|                                    |
   { METAMORPHIC  {|    Clay Slate, Mica-Schist.        |
   {              {|    Gneiss, Quartz Rocks.           |
   {               |                                    |
   { IGNEOUS       |    Granite.                        |
   {               |                                    |

THE QUANTITY OF EXCAVATION IN WELLS FOR EACH FOOT IN DEPTH.

(Hurst.)

  +-------------+---------------+
  | Diameter of |               |
  | Excavation. |   Quantity.   |
  +-------------+---------------+
  |   ft.  in.  | cubic yards.  |
  |    3    0   |     ·2618     |
  |    3    3   |     ·3072     |
  |    3    6   |     ·3563     |
  |    3    9   |     ·4091     |
  |    4    0   |     ·4654     |
  |    4    3   |     ·5254     |
  |    4    6   |     ·5890     |
  |    4    9   |     ·6563     |
  |    5    0   |     ·7272     |
  |    5    3   |     ·8018     |
  |    5    6   |     ·8799     |
  |    5    9   |     ·9617     |
  |    6    0   |    1·0472     |
  |    6    3   |    1·1363     |
  |    6    6   |    1·2290     |
  |    6    9   |    1·3254     |
  |    7    0   |    1·4254     |
  |    7    3   |    1·5290     |
  |    7    6   |    1·6362     |
  |    7    9   |    1·7472     |
  |    8    0   |    1·8617     |
  |    8    6   |    2·1017     |
  |    9    0   |    2·3562     |
  |    9    6   |    2·6253     |
  |   10    0   |    2·9089     |
  |   10    6   |    3·2070     |
  |   11    0   |    3·5198     |
  |   12    0   |    4·1888     |
  +-------------+---------------+

THE MEASURE IN GALLONS, AND THE WEIGHT IN POUNDS, OF WATER CONTAINED IN
WELLS, FOR EACH FOOT IN DEPTH.

  ------------+----------------+----------
   Diameter.  |  No. of Galls. |  Weight.
  ------------+----------------+----------
    ft.  in.  |                |
     2    0   |     19·61      |   196·1
     2    6   |     30·56      |   305·6
     3    0   |     43·97      |   439·7
     3    6   |     60·00      |   600·0
     4    0   |     78·19      |   781·9
     4    6   |     98·87      |   988·7
     5    0   |    122·23      |  1222·3
     5    6   |    147·96      |  1479·6
     6    0   |    175·99      |  1759·9
     6    6   |    206·59      |  2065·9
     7    0   |    239·05      |  2395·0
     7    6   |    275·49      |  2754·9
     8    0   |    313·43      |  3134·3
     8    6   |    353·03      |  3533·0
     9    0   |    395·42      |  3954·2
     9    6   |    441·71      |  4417·1
    10    0   |    489·93      |  4899·3
  ------------+----------------+----------

BRICKWORK.

THE NUMBER OF BRICKS AND QUANTITY OF BRICKWORK IN WELLS FOR EACH FOOT IN
DEPTH.

(Hurst.)

  ------+------------------------------+------------------------------
        |      HALF-BRICK THICK.       |       ONE BRICK THICK.
        +-----------------+------------+-----------------+------------
        |Number of Bricks.|            |Number of Bricks.|
        +------+----------+ Cubic Feet +------+----------+ Cubic Feet
        | Laid | Laid in  |     of     | Laid | Laid in  |     of
        | Dry. | Mortar.  | Brickwork. | Dry. | Mortar.  | Brickwork.
  ------+------+----------+------------+------+----------+------------
   1·0  |   28 |     23   |   1·6198   |   70 |     58   |   4·1233
   1·3  |   33 |     27   |   1·8145   |   80 |     66   |   4·7124
   1·6  |   38 |     31   |   2·2089   |   90 |     74   |   5·3015
   1·9  |   43 |     35   |   2·7979   |  112 |     92   |   6·4795
   2·3  |   53 |     44   |   3·0926   |  122 |    100   |   7·0686
   2·6  |   58 |     48   |   3·3870   |  132 |    108   |   7·6577
   3·0  |   68 |     57   |   3·9760   |  154 |    126   |   8·8357
   3·6  |   79 |     65   |   4·5651   |  174 |    142   |  10·0139
   4·0  |   89 |     73   |   5·1541   |  194 |    159   |  11·1919
   4·6  |  100 |     82   |   5·7432   |  214 |    176   |  12·3701
   5·0  |  110 |     90   |   6·3322   |  234 |    192   |  13·5481
   5·6  |  120 |     98   |   6·9213   |  254 |    209   |  14·7263
   6·0  |  130 |    107   |   7·5103   |  276 |    226   |  15·9043
   6·6  |  140 |    115   |   8·0994   |  296 |    242   |  17·0825
   7·0  |  150 |    123   |   8·6884   |  316 |    260   |  18·2605
   7·6  |  160 |    131   |   9·2775   |  336 |    276   |  19·4387
   8·0  |  170 |    140   |   9·8665   |  358 |    292   |  20·6167
   8·6  |  180 |    148   |  10·4556   |  378 |    308   |  21·7949
   9·0  |  191 |    156   |  11·0446   |  398 |    326   |  22·9729
  10·0  |  212 |    174   |  12·2227   |  438 |    360   |  25·3291
  ------+------+----------+------------+------+----------+------------

Good bricks are characterized as being regular in shape, with plane
parallel surfaces, and sharp right-angles; clear ringing sound when
struck, a compact uniform structure when broken, and freedom from
air-bubbles and cracks. They should not absorb more than one-fifteenth
of their weight in water.

After making liberal allowance for waste, 9 bricks will build a square
foot 9 inches thick, or 900, 100 square feet, or say 2880 to the rood of
9-inch work, which gives the simple rule of 80 bricks = a square yard of
9-inch work.

The resistance to crushing is from 1200 to 4500 lb. a square inch; the
resistance to fracture, from 600 to 2500 lb. a square inch; tensile
strength, 275 lb. a square inch; weight, in mortar, 175 lb. a cubic
foot; in cement, 125 lb. a cubic foot.

Compressed bricks are much heavier, and consequently proportionately
stronger, than those of ordinary make.

STORING WELL-WATER.

The reservoirs for storing well-water should be covered with brick
arches, as the water is generally found to become rapidly impure on
being exposed to the sunlight, principally owing to the rapid growth of
vegetation. Various methods have been tried, such as keeping up a
constant current of fresh water through them, and a liberal use of
caustic lime; but so rapid is the growth of the vegetation, as well as
the change in the colour of the water, that a few hours of bright
sunlight may suffice to spoil several million gallons. These bad
results are completely prevented by covering the reservoirs.

HINTS ON SUPERINTENDING WELL-WORK.

The engineer who has to superintend the construction of a well should be
ever on the watch to see whether, in the course of the work, the strata
become so modified as to overthrow conclusions previously arrived at,
and on account of which the well has been undertaken.

A journal of everything connected with the work should be carefully
made, and if this one point alone is attended to it will be found of
great service both for present and future reference.

Before commencing a well a wooden box should be provided, divided by a
number of partitions into small boxes; these serve to keep specimens of
the strata, which should be numbered consecutively and described against
corresponding numbers in the journal. At each change of character in the
strata, as well as every time the boring rods are drawn to surface, the
soil should be carefully examined, and at each change a small quantity
placed in one of the divisions of the core box, noting the depth at
which it was obtained, with other necessary particulars. A note should
be made of all the different water-levels passed through, the height of
the well above the river near which it is situated, as well as its
height above the sea. The memoranda in the journal relating to accidents
should be especially clear and distinct in their details; it is
necessary to describe the effects of each tool used in the search for,
or recovery of, broken tools in a bore-hole, in order to suit the case
with the proper appliances, for without precaution we may seek for a
tool indefinitely without being sure of touching it, and perhaps
aggravate the evil instead of remedying it. It is by no means a bad plan
to make rough notes of all immediate remarks or impressions, in such a
manner as to form a full and detailed account of any incidents which
occur either in raising or lowering the tools. At the time of an
accident a well kept journal is a precious resource, and at a given
moment all previous observations, trivial as they may have often
seemed, will form a valuable clue to explain difficulties, without this
aid perfectly inexplicable.

When an engineer has a certain latitude allowed him in the choice of the
position for a well, he should not, other things being equal, neglect
the advantages which will be derived from the proximity of a road for
the transport of his supplies; of a well, if not a brook, from which to
obtain the water necessary for the cleansing of the tools; and of a
neighbouring dwelling, to facilitate his active supervision. This
supervision, having often to be carried on both day and night, should be
the object of particular study; well carried out, it may be effective,
while at the same time allowing a great amount of liberty; badly carried
out, however fatiguing it may be, it will be incomplete.

RATE OF PROGRESS OF BORING.

(André.)

There are probably no engineering operations in which the rate of
progress is so variable as it is in that of boring. That such must
necessarily be the case will be obvious when we bear in mind that the
strata composing the earth's crust consist of very different materials;
that these materials are mingled in very different proportions, and that
they have in different parts been subjected to the action of very
different agencies operating with very different degrees of intensity.
Hence it arises not only that some kinds of rocks require a much longer
time to bore through than others, but also that the length of time may
vary in rocks of the same character, and that the character may change
within a short horizontal distance. Thus it is utterly impossible to
predicate concerning the length of time which a boring in an unknown
district may occupy, and only a rough approximation can be arrived at in
the case of localities whose geological constitution has been generally
determined. Such an approximation may, however, be attained to, and it
is useful in estimating the probable cost; and to attain the same end,
for unknown localities, an average may be taken of the time required in
districts of a similar geological character. The following, which are
given for this purpose, are the averages of a great number of borings
executed under various conditions by the ordinary methods. The progress
indicated represents that made in one day of eleven hours.

                                                                 ft. in.
  1. Tertiary and
     Cretaceous Strata, to a depth of 100 yards, average progress  1   8
  2. Cretaceous Strata,
     without flints            "      250   "            "         2   1
  3. Cretaceous Strata,
     with flints               "      250   "            "         1   4
  4. New Red Sandstone         "      250   "            "         1  10
  5. New Red Sandstone         "      500   "            "         1   5
  6. Permian Strata            "      250   "            "         2   0
  7. Coal Measures             "      200   "            "         2   3
  8. Coal Measures             "      400   "            "         1   8
                                     ----                         ------
                 General Average      275                          1   9
                                     ----                         ------

When the cost of materials and labour is known, that of the boring may
be approximately estimated from the above averages. Should hard
limestone or igneous rock be met with, the rate of progress may be less
than half the above general average. Below 100 yards, not only does the
rate of progress rapidly increase, but the material required diminishes
in like proportion, so that for superficial borings no surface erections
are needed, and the cost sinks to two or three shillings a yard.

COST OF BORING.

The cost of boring when executed by contract has already been treated of
at page 80. The following formula will furnish the same results as the
rule there given, but with the least possible labour of calculation;

  _x_ = 0·5_d_(·187 + ·0187_d_);

_x_ being the sum sought, in pounds, and _d_ the depth of the boring in
yards.

_Example._ Let it be required to know the cost of a bore-hole 250 yards
deep.

  Here 125{·187 + (·0187 × 250)} = £607·75.

TEMPERING BORING CHISELS.

1. Heat the chisel to a blood red heat, and then hammer it until nearly
cold; again, heat it to a blood red and quench as quickly as possible
in 3 gallons of water in which is dissolved 2 oz. of oil of vitriol, 2
oz. of soda, and 1/2 oz. of saltpetre, or 2 oz. of sal ammoniac, 2 oz.
of spirit of nitre, 1 oz. of oil of vitriol: the chisel to remain in the
liquor until it is cold.

2. To 3 gallons of water add 3 oz. of spirit of nitre, 3 oz. of spirits
of hartshorn, 3 oz. of white vitriol, 3 oz. sal ammoniac, 3 oz. alum, 6
oz. of salt, with a double handful of hoof-parings, the chisel to be
heated to a dark cherry red.

GASES IN WELLS.

The most abundant deleterious gas met with in wells is carbonic acid,
which extinguishes flame and is fatal to animal life. Carbonic acid is
most frequently met with in the chalk, where it has been found to exist
in greater quantity in the lower than in the upper portion of the
formation, and in that division to be unequally distributed. Fatal
effects from it at Epsom, 200 feet down, and in Norbury Park, near
Dorking, 400 feet down, have been recorded. At Bexley Heath, after
sinking through 140 feet of gravel and sand and 30 feet of chalk, it
rushed out and extinguished the candles of the workmen. Air mixed with
one-tenth of this gas will extinguish lights; it is very poisonous, and
when the atmosphere contains 8 per cent. or more there is danger of
suffocation. When present it is found most abundantly in the lower parts
of a well from its great specific gravity.

Sulphuretted hydrogen is also occasionally met with, and is supposed to
be generated from the decomposition of water and iron pyrites.

In districts in which the chalk is covered with sand and London clay,
carburetted hydrogen is occasionally emitted, but more frequently
sulphuretted hydrogen. Carburetted hydrogen seldom inflames in wells,
but in making the Thames Tunnel it sometimes issued in such abundance as
to explode by the lights and scorch the workmen. Sulphuretted hydrogen
also streamed out in the same place, but in no instance with fatal
effects. At Ash, near Farnham, a well was dug in sand to the depth of 36
feet, and one of the workmen descending into it was instantly
suffocated. Fatal effects have also resulted elsewhere from the
accumulation of this gas in wells.

INDEX.

  Abridge, well at, 190

  Accident tools, Mather and Platt's, 138-143

  Acton, wells at, 190

  Africa, rainfall in, 30

  Air freshening in wells, 53

  Albany Street, well at, 190

  Aldershot Place, wells at, 190

  Alluvion, 5, 7

  America,  North, rainfall, 30, 31

  ---- South, 31

  American tube well, 81

  Amwell End, well at, 190

  Apothecaries' Hall, well at, 191

  Apparatus for boring, 68, 71, 72

  Arlesey, well at, 190

  Artesian well, definition, 2

  ---- ---- causes of failure, 2-4

  Ash, well at, 190

  Asia, rainfall in, 29, 30

  Augers, 62-64

  Available rainfall, 27

  Bagshot Sands, 5

  ---- well at, 190

  Balance-beam, Kind's, 91

  Balham Hill, well at, 190

  Ball-clack, 91

  Bank of England, well at, 190

  Bare outcrop, 18-21

  Barking, well at, 190

  Barnet, wells at, 190

  Battersea, wells at, 190

  Bearwood, well at, 191

  Beaumont Green, well at, 191

  Bell-box, 64

  Belleisle, well at, 191

  Berkeley Square, well at, 191

  Bermondsey, wells at, 191

  Berry Green, well at, 191

  Bexley, well at, 191

  Bexley Heath, wells at, 21

  Bickford's fuse, 50

  Birkenhead, wells at, 155

  Birmingham, wells at, 156

  Bishop Stortford, wells at, 167, 191

  Blackfriars, well at, 191

  Blackheath, well at, 191

  Blasting, sinking by, 44

  Bootle, wells at, 158

  Borers or drills, 47

  Boring, 60-80

  ---- apparatus for, 61, 68, 71, 72

  ---- at great depths, 85

  ---- cost of, 80, 209

  ---- chisels, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

  ---- difficulties of, 80

  ---- direct from surface, 72

  ---- Kind-Chaudron system, 93

  ---- Mather and Platt's system, 126-149

  ---- machine, Mather and Platt's, 127-130

  ---- rate of, 207, 208

  ---- rods, 64, 65

  ---- rods, hollow, 80

  ---- sheer-frame _Frontispiece_, 72

  ---- tools, 62-79

  Boston Heath, well at, 191

  Bow, well at, 191

  Box-clutch, 107

  Box-joint for mizer, 57

  Boxley Wood, well at, 191

  Braintree, well at, 168, 191

  Breaking-up bar, 139, 141

  Brentford, well at, 191

  Brick steining, 55, 59, 205

  Bricks, good, characteristics, 205

  Brickwork in wells, 205

  Brighton, wells at, 168

  Broken tubing, 74-79

  ---- rods, extracting, 64, 107, 122

  Bromley, wells at, 191

  Broxbourne, well at, 191

  Bucket, sinkers', 67, 150

  Bucket grapnel, 140, 142

  Bull or clay-iron, 50

  Bunter sandstone, 35, 36

  Burton-on-Trent, wells at, 156

  Bushey, well at, 191

  Butte-aux-Cailles, well at, 179

  Camberwell, well at, 191

  Camden Station, well at, 191

  Camden Town, wells at, 192

  Canterbury, well at, 192

  Carbonic acid in wells, 209

  Carburetted hydrogen in wells, 210

  Cartridges for blasting, 50

  Cast-iron tubes, 66, 143

  Caterham, well at, 192

  Cement backing, 111, 112

  ---- ladle for tubbing, 111, 112

  Chalk, 5, 7

  ---- headings or tunnels in, 54

  ---- level of water in, 8

  ---- marl, 5

  ---- rainfall on, 27

  Charge of powder, rule for, 45, 46

  Chelmsford, well at, 169, 192

  Cheshire, thickness of trias, 36

  Cheshunt, wells at, 170, 192

  Chinese system of boring, 60, 61

  Chisels for boring, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

  ---- or trepans, 113, 115

  ---- tempering, 209

  Chiswell Street, well at, 192

  Chiswick, wells at, 192

  Clamp for tube well, 81

  Claw grapnel, 139

  Clay, 12

  ---- grapnel, 140, 141, 143

  ---- iron or bull, 50

  Cleaning pipes, tube well, 83

  ---- shot-holes, 49

  Clewer Green, wells at, 192

  Cold-drawn wrought-iron tubes, 66

  Colnbrook, well at, 192

  Colney Hatch, well at, 192

  Core box, 206

  Core grapnel, 140

  Cost of boring, 80, 209

  ---- of headings in sandstone, 54

  Covent Garden, well at, 192

  Coventry, wells at, 155

  Covered outcrop, 21

  Cretaceous strata, 167-201

  Crewe, wells at, 158

  Cribs, fixing, 94

  Cricklewood, well at, 192

  Crow, Kind-Chaudron, 107

  Crow's foot, 64

  Croydon, wells at, 192

  Curb in underpinning, 40

  Cutting grapnel, 139, 141

  Cylinder, Mather and Platt's, 130

  Cylinders, iron for lining, 56

  Dartford Creek, wells at, 193

  Deep boring, 72, 85-150

  Defective tubing, 74-79

  Denham, well at, 193

  Deptford, well at, 193

  Depth of rainfall, 26

  Difficulties of boring, 80

  Dip-bucket, 150

  Dogs, 65, 67

  Dolly, 67, 74

  Dorking, well at, 171

  Drainage area, definition, 25

  Drift, 5-7, 21, 22

  ---- outcrop covered by, 21

  Driving tubes, 67, 73, 74

  ---- tube well, 81-83

  Drum curb, 42

  Dru's first trepan, 113

  ---- system, 113

  ---- ----, summary, 126

  Dudlow Lane well, 160

  Dulwich, well at, 193

  Durham, sinkings in, 93

  ---- wells in, 155

  Dyke, effect of, 4

  Dynamite, 44

  Earth-fast, definition, 44

  East Barnet, well at, 190

  East Ham Level, well at, 193

  Edgware, well at, 193

  Edgware Road, well at, 193

  Edlesborough, well at, 193

  Eltham, wells at, 193

  Enfield Lock, well at, 193

  Enlarging hole below tubes, 67, 68

  ---- shot-holes, 48

  Epping, well at, 193

  Erith, well at, 193

  Europe, rainfall in, 28, 29

  Euyenhausen joint, 85, 88

  Excavation in wells, table of, 204

  Explosive agents, use of, 45

  Fan, for ventilation, 52

  Farnham, well at, 193

  Fault, effect of, 4

  Fauvelle's system, 79

  Fissures, 2, 12

  ---- in blasting, 46

  ---- in chalk, 8

  Flat chisels, 62

  Fleet Street, well at, 193

  Formation, mineral character of, 11

  Foul air in wells, 52, 209

  Four and a half inch steining, 59

  Free-falling tools, Dru's, 117-123

  Freshwater, well at, 187, 188

  Fulmer, well at, 193

  Fuse for blasting, 50

  Gases in wells, 52, 209

  Gault, 5

  General conditions of outcrop, 18

  Geological conditions, epitome of, 10

  ---- ---- primary, 4

  Gneiss, rainfall on, 27

  Golden Lane, well at, 193

  Granite, rainfall on, 27

  Grapin, or clutch, 107

  Grapnels, 107, 139-141

  Gravesend, well at, 193

  Green Lane wells, 160

  Greensands, 5, 8

  Greenwich, wells at, 193

  Grenelle, well at, 85, 179

  Guides, bore-head, 132

  ----, Dru's, for rods, 121

  Guncotton, 44

  Gunpowder, 44

  ---- weight of, 49

  Hackney Road, well at, 193

  Haggerstone, well at, 194

  Hainault Forest, well at, 194

  Half-brick steining, 59

  Halstead, well at, 194

  Hammersmith, well at, 194

  Hampstead, wells at, 194

  ---- Road, wells at, 194

  Hand-dog, 65

  Hand-jumpers, 47

  Hanwell, well at, 194

  Hard rock, Dru's system, 125

  ---- ---- sinking in, 44, 53

  Harrow, well at, 171, 194

  Hastings sand, 5

  Haverstock Hill, well at, 194

  Hayes, well at, 194

  Headings or tunnels, 53, 54

  Hedgerley, sands and clays at, 17

  Height of strata above surface, 23

  Hendon, well at, 194

  Herne Bay, section at, 12

  Highbury, wells at, 172, 194

  Hills or mountains, 5

  ---- drift on, 6

  ---- flat-topped, 20

  ---- outcrop on, 19

  Hoddesdon, well at, 194

  Holloway, wells at, 194

  Hollow rods, 80

  Hoop-iron, boring with, 60, 61

  Horizontal strata, 9

  Hornsey, wells at, 194

  Horselydown, well at, 194

  Hoxton, well at, 195

  Hungerford, section near, 14

  Hyde Park Corner, well at, 195

  Hydraulic tube-forcers, 146-148

  Ickenham, well at, 195

  Instruments used in blasting, 46

  Iron cylinders for lining, 56

  ---- drum curb, 42

  ---- for drills and jumpers, 47

  ---- rods, 64, 65, 80, 120

  ---- tubbing, 95, 97, 98

  Isle of Dogs, well at, 195

  ---- of Grain, well at, 195

  Isleworth, wells at, 195

  Islington Green, well at, 195

  Joints, Kind-Chaudron rod, 105-107

  ---- tubbing, 109

  ---- tube, 75, 143, 144

  Journal of well-work, 206

  Jumpers, 47, 48

  Kensington, wells at, 195

  Kentish Town, well at, 172, 195

  Keuper, 5, 35, 36

  Key, Kind-Chaudron, 105

  Kilburn, well at, 195

  Kind-Chaudron system, 93

  Kind's moss-joint, 123, 124

  ---- system, 85-93

  Kind's system, time employed, 92

  Kingsbury, well at, 195

  Kingston-on-Thames, well at, 195

  Knightsbridge, well at, 195

  Ladle, cement, for tubbing, 111

  Lagging of drum curb, 42

  Lambeth, wells at, 195, 196

  Lancashire, thickness of trias, 36

  Lea Bridge, well at, 196

  Leamington, well at, 158

  Least resistance, line of, 45, 46, 50

  Leatherhead, sands and clays at, 17

  Leek, wells at, 163

  Leicester Square, well at, 196

  Lias, 5, 8

  Lifting dog, 65

  Lift of rods, 70

  Limehouse, wells at, 196

  Line of least resistance, 45, 46, 50

  Lining or steining wells, 54-59

  ---- tubes for bore-hole, 66, 143, 144

  Liquorpond Street, well at, 196

  Lithofracteur, 44

  Liverpool, wells at, 158

  London Basin, wells in, 190-201

  ---- average section of strata, 13

  ---- clay, 5

  ---- measurement of sections, 15, 16

  Long Acre, well at, 196

  Longton, wells at, 162

  Loughton, well at, 196

  Lower Morden, well at, 196

  ---- tertiaries, outcrop of, 23

  Luton, well at, 196

  Magnesian limestone, 5, 10

  Maldon, well at, 196

  Margate, well at, 196

  Marylebone Road, well at, 196

  Mather and Platt's system, 126-154

  Measure of water in wells, 204

  Michelmersh, well at, 176

  Middlesborough, well at, 163

  Mile End, wells at, 176, 196

  Mile End Road, well at, 197

  Millbank, wells at, 197

  Mineral character of formation, 11

  Mitcham, well at, 197

  Mizers, 56, 57

  Molasse sandstones, 5

  Monkey for tube well, 81

  Monkham Park, well at, 197

  Mortlake, wells at, 197

  Moss box, Kind-Chaudron, 110, 111

  Moss joints, 110, 111, 123

  Mountain slopes, springs in, 6

  Mountains or hills, 5

  Muschelkalk, 35

  New Barnet, well at, 190

  New Cross, well at, 197

  New red sandstone, 5, 8, 35

  ---- ---- headings in, 54

  New Wimbledon, well at, 201

  Nine-inch steining, 59

  North America, rainfall, 30, 31

  Northampton, well at, 166

  Northolt, well at, 197

  Norwich crag, 5

  ---- well at, 177

  Notting Dale, well at, 197

  ---- Hill, well at, 197

  Number of bricks in wells, 205

  Observations with rain-gauge, 24

  Off-take of rods, 70

  Old Kent Road, well at, 197

  Old Windsor, wells at, 197

  Oolitic strata, 5, 8, 166

  Orange Street, well at, 197

  Outcrop, 11

  ---- position of, 18

  ---- rainfall on, 11

  ---- rainfall on district, 24

  Oxford Street, well at, 197

  Paris, wells at, 179

  Pass pipes for tubbing, 98

  ---- valves for tubbing, 98

  Passy, well at, 85, 180

  Pebble Hill, section at, 14

  ---- beds, 36, 37

  Peckham, well at, 197

  Penge, well at, 197

  Pentonville, wells at, 197

  Permeability of new red sandstone, 37

  Permian strata, 155

  Picker, 58

  Pimlico, wells at, 197

  Pinner, well at, 197

  Pipe-dolly, 67

  ---- iron, 74

  Plaistow, well at, 197

  Planes of bedding, 12

  Plant, Dru's system, 114, 115

  ---- Kind-Chaudron system, 99

  ---- well sinking, 40-58

  ---- well boring, 61-79

  Plug, tube straightening, 140, 149

  Plugs for tamping, 52

  Ponders End, wells at, 187, 197

  Porous soils, 8

  Position of outcrop, 18

  ---- of well, 207

  Pot mizer, 57

  Preparations for sinking, 40

  Pricker, 50

  Primary beds, 5, 9

  Principles of blasting, 45

  Prong grapnel, 139, 149

  Pudsey Hall, well at, 198

  Pumps, Mather and Platt's, 149-154

  Quantity of brickwork in wells, 205

  Quicksand, modes of piercing, 98

  Rainfall, 24

  ---- on new red sandstone, 37

  ---- on outcrop, 11

  ---- tables of, 28-32

  Rain-gauge, instructions for using, 24

  Ratcliffe, wells at, 198

  Rate of boring, 207, 208

  ---- ----, Dru, 123

  ---- of working, Mather and Platt's, 137

  Reculvers, section at, 12

  Regent's Park, wells at, 198

  Rhætic beds, 5

  Richmond, wells at, 198

  Rimers, 68

  Riming spring, 68

  Ring for broken rods, 64

  River deposits, 22

  Rock, chisels for, 62, 87, 102, 115, 132

  ---- intersected by dyke, 4

  ---- sinking in, 44

  Rod guides, Dru's, 121

  ---- joints, Dru's, 121

  ---- at Passy, 86, 89

  Rods, boring, 64, 65

  ---- boring, Dru's, 120, 121

  ---- Kind-Chaudron system, 101

  ---- remarks on, 126, 127

  Romford, well at, 198

  Rope, boring with, 60, 130

  Ross, well at, 165, 166

  Rotherhithe, wells at, 198

  Ruislip, well at, 198

  Running sands, Dru's system, 125

  Saffron Walden, well at, 198

  St. Helens, wells at, 166

  Sand, 11

  ---- Mather and Platt's system, 143

  Sandhurst, well at, 198

  Sandstone, new red, 35

  Sandwich, well at, 198

  Scaffolding for boring, 71

  Scratcher, 58

  Screw grapnel, 139, 142

  Screw-jacks, 144, 145

  Searching for water, 9

  Secondary beds, 5

  Setting rain-gauge, 24

  Shallow surface springs, 21

  Sheer-frame, boring, _Frontispiece_, 72

  Sheer-legs, 69

  Sheerness, wells at, 198

  Shell, 63, 122

  ---- at Passy, 90

  ---- Kind-Chaudron system, 105

  ---- or auger, 63

  ---- pump, Mather and Platt's, 134, 136

  ---- ---- jammed, 141, 142

  Shoreditch, well at, 198

  Shorne Meade Fort, well at, 198

  Shortlands, well at, 199

  Shot-holes, boring, 48

  ---- in wet stone, 50

  Sinkers' bucket, 67, 150

  Sinking mine shafts, 93

  ---- plant for, 96

  ---- with drum curb, 42

  Sinkings in Durham, 93

  ---- in hard rock, 44-53, 94

  Site for rain-gauge, 24

  Slate, rainfall on, 27

  Slope of hills, outcrop on, 19

  Slough, wells at, 199

  Small-shot system in blasting, 44

  Smithfield, well at, 199

  Snow, measuring fall of, 25

  South America, rainfall, 31

  Southend, well at, 199

  Southwark, wells at, 199

  Speed of holing with hand-drills, 48

  Spitalfields, well at, 199

  Spithead, well at, 146

  Spring, definition, 1

  ---- cutter for tubes, 78, 79

  ---- darts, 67

  ---- pole, 61

  Springs, 1, 2

  ---- in alluvium, 7

  ---- in drift, 6

  ---- in chalk, 7

  ---- in permeable strata, 1

  ---- surface, 21

  Staffordshire, thickness of trias, 36

  ---- wells in, 162, 163

  Steam jet for ventilation, 52

  Steel for drills, 47

  Steining, 40, 43, 54-59

  Stemmer or tamping bar, 51

  Step-ladder, 139, 141

  Stifford, well at, 199

  Stockwell Green, wells at, 199

  Stone steining, 55

  Storing well-water, 206

  Strata, disturbances of the, 32

  ---- table of, 202, 203

  Stratford, wells at, 199

  Stratified rock, blasting in, 46

  Streatham, well at, 199

  Stud-block, 66

  Sudbury, well at, 199

  Sulphuretted hydrogen in wells, 210

  Superficial area, extent of, 11

  Superintending well-work, hints on, 206

  Surface, height of strata above, 23

  ---- of outcrop, 11

  ---- springs, 21

  Swanage, Dorset, well at, 167

  Tables of excavation in wells, 204

  ---- rainfall, 28-32

  ---- of strata, 202, 203

  Tamping, 50, 51

  ---- bar, 51

  ---- tools, 50-52

  T-chisels, 62

  Tempering boring chisels, 209

  Tertiary beds, 5

  ---- district, division of, 34

  Testing machine, for tubbing, 108, 109

  Thames Street, Upper, well at, 200

  Tillers, 62, 65

  Timber steining, 55

  Tongs, 67

  Tools for well boring, 62-79

  Top rods, 65, 66

  Tottenham, wells at, 199

  Tottenham Court Road, well at, 199

  Tower Hill, well at, 199

  Trafalgar Square, well at, 199

  Trepan at Passy, 85

  ---- Dru's first, 113

  ---- Kind-Chaudron system, 101-105

  ---- Kind's, 86, 87

  Trias strata, 35, 36, 155

  Tubbing, 94, 95

  ---- pass pipes for, 98

  ---- placing Kind-Chaudron, 108, 109

  ---- testing machine for, 108, 109

  Tube clamps, 67

  ---- forcing apparatus, 74, 144-148

  ---- grapnel, 139, 149

  ---- joints, 66, 75

  ---- well, American, 81

  Tubes, 66, 143

  Tubing, when necessary, 73

  Tunnels or headings, 53, 54

  Underpinning, 40

  Upchurch, wells at, 199, 200

  Upper Thames Street, well, at, 200

  Uxbridge, wells at, 200

  Valleys, drift in, 6

  ---- outcrop in, 18

  Valve for mizer, 56, 57

  Valves for shell, 64, 122, 123, 134

  Vauxhall, well at, 200

  V-chisels, 62

  Wad-hook, 64

  Waltham Abbey, well at, 200

  Walthamstow Marsh, well at, 200

  Wandsworth, wells at, 200

  Warwickshire, thickness of trias, 36

  Water in new red sandstone, 38

  ---- measure and weight in wells, 204

  ---- searching for, 9

  Water-bearing deposits, value of, 10

  ---- strata, height of, above surface, 23

  ---- ---- sinking through, 56, 93

  Well, Artesian, definition, 2

  ---- ---- causes of failure, 2-4

  ---- boring, 60-80

  ---- sinking, 40

  Well-water, storing, 206

  Wealden clay, 5

  Wedging cribs, 94, 95

  Weight of water in wells, 204

  Westbourne Grove, well at, 200

  West Drayton, wells at, 200

  West Ham, wells at, 102

  West India Dock, well at, 201

  Westminster, wells at, 201

  Wet stone, shot-holes in, 50

  Whitechapel, wells at, 201

  Willesden, well at, 201

  Wimbledon, wells at, 201

  Windsor station well, 160

  Windsor, wells at,  201

  ---- wells at Old, 197

  Winchfield, well at, 189

  Windlass, 42, 60, 72

  Winkfield Plain, well at, 201

  Witham, well at, 201

  Withdrawing tools, 64

  Withdrawing tubes, 74-79

  Wolverhampton, wells at, 166

  Wooden drum curb, 41, 42

  ---- rods, 89, 101, 106

  Wood tubbing, 95

  Woodley Lodge, well at, 201

  Woolwich beds, 5

  ---- wells at, 201

  Worm-auger, 64

  Wormley, wells at, 201

  Wormwood Scrubbs, well at, 201

  Wrought-iron tubes, 66

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=Architects' Handbook=.

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  thoroughly revised and re-written, royal 32mo, roan         5 0

=Andre's Handbook of Mapping=.

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=Bridges=.

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=Bridges=.

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  _with 64 illustrations_, _drawn and worked out to scale_,
  8vo, cloth                                                 12 6

=Bridges=.

  Construction of the Great Victoria Bridge, in Canada,
  by James Hodges, Engineer to Messrs. Peto, Brassey,
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=Bridges=.

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=Builders' Price-Book=.

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=Cabinet Making=.

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=Compensations=.

  Compensations, a Text-book for Surveyors, in tabulated
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=Coffee=.

  The Coffee Planter of Ceylon, by William Sabonadière, with
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=Coffee and Chicory=.

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=Cotton Cultivation=.

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=Curves, Railway=.

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=Dilapidations=.

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=Economy in the Use of Steam=.

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=Engineering Drawing.=

  An Elementary Treatise on Orthographic Projection, being
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=French-Polishing.=

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  Analysis, Technical Valuation, Purification and Use of
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=Gas Works.=

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=Handrailing.=

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=Iron and Steel.=

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  Jno. Jones, F.G.S., and David Forbes, F.R.S., published
  half-yearly, 8vo, each Part                                 7 6

=Indian Engineering.=

  India and Indian Engineering: Three Lectures delivered at
  the Royal Engineer Institute, Chatham, in July, 1872, by
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  C.E., Fellow of the Calcutta University, Principal
  Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee, crown 8vo,
  cloth                                                       3 0

=Link-Motion.=

  Link-Motion and Expansion-Gear practically considered,
  by N. P. Burgh, Engineer, _illustrated with 90 plates
  and 229 wood engravings_, small 4to, handsomely
  half-bound in morocco                                    £2 2 0

=Mechanical Engineering.=

  The Mechanician and Constructor for Engineers,
  comprising Forging, Planing, Lining, Slotting, Shaping,
  Turning, Screw-cutting, etc., by Cameron Knight,
  _illustrated by 96 4to plates, containing 1147
  illustrations, and 397 pages of letterpress_, 4to,
  cloth                                                   £2 10 0

  Or, half-bound French morocco                           £2 12 6

=Mechanics.=

  The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics, based on
  the principle of work, designed for Engineering Students,
  by Oliver Byrne, formerly Professor of Mathematics, College
  for Civil Engineers, second edition, _illustrated by
  numerous wood engravings_, post 8vo, cloth                  7 6

=Mechanics.=

  The Principles of Mechanics and their Application to Prime
  Movers, Naval Architecture, Iron Bridges, Water Supply,
  etc., by W. J. Millar, C.E., Secretary to the Institution
  of Civil Engineers and Shipbuilders, Scotland, crown 8vo,
  cloth                                                       4 6

=Metric Weights and Measures.=

  Scales for the Ready Comparison of British and Metric
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  cloth case                                                  5 0

=Military Terms.=

  A Handy Dictionary of Military Terms, by Major W. W.
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  Instructor, Home District, etc., 18mo, cloth                2 0

=Mill Gearing.=

  A Practical Treatise on Mill Gearing, Wheels, Shafts,
  Riggers, etc., for the use of Engineers, by Thomas Box,
  post 8vo, cloth, _with eight plates_                        5 0

=Millwright's Guide.=

  The Practical Millwright's and Engineer's Ready  Reckoner,
  or Tables for finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels,
  diameter, weight and power of shafts, diameter and strength
  of bolts, etc., by Thomas Dixon, fourth edition, 12mo,
  cloth                                                       3 0

=Mine Engineering.=

  A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining, by George G. André,
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  _numerous plates_, 2 vols., royal 4to, cloth            £3 12 0

=Mining.=

  Records of Mining and Metallurgy; or, Facts and Memoranda
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  Phillips and John Darlington, in crown 8vo, cloth,
  _illustrated with wood engravings_                          4 0

=Oilman's Calculator.=

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  400 cwt.; Prices per Gallon equivalent to Prices per Ton
  at 16 different Weights, from £3 to £100; Contents of
  Circular Tanks in Imperial Gallons from 3 feet to 36 feet
  diameter; Conversion of Foreign Moneys and Weights into
  British Value, etc., by James Ireland, 8vo                  7 6

=Pyrology.=

  Pyrology, or Fire Chemistry; a Science interesting to the
  general Philosopher, and an art of infinite importance to
  the Chemist, Mineralogist, Metallurgist, Geologist,
  Agriculturalist, Engineer (Mining, Civil, and Military),
  etc., etc., by William Alexander Ross, lately a Major in
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  4to, cloth                                              £1 16 0

"A work which we have no hesitation in pronouncing original and
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interested in MINING AND METALLURGY."--_Chemical News_, August 6th,
1875.

=Railway Engineering.=

  Manual of Railway Engineering, for the Field and the
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  revised and enlarged, post 8vo, cloth                       7 6

=Rennie, Sir John.=

  The Autobiography of Sir John Rennie, Past-President of the
  Institution of Civil Engineers, F.R.S., etc., etc., edited
  by his son, C. G. C. Rennie, _with portrait_, 8vo, cloth   12 6

=Reservoirs.=

  On the Construction of Catch-water Reservoirs in Mountain
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  by C. H. Beloe, Author of 'The Handbook of the Liverpool
  Waterworks,' _plates_, 8vo, cloth                           5 0

=Retaining Walls.=

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=Ropemaking.=

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  tables of weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping,
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  foreman to Messrs. Huddart and Co., Limehouse, and late
  Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, Deptford, second edition,
  12mo, cloth                                                 3 0

=Sanitary Engineering.=

  Proceedings of the Association of Municipal and Sanitary
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  Angell, Mem. Inst. C.E., F.R.I.B.A., etc., etc., 8vo,
  cloth                                                      10 6

  Ditto, Vol. II.                                             7 6

=Sanitary Engineering.=

  A Series of Lectures given before the School of
  Engineering, Chatham. Division I. Air. Division  II. Water.
  Division III. The Dwelling. Division IV. The Town and
  Village. Division V. The Disposal of Sewage. Copiously
  illustrated. By J. Bailey Denton, C.E., F.G.S., Honorary
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=Sanitary Works Abroad.=

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  Robert Manning, M. Inst. C.E., Chief Engineer to Her
  Majesty's Board of Public Works in Ireland, 8vo, sewed      2 0

=Sewage.=

  A Handbook of Sewage Utilization, by Ulick Ralph Burke,
  Esq., Barrister-at-Law, crown 8vo, cloth                    3 6

This work treats: I. Of the evils of the present System of Sewage
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Systems. III. Treatment of Sewage by Chemical means; Experiments
with Lime; Lime and Chloride of Iron; Sulphate of Ammonia; Holden's
Process; Sulphate of Alumina; Persalts of Iron; Blyth, Lenk, Phospate,
A.B.C., Scott, and Hille Processes; Filtration. IV. Irrigation. With an
APPENDIX, including the Law relating to Sewage Utilization.

=Sewage.=

  The Sewage Question on the Treatment and Utilization of
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=Silver Mines.=

  Vazeeri Rupi, the Silver Country of the Vazeers, in Kulu:
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=Slide Valve.=

  The Slide Valve practically considered, by N. P. Burgh,
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  the various forms of Plain Slide Valve and Expansion
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The system described in this work enables any draughtsmen or foreman
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=Steam Boilers.=

  Practical Treatise on Steam Boilers and Boiler-making,
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=Steam Engine.=

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=Steam Engine.=

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  super-royal 8vo, cloth                                   £1 5 0

=Steam Engine.=

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  by N. P. Burgh, fifth edition, revised, with Appendix,
  royal 32mo, roan                                            4 6

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=Steep Gradients on Railways.=

  A Treatise on the Improved Method for overcoming Steep
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=Strength of Beams.=

  On the Strength of Beams, Columns, and Arches, considered
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  _numerous cuts_, crown 8vo, cloth                           9 0

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  8vo, cloth                                                  4 6

=Sugar.=

  The Practical Sugar Planter; a complete account of the
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  those countries, by Leonard Wray, Esq., _with numerous
  illustrations_, 8vo, cloth                                 10 6

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=Sulphuric Acid.=

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=Surveying.=

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  fine plates, with illustrations and tables_, royal 8vo,
  cloth, second edition                                      12 6

=Table of Logarithms.=

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=Teeth of Wheels.=

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  of finding their numbers, translated from the French, third
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  plates_, 8vo, cloth                                         5 0

=Telegraphy.=

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  each                                                        5 0

  _To be continued quarterly._

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  8vo, cloth, top edge gilt                                  15 0

=Trevithick.=

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  Machinery_, reduced to                                     12 6

=Turbine.=

  A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Horizontal and
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  for the use of operative Mechanics, by William Cullen,
  Millwright and Engineer, second edition, revised and
  enlarged, small 4to, cloth                                 12 6

=Turning.=

  The Practice of Hand-turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, etc.,
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  (a book for beginners)                                      6 0

=Valve-Gears.=

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  third edition, revised and enlarged, translated from the
  German, with the special permission of the author, by
  Moritz Müller, _plates_, 8vo, cloth                        12 6

=Ventilation.=

  Health and Comfort in House Building, or Ventilation with
  Warm Air by Self-acting Suction Powder, with Review of the
  mode of Calculating the Draught in Hot-air Flues, and with
  some actual Experiments, by J. Drysdale, M.D., and J. W.
  Hayward, M.D., second edition, with Supplement, demy 8vo,
  _with plates_, cloth                                        7 6

  The Supplement separate                                     0 6

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  Tabulated Weights of Angle, T, Bulb, and Flat Iron, for the
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  Jordan, M.I.N.A., 18mo, sewed, second edition               1 6

=Wood-working Factories.=

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  Factories and Machinery, forming a complete Operators'
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  crown 8vo, cloth                                            5 0

=Wood-working Machines.=

  A Treatise on the Construction and Operation of
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  4to, cloth                                               £1 5 0

=Workshop Receipts.=

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  crown 8vo, cloth                                            5 0

  Royal 8vo, cloth, 7_s._ 6_d._

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E. & F. N. SPON: LONDON AND NEW YORK

Transcriber's note:

A Table of Contents was added for the convenience of the reader.

Hyphenation has been made consistent except where the meaning would
be affected.

Metre and centimetre changed to mètre and centimètre for consistency;
all other accentuation unchanged.

Original spelling has been retained with the exception of 'guage,'
which has been changed to 'gauge;' Parimaribo changed to Paramaribo;
filteration changed to filtration; homogenous changed to homogeneous.
Suction 'powder' appears to be a misprint for 'power' and has not
been changed.

Some illustrations are not referenced in the text and have no title,
e.g. Fig. 10. Descriptive titles were added by transcriber where
needed in the plain text version only.

'P. S. Reed' is mentioned in several places and is probably a misprint
for 'Reid'; see NEIMME Library. H. S. Merritt changed to H. S. Merrett.