Produced by David Widger

CHURCH REFORM:

THE ONLY MEANS TO THAT END, STATED IN A LETTER TO Sir ROBERT PEEL, Bart.
FIRST LORD OF THE TREASURY, &c.

By Richard Carlile.

TO WHICH IS PREFACED A CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE BISHOP OF LONDON ON THE
SAME SUBJECT.

London:

PRINTED & PUBLISHED. By R. CARLILE, 62 FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE BISHOP OF LONDON, IN 1833, ON THE SUBJECT OF A
REFORM IN THE CHURCH.

"To the Right Reverend Father in God, the Lord Bishop of London.

"62, Fleet Street, November 18,1833.

"My Lord,

"I have long and deliberately thought, that the state of the Country,
the state of the Church, and the state of the Public Mind in relation
to the Church, calls upon me to offer myself for an interview with your
Lordship, as my Diocesan, that your Lordship may hear from me what I
have to advance against the present state and condition of the Church,
and what I have to propose as an immediately necessary and proper
Reform.

"I offer to wait on your Lordship, with your Lordship's consent;
and promise, that my conversation shall be altogether courteous and
reasonable.

"I am one of your Lordship's scattered sheep, wishing for the fold of a
good shepherd,--(which is Christ Jesus),--

"RICHARD CARLILE."

"P. S.--I may add, my Lord Bishop, that I am altogether a Christian; save
the mark at which superstition has been planted upon Christianity."

*****

"Fulham, November 20,1833.

"Sir,

"I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter, in which you propose
an interview with me, for the purpose of making known to me your
opinions respecting the present state of the Church.

"I beg to say, that I shall be ready to receive, and to give all due
consideration to any communication which you may think proper to make
me in writing; as being, on many accounts, a more convenient method than
that of personal conference.

"I remain, Sir,

"Your obedient Servant,

"C. J. LONDON."

*****

"To the Right Reverend Father in God, the Lord Bishop of London.

"62, Fleet Street, November 24,1833.

"My Lord Bishop,

"In answer to my proposal to meet your Lordship in conversation, on
the state of the Country, the state of the Church, and the state of the
Public Mind with relation to the Church, your Lordship has encouraged me
to write what I have to say, and has promised to receive it and to give
it due consideration. I write as early as my circumstances have afforded
me the necessary leisure and composure of mind.

"The first point to which I beg leave to call your Lordship's attention
is--that there is a very numerous degree of dissent from the Established
Church among the people of this country.

"The second point is, that this spirit of dissent has led to a very
extended opposition to the support of the Church in its fiscal claims.

"The third point is, that there is a preparation of a public mind going
forward for the putting of the present Established Church on the same
footing as the present Establishments of the Dissenters--the footing of
voluntary rather than legal support; and that the preparation of this
state of mind is accelerated by the embarrassed state of the country.

"The evidence of these three points in prospect is, that the present
state of the Church will be entirely overthrown in the course of two or
three Sessions of Parliament.

"On the principle of dissent from the Established Church, I have to
observe, that it is desirable there should be no dissent; but then the
Church should be invulnerable. There can be no popular dissent from any
Institution that can be defended as good and best; and though I am
instructed to allow that the general body of dissenters from the Church
have dissented on very frivolous, even on indefensible grounds,
(inasmuch as the Dissenters have not corrected in themselves the errors
of the Church), there still remains the proof that where the Church has
been assailed or dissented from, it has not been in a condition to
defend and justify itself.

"This incapability of the Church to defend and justify itself, where
assailed, must have arisen from a defective state of its doctrine and
discipline.

"This doctrine and discipline is founded upon the literal reading of the
Sacred Scriptures, or the books of the Old and New Testament.

"I impugn the literal as an erroneous reading: it claims to be local
and temporal history, and is not. Not one of its apparent historical
subjects can be verified. Every one of them can be falsified, upon the
principle that other things were being done at the time, and that other
people dwelt in the places; and that nothing of contemporary character,
purporting to be history, has corroborated the historical claims of the
Old and New Testament.

"It is said of the writings of the Old and New Testament, that they are
allegorical, and that they contain the moral of human salvation from
evil. Under this view, they may be true, and may be important as a
matter of instruction. I so believe them to be true, and to be important
as a matter of instruction; but as your Lordship may put me on the task
of mentioning some particular facts and grounds on which I impugn the
literal reading of the Sacred Scriptures, and may properly suggest that
it is necessary this ground should be first cleared before we try them
on the other ground, I submit, as two well-weighed and conclusive
propositions:--

"1st. That the person of Jesus Christ, or the name, is not in mention by
any author of the first century, if the passage in Josephus be excepted
as an interpolation; and that this defect in the evidence is fatal to
the historical claim.

"2nd. That the people called Jews, or Israelites, neither formed colony
nor nation in that part of the earth which is now called Judea, or Holy
Land, before the time of Alexander of Macedon; consequently all that is
said of their dwelling in and going out of Egypt, their sojourn in the
Wilderness, their warfare with the Canaanites and Philistines, their
occupation of that country, their subsequent conquest, captivity, and
restoration, is entirely fiction or allegory.

"I read it as political and moral instruction veiled in allegory \
and as it is to be desired, that, in the removal of a system, all its
defects be made apparent, so it becomes a desideratum, that we account
for the origin of the sects named Jews and Christians.

"This may be done in two ways---one, that they were public philosophical
sects; the other, that they were degrees of order in the ancient
mysteries.

"The moral of the allegory belonging to each is throughout the same, and
is an encouragement to the resistance and overthrow of the tyranny of
man, when it appears in the open authority of a King, or in the covert
authority of a Priest; and the preparing of a people to do this, and
the doing it, is precisely what is meant by human salvation,--which is a
sure and certain salvation from earthly evils.

"The absence of a proof of personal identity in the characters sketched
in the Old and New Testament, is the presence of proof (if utility
of any kind there be in the form of the allegory), that the persons
mentioned are like what all the gods and goddesses of ancient religion
were--personifications of principles, either physical or moral, or both.

"In so receiving the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament, I find
them pregnant with the most important political and moral instruction.
In receiving them according to the literal or historical reading, I find
difficulties insuperable, and such as justify all that Thomas Paine or
any other straightforward critic has advanced on the subject, while the
moral and the allegory were concealed from their view.

"The point at which this personification of principles begins, is the
point at which superstition begins; for though knowledge may justify the
poetic licence taken with language, ignorance mistakes and evil design
misrepresents, until the personification is extensively dwelt on as a
reality.

"Here I trace the fundamental errors of the present doctrine and
discipline of the Established Church; the errors upon which dissent has
progressed, upon which an outcry of infidelity has been raised, but upon
which the Church could not defend itself and maintain its position.

"My remedy for the present difficulties, and my proposition \ for
a Reform in the Church is, that no difficulties, mysteries, or
superstition be allowed to remain attached to its doctrines and
discipline; that the allegory of the Sacred Scriptures be avowed, the
personifications taught upon their principles as known principles of
nature, and not as personified incomprehensibilities; that the Church,
in short, be made a school for the people, than which, if it originally
meant any good thing, could mean no other thing, where from time to time
all acquired or acquirable knowledge should be taught. On this ground,
the utility of the Institution is evident, the benefit to the people
certain, the idea of dissent inadmissible.

"In this first letter, I have thought it necessary only to give your
Lordship the leading points of objection to the present doctrine and
discipline of the Church. With details in proof, I can proceed to a
voluminous length; and I now offer myself to submit to the catechism of
your Lordship, or to that of any person whom your Lordship shall appoint
to see me, with the distinct promise, that I will not evade the giving
of a direct answer to any distinct and intelligible question that can be
put to me upon any part of this important subject.

"It may not be improper that I now declare to your Lordship, that, after
having worn out the spirit of persecution by a large amount of personal
and pecuniary suffering, I have never been acting upon any other motive
than a love of truth, and honesty, and public good; that it is under
such a motive, and no other mixed motive, that I have now presented
myself to your Lordship, viewing your Lordship as a public functionary
that has inherited and not created the error of which I complain; and
hoping that I shall be met with the disposition of a fair investigation,
when so much good is at this moment the promised consequence,

"I am, My Lord,

"Your Lordship's most obedient humble servant,

"RICHARD CARLILE."

LETTER TO SIR ROBERT PEEL

Sir,

I write as a politician to a politician, with oblivion of the past,
without any profession of respect for the present, waiting and watching
your future.

I am stimulated to address you, and the country through your name,
on reading your Address to the Electors of Tamworth, after taking the
offices of First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer.

The portion of your Address which I select as my subject, is that
relating to the Church--the first of all political subjects. Not to
understand how to deal with this, is to be utterly deficient in every
other political branch. Not to reform this, is to reform nothing. State
ever did, and ever will, depend upon the Church.

As far as your individual promise is sufficient, it is, that Church
Rates shall be abolished. This is so far good. It has been a disgrace to
all parties concerned, and an injury to every housekeeper, that a Church
Rate has existed. Such a rate has existed only because of the dishonest
application of that Church Property which was the legitimate supply for
all Church Buildings and repairs. And should the rate be continued
under any other form of taxation, and not supplied from existing Church
Property, an injury and an injustice will still be inflicted upon the
people.

You seem willing to abate the religious ceremony of marriage, so far as
to allow each couple to let it be to its liking. Pray go a step farther,
and let the law cease to trammel that civil contract with religious
ceremony, while each couple will be at liberty of its own accord to go
through whatever religious ceremony it may think proper. And while
on this subject, I pray you to give, or seek for the poor, justice in
facile divorce. The mystery of marriage is too sacred for constraint.
It should never be other than a spirit of pure and mutual liberty and
consent, subject to some legal recognition for the care of offspring.
Much of the morals of society must depend on the freedom of marriage and
facility of divorce. We have not hitherto been right on this subject.
That can be no good tie which opposes the will of an individual in
so sacred and delicate an affair as that of marriage. The beginning,
middle, and end of marriage should be the love of affection and
friendship. Marriage should cease when affection between the parties has
ceased. It may be truly added, that marriage has morally ceased, when
affection has ceased. Then the legal tie becomes an abomination, a
source of vice and wrong; and, in nine cases out of ten, the religious
ceremony is treated as a burlesque, save the idea, that it is a
fashionable distinction to have observed it as the chief criterion of
legal marriage.

I entirely agree with you, that Church Property should not be alienated
from strictly ecclesiastical purposes. I have changed my view, and see
more than formerly on this head.

For the same reason, I entirely disagree with you on any commutation of
tithes. Let the original application be restored, and no one will find
fault but he who loses by that just principle, that first and best of
Church Property and most important of popular rights.

The point, in your address, on which my letter is to be based, is the
following paragraph:--

"With regard to alterations in the laws which govern our ecclesiastical
establishment, I have had no recent opportunity of giving that grave
consideration to a subject of the deepest interest, which could alone
justify me in making any public declaration of opinion. It is a subject
which must undergo the fullest deliberation, and into that deliberation
the Government will enter with the sincerest desire to remove every
abuse that can impair the efficiency of the Establishment, extend the
sphere of its usefulness, and to strengthen and confirm its just claims
upon the respect and affections of the people."

This is just what I wanted you to say. It is honest, if you will but act
up to it. This is the sort of Church Reform that I propose. Here we have
from you, as the Chief Minister, a promise that your Administration will
enter into the fullest deliberation, with the sincerest desire to remove
every abuse that can impair the efficiency of the Church Establishment,
extend the sphere of its usefulness, and strengthen and confirm its just
claims upon the respect and affections of the people. Had I been called
to your situation, I could not have promised more; but I should have
acted up to that promise, and I hope you will so act. In the performance
of that promise, everlasting fame will be yours. So act--and greater
than the name of Lycurgus or Solon--greater than that of Cicero,
Constantine, or Napoleon--greater than the name of any past man will
be that of Robert Peel. If the Duke of Wellington join you in this
sentiment, and goes manly and honestly forward to its accomplishment,
his, too, will be an imperishable name. This would wreathe him an
evergreen chaplet, that would survive the memory of all his physical
victories! This is the great moral victory to be obtained before any
society can settle down into peace, welfare, and happiness:--_the best
use that can be made of the Church_. It is a subject of the deepest
interest; it requires grave consideration; I pray that it may have that
consideration. I pray that I may be heard by a Commission, in grave
consideration of that subject of the deepest interest, before any
legislative change be entered upon. I put myself forward in this letter.
Many will be the schemes proposed to your consideration: let mine be
one, and then select and improve the best.

The first consideration is--What is now the Church? What are its
defects? What the cause of that dissent, which has made a revision
necessary?

The second consideration will be--What ought the Church to be, so as to
leave no ground and reason of dissent? To some minds, the fickleness and
fallibility of human nature will appear as an insurmountable obstacle
to the construction of such a Church. I see farther and will propose in
order.

I flatter myself that I am writing this letter with very proper feelings
toward all institutions and all persons. I suspend, _pro tem_., all
quarrels that I have with all men, to assist you in this common good,
in which you deserve and will have, in the ratio of their goodness,
the assistance of all good men. If I can sink the past in oblivion for
common good, who should say he cannot? To the altar and shrine of that
Reformed Church, which you contemplate, I have sacrificed property
much--all I had, and years of liberty many. I am still worshipping,
still so sacrificing, both property and personal liberty, and will so
continue to the end. I say it not boastfully; but in comparative claim
to attention, and in encouragement and example of union to assist you in
the performance of your present promise.

Let me be permitted to say, too, that the Church is a subject which I
have studied in its origin, its history, its first principle, all its
dissent or variation from that first principle, down to its present
standing. I have so studied it, that I cannot now find author or
preacher who can present me any thing new as to its general merits, past
or present. This is the chief ground on which I solicit your and the
public attention to my view of this subject of Church Reform. I presume
to know what the Church is, and what it ought to be.

It may be taken as a point to be yielded by all parties, that the desire
with regard to the Law Established Church is, the removal of all ground
of dissent, so as not to leave it a mere sectarian Church, which any
mere abatement of existing dissenting objections will do. No Dissenter
can complain, if the ground of his dissent be removed from the Church.
And if there be no ground of future dissent left, there can be no
future complaint, no new dissension arising. Without the absence of the
possibility of dissent, there can be no just holding and application of
a public and common property for the business of the Church. With
that absence, the property is justly held and applied. Any law that
recognizes and tolerates the Dissenter, recognizes and tolerates the
justness of his dissent, and calls for the primary justice of removing
the ground of dissent. No man can reasonably say, _let us not be of one
Church_; but every man can reasonably say, _let the Church be purified
of its errors_; and while any man can show an error, it is his duty to
call for the purification, and the duty of authorities to attend to
his call and to purify. A permanent Church then must be an improving,
self-purifying Church, and continue a true picture of the best state
of the human mind, meeting every well-founded and majority-decided call
upon its utility.

Any idea of keeping up a Law Established Church with public property,
surrounded by Dissenting Churches, without a public property, can enter
the head of no man who understands the subject. There can be no peace
or final settlement under such an arrangement. The effect to be
accomplished is, not to break up the Church Property; but to break up
the Dissenters from the Church. This will startle the present state of
mind and feeling. I propose no abridgement of equal liberty. Is not this
the grand _desideratum?_ Can it be accomplished?--I think it can, and so
proceed to unfold the two-fold consideration.

First.--What is now the Church? What are its defects? What the cause of
that dissent which has made a revision necessary?

This, in reality, is but one question, with a three-fold expression.

The Church is now the Theatre of the Drama of the Books of Common
Prayer, the Thirty-nine Articles, and the Old and New Testament; to
which is generally added a sermonic epilogue or exhortation, commonly
called a Sermon.

Be not offended at my use of the word _Theatre_ here: no other
would substitute. Its root is the Greek [------], God, and signified
originally, the house, place or stage, where the Drama of Theism or
attributes of Deity were exhibited. The word is now much distorted
from its root, in being made to describe the place of modern dramatic
performances.

Nor must the word _Drama_ be objected to; because the ceremony of the
Church was originally so constructed, so meant, and so practised, as I
will prove in the course of this letter.

Even the word _Tragedy_ has its root in the Greek word [------], a goat,
and signifies, in the dramatic exhibition of Theism, the death of the
year, under the form of a personification, in the twelfth or zodiacal
month of the goat. So that the death sorrowed for and lamented, was,
dramatically, the apparent death of the sun, the death of the year, in
the sign or month of the goat; and on St. Thomas's day, as we read in
the Prophet Ezekiel, chap. viii. v. 14--"_and behold there sat women
weeping for Tammuz;_" and v. 16--"_about five and twenty men, with their
backs toward the temple of the Lord, and their faces toward the east;
and they worshipped the sun toward the east_," which is no other than
a representation of the performance of the tragedy, in which the
performers had lost the moral of the Lord's Temple: precisely the
present state and condition of the Church. All ancient mythology is
in harmony with this conclusion; and the Christian tragedy is only a
continued version, uniting the general drama of human morals with the
annual tragedy of solar physics, and forming a two-fold or two-keyed
allegory or mystery, physical and moral, as it was known even in the
Celtic or Druid Church. Christianity was never new, or young, in this
country, by existing records.

There are not many persons in this secret, perhaps, not even you, the
first Minister of the country; so it will be deemed too abstruse and
mystical on which to find a warrant for legislation or change of law:
but I strenuously maintain, that such was the origin of the Christian
Church, and such is now its generally lost meaning. The proof of the
solar part of the allegory is not so much to my present purpose as
the proof of the general drama of human morals being the basis of the
present mystery of the Christian Church.

To stay a growing difficulty, we must go to the root:--it will grow
again, if we do not go to the root. It will be so with the present
Church, and all attempts to reform it.

In plainer language, then, I will describe the existing Church, as
having, in its ceremonies and business, the mystery of the Christian
Religion, without its revelation; that all the defects and all the
grounds of dissent from it are the absence of the revelation, or want of
knowing the meaning of the mystery. Whatever are called its doctrines,
are all mysterious; its discipline is equally mysterious, and by its
present ministers, unaccountable. Dissenters have dissented without
being able to assign a reason for their dissent, and have set up for
themselves something equally mysterious and unaccountable; and so the
whole principle and practice of Religion in the country is in confusion
and conflict; and no measure can reconcile the dissentients, short
of developing the first principles of the Church and the Christian
Religion, the one language, the one course of reason, the one ground of
human welfare, the one system of morals, which is now buried in a
Babel of confused tongues, doctrines, idol-houses, and superstitious
ceremonies.

The ground, then, on which I proceed, is, that TO REFORM THE CHURCH, THE
DISSENTERS MUST BE ANNIHILATED.

Not annihilated by slaughter or physical force; but by superior
knowledge, and consequent superior teaching, by openness, by honesty, by
throwing off the mask of hypocrisy, and leaving the Church of Christ to
be no longer a theatre of dramatic ceremony in mystery, with parts and
actors as ignorant as automata of their subject, and who not knowing,
can value it not, beyond the salaries they receive for its performance
in unrevealed mystery.

Can that be a Reform of the Church, with "just claims upon the respect
and affections of the people," which shall leave a ground and excuse
for dissent by any one of the people? I say, NO. Can it be a Church of
Christ? I say, NO. Do we know what a Church of Christ is in reality? For
myself, I say, YES. A Church, too, founded upon an understanding of the
_Sacred_ Scriptures, of the Old and New Testament, upon the revelation
of the mystery of those Scriptures, and upon all the first principles
essential and conducive to general human and social welfare; that
shall no more admit of dissent than the multiplication table, or the
accurately placed sun-dial, than the elements of Euclid, and all the
never-failing tests of the science of chemistry. The Apostle that told
us to "_prove all things, and hold fast that which is good_," gave us
a definition of the exhortation of the Evangelist or the
Baptist--"_Repent, for the kingdom of Heaven is at hand_." A repenting
and a proving people are necessary to make a Church of Christ.
Repentance and enquiry are the pillars and foundations of that Church;
without repentance and enquiry there can be no Church of Christ; and I
ask, confidently ask, with the assurance that a true answer must be in
the negative,--has anything calling itself a Christian Church in Europe,
established by law, or dissenting from such an establishment, anything
to do with the two principles of repentance and proving, the one meaning
reflection by animadversion, the other a trial by outward tests of that
reflection? There is not a congregation of people in Europe, calling
itself a Church, that is founded upon an understanding of the Sacred
Scriptures, the understanding which shows that the "letter killeth, but
the spirit giveth life."

I impugn, as being in error,--I denounce, as that error is the cause of
all dissent, of dissent uninstructed,--all the churches or congregations
called churches in the British dominions; and I call for a reform that
shall eradicate that dissent, and make all become one in efficiency,
usefulness, and respect and affections of the people.

The present state of the Church is, that it is a theatre of mystery,
giving no solid satisfaction to the people, and for which, among the
receivers of salaries and benefits only, can there be a particle of real
respect and affection. Its defects are, that none understand, neither
priests nor people understand what any part of its dramatic ceremonies
mean. And this is the cause of that dissent which has made a revision
necessary.

What, then, ought the Church to be, so as to have no ground and reason
of dissent?

In two words, I answer, A SCHOOL.

What kind of a school?

A school for knowledge only; for revelation without mystery; and for
practical use and benefit to every member, without parade or pomp, even
without ceremony, beyond what order and good may require.

And would such be a Church of Christ?

Such alone can be a Church of Christ. Christ the Logos, Jesus the
Saviour of Man, is, in principle, nothing more in its dramatic or
mystified and present church presentation, than a personification of the
principle of reason, or of the knowledge of which the human being is a
recipient, and without which can have no salvation, has no relation to
the idea of a salvation, or any evil from which to be saved. Such is a
true revelation of the mystery of Christ.

And a Church of Christ has no other true meaning, than a convenient and
sessional gathering of the people in districts, for purposes of mutual
enquiry and mutual instruction; for catechism and intelligible and
useful exhortation; for revelation of knowledge, or mind, or reason;
for mental improvement; and not for mystery, nor dramatic ceremony, nor
superstition, nor idolatry. It is in this sense only, that the Church
of Christ is superior to all other Churches--the word Church meaning a
gathering or association of the people for mental improvement.

This generation has no proof, nor has history a warrant, that any other
generation of man has had a proof of the material existence of the being
called Jesus Christ. The seeming narrative of such a purport is the
current mythology of the ancients, or people of two thousand years ago,
taken up by us in its literal sense, and so mistaken; so mistaken, as to
warrant a belief in the literality and fact of the material, temporal,
and local existence of every one of the Gods of the Pantheon, or of
human imagination, and then we shall have rivalry enough for the best.
But then, I should make a choice of Christ, as the only one that makes
due provision for the right cultivation of the human mind; the only one
that has laid the foundations of the kingdom of Heaven, in the peace and
good-will of mankind, dwelling upon a land flowing with milk and honey,
and overflowing with knowledge.

I challenge the Bishops and the whole priesthood, to produce me any
knowledge that is intelligible to themselves or to any other person, as
an interpretation of the narratives in the Old and New Testament, about
Jehovah or Christ, other than that which I am now unfolding. Mine has
a warrant in the spirit of the language of the books, in the roots of
words, and in all the principles of things that relate to man's welfare;
and more particularly in that to man most important of all, MORAL
SCIENCE.

I am not insensible to the circumstance, that a man might have a
knowledge of a thing, of a train of circumstances, of causes and
effects, in his own mind, with a difficulty to find language in which
to communicate it, that shall be equally and immediately clear to all
other states of mind. A resemblance, nearness, or similarity of mind,
almost an equality of knowledge, is requisite to a clear understanding.
It is thus, that men, in different languages, understand each other,
when other men, bystanders, do not understand them. And it so happens,
in all first developments of science, the new discovery wants a new
language in which to be presented to others, and it often happens, that
first words made or chosen are not the best and clearest.

Know you not, Sir, that knowledge is power? You must have read that
celebrated axiom of Bacon's; but have you considered it, have you
reflected, have you repented and proved that axiom? I may add, by way
of explanation, that knowledge is the only moral power. What seeks your
Church to be? Or what should it seek to be, other than a moral power? On
what rock, then, must the Church of Christ be built, so that the gates
of hell, or of evil design, or of dissent, may not prevail against it?
On what, but KNOWLEDGE? Is it now so built? Is not, rather, the present
ministry of the Church more afraid of knowledge than of the people's
ignorant dissent; more of "Carlile and his crew," than of all the
dissenters; more of free discussion, than of any kind of superstition?
The dissent of knowledge and the dissent of ignorance, though disunited,
are becoming too powerful for your knowledgeless Church; and you, at
last, have consented to speak of its necessary reform! To which will you
yield, or whom will you join? Those who dissent by knowledge, or those
by ignorance? If you take the former, your work will be perfected at
once; if the latter, your work will never be done, and you will become
weaker and weaker; for I know not one body of worshipping associated
dissenters, whose ground of association and dissent is better than that
of the Established Church. Find me the minister of one of them, who will
stand up in discussion before a public audience with me, so as to have
his language reported. I have not yet found him in England or Scotland.
The pretences of the kind that have been made, have been so deficient
in respectability of character and of good manners, that I do not think
them worth a recognition.

I am not insensible to the circumstance, that you have a difficult task
to perform, and I am not sure that you are equal to it: I hope you
are; that is, I would have you so, or any other who may be the King's
adviser, and the real head of the Church. Nothing is wanted for this
reform but honesty and moral courage. Where the will and the power
exist, the task is an easy one. _I desire to save the Church and its
property, and to annihilate the Dissenters_. I would have the present
dignities of the Church dignify themselves in a triumph over the
Dissenters. A collusion with the Dissenters will be a hugging of
pestilence and death to the bosom of the Church. There can be no
co-existence: there was proof enough of that in the seventeenth century,
and still in Scotland. A revolution in the affairs and manners of
the Church must take place, even by your own confession, in language
admitting of the inference; and I desire that good may be educed from
that revolution. I would make the Church triumph in the correction of
every mental error in the country, and noble would be that triumph!

You may ask, how is this to be done? I will tell you. Let the Church
become the oracle of truth, the fountain of knowledge, the mistress
and dispenser of all science. Let its ministers declare this great
truth:--_that, hitherto, the mystery of Christ has alone been taught in
the Church, without the revelation of that mystery; that the Church has
been the depository of that sacred mystery, until the fulness of time,
in which it is promised, that all people shall be prepared to partake of
the revelation; that the mystery has been kept up in outward form
and without any spiritual grace; that the spiritual grace and all the
pro-mises are to be fulfilled in the understanding of the revelation;
that the spirit or revelation has been buried in a resting on the letter
of the Sacred Scriptures; that Christ is only now risen or beginning to
rise, after thousands of years, we may say three thousand years, rather
than three days of crucifixion, death and burial_. In me, he has risen
indeed, as, in me, he has been last crucified; and I crave the pleasure
of seeing his principles rise in the Church; for that craving is the
nature of Christ. Let the Church declare _that the time is now come to
reveal the mystery of Christ_. Exhibition has not been revelation.

What, then, is the revelation of the mystery of Christ?

It is, that Christ is God and not man, that it is God in man; that it is
knowledge, reason, or all its essences in moral principle; and that
it is not an idol to be worshipped as a statue, but a principle to be
taught and inherited by the human race. The mystery sets forth Christ as
a statue or image to be worshipped after the fashion of the Pagan world.
The revelation teaches, that it is the principle of knowledge, to
be gained by labour, by asking, seeking and knocking, or prayer; by
repentance, that is, reflection; by enquiry, that is, proving all
things, and holding fast that which is good; by mutual instruction, by
free discussion, by whatever constitutes a school for useful knowledge,
and that constitution is a Church of Christ: all the rest is mistake
or imposture, whether it be established by law, or ignorantly dissented
from; whether it have a King for its head, or be carried on in a garret
or a cellar.

I must go to the root of my subject, and leave no excuse for evasion.
The root of religion is the relation of God to man, and man to God.

What does man know of God?

Books can teach him nothing, unless those books be written pictures of
existing things and things that have existed. Things that have existed
have no source of trial or test, but in the similarity of things that do
exist.

Man's knowledge of existence is of a twofold nature: the things that
do exist, and the power by which he has that knowledge. The first is
distinguished as material existence; the second, as spiritual existence.
Material and spiritual existence are the only two positive existences
of which man can speak or write, to which no inspiration can add; for
inspiration is only knowledge; and the recognition of material and
spiritual existence is the limitation of knowledge. The details of
knowledge can be nothing more than definitions and descriptions of
existing things,--the plantings of art upon nature.

All knowledge is matter of art. Nature is the thing known--art the
knowledge of the thing. This art can not only know nature, but can
invent descriptions of unreal things; can describe things by types, and
principles by figurative allegories; can imitate nature by appearances,
such as pictures, statues, &c.; and can, by mysterious constructions
of language, make the appearance of a thing to represent a principle or
describe qualities in the absence of the thing: this is spiritual power.
Nothing of the kind is seen beyond human life; certainly not beyond
animal life. We may, therefore, reasonably speak of spiritual power or
spiritual existence as confined to the human race--speech and language
being a primary necessity to its existence: the art of other animals
extending not beyond their wants.

Man, then, is the creator of spirit; and, beyond man, spirit is not
known. Man is not known to be the creature, but the creator of art; not
the creature, but the creator of spirit, soul, mind, reason, knowledge,
or whatever other term relates to the mental phenomena.

I maintain, because it is a truth of the deepest importance to the human
race, and without the knowledge of which nothing can work well in human
society, that man is the creator of all spiritual existence; and in the
sense in which God is a spirit, man is the creator of that God, and has
been the creator of every description of existence that has been made of
such a God.

We may also correctly speak of this two-fold existence as physical and
moral. The physical, its forms and compositions excepted, is eternal and
immutable--the moral is evanescent, mortal, and mutable in its personal
existence, but immutable and immortal as to principle. The root of God,
therefore, as of man, is in physical power, which is correctly described
as almighty, immutable and omnipresent: it is only omniscient, as being
the fountain of knowledge--the all that can be known. Science is art;
therefore, there can be no science in an infinite or eternal sense, as
we can speak of the physical power of Deity; but science, as art, is
limited to human power,--the all that is known, and not the all that
exists to be known.

This is evidence, that man has created not only all the descriptions
that have been made of spiritual existence, but that existence itself:
and so it is true, that man has been the inventor of a spiritual God;
that religion and all its appurtenances have been the offspring of
the art of man; and that man alone is capable of correcting any of its
errors,--which is to be done in the same way by which I propose to put
down the Dissenters--the acquisition and communication of knowledge by
the Church.

I pass by the Pagan mythology, which, in its understood personifications
and allegories, is as beautiful a picture of physical and moral nature,
as the Christian Religion itself; and I rest on the Christian, as,
when understood, the only religion for human improvement that has been
presented to the notice of the human race.

As man is the inventor of the Spiritual Deity, which is peculiarly the
Deity of the Christian Religion, so I infer, by evidence to come, that
the Deity of the Christian Religion is no other, nothing more, than a
personification of the mental phenomena of the human race, which was
the work of the philosophers and scientific men of the Pagan world: and
noble was their task--important for man was their production. Not the
thing called the Christian Religion now in existence, which is no other
than a religion mistaken, a corruption and Pagan superstition, the dregs
and drivellings of the gross ignorance and superstition of the dark
ages; something two thousand times worse than the Paganism of the
Millenium before the so-called Christian era. But a personification
after deifications of the mental phenomena, is a sounding, preaching,
writing, carving or painting God, as the perfection of knowledge;
Christ, as the perfection of reason; and the Holy Spirit of
communication, as the perfection of all attainable moral power by the
human race: making those perfections to be things sought, the things
worshipped, the best religion, as it undoubtedly is, for the whole human
race. It was the best plan of scholastic improvement, when acted upon,
that human wisdom could have devised, and to this I would have you bring
our Church.

There is a two-fold way of reading the Bible, which I have before
described, as it is described in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians,
chap. iii. v. 6, a reading or a ministration according to the letter,
and another according to the spirit. The Apostle or author of that
Epistle declares himself to have been a minister of the New Testament
according to the spirit, and complains, that the Jews, in his time, did
not know how to read the Old Testament. I declare that the Church now
existing ministers to nothing but the letter of the Bible, which is a
ministration not to life, but to death; and such is the evidence of the
whole era of such a ministration; such has been the cause of the dark
ages, on which no dissenting sect has yet thrown a ray of light; and the
reform that is now required throughout the Church, that established by
law and all others, is the understanding of the Sacred Scriptures, that
shall cause them to be taught according to the spirit, the spirit of
knowledge, reason and constant human improvement. I now see, that none
of the people called Jews or Christians know how to read either Old or
New Testament according to the spirit.

To read the Bible according to the letter, is to make it a piece of
human history; to make a creation of the world, and an attempt to
account for everything past, present and future. I proclaim this conduct
to be the folly of ignorance, opposed by all real history of the human
race, and by all the developments of science, in relation to the earth's
existence, its qualities, and its relation to the general planetary
system.

I challenge the proof of any one apparent historical fact, in either Old
or New Testament. I challenge the production of the existing mention
of any one of the supposed facts about the personal or material Jesus
Christ, within one hundred years of the time at which it is said to have
happened, putting the disputed passages of Josephus and Tacitus out of
the question.

I challenge the proof of the existence of the Jews, in any country, as a
distinct nation, before the time of Alexander the Great.

No other contemporaneous history recognizes such an assumed history as
that which I challenge.

And farther, I am prepared to prove that Christianity existed among
Romans, Greeks, Persians, Hindoos, and Celtic Druids, or the northern
nations, before the Christian era.

The present ministration of the Church entirely depends on the necessity
of a clear historical proof of the literal contents of the Old and New
Testaments.

But a spiritual reading of that volume solves every difficulty, and
teaches us how to extract the truth, the system of religion that is
a necessary and sure salvation for the human race, when reduced to
practice, and to see it as a part of the wisdom of all ancient men of
all times and countries.

It is ten years and upwards since I sent a petition to you, Sir, to be
laid before the King, asking for a commission to examine my oppugnancy
to the religion and administration of the existing Church. Will you now
grant that commission? If you will not, you, while you remain in power,
will blunder on in and through growing troubles and difficulties,
until you, or some other person, be compelled to come to my school for
information. It may be a galling pain, a conscience-smitten task to you
to do so; but you have no alternative with honesty and wisdom. It is
not a little of this cry for Church Reform, that has sprung out of my
labours and sufferings. And here am I, though still in prison through
that Church's iniquity, in the proud and triumphant position, clearly
seeing that you can reform nothing in the Church that will satisfy the
people without coming to my ground.

Your pledge is so to reform the Church as to make it meet the respect
and affection of the people. I rejoiced when I read that sentiment; for
I saw and felt, that I alone had proposed a reform equal to that end;
and mine, as well as others, by the glorious power of the printing
press, must come into consideration. I assure you that the
correspondence with the Bishop of London, which I shall append to this
letter, has been sold to the extent of many thousands, and is in great
demand. This is but an enlargement of my second letter to the Bishop. So
that my lamp has been constantly trimmed for your advent as a Reformer
of the Church. It is not what you and others call "the rabble," "the
destructives," "the mob," that I seek. I seek you and the Bishops,
all the learned men in the country, as in application of mind to mind,
learning to learning, and wisdom to wisdom.

I will now proceed to explain the distinction between the mystery and
the revelation of Christ, between the letter and the spirit of the books
of the Old and New Testament, between false and true religion, between
superstition and idolatry on one side, and reason with growing knowledge
in the Church on the other. I begin with the doctrine of the Holy
Trinity.

The Church of the dark ages has taught the doctrine professedly founded
upon the letter of the Sacred Scriptures: of God, as consisting of three
persons in one person, coexistent, co-equal, and co-eternal, which, in
expression, has been abridged, under the name of Trinity, and described
as the Holy Trinity; and, in definition or distinction, as Father,
Son and Holy Ghost. This doctrine has always been dissented from while
dissent has been tolerated. It is no more a physical absurdity than the
doctrine of the resurrection of the dead, or the changing of water to
wine, or the feeding of five thousand with five small loaves and two
fishes, or any other narrated miracle: still it has been dissented from,
and when dissented from, no defence could be made of it. In every other
case of dissent, the Church could make no defence and no other apology
than ancientness of the doctrine in the Church. Truly this has been a
verification of the blind leading the blind, until both fell into the
ditch together.

With a doctrine of personality in Deity, including the ideas of physical
and moral power, this of the Trinity has been declared a mystery
incomprehensible to the human mind; and I declare that a mystery
incomprehensible to the human mind, pressed upon human attention, as
of importance, is an absurdity, and must be an imposture; for who has
comprehended it so to state? This is the matter-of-fact view of the
subject.

But the subject being a declared mystery in the theological sense, there
is a spiritual interpretation to be put upon the language of the letter;
and that I take to be thus:--

That the Trinity is not to be considered as of persons, but of
principles; and then we shall find it a philosophical doctrine, true to
nature, and proved by science; true to physical and to moral science.

All the ideas that physical science can bring us of creation is the root
of three in one. Whatever admits of analysis sets forth the truth and
doctrine of the Trinity. Water, the great parent of production on this
planet, is known to be composed of two gases--hydrogen and oxygen. They
become water through contact and decomposition by electric action. Thus,
in the order of a Trinity in Unity, we may describe it as of hydrogen,
oxygen, electric contact=water. I do not mention this as any thing new;
but it is new in application to a definition of the doctrine of the
Trinity. Water had not been made but by the electric contact of hydrogen
with oxygen, by the power of a Trinity in Unity. Chemistry teaches us,
that this power of a Trinity in Unity is an all-creating power; and so
far it is man's comprehension of the creating power or Deity, and not
a thing or principle incomprehensible: it is a doctrine older than the
Christian era; was a doctrine among the Pagan Philosophers, and is true
as to principles or powers; but not true in our modern sense of persons,
as identical and separate beings.

A great mistake, too, has been made in the understanding of the word
_person_, in relation to theology: it never was meant to express beings
in the image of you and me; but the dramatic manner of presenting a
description of the principles of nature in the theatre, _per sonantem_,
by sound or song, by fiction, by disguise, by allegory, by mask or
mystery, by representative action: the revelation of which would be to
understand the principles of nature so personated on the stage, as I
have defined the Trinity. And it is in this, and no other sense, that
I read the names of Deity in the Old or New Testament, as brought
apparently on the stage of human affairs, in person, by the authors;
that _personating_ meaning nothing more than a present picture or
representation of an absent or infinite power, by sounds or voice,
and sometimes by masks, as was the earliest known practice in dramatic
exhibition, which explains everything about gods and oracles, and makes
the Hymns of Orpheus as sacred as the Psalms of David; as they are as
certainly beautiful in poetic composition, and equally useful to human
welfare.

You, Sir, if you enter the House of Commons next month, may be said to
personate the Electors of Tamworth; a power in the abstract greater than
you, because many and supposed qualified to reject your personation
and to elect another. Therefore, the personation is not the power
personated. As the King's chief Minister, you will also personate the
King's Government in the House of Commons; but you are not in reality
that governing power; because, it is something distinct from you, and
greater than can be concentrated in your person. You, as plain Robert
Peel, and I, as Richard Carlile, are not persons; and though it is a
custom so to use the word and so to describe us, yet it is a mistake and
misuse of the word, unless the body may be said to personate the mind,
soul, &c. I hope you see that much of the error of our Church has turned
upon this point; because a person was never the reality of the power,
and consequently the persons of the Trinity are not to be considered
the reality of the Trinity: and hence the Unitarian Dissenter has
no reasonable ground of dissent. The doctrine of the Trinity, as a
description of Deity, is a valid theological and philosophical doctrine,
admitting of no rational dissent.

I wish the Bishops to learn this before the Dissenters, so that the
Church may be taught how to call back her errant and ignorant children,
that her property may be held together for useful purposes, and not be
wasted at the shrine of dissenting ignorance or bankrupt government.

And now, Sir, can you yet see your way with me, "to remove every abuse
that can impair the efficiency of the establishment; extend the sphere
of its usefulness, and strengthen and confirm its just claims upon
the respect and affections of the people?" If you cannot, I beg you to
follow me farther.

It is not only in physics that the doctrine of the Trinity is
theologically and scientifically correct, but in morals also; and this
is the foundation of the Christian Religion.

As God, the Father, personates all science, under the attribute of
omniscience; that is, personates all existence, both omnipotence and
omnipresence, and is, in that reality, the fountain of knowledge--the
all and every part that can be known; so God the Son, Christ or
Logos, personates the human mind, as the existence or manifestation of
knowledge and reason, as Jesus or the principle of salvation from evil,
in possessing that knowledge, and as the true God, in us and with us, in
and with whom we live, and move, and have our being.

So God the Holy Ghost, the Spirit of Truth, the Comforter to come, to
complete the happiness of the human race, personates that spirit of
free communication of knowledge which should be found in the Church,
the theatre, not of any superstition or dramatic ceremony, but of the
freedom of the human mind, and all its emanations of free enquiry, free
discussion, mutual instruction, which are the necessary elements of
brotherly love and peace, in the proving of all things and holding fast
that which is good. And thus I prove the truth of the doctrine of the
Trinity.

This, Sir, is a true picture or effigies of the moral Trinity of the
Christian Church, which you will find to be a key to every mysterious
sentence of the Bible; and I ask you seriously, as between man and man,
is any thing of this kind known or practised in the present Church?
Are not the ministers of that Church afraid of every new discovery in
science? Have they not, as far as they could, persecuted every man who
has attempted to publish any criticism, enquiry, or objection to their
mysterious subjects? History says--Yes. And I say that they have known
nothing of the subject for themselves, and that they have dreaded all
knowledge of, all enquiry into, the subject. Will their pride let them
learn of me? Well may I say:--"Come unto me, all that labour and are
heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn
of me: for I am meek and lowly of heart: and ye shall find rest unto
your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light." That is the
language of the personated Logos, or Principle of Reason, addressed to
the present state of British mind, as it was formerly addressed to the
general state of the human mind.

The doctrine of the transubstantiation of bread and wine, as the
elements of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, into the real body and
blood of Christ, has been another stumbling-block in the Church. On this
head, our law-established Church has dissented from its former self,
which when I mentioned on my last jury trial, the Judge, Sir Allan Park,
called it a vilifying of the Church. I knew better; but saw that the
Judge was not a man to be reasoned with, and so I did not press the
subject: but through this letter and your name, Sir, I desire to teach
him how it has been done. Transubstantiation is no stumbling-block to my
mind.

The twenty-eighth article of the Church says on this
subject:--"Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of bread
and wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by Holy Writ; but
is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of
a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions. The body of
Christ is given, taken, and eaten in the Supper, only after an heavenly
and spiritual manner; and the mean whereby the body of Christ is
received and eaten in the Supper, is Faith."

It is very clear to me that the Bishops of that time, the sixteenth
century, did not know how to read Holy Writ. I could defend the entire
doctrine of transubstantiation, in its fullest application, from the
language of the Gospel according to Saint John. This subject affords
me another proof, that the doctrine of transubstantiation is much older
than any of the books of the New Testament: for, where understood,
there is nothing in theology more dear than this doctrine, or that comes
nearer to a physical and moral truth.

First, let us understand that the root of the word _Sacrament_ is a
secret in the mind; and _Transubstantiation_ is a change of substance
from one to another thing. Now the secret in the mind is, where
understood, and where not understood there is no Sacrament, that,
like the Trinity, all the appearances of God are in the principle
of transubstantiation or change from one to another thing. All
is motion.--Nature knows no rest. All is change, all is
transubstantiation. It is like the Trinity,--one of the attributes of
Deity, one not to be doubted,--because everywhere visible. The present
Church of England calls it a damnable doctrine; but it is so called
through ignorance. Like that of the Trinity, it is a doctrine much older
than the Christian era; and so also was that of the Lord's Supper, as a
practised ceremony.

When the name of Christ was set up to personate all the attributes of
Deity, the various names of the Pagan gods were decried. It had become
a matter of wisdom thus to set up the name of Christ as a personation
of all the gods and goddesses: it was a concentration of philosophy, to
unite mankind in one form of religion and for one great purpose, that
of progressive and perpetual improvement. The plan was good; but the
principle has never been rightly developed. Teaching by mystery is a bad
system. The mass of the people are not so to be taught. We must begin
and teach by revelation. The Christian Religion, when revealed, will be
eternal, and realise all its real promises of peace on earth, good-will
among men, and a land flowing with milk and honey.

Before the name of Christ was used, Bacchus was called a Saviour, as
were many other if not all the gods, as Jehovah is declared the only
Saviour in the Old Testament. And this Bacchus had the name of Jesus,
or Saviour, inscribed on his altar pieces, in the very letters now
inscribed in our Churches, the three Greek letters Iota, Eta, Sigma,
I.H.S., not Jesus Hominum Salvator, in initials, though so in meaning;
but Yes, which is the same as Jesus, and signifies Saviour. Isis is of
the same root, one of whose names was Ceres. Ceres personated corn or
bread, and Bacchus personated wine. It was a Pagan custom, in religious
ceremonies, to break and eat bread in honour of Ceres, and to pour and
drink wine in honour of Bacchus, as the bread and wine or body and blood
of salvation, of both physical and moral salvation.

Christ being made all, both physical and moral Saviour, was intended to
swallow up all the various Pagan honours and ceremonies, every one
of which, in part or whole, is still retained in our law-established
Church; and so Christ personated both the elements, bread and wine, as
his body and blood, as before they had been called body of Ceres and
blood of Bacchus.

Be it remembered, that the Pagans had no other ideas of these matters,
than those of dramatic effect. The origin of the drama was in and with
the religion of the human race. And we must come back or come up to this
for a right understanding and use of the Christian Religion.

As food, bread and wine are the best elemental representatives of the
body and blood of the human being, and will sustain human life in health
and vigour. As bread and wine, they are elements of the physical nature
of God; and when taken into the human body, they transubstantiate in
that body, and, in making blood, become the blood which is necessary
to sustain the moral god or reason in the godly man: so, through the
transubstantiation, they do not cease to be the body and blood of
Christ. This is what is meant in the matter, and this solves the
language of Saint Augustine, cited in the twenty-ninth article, that
though the wicked eat the consecrated bread and drink the wine, they do
not eat the real body and blood of Christ, because in leading bad
lives they do not improve themselves, and so eat and drink but for new
condemnation.

The revelation of the mysterious word sin, in the Sacred Scriptures,
is generally applicable to the ignorance of the human race; and so of
original sin, which is not to be otherwise reasonably understood. Man
is born without knowledge, but may, by due care, be made a member of the
Church of Christ; that is, may be made a scholar, as the foundation of a
wise and good man.

I shrink not from a full and reasonable explanation of every part of
the mysterious doctrine of the Christian Church, in this way; and I am
prepared to maintain, before all men, that this is the true revelation
of the mystery, the true spirit of the letter, both of the Old and New
Testament: "the truth as it is in Jesus"--in nature: the truth, by God.

This beautiful and deeply-woven allegory embraces, in its mystery,
almost every known process of nature; and must, in my opinion, have
been the labour of the united science of many generations of the wisest
men---of truly inspired men. This very doctrine of transubstantiation
in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, is descriptive, and is in fact
and principle, the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ in. man.
The bread and wine are swallowed, are buried in the human stomach, there
decomposed or transubstantiated, formed into chyle, rise again into
blood, and form the spirit of the man: which is, in reality, a death of
the body and resurrection of the spirit: and the brain being the chief
of the sentient principle, there becomes an ascension into that kingdom
of heaven, which it is in a reasonable man, and than; which there can
be, by law of nature, no other. The same or similar explanation applies
to the first and second birth; the birth of the physical body in its
original sin, the second the birth of the spiritual mind or inward man,
which is the Lord Christ Jesus. It is a divine riddle, and such is the
solution.

The riddle is of larger comprehension than the mere relations of God to
man. It is an astronomical almanack, a written and dramatized picture
of the celestial globe; and is, in truth, a most perfect allegory of all
known nature, both in physics and morals, in matter and spirit.
There are no such men in the Church now as the writers of the Sacred
Scriptures; none even with sufficient knowledge to understand them. We
have fallen; yes, we have fallen into the dark ages; and the revelation,
when known, is to be the millennium. We have fallen by that Scarlet
Whore, the Babylon of Mystery; and have to rise again, by getting a
knowledge of Christ, which is not now in the Church, nor yet among any
of the Dissenters so called. Nothing can be imagined more anti-Christian
in spirit and character, than that which has been called the Christian
Church of the last fifteen hundred years.

Christ, in his physical character, personates the sun and solar year,
while his twelve disciples personate the twelve months, or the signs of
the zodiac; and; in this sense, we have a death, descent, resurrection
and ascension, once a year. It is in that sense he performs the miracle
of turning the water of the pot of Aquarius (January or Winter) into the
wine of Autumn; the story, of course, is told, in the gospel, after the
form of a personated narrative of a dramatic incident. So the product of
the corn-seed of five small loaves and two fishes, becomes sufficient,
in the season, to feed five thousand. The knowledge and ingenuity of the
state of mind, that could so construct the allegory, as an harmonious
picture of the works of nature, is absolutely wonderful, and has my
admiration, even my ejaculatory adoration; and I am not a little proud
of my own ingenuity, in having penetrated thus far into so deep and
mysterious a subject. It has brought me perfect peace of mind, as to the
general system of nature, and left me burning with the desire to acquire
more knowledge.

In the Church now existing, is there aught but mystery that can be
called its religion? And in mystery unexplained, unrevealed, can
there be aught but impudent knavery in the ministration, with general
hypocrisy or credulous folly in the reception? I have penetrated
the subject so deeply as not to shrink from saying, that the present
ministration of the Church is an impudent and mischievous imposture,
sanctioned by the custom of antiquity, that neither instructs nor
moralizes the people; for, notwithstanding all the pretences to
religion, greater immorality than is here found cannot be supposed to
exist among a people holding or held together as a community, in daily
danger of disruption, and utterly without a code of moral guidance or
guides: and this not so much among the poor as among the rich. Even this
city is in danger, from its ill-assorted and ill-conditioned
population, of all the disasters that befell Babylon, Jerusalem, Rome,
Constantinople or Paris. And almost every village in the Island groans
under want, and courts even the desolation of contested revolution for a
change. And that very feeling and profession, which is now miscalled
the religion of peace, will, from its state of ignorant dissension,
only serve to whet the appetite for contention and slaughter, and make
another war in the name of God.

I call upon you to repent, by which I mean reflection. I ask you to be
honest, and that, too, because the season of profitable dishonesty is
exhausted, and you have wealth enough: save it. It is never too late
to reform and do justly; but the later the reform is deferred, the more
necessity that the justice be rigid and prompt. I feel that if I had
your authority, I could save the Church and its property, not for a
farther career of its iniquity and error, but as a noble institution for
the good of the people, a sufficient school for all, and a hospital for
the infirm; to which, I add, that this, or nothing good, must have been
the purpose of its first institution. I believe, from what I now see
of the foundation of the Christian Religion, that this was the first
purpose of its institution. Banish the superstition of the Church, plant
the tree of knowledge there, and you will quickly overthrow the
morally pestilent Dissenters. I mean, of course, by moral means, by
the exhibition of more knowledge and wisdom and utility than they. This
would be salvation and reform to every good institution in the country;
for when knowledge becomes the nation's religion and moral pole-star,
everything good is safe, everything evil will vanish before a discussion
of its merits. This or blood-thirsty contention is your choice. You may
delay for a while; but you cannot otherwise reform. You, by delay, will
merely bid the people wait until they are strong enough to combat your
authority. Delay will be a challenge to them of physical combat.

What can confer more dignity on the "Dignitaries of the Church" than
for the Legislature to say to them:--"Feed the people with knowledge
and no longer fill them with superstition?" If I understand human nature
rightly, it has more pleasure in honesty than in dishonesty.

Would the experimental lectures of a Faraday, desecrate the building?
Or a beautifully reflected picture of the heavens and its explanation
lessen true devotion? Would moral; science profane the pulpit or injure
the congregation? Would the real catechism; and instruction, of children
in matters of physical and moral science be of less importance than the
parrotlike catechism of the language of the present mystery? There
would then be some ground for a bishop's or overseer's examination
and confirmation; but what does confirmation now mean? All that I can
remember of it is a learn-ing to repeat from memory a prayer and a
creed, perhaps a few commandments, which are studied to-day, to be gone
through tomorrow, and neglected ever after. Give the people something
which they can feel and know to be useful, which they can reduce to
practice, and they will emulate each other in flocking to Church at
the appointed times. You will then have need of still more churches to
receive the increasing population. It will be an emulative pleasure
to children, a new delight to parents, a mutual gratification to be at
school together in church.

I can say from observation, comparison and experience, that among the
most moral of the working people in the metropolis, will be found
those who have attended scientific lectures on the Sunday, and who have
thereby been taught, to contemn superstition. You find them not in the
house of intoxication; but passing soberly in the evening from their
homes to the school; and gratifiedly after the lecture from the school
to their homes. The greatest error that toryism and superstition have
fallen into has been to suppose that knowledge will make a people
disorderly. Bacon's aphorism is true, that superstition is the _primum
mobile_ of sedition, the great agitator; and ignorance the great
disorderer of States. Is it not so in Ireland? Is it not your greatest
trouble in this island? The wisest act of the life of the late Lord
Castlereagh was to propose to send _Paine's Age of Reason_ among the
Roman Catholics of Ireland. If it had been so thoroughly done, when he
proposed it, they would have been all quiet enough by this time. Real
knowledge is the water-cup of sobriety for a people: with that they
will seek to rid themselves of nothing but error and evil that cannot be
morally defended.

Make the change that I propose in the business and ceremony of the
Church, and you instantly make a Christian Religion, eminently Catholic,
that will not only annihilate the Dissenters, but convert Jew, Mahometan
and Pagan. It will be irresistible to all mankind. They cannot argue
against science; but each argues against the superstition of the other.
Science is the essence of Judaism, but the men called Jews understand it
not. It is the foundation of their name, the ground on which they have
been considered a chosen people, it is the only sign of God in man, the
only proof of true religion. Science and morals are the whole duty and
all needful to man; beyond which he can gain nothing but superstition,
error and evil. Science and morals, then, are the only proper business
of the Church. Let us have our National Education in the Church. Let
the Church be the fountain of knowledge, and all be there baptized, as a
true sign of mental birth and membership of Christ.

Gather together all the property that was ever ecclesiastical; get
it back from whoever may hold it; take it out of the hands of the
priesthood or the ministers of the Church, tithes and all; and give
it into the hands of its true owners, the people, each parish with its
separate share, and let the majority of the parishioners make the best
use of it they can for ecclesiastical, that is scholastical purposes;
and with it, also, provide for their infirm and accidentally poor. This
one act of public justice and public good would go far toward settling
the affairs of this distracted and unsettled nation, and do injury to no
one. Let the State Parliament be also the Church Convocation, which may
be well done when there are no superstitious disputes, all will go on
smoothly with due and sufficient authority and order, and Britain look
forward to happy days. It would be the regeneration of the whole earth
in a few years. This is what is meant by the promise of the knowledge of
the Lord covering the earth as the waters fill the ocean.

Somebody must publicly break through the trammels of superstition, I
have done it as far as a private man can do it; but wo public man in
England has yet dared to approach the subject. Be you the first. No
other circumstance could bring you a more imperishable name and fame.
Of wealth you have enough. I ask nothing more than that you fulfil the
promise of your administration made to the Electors of Tamworth. If you
say, that you did not mean what I express, I shall answer you, that you
could have no other meaning. Were I in Parliament, I would carry the
subject in spite of prejudice; so strong is my faith in the power of
knowledge. I would move, in such a clear and simple way, that a man
should not hold up his face to his fellow man after voting against me.

Give us a commission, with power to enquire into this subject. I will be
content to wait all the time that justice to all concerned may require.
If religion be any thing more than I make it--mental cultivation from
infancy to death, it must be the private business of every man's life
and nothing national; like national sobriety, it must be made up of
the sobriety of each individual, and cannot rest on social forms and
ceremonies. Ceremonial sobriety would be but the mockery of a good
principle. I care not how much repenting and proving we have, how much
trial, let us but have free, full, and fair enquiry and discussion, in
Parliament and out of Parliament. Giving a man knowledge cannot be a
disqualification for true religion. Feeding him with science can have no
tendency to injure his morals. Occupying his time well can be no source
of bad habits. Spurring him on to a moral emulation in the acquisition
of equal or more knowledge than his neighbour, will not create ill will
toward that neighbour.

The best occupation of time is a question at the very root of individual
happiness and national prosperity: I find it everywhere sadly neglected;
here in prison, out in church, at the theatre, in public and private
business, in families, in pursuit of pleasure, in the army--everywhere.
It can be scarcely said, that there is anything solid in our actions;
frivolity prevails everywhere, and is mixed up with our most serious
professions. I cannot look back to Pagan times without seeing that they
were a superior people to ourselves, and that we have fallen, through
the management of our religion and politics, from, rather than risen,
above them: we exceed them in nothing but hard and lengthy labour for
small wages, insufficient for the necessaries of life. We have not
learnt from Seneca, "that he lives longest who has made the best use of
his time."

Be it your study to seek to give us some sound moral reforms, and sink
party politics in the moral of public good; withdraw all licences from
houses of intoxication and late hours; let there be no public resort,
in Parliament or elsewhere, after ten at night; if it would be no
abridgement of general liberty, confine shop business to limited
hours, that the conductors and assistants may have due time for mental
improvement. Some of the young men and women in London shops, bitterly
lament the want of more time for rational recreation, for health and
improvement. They are among the veriest of slaves in confinement. Let
knowledge be once legislatively encouraged, remove all taxes from it,
and then a hundred minor arrangements, by legislation, may be made
conducive to public good, and a bar be set against injurious, offensive,
and slavish competition. It is the Tory fear--and, in justice, I will
add, Whig fear too--of knowledge that has produced all the present
wrongs and evils of the country; for if cunning men have legislated,
it has not been done for the public good; because there has not been
sufficient public responsibility.

This is all Church as well as State business that I am proposing. The
clear distinction as to Church and State is--that the Church means the
people, congregated for mental improvement; and the State means the
exercise of that mental improvement in their public business: so true it
is, that Church must precede and give character to the State.

Tithes are a recognition of the original proprietorship of the
whole people in the land; a rent paid under that consideration,
appropriate-able to the sustenance of the poor, and the mental
improvement of all.

Church Property is the property of the whole people who constitute the
Church; and not, as now, of the ministers, who profess to be, and ought
to be, the servants of the Church. At present, the servants are set
above, defy, and tyrannize over the masters. All public officers in
Church and State, from the King to the Beadle, should be subject to the
periodical election of an intelligent people: without this, there can be
no just and dignified authority--no proper public officers,--all will be
tyranny, corruption, and inefficiency!

In thus stating my subject, I am not insensible to the state of mind
and conflicting interests with which you have to deal: but you are in
a dilemma, from which nothing but wisdom and honesty can relieve you;
every false or inefficient step will weaken you; any attempt to patch
the holes made by Time in the mystery of the Church, will be like the
tinker's work of mending one and making two: it is rusty and rotten,
and must be knocked to pieces and burnt up, to produce the brilliant
revelation from its ashes! There can be no mixture of the mystery with
the revelation. The latter is a spirit that will explode the former;
and, if you be a good Christian, let me tell you that the advent of the
revelation will be the fulfilment of the promise of the gospel. We have
had nothing but the mystery, nothing but the dark ages of ignorance and
superstition: the mystery is not Christianity; the revelation alone,
which we have not had, is Christianity. The mystery and the revelation
are as unlike each other, as the grossest superstition is unlike reason.

What a delightful state of society do I see before me, when the
watchword of all shall be--GET KNOWLEDGE! The Bible abounds with this
exhortation; tells us all our disorders are lack of knowledge; and yet
we have been through centuries, almost through millenia, studiously and
tyrannically keeping each other blind and ignorant. This has been the
reign of the devil, Anti-Christianity, and not Christianity. When the
portico of each Church-build-ing shall bear the inscription of--KNOW
THYSELF, AND ENTER HERE TO GET KNOWLEDGE, the communicant will see a
friend in his minister, and the minister will strive to raise up wisdom
in his communicant.

Now what do we see? Studied ignorance, and suppression of knowledge with
both: each ashamed to look in the face of the other. And wherever a
man advances beyond the existing state of mind, and publishes his
sentiments, he is persecuted as an outcast, and unrelentingly subjected
to prison-discipline, since the law has ceased to make the "offence"
capital.

The unrevealed mystery of religion has been the curse and moral devil
of the human race. A statesman cannot be wise and honest without
setting his face against it, and seeking to rid of it the minds of
his countrymen. With it, a state can have no permanent peace, nor can
statesmanship be an honour. If you are not master of this subject, I am;
if you will not press it upon the attention of the country, I will;
and I have not a doubt, but that, by its superior moral power, it will
enable me to succeed you in office. I invite you to take the task in
your hands, and I will be content to be anything, to remain in prison,
if this great reform be but put in motion while I live.

It is simply to begin to teach the people something useful in the
Church, to give them useful knowledge, as easy in practicability as it
is for a ripe scholar to become a schoolmaster to uninstructed youth. We
have teachers all prepared for the purpose in the Clergy themselves. You
have now to deal with a suspected and not a respected clergy. Though the
great mass of the people do not understand where the fault theologically
lies, yet they have instinctive discernment enough to see, that the
relation of their condition to that of the Clergy is not founded in
honesty and social utility. As sure as I, who see through the whole
subject, the people feel that they are not fairly dealt with by the
Clergy; and thus feeling, with such a Clergy, there can be no social
peace. The feeling will increase as they get knowledge on the subject,
and I have thrown that knowledge into the market, in defiance of all the
power you have possessed or can possess; and that knowledge you cannot
withdraw from the market of human intellect: the whole people will get
at it in time.

Your boast is now that of being chief or leader of the CONSERVATIVES.
This is not what the nation wants. It needs purgation of error,
abuse and wrong, and a restoration of all the first principles of its
Institutions. It is a fair question to put to you and your party, if
you know the first principles of the Institutions of this country? You
certainly have seen none of them in practice; for your scholarship and
administration have been full of error and wickedness. As I told Sir
Allan Park, that the Church had dissented from itself, so I now tell
you, that every Institution in this country that is a thousand years
old in name, has dissented from itself, and has, in fact, been changed
diabolically--which means directly opposite, or from good to evil; and
there never was a country whose cup of iniquity was more filled.

Conservation means preservation, and there is nothing in the present
Institutions of this country but public wrongs and private abuses to
be preserved. The name of a Destructive is far more honourable, in
the present state of the country; the only name indeed that can be
honourable, if it be interpreted, an intended destruction of error and
abuses, of which the country is brim-full, and the fermentation pouring
over.

I dislike all these names. They are all dishonestly used. They form no
real distinction between man and man. The word Radical has always been
to me an offensive word; the more particularly so as I have seen some
very bad and ignorant men making a great noise under it and about it. We
want knowledge and honesty to make it practicable, and no names by which
to be distinguished: such names spring from ignorance and dishonesty.

The origin of our ancient Institutions has its foundation laid in the
moral of law springing from the law of morals; and the restoration would
be easy, if existing authority would resign itself to the change, or
if it could be overpowered and made so to do. One or the other of these
changes is necessary, before anything can be done, and the first the
wisest and to be preferred. I believe there was a time when they existed
without a mixture of any kind of deception practised upon the people,
and that is just what I desire to see restored; and which, I am sure,
from the growth of knowledge and criticism, is the one thing needful to
keep the country in a state of inward peace.

Knowledge is the only spiritual interest of the people: it should be
fostered, promoted and increased in the Church, so as to be equalized
as far as possible among the mass or greater number. The ignorance of
the people has been an excuse for many an act of hypocrisy, deception
and tyranny: its continuance is now the fault of the Church, and of
those who have its direction. Cunning cannot invent an assumption that
any qualification can better serve the spiritual and temporal interests
of the people than knowledge. Their degree of knowledge is the all that
is spiritual or of good within them. It is an affair, too, where honest
brokerage is scarcely probable; because no check can be kept upon it.
What, therefore, is not to be defended as knowledge is not of God but of
the devil. In that sense, I arraign the whole Church as now constituted,
and challenge it to stand a trial. I fear it is now too corrupt even to
be militant.

Let us suppose you about to attempt a reconciliation with the present
Dissenters, as to the doctrines and ceremonies of the Church. To please
the advocates of adult baptism, you must exchange the infant for adult
baptism, and then you will displease those who are not pleased with
adult baptism. To please the Unitarians, you must give up the doctrine
of the Trinity; and then you will displease all the Trinitarians. What
is to be done to satisfy the Wesleyans or Methodists? They will have
irregular prayers and preachings, which are contrary to the discipline
of the Church. What is to be done with the Swedenborgians, the
Muggletonians, and Southcotians? How can you furnish spirit and noise
enough for the Unknown Tongues of the Irvingites? And what but the
spirit of silence will conciliate the Quakers? All of them will require
the abolition of your bishopricks and other offices, while none of them
will object, and all will claim if a chance offer, to divide the Church
Property among them. The spirit of dissent, in matters of religion,
prevailing in this country, is nothing more than an infectious mental
disease: with it, there is no reason mixed. The moment it becomes a
profit to lead such a congregation, men of comparative talent as to
capability will take it up and lead; and thus the thing has gone on
to confusion and mental distraction, because the Church was not in a
condition to defend itself and set a better example. You cannot please
one sect of the Dissenters, without increasing the displeasure of the
other: and thus your task is hopeless, on any other ground than
that which I propose, to beat them in the superior communication of
knowledge.

On the other hand, let us suppose the Church of England to begin to
reveal the mystery of Jesus Christ, which I define, and maintain, to
consist of a cultivation of the human mind, with all possible knowledge
and reason; all other Churches must instantly bow to its superiority.
The effect among men throughout the earth would be wonderful and
intellectually electric. It is the only system that can be imagined to
be a Catholic Christianity, and the very thing that is meant by the word
Catholic, something alike suited to the welfare of every man, and which
presents the principle of a moral equality, which is the only foundation
for true liberty, and the only guarantee for an improvement of public
morals; one that would make the Church an attraction to the wisest
as well as to the most ignorant of men; those as teachers, these as
learners.

We may carry the idea farther; and as in the present state of
mind, millions in Europe and America are attached to an idea of the
superiority of the Church authorities at Rome, through ignorance and
custom I grant, but not less attached,--I would, to humour that conceit
and turn it to good, consent to make the Pope of Rome the centre of
communication from all parts of the earth for discovered knowledge, as
it would be desirable to have such a central recipient and fountain to
give it forth again in the best possible manner. This would accelerate
the reconciliation of the dissenting race, without an idea of
dishonourable submission on the part of an individual. Indeed, the
perfection of my proposition is, that no man can feel injury or
degradation in the change. It is an overthrow of nothing, but simply
the development and better understanding of the mystery that has
existed since the world of human intellect began: the revelation of that
mystery; and, consequently, the completion or carrying out of the true
Christian scheme.

It is not to be expected, that, in a pamphlet letter, I can do more than
briefly notice a few leading points of this important subject; but I am
quite prepared to extend it through volumes, and shall go on so to do. I
am quite prepared to meet or be one of any commission on the subject.
I would willingly put my life upon the hazard of verifying my present
views of original Christianity. It would have been done in former ages,
had the printing press existed. Its doing now is consequent on the
gradual power of criticism which the Press has brought with it into
existence. It is the truth, and must prevail. It is the God in man.
It is the Church of Christ, against which the gates of Hell shall not
prevail. They have certainly prevailed against every other existing
Church, and the whole of the past is a wreck.

When speaking of the original Christian Religion, or of the revelation
of the mystery, I wish to be understood, as not meaning that the
revelation was ever before preached or openly taught to the human race
on any part of the earth. We have no evidence of it beyond the reasoning
and moral precepts of the philosophical world, which were not put forth
as a scheme or system of religion. But when it is confessedly the fact,
that something called a Christian scheme has been talked about for
eighteen hundred years; and when we can trace the fac simile of that
something, even in its whole nomenclature, principle and practice,
through Greeks and Romans, Persians and Hindoos, up to the Celtic Druids
and earliest known universal worship of Budha, the first personation of
Jesus Christ now on record;--I mean, that the mystery has been the only
general public part of it, and that the knowledge of the revelation was
confined to the learned class and ancient mysteries of all countries,
was the esoteric doctrine of the initiated into those mysteries; and
the breaking up of those mysteries, from the time of Alexander to the
Augustan era, was the cause of the first publication in writing of the
books or traditions handed down through the agency of those secret and
sacred Associations, bearing the mystery only on its surface and by the
letter; and that after the mystery was so published, the very ministers
of it lost the revelation, which is what the Freemasons profess to be
in search of, the lost word, the word that I have found and now declare,
that the salvation by Jesus Christ is only to be found in the increasing
cultivation of the human mind with all attainable knowledge; that the
true worship of God has no other meaning, the root of the word worship
being to cultivate, and the field to be cultivated the human mind; that
repentance is reflection for improvement; the second birth is the birth
of mind, as distinguished from physical birth or birth of body, the one
describing the man Adam, the other the God Christ; and that the kingdom
of Heaven is to be established upon a general knowledge and practice of
this revelation, is to be upon this earth, in successive generations
of the human race, and not reasonably to be sought under any other
speculation, calculation or hope. These are not only possibilities but
probabilities, and immediate practicabilities, if the existing Devil
will be pleased to retire: if not, we must resist him, and, as we are
promised, on that condition, he will flee.

Such is the foundation of a Catholic Church, from which there can be no
dissent; for what is understood cannot be dissented from: the existing
dissent is ignorance dissenting from ignorance. In the common use of the
word, I am not a Dissenter; but a trier, prover, teacher, revealer of
that which is the true meaning of the mystery that has been through
ignorance the cause of the dissent. The personation of Deity in the
written mystery has been nothing more than a drama prepared for stage
effect, which, to the initiated only, would be matter of instruction or
refreshment of memory. The ancient mystery meant a play, a drama, in our
modern sense; but was first called a mystery, then a morality; was first
private, and afterwards made common to the public, and is now for
the first time revealed to the general understanding, through the
instrumentality of the printing press.

In my lecturings and discussions, both in town and country, I find this
revelation has a great charm among all classes who have good temper and
good manners to hear patiently. It is pure reason, pure knowledge, pure
translation of language; it clashes with no other man's knowledge, and
I have not found the man who can raise an argument against it. Of its
final and complete success in regenerating the world, I have not a
doubt; it is only a question of time. It is now a question, if you and
the Parliament will look at it. I know you well enough to know, that you
will not like its propounder; but who else has been ripe and bold enough
to do it? Who else deserves the honour of being its propounder; but
I, its honest martyr and zealous student, through a ten years'
imprisonment? I call you to witness my fidelity in this matter. I was
your prisoner through four years; you sanctioned the two years I had
suffered before you came to the Home Department: you sanctioned my
imprisonment by Lord Melbourne, through thirty-two months: and, by
virtue of your office, you are sanctioning my present imprisonment. I
do not say this in anger. I am retaliating upon you, as I would have you
retaliate upon the Dissenters, by superior knowledge. If you do not
now or early take me by the hand, I shall drive you out of the field of
politics, and all who may succeed of your disposition.

It is not to be denied, that there are moral exhortations put forth in
every Church; the mystery would not pass on the people without them. But
it is a truth, that, in all of them, morals are treated as a secondary
consideration; and in some of the madder dissenting Churches, are
counted as of no weight in the question of religion. The truth, as it is
in Jesus, is, that morals are every thing as to practice, and knowledge
with succeeding reason, the principles of speculation, the WORD to be
sought, or the prize to be gained, the crown of glory, the spiritual
and immortal life, which is emphatically the language of Saint John's
Gospel; and this is the totality of the root and principle of the
Christian Religion, the promotion of which is the only proper business
of the ministration in the Church. No mystery: down with mystery. It
is the folly of the human race, and worse than ignorance, or knowing, or
confessing to know, nothing. There is no Christ in the mystery. "How can
we reason, but from what we know?" The knowledge must be first. Nothing
precedes knowledge but the thing to be known. Nothing is required after;
but a dealing with the thing known by principle of reason. Unknown
worlds, unknown spirits, unknown matter, is nothing to us, until the
knowledge is obtained. Our knowledge is our all, in moral power, and we
can have nothing of a religious nature but our knowledge. Superstitious
fears, we know to be the property or sensation of ignorance and
misconception. We are morally responsible for nothing but an improper
use of our knowledge. It is wickedness to teach ignorance any other
doctrine.

My Christian proposition for the Reform of the Church harmonizes with
all science, and clashes with nothing but positive error and wicked
policy; and I venture to tell you, that you can find no other scheme to
produce the same effect, and to give satisfaction to the present and to
all future generations of men, to make the Church "meet the respect and
affections of the people."

Each paltry sect now considers its tenets as a Catholic Faith; but
the truth is, as Dr. Oeddes well observed, "that what is Christian
is Catholic, and what is Catholic must be Christian;" but then, this
follows, that neither Christianity nor Catholicity will bear a union
with the word dissent, unless the dissenter be an intelligent corrector
at the same time: they are adverse to every admissible idea of
undiscussed dissent. All standing dissent is of the devil; while
Christianity and Catholicity are of God and Heaven. The multiplication
table, the elements of Euclid, the doctrines of the Trinity and
Transubstantiation, the proved analysis and composition of all known
substances, are Catholic doctrines, from which nothing but ignorance can
dissent. The whole of the present Church Ritual is a mass of words
that conceal a truth; but that truth is not known in the Church, cannot
therefore be used or worshipped, and the words can only be deemed the
lumber of the memory: treating man as man treats a parrot, teaching him
constantly to exclaim "pretty Poll," without giving him understanding
whom or what "Poll" personates.

If I were to sit in Church through a morning or evening service, I
should have a perfect understanding of all the words used, and,
consequently, should be worshipping according to the limit of THE WORD
there presented; because I have in me the spirit of revelation.

But this is not the case with those who now attend the Church, their
attendance is upon form, ceremony, mystery, hypocrisy, which is the
real meaning of the whole present business of the Church: hypocrisy,
or dramatical acting, set forth in a mystery, without a mixture or
accompanying revelation; and like the flimsy gildings of a theatre,
or the spangles of an actress' dress, gilded over with a little moral
exhortation, that you may observe or not, as you please, so as you are
a cheerful payer of all dues, rates, and oblations. The first revision
wanted in the Church is a translation of the revelation from the dead
language of its mystery, into language comprehensible by all. Consequent
upon such a revision would be, that the parishioners would take the
management of their own Church Property into their own hands, and
recover and hold THEIR MOST SACRED RENT OF TITHE, on recovery of the
knowledge that they are the first and inalienable proprietors of the
land.

My subject is so far novel as to justify a little repetition. That twice
two is four need not be repeated; but where the human being is enveloped
in a cloud of verbose mystery, that cloud can only be dispelled by
continued flashes of moral lightning. So I will return to methodical
statement.

The mystery of the existing Church, in all its grades of dissent, having
set forth and caused the belief of a temporal and local existence of the
personated principles of Deity, as distinct and separate from ourselves,
in imitation of the Pagan Mythology, and not as simulated beings; it
is requisite, as matter of proof, sooth and truth, that a case of clear
human history of the circumstances be first made out, the doing of which
my knowledge, after trial, challenges; and if that could be done,
the more difficult task would remain, to prove, that such beings, the
authors of such circumstances, as could be historically proved, were
super-human. If the first cannot be done, the clumsy mystery falls to
the ground, as the Dagon of the day, before historical criticism: and
if the first be done, and the second cannot bear the light of scientific
and philosophical criticism, the mystery is still but a mummery, which
belief can no longer prop, nor physical power farther propagate; it is
thrown into the crucible of moral criticism, and men will not longer
consent to believe that the same causes will demonstrate differing
effects, nor that varying causes may be made to demonstrate the same
effect.

I have read in public prints of your creditable attendance at the Royal
Institution of Albemarle Street, on the demonstrative Lectures of Mr.
Faraday in the Science of Chemistry. When there, were you asked to
believe anything?

Was not everything demonstrated, so that the words were verified by the
acts of the Lecturer? If Mr. Faraday had played you _hocus pocus_ or
legerdemain tricks, as a pretence of chemistry, would you have been
satisfied? If he had told you of strange and incomprehensible things,
which he could not demonstrate, would you have believed?--I think not:
I give you credit for a better state of mind. Take a lesson from the
inference, and grasp this truth, that the Royal Institution in Albemarle
Street is the best Church in the country, and is, in reality, the
nearest existing approach to the Catholic Church of Christ. It would be
rational, it would be wisdom, if all were spending their Church time at
such lectures, who are old enough to receive such instruction.

I hope it will not offend you, nor be an untruth, to say, that you
learnt something on every occasion of attending Mr. Faraday; that you,
a Secretary of State, there found you had something to learn; and that
a field was there opened to knowledge, which would, had it pleased you,
before all other occupation, have wisely and usefully engaged the whole
time of your remaining life. On the other hand, in the spirit of truth
and charity, but of free enquiry, allow me to ask, if you could ever
say the same, after an attendance at Church, on leaving, that you had
learned something that was, without pretence, matter of real learning,
an acquisition in knowledge possessed, that was not previously known in
your school-hours and as a matter of school-business, or that might not
have been learned from a book at home?

I extend the question, in asking, whether anything that may be taught
a boy at seven years of age, is improved on, by an attendance on the
present state of the Church to seventy or four score years of age?
If not, and I say--No, to what good purpose does this expensive
establishment exist? Or, may it not be put to a better purpose? and if
it may, why not? To talk about Church Reform, without doing something
that shall tend to a full amount of practical and permanent good, is to
insult the Nation; because the existing state of the Church is really a
burthen and a grievance, and of no general utility.

No Church was ever reformed by and with the consent of its Priesthood.
I am of opinion that the Bishops and Clergy ought not to be consulted in
this affair:--they are not the Church; but the ministers or servants
of the people, which form, or ought to form, the Church. A Royal or
Parliamentary Commission, with unlimited powers of enquiry, is the first
power necessary with which to commence this subject of Reform in the
Church.

If we did not know human nature, history affords the warrant, that the
Bishops and Clergy generally will follow the profits of the Church:
those in the reign of the Tudors changed back and forward five times
from Catholic to Protestant. But under this proposition of mine,
what dignity is evident in the change! Instead of making the Bishops
overseers and the Clergy generally actors of a drama, I purpose to put
the whole structure of the human mind under their superintendance and
guidance: not to be dealt with as now, but really to be educated in all
attainable knowledge. My purpose is as practicable as that any other
person can teach any kind of knowledge. Give the human being a better
occupation of time, let the human mind expand where it may, and you
guarantee perpetual peace and improvement, with dignity to every class
of men, with injury to none.

The change which I propose will be tantamount to a national change from
diseased and crippled infancy to healthy adolescence. General man has
not yet had fair play. No Nation, the history of which is known, has
made a real effort to promote the happiness of all its members. Class
has preyed upon class; idleness has been claimed as a privilege on one
side, and slavery, through force, been made an inevitable duty on the
other. For the furtherance of such a state of society, superstition
has been encouraged, that a pompous class might be decorated to preach
submission among the labourers to the Spirit of Tyranny and Imposture
that was riding riotously over them. There can be no liberty and solid
happiness among a superstitious people; and all attempts, at what is
called political reform, that leave the people mentally rotting in
superstition, will be abortive. I take credit for one fact--that there
has been no change made in the political spirit of this country through
any other medium than warfare with superstition; for the baneful and
blighting spirit of that superstition admitted not of the thought of any
other change.

There is a glimpse of light latent to show that all the monastic
institutions, the temples, the abbeys, priories, convents, nunneries,
the mysteries, the churches, synagogues, and oratories, were originally
instituted as schools of useful knowledge; and for what other good
purpose could they have been instituted? The better part of the human
mind is now making an effort to restore the purity of that state of
things. Nothing short of this can tend to harmonize the human race in
their several nations, with this improvement upon the past, that all,
and not a class only, be educated. It was this education of a class only
that has created all the mischief of superstitious society. The class
educated has imposed untruths upon the uneducated class, until education
itself to that class became swallowed up in imposture; and now both
preacher and hearer may be truly said to be alike ignorant of all the
great truths that are important to man, and necessary to social welfare.
In the way in which the Bible is now read, after being printed, no
preachers or teachers are necessary: to have been taught to read
is sufficient. Give every man his Bible from Church Property, after
teaching him to read, and the present Church business is completed: but
much otherwise is my view of the subject. There is not a man living
that has now a thorough understanding of the contents and meaning of the
Bible. Many are working for the restoration of its lost science; and it
is a subject worthy of a Church.

It may startle a First Lord of the Treasury into new thought, to
be told, that neither of the Books of the Bible is a piece of human
history, not a history of beings like you, me, or any one else. I have
given up all idea of the kind as untenable and indefensible. It may
startle the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who is supposed to have the
counting or reckoning of millions of money yearly, and contemplating
that Giant of Despair--the Debt, to be told, that the Bible is
fundamentally a mathematical book; and that he who does not so
understand it, understands it not at all, or but in a very small degree,
as to its moral bearing. The Duke of Sussex can give you an opinion on
this head, as to the Bible being a book of algebraical science; though,
perhaps, he would not like to say it applied to astronomical motion,
and was a record of time so calculated through myriads of ages. A Bishop
should understand this. It is a book of much more importance than has
been made of it in the last thousand years in England. If the Bishops
were required to have studied this book before they took office, we
should find them generally as lean and as sallow as a lawyer who has to
wade through the statutes at large, and law reports as large, for his
sort of knowledge; a knowledge that I do not like, and will have none
of, but what is forced upon me. No kind of knowledge is requisite to
make a modern Bishop. The very origin of the title of a Bishop is that
of an astronomical seer, a looker-out or overseer of the subordinate
offices of science. There is a plenty of work, so as to allow of no
idleness in any office of the Church, if justice be done to the
people; and I will not grudge a thousand pounds a-year as a salary to a
competent Bishop, or even more than that, if the Property of the Church
will afford it. Ignorant fools they must have been, to have allowed so
important, so honourable and dignified an office to become corrupt, and
to fall into disrepute among the people.

This algebraical reading of the Bible subdues all idea of contradiction
to any science, geology for instance, chemistry or any other science,
as well as of the apparent language of the book in letter to letter. For
instance, the letter-objecting Infidels have laid great stress on
Moses being set forth as having seen God; when the author of the Gospel
according to Saint John says "No man hath seen God at any time." This is
ignorantly set down as a clear contradiction. The explanation is, that
_Moses was not a man_; and then there is no appearance of contradiction.
One is mythologically, and the other morally, true.

The Hebrew and Greek alphabets, being numerical as well as literal
signs, which was probably the case with all other ancient languages, and
these accumulating large numbers, by additional points, it is impossible
that we can have a clear understanding of the meaning of their
mythological sacred books, without a full algebraical knowledge of the
language; and this explains how the letter killeth or stupifieth, while
the spirit or knowledge of the entire meaning alone giveth life or
understanding. The deepest investigators of the Hebrew Bible of this
day maintain that it should be algebraically understood as a book of
astronomical science--as a record of time by astronomical motion, which,
physically speaking, can alone be the WORD OF THE WORKS OF GOD.

The only true religion must be founded in man's reasonable
comprehension; all other pretences to it are presumptions and nonsense
to be condemned. We may as properly speak of religious horses and cows,
as of men who are ignorant of the subject, substance and meaning, of
what is religion. Saint Anthony's preaching to fishes is not without its
simile in the practical part of that which has been mistakenly called
the Christian Religion. That which is in practice, under the name of the
Christian Religion, among many grades of Dissenters, is a disgrace to
the government of the country, and to the name of civilized society: it
grows worse and worse. Madness is beginning to be added to mystery; or
is now produced by the mystery without the key of revelation. Through
revelation there can be healthy excitement and enthusiasm; but none
through mystery.

Our King is not now the head of a Church, nor the King of a People: he
can only be truly described as the head or King of Dissenters, which is
an office much more troublesome and dangerous than honourable. To his
Ministers, the present state of religious mind must be a prolific
source of trouble; and has, I believe, made them persecutors, where the
inclination of their own hearts was not coincident with the act. The
Dissenters are now much less tolerant than the law-established Church;
and if they are not undermined by my proposition, it will not take
them many years to undermine that Church, or to demand a share of
its property. To be able to see this, it is only necessary that we
be acquainted with the workings of human nature, where not under the
controul of knowledge.

I am not content that the Established Church shall stand merely as one
among Dissenting Churches; no Minister of State should be so content:
the King is thereby dishonoured, and the State in disorder. I would
have it a Church morally dominant and militant against all error, as
it always should be, and as it was in the beginning. The meaning of the
word militant has been entirely lost, in the growth of mystery and decay
of revelation in the Church. There is a great talk now about revelation,
or of something revealed in the Church; but there is no reality in the
revelation. There is a mystery pregnant with revelation; but not in
itself the revelation. It is a fountain of knowledge, but the genius of
man must draw it out. It is good for nothing, but has caused a world of
mischief, where read and understood as merely by the letter, as we read
an ordinary book of history. The Church now wants the revelation or
spirit. Not one of those existing has a particle of spirit.

My proposition for a Reform will annihilate infidelity as well as
dissent. There is no infidelity toward knowledge. It has been ignorance
all through, on both sides, that has raised the cry of infidelity: each
has been unequal to teaching. The Infidel has rejected that literal
reading which the professing believer could not defend; because he did
not understand its relation, as mystery to revelation. Both, in fact,
have been alike Infidels. If I have been the chief of Infidels, I will
atone for it in becoming the chief defender of revelation, and the
faith, as it is in Christ Jesus, and not as it is in any Dissenting
Church. Already the ignorant Infidels murmur at what they mistakenly
call my apostacy, while no member of any existing Church holds out a
hand to my welcome.

As the Church goes now, it is not required that its Ministers be learned
men: they have nothing to do for which talent is requisite--it is a mere
school-boy's task; and even among the Dissenters, where the prayer and
preaching is extemporaneous, it is not learning, but memory and habit,
that are required. In the Church, as I would have it reformed, not only
learning but talent to teach would be necessary; and the Ministers
would rise to Bishoprics, not through family or political interest, but
through preparation and capability to fill the office; for it would be
required of them to be first-rate scholars and practical men in display
of science, that sort of science, too, of which they are now so much
afraid--the unlimited knowledge of things, rather than of languages.

In what class of ages do we place the dark ages of man's history? To
whose account are they placed? To the Pagan, Jew, Mahometan, Infidel, or
whose? I blush for the Church when I consider it--to the account of that
_misnomer_, the _Christian Church!_ So your pretended light to lighten
the Gentiles, made them all darker, did it? Yes, it did and does, as
your Church has mistaken it! And none of you are yet out of the
fog created by the mystery. Not one of you has gained light of mind
sufficient to dispel a particle of that fog of the dark ages. You are
all, as Churchmen, as dark as any of those who lived in the tenth,
eleventh, twelfth, or any other century; talk about your Reformation,
Printing Press, Bible Societies, Dissenters, or what you please! The
admission which has been made, not by the adversary, but by the Church
itself, that the dark ages are within its reign, is decisive of the
question as between me and any who may oppose me. Let it not be said,
that the fault was in the Roman Catholic Church, and that it has been
removed. I deny the assumption; the fault is not removed, nor has any
Church made the least improvement on that called Roman Catholic. The
fault lies in the remaining unrevealed mystery of the Church and the
Sacred Scriptures. As far as Church is in question, this Nation is as
dark as ever it was, and such is the case throughout Europe. There
is much thick darkness to be yet dispelled; before our gentility is
enlightened. We are precisely in the same error as the Hindoos, to whom
we send Missionaries; and though we talk about civilization, we have it
not. Our general state of society would shock the moral feelings of
an American Indian. There are, in reality, but two distinct states of
society: the superstitious and the civilized, the dark and the light.
Can any man reasonably say, that we have yet passed the superstitious
state? Are we not rather in the very depth of it; the light of a few
individuals, now and then visible, acting upon the whole like flashes of
lightning on a dark night, are seen and spent quickly, lost or buried
in the general darkness, though effects may be left? The liberty which I
have won in prison, to make the printing press bear upon this darkness,
is the first unextinguished light that has been set up and kept burning.
I now desire to light the seven candles of the English Church from
my lighted torch. I would not be presumptuous if I saw any other man
putting himself forward to propose this necessary business. It is not in
me conceit: it is a passionate desire to do good and to leave the world
better than I found it. So many years of imprisonment (this being the
tenth) must shorten the period of my life, so I grow the more anxious
to do the more while I remain a bubble on the sea of matter borne. Not
that I despair of eternal life, but I learn from the Gospel that I must
provide it for myself.

In the present state of the Church, there is no sufficient and
satisfactory motive given for keeping holy the sabbath-day; there is
no reason given for holding a sabbath. I state it as a necessary civil
institution for the improvement of the human mind, since labour to live
is the condition of life. While the honest labourer is following his
social avocation through six days, I would have his children going
through a course of education by the Ministers in the Church, their
especial office--"suffer little children to come unto me, and forbid
them not; for of such is the kingdom of Heaven"--and on the seventh, or
sabbath day, I would have such discourses, such teaching in the Church,
as should be suitable to the united presence of both old and young. This
would be a satisfactory motive to keep that day holy; and such, as
far as I can see, was the evident purpose of the Sabbath and of the
Christian Church. No other use of the Church can be more hallowed; no
purpose more sacred; no employment more dignified to the minister as
well as to the people. When Peter, in the Gospel, is called upon to feed
the lambs of Christ, what was meant?--to feed them with grass? No! to
feed the infants of the Church with true and useful knowledge; not to do
which is treason to society and breach of trust in the Ministers of the
Church. Oh! here is a fine field open, in which the lambs may gambol and
grow up in spiritual stature, without living to be led like sheep to
the slaughter! Knowledge is the proper business of the Church, and
the people's only spiritual interest; and this is the foundation of a
Catholic Church and of a Christian Religion, that is to bring peace
on earth and good-will among men, which have not yet been seen,
notwithstanding the supposed promise of the mistaken mystery for the
last seventeen hundred years, so many centuries of a sinking state of
things, of a fall of man from the light into dark ages! Let there be
light in the Church and the people shall be enlightened. The true Church
is now eclipsed by the mystery, and is a dark body. The knowledge of
the revelation will be the extinction of the mystery, the light of the
Church, and the salvation of the people from war, pestilence and famine.

That revelation, according to the gospel itself, I take to be, that, as
knowledge is the only distinction between man and any other animal, the
more can be accumulated for him in the Church, the more good will be
done, and the more he will be saved from evil. Existing things can alone
be the subject of man's knowledge, and it is of more importance to him
to know their properties than their time or history. Now, nothing of the
properties of existing things is taught in the Church; but through the
medium of the mystery remaining unrevealed, unexplained, or untranslated
in our language, every thing is falsified to man's credulous view and
consideration, by the ministers of the Church; nature appears to him
distorted, and he lives without certainty, and dies deceived as to the
future. Knowledge is as infinite as existing things, and man's power of
acquisition illimitable. It is, then, a proper labour and business, and
moral duty, of each generation of men, to leave behind them, for their
successors, the largest possible amount of knowledge. This is true
wealth, and will increase the value of all other wealth: without
knowledge, other wealth is mere animal gratification. The spirit of
knowledge gives life and new properties to everything, as far as man's
use of it be in question. The Church is the proper fountain of this
knowledge; should be the public library, the parish laboratory for
investigations, the school for infants and adults, and everything that
is auxiliary to the acquisition and extension of knowledge. From all I
can trace, I verily believe that such was the original purpose and
construction of the Christian Church; and that back to this it may be
easiest and best reformed.

I am confirmed in the opinion, that putting knowledge under the form of
an allegorical mystery, for the purpose of confining it to a class, has
been the cause of the mistake and its declension, and of the scholar's
fall from a former higher estate of knowledge. Decidedly do I conclude,
that our stock of knowledge is much below the quantity possessed some
two or three thousand years ago, when the holders of the sacred books
held the revelation with the mystery. I am sure it may be recovered, if
fairly and earnestly sought. I see an impulse gathering over both
Europe and America for the recovery of that knowledge. The Church was
instituted to become the repository of knowledge; and all would have
gone on well, but for the ancient system of deceiving what were and
are called the vulgar--of having a double doctrine, the exoteric and
esoteric, telling the people one thing and understanding quite another
among themselves. Such were deceivers and not teachers of the people;
and though the revelation has really been lost, lost I may say, as
a just punishment for the wickedness of so deceiving the people, the
successive Clergy has been ignorantly deceivers and not teachers of the
people. They have inherited the exoteric or mysterious doctrine, and
have not inherited the esoteric doctrine or the revelation of the
mystery. This they have to learn, before they can reform their Church,
or, before any one can reform it for them.

I am confident enough to say, that you have no other ground on which to
reform the Church, than that which I am proposing. Whatever other step
you take will only be an aggravation of the evil of which you have now
to complain; or of which others complain. If the Bishops have one item
of wisdom among them, they will take me by the hand, and put their
houses in order this way: if not, you and they may dissipate the
existing Church Property, which you say you will not do; and after,
we shall begin to form such a-new, and recover what we can of that
property. I shall not despair of taking an active part in this thorough
Reform of the Church while life remains: the People can do it for
themselves, if Clergy, Ministers and King will not consent. It is what I
began to do in my house in the year 1828, in critical and philosophical
lectures and free discussion on the Sunday: an example which I am happy
to see followed in many parts of this metropolis, and which will go on,
if it be not cordially met, until it swallows up the Church and all the
Churches.

The true meaning of Church, is STATE OF MIND. Church is the state of
mind. It is not made up of building and clergy; but of the people,
the proper depositaries of mind. Property belonging to the Church
is property belonging to the People, sacred to the preservation,
strengthening, and increase of mind or knowledge. It has been
monopolized dishonestly by the Clergy; and, in that sense, they have
been robbers as well as deceivers of the people. This is the matter to
be reformed, and nothing short of this will be reform. In Tithes,
the people stand as the original proprietors of the land, the true
inheritors of its tithes and first-fruits. Other rent is a minor
consideration of value in labour or capital bestowed on the land. We
must come back to this by some means or other.

The office of King, as head of the Church, is a clerical office--the
crown both of the Church and the State; and, for the sustentation of its
true splendour and dignity, the man or woman filling the office should
be the first scholar and most wise and virtuous being of the Nation.
Whether this is a principle to be conveyed by hereditary descent, I do
not stop to enquire; but the true hereditary principle of church office
is talent and moral character; upon which, I doubt if any improvement
can be made for purposes of state. Originally, in this island, Church
and State were but one. The branching into two has been the result of
wars and evil passions, to distinguish between the instructive and the
destructive offices, hierarchy founded upon knowledge would be equal
to all that society wants as government. State, as well as Church,
signifies the People. As the latter relates to their minds, knowledge,
or spiritual affairs, so the former expresses their politics and civil
arrangements, their local and temporal affairs: they may be well united
in one common interest, and under one common authority, in the reign of
a people devoted to the acquisition of knowledge.

It is matter of curious observation to see how the use of names among
political parties is abused, and how they get reversed in applicable
meaning. The class that has lately taken the title of Conservatives, is
the class that, by the showing of this letter, has been destructive of
everything valuable in our Institutions, so that we have the name only
left, without any virtuous principle that formerly existed in
those Institutions. We have the evidence of this in all the present
difficulties of the country, both in Church and State. The ancestors of
this class have not known how, or not cared to preserve those ancient
Institutions in their original purity; and the class now wanted is
the class of Restoratives, of men whose knowledge, wisdom, honesty
and virtue, will enable them to purge out the accumulated errors of
centuries, and restore the Institutions of the country to their pristine
purity. I grant that this class is not found among the men who are
commonly called or claim to be called Radical Reformers: there is as
much ignorance in that class as in any other. But they certainly are
not likely to be more destructive than they who call themselves
Conservatives; for these have left nothing to be destroyed. The true
and real aim of the men now called Radicals is to begin something
a-new. Their profession of respect for existing Institutions is hollow,
hypocritical and deceitful. I have had acquaintance enough with them to
know that; and more than for the reminiscence of which I can now find
respect. Still they will supersede both Tory and Whig, if these do not
something upon the principle of a true restoration of Institutions to
original and best principles. I would have the Radicals treated as the
Dissenters: leave them no ground of complaint, and so annihilate them.
A wise King or a wise Minister would see that the time is now come
at which that step should be taken, and that further delays will be
dangerous to every man in office. Necessary Institutions, if destroyed
for a time, will rise again. I fear no kind of change as to the prospect
of future advantage.

Is not the idea horrible, and of the worst description, that a Church
and King, or Church and State, should exist and hold together on no
better tenure than a military power; than that of an army constantly
under arms to keep the people from carrying their complaints to an
extent disagreeable or alarming to the men in office? Yet such is all
that you can boast of in the present state of the Institutions of the
country. These Institutions did not originate under the protection of an
army; nor did they, at their origination, require an army to protect
and keep them in existence. An army is a disgraceful appendage, and
destructive of every good principle in the Church:--it is not an
honourable appendage to the office of King. To the people, it is a
burthen and an immoral pest; less requisite in this island than in a
continental nation. Give the people knowledge in their Churches, and
they will soon dispense with an army.

Evils accumulate because there is error at the bottom. There is now
no People's Church: it is, as now existing, a Church of the Clergy,
engrossing and wasting a large property of the people's due to a most
valuable social purpose. The Dissenters have only made the matter worse,
in new exactions for no new benefits. Not one tittle of good, not a
particle of utility, now proceeds from the Clergy toward the people.
They are obstacles to the people's welfare, and their use of means of
provision for a new and better Church.

God is the subject of man's adoration. But what is God? Man is but
an idiot if he professes adoration beyond his understanding. Indeed,
worship is but a synonymy of reason and its cultivation; and as we
say:--_how can we reason but from what we know?_ so we may as truly
say:--_how can we worship what we do not know?_ There is no
worship without knowledge; all other pretence to it is idolatry and
superstition. I have not space to enter upon this topic largely here;
but a voluminous treatise on the word GOD will be the subject of my next
Essay. For the purpose of this illustration of what the Church is, and
what it ought to be, I can say correctly, that God, as the aggregate of
existence, is known to be a physical and moral power. We have distinct
ideas of this two-fold power. The American Indians, who speak of God as
a Great Spirit, make the best general definition of the word that can be
made, and appear to me to have the clearest, purest and wisest idea
of Deity, as far as the regulation of their actions by that word is in
question,--the pursuit of knowledge, by the use of letters and figures
excepted. It corresponds with the emphatic declaration of the Gospel
according to Saint John, chap. iv., v. 24:--"God is a Spirit, and they
that worship must worship in spirit and in truth"--which means what I
have before stated, that they must know what they worship before they