago of his son
Charles. At the words "Villain, be sure," in scene 3 of act iii., he
suddenly broke down, and crying in a faltering voice "O God, I am dying.
Speak to them, Charles," fell insensible into his son's arms. He died at
Richmond on the 15th of May 1833.

It was in the impersonation of the great creations of Shakespeare's
genius that the varied beauty and grandeur of the acting of Kean were
displayed in their highest form, although probably his most powerful
character was Sir Giles Overreach in Massinger's _A New Way to Pay Old
Debts_, the effect of his first impersonation of which was such that the
pit rose _en masse_, and even the actors and actresses themselves were
overcome by the terrific dramatic illusion. His only personal
disadvantage as an actor was his small stature. His countenance was
strikingly interesting and unusually mobile; he had a matchless command
of facial expression; his fine eyes scintillated with the slightest
shades of emotion and thought; his voice, though weak and harsh in the
upper register, possessed in its lower range tones of penetrating and
resistless power, and a thrilling sweetness like the witchery of the
finest music; above all, in the grander moments of his passion, his
intellect and soul seemed to rise beyond material barriers and to
glorify physical defects with their own greatness. Kean specially
excelled as the exponent of passion. In Othello, Iago, Shylock and
Richard III., characters utterly different from each other, but in which
the predominant element is some form of passion, his identification with
the personality, as he had conceived it, was as nearly as possible
perfect, and each isolated phase and aspect of the plot was elaborated
with the minutest attention to details, and yet with an absolute
subordination of these to the distinct individuality he was endeavouring
to portray. Coleridge said, "Seeing him act was like reading Shakespeare
by flashes of lightning." If the range of character in which Kean
attained supreme excellence was narrow, no one except Garrick has been
so successful in so many great impersonations. Unlike Garrick, he had no
true talent for comedy, but in the expression of biting and saturnine
wit, of grim and ghostly gaiety, he was unsurpassed. His eccentricities
at the height of his fame were numerous. Sometimes he would ride
recklessly on his horse Shylock throughout the night. He was presented
with a tame lion with which he might be found playing in his
drawing-room. The prizefighters Mendoza and Richmond the Black were
among his visitors. Grattan was his devoted friend. In his earlier days
Talma said of him, "He is a magnificent uncut gem; polish and round him
off and he will be a perfect tragedian." Macready, who was much
impressed by Kean's Richard III. and met the actor at supper, speaks of
his "unassuming manner ... partaking in some degree of shyness" and of
the "touching grace" of his singing. Kean's delivery of the three words
"I answer--NO!" in the part of Sir Edward Mortimer in _The Iron Chest_,
cast Macready into an abyss of despair at rivalling him in this rôle. So
full of dramatic interest is the life of Edmund Kean that it formed the
subject for a play by the elder Dumas, entitled _Kean on désordre et
génie_, in which Frederick-Lemaître achieved one of his greatest
triumphs.

  See Francis Phippen, _Authentic Memoirs of Edmund Kean_ (1814); B. W.
  Procter (Barry Cornwall), _The Life of Edmund Kean_ (1835); F. W.
  Hawkins, _The Life of Edmund Kean_ (1869); J. Fitzgerald Molloy, _The
  Life and Adventures of Edmund Kean_ (1888); Edward Stirling, _Old
  Drury Lane_ (1887).

His son, CHARLES JOHN KEAN (1811-1868), was born at Waterford, Ireland,
on the 18th of January 1811. After preparatory education at Worplesdon
and at Greenford, near Harrow, he was sent to Eton College, where he
remained three years. In 1827 he was offered a cadetship in the East
India Company's service, which he was prepared to accept if his father
would settle an income of £400 on his mother. The elder Kean refused to
do this, and his son determined to become an actor. He made his first
appearance at Drury Lane on the 1st of October 1827 as Norval in Home's
_Douglas_, but his continued failure to achieve popularity led him to
leave London in the spring of 1828 for the provinces. At Glasgow, on the
1st of October in this year, father and son acted together in Arnold
Payne's _Brutus_, the elder Kean in the title-part and his son as Titus.
After a visit to America in 1830, where he was received with much
favour, he appeared in 1833 at Covent Garden as Sir Edmund Mortimer in
Colman's _The Iron Chest_, but his success was not pronounced enough to
encourage him to remain in London, especially as he had already won a
high position in the provinces. In January 1838, however, he returned to
Drury Lane, and played Hamlet with a success which gave him a place
among the principal tragedians of his time. He was married to the
actress Ellen Tree (1805-1880) on the 29th of January 1842, and paid a
second visit to America with her from 1845 to 1847. Returning to
England, he entered on a successful engagement at the Haymarket, and in
1850, with Robert Keeley, became lessee of the Princess Theatre. The
most noteworthy feature of his management was a series of gorgeous
Shakespearian revivals. Charles Kean was not a great tragic actor. He
did all that could be done by the persevering cultivation of his powers,
and in many ways manifested the possession of high intelligence and
refined taste, but his defects of person and voice made it impossible
for him to give a representation at all adequate of the varying and
subtle emotions of pure tragedy. But in melodramatic parts such as the
king in Boucicault's adaptation of Casimir Delavigne's _Louis XI._, and
Louis and Fabian dei Franchi in Boucicault's adaptation of Dumas's _The
Corsican Brothers_, his success was complete. From his "tour round the
world" Kean returned in 1866 in broken health, and died in London on the
22nd of January 1868.

  See _The Life and Theatrical Times of Charles Kean_, by John William
  Cole (1859).

FOOTNOTE:

  [1] This date is apparently settled by a letter from Kean in 1829, to
    Dr Gibson (see _Rothesay Express_ for the 28th of June 1893, where
    the letter is printed and vouched for), inviting him to dinner on the
    17th of March to celebrate Kean's birthday; various other dates have
    been given in books of reference, the 4th of November having been
    formerly accepted by this Encyclopaedia.

KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839-   ), American Roman Catholic archbishop, was
born in Ballyshannon, Co. Donegal, Ireland, on the 12th of September
1839. His family settled in America when he was seven years old. He was
educated at Saint Charles's College, Ellicott City, Maryland, and at
Saint Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, and in 1866 was ordained a priest and
made curate of St Patrick's, Washington, D.C. On the 25th of August 1878
he was consecrated Bishop of Richmond, to succeed James Gibbons, and he
had established the Confraternity of the Holy Ghost in that diocese, and
founded schools and churches for negroes before his appointment as
rector of the Catholic University, Washington, D.C., in 1886, and his
appointment in 1888 to the see of Ajasso. He did much to upbuild the
Catholic University, but his democratic and liberal policy made him
enemies at Rome, whence there came in 1896 a request for his resignation
of the rectorate, and where he spent the years 1897-1900 as canon of St
John Lateran, assistant bishop at the pontifical throne, and counsellor
to the Propaganda. In 1900 he was consecrated archbishop of Dubuque,
Iowa. He took a prominent part in the Catholic Young Men's National
Union and in the Total Abstinence Union of North America; and was in
general charge of the Catholic delegation to the World's Parliament of
Religions held at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. He lectured widely
on temperance, education and American institutions, and in 1890 was
Dudleian lecturer at Harvard University.

  A selection from his writings and addresses was edited by Maurice
  Francis Egan under the title _Onward and Upward: A Year Book_
  (Baltimore, 1902).

KEARNEY, a city and the county-seat of Buffalo county, Nebraska, U.S.A.,
about 130 m. W. of Lincoln. Pop. (1890), 8074; (1900), 5634 (650
foreign-born); (1910), 6202. It is on the main overland line of the
Union Pacific, and on a branch of the Burlington & Missouri River
railroad. The city is situated in the broad, flat bottom-lands a short
distance N. of the Platte River. Lake Kearney, in the city, has an area
of 40 acres. The surrounding region is rich farming land, devoted
especially to the growing of alfalfa and Indian corn. At Kearney are a
State Industrial School for boys, a State Normal School, the Kearney
Military Academy, and a Carnegie library. Good water-power is provided
by a canal from the Platte River about 17 m. above Kearney, and the
city's manufactures include foundry and machine-shop products, flour and
bricks. Kearney Junction, as Kearney was called from 1872 to 1875, was
settled a year before the two railways actually formed their junction
here, where the city was planned. Kearney became a town in 1873, a city
of the second class and the county seat in 1874, and a city of the first
class in 1901. It is to be distinguished from an older and once famous
prairie city, popularly known as "Dobey Town" (i.e. Adobe), founded in
the early 'fifties on the edge of the reservation of old Fort Kearney
(removed in 1848 from Nebraska City), in Kearney county, on the S. shore
of the Platte about 6 m. S.E. of the present Kearney; here in 1861 the
post office of Kearney City was established. In the days of the prairie
freighting caravans Dobey Town was one of the most important towns
between Independence, Missouri, and the Pacific coast, and it had a
rough, wild, picturesque history; but it lost its immense freighting
interests after the Union Pacific had been extended through it in 1866.
The site of Dobey Town, together with the Fort, was abandoned in 1871.
Fort Kearney and the city too were named in honour of General Stephen W.
Kearny, and the name was at first correctly spelt without a second "e."

KEARNY, PHILIP (1815-1862), American soldier, was born in New York on
the 2nd of June 1815, and was originally intended for the legal
profession. He graduated at Columbia University (1833), but his bent was
decidedly towards soldiering, and in 1837 he obtained a commission in
the cavalry regiment of which his uncle, (General) Stephen Watts Kearny
(1794-1848), was colonel and Lieutenant Jefferson Davis adjutant. Two
years later he was sent to France to study the methods of cavalry
training in vogue there. Before his return to the United States in 1840
he had served, on leave, in Algeria. He had inherited a large fortune,
but he remained in the service, and his wide experience of cavalry work
caused him to be employed on the headquarters staff of the army. After
six more years' service Kearny left the army, but almost immediately
afterwards he rejoined, bringing with him a company of cavalry, which he
had raised and equipped chiefly at his own expense, to take part in the
Mexican war. In December 1846 he was promoted captain. In leading a
brilliant cavalry charge at Churubusco he lost his left arm, but he
remained at the front, and won the brevet of major for his gallantry at
Contreras and Churubusco. In 1851 he again resigned, to travel round the
world. He saw further active service with his old comrades of the French
cavalry in the Italian war of 1859, and received the cross of the Legion
of Honour for his conduct at Solferino. Up to the outbreak of the
American Civil War he lived in Paris, but early in 1861 he hastened home
to join the Federal army. At first as a brigade commander and later as a
divisional commander of infantry in the Army of the Potomac, he infused
into his men his own cavalry spirit of dash and bravery. At
Williamsburg, Seven Pines, and Second Bull Run, he displayed his usual
romantic courage, but at Chantilly (Sept. 1, 1862), after repulsing an
attack of the enemy, he rode out in the dark too far to the front, and
mistaking the Confederates for his own men was shot dead. His body was
sent to the Federal lines with a message from General Lee, and was
buried in Trinity Churchyard, New York. His commission as major-general
of volunteers was dated July 4, 1862, but he never received it.

  See J. W. de Peyster, _Personal and Military History of Philip Kearny_
  (New York, 1869).

KEARNY, a town of Hudson county, New Jersey, U.S.A., between the Passaic
and Hackensack rivers, adjoining Harrison, and connected with Newark by
bridges over the Passaic. Pop. (1900), 10,896, of whom 3597 were
foreign-born; (1910 census), 18,659. The New York & Greenwood Lake
division of the Erie railroad has a station at Arlington, the principal
village (in the N.W. part), which contains attractive residences of
Newark, Jersey City and New York City business men. The town covers an
area of about 7 sq. m., including a large tract of marsh-land. In Kearny
are railway repair shops of the Pennsylvania system, and a large
abattoir; and there are numerous manufactures. The value of the town's
factory products increased from $1,607,002 in 1900 to $4,427,904 in
1905, or 175.5%. Among its institutions are the State Soldiers' Home,
removed here from Newark in 1880, a Carnegie library, two Italian homes
for orphans, and a Catholic Industrial School for boys.

The neck of land between the Passaic and the Hackensack rivers, for 7 m.
N. from where they unite, was purchased from the proprietors of East
Jersey and from the Indians by Captain William Sandford in 1668 and
through Nathaniel Kingsland, sergeant-major of Barbadoes, received the
name "New Barbadoes." After the town under this name had been extended
considerably to the northward, the town of Lodi was formed out of the S.
portion in 1825, the town of Harrison was founded out of the S. portion
of Lodi in 1840, and in 1867 a portion of Harrison was set apart as a
township and named in honour of General Philip Kearny, a former
resident. Kearny was incorporated as a town in 1895.

KEARY, ANNIE (1825-1879), English novelist, was born near Wetherby,
Yorkshire, on the 3rd of March 1825, the daughter of an Irish clergyman.
She was the author of several children's books and novels, of which the
best known is _Castle Daly_, an Irish story. She also wrote an _Early
Egyptian History_ (1861) and _The Nation Around_ (1870). She died at
Eastbourne on the 3rd of March 1879.

KEATE, JOHN (1773-1852), English schoolmaster, was born at Wells,
Somersetshire, in 1773, the son of Prebendary William Keate. He was
educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, where he had a brilliant
career as a scholar; taking holy orders, he became, about 1797, an
assistant master at Eton College. In 1809 he was elected headmaster. The
discipline of the school was then in a most unsatisfactory condition,
and Dr Keate (who took the degree of D.D. in 1810) took stern measures
to improve it. His partiality for the birch became a by-word, but he
succeeded in restoring order and strengthening the weakened authority of
the masters. Beneath an outwardly rough manner the little man concealed
a really kind heart, and when he retired in 1834, the boys, who admired
his courage, presented him with a handsome testimonial. A couple of
years before he had publicly flogged eighty boys on one day. Keate was
made a canon of Windsor in 1820. He died on the 5th of March 1852 at
Hartley Westpall, Hampshire, of which parish he had been rector since
1824.

  See Maxwell Lyte, _History of Eton College_ (3rd ed., 1899); Collins,
  _Etoniana_; Harwood, _Alumni Etonienses; Annual Register_ (1852);
  _Gentleman's Magazine_ (1852).

KEATS, JOHN (1795-1821), English poet, was born on the 29th or 31st of
October 1795 at the sign of the Swan and Hoop, 24 The Pavement,
Moorfields, London. He published his first volume of verse in 1817, his
second in the following year, his third in 1820, and died of consumption
at Rome on the 23rd of February 1821 in the fourth month of his
twenty-sixth year. (For the biographical facts see the later section of
this article.)

In Keats's first book there was little foretaste of anything greatly or
even genuinely good; but between the marshy and sandy flats of sterile
or futile verse there were undoubtedly some few purple patches of floral
promise. The style was frequently detestable--a mixture of sham
Spenserian and mock Wordsworthian, alternately florid and arid. His
second book, _Endymion_, rises in its best passages to the highest level
of Barnfield and of Lodge, the two previous poets with whom, had he
published nothing more, he might most properly have been classed; and
this, among minor minstrels, is no unenviable place. His third book
raised him at once to a foremost rank in the highest class of English
poets. Shelley, up to twenty, had written little or nothing that would
have done credit to a boy of ten; and of Keats also it may be said that
the merit of his work at twenty-five was hardly by comparison more
wonderful than its demerit at twenty-two. His first book fell as flat as
it deserved to fall; the reception of his second, though less
considerate than on the whole it deserved, was not more contemptuous
than that of immeasurably better books published about the same time by
Coleridge, Landor and Shelley. A critic of exceptional carefulness and
candour might have noted in the first book so singular an example of a
stork among the cranes as the famous and notable sonnet on Chapman's
Homer; a just judge would have indicated, a partial advocate might have
exaggerated, the value of such golden grain amid a garish harvest of
tares as the hymn to Pan and the translation into verse of Titian's
Bacchanal which glorify the weedy wilderness of _Endymion_. But the
hardest thing said of that poem by the _Quarterly_ reviewer was
unconsciously echoed by the future author of _Adonais_--that it was all
but absolutely impossible to read through; and the obscener insolence of
the "Blackguard's Magazine," as Landor afterwards very justly labelled
it, is explicable though certainly not excusable if we glance back at
such a passage as that where Endymion exchanges fulsome and liquorish
endearments with the "known unknown _from whom his being sips such
darling (!) essence_." Such nauseous and pitiful phrases as these, and
certain passages in his correspondence, make us understand the source of
the most offensive imputations or insinuations levelled against the
writer's manhood; and, while admitting that neither his love-letters,
nor the last piteous outcries of his wailing and shrieking agony, would
ever have been made public by merciful or respectful editors, we must
also admit that, if they ought never to have been published, it is no
less certain that they ought never to have been written; that a manful
kind of man or even a manly sort of boy, in his love-making or in his
suffering, will not howl and snivel after such a lamentable fashion. One
thing hitherto inexplicable a very slight and rapid glance at his
amatory correspondence will amply suffice to explain: how it came to
pass that the woman so passionately beloved by so great a poet should
have thought it the hopeless attempt of a mistaken kindness to revive
the memory of a man for whom the best that could be wished was complete
and compassionate oblivion. For the side of the man's nature presented
to her inspection, this probably was all that charity or reason could
have desired. But that there was a finer side to the man, even if
considered apart from the poet, his correspondence with his friends and
their general evidence to his character give more sufficient proof than
perhaps we might have derived from the general impression left on us by
his works; though indeed the preface to _Endymion_ itself, however
illogical in its obviously implied suggestion that the poem published
was undeniably unworthy of publication, gave proof or hint at least that
after all its author was something of a man. And the eighteenth of his
letters to Miss Brawne stands out in bright and brave contrast with such
as seem incompatible with the traditions of his character on its manlier
side. But if it must be said that he lived long enough only to give
promise of being a man, it must also be said that he lived long enough
to give assurance of being a poet who was not born to come short of the
first rank. Not even a hint of such a probability could have been
gathered from his first or even from his second appearance; after the
publication of his third volume it was no longer a matter of possible
debate among judges of tolerable competence that this improbability had
become a certainty. Two or three phrases cancelled, two or three lines
erased, would have left us in _Lamia_ one of the most faultless as
surely as one of the most glorious jewels in the crown of English
poetry. _Isabella_, feeble and awkward in narrative to a degree almost
incredible in a student of Dryden and a pupil of Leigh Hunt, is
overcharged with episodical effects of splendid and pathetic expression
beyond the reach of either. _The Eve of St Agnes_, aiming at no doubtful
success, succeeds in evading all casual difficulty in the line of
narrative; with no shadow of pretence to such interest as may be derived
from stress of incident or depth of sentiment, it stands out among all
other famous poems as a perfect and unsurpassable study in pure colour
and clear melody--a study in which the figure of Madeline brings back
upon the mind's eye, if only as moonlight recalls a sense of sunshine,
the nuptial picture of Marlowe's Hero and the sleeping presence of
Shakespeare's Imogen. Beside this poem should always be placed the less
famous but not less precious _Eve of St Mark_, a fragment unexcelled for
the simple perfection of its perfect simplicity, exquisite alike in
suggestion and in accomplishment. The triumph of _Hyperion_ is as nearly
complete as the failure of _Endymion_; yet Keats never gave such proof
of a manly devotion and rational sense of duty to his art as in his
resolution to leave this great poem unfinished; not, as we may gather
from his correspondence on the subject, for the pitiful reason assigned
by his publishers, that of discouragement at the reception given to his
former work, but on the solid and reasonable ground that a Miltonic
study had something in its very scheme and nature too artificial, too
studious of a foreign influence, to be carried on and carried out at
such length as was implied by his original design. Fortified and
purified as it had been on a first revision, when much introductory
allegory and much tentative effusion of sonorous and superfluous verse
had been rigorously clipped down or pruned away, it could not long have
retained spirit enough to support or inform the shadowy body of a
subject so little charged with tangible significance. The faculty of
assimilation as distinguished from imitation, than which there can be no
surer or stronger sign of strong and sure original genius, is not more
evident in the most Miltonic passages of the revised _Hyperion_ than in
the more Shakespearian passages of the unrevised tragedy which no
radical correction could have left other than radically incorrigible. It
is no conventional exaggeration, no hyperbolical phrase of flattery with
more sound than sense in it, to say that in this chaotic and puerile
play of _Otho the Great_ there are such verses as Shakespeare might not
without pride have signed at the age when he wrote and even at the age
when he rewrote the tragedy of _Romeo and Juliet_. The dramatic fragment
of _King Stephen_ shows far more power of hand and gives far more
promise of success than does that of Shelley's _Charles the First_. Yet
we cannot say with any confidence that even this far from extravagant
promise would certainly or probably have been kept; it is certain only
that Keats in these attempts did at least succeed in showing a
possibility of future excellence as a tragic or at least a romantic
dramatist. In every other line of high and serious poetry his triumph
was actual and consummate; here only was it no more than potential or