story, printing them as you go in a column on the board, and when he
knows them up and down, in and out, the great moment has arrived. Your
heart will beat as you put the little book--the copy that was not cut
up--into his hands. He can read, so much at any rate, quite readily.

Note that there must be no spelling; it is “look and say.” Next day you
take word-building with the box of letters, and a fine game you have,
based on the words learned the day before. Add letters and syllables in
every way you can think of, always giving sounds, not names; let the boy
read, copy, take from dictation these new words for a happy twenty
minutes. He is now learning to spell, that he may be able to write with
the sound signs. Go on like this, reading one day, word-building the
next, till several sets of little books have been used up.

Let him dramatize the little stories and poems whenever you can; take
parts with him, thus laying the foundation of real, live reading aloud,
without any disfiguring mannerisms or self-consciousness. His stock of
words grows apace--ten a day will give over three thousand in a
year--and little by little, as opportunity offers, the more complex
sounds in our language and its puzzling irregularities are unfolded and
made familiar. Thus reading, elocution, spelling, writing, all advance
together.

[Illustration: The study of Nature should go hand in hand with the study
of books. Children love the outdoors--the trees, the flowers, the
grass,--all living things. Nature trains the special senses, awakens the
powers of observation, and creates a love of both the beautiful and the
useful.]

[Illustration: =THE CHILD’S PICTURE GRAMMAR--NOUNS AND VERBS=

A NOUN IS THE NAME OF ANY THING--A VERB TELLS WHAT A NOUN DOES OR IS
DONE TO

THE HORSE STOPS

THE FISH SWIMS

THE BOY HOPS

THE BIRD SKIMS

THE RAIN FALLS

THE BABE CRIES

THE MAN HAULS

THE BEE FLIES

BALLOONS RISE

ACORNS DROP

THE WOMAN BUYS

AIRGUNS POP

THE CART IS DRAWN

THE HOOP IS ROLLED

THE SHEEP IS SHORN

THE LAWN IS ROLLED

THE DOG IS LED

THE PIG IS DRIVEN

THE LION IS FED

THE PRIZE IS GIVEN

THE FIRE BURNS

THE WATER FLOWS

THE BOAT TURNS

THE TRAIN GOES]

[Illustration: =WHAT OUR DOMESTIC ANIMALS GIVE US=

THE USEFUL THINGS OBTAINED FROM THE COW, HORSE, SHEEP, GOAT, PIG, FOWL,
AND DEER

MILK

BUTTER

CHEESE

BEEF

LEATHER

KNIFE-HANDLES

COMBS

BUTTONS

SOAP

JELLY

GLUE

CHAIR-COVERS

HAIR FOR STUFFING SOFAS

PLUMES

CATGUT

SOCKS

MUTTON

WOOLLEN GOODS

RUGS

BOOK COVERS

CARPETS

MILK

PERSIAN SHAWLS

WIGS

SHOE-LACES

GLOVES

KNIFE-HANDLES

BOOK COVERS

WATER SKINS

PORK

BACON

LEATHER GOODS

BRISTLES

LARD

BLADDERS

GLYCERINE

EGGS

FLESH

FEATHERS FOR BEDS AND PILLOWS

FEATHERS FOR HATS

KNIFE-HANDLES

GLOVES

HAIR FOR STUFFING SADDLES

VENISON]

[Illustration: THE CHILDREN OF THE ANIMALS

A YOUNG DEER IS CALLED A FAWN

A YOUNG HORSE IS CALLED A COLT

A YOUNG COW IS CALLED A CALF

A YOUNG SWAN IS A CYGNET

A YOUNG EAGLE IS AN EAGLET

A YOUNG HEN IS A CHICKEN

A YOUNG DUCK IS A DUCKLING

A YOUNG GOOSE IS A GOSLING

A YOUNG FROG IS A TADPOLE

A YOUNG HARE IS A LEVERET

A YOUNG OWL IS AN OWLET

A YOUNG FOX IS A CUB

A YOUNG GOAT IS A KID

A YOUNG SHEEP IS A LAMB

A YOUNG TROUT IS AN ALEVIN

A YOUNG SALMON IS A GRILSE

A YOUNG DOG IS A PUPPY

A YOUNG CAT IS A KITTEN

The young of some animals have special names, and with many of these we
are familiar. But there are other young creatures whose particular names
are not so well known. In the pictures on this page we see the young of
eighteen different creatures with their mothers, and the special names
of these are given.]

THE STORY OF THE SPIDER AND THE BUTTERFLY

On the garden wall a brown [Illustration: Spider] was spinning her
[Illustration: Web]. Backwards and forwards she went, making hundreds of
little threads at once, twisting them into white ropes, arranging them
with her feet and the little hooks on her jaws, and gluing them together
where they crossed.

The [Illustration: Butterfly] stood on a [Illustration: Leaf] and
watched.

“Is that to put your eggs in?” she asked at last. “Or do you put them on
a cabbage?”

“On a cabbage! No, indeed!” said the [Illustration: Spider], staring
with all her eight eyes at once. “I make a soft nest of silken threads
to put them in.”

“That would not do for _my_ babies.” And the [Illustration: Butterfly]
nodded her head and looked very wise. “They would get their wings fast
in the threads.”

“Their what?” gasped the [Illustration: Spider], standing suddenly still
in the middle of her [Illustration: Web].

“Their wings,” repeated the innocent [Illustration: Butterfly]. “I don’t
think I dare let my children come to play with yours if you always hang
[Illustration: Nets] about.”

“But your children won’t have wings!” gasped the [Illustration: Spider]
again. “They won’t be baby [Illustration: Butterflies]!”

The [Illustration: Butterfly] laughed gaily.

“What a funny idea!” she said. “Your eggs hatch into baby [Illustration:
Spiders], don’t they? and they don’t have wings. And the hen’s
[Illustration: Eggs] hatch into little baby [Illustration: Chickens],
and they do have wings, like the hen. I saw them this morning running
after her, with all their wings stretched out. I suppose they are not
old enough to fly yet. When my babies can fly, I shall go back to the
flower garden.”

She flew away, leaving the astonished [Illustration: Spider] still
sitting in the middle of her [Illustration: Web] trying to understand it
all.

“Well!” she exclaimed to herself at last. “That’s what comes of having
no mother! I always did say that the family arrangements of the
[Illustration: Butterflies] are the most foolish I ever heard of.”

The [Illustration: Butterfly] was very busy, gumming her eggs safely
underneath a cabbage leaf. Each little jar hung by its narrow end, as
close to the next as could be.

“What a funny old [Illustration: Spider]!” she thought at last, when she
had finished. “I wonder if she has finished that [Illustration: Web].”

“Have you found a cabbage to please you?” called the [Illustration:
Spider].

“Well, I suppose it’s all right,” answered the [Illustration: Butterfly]
a little doubtfully. “I don’t seem to be able to think of a better place
to put my eggs, and I suppose the flowers will grow on the cabbage very
soon. My baby [Illustration: Butterflies] will not be able to fly far at
first to find honey.”

“You mean your creepy, crawly [Illustration: Caterpillars]!”

“Don’t you mean [Illustration: Spiders]?” asked the [Illustration:
Butterfly], trying to be sarcastic.

“Nothing so sensible! If you want to see----”

“Hush! hush! Don’t quarrel!” said the Breeze, shaking the [Illustration:
Spider]’s [Illustration: Web] and puffing at the [Illustration:
Butterfly]’s wings.

“She says that my babies will be creepy, crawly----”

“Come away! come away! Come and find some honey!” said the Breeze.

He shook the [Illustration: Leaf] and the [Illustration: Butterfly] fell
off. Then the Breeze so hurried her across the garden that when they
reached the flowers she was out of breath with laughing.

“I suppose that old [Illustration: Spider] is jealous because her
children will not be so pretty as my baby [Illustration: Butterflies]”
she said.

LADY GRAY AND THE NUTS

One summer Robert and his father and mother lived in a little
[Illustration: House] in the woods.

They saw a [Illustration: Squirrel] running about in the [Illustration:
Trees].

Robert put some [Illustration: Nuts] on the ground, and hid behind a
[Illustration: Tree]. Soon the [Illustration: Squirrel] came and carried
them away.

The next day he put the [Illustration: Nuts] nearer the [Illustration:
House]. The [Illustration: Squirrel] came again and carried them away.

So it went on for some time. Each day Robert put the [Illustration:
Nuts] nearer the [Illustration: House].

They named the [Illustration: Squirrel] Lady Gray.

One day Robert’s mother sat down on a [Illustration: Chair] in the
porch. She put some [Illustration: Nuts] on the floor and kept very
still.

After a while Lady Gray came up on the porch. She looked at Robert’s
mother, then she took a [Illustration: Nut] and ran off as fast as she
could.

By-and-by Lady Gray became so gentle that she would hunt for
[Illustration: Nuts] in their pockets.

One morning father put a [Illustration: Nut] on his shoulder. Lady Gray
jumped on father’s shoulder and ate the [Illustration: Nut]. How they
all laughed!

CUNNING NANCY AND HER KITTENS

Three little [Illustration: Kittens] were born in a [Illustration:
House] where there were two lively [Illustration: Children] The
[Illustration: Kittens] were at once named Tom, Dick, and Harry.

As soon as they were big enough to handle, the [Illustration: Children]
began to carry them round, indoors and out. Nancy, the mamma
[Illustration: Cat], did not like her [Illustration: Kittens] to be
handled so much, for she knew it was not good for them. She mewed, but
the children did not notice her distress.

Dick, a lovely grey, seemed to be her pet. She took the best care of
him, and seemed most worried when the children picked him up.

One day little Dick could not be found. The [Illustration: Children]
hunted for him, but in vain. They noticed that Nancy did not seem
anxious, nor did she go looking for her lost [Illustration: Kitten].

They did not notice, however, that she would often go up the
[Illustration: Stairs], and stay away awhile from Tom and Harry.

When washing day came, they found out all about it. In a low, dark
[Illustration: Cupboard] upstairs, where the soiled clothes were kept,
Nancy and Dick were found. Dick was snugly wrapped in the clothes, and
purred contentedly. Mamma Nancy lay beside him. She had taken her
favorite [Illustration: Kitten] and hidden him, so that the children
should not play with him.

THE GOOD LITTLE STARS

Once upon a time a great many little [Illustration: Stars] lived up in
the sky.

Their father was the [Illustration: Sun], and their mother was the
[Illustration: Moon].

Usually these [Illustration: Stars] were good little [Illustration:
Children]. They liked to help brighten the sky and so make the
[Illustration: Earth] brighter.

But one night when their mother called to them to come and light up the
sky, they came very slowly. They looked very cross. They did not shine
when she told them to do so.

Mother [Illustration: Moon] felt sad. She called up from the
[Illustration: Earth] some good little [Illustration: Stars]. They were
only [Illustration: Flowers] on [Illustration: Earth], but Mother
[Illustration: Moon] changed them into [Illustration: Stars] in the sky.

The naughty [Illustration: Stars] felt themselves falling. Faster and
faster they fell, until they sank down into the [Illustration: Earth].

They cried and cried until they fell asleep for they were very sorry for
what they had done.

In the morning Father [Illustration: Sun] shone out so brightly that
everything, even the baby [Illustration: Stars] under the grass,
wakened. They began to cry again.

Their father felt sorry for them. He told them they might shine on the
[Illustration: Earth].

So now the stars shine in the sky at night, and in the morning, when
Father [Illustration: Sun] shines for them, the [Illustration: Flowers]
open their eyes and shine in the grass all day.

[Illustration: =NATURE AS THE FIRST INVENTOR AND CRAFTSMAN=

=THE LANTERN FLY OF TROPICAL AMERICA LIGHT WITHOUT HEAT=

=ONE OF THE FIRST BOXES, A RECEPTACLE FOR BRAZIL NUTS=

=THE FIRST BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT--A HUMAN SHOULDER=

=THE FIRST PUMP--A HEART=

=THE FIRST SPINNERS--A MOTH WHOSE CATERPILLAR SPINS THE COCOON=

=THE FIRST BALLOON--THE “SWELLFISH,” WHICH INFLATES ITSELF=

=THE FIRST HINGE--THE THORNY OYSTER OF THE PACIFIC=

=A LOBSTER’S CLAW--THE ORIGINAL OF A GAS FITTER’S PINCERS=

=THE TAILOR BIRD, WHICH STITCHES THE LEAVES OF HER NEST TOGETHER=]

THE PANIC IN THE FOREST

A timid hare was resting one day in a grove of palm-trees, and a strange
thought came into his head.

“What should I do if an earthquake occurred?”

At that moment a gust of wind shook the palm-trees, and some ripe fruit
pattered down.

“An earthquake is beginning!” cried the timorous hare. And, starting up,
he fled without daring to look behind him. A deer met him as he was
racing along.

“What is the matter?” said the deer, catching up with him and running by
his side.

“An earthquake is destroying the forest!” the hare gasped out.

The terrible news quickly spread among the hares, deer and rabbits, and
they scampered away in wild terror. As they went on, they were joined by
elks, buffaloes, elephants, tigers, and rhinoceroses.

“What is the matter?” said each animal in turn, as he joined the
fugitives.

“An earthquake is destroying the forest!” they panted, rushing on, and
never stopping to see if it were so. At last the line of frightened
animals extended across the country for a full mile. All the smaller
beasts standing in the path of the army of fugitives were unable to ask
any question; they had to race ahead to avoid being trampled down. But
as the maddened host was sweeping blindly down to the bank of a great
river, which looked like being choked up with dead bodies, a lion came
up, and stopped the frightened beasts with a terrible roar.

“What is the matter?” he said to the tigers.

“The buffaloes told us that an earthquake is coming,” said the tigers.

“Who saw it coming?” said the lion.

“We don’t know,” said the tigers. “The elephants know.”

“The rhinoceroses told us,” said the elephants.

“And we heard it from the buffaloes,” said the rhinoceroses, panting for
breath.

The buffaloes heard it from the elks; the elks heard it from the deer;
and at last it got down to the timid hare.

“Do you mean to tell me,” roared the lion, “that you have all been
frightened to death by a timid little hare? Let us go to the grove of
palm-trees, and witness this terrible earthquake.”

When they arrived there, the fruit was still pattering to the ground.

“Now, you see,” said the lion, “what comes of following the lead of the
most timorous creature on earth. He has made you all more cowardly than
he is himself. You ran away without even hearing the noise that
frightened him. Henceforward avoid the gossip of the crowd, and trust to
your own judgment.”

THE JOURNEY FROM THE CLOUDS TO THE SEA

When the little drop of rain fell, he didn’t know in the least what was
going to happen. For a minute or two he felt quite frightened. Then he
suddenly found himself rolling down a hill. He had just begun to think
it great fun, when he noticed a lot of other drops beside him, all
laughing together and all rolling down the hill.

One of them came close to him and touched him, and he found himself
growing bigger. Then more and more came up, and presently he saw that he
was quite a big fellow. He felt very proud of himself. “I’m getting
bigger and bigger every minute,” he said.

Half-way down the hill he looked back, and saw himself stretched out
like a line of silver, glittering and shining between the trees and
stones and bushes.

“I’m a stream now,” he murmured proudly as he hurried over sand and
gravel and clay, “and I’m getting bigger and bigger still.”

Suddenly he found himself falling over a big black rock. Down, down he
fell, thirty feet or more. But he was so big and strong now that he
didn’t care a bit.

At the bottom of the hill there were a great many rocks and stones right
in front of him. “Get out of my way!” he roared. “I’m a river now! Get
out of my way!” And he dashed and splashed and flew right over them.

A little farther on he came to a lovely meadow, with beautiful trees
hanging down, and birds singing, and great sleepy red cattle standing
knee-deep in the long, sweet grass, and the big blue sky shimmering
overhead. It was so very, very pretty that he thought he would stay here
a while. So he twisted and wound round and round, just to get another
look at the trees, and to watch the birds flying from branch and bush.

He laughed merrily to a little boy who was standing on the bank with a
fishing-rod in his hand, and hurried on again.

As he turned a corner quickly he saw a great blue plain stretching for
miles and miles, with ships and boats and birds dotted here and there on
its broad, heaving, shining surface.

“Hello! There is the sea at last!” he cried joyfully, and rushed forward
eagerly to meet it. And as he joined the great ocean he shouted out as
if he meant that all the world should hear, “Here I am; I’m a sea now!”
(See full page illustration on page 68.)

THE SPIDER AND THE FLY

The spider was in a rare temper as she hurried back to the dark corner
where she had her home.

“Upon my word,” she muttered, “it is too bad! This is the third time
that wretched housemaid has swept my web away. The ignorant creature
calls me an insect. I am not an insect. My body is in two parts instead
of three; my head is part of my chest; and I have eight legs instead of
six.”

The spider sat in her dark corner thinking very hard. Presently a
buzzing sound caught her ears, which happened to be placed at the end of
her feet. Her six pairs of eyes glistened with anger.

“There’s that old bluebottle again,” she murmured. “His noise makes my
head ache. If I make haste and spin another web, perhaps I can catch him
before the maid comes with her broom.”

Having made up her mind, the spider began. On the underpart of her body
were four tiny tubes, each with about a thousand still tinier holes.
From each tube came a thousand delicate threads made of a gummy fluid.
The spider’s hind feet combed and twisted them into one fine thread.

The thread gradually increased in length until a draught caught it and
carried it to the edge of the window-curtain, to which it clung.

Several other threads were then stretched from point to point.

“Now,” said the spider, “I can go on building my web.”

Line after line appeared as if by magic. The lines crossed and
recrossed, and at every point where they touched a tiny drop of sticky
fluid held them firmly together.

The spider viewed her work with satisfaction.

Lastly, she ran a more delicate thread round and round in spiral
fashion. At the end of an hour the web was complete.

“Now I will test it,” said the spider; and she tried her work here and
there, and found it quite good.

Only a short time passed before the big fly buzzed into the elastic
strands. The more he struggled, the more he became entangled.

The spider was hungry and very impatient. She darted from her lair and
seized the fly with her terrible claws.

At the end of the feelers were tubes from which she poured poison into
the body of her prisoner, while with her fore feet she entangled still
further the fly’s legs and wings.

In a few moments the bluebottle was quite still. Securely bound up in
the sticky strands, bitten and poisoned, it was clear that he would
never again buzz about in the sunshine. Then the spider enjoyed a better
meal than she had had for a long time.

An hour later the housemaid came along, and, catching sight of the web,
she flicked it with her duster.

“That miserable insect has been at its tricks again,” she said.

The spider was just settling down to a quiet nap after her hearty meal.
She did not like being disturbed, but it did not matter so much now. She
simply smiled to herself. (See articles on Spiders; Flies and Insects in
general in Book of the Animal Kingdom.)

THE STORY OF PETER PAN

Every child in the world grows up to be a woman or a man. The only one
who doesn’t grow up, and won’t, is Peter Pan. He always stays a little
boy, which is very jolly indeed, and he’s friends with all little boys
and girls,--as you’ll understand if you read.

The Darlings,--Wendy, John, and Michael,--lived with their father and
mother. They were rather poor, but it didn’t matter, they were all so
fond of each other. They’d a little maid called ’Liza, and, because they
hadn’t the money for a proper nurse, they’d a dog instead, named
Nana,--wasn’t it funny?

Peter Pan came every night; the window blew open wide, and in he hopped,
without a sound, and hurried to Wendy’s side. And a curious little
dancing light came in with Peter as well; this was a fairy lady, and her
name was Tinker Bell. Peter was dressed in skeleton leaves; he had pipes
on which he played--a delightful person. Wendy was not the least little
bit afraid. He talked to her of the Never-Land, where she’d always
wanted to go. And he said, “If I only teach you to fly, you can get
there now, you know!” So John and Michael were taught to fly, and Wendy
too, and they found it’s as easy, when you get used to it, as walking on
the ground. And at last, when both their father and mother were out, one
Friday night, the Darling children and Peter Pan and Tinker Bell took
flight. Away in their little nightgowns they flew, as fast as they could
go, till they came to the island, the Never-Land, where all the
adventures grow.

Now in this island, I must tell you, were wonderful things to find:
unknown birds, and curious beasts, and Redskins, fierce but kind.
Fairies were there, and Mermaids, and Wolves,--some wild, some tame; and
a Crocodile that had swallowed a clock, and ticked wherever it came.
But--hush, let us whisper!--the “Jolly Roger,” a rascally pirate craft,
with raking masts, and swelling sails, and guns both fore and aft, was
anchored there, and the hideous crew were lying in wait, each man, and
the captain, Hook, in particular, to kill little Peter Pan. Hook was not
his real name; Peter, some while ago, in open fight, had cut off his
hand, so now he’d a hook, you know. And as, with a stern and gloomy air,
he paced, on his quarterdeck, he was thinking all the time, “I’d like to
wring that Peter’s neck!” And the rest of the horrible band of Pirates
were always prowling about, to see if they couldn’t capture Peter, and
kill him, without a doubt. They crept along, singing “Yeo-ho-ho”--as
stealthily as could be, they, and the bo’sum, who, indeed, was the best
of them--one Smee. But the Redskins, with the tomahawks, were on the
Pirates’ track, and followed them quite noiselessly,--not a single
rustle or crack. For they thought the world of Peter Pan; in fact, they
all were rather inclined to kneel at his little feet. And they called
him “Great White Father.”

[Illustration: =PETER PAN, WHO COULD NEVER GROW UP TO BE A MAN=]

Upon the island there were also some boys--well, counting rightly, there
were six: Nibs, Tootles, Curly, and the Twins (no names), and Slightly.
And Tootles, by a silly mistake, when he saw the Darlings near, hastily
aimed his swiftest arrow, and drew his bow to his ear, and shot poor
Wendy. Just at first she was thought to be dead, by her friends. But,
finding she wasn’t, they built her a house, in the hope of making
amends. They built it right, round her, with branches, leaves, and moss,
and lovely make-believe roses clambering quite across. And when it was
completed (and it looked remarkably fine), “Oh, Wendy, do be our
mother!” they cried, and they hadn’t to ask her twice. “Come in at once,
you naughty children!” Wendy delightedly cried; and they all squeezed
in, except Peter Pan, who stayed upon guard outside.

There was also a beautiful house under-ground, where elegant mushrooms
grew, and a Never-tree also (but every morning they sawed the trunk
right through). You entered the house by hollow trees, going up and down
quite fast, which was hard at first, but the children did it exceedingly
well at last. And here, in the charming underground house, the eight
boys slept alone in a great big bed,--for Wendy lived in that dear
little house of her own. But every evening she told them stories, and
when the stories were done, they’d have a dance in their night-clothes,
and a pillow fight,--Oh, such fun! Peter Pan wasn’t always there,
because, as you understand, he was busy strolling about the island, or
watching with sword in hand. But in the day-time he would come, and take
them, not very far, to the blue lagoon, where the weedy rocks and the
hundreds of Mermaids are.

And here, one day, both Peter and Wendy received a bit of a shock; for
Hook pursued them, and so they climbed on a rock--the Marooners’ Rock.
Wendy fainted, and so did Peter. A Mermaid came to see whoever those two
little dripping folks on the slippery rock could be. Then Peter
perceived the tide was rising, and he tied up Wendy tight to the tail of
a kite which was drifting near, and sent her away with the kite. And
there he stayed on the rock alone, and he thought he’d be drowned each
minute. But the Never-Bird, in her floating nest, came up, and Peter got
in it, while the Never-Bird took to a Pirate’s hat, which was luckily
close at hand. So Peter went gaily sailing off, and arrived quite safe
at land.

Now every night the Redskins were camped above the underground house.
And every night the Pirates were creeping, each as still as a mouse
(with the terrible Crocodile after them, showing its crunching teeth),
while Wendy was cheerfully telling tales to the children down beneath.
But, oh dear me! there came a night when that treacherous pirate Hook
contrived to surprise the Redskins, and the children; and he took the
whole nine children prisoners, exceedingly sad to tell. The only ones
who made their escape were Peter and Tinker Bell. And while the unhappy
children were roughly carried on board, Peter was off to rescue them,
with his trusty dagger and sword. And, just in the nick of time, he
arrived. He armed the boys, and they slew, after a most tremendous
fight, fifteen of the Pirate crew. And after a thrilling duel, which
lasted a very short while, between Hook and Peter, the wicked Hook was
thrown to the Crocodile.

So Peter took command of the ship, and they all sailed home, and then,
how glad their father and mother were, to have them back again! They all
were dressed in the Pirates’ clothes (cut short), and exceedingly grand;
and oh, what tales they had to tell of the wonderful Never-Land! Peter,
who didn’t like houses at all,--brick ones, and that sort of thing,
returned to the Never-Land by himself. But he comes back every spring,
and fetches Wendy to help him do spring-cleaning, and Wendy stops and
tidies up the little house, which is now in the high tree-tops. As for
the boys, they’ve all grown up, so the Pirates’ clothes won’t fit. And
as for the great adventures they had, they’ve forgotten them every bit.
Only Wendy and Peter Pan can still do just as they please. How happy
they are, as they talk up there in the dear little house in the trees!

COUNTING AND NUMBERS

In numbers, as in other primary subjects, a child should be _taught_ and
_permitted_ to do things himself. Rousseau said, “What the child _does_,
it easily remembers”; and we shall soon find that time spent in this way
is far from being wasted.

Children who have been taught numbers gradually, in this easy,
interesting fashion, develop an astonishing aptitude for dealing with
figures as they grow older.

COUNTING

Learning to count 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., parrotlike, does very little good.
Rather let the child count _objects_ and point out 5 marbles, 6 blocks,
etc., in order that you may determine if he knows exactly what 5 or 6 of
anything means.

Take a number of blocks or marbles and ask the child to take 3, 5, 7, or
any number of them.

Hold up 3, 5, or 6 of them and ask him to tell how many you have. When
you are told the _number_ you have, write the _figure_ which tells the
number on paper, or the blackboard. Have the child copy the figure,
making a large character.

Then reverse the work by writing a _figure_ on paper and asking the
child to take the _number of blocks_ the writing asks for.

Spend a few minutes every day in asking him to show you 2 pins, 3
houses, 5 stripes, etc.

Teach the child to count 50 as soon as he has started in his number work
at school and later on to 100. _Objects_ should be counted at first and
then counters substituted, such as pennies, marbles, blocks, beads, etc.

RECOGNITION OF NUMBERS.--The purpose of _counting objects_ is to give
the children a clear idea of _number_. They should be able to recognize
2, 3, 4 and 5, _i.e._, be able to tell four objects when they see four,
without counting them, also 3, 5, etc. Stories and games with objects
should be repeated again and again, until the children can do this
easily.

ANALYSIS OF NUMBERS.--When the numbers can be recognized without
difficulty, the children should be encouraged to analyze them, _i.e._,
tell what they are made up of, but objects should be put in front of the
class to represent the numbers until they can do this readily.

Suppose the number _five_ to be the lesson, each child would take five
shells out of its box, and lay them on the desk, thus:--[.....] or
[.....] or [.....] etc. The child should always be able to _describe_
what it has done: thus, the first child would say--_four shells_ and
_one shell_ are _five_; the second, _three shells_ and _two shells_ are
_five_, and so on.

_Higher Numbers._--The analysis of six, seven, eight and nine may be
taught in the same way, each number being taken separately and
thoroughly mastered, before proceeding to the next. The children should
learn all the different combinations of numbers that make six--_three_
and _three_, _five_ and _one_, _four_ and _two_, _three twos_, etc.--but
always with the objects, and when they have seen the number analyzed by
the Teacher, they should do it for themselves with shells, bricks or
other objects.

_Number Ten._--This is the most important number of all, and it should
be thoroughly well taught. The Teacher should show on the table the
different analyses that can be made of ten, and the children should lay
these with shells or other objects again and again. It is necessary to
learn these perfectly, for however well any or all of the numbers may be
learned, they are comparatively useless without ten.

FIGURES.--When the figures are introduced they should invariably be
shown with the concrete numbers which each figure represents. They say,
“Here are four balls” : : “I will show you a figure that means those
four balls, =4=, and I will put the four balls beside it, thus:”--4 : :.

NUMBER ON PAPER OR SLATES.--If the children have learned how to use a
pencil, they may transfer the number-pictures made with shells to their
slates, using dots for “shells,” thus:--: : :.

Then another “picture” may be made with the shells : : : and this be
copied on the paper at some distance from the other. Then another is
made and copied, and so on until the child sees on his paper all the
combinations of numbers that go to make six. He should be able to read
them all out, and because a child remembers what he has done himself,
it will be found that numbers taught in this way are seldom forgotten.

As the children become more proficient, the two signs + and = may be
taught, + means _and_, = means _are_. Then they may put on their slates
: + : = : : and use these signs in the analysis of other numbers.

MONEY TAUGHT AS NUMBERS

When the children know numbers up to ten, they might play little
“shopping” games with coins. Show them actual coins in teaching money.
Lessons on money should be given frequently after the first year of
school life.

Begin by teaching the value of the _cent_ and the _nickel_, then the
_dime_, then the _quarter_, then the _half-dollar_, and then the
_dollar_.

Make little problems involving change. Develop the ability to make
change rapidly. The child may have some money of his own and he should
be taught the comparative values of the coins.

SIMPLE TABLE OF MONEY

  10 cents make 1 dime.

  2 five-cent pieces make 1 dime.

  100 cents make 1 dollar.

  A quarter of a dollar = 25 cents.

  A half-dollar = 50 cents.

  $ means dollars and c means cents.

  A 5-cent piece is called a nickel, because it is made of nickel.

  A cent piece is made of copper.

  The other coins named are made of silver.

  (See United States Money for more advanced instruction.)

COMBINATIONS OF NUMBERS

We now come to the method of teaching the combinations in Addition and
Subtraction.

We can count books, tables, and houses and say that we have counted so
many _things_ but we do not _add_ books, tables, and houses. We _add_
books and books, tables and tables, houses and houses.

We count by _ones_. When we add three beads and two beads we are
counting by ones, for it means that we are adding three ones of beads
and two ones of beads, making five beads in all.

From =1= to =9= we use only one figure to tell how many we mean. When we
wish to say in writing that we have ten of anything we write a =0= after
the =1= and have =10=, ten.

  1. Add 1 to every number up to 10; later to 20.

  2. Subtract 1 from every number up to 10; later to 20.

  3. Add:

   2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10
  +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10

  Here the addends are equal and easily added. The figures should be
  placed as above and not 2 + 2, 3 + 3, etc., because the vertical
  form is the natural one which the child will use all through life.
  It does not look so formal and represents better what he really does
  with the objects.

  4. Add:

   1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8   9
  +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10

  Here one addend exceeds the other by 1.

  5. Subtract:

   2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10
  -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9

  Here the minuend is one greater in each case.

  6. Teach the parts of 10.

   5  2  3  4  9
  +5 +8 +7 +6 +1

  7. In adding 9 to numbers have the child think of 9 as 10,

  thus 9   10      9   10
      +6 = +5 and +8 = +7

  8. Teach the corresponding subtractions.

  9. Add 8 to each number up to 10.

  10. Teach the corresponding subtractions.

  11. Add 7, 6, and 5 to each number up to 10.

  12. Teach the corresponding subtractions.

  13. Review and give combinations not taught above.

Objects should be grouped by tens and units, in showing numbers above
_ten_. Ten should be the basis of all our reckoning, and if the children
know ten, and the numbers which precede it, they can soon be taught the
rest. Little children should not have “sums” given them to do on their
slates, for “sums” are made up of _abstract_ figures, and children of
tender years cannot grasp the abstract.

NUMBER TO ONE HUNDRED.--When the children are conversant with numbers up
to ten, it is very easy to teach them one hundred.

PRIMARY IDEAS OF DIVISION

In teaching the two ideas of division--division by _measurement_
(division proper) and the _fractional_ idea of division
(partition)--proceed very slowly and see that each step is thoroughly
understood.

The following suggestions may be useful:--

DIVISION BY MEASUREMENT

  Use blocks or any other counters in illustrating the process.

  EXAMPLE:

  4 | 12
  --+

  The teacher should ask the child, “How would you count this story?”

  _Facts Given by Child_

  12 = whole number of blocks.
   4 = number in each part.

  We want to know the number of parts.

  We place the blocks so, 4 in each part:--

  □□□□   □□□□   □□□□

  There are 3 parts.

DIVISION BY PARTITION

  Make use of blocks or substitutes to show the process here.

  EXAMPLE: 1/4 of 12 = 3.

  The teacher should ask the child, “How would you count this story?”

  _Facts Given by Child_

  12 = whole number of blocks.
   4 = number of parts.

  We want to know the number in each part.

  We place the blocks so, as we know there are 4 parts:--

  □  □  □  □

  We have put one in each part.

  Now we will put one in each part until the 12 blocks are gone:--

  □□□  □□□  □□□  □□□

  There are 3 in each part.

NUMBERS IN MULTIPLICATION

  Example:

  3 × 4 = --

  _Facts Given by Child_

  3 × 4 means 3 4’s.

  I count my blocks by fours--I take 1 four, another, another.

  I find that 3 4’s are 12.

  3 × 4 = 12.

  _To the Teacher_:

  Now the child is ready to give a number story about 3 × 4.

PRIMARY MEASURES FOR CHILDREN

The child has been taught to count. Now while he is telling you _how
many_ objects he is dealing with, teach him to tell _how much_ he is
dealing with.

In other words, have the child _measure and compare_ as well as count.

Ideas of larger and smaller, longer and shorter, and the like, should be
made important. The need at the outset, is to learn, in a simple way,
the basis of all arithmetic--the _comparison_ of _quantity_,--in as many
of its forms as possible.

MEASURES OF LENGTH

Teach the child to estimate distances and then to verify every estimate
by actual measurement.

Teach half inches as well as inches.

_Long measure is used to measure length._

  12 inches make 1 foot.
   3 feet make 1 yard.
  in. means inch or inches.
  ft. means foot or feet.

_For the Child to Do_:

  1. Cut a strip of paper 12 inches long and 1 inch wide.

  2. Mark the inches on it.

  3. How many inches long is it?

  4. What do you call a measure 12 inches long?

  5. Draw a line 2 inches long, as near as you can, without using a
  ruler.

  6. Measure it with a ruler. Did you guess nearly right? Try again.

  7. Measure this page. How long is it? How wide?

  8. Draw a line on the ground 1 yard long.

  9. 1/2 of a foot is how many inches?

  10. 1 yard is how many inches? What is measured by the yard?

  11. Ask your mother how many yards of cloth she needs for a dress.

  12. What is measured by the foot?

  13. How tall are you?

TELLING THE TIME

_First_--Teach him to tell the hour hand from the minute hand.

_Next_--Teach him when he first looks at the dial, to find the hour hand
and then notice which Roman Numeral it is nearest. _This will tell about
what time it is._

_Then_--Find the minute hand. _The minute hand will tell exactly what
time it is._

  TO ILLUSTRATE: Take this clock. The hour hand is near the Roman
  Numeral II., which stands for 2. Tell the child it is somewhere near
  two o’clock.

  The minute hand will tell how near.

[Illustration: =What time is it?=]

  It must always point to the XII. before it is exactly the hour. If
  it is one numeral away from the XII., toward the left, it is 5
  minutes of two. If it is two numerals away to the left it is 10
  minutes of two, etc. If it is one numeral away to the right, it is 5
  minutes after two, etc. Proceed in this way and keep at it.

THE DAY

A new day begins at midnight and lasts until the next midnight.

Midnight is the middle of the night; that is, 12 o’clock at night.

Noon is the middle of the day, that is, 12 o’clock in day time.

One hour after noon is 1 o’clock, 2 hours after is 2 o’clock, etc.

If a person says he was at a certain place at 2 o’clock, he must say
forenoon or afternoon, so we will know which half of the day he means.
If it was 2 o’clock in the morning he would write 2 A.M., and if 2
o’clock in the afternoon, 2 P.M.

  _Things for the Child to Do:_

  1. Name the days of the week and the months of the year.

  2. What day of the week does Christmas fall on this year?

  3. Is 22 days longer than 3 weeks?

  4. Is 5 weeks longer than a month? How much?

  5. How many days in 3 weeks?

  6. On what day of the week will your next birthday be, etc.

  _Remember:_

  The days of the week in their order.

  The months of the year in their order.

  Procure a calendar for the child to own.

  A good way to make him familiar with the use of the days of the week
  and month, as found on a calendar, is to ask him to look up and tell
  on what day of the week the next Fourth of July will fall;
  Christmas; New Year; his birthday.

  Have him distinguish between the day of the week and the day of the
  month.

  7 days make 1 week.
  30 days make 1 month.

DAYS OF THE WEEK

  Sunday
  Monday
  Tuesday
  Wednesday
  Thursday
  Friday
  Saturday

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

  January
  February
  March
  April
  May
  June
  July
  August
  September
  October
  November
  December

THE CALENDAR

  +-------------------------------------------------------+
  |     _1903_             _July_              _1903_     |
  +=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
  |_Sun._ |_Mon._ |_Tues._|_Wed._ |_Thur._|_Fri._ |_Sat._ |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  | First | Full  | Last  |       |       |       |       |
  | Quar. | Moon  | Quar. |   1   |   2   |   3   |   4   |
  |  1st  |  9th  | 17th  |       |       |       |       |
  |  30th |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  |   5   |   6   |   7   |   8   |   9   |  10   |  11   |
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  |  12   |  13   |  14   |  15   |  16   |  17   |  18   |
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  |  19   |  20   |  21   |  22   |  23   |  24   |  25   |
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |  New  |
  |  26   |  27   |  28   |  29   |  30   |  31   | Moon  |
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |  23d  |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

FORM AND COLOR

In many schools a lesson is given on Form and Color at least once a
week. The different forms should be kept in a box, in which there should
be also squares of cardboard, showing the various colors. This apparatus
should, however, be amply extended. Pieces of silk or colored paper
should be kept in another box, and colored wools wound on pieces of
cardboard show the colors nicely.

THE OBJECT OF THE LESSON.--The object of the lesson is not simply to
teach the shape or color of one particular piece of wood, or cardboard,
but to enable the child to distinguish the same shape or color whenever
it sees an example of it. Thus the child is helped to observe and
compare, and its interest in life is strengthened as it learns with joy
to find out things for itself.

FORM

_The Circle_, or round, is the first form to be taught, and it should be
illustrated by numerous examples, such as a plate, a round cake, coins,
etc.; all these things should be shown to the children.

Then the circle may be compared with the ball, and the children are
asked: “What things are round like the ball?” “Orange, apple, etc.” “And
what things are round like a circle?” “A penny, a shilling, etc.” “What
has the circle that the ball has not?” “The circle has two flat faces,
and the ball has only one round face.”

_The Square_ is somewhat familiar to the child, who has noticed the
shape of his books, and the table. It has four sides all the same
length; this fact may be taught thus:

Take a long stick or ruler. Teacher says: “I will measure the sides of
the square. Johnnie shall hold it for me” (measure the top edge, and cut
off a piece of stick just the length). Show it to the children, and say:
“This stick is just as long as the top edge of the square. I will give
it to Mary to hold. Now we will measure the bottom edge” (again cut the
length). “This is the length of it” (holding up the stick).

The right and left sides are measured in the same way, and the child now
holds four sticks. Let the children count how many sticks there are, and
notice also that all four measure exactly the same, and then they will
see that the square has four sides all the same length. Then ask for
objects of this shape.

_The Oblong_ is measured in the same way as the square, and the sticks
are cut the lengths of its sides. The children then see that the sticks
cut to represent the sides of the oblong are not all of the same length,
but that two are short, and two longer, so the oblong must have two long
sides and two short sides. Let a child point to the two long sides, and
another to the short ones.

Then the children are asked to name all the things they can see that are
oblong in shape, such as the table, door, window. They may also name
objects at home--dresser, piano, bed, and many other things.

_The Oval_ is frequently taught after the circle, but as the difference
between square and oblong is more marked than the difference between
circle and oval, the former comparison if taken first may help the child
to understand the latter.

Take a square and draw a circle on it, then take the oblong and draw an
oval shape upon it. Ask the children, “How is this shape different from
the round shape on the square?” “It is longer.” “Why?” “Because the
oblong is longer.”

Now show the oval with the round or circle. “How is the oval different
from the round?” “It is longer.” “What things do you know that are
shaped like the oval?” “An egg, a basket, a bathtub, a dish, etc.”

_The Sphere_, _Cylinder_, _Cube_, _Cone and Pyramid_ are solid figures.
The cylinder can be explained from the sphere, the cone from the
cylinder and the pyramid from the cube.

    The pyramid points upward, so,
    But it is square and flat below:
    The cone is pointed, too, and round;
    A sugar loaf like it is found.

The children soon learn the difference between the Cone and Pyramid, and
if they are allowed to make all these solid figures in clay they will
remember them more easily.

    1. The oval shape is like an egg,
       The circle’s round as all can tell,
       The sphere is round, just like a ball,
       The cylinder you know quite well;

    2. We roll it gently on the ground,
       For it is very smooth and round;
       It has two faces flat, you see,
       And stands, as well as rolls for me.

    3. The cube has six square faces, flat,
       And corners eight, just think of that!
       And edges twelve, three fours you know,
       Which round the faces always go.

The Pentagon, Hexagon, Octagon and other similar forms should be learned
by drawing them on checkered slates or paper. These figures introduce
the obtuse angle, and before the children learn the shapes, they should
understand clearly the difference between the right, acute, and obtuse
angles. The hexagon and octagon can be combined so as to make pretty
designs which may be used for perforating and embroidery.

The “Forms” may be further impressed on the mind of the child by means
of a Story; see the one given after “Color,” at end of this chapter.

COLOR

Color should be taught if possible from objects and pictures. The six
colors can be illustrated by fruits, as an orange, a rosy apple, a
purple plum, a red cherry. The children’s dresses, their eyes and hair,
can all be brought into a lesson on color. In spring and summer flowers
make charming illustrations, _e.g._, different colors seen in roses, and
the autumn-tinted leaves can be used likewise.

Then there are colors in pictures, trees, besides colored wools, beads,
tablets, etc.

Ask for flowers and fruits of certain colors, _e.g._, what flower is
yellow? What fruit is red?, etc. Also colors of birds and animals, and
let the children say what colors look nice together. In summer this may
be shown by arranging a number of flowers in a bouquet.

In the flowers themselves colors always harmonize, _e.g._, forget-me-not
is blue, and has a yellow center, because blue and yellow look pretty
together.

Spring flowers are mostly yellow, and have pale green leaves, for green
and yellow look pretty together.

The red poppy and blue cornflower look pretty among the yellow corn, and
there are yellow flowers among the corn also.

Harmony of color may be further illustrated by the dressing of a doll,
or a story of a little girl who was taken to the shop by her mamma. The
little girl was to have a new dress, cloak, and hood; what colors would
her mamma choose?

_Secondary Colors._--Teach that _red_, _blue_ and _yellow_ are the first
or _primary_ colors, from which other colors may be made. A child’s box
of paints and six small tumblers are required for the following
illustration.

Pour a little water into each tumbler, and mix a little red paint in
one, a little blue in the next, and a little yellow in the third. These
are the primary colors.

Let us see what can be made by mixing _two_ of them together. Take an
empty tumbler. Pour in a little blue water and a little yellow. Mix
together and the children will see that _green_ is produced. Now take
another tumbler and mix blue and red in it; this makes _purple_.

In another tumbler show that red and yellow make _orange_. “What
beautiful thing have you seen in the sky showing all these colors?” “A
Rainbow.”

This is a most interesting lesson, and if the tumblers, etc., are not
obtainable, the same experiment may be shown on a piece of white
cardboard. Paint the colors in stripes on the cardboard, first the three
primary, which should be allowed to stand; then the secondary are
produced by rubbing one color over another, _e.g._, paint over the red
with blue, and purple is produced. Over the blue stripe paint a little
yellow, and we have green. Over the yellow stripe paint red, and orange
is seen.

    The primary colors are Red, Yellow, Blue,
    The Red and Blue mixed will show Purple to you;
    Mix Yellow and Blue if you wish to make Green,
    Mix Yellow and Red, then bright Orange is seen.

COLOR STORY

After the forms and colors have been learned, they may be woven into an
interesting story, thus:

“A man had a large piece of land to make into a garden; he gave a piece
to each of his children, and said they might make small beds of any
shape that they liked.

“So Johnnie made a _round_ bed” (draw shape on board, and let children
copy on slate), “and Willie had a _square_ bed; Mary said her bed should
be _oblong_, and Nellie made hers _oval_” (draw each on board, and let
the children copy). “Then Gerty wanted hers to be the shape of a
_semicircle_, and Harry said his should be very pretty, for he would
make it _crescent_ shape, like the moon.”

When the blackboard is full of shapes the teacher might say: “Now you
would like to know what these children had growing in their beds.
Johnnie had a _pink_ rose-bush in the middle of his bed.

“Willie sowed red Poppy seeds in rows in his square bed, and Mary had a
yellow Iris in the center of hers, with blue Forget-me-nots all round.
You remember that blue and yellow look pretty together.”

Whenever possible, pin the flower named on the shape representing the
flower bed.

The story should be continued until all the “beds” have flowers in them.
The children may be allowed to suggest names of flowers and should be
encouraged to choose colors that will harmonize.

STORIES

Stories are the “spice” of childhood. The eager delight with which
children beg for a story, and listen while it is told, is in itself a
plea for stories, and the routine of lessons should be broken up by
setting apart five or ten minutes between them for this pleasant
exercise.

USE OF STORIES.--In the first place, story-telling may be made the means
of helping the children to acquire familiarity with good English. We all
know how limited is the child’s vocabulary, and how difficult it is for
a child to express his thoughts. Sometimes when a fact is perfectly well
known, the language is wanting in which he can express it.

_Second_, the child’s sympathy may be cultivated and developed by means
of stories. He becomes intensely interested in the subject of the story,
and for the time being almost lives the incident over again in his own
little life.

A very little child was one day listening to a story about “A lazy boy
who missed a school picnic because he was so slow in getting ready. The
school children were all on board the steamer, the bell rang, the
moorings were loosed, and away went the boat just as the late little boy
came running down to the pier.”

The little listener followed the story intently up to this point, and
then burst out, “Oh! Auntie, couldn’t they get a little row-boat and
take him out to the steamer? I don’t like him to be left behind.”

Stories, then, enlist the sympathy of the child.

_Third._--Story-telling strengthens the child’s power of imagination.
But, be careful to develop the imagination in a right direction, and not
to feed it with anything coarse or cruel.

_Fourth._--The stories offer opportunity for inculcating moral truths
and sometimes it is possible to teach by stories truths that would be
difficult to teach in any other way.

KINDS OF STORIES.--(_a_) _Stories of Real Life_--of events which have
actually happened, or would be likely to happen. It is in this kind of
story that moral truths can be illustrated most frequently.

(_b_) _Fairy Tales._--Some people object to fairy tales, but innocent
fairy tales feed the imagination, and often point a moral. Stories of
horror and cruelty should never be recounted. Children soon learn to
take delight in this class of story, and as a consequence, their moral
tone deteriorates. Such stories as “Bluebeard” have this effect, but
“Cinderella,” “Sleeping Beauty,” and many others, show that right is
victorious in the end, and cannot have any bad effect on the children.

(_c_) _Stories of Nature._--Flowers, rocks, trees, and other objects in
nature may be made the subject of pleasant stories, interesting as a
fairy tale, and many important truths may be taught in this way. A story
of the kind is given as an example.

(_d_) _Stories for Very Little Ones._--These should be exceedingly
simple. A dog, a kitten, a bird, anything that comes into the life of a
little child, he is delighted to hear about. Many such stories are given
in the chapters on Numbers and Reading, and others will suggest
themselves to the teacher. They should all be told in baby language,
_i.e._, in language that the child can comprehend. Pictures often
suggest a story, which is all the more interesting for being thus
illustrated.

The children should sometimes be encouraged to tell what they can
remember of the story. In this way they learn to express themselves.

THE STORY-TELLER. (_a_) We have said before that the language should be
simple and easy to understand.

(_b_) The voice should be modulated, and the story-telling is much more
effective when gesticulations are used. The flying of birds, the
rustling of leaves, etc., should be accompanied by hand movements on the
part of the Teacher.

(_c_) The story-teller should be in sympathy with the subject of the
story, and also with the listeners, otherwise the interest will be lost.

(_d_) Just as pictures add interest to a story, so do illustrations on
the blackboard and these should be frequently given. Sometimes the
children may be allowed to draw for themselves objects which have been
mentioned in the story.

THE AFTER-EFFECT OF STORIES.--It is well to remember that the child’s
taste for reading is largely influenced by the class of stories told to
him in early life, and in these days of plentiful, cheap literature, how
important it is that the youthful mind should be trained to appreciate
that which is good.

If a child has learned to gloat over horrible stories, he will gratify
this morbid taste by reading ghastly tales as he grows older, and if, on
the other hand, he has learned to love stories that are simple and pure,
he will choose reading that is good and elevating.

INDEX

  The intelligent use of an _index_ requires careful thought and
  practice upon the part of the reader or consulter. Many books are
  _over_-indexed, and trifling _allusions_, or even _words_, made to
  swell the index. It is obvious, therefore, that a book of moderate
  compass should use only sufficient space to reveal the _important
  general_ subjects treated. Besides the general index, the following
  _self-indexing_ dictionaries and departments should be consulted:

                                                          PAGE
  Scientific Terms Used in Astronomy                        37
  Dictionary of Important Mineral Products                 103
  Scientific Terms Used in the Earth Sciences              117
  Dictionary of Historical Race Groups                     278
  Tables of States and Territories                         588
  Table of State and Territorial Government                650
  Colonial Divisions of the World                          690
  Great American and Foreign Battles                       700
  Right and Wrong Use of Words                             718
  Abbreviations, Contractions and Degrees                  725
  Words and Phrases from Modern Foreign Languages      742-754
  Words and Phrases from Classic Languages                 755
  Pronouncing Dictionary of Literary Allusions             782
  Pronouncing Dictionary of Mythology                      821

    =A=
                                                          PAGE
  Abbreviations                                        725-731
  Abu-Simbel                                          342, 349
  Abydos                                                   349
  Accent, Marks of                                         713
    Of Words                                               713
  Accounts, Laws Concerning                                875
  Achæan League                                            382
  Acropolis, of Athens                                     378
  Adjutant Bird                                            216
  Africa, Countries of                                     443
    Lakes of                                                80
    Mountains of                                            76
  Age of Pericles                                          377
  Agra, Description of City                                687
    Taj Mahal                                              687
  Air, Currents of                                          92
  Alamo, The                                          617, 618
  Alaric, in Athens                                        384
  Albanians                                                278
  Albatross                                                218
  Alder                                                    160
  Alewife                                                  225
  Alexander the Great:
    Conquest of Egypt                                      347
    Empire of                                              380
    His Death and Successors                               381
    Invades Northern India                                 381
    Invades Persia                                         380
    Second Invasion of Persia                              381
    Settles in Babylon                                     381
    Syrian and Egyptian Campaigns                          380
  Alexander II., Russia                                546-547
  Alexandria                                               349
    Schools of                                             347
  Alfalfa                                                  124
  Allegory                                                 733
  Alligators                                               221
  Alliteration                                             734
  Allusions, Literary                            782 _et seq._
  Almond                                                   136
  Alpaca                                               245-246
  Alphabet, Formed by Phœnicians                           368
  Alps, Outlying Spurs                                     445
  Alsace-Lorraine                                          504
  Altdorf                                                  570
  Alum                                                     103
  Aluminum                                                 103
  Amber                                                    108
  American Literature:
    Colonial Period                                        775
    First National Period                              776-777
    Second National Period                             777-778
    Summary of                                             778
  American Revolution:
    Campaigns and Battles                                  636
    Commanders of Armies                                   636
    Forces Engaged                                         636
  Amœba                                                    244
  Amphibole                                                104
  Anemones, Sea                                            243
  Anglo-Saxon Kings of England                             472
  Animalcules                                              244
  Animal Kingdom:
    Classification by Groups                               191
    Scientific Classification of                 189, 190, 191
    Why and How Animals are Classified                     189
  Animal Life:
    In Cold Zones                                          122
    In Temperate Zones                                     121
  Animals:
    Amphibious                                             223
    Animalcules                                            244
    Ant-bear                                               204
    Ant-eater                                              204
    Antelope                                               199
    Ants                                               238-239
    Armadillo                                              204
    Bees                                               238-240
    Birds                                                  208
    Bison                                                  200
    Buffalo                                                200
    Butterflies and Moths                                  236
    Chamois                                                200
    Ciliates                                               244
    Coral-polyps                                           243
    Deer                                                   200
    Domesticated                                           245
    Elephant                                               203
    Fishes                                                 225
    Flagellates                                            244
    Fleas                                                  240
    Flies                                                  240
    Flying                                                 205
    Frog                                               223-224
    Gayal                                                  201
    Gazelle                                                201
    Giraffe                                                201
    Gnats                                                  240
    Gnawing, or Rodents                                    198
    Gnu                                                    201
    Hippopotamus                                           203
    Hoofed                                                 199
    Ibex                                                   202
    Jelly-fish                                             243
    Joint-limbed                                           230
    Kangaroo                                               204
    Koala                                                  204
    Leeches                                            242-243
    Lemmings                                               199
    Mammals                                                191
    Map Showing Distribution of Animal Life                188
    Markhor                                                202
    Marmot                                                 199
    Mice                                                   199
    Molluscs                                               229
    Monkey Tribe                                           191
    Mosquitoes                                             240
    Musk-Ox                                                202
    Newts                                                  224
    Okapi                                                  202
    Opossum                                                205
    Original Home of                                       122
    Pachyderms                                             203
    Pangolin                                               204
    Porcupine                                              199
    Pouched                                                204
    Prairie Dog                                            199
    Rabbit                                                 199
    Rats                                                   199
    Ray Animalcules                                        244
    Reptiles                                               220
    Results of Domestication                               246
    Rhinoceros                                             203
    Salamander                                             224
    Sambur                                                 202
    Sea Anemones                                           243
    Sea Cucumbers                                          242
    Sea Lilies                                             242
    Sea Lion                                               246
    Sea-Urchins                                        241-242
    Seals                                                  205
    Simplest Forms of                                      244
    Sloth                                                  204
    Sponges, Group of                                      243
    Squirrel                                               199
    Starfishes                                             241
    Tahr                                                   202
    Tapir                                                  204
    That Interest Me at the Zoo                            193
    Toad                                                   224
    Toothless                                              204
    Tropical                                               121
    Vicuna                                                 202
    Walrus                                                 205
    Wasps                                              238-240
    Whales                                                 207
    Where First Domesticated                               245
    Wild Goats                                             202
    Wild Pig                                               204
    Worms                                                  242
    Zebra                                                  203
  Animals, Domesticated:
    Alpaca                                                 246
    Ass                                                    246
    Camel                                                  246
    Canary                                                 257
    Carp                                                   256
    Cat                                                247-248
    Cattle                                                 248
    Chickens                                               257
    Dog                                                251-252
    Domesticated Insects                                   261
    Duck                                                   258
    Elephant                                               252
    Gayal                                                  252
    Goat                                                   252
    Goldfish                                               256
    Guinea-pig                                             252
    Horse                                              252-253
    Llama                                                  254
    Pig                                                    255
    Rabbits                                                254
    Reindeer                                               254
    Sheep                                                  254
    Swine                                              255-256
    Yak                                                    245
    Zebu                                                   256
  Animals, Flying                                          205
    Fox                                                    206
    Frog                                                   206
  Animals of Prey:
    Badger                                                 194
    Brown Bear                                             194
    Caracal                                                194
    Coyote                                                 198
    Fox                                                    194
    Hedgehog                                               195
    Hyena                                                  195
    Ichneumon                                              195
    Jackal                                                 195
    Jaguar                                                 195
    Leopard                                                195
    Lion                                                   195
    Lynx                                                   196
    Martin                                                 196
    Mink                                                   196
    Mole                                                   196
    Mongoose                                               197
    Ocelot                                                 197
    Otter                                                  197
    Polar Bear                                             194
    Puma, or Cougar                                        197
    Raccoon                                                197
    Sable                                                  197
    Shrew                                                  197
    Tiger                                                  197
    Wolf                                                   197
  Annotto                                                  166
  Antarctic Ocean                                           85
  Ant-bear                                                 204
  Anteater                                                 204
  Antelope                                                 199
  Antimony                                                 108
  Antiochus the Great                                      382
  Antithesis                                               734
  Antony, Mark                                             398
  Apennines, The                                           511
  Apostrophe                                               733
  Apothecaries’ Liquid Measure                             860
  Apothecaries’ Weight                                     863
  Appian Way                                               389
  Apple                                                    136
  Apricot                                                  136
  Arabian Nights, Pictures of Arabian Life                 407
  Arabians                                                 278
  Architecture:
    Assyrian                                               357
    Babylonian                                             357
    Egyptian                                               349
    Persian                                                371
  Arctic Ocean                                              84
  Argentina:
    Buenos Aires                                           673
    Cities                                                 673
    Climate                                                673
    Government                                             673
    History                                                673
    People                                                 673
    Physical Features                                      672
    Production and Industry                                673
    Rivers                                                 672
  Argonaut                                                 229
  Argument                                                 739
  Arithmetic                                     850 _et seq._
    Decimal Fractions                                      854
    Denominate Numbers                                     856
    Fractions, Common                                      851
  Arlington Cemetery, National Military                    626
  Armadillo                                                204
  Armenians                                                278
  Arminius, Defeats Legions of Varus                       240
  Army and Navy of Germany                                 497
  Arnold, Benedict                                         637
  Arsenic                                                  108
  Artaxerxes                                               370
  Artichoke                                                129
  Asbestos                                                 113
  Ash                                                      160
  Asia:
    China                                                  677
    Countries of                                           443
    Famous Mountains of                                  75-76
    India                                                  684
    Japan                                                  687
    Lakes of                                                77
  Asparagus                                                128
  Aspen, or Trembling Poplar                               160
  Asphaltum                                                108
  Ass                                                      246
  Assiout, Dam and Barrage at                              345
  Assuan                                                   350
    Irrigation Dam at                                      345
  Assyria                                                  353
    Cities                                                 355
    Civilization of                                        357
    Dynasties of                                       355-356
    Empire of                                              355
    Extent of Empire                                       356
    Fall of Empire                                         356
    History of                                             355
    Inscriptions                                           355
    Nineveh                                                355
    Period of Greatest Splendor                            356
    Reign of Sargon                                        356
    Religion                                               357
  Assyrian Empire (Map)                                    298
  Assyrians                                            278-297
  Asterisk                                                 733
  Asterism                                                 733
  Astronomy                                       12 _et seq._
    Scientific Terms Used in                                37
  Athens                                                   555
    Acropolis                                              378
    Alaric in                                              384
    Downfall of                                            379
    Early History                                          375
    Under Cimon                                            377
    Under Pericles                                         377
    Under a Pure Democracy                                 376
  Atlanta, Description of                                  591
  Atlantic Ocean                                            84
  Atmosphere:
    Composition of                                          89
    Forms of Vapor                                          94
    Height of                                               89
    How Weighed and Measured                                89
    Winds and Currents                                      92
  Atmospheric Vapor                                         94
  Atoms, Radioactive                                       848
  Augustus Cæsar                                           399
  Augustus, Death of                                       401
  Aurora-Borealis                                      101-102
  Austria:
    Historical Outlines                          419 _et seq._
    Salzburg                                               532
    Salzkammergut                                          533
  Austro-Hungary                                           527
  Austria-Hungary:
    Austria and the French Revolution                      535
    Austro-Prussian War                                    536
    Budapest                                               529
    Cities and Towns                                       529
    Climate and Landscape                                  528
    Congress of Vienna, Period of Metternich               535
    Conquest of Hungary                                    536
    Division of Empire                                     534
    Ferdinand II. and Thirty Years’ War                    534
    Francis Joseph, Emperor                            535-536
    Hapsburg Power through Marriage                        534
    Hapsburg-Lorraine Line of Rulers                       535
    History of                                             534
    Historical Outlines                          435 _et seq._
    Industries and National Resources                      528
    Lakes of                                               528
    Leopold I. and the War of the Spanish Succession       535
    Location and Extent                                    527
    Loss of Italian Possessions                            536
    Peoples and Races                                      528
    Period of Reforms                                      536
    Prague                                                 531
    Racial Difficulties Bearing upon the European War  536-537
    Religion and Education                                 528
    Revolution of 1848                                     535
    Rivers and Lakes                                   527-528
    Sovereigns of                                          537
    Struggle between Austria and Prussia                   536
    Surface Features                                       527
    Under Charles V. of Germany                            534
    Union of Austria and Hungary                           536
    Vienna                                                 529
    War of the Austrian Succession                         535
  Austro-Prussian War                                      697
  Austro-Swiss War                                         695
  Avoirdupois Weight                                       860
  Ayr                                                      464

    =B=

  Babel, Tower of                                          354
  Baboon                                                   192
  Babylon, City of                                         354
    Taken  by Alexander the Great                          381
    Under Belshazzar                                       357
  Babylonia                                                353
    Architecture                                           357
    Art of                                                 357
    Civilization of                                   353, 357
    Conquered by Assyria                                   354
    Famous Cities of                                       353
    Historical Outlines                          312 _et seq._
    History of                                             354
    Land of                                                353
    Later Empire                                           356
    Period of Hammurabi                                    354
    Reign of Nebuchadnezzar                                356
    Religion                                               357
  Babylonian Captivity of the Jews                         360
  Babylonians                                         278, 297
  Baden, Cities of                                         504
  Badger                                                   194
  Bagdad, Capital of Eastern Saracens                      407
    Railroad                                               577
  Balkans, The, Historical Outlines              437 _et seq._
  Balkan War                                               698
  Baltic Sea                                                86
  Baltimore:
    Buildings, Divisions, Institutions, Parks, Streets,
    etc.                                                   591
    Description of                                         591
    Johns Hopkins University                               591
  Bamboo                                                   166
  Banana                                                   142
  Banana Plant                                             143
  Banting                                                  246
  Barbarian Invasions of Roman Empire                      694
  Barbizon                                                 486
  Barium                                                   108
  Barley                                                   124
  Barnacle                                                 231
  Basques                                                  280
  Bass                                                 225-226
  Bats                                                     205
  Battles:
    American Civil War                                634, 644
    American Revolution                                    636
    Mexican War                                            641
    War of 1812                                            638
    Great, Historical Outlines                   312 _et seq._
    Great American and Foreign                         700-710
    Contesting Nations or Parties                      700-710
    Name, Location and Date                            700-710
    Results                                            700-710
  Bauxite                                                  103
  Bavaria, Cities of                                       503
  Beans                                                    128
  Bear, Brown                                              194
  Beaver                                                   198
  Beech                                                    160
  Bees:
    Bumble                                                 240
    Honey                                         238-240, 261
    How the Honey-comb is Made                             262
    Organization of Hive                                   261
    Structure of                                           262
    What Swarming Means                                    262
    Where the Honey Comes from                             262
    Wonderful Mouth and Legs of                            262
    Workers and Drones                                261, 262
  Beetles:
    Bombardier                                             232
    Cantharis                                              232
    Colorado                                               234
    Stag                                                   234
    Water                                                  234
  Begonia                                                  148
  Belgium                                                  548
    Cities                                                 549
    Climate and Landscape                                  548
    Government                                             549
    History of                                             550
    People                                                 548
    Products and Industries                                549
    Religion and Education                                 549
    Rivers                                                 548
    Surface                                                548
  Belisarius, Conquests of                                 404
  Belshazzar, Reign of                                     357
  Benares                                                  686
  Berbers                                                  280
  Berkeley, California                                     620
  Berlin                                                   499
    Bourse or Exchange                                     501
    Business Quarter                                       499
    Cathedral                                              502
    Culture and Education                                  501
    Dramatic Theater                                       500
    German Cathedral                                       500
    Industries of                                          501
    Opera Platz                                            500
    Panorama of                                            498
    Parliament Buildings                                   505
    Royal Library                                          500
    Royal Museum                                           500
    St. Hedwig’s Church                                    501
    Suburbs of                                             501
    Tempelhofn Feld                                        500
    Unter den Linden                                       499
  Berne                                                    571
    Cathedral                                              571
    Clock Tower                                            572
  Betel-nut                                                166
  Bethlehem                                                364
    Market Place in                                        365
  Big Trees, California                                    585
  Bingen                                                   452
  Biography, Historical Outlines                 312 _et seq._
    Styles of Composition                                  738
  Birch                                                    160
  Birds:
    Adjutant                                               216
    Albatross                                              218
    Bittern                                                216
    Blackbird                                              212
    Bobolink                                               213
    Bobwhite                                               219
    Canary                                                 213
    Cassowary                                              219
    Catbird                                                213
    Chickadee                                              213
    Chicken                                                219
    Climbing                                               211
    Condor                                                 209
    Crane                                                  217
    Crossbills                                             213
    Cuckoo                                             211-212
    Eagle                                                  209
    Egrets                                                 208
    Emu                                                    219
    Falcon                                                 209
    Finch                                                  213
    Flamingo                                               218
    Game                                                   219
    Grebes                                                 218
    Grouse                                             219-220
    Grosbeaks                                              214
    Guinea                                                 220
    Gulls                                                  218
    Hawks                                                  209
    Heron                                                  217
    Ibis                                                   217
    Jays                                                   214
    Lark                                                   214
    Mockingbird                                            214
    Nightingale                                            214
    Of Paradise                                            212
    Of Prey                                                209
    Orioles                                                215
    Osprey                                                 210
    Ostrich                                           210, 219
    Owls                                                   210
    Parrots                                                212
    Partridges                                             220
    Peacock                                           211, 220
    Pelican                                                219
    Penguin                                                219
    Pheasants                                              220
    Plovers                                                217
    Ptarmigan                                              220
    Quail                                                  220
    Rhea                                                   219
    Robin                                                  215
    Running                                                219
    Singing                                                212
    Sparrows                                               215
    Stork                                              217-218
    Swallows                                               215
    Swans                                                  219
    Swimming                                               218
    Thrasher                                               216
    Thrush                                                 216
    Toucan                                                 212
    Turkey                                                 220
    Vultures                                               211
    Wading                                                 216
    Warblers                                               216
    Woodcock                                               218
    Woodpecker                                             212
    Wrens                                                  216
  Bismarck, Otto von                                       508
  Bison                                                    200
  Bittern                                                  621
  Blackbird                                                212
  Black Hellebore                                          168
  Black Mica                                               104
  Bluefish                                                 226
  Blue-grass                                               124
  Blue Grotto                                               87
  Bobolink                                                 213
  Bobwhite                                                 219
  Boer War                                            470, 698
  Bohemia, Historical Outlines                   415 _et seq._
  Bombay                                                   686
  Books, Famous                                  782 _et seq._
  Borax                                                    115
  Bosphorus, Panorama of                                   573
  Boston                                                   592
    Boston Common                                          593
    Bunker Hill Monument                                   593
    Chief Industries of                                    595
    Custom House                                           592
    First Church of Christ, Scientist                      592
    Notable Buildings and Parks                        594-595
    Notable Churches                                       595
    Parks and Squares                                      595
    Public Library                                         593
    Roman Catholic Cathedral                               592
    Simmons College for Women                              594
    State House                                            593
    Tremont Street                                         593
    Trinity Church                                         592
  Boston College                                           594
  Boston University                                        594
  Botany, Classification of Plants                     182-186
    Vegetable Kingdom                                  119-186
  Bourbon, House of                                        494
  Bourbon Line                                             490
  Bourbons, Restoration of                                 494
  Brace                                                    733
  Brackets                                                 732
  Bramaputra                                               685
  Brazil:
    Cities                                                 675
    Climate                                                674
    Government                                             675
    History                                                675
    People                                                 674
    Production and Industry                                674
    Rivers                                                 674
    Surface                                                674
  Bread-fruit                                              138
  Bridal Veil Falls                                         83
  Bristle-worms                                            242
  British Empire:
    Constitution                                           652
    Executive Departments of                               654
    Government                                         652-662
    Judicial Departments                                   660
    Meaning of                                             454
    Parliament of                                          656
    Sovereigns of                                          652
  British Isles, Mountains of                               75
  British North America                                    579
  Broadway, New York                                       609
    Viewed at Night                                        609
  Brome-grass                                              124
  Brussels                                                 550
    Column of the Congress                                 551
    Palace of Justice                                      549
    Town Hall                                              550
  Brussels Sprouts                                         130
  Bucharest                                                562
  Buckwheat                                                125
  Budapest                                        529, 532-533
  Buenos Aires                                             673
  Buffalo                                                  200
  Building Stones                                          108
  Bulgaria                                                 551
    Cities                                                 552
    Government                                             551
    History                                                552
    People                                                 551
    Productions                                            551
    Sofia                                             351, 552
  Bulgarians                                               280
  Bullhead                                                 226
  Bunker Hill, Battle of                                   636
  Burr Artichoke                                           129
  Butterfly                                                235
  Butternut                                                138
  Buttonwood                                               160
  Byzantine Empire                                         404
    Conquered by Turks                                     404
    Conquests of  Belisarius                               404
    Historical Outlines                          411 _et seq._
    Overrun by Greeks and Persians                         404
    Reign of Justinian                                     404

    =C=

  Cabbage                                                  130
  Cacao                                                    138
    Fruit or Pods                                          136
  Cactus                                         173, 174, 175
  Cæsar:
    And Cleopatra                                          397
    Antony’s Oration                                       298
    Assassination of                                       397
    Conspiracy against                                     397
    Dictator of Rome                                       396
    Rivalry with Pompey                                    396
    Struggle with Pompey                                   396
    Triumphal Return to Rome                               397
  Cairo                                                    350
  Calcutta                                                 686
  Calendar                                                 866
    Perpetual                                              867
  California Darlingtonia                                  171
  Caliphate, in Spain                                      407
  Caliphs                                                  406
    Of Bagdad                                              407
  Calomel                                                  114
  Cambridge                                                595
    Andover Theological Seminary                           595
    Educational Institutions                               595
    Harvard University                                     595
    Historical and Literary Interests                      595
    Industrial Establishments of                           595
    University of                                          466
    Washington Elm                                         595
  Cambyses                                                 369
  Camel                                                    246
  Campaigns:
    American Civil War                                 643-644
    American Revolution                                    636
    War of 1812                                            638
  Camphor Tree                                             158
  Canaan, Land of                                          359
  Cana, of Galilee                                         364
  Canada:
    Area and Population                                    666
    Cities                                                 668
    Climate                                                666
    Colleges and Universities                              667
    Government                                             668
    History                                                669
    Lakes and Rivers                                       666
    Parliament Buildings                                   668
    People                                                 667
    Physical Features                                      666
    Products and Industries                                666
    Religion and Education                                 667
  Canary                                              213, 257
  Capacity, Measures of                                    860
  Capet, House of                                          493
  Capetians                                                488
  Capital Letters:
    Rules for                                          724-725
    Use of                                                 724
  Capitals:
    Of Countries of the World                              443
    Of States                                          588-590
  Capri, Blue Grotto of                                     87
  Caracal                                                  194
  Carlovingians                                        488-493
  Carnation                                                148
  Carp                                                 226-256
  Carpeting                                                858
  Carrots                                                  130
  Carthage:
    Character of State and People                          390
    Defeat of Hannibal at Zama                             391
    Destroyed by the Romans                                391
    Founded by Phœnicians                                  367
    Hamilcar in Spain                                      390
    Punic Wars                                             389
    Struggles with Rome                                    389
  Carthaginians                                            280
  Caspian Sea                                               77
  Cassava                                                  143
  Cassowary                                                219
  Castle, Windsor                                      464-466
  Castles, of the Rhine                                    447
  Cat                                                  247-248
    Characteristics and Habits                             248
    Intelligence of                                        248
    Superstitions Regarding                                248
    Varieties of                                           247
  Catbird                                                  213
  Catiline, Conspiracy against Rome                        395
  Cattelya                                                 148
  Cattle:
    As a Form of Industry                                  250
    Economic Value of the Cow                              251
    Experiment in Values of                                250
    General Types of                                       248
    Representative Breeds                                  248
  Caucasus                                                 446
  Cauliflower                                              130
  Caxton, Influence on English Literature                  764
  Cedar                                                    160
  Celery                                                   130
  Celts or Kelts                                           280
  Central Park, New York                                   611
  Century Plant                                            174
  Cephalotus                                               171
  Cereals                                                  123
  Chaldeans                                                281
  Chameleons                                               222
  Chamois                                                  200
  Champlain, Lake of                                        76
  Charlemagne:
    Contributions to Civilization                          409
    Crowned Emperor at Rome                            408-409
    Emperor of Germany                                     505
    Germanic Empire of                                     407
    Relation  to  the Church of Rome                   408-409
    Subdues Saxons and Bavarians                           408
  Charles the Great (Charlemagne)                          407
  Charles V., Emperor of Germany                       490-507
  Charles VII., King of France                             489
  Charles Martel, Defeats Saracens at Tours                406
  Charts:
    Comparative Classification of Races and Peoples        293
    Development of Man                                     273
    Diagram of Solar System                                 12
    Greek and Roman Mythology                          846-847
    Historical Maps of World           298, 300, 302, 306, 308
  Charybdis                                                 87
  Chaucer, Place in English Literature                     763
  Chayote                                                  129
  Cheops, King                                             346
  Cherry                                                   138
  Chestnut                                                 160
  Chicago                                                  596
    Building Architecture of                               596
    Business Thoroughfares                                 596
    Center of Railroad Industry                            598
    Chief Manufactures of                                  598
    Educational Institutions                               598
    Famous Union Stockyards                                598
    Lake Shore Drive, and Boulevards                       596
    Loop District, or Principal Business Section of the
    City                                                   596
    Nationality of Inhabitants                             596
    Parks and Special Attractions                          597
    Public Library                                         596
    Tunnel System                                          598
    University of Chicago                                  597
  Chickadee                                                213
  Chickens                                            219, 257
    Leading Breeds of Poultry                              257
  Children:
    Education and Care of                                  961
    Health of                                              961
    School Life of                                         961
  Chile:
    Cities                                                 676
    Climate                                                676
    Government                                             676
    History                                                677
    Physical Features                                      676
    Production and Industry                                676
  Chimpanzee                                               192
  China:
    Area and Population                                    677
    Bridges                                                678
    Canals                                                 679
    Cities                                                 682
    Climate                                                680
    Government                                             682
    Great Chinese Wall                                     679
    Historical Outlines                           41 _et seq._
    History                                                683
    Pagodas                                                680
    Peking                                                 682
    People, Religion and Education                         681
    Production and Industry                                680
    Rock-hewn Temples at Lungmen                           681
    Seas, Rivers and Canals                                678
    Surface                                                677
  Chinchilla                                               198
  Chinese                                                  281
  Chinese Wall                                             679
  Chinese-Japanese War                                     698
  Christ, Birth of                                         400
  Christian Era, Beginning of                              400
  Christians                                               559
  Christianity under Constantine                           403
  Chrome                                                   109
  Church:
    Historical Events                            411 _et seq._
    Historical Outlines                          411 _et seq._
  Ciliates                                                 244
  Cimon, Adorns Athens                                     377
  Cinchona                                                 166
  Cincinnati                                           598-599
    As a Center of Music and Art                           599
    Chief Places of Public Interest                        599
    Educational Institutions                               599
    Notable Buildings of                                   599
    Parks and Museums                                      599
    Principal Streets, Shopping and Residential            599
    Rivers and Famous Bridges of                       598-599
    University of Cincinnati                               599
  Cinnamon                                                 138
  Circular Measures                                        864
  Cities:
    (See under various countries and states, and
    individually.)
  Civilization:
    Assyrian                                               357
    Babylonian                                             357
    Contributions of Charlemagne                           409
    Egyptian                                           343-348
    Great Periods in                             312 _et seq._
    Oriental                                               299
    Saracenic                                              407
    Where It Began                                         299
  Civil War, American:
    Campaigns and Battles                              642-644
    Causes and Results                                     643
    Commanders                                             643
    Killed and Wounded                                643, 644
  Civil War in England                                     696
  Civil Wars of Roman Empire                               694
  Classic Tales and Stories                            820-847
  Classic Words and Phrases                                755
  Clay                                                     103
  Cleopatra and Cæsar                                      397
    Ruler of Egypt                                         347
    Suicide of                                             398
  Cleveland                                            599-600
    Bridges and Viaducts                                   599
    Chief Buildings of                                 599-600
    Chief Business Streets                                 599
    Chief Industries                                       600
    Euclid Avenue                                          599
    Parks and Public Squares                               599
    Public Library of                                      599
    Water Front                                            599
  Climate                                                   89
    Affected by Winds and Ocean Currents                    99
    Atmospheric Vapor                                       94
    Desert Regions                                          99
    Dew                                                     94
    Distribution of Temperature                             90
    Effect of Earth’s Motions                               90
    Effect of Rainfall                                      99
    Effect of Unequal Days and Nights                       92
    Equinox                                                 90
    Figures Illustrating                                    91
    Glaciers                                                97
    Heat of Sun                                             90
    How Affected by Land and Water                          97
    Icebergs                                                97
    Influence of Elevations                                 99
    Mists and Fogs                                          94
    Nature’s Wonders of                                    101
    Seasons                                                 91
    Snow                                                    94
    Supreme Influence of the Sun                            97
  Climax                                                   734
  Clouds                                                 94-95
    Colors of                                              102
    Forms of                                             93-94
  Clove                                                    138
  Clover                                                   125
  Coal                                                     109
  Cobalt                                                   109
  Coblence (Koblenz)                                       450
  Cocoa Beans, Drying and Roasting of                      137
  Cocoa-nut                                                138
  Cod                                                      226
  Coffee, Production and Treatment of the Berry        139-140
  Coffee Tree                                              138
  Colleges and Universities, see individual names.
  Cologne                                                  448
  Colon                                                    731
  Colonial History of the United States:
    Colonial and Indian Wars                           628-633
    English Explorers                                      629
    Foreign Rulers and Events                          628-633
    French Explorers                                       628
    Oppression under British Rule                          635
    Portuguese Explorers                                   628
    Progress and Population                           631, 633
    Spanish Explorers                                      628
  Colonies of Countries of the World                       690
  Colonies:
    Area and Population                                    690
    Governing Country                                      690
    In Africa                                              690
    In Asia                                                690
    In Europe                                              691
    In North America                                       691
    In Oceania                                             692
    In South America                                       691
    Of France                                              493
    Of Germany                                             504
    Tables of                                              690
  Colorado River:
    Description                                            582
    Grand Cañon                                            582
  Colugo                                                   205
  Comma                                                    731
  Commerce, Phœnician                                      368
  Commercial Law                                           870
  Como, Lake                                                76
  Comparative Government                               652-662
  Condor                                                   209
  Congress, American Continental                           635
  Consonants                                               713
    Tables of Sounds                                       713
  Consulate of France                                      494
  Constantine the Great                                    403
    Favors Christianity                                    403
    Makes Byzantium His Capital                            403
  Constantinople                                           574
    Dolma-Bagtche Palace                                   576
    Egyptian Obelisk                                       576
    Mosque of St. Sophia                                   574
    Palaces and Mosques                                    575
    Panorama of                                            575
    Situation and Description of                           574
    Yildiz Palace                                          577
  Constellations                                            24
    (See also Stars.)
    Mythology of                                            36
    Visible Each Month                                      30
  Continents                                             51-52
    Area and Population                                    442
    Average Height of                                       52
  Contractions                                         725-731
  Copenhagen                                               554
    Frederick’s Church                                     554
  Copper                                               104-109
  Coral Islands                                             58
  Coral-polyps                                             243
  Cork Oak                                                 162
  Corn                                                     125
    Costliest Ears in the World                            125
  Coronas                                             101, 102
  Correct English                                          712
  Corundum                                            103, 104
  Cotton                                                   166
  Cougar                                                   197
  Countries:
      (See also individual names.)
      (See Book of Nations, 297 _et seq._)
    Area                                                   443
    Capitals of                                            443
    Colonies of                                            690
    Comparative History of Nations               312 _et seq._
    Forms of Government                                    442
    Independent Countries of the World                     443
    Population                                             443
    Salary of Ruler or Head                                443
    Statistics of                                          443
    Wealth of                                              443
  Coyote                                                   198
  Crabs                                               230, 231
  Cranberry                                                143
  Crane                                                    217
  Crayfish                                                 231
  Crickets                                                 237
  Crimean War                                         469, 597
  Crocodiles                                               221
  Crossbills                                               213
  Crusades, Wars of                                        695
  Cryolite                                                 103
  Cryptogams                                               158
  Cubic Measure, Applications of                      859, 860
  Cuckoo                                               211-212
  Cucumber                                                 130
  Currant                                                  143
  Currents:
    Air                                                     92
    Gulf Stream                                             88
    Ocean                                                   88
    Polar                                                   88
  Cuttlefish                                               229
  Cyaxares, the Mede                                       369
  Cypress                                                  162
  Cyrus the Great, Founds Persian Empire                   369
  Czars, of Russia                                         548

    =D=

  Dacian War                                               694
  Dagger                                                   733
  Dahlia                                                   148
  Damascus                                                 364
  Danish America                                           579
  Danish Kings of England                             472, 473
  Danish War                                               697
  Danish West Indies                                       579
  Danube, The                                              453
    Chief Towns of                                         454
    Description of                                         453
    Historic Importance                                    454
  Dardanelles, Allied Campaign against                     577
  Darius the Great                                         370
  Darius III., Last of the Persian Emperors                371
  Dark Ages                                                403
  Darnell                                                  168
  Dash                                                     732
  Date, Date-Palm                                          138
  David                                                    359
  Day, Where It Begins                                     867
  Day and Night, How Caused                                 91
    Law of Variation                                        92
  Days, Names of                                           868
  Days and Nights, Table of Unequal                         92
  Dead Sea                                        77, 362, 363
  Deadly Nightshade                                        168
  Decimal Fractions                                        854
  Deer                                                     200
  Degrees                                              725-731
  Delhi, Description of                                    686
  Deltas                                                    71
  Democracy, Established in Rome                           388
  Demosthenes, Inveighs against Philip of Macedon          380
  Denmark                                                  553
    Cities                                                 554
    Climate                                                553
    Copenhagen                                             554
    Government                                             554
    Historical Outlines                          411 _et seq._
    History                                                554
    People                                                 553
    Production and Industry                                553
    Surface                                                553
  Denominate numbers                                       856
    Reduction of                                       856-857
  Denver                                                   600
    Chief Sources  of Wealth                               601
    Climate                                                601
    Educational Institutions                               601
    Main Business Streets                                  600
    Notable Buildings of                                   600
    Principal Features of                                  600
    Surrounding Mountains                                  600
  Description, Forms of Written                            739
  Desert of Gobi                                            99
  Deserts and Desert Regions                                99
  Deserts, of Egypt                                        344
  Des Moines                                               600
    Des Moines College                                     600
    Drake University                                       600
    Manufacturing  and Commercial Importance               600
  Detroit                                                  601
    Center of Commercial and Industrial Activity           601
    Parks                                                  601
    Principal Business Streets                             601
    Prominent Buildings                                    601
    Public Library                                         601
  Dew                                                       94
  Diagrams:
    Earth’s Strata                                          40
    Famous Mountains                                    72, 73
    Famous Rivers                                       72, 73
    Showing Average Height of the Continents                52
  Diamond                                              109-110
  Diamonds, Celebrated, of the World                  111, 112
  Dictionaries:
    Classic Words and Phrases                              755
    French Words and Phrases                               742
    Gems or Precious Stones                 109, 110, 111, 112
    German Words and Phrases                               742
    Historical Race Groups                             278-292
    Italian Words and Phrases                              742
    Literary Allusions                           782 _et seq._
    Minerals                                               103
    Modern Foreign Languages                               742
    Of Mythology                                       820-847
    Scientific Terms Concerning Animals                263-264
    Scientific Terms Used in Astronomy                      37
    Scientific Terms Used in Botany,
                             176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182
    Scientific Terms Used in the Earth Sciences       117, 118
    Spanish Words and Phrases                              742
  Didactic Poetry                                          740
  Dog                                                  251-252
    Different Breeds of                                    251
  Dogwood                                                  162
  Dolphin                                                  207
  Domesticated Animals                                 258-262
  Dorian Invasion                                          373
  Dorians                                                  374
  Dormouse                                                 198
  Douc                                                     192
  Draco, Laws of                                           375
  Dragon, Flying                                           222
  Drama:
    Dramatic Poetry                                        740
    How to Write                                           738
  Dresden                                                  503
    The Zwinger                                            503
  Dry Measure                                              860
  Duck                                                     248
    Chief Breeds                                           258

    =E=

  Eads Bridge                                              622
  Eagle                                                    209
  Ear                                                      933
    Middle                                                 935
    Physiology and Structure                               933
    Plate of Internal                                      934
  Earth:
    Animal and Plant Life in Strata of                      40
    Area and Population by Continents                      442
    Characteristic Rocks                                48, 49
    Cross-section Showing Interior                          41
    Distribution of Plants and Animals                     121
    Effect of Motions on Climate                            90
    Electricity of                                         101