crops under the influence of the charming climate the county affords.

The rainfall in the eastern part of the county is moderate, but
ample for all purposes; the average rainfall is about 20 inches.
The temperature rarely exceeds 80 degrees in summer, while the
winter months average about 45 degrees.

Such soils and such climatic conditions combine to force wealth
upon every industrious tiller of the soil. Clover yields from four
to six tons per acre.

Oats and vetches for ensilage purposes yield five to seven tons
per acre. Fifty to seventy-five tons of cabbage or mangles per
acre are not uncommon, and onions and potatoes produce from six
to ten tons. The fruit trees, particularly cherries, apples, and
pears, produce wonderful crops. Cattle can graze ten months in the
year or more, and the products of the dairies of Jefferson county
cannot be excelled.

Because of the light rainfall and moderate weather, this county is
admirably suited to poultry-raising. Green food can be had twelve
months in the year. Runs can always be open, and with proper care
hens can be made to pay $3.00 per year each.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

PORT TOWNSEND, at the entrance of Puget sound, is the county seat
and chief commercial center of the county. It has a population of
[Page 62]
about 6,000. It is the headquarters for many government institutions,
including the U. S. customs service, U. S. revenue cutter service,
marine hospital service, hydrographic service, quarantine service,
and U. S. artillery for the Puget sound district.

Three great forts; Worden, Flagler, and Casey, are located here,
forming the chief defense to Puget sound. Fort Worden joins the
city limits. The present garrison force is 2,000. The scenery from
the city is grand and beyond compare.

Its business interests are varied and extensive. Two canneries
for salmon and sardines are here located, boiler works, a machine
shop for building electric and gasoline engines, a shipyard, sash
and door factory, lumber mills, and shingle mills, a by-product
plant producing wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.

The city is substantially built and its homes are artistically created.

The harbor has twenty-five miles of waterfront and fine anchorage
of from nine to eighteen fathoms, and is an ideal refuge for all
seagoing craft.

The city has gas and electric lights, paid fire department, fine
churches, splendid schools, and a magnificent gravity water system
furnishes the town of Irondale, Hadlock and Forts Worden and Flagler,
having plenty of water to spare for thousands mote.

IRONDALE is practically a suburb of Port Townsend, having the only
pig iron plant in the state. It is an extensive and growing concern,
using bog iron from the vicinity and other ores from different
sources.

PORT LUDLOW, DUCKABUSH, BOGACHIEL, PORT DISCOVERY, QUILCENE, and
CHIMACUM are small villages scattered about the county and are
centers of agricultural activity.

KING COUNTY

King county is distinguished by having Seattle for its county seat.
The county is an empire in itself, stretching from the shores of
Puget sound to the peaks of the Cascade mountains, and containing
more than 2,000 square miles of territory. It also includes Vashon,
one of the large islands of the sound.

RESOURCES.

King county's sources of revenue are varied and extensive. Its
lumber industry, growing out of the vast forests within its borders
not only, but from the cutting of logs brought in from other sections
of the state, is immense.

Its agricultural lands are not surpassed in fertility by any, and
include not only the alluvial deposits in its river bottoms, but
great areas of shot clay and other soils splendidly adapted to
fruit culture.

Its mining industries include not only very great acreage of coal
measures, which have been producing coal for commercial purposes for
local and foreign trade for thirty years and are scarcely scratched
as yet, but also fissure veins of the precious metals--gold, silver, lead,
[Page 63]
copper, antimony, arsenic, and also iron, asbestos, fire clays,
kaolin, granite, sandstones, lime ledges, and others.

Its fishing industries in its own waters and from the ocean give
employment to a large number of men and its fish are shipped even
as far east as Boston, Massachusetts.

Its power capacity, in addition to its wood and coal, includes
great falls and rapids and many large streams which are already
harnessed, but only in part, and driving vast quantities of machinery
in this and adjoining counties.

In commercial possibilities King county is unrivaled. Its combination
of lakes, rivers and salt water harbors have no superior on the
globe, and the fact of its supremacy is demonstrated by the tabulated
statistics of state officers, which show that King county possesses
one-fifth of the population of the state and has more than one-quarter
in value of taxable property of the state, and pays one-fourth of
taxes collected within the state borders.

In scenery, which is no mean asset of the county, it is also
unsurpassed. Vast ranges of mountains, sheets of fresh and salt
water, rivers, hills and plains, forests, and grassy fields combine
and interlace in a thousand directions to entrance and delight
the artistic eye.

In game, including bear, deer, mountain goats, cougar, grouse,
pheasants, quail, mountain trout, salmon and other fishes, make
many a paradise for the sportsman.

TRANSPORTATION.

In addition to its salt waterways, with 75 miles of shore lands,
and its navigable fresh water lakes, there are centering in the
county coming in from all directions seven transcontinental lines of
railroads, making King county and its metropolis a great distributing
center for the commerce between the American continent and the
continents of Asia and the islands of the Pacific. Besides these
steam roads, electric trolley lines are making a network of
inter-communication between all parts of King county not only, but
reaching out into the adjoining counties.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

SEATTLE is the county seat and great metropolis of King county and
the state, with a population crowding, if not exceeding, 275,000
people. It covers the hills and lowlands surrounding Elliot bay, an
indentation of Puget sound, and a part of the land between the sound
and Lake Washington, a freshwater lake of great beauty paralleling
the sound for 23 miles and from one to three miles wide. It also
includes two smaller lakes, whose sloping shores are covered with
the homes of its citizens. From its hills the snow-capped mountains
of the Cascade and Olympic ranges and Mount Rainier's towering
peak are visions of surpassing beauty. A constant stream of coming
and going water craft from all quarters of the globe frequent its
harbor. Its business buildings of brick, stone, iron and concrete
tower heavenward over four avenues, and many cross streets and
miles of its low lands are
[Page 64]
covered with railroad tracks, warehouses and manufacturing plants.

Its grammar schools, high schools, and State University are equipped
with magnificent buildings and grounds. Its streets and homes are
brilliantly lighted with electricity from its own power plants,
while the purest water, sufficient for a million people, flows
through its water mains, all owned and controlled by the city.

A multitude of factories are providing a small part of the merchandise
and composes the groundwork of her commerce.

The shores of Elliot bay are lined with wharves accommodating the
largest sea-going ships. Its last assessed valuation of property
was $203,168,680, and its tax to be raised $975,210.

More than 150 miles of street-car tracks are within her borders
and a nickel pays for a 15-mile ride.

GEORGETOWN, in the southern part of Seattle, but not a part of
it as yet, has a population of about 5,000, and is an important
manufacturing center. Here are the car shops of Seattle Electric
Company, gas works, foundries, breweries, machine shops, brick
and tile works and many other industries.

RENTON, ISSAQUAH, RAVENSDALE, BLACK DIAMOND, and NEW CASTLE are
coal mining towns.

KENT, AUBURN, KIRKLAND, VASHON, NORTH BEND, TOLT, FALL CITY, and
MAPLE VALLEY are agricultural towns of importance.

KITSAP COUNTY

Kitsap county is nearly surrounded by the waters of Puget sound
and Hood's canal, forming the larger part of the great peninsula
which these waters would make an island were a six-mile ridge in
Mason county opened up to them. It has extensive and numerous bays
and inlets, with magnificent anchorage, and contains in its center
the great Port Orchard navy yard, destined to become one of the
largest seats in the United States for Uncle Sam's naval activities.

RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.

The chief resource of the county is in the lumber. Some of the largest
mills of the state are located within its borders.

It is estimated that there are yet 200,000 acres of uncut timber in
its borders, and its mills are turning out 600,000 feet of lumber
daily, besides vast quantities of shingles.

The fishing industry now includes oyster culture, which is rapidly
becoming very important. About the county are located many villages
supported by the tillage of the soil from its reclaimed forest
lands.

TRANSPORTATION.

Kitsap county has no railroads, but its waterways are so vast and
intricate that all its corners are reached by steamers, and travel
is cheap and freight conveniently handled in all parts of the county.

[Illustration: Plate No. 55.--An Okanogan County Valley, Palmer
Lake.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 56.--McGowan Seining Grounds, Sand Island,
Pacific County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 57.--Oyster Culture in Willapa Harbor,
Pacific County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 58.--View of the Waterfront at Raymond,
Pacific County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 59.--A View of a Portion of Tacoma's Harbor,
Showing Ships Waiting to Load Lumber and Wheat for Foreign Ports.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 60.--Railroad Yards and a Corner of the
Business Section, Tacoma.]

[Page 65]
PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

PORT ORCHARD, the county seat, is on the bay of the same name and
opposite the navy yard. It is the chief distributing point for a
larger part of the cultivated lands of the county, and exports not
only agricultural products, but also shingles. The surrounding lands
are well suited for dairying, fruit-growing and poultry-raising,
which is also true of the entire county.

BREMERTON, adjoining the navy yard, is the largest town in the
county, having about 4,000 people and rapidly growing. It has a
fire department, electric light and water systems, newspapers,
banks, about 1,000 or more wage-earners and is a hustling town.

CHARLESTON is another smaller town adjoining the navy yard on the
west and rapidly growing.

PORT BLAKELEY is an important milling and shipbuilding town of
nearly 2,000 people, opposite Seattle. Its lumber goes to all parts
of the world.

PORT GAMBLE is a sawmill town of importance contributing to swell
the large output of lumber shipped out of the county.

CHICO, TRACYTON, KEYPORT, PAULSBO, SEABECK, CRYSTAL SPRINGS, COLBY,
BANGOR, BURLEY, PORT MADISON, and OLALLA are all small villages,
making progress as agricultural centers and as furnishing summer
homes for business men.

KITTITAS COUNTY

Kittitas county is located about in the center of the state, and
takes in the upper reaches and most of the watershed of the Yakima
river. It has a population of about 20,000 in an area of 2,400
square miles. On its northwestern side it is bordered by two ranges
of the Cascade mountains, while its southwestern side lies on the
Columbia river.

Among the sources of the Yakima river are three large lakes, Keechelus,
Kachess and Cle-Elum, most beautiful bodies of mountain water and
the sources of the great irrigation systems now fathered by the
national government and making the Yakima valley a veritable garden
pot of orchards and vegetables, grasses and flowers.

RESOURCES.

The central portion of the county is a valley comprising 250,000
acres, about one-fourth of which is under irrigation, and has long
been noted for its prolific crops of hay and many herds of dairy
cows.

The foothills of the mountains have precious metals, coal and iron.
The streams abound in trout and much game is in the mountains.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroads,
coming into the county from the south and west, cross at Ellensburg
[Page 66]
and then follow the valley of the Yakima to the crest of the Cascades
giving abundant facilities for making markets east and west to all
parts of the country.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

ELLENSBURG, the county seat, is situated on a level bench in the
Yakima valley and on the railroads. It is a town of upwards of 5,500
people, and is substantially built, chiefly of brick. There are
creameries, flourmills, sawmills, and warehouses, banks, breweries
newspapers, electric lights, and gravity water system, churches,
schools, among which is one of the state normal schools. It is
also a division point on the Northern Pacific railway, and is the
chief distributing point in the county for farm products and
merchandise.

ROSLYN is the chief coal-mining town, situated on the railroad well
up in the foothills of the mountains. It has about 4,500 people.
It has gravity water and electric lights, and is a substantial,
thriving and growing town. From the coal mines in the vicinity the
best coals of the state are mined in large quantities and shipped
all over the state.

CLE_ELUM is another coal mining town, on the Northern Pacific railway,
with a population of about 2,500. Tributary to Cle-Elum is a wide
mining territory, for which it is the chief distributing point.

THORPE is a smaller village likely to develop into an important
trading point.

KLICKTAT COUNTY

Klickitat county is central among the southern tier of counties
of the state, bordering 80 miles on the Columbia river, with an
average width of 20 miles. It has a population of about 14,000
and an area of 1,800 square miles.

There is a great variety in its climate, the elevation varying from
100 to 3,500 feet above the sea level.

The soil is chiefly volcanic ash, disintegrated basalt and alluvium.
It is deep and much of it sub-irrigated. The principal crops are
wheat, barley, rye, oats, and corn.

The wheat lands yield from 15 to 40 bushels per acre.

Among the fruits raised are apples, peaches, pears, cherries, English
walnuts, almonds, plums, prunes, grapes, apricots, and all the
small fruits.

Wheat lands vary in price from $10 to $50 per acre. It is estimated
that 7,000 acres will be planted to fruit and nut trees this current
year, while last year 75,385 apple trees, 14,675 peach trees, and
17,345 grape vines were planted.

RESOURCES.

As already indicated, the strength of the county is in its soil
and agriculture is its great source of wealth. Stock-raising is a
chief industry, the slopes of the mountains on its northern boundary
furnishing
[Page 67]
abundant pasturage. The southeastern part is fast developing into
a fruit-growing region, while agriculture and grain-growing is
more general in the central and southern portion.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Columbia river, with a railroad on each side of it and numerous
ferries, makes ample provision for transportation, while the Goldendale
branch reaches well up into the center of the county.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

GOLDENDALE, the county seat and metropolis, is located in the center
of the county, 120 miles east of Portland. It is the terminus of
the Goldendale branch of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
making connection with the main line at Lyle. It is located in
the heart of a splendid agricultural section and at the edge of
the great timber belt.

WHITE SALMON, located in the splendid fruit section, is a thriving
town. It is an important railroad point on the North Bank and is the
outlet for the products of an extensive fruit, timber and dairying
region.

CLIFFS, the division point of the Spokane, Portland & Seattle railway,
is the trading center of many square miles of territory. The best
nut land in the county is located near here.

BICKLETON, the trading point of an extensive wheat section, is in
the eastern part of the county. An electric road has been surveyed,
which will, when completed, give this town railway connection.

LYLE, ROOSEVELT, COLUMBUS, BINGEN, and CENTERVILLE are growing trading
points.

LEWIS COUNTY

Lewis county is one of the largest counties in western Washington,
having an area of 2,593 square miles of territory and about 40,000
people. It occupies a large part of the drainage basins of two
large rivers, the Cowlitz and Chehalis--one emptying its waters
into the Columbia river and the other into Grays harbor. It reaches
from the peaks of the Cascades 100 miles toward the ocean, but
is cut off 30 miles from the coast, and is about 30 miles wide.
Mount Rainier is just north of its extreme eastern portion and
about one-fourth of the county is within the Rainier forest reserve.

RESOURCES.

At present the chief industry of the county consists of manufacturing
its forests into the various forms of lumber and its products, the
lumber cut aggregating four hundred million feet and two hundred
million shingles.

Next in importance probably are the precious metal and coal deposits
of the county, which have, however, been but little developed.
The coal measures include bituminous, lignite and anthracite, and
are of great extent in the foothills of the eastern part of the
county. Two systems of railroads have been projected into these
fields, and the nearest, carrying lignite and bituminous coals,
are being commercially developed.
[Page 68]

Agriculture, including especially dairying and fruit culture, takes
the place of the forests as they are removed and bids fair to reach
in importance, in time, the lumber and coal resources. To this
end, the soil fertility, the mild climate and cool mountain waters
conspire.

TRANSPORTATION.

Lewis county is in the path of all railroads coming in from the
south or through the Columbia gap in the Cascades. Already the
Northern Pacific railway and the Union Pacific railway cross the
county, and the North Coast contemplates traversing the entire
Cowlitz valley, while the Tacoma Eastern is already into the
northwestern part of the county on its way toward the same goal.
The county cannot be too well supplied, for its vast treasures
when developed will furnish immense products for transportation.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

CHEHALIS and CENTRALIA are the two twin cities of the county--less
than five miles apart and of about equal importance. From Chehalis
the Northern Pacific railway branches off, following the upper
reaches of Chehalis river and ending on Willapa bay, while from
Centralia the same road branches, following the lower Chehalis
river, to Grays harbor.

CHEHALIS is the county seat, with a population of 5,000 and rapidly
growing, and has electric lights, sanitary sewerage system, paved
streets, fine business blocks, and a large and growing trade. Near
the city is located the State Training School.

CENTRALIA has a population of about 7,000 people, chiefly engaged
in running sawmills, shingle mills, sash and door factories, and
other woodworking plants. It has a large city hall, ten churches,
fine schools, banks, business houses, water systems, fire department,
and is a hustling, thriving town.

WINLOCK is a town of 1,200 people on the railroad in the southern
part of the county, and a distributing point of much importance.

PE ELL is a town of 1,000 people on the South Bend branch of the
Northern Pacific railway, chiefly engaged in milling and agricultural
pursuits.

MCCORMICK, LITTELL, KOSMOS, LITTLE FALLS, ADNA, DRYAD, DOTY, and
KOPIAH, are all centers of industry in various parts of the county.

Lewis county as a whole offers wonderful opportunities for newcomers
in all pursuits--commercial, agricultural, and mining.

[Illustration: Plate No. 61.--Tacoma High School and Stadium. Rose
Arbor in Point Defiance Park, Tacoma.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 62.--A Red Raspberry Field in the Puyallup
Valley, Pierce County.]

[Page 69]
LINCOLN COUNTY

Lincoln county, adjoining Spokane county on the west, is one of
eastern Washington's great granaries. Its northern boundary is
defined by the Columbia and Spokane rivers. The bulk of its lands
are rolling prairies of great fertility. It has about 2,300 square
miles of territory and about 25,000 people.

TOPOGRAPHY.

The bulk of the county consists of the rolling prairie land
characteristic of the great wheat belt of the state. There are
some mineral lands in the northern part of the county and here
and there will be found considerable stretches of timber. In its
northern portion the county is well watered by the Columbia and
Spokane rivers, while in the southwestern section and elsewhere
numerous small creeks and lakes occur.

RESOURCES.

The great resource of Lincoln county is its wheat fields, which
in 1907 produced to exceed 8,000,000 bushels. Other cereals and
hay are important crops. Along its northern part, particularly
on the bottom lands of the rivers, much fruit is grown, including
peaches and all the small fruits. Diversified farming is growing
in favor among the farmers. Compared with other counties of the
state, Lincoln county ranks as follows in the number of its stock:
Horses, second place; hogs, second place; cattle, sixth place.
The county also stands fourth in the number of its school houses
and spends annually $100,000 for school support.

In wealth per capita, Lincoln county leads the state, showing for
assessment purposes an average holding of real estate of $1,163
and $226 in personalty.

TRANSPORTATION.

The county is traversed from west to east its entire length by the
Great Northern and the central Washington branch of the Northern
Pacific railroads, some distance from its side lines, so that very
little of the county is more than 12 miles from a railroad shipping
point. There are 170 miles of railroad tracks in the county.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

DAVENPORT, the county seat and largest town in the county, is situated
on the central Washington branch of the Northern Pacific railway
near the middle eastern portion of the county, and has a population
of about 2,800 people. Its business blocks are chiefly built of
brick. It owns its own water system, is lighted with electricity,
has fine school buildings and churches. Its court house cost about
$80,000. It is surrounded by splendid farms and annually ships
out about 1,250,000 bushels of wheat.

[Page 70]
WILBUR, a town of 1,500 people, on the Northern Pacific railway,
is a very important shipping and distributing center. It has large
flour mills, warehouses, five churches, and schools, electric lights,
and water system, bank, newspaper, parks, and important commercial
institutions.

ALMIRA, in the western part of the county, on the Northern Pacific
railway, is another prosperous and growing grain center with about
600 people.

HARRINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, is a town of some 1,200
people. It has a beautiful location, commands the trade of a large
farming county, ships grain and livestock, and is a prosperous
and growing town.

CRESTON, EGYPT, and BLUESTEM are smaller growing commercial centers.

MASON COUNTY

Mason county lies on the upper reaches of Puget sound, having the
Olympic mountains at its north, where about one-fourth of the county
is in the Olympic forest reserve. Its total area is about 900 square
miles, and it has a population of about 6,000. Hood's canal penetrates
well into the center of the county in its great bend, giving it a
very long salt-water shore line. From the Olympic mountains numerous
streams flow into the Puget sound, while others empty their waters
into Gray's harbor.

The county is a great forest of splendid timber, which has been
only to a limited degree cut out. The soil of the foothills and
valleys Is composed chiefly of shot clays and alluvial deposits,
making good farming, stock-raising and fruit-growing lands.

RESOURCES.

Logging and its allied industries constitute the main industries
of the county, Much of the logs are shipped out of the county to
feed sawmills in other parts of the Sound.

Raising and marketing oysters is an important source of wealth to
the county.

There is already considerable acreage for farming and stock-raising,
stock finding pasturage the year round. This industry will grow
as the land is cleared.

The county affords splendid hunting and fishing in season.

TRANSPORTATION.

The county is so cut into by the inlets and bays of the sound that
it has splendid transportation facilities by steamer to all the
sound ports. The Northern Pacific railway reaches its southern
boundary. No other railroads traverse the county but its logging
railroads, which can give only a limited service.

[Page 71]
PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

SHELTON is the county seat, situated on an arm of the sound at the
terminus of the logging railroad, and has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Steamers from its wharves reach all the parts of the sound directly
or by connection with others.

The logging industry, manufacturing lumber, cultivating oysters,
fishing and farming are the chief industries of its people. It has
four churches, good schools, a newspaper, good stocks of goods,
volunteer fire department, electric lights, gravity water system.

The logging industry, which centers here, employs 2,000 men and
pays out $120,000 a month.

LAKE CUSHMAN is a summer resort in the mountains famous for its
big trout catches.

ALLYN, on an arm of the sound, is central to much oyster lands,
logging camps and fruit orchards.

ARCADIA, also on the sound, is central to considerable stock-raising
and lumbering.

DETROIT is a prosperous village, proud of the grapes grown on some
of its logged-off lands.

MATLOCK is a town on the logging railroad and central to large logging
operations.

OKANOGAN COUNTY.

Okanogan, the largest county in the state, lies on the northern
boundary just east of the Cascade peaks. It has an area of 4,500
square miles and a population estimated at 13,000.

About one-fourth of the county, a district of great latent resources,
is still within the Colville Indian reservation, but is soon to
be thrown open to settlement.

RESOURCES.

This county is endowed with great natural resources and a delightful
climate, and is destined to become thickly populated.

The mountains and their foothills have large and numerous veins
of metals and are covered also with extensive forests. The rolling
hills of the south and center are rich in agricultural possibilities,
suitable for stock, and great crops of cereals and fruits. The
Okanogan river and its branches drain the greater portion of the
county, rising in British Columbia and flowing south through the
center of the county and joining the Columbia river on the south
boundary. The Methow river drains a large portion of the western
part and makes a paradise for the frontiersman along its sloping
sides.

TRANSPORTATION.

Until now the rivers and wagon roads are the only paths of commerce.
But into this blossoming empire the railroads are looking with
longing eyes. The Great Northern, however, has already tapped the
[Page 72]
northern boundary and projected a line down the Okanogan and Columbia
rivers to Wenatchee. Other railroads will follow, as the prize is
too great not to be divided.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

CONCONULLY, the county seat, is situated among the foothills and
mines west of the Okanogan river. In addition to the mining industry,
the raising of sheep and cattle is followed by the citizens. The
town has a population of about 500 people.

OROVILLE is the chief town on the railroad, near the northern border,
and is the terminus of the road. It has about 500 people and is
growing. It is an important ore-shipping point, surrounded also
by good fruit-raising and agricultural lands, yet unirrigated.

BREWSTER, at the junction of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers,
has a population of about 200, and is an important grain and
fruit-shipping point.

OKANOGAN is on the river of the same name, about midway between
Brewster and Conconully, and to this point the steamers ply in
the higher waters of the river.

TWISP is a growing village in the Methow valley, devoted chiefly to
fruit-growing and mining. It is an important distributing center.

PATEROS has steamer connection with Wenatchee, and is an importing,
growing center.

BECK, BONAPARTE, ANGLIN and BODIE are other new and growing commercial
centers.

CHESAW, in the northern part, and NESPELIM, in the southeastern
part, are important locations.

PACIFIC COUNTY.

Pacific county is the extreme southern county, which borders on the
ocean at the mouth of the Columbia river. Although a small county
with only 900 square miles, it has about 100 miles of salt-water
frontage. Willapa harbor, at the northwest, is capable of being
made accessible to all ocean ships, while Shoalwater bay, a body
of water 20 miles long and separated from the ocean by a long slim
peninsula, furnishes probably the best breeding ground In the state
for oyster culture. The county at large is an immense forest, in
the center of which is a range of hills dividing the watershed so
that some of the streams flow into the Columbia river at the south,
some west into Willapa harbor, and others, through the Chehalis
river, reach Grays harbor.

[Illustration: Plate No. 63.--Modern Sanitary Dairy Barn, on Farm
of Hon. W. H. Paulhamus, Sumner, Pierce County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 64.--Views in Rainier National Park, Reached
by Railroad and Driveway from Tacoma.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 65.--San Juan County Views.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 66.--Purse Seiners' Camp at Eagle Gorge,
San Juan County.]

RESOURCES.

As already indicated, its timber and its fisheries are the great
sources of wealth for the county, although stock-raising, dairying,
fruit-growing and general farming are constantly growing in importance.
[Page 73]
The county probably has eleven billion feet of standing timber,
and daily cuts with its 64 sawmills about 775,000 feet of lumber
and one million shingles.

Both native and cultivated oysters are largely marketed, as are
also clams, crabs, shrimp and fish. A splendid market for all farm
products is afforded by the mills and lumber camps and summer campers
on the beach.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway reaches Willapa harbor, cutting the
county centrally east and west. On the long ocean beach from the
mouth of the Columbia river northward is a railroad about 20 miles
long, made profitable by the extensive patronage of the summer
campers. Added to these are the water crafts which frequent the
harbor and the Columbia river, and altogether make access to all
parts of the county easy.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

SOUTH BEND, the county seat, situated near the mouth of the Willapa
river, is a rapidly growing town of 3,000 people and destined to become
an important ocean port. The harbor is capacious, well protected,
has fine anchorage, and is handicapped only by a few feet of mud at
the bottom, which Uncle Sam will soon remove. At low tide there
is now from 20 to 30 feet of water in the channel of the river and
at South Bend it is 1,000 feet wide. South Bend is the terminus
of the Northern Pacific railway. It has electric lights, water
works, good schools, fine churches, bank, sawmills, planing-mills,
sash and door factories, fish canneries, newspapers, etc., and
is about to build a $50,000 courthouse.

RAYMOND, a new manufacturing town on the harbor and railroad, a
few miles from South Bend, has 2,500 people and is rapidly growing
in importance. Raymond is not yet five years old; has a monthly
payroll of $100,000; sawmills and factories representing an invested
capital of $4,900,000, employing 1,200 men; an electric light plant;
a city telephone system, owned by local capital; a salt-water fire
protection system; is about to build two bridges, costing $30,000
each, and is adding new manufacturing plants at the rate of one a
month. The city gives free factory sites, and has both rail and
ocean transportation from factory locations to the markets of the
world.

ILWACO is a fishing post of importance near the southwest shore
of the county, with 900 population.

CHINOOK, FRANKFORT and KNABTON are other fishing points on the
Columbia river of importance. NAHCOTTA is an ocean summer resort.

[Page 74]
PIERCE COUNTY.

Pierce county, though not the largest, is one of the most important
counties in the state. Its area of 1,800 square miles occupies
much of the upper reaches of Puget sound on both sides and extends
southeasterly, taking in the Rainier National Park of 2,225,000
acres, and Mount Rainier (Tacoma) 14,526 feet above sea level and
less than 60 miles from salt water, covered with eternal snow, an
endless scene of majestic grandeur, giving the county a greater
variety of elevations and more beautiful and startling scenery than
any other county in the United States. Its northeastern boundary
is the White river, its southwestern boundary the Nisqually river.
It has about 125 miles of salt-water shore lands, with innumerable
bays and inlets and several important islands. Originally one vast
forest, much of it now is covered with fruitful fields of grain,
grass and orchards.

Its climate is mild and salubrious, its soils of great variety
and fertility, and its mountains and foothills full of coal and
precious metals.

RESOURCES.

The resources of Pierce county are varied and of great value. Its
central part is one great coal field, covered with forests, producing
annually about 1,000,000 tons of coal. Gold, silver and copper are
among its precious metals, but not extensively mined as yet.

Its rivers possess almost immeasurable water power. One plant on
the Puyallup river at Electron has an ultimate capacity of 40,000
horse-power, 20,000 horse-power of which is now in use. The city of
Tacoma is engaged in the construction of a plant on the Nisqually
for municipal use, the capacity of which will be 20,000 horse-power.
The 12,000 horse-power plant at Snoqualmie Falls also furnishes
current for city lighting, street railway and manufacturing purposes
in Tacoma.

All the cereals are successfully raised; dairying is one of the
most important industries; fruit-growing, particularly in small
fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries,
etc., is very profitable and is engaging a great deal of attention.
Fish are caught in quantities and shipped to eastern markets, but
Pierce county's greatest natural wealth is in its vast forests.
An idea of the value can be had when it is said that $6,000,000
worth of lumber was cut in 1908 in Tacoma alone. In addition to
these great natural resources, Pierce county's commercial industries
are so great as to place it in the front rank of counties of the
Northwest. The great sawmills, woodworking plants and factories of
various kinds in the city of Tacoma alone employ 11,800 people, and
the value of their output last year amounted to over $43,000,000.00.

TRANSPORTATION.

Pierce county is fast becoming a network of transcontinental railroads
centering in Tacoma, which, coupled with the steamboat traffic on
the Sound, gives the county splendid traffic facilities. Pierce county
[Page 75]
for years was a non-competitive railroad point, the Northern Pacific
being the only road to enter its vast fields of wealth. Within the
last two years, however, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the
Union Pacific system, and the Great Northern, realizing the wealth
of the county and the importance of Tacoma as a manufacturing center,
the value of her perfect harbor for shipping, the vastness of her
great stretch of level tidelands for factory sites and terminal
yards, and the low cost at which freight can be transferred from the
rails to the sails or _vice versa_, have entered the field and are
now spending $11,000,000 on construction and terminal work in the
city of Tacoma. The addition of these new roads means a wonderful
impetus to the trade of Tacoma. The Tacoma Eastern railroad, a
beautiful scenic route, beginning at Tacoma, runs in a southeasterly
direction through a wonderfully fertile country and vast forests
of splendid timber, to Rainier National Park and Mount Rainier
(Mt. Tacoma). Several trolley lines are in operation, reaching all
the near-by towns and connecting Tacoma and Seattle.

In addition to these lines, many steamboats and crafts of all kinds,
plying the waters of Puget Sound and the Pacific ocean, find abundant
wharfage and anchorage in the harbor of Tacoma. The products of
the world in large quantities pass through Tacoma in process of
distribution. A constant stream of small crafts, running about
the waters of the county, accommodate the local traffic.

CITIES AND TOWNS.

TACOMA, with a population of about 125,000, is the county seat of
Pierce county, and situated on Commencement bay. Its harbor, one
of the finest in the world, and its railroad terminals, unexcelled
on the Pacific Coast, as already indicated, are the center of a
vast commerce by rail and water. At its door is an immense amount
of water power, already developed, driving her street cars and the
machinery in many of her factories. Coal and coke are in abundance
within a few miles of the city, the coal being used extensively
for steam and conveyed from the trains to the boats by immense
electric bunkers. The coke is largely utilized in the largest lead
and copper reduction plant on the coast. The great Guggenheim smelter
at Tacoma reduces and turns out annually lead, copper, gold and silver
worth about $10,000,000. Along her wharves are immense elevators,
grain warehouses and flouring mills. Tacoma yearly ships out more
grain than any other city on Puget sound. In and around the city
are large saw and shingle mills, which last year cut 527,604,000
feet of lumber and 434,000,000 Shingles. Her factories and shops
have $24,000,000 invested and employ 11,800 wage-earners, and her
large flour mills ship their products to all parts of the world.
Her packing-house products amounted to $5,000,000 in 1908. The
largest car shops west of the Mississippi are located here. Her
downtown streets are lined by large business blocks; she has 185
miles of street and suburban railway, and over 75 miles of paved
streets.

[Page 76]
There are four daily newspapers, 8 banks, 1,120 acres in parks,
and many beautiful and expensive public buildings. The city hall
cost $200,000; the court house, $500,000; her high school building,
the most beautiful on the coast, cost a half million dollars, and the
United States government is completing a $500,000 federal building.

PUYALLUP is one of Pierce county's prosperous towns, having about
7,000 population, in the wealthy Puyallup valley. This is the center
or a great fruit-growing district, in which the farmers have combined
and market their crops through an association, sending their berries
in patent refrigerator cars into far-away markets. It is also quite
a large manufacturing center, with a payroll of $45,000 per month.

BUCKLEY, with a population of 1,500, is the center of large sawmilling,
farming and mining industries.

ORTING is a town with 800 people, chiefly engaged in gardening
and farming. The State Soldiers' Home is located near, and adds
considerable trade to the town.

SUMNER has a population of 1,000, is located in the Puyallup valley,
and its people form a part of the farmers' association, engaged
in fruit-growing, dairying and gardening.

STEILACOOM is one of the most beautiful little summer resort towns
on Puget sound and is connected with Tacoma by two electric lines.

SYLVAN, GIG HARBOR, ROSEDALE, ELGIN, LONG BRANCH, BLANCHARD, and
BEE are very prosperous villages of Pierce county, and are located
on the shores of Puget sound.

SPANAWAY, EATONVILLE, ALDERTON, ELBE, MERIDIAN, KAPOWSIN, and MCMILLAN
are villages in the interior, on the railroads.

WILKESON, SOUTH PRARIE, CARBONADO, FAIRFAX, PITTSBURG, and MELMONT
are coal-mining towns of importance.

SAN JUAN COUNTY.

San Juan county is a group of islands lying between the waters
of the Straits of Fuca and the Gulf of Georgia, off the southeast
shore of Vancouver island. It has about 200 square miles of territory
and about 4,500 people.

There are three large islands and several smaller ones. The islands
are covered with soil and timber not different from the main land
adjoining. Heavy timber in the forests, fine clay loams in the
bottom lands, shot clay on the hillsides, big ledges of lime rock
and other minerals and great shoals of fish in the waters are the
foundations for prosperity for the citizens of the county.

RESOURCES.

The soils of the islands yield generously to good tillage, and
wheat, oats, barley, potatoes and hay yield large crops. Dairying
is profitable. Poultry-raising and fruit-growing, are especially
attractive. Sheep and
[Page 77]
cattle find splendid pasture. Great quantities of salmon and other
fish are taken in the waters, and game-deer and wild fowl--are
abundant.

[Illustration: Plate No. 67.--Two Views of the Lime Works at Roche
Harbor, San Juan County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 68.--A Typical Farm Scene in Skagit County.]

TRANSPORTATION.

There is no transportation save by water, but the islands are in
the way of traffic from so many different directions that all parts
are well served by steamboats.

ISLANDS AND TOWNS.

SAN JUAN ISLAND is the largest of the group, and its chief industries
are farming, raising stock, salmon-fishing, and manufacturing lime.

FRIDAY HARBOR, on this island, is the county seat and largest town,
with about 500 people. A telephone system is in operation throughout
the island.

ROCHE HARBOR is the home of great lime kilns.

ORCAS ISLAND is the leading fruit-growing district of the county.

EAST SOUND, near the center of the island, at the foot of Mount
Constitution, is a picturesque and charming fruit-growing section
and summer resort.

ORCAS is an important center of the fruit and sheep raising industries.

LOPEZ ISLAND is a beautiful stretch of fertile agricultural land,
much of it under tillage, and is the home of a prosperous community
of farmers and stock-growers.

LOPEZ is the chief commercial center, with a cannery and creamery.

SKAGIT COUNTY.

Skagit county is the next county to the northwest corner of the
state, stretching from Rosario straits to the peaks of the
Cascades--about 100 miles east and west and 24 miles north and
south. Its area is 1,800 square miles, with a population of about
35,000.

It is a county of great diversities in climate, topography and
resources. The Skagit river and its branches drain nearly the entire
county from the mountains to the saltwater. Its deltas are great
flat fields of wonderful fertility. Its valleys also, where cleared
of forests, are very rich alluvial lands. Its upper lands carry
a great burden of forests and are full of hidden treasures.

RESOURCES.

The resources of the county are its forests and minerals, its
agricultural products, and fishes. Its great cereal crop is of
oats; hops, fruits, hay and barley follow in the order named in
importance, while the products of the dairy are rapidly multiplying.
Its minerals include the precious metals, iron, lead, coal, marble,
limestone, granite, sandstone, etc.

[Page 78]
TRANSPORTATION.

Aside from its water transportation, the Great Northern and the
Northern Pacific railways cross its westerly end and send a branch
line through the valley of the Skagit river well up towards the
mountains and to the salt water at Anacortes. And other roads are
building, while there are 168 miles of modern graveled wagon roads.
The facilities for getting about are excellent.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

MT. VERNON is the county seat, with about 4,000 people. It is on
the Great Northern railway, on the navigable Skagit river, and is
a city of much commercial importance to the agricultural district
around it. The soil in the vicinity is renowned for its great fertility
and astonishing crops of oats, hay and grass. Creameries and a
milk-condensing plant are supported profitably to all concerned.

ANACORTES is the chief town of the county, on the salt water. It
has about 6,000 people, and is a center of lumbering and fishing.
Factories for drying, salting, and canning salmon, halibut, and
cod are increasing industries. There is also a fertilizing plant
and a plant producing charcoal and the by-products of combustion,
wood alcohol, turpentine, etc.

SEDRO-WOOLLEY, on both the Northern Pacific and Great Northern
railways, has a population of 4,000, engaged in lumber industries,
fruit, and vegetables, canning, dairying and gardening. It has a
monthly payroll of $125,000.

BURLINGTON, on the Great Northern railway, has 1,800 people, and
factories for making various wood products, concrete blocks, lumber,
shingles and condensed milk.

LA CONNER is a great oat and hay shipping point. It is at the mouth
of the Skagit river and on tide water, and has 800 people.

HAMILTON, at the head of navigation on the Skagit river, is a mining
and lumbering town of 300 people.

BAY VIEW, SAMMISH, MINKLER, PRAIRIE, FIR, and BIRDSVIEW are other
shipping points.

BAKER, on a branch of the Great Northern railway, has 400 people,
and is a center of cement factories.

[Page 79]
SKAMANIA COUNTY.

Skamania county, in the south central part of the state, has its
southern boundary on the Columbia river, with Lewis county to the
north. It is chiefly within the forest reserve, and includes Mount St.
Helens on the west and Mount Adams on its eastern border. Altogether
it has an area of 1,636 square miles, chiefly mountainous, and about
3,000 people.

The north fork of the Lewis river drains the most of the mountainous
region, while a lot of small streams drain the southern part, emptying
into the Columbia river.

The climate is a mean between that of eastern and western Washington,
and is very mild and salubrious. The soil of the valleys in the
region of the Columbia river is very fertile.

RESOURCES.

The chief resource of the county is in its timber and lumber, yet
its mineral and agricultural wealth is becoming better known and
appreciated yearly. The fruit raised in its valleys is of excellent
flavor, early in season, and the soil is generous in its yield.
Splendid pasturage in the foothills encourages stock-raising, and
fishing in the Columbia river is profitably followed by some of
the citizens.

TRANSPORTATION.

Boats on the Columbia river and a railroad on each side of it are
the means of transportation, and ample for the residents of the
county in its southern portion. The coming of the North Bank railroad
has given a decided stimulus to the growth of the county.

DEVELOPMENT.

Skamania county has developed slowly and the bulk of its natural
wealth is still practically untouched. Its minerals, well known
to be valuable, are attracting the attention of prospectors, while
the forests, fisheries and farming lands will furnish a competence
to hundreds of additional familles. The scenery, combined with
the fishing and hunting afforded, are additional attractions that
will prove alluring to many newcomers.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

STEVENSON, a small town on the Columbia river and railroad, is the
county seat and has a population of about 450.

Tributary to Stevenson is considerable improved land, and the people
are engaged in stock-raising, fruit-growing and farming.

BUTLER is a town of about 300 people on the railroad and river.

CARSON, CAPE HORN, MT. PLEASANT and BEAR PRAIRIE are smaller villages,
destined to become centers of commercial distribution.

[Page 80]
SNOHOMISH COUNTY.

Snohomish county extends 36 miles in width from the Sound to the
peaks of the Cascade mountains, adjoining King county on the north.
It has an area of some 2,500 square miles of territory, a population
of about 63,000 people, and a great storehouse of wealth in its
natural resources. It is one of the largest and richest counties in
the state, with a mild and healthful climate, magnificent scenery,
great diversity of landscape, innumerable water falls and plenty
of game.

RESOURCES.

The forests of Snohomish are very extensive and but little depleted.
Fir, cedar, hemlock and spruce are its chief trees. Nearly one-half
of the area of the county is heavily mineralized with veins of
gold, silver, copper, lead, nickel, iron, and other ores. There
are also vast ledges of marble, granite and other building stones.

In diversified agricultural possibilities, few counties can excel
Snohomish. Its general soils in its valleys are alluvial, and produce
astonishing crops; about the deltas of its rivers, the riches of
the salt water and the mountains have combined to make a soil that
will endure for ages and annually astonish the husbandman with
its generosity. Upon its uplands, its clay and decaying herbage
have combined for ages to create a soil wonderfully adapted to
produce grass and fruits, and the industrious are luxuriating in
nature's prodigality.

Rainfall is abundant, but not excessive, and crops of the cereals
and fruits are never failures.

TRANSPORTATION.

This county is splendidly provided with transportation facilities;
many steamboats ply its salt waters and part way up the three great
rivers that flow into the Sound. Two transcontinental railroads
cut the western part of the county in two. The trunk line of the
Great Northern follows the valley of one river from the southeast
to the coast, while two branch lines run up the other two great
valleys, past the center of the state, toward the mountains, while
a dozen spurs and short logging and coal roads act as feeders to
the main lines, thus giving all the towns of the county access
to all the Sound markets, and those of the east and the ports of
the Pacific ocean.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

EVERETT, situated upon a fine harbor on the shores of Puget Sound near
the mouth of the Snohomish river, is the county seat and metropolis
of the county. It has a population of 35,000, and is fast developing
into a commercial and manufacturing center of importance.

The largest steamers afloat can find wharfage at her docks and
safe anchorage in her waters. It has upwards of 3,000 men employed
in its factories and mills, with a monthly payroll aggregating
$230,000.

[Illustration: Plate No. 69.--Codfish and Salmon Packing Plants
at Anacortes, Skagit County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 70.--Plant for the Manufacture of Portland
Cement, Located in Skagit County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 71.--Snohomish County Views.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 72.--Snohomish County Industrial Scenes.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 73.--Street Scene in Stanwood, Snohomish
County. A Pony Farm at Everett, Snohomish County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 74.--City and Town Views, Snohomish County.]

[Page 81]
They are engaged in the manufacture of lumber, shingles, sash and
doors; in railroad shops, pulp and paper mills, and smelters; in
running tug boats, driving piles, making iron castings, and tanning
hides; packing meats and fish; making turpentine, charcoal, flour,
butter, and many other commodities. Its banks have $4,000,000 on
deposit. Its paper mills produce 26 tons of paper daily. Its smelter
is a constant producer of the precious metals and their by-products.

The city is substantially built, having all the conveniences of a
modern city, with wide streets and wide sidewalks; has both gas and
electricity for lights, and a good water system. Some of its streets
are paved with preserved wooden blocks and some with asphalt.

Everett is a sub-port of entry of the Puget sound country. The
United States has spent half a million dollars improving the mouth
of the Snohomish river for a fresh-water harbor.

SNOHOMISH is a city of 4,000 people, on the Snohomish river, which
is navigable, and is connected with Everett by a street car line.
It is also on the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways,
and is the distributing center for a large agricultural district.
It has a number of shingle and sawmills, and is headquarters for
a good deal of the mining industry of the county.

STANWOOD is a town of about 800 people, on the Sound and railway,
in the northwestern part of the county. It is a center of farming
interests and lumber industries.

ARLINGTON is a mining and lumbering town on the Northern Pacific
railway, well up toward the mountains. It has a population of 2,000
and is growing.

MONROE is a town of 2,400 people, on the line of the Great Northern
railway, in the center of a large farming and milling industry.

EDMONDS, a town of 2,000 people, is on the Sound and Great Northern
railway, near the King county line; chiefly engaged in sawing lumber
and making shingles.

SULTAN, GRANITE FALLS, GOLD BAR, DARRINGTON, and MONTE CRISTO are
all centers of mining and other industries.

MARYSVILLE, MUKILTEO, SILVANA, GETCHELL, and PILCHUCK are centers
of lumbering and farming.

SPOKANE COUNTY

Spokane county lies in the extreme eastern section of the state.
The area of the county is 1,680 square miles.

TRANSPORTATION.

The transportation facilities are the best of the Inland Pacific
Northwest. Three transcontinental railroads--the Northern Pacific,
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Great Northern--traverse the
County from east to west; a fourth transcontinental line, the Oregon
Railway & Navigation company, enters from the southwest, and a fifth
transcontinental road, the Spokane International (C. P. R.), enters
[Page 82]
the county from the northeast and terminates at Spokane. The Spokane
Falls & Northern extends north into British Columbia and to Republic
and Oroville, Wash. Electric trolley lines connect Spokane with
the outlying towns in every direction. The total railway mileage
in the county is approximately 429 miles.

TOPOGRAPHY AND INDUSTRIES.

The northern portion of the county is somewhat mountainous, and
is covered with a fine growth of pine and tamarack timber; much of
this section is suitable for agriculture, while all is adapted to
grazing. The central part of the county is rolling and is traversed
by the Spokane river; the central section to the west of the city
of Spokane is fine agricultural land, while to the east of Spokane
is the Spokane valley, which is rapidly being brought into a high
state of cultivation by means of irrigation. There are about 40,000
acres in this valley capable of irrigation; 3,000 acres are now
irrigated and under cultivation. The southern portion of the county
is rolling, and comprises some of the finest agricultural land in the
state. Large areas of this section are utilized for wheat-raising,
while here are grown the finest sugar beets in the world.

Lumbering is a considerable industry, while stock-raising and dairying
are also extensively engaged in. Over 1,000,000 bushels of wheat
are grown annually. The flour mills of the county have a combined
capacity of 3,600 barrels daily.

In fruit-growing Spokane is one of the leading counties of the
state. The value of the fruit produced in the county amounts to
nearly $3,000,000 annually. The following table shows the distribution
of the five important fruits.

  _Trees planted_ 1908--                      _Total._
  [*]Apples,         253,630                   713,567
  Pears,              15,470                    39,232
  Peaches,            59,323                    94,769
  Cherries,           56,405                   106,909
  Plums and Prunes,   11,815                    29,128
  Miscellaneous        2,910                    10,000
                     -------                 ---------
                     399,553  Total planted  1,003,615

[Footnote *: Is 25 percent. of the total number of apple trees planted
in the state in 1908.]

SCHOOLS.

There are 165 school districts in the county and eighteen towns
where graded schools are maintained. The total valuation of assessed
property with improvements (1908) is $77,120,360; personal property,
$10,527,030.

[Illustration: Plate No. 75.--(1) Spokane Club Building, Spokane.
(2)Riverside Avenue, Looking East from Post Street, Spokane.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 76.--Spokane River and Bridge at Spokane,
Showing Fill for New Concrete Structure to Cost $500,000.]

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

SPOKANE, situated on the Spokane river, is the county seat of Spokane
county, and is the metropolis of eastern Washington, having a
[Page 83]
population estimated at 120,000. Spokane is the center of a great
wheat-raising section and is the principal mining and commercial
center between the Cascades and the Rocky mountains. A conservative
estimate of the total value of manufactured products for 1908 is
$17,000,000. There are over 12,000 wage-earners, receiving over
$10,000,000 annually. The principal industrial establishments are
lumber mills, flour mills, machine shops, agricultural machinery,
brick plants, iron works, foundries, pottery, cereal food, furniture,
etc.

The industrial prosperity of the city is due largely to the mines
in the vicinity, the great agricultural resources of the surrounding
country, and to the extensive water power which offers special
inducements to manufacturers. The Spokane river here has a total
fall of 132 feet, which furnishes a minimum of 33,000 horse-power,
of which 15,000 horse-power is developed.

There are four national banks, with a combined capital of $3,425,000.
The city owns its own water works, from which an annual revenue
of more than $325,000 is derived.

The educational facilities are excellent. There are twenty-three
public school buildings, constructed of brick and stone, and costing
$1,450,000. There are three daily newspapers, having a combined
circulation of 45,000. Here is located the U. S. circuit court;
the headquarters of the U. S. district court, eastern division;
U. S. military post (Fort Wright); the government headquarters
of the postal inspector service, known as the Spokane division,
which includes the states of Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon,
and the territory of Alaska, and a U. S. land office. Postoffice
receipts for 1908 amounted to $360,504.

CHENEY, 10 miles southwest of Spokane, is a town of 1,500 people.
Here is located one of the state normal schools, having about 400
students.

MEDICAL LAKE is an important town, having the Eastern Washington
Hospital for the Insane near-by, It is a noted health resort.

ROCKFORD is an important agricultural town of 1,200 people.

HILLYARD is an important place of 1,500 people, having the car shops
of the Great Northern railway as its chief business.

STEVENS COUNTY

Stevens county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state,
has an area of 4,500 square miles and a population of about 24,000.
It is a county of great and diverse resources, is splendidly watered
with large rivers, the Columbia bounding it on the west, and the
Spokane on part of its southern line. Three ranges of low mountains
extend across the county nearly north and south. Between these the
Colville river and the Pend d'Oreille flow generally northerly
through grand and beautiful valleys.

[Page 84]
RESOURCES AND PRODUCTIONS.

Agriculture in all its branches, lumbering and kindred pursuits,
and the mining of precious metals and building stones make up its
chief sources of wealth.

AGRICULTURE.

The farms in the Colville valley are noted for their heavy hay
crops, producing abundantly all the cereals, including corn, the
clovers, timothy and alfalfa.

Dairying and stock-raising are important industries. To these the
climate and soils are well adapted. Some lands have been irrigated
with great benefit, but the bulk of the farming is successful without
irrigation.

Fruit-raising is receiving deep interest of late, and the county
bids fair to compete for honors with the very best localities in
the state for the hardier fruits.

Lumbering and saw-milling engage the attention of a large number
of the people, the product of the mills finding a ready market
in the farming region, large cities and mining camps.

Mining of the precious metals is a growing and an attractive industry.
The ores include gold, silver, lead, copper, tungsten and iron, while
quarries of limestone, marble, onyx, fire-clay, etc., abound.

TRANSPORTATION.

In addition to the navigable waters of the Columbia and Pend d'Oreille
rivers, which traverse the outskirts of the county, the Great Northern
railway through the Colville valley from the southern to the northern
boundary, reaches most of the agricultural and mining centers and
renders good service. The western part of the county, comparatively
undeveloped, deserves much more attention.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

COLVILLE is both the county seat and principal town in the county,
having a population of 1,600 people, and is a growing town, a
distributing center on the railroad, surrounded by prosperous farming
communities.

NORTHPORT is the center of much mining activity and has a large
smelter for the reduction of ores of the precious metals. It has
a population of 1,200.

CHEWELAH is a center of agriculture, mining and lumbering industries
in the center of the county, having about 1,000 people.

NEWPORT, in the southeastern part of the county, is an important
agricultural distributing center. A dozen other smaller towns offer
great opportunities to the homeseeker.

[Illustration: Plate No. 77.--Raising Potatoes in Young Orchard,
Spokane County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 78.--Basalt Columns, Spokane River at Spokane.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 79.--STEVENS COUNTY VIEWS. "Where the
Elephant Drinks," a Remarkable Crag on the Bank of the Pend d'Oreille
River. A Typical Fruit Ranch. Flume Creek Falls.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 80.--Stevens County Timber. Cedar Forest.
White Pine Forest. Yellow Pine Forest.]

[Page 85]
THURSTON COUNTY

Thurston county is known as having the state capital, Olympia,
within its borders, and as including the extreme southern reaches
of Puget sound. It is a county of wooded hills and valleys with
a few open prairies well watered by mountain streams, chief of
which is the Nisqually, which forms its dividing line from Pierce
county, and the Des Chutes river, which makes a splendid waterfall
of some 85 feet, a few miles south of Olympia. It has an area of
about 700 square miles, 100 miles of salt-water shore, a population
of about 20,000, and a delightful climate and magnificent scenery of
lofty mountains; great expanse of inland salt water, and green-clad
islands and fields in every direction.

RESOURCES.

The county is one of the oldest settled portions of the state,
and has a great variety of natural resources, among which are its
timber areas, its agricultural fields, its coal mines, its fisheries,
including clam and oyster beds, gray sandstone quarries, and a
great variety of clays.

INDUSTRIES.

The sawmills of the county are still a very important industry
and shiploads of lumber are sent out from its wharves. All the
cereals and grasses yield abundant crops; root crops are extensive;
fruit of great variety and fine flavor is very prominent. Dairying
is flourishing, the county having more dairies than any other in
the state. Coal mining is in its infancy, but has progressed far
enough to demonstrate the existence of vast areas of lignite coal,
having some six veins and having a combined thickness of 61 feet
of coal. About 50,000 sacks of oysters are annually marketed.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Northern Pacific railway connects Olympia with all the important
Sound ports and the east, and all the transcontinental roads coming
to the Sound from the south will pass through the county. Together
with its salt-water deep harbors, these give the county splendid
competition and variety of commercial facilities.

PRINCIPAL CITIES.

OLYMPIA, the chief town of the county, at once the county seat,
state capital and county metropolis, is situated on one of the
deep-water inlets of Puget sound. Its population is about 12,000.
While it has a beautiful sandstone structure, now used for capitol
purposes, the state is about to erect a new capitol building, to
cost $1,000,000. The foundation is already built. Olympia has one
of the U. S. land offices and the U. S. surveyor-general's office.
It is lighted and furnished with power for street-car and other
purposes from the power of Tumwater falls. The city is a beautiful
one of fine homes, shaded streets and parks, surrounded by a very
prosperous agricultural community,
[Page 86]
producing great quantities of fruit, dairy and poultry products.

Several other smaller towns on the railroads are local centers of
commercial activity.

WAHKIAKUM COUNTY

Wahkiakum is a small county, having only 275 square miles of territory,
located on the Columbia river in the southwestern corner of the
state, near the ocean. Its population is about 4,000. The county
is heavily timbered and well watered. In many parts of the county
the soil is exceptionally fertile. The climate is mild, but somewhat
humid. In the northern part are some low mountains, from which the
drainage is south through the county to the Columbia river.

RESOURCES.

The resources of the county consist in its timber, its fertile soil,
and the fish in the river and ocean.

INDUSTRIES.

Logging, saw-milling, and industries growing out of these; agriculture,
dairying, and fishing are the chief occupation of its people. There
are several logging concerns in the county and large saw-mills.
Fish canneries dot its river shores; several creameries and dairies
are manufacturing butter, while its farms produce hay, potatoes,
fruits, cattle, hogs, poultry, eggs, and other products, chiefly
for the Portland market. Many of its citizens are fishermen and
some make considerable sums trapping fur animals in the winters.

TRANSPORTATION.

The Columbia river is the great highway of the county; no railroads
are within its borders or near. Owing to the small area of the
county, this condition is no great drawback, as all the people have
ready access to the river wharves.

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

CATHLAMET, on the Columbia, is the county seat, with about 500 people,
and is the chief distributing center of the county.

ROSBURG, DEEP RIVER, BROOKFIELD, ALTOONA, and SKAMOKAWA are centers
of industry. This county offers exceptional opportunities for the
frontiersman.

WALLA WALLA COUNTY

Walla Walla is the county of many waters. It is the most western
of the southeastern counties of the state, and is bounded north
and west by the Snake and Columbia rivers. It has 1,296 square
miles and a population of about 30,000. The elevation varies from
350 feet at the Columbia river to 2,500 feet along its eastern
border. It is a succession of plains and rolling hills, covered
with bunch-grass, with some trees along the streams. Its soil varies
from quite sandy volcanic ash in the low lands near the Columbia to a
[Page 87]
heavier clay loam in the eastern parts. In common with much of
eastern Washington, these lands increase in fertility with successive
cultivations. The climate is mild, healthful and vigorous.

[Illustration: Plate No. 81.--Farm Scene Near Colville, Stevens
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 82.--View of Calispell Valley and Pend
d'Oreille River, Stevens County.]

RESOURCES.

Walla Walla county is essentially agricultural. Its chief resource
is its soil fertility. This is such that few farmers can be found
who have not bank accounts.

PRODUCTS.

The annual production of wheat in Walla Walla county is about 5,000,000
bushels. Barley is also a profitable crop. Oats and some corn are
also raised. Large crops of alfalfa hay are annually marketed,
chiefly from irrigated lands. Fruit of all kinds is abundant. There
are 2,500 acres devoted to orchards. Market gardening is an important
and growing industry.

TRANSPORTATION.

There are 310 miles of railroads in this county, both the Northern
Pacific and Oregon Railroad & Navigation Company railroads competing
for the traffic. In addition to the railroads, steamboats are plying
the rivers around the edge of the county, giving additional facilities
for transportation.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

WALLA WALLA, the county seat, has a population of about 22,000 and
is the commercial center for the southeastern part of the state.
Its streets are paved. The city owns its own system of water, at
a cost of $600,000. It is lighted with electricity and gas, has
large banks and business houses, U. S. land office, U. S. courts,
U. S. cavalry post, an Odd Fellows' home, and a Home for Widows
and Orphans. There are manufacturing industries employing 400 men,
turning out $2,000,000 of productions annually. An electric system
of street cars traverses the streets and is projected into several
other near-by towns.

WAITSBURG is an important agricultural town of about 1,600 people,
in the western part of the county, having both railroad systems,
and ships great quantities of grain. It has large flouring mills,
warehouses, fine schools and churches, and is a prosperous, thriving
town.

A large number of shipping points on both systems of railroads are
growing commercial centers.

WHATCOM COUNTY

Whatcom county lies on the boundary of British Columbia, stretching
from the Straits of Georgia to the peaks of the Cascade mountains--24
miles wide and 100 miles long, The eastern half or more of the
county is included in the national forest reserve, with Mount Baker,
10,827 feet high, in the center of the county. It is one of the
important counties on tide water, and has an area of 2,226 square
miles and a population of about 70,000.

[Page 88]
The climate is not different from the general Puget sound climate
being mild and healthful. There are no severe storms, no sultry
heat and no severe cold.

RESOURCES.

It is estimated that Whatcom county has three billion feet of standing
timber. This is its greatest source of wealth. The western half
of the county, outside of the lumbering, etc., is blessed with
a wealth of soil responding to the farmer's labor generously.

The eastern half of the county is essentially a mountainous,
forest-covered mining region, and has in store many veins of nearly
all the metals.

Game of great variety of animals and fowls and fish are abundant.

INDUSTRIES.

The people of Whatcom county are engaged in lumbering and running
saw-mills, one of the largest of the state being in this county;
manufacturing of various kinds from the raw products in the county,
including shingle mills and shingle machinery factory, salmon canneries,
planing mills, barrel factories, Portland cement factory, and many
others. Of no small importance is farming, fruit-growing and dairying.
Prospecting and mining engage the attention and labor of a large
number of citizens.

TRANSPORTATION.

Aside from having a long salt-water coast, open to traffic from
the ocean, with splendid harbors, the county is traversed in all
its agricultural half by a network of railroads, by the Northern
Pacific, Great Northern, B. B. and B. C. railroads. These furnish
exceptional means of traffic to all industries excepting the mining.
The county has also an admirable system of wagon roads, some planked,
some graveled and some graded and drained, covering about 700 miles.

[Illustration: Plate No. 83.--Products of Thurston County Waters.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Thurston County Stick. 14,000 Feet.
Sandstone Quarry, Tenino, Thurston County. Logging with Oxen. Early
Days in Thurston County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 84.--Five Combined Harvesters at Work on
a Walla Walla County Wheat Farm.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 86.--Ploughing the Ground for Wheat-Growing,
Walla Walla County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 87.--Bird's-Eye View of a Portion of
Bellingham, Whatcom County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 88.--Typical Farm Scenes in Whatcom County.]

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

BELLINGHAM, on a salt-water bay of the same name, is the county
seat, and commercial metropolis not only for this county but much
other territory. It has a population of about 40,000 people. Into
it all the railroads center, while the harbor is one of the best
in Washington. It is largely a manufacturing town, having plants
for the production of sash, doors, columns, tin cans, boilers,
engines, flour and feed, canned fish, condensed milk, and many
others. It is a substantial, live business community of wide-awake
people, and growing rapidly. It has a gravity water system, electric
lights, and gas plant.

BLAINE is a city of about 3,000 inhabitants, situated close to the
Canadian line and on the Great Northern railway. Timber and lumber
manufactures are the chief sources of its prosperity. Fishing and the
canning of salmon are also important industries. The railroad
[Page 89]
company has recently expended considerable sums in improving its
facilities. Blaine is a growing community.

SUMAS, on the Canadian border, is a lumbering town of 1,100 people.

LYNDEN is an agricultural center of 1,200 citizens.

FERNDALE is a lumber center of 1,000 people. Besides, there are a
dozen smaller business centers in the county, growing and prosperous.

WHITMAN COUNTY

Whitman county is one of the chief agricultural counties of the
state, lying immediately south of Spokane county and on the Idaho
state line, having the Snake river for its southern boundary. The
county is a plateau of rolling prairie lands, a large portion of
which is farmed, watered by a number of streams, which are utilized
for irrigation purposes in some of the bottom lands--although the
rainfall is sufficient to mature crops, and no irrigation is had
on the great bulk of the farms. The area is about 2,000 square
miles. The population is about 40,000. The soil is a strong mixture
of volcanic ash and clay of great fertility and permanence. Twenty
years of wheat-growing still leaves the soil able to produce from
25 to 50 bushels per acre.

RESOURCES.

All the resources of the county originate in this splendid soil.
For growing all the cereals and fruits and vegetables it has no
superior. The county is well settled, and probably no county can
excel Whitman county in the per capita wealth of its farmers. The
products of the county are varied, and include wheat, oats, barley
and hay, all giving splendid yields--wheat from 30 to 50 bushels,
oats 60 to 100 bushels, barley from 50 to 80 bushels, and hay from
4 to 6 tons per acre. Potatoes, sugar beets and other vegetables
produce fine crops.

The hardier fruits, such as apples, pears, plums and cherries,
are successfully raised in all parts of the county, while on the
bottom lands, along the Snake river, peaches, melons, etc., are
produced in abundance. Seventy-five carloads of fruit go out annually
from one orchard.

Wheat gives up five and one-half million bushels to the farmers
each year. Oats one and three-fourths million and barley about
one-half million bushels. Whitman county has more banks than any
county in eastern Washington besides Spokane.

TRANSPORTATION.

Whitman county is as well, or better, provided with railroads than
any agricultural county in the state. The Northern Pacific, O.
R. & N., Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the S. & I. railroads
are all interlaced about its grain-fields. These all connect with
Spokane, and give access to all eastern and western markets.

[Page 90]
PRINCIPAL TOWNS.

COLFAX, the county seat, situated near the center of the county, on
the railroads and Palouse river, is the largest town in the county,
with about 3,600 population. The town owns its own water system, has
electric lights, fine court-house, banks, mills, warehouses, etc.

PULLMAN is a town of 3,000 people, near which is located the Washington
State College, a large educational institution supported by the state,
having about 1,000 students. It is an important grain-shipping
point. It has a public water system, electric lights, and is a
thriving and growing commercial center.

PALOUSE is a railroad center of 2,500 people, a large shipping point
for grain, live stock, fruits and pottery.

OAKESDALE is a town of 1,500 people, having three railroads, and
is an important shipping point.

TEKOA has a population of about 1,400, is a railroad center, and
is a large shipper of fruits and grain.

GARFIELD has a population of 1,000, and ships much grain and other
produce.

ROSALIA has 1,000 population, and is an important grain center.

This county has a dozen other shipping points where from 300 to 700
people are supported by the business originating on the tributary
farms.

YAKIMA COUNTY

Yakima county is one of the large and important counties in the
state, having the Yakima Indian reservation included within its
boundaries. Its area is 3,222 square miles and it has a population of
about 38,000. It is watered by the Yakima river and its tributaries,
and through its valleys the railroads from the east find their
easiest grade toward the Cascade passes. It is a county of level
valleys and plateaus, having a soil made up chiefly of volcanic
ash and disintegrated basaltic rocks, of great depth, which yields
fabulously in cereal and grass crops, fruits and vegetables with
the magic touch of irrigation. Artificial watering is 30 years old
in this valley, and yet only a very small area was thus treated
until the matter was taken up by the national government. But now
vast areas are being provided with water, and the consequent growth
and development of the county is wonderful.

A series of lakes in the mountains are being utilized as reservoirs,
and from these lakes the waters are being distributed in many directions
in the large irrigating canals. When the projects now under way are
completed, more than 200,000 acres will be under ditches.

RESOURCES.

Yakima's wealth consists in the combination of its soil and water
and climate. The county, lying east of the Cascade mountains, in
[Page 91]
large part at a low elevation, receives somewhat severe heat in
the summer, which gives the opportunity successfully to ripen the
less hardy fruits--peaches, apricots, grapes, etc. The county has
half a million bearing trees and two and one-half million young
trees growing in its orchards.

INDUSTRIES.

Naturally the industries of the county consist in exploiting its
natural resources, and so we find Yakima citizens busy in raising
fruits, hay, grain, and garden vegetables, to supply the big cities
of the Sound. Its last year's contribution will probably exceed
ten million dollars in value.

Of the items which compose this large sum, fruit is probably chief
in importance. Alfalfa and grain-hay is an important item, as is
also the crop of melons and potatoes. The combined fields of alfalfa
and orchards make ideal bee pasturage, and Yakima honey is a constant
factor of barter in the Sound cities. The upland farms produce
quantities of all grains--wheat, oats, and barley--and some field
corn is successfully raised in the warmer parts. Sheep, cattle
and horses are also exported. Hops are a large crop.

PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

NORTH YAKIMA is at once the county seat and chief metropolis of
the entire Yakima valley, having a population of about 12,000. It
is situated on the Northern Pacific railway and Yakima river, and
is the distributing center for both merchandise and farm products
for a large surrounding territory.

The State Fair, supported by the state, holds annual exhibits here.
It has extensive fruit canneries, flour mills, lumber mills, other
woodworking factories, large warehouses, paved streets, big business
blocks, fine churches, schools, banks, newspapers, etc.

SUNNYSIDE, a town built up among the irrigated farms, has a population
of 1,500. Here are a cannery, pulp mill, creameries, etc.

TOPPENISH and MABTON are commercial centers of importance of about
700 inhabitants each, and growing.

[Page 92]
STATISTICAL APPENDIX.

STATISTICS OF THE INCORPORATED CITIES AND TOWNS OF WASHINGTON.

 =======================================================================
     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
 -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
 Aberdeen     | Chehalis    | E. B. Benn       | P. F. Clarke
 Almira       | Lincoln     | J. C. Johnson    | Peter Wallerich
 Anacortes    | Skagit      | W. V. Wells      | M. C. Baker
 Arlington    | Snohomish   | Peter Larson     | Homer L. Huddle
 ASOTIN       | Asotin      | J. B. Jones      | J. P. Fulton
 Auburn       | King        | L. C. Smith      | Geo. C. Meade
 BELLINGHAM   | Whatcom     | J. P. De Mattos  | F. B. Graves
 Blaine       | Whatcom     | T. J. Quirt      | J. W. G. Merritt
 Bremerton    | Kitsap      | L. E. Mallette   | Paul Mehner
 Buckley      | Pierce      | D. S. Morris     | W. B. Osbourn
 Burlington   | Skagit      | P. M. Moody      | I. A. Marchant
 Camas        | Clarke      | John Cowan       | F. B. Barnes
 Cashmere     | Chelan      | C. A. Huston     | A. J. Amos
 Castle Rock  | Cowlitz     | T. W. Robin      | G. F. McClane
 CATHLAMET    | Wahkiakum   | J. T. Nassa      | T. M. Nassa
 Centralia    | Lewis       | J. P. Guerrier   | W. H. Hodge
 Charleston   | Kitsap      | N. A. Palmer     | M. M. Bausman
 CHEHALIS     | Lewis       | Wm. West         | W. A. Westover
 Chelan       | Chelan      | C. C. Jackson    | W. M. Emerson
 Cheney       | Spokane     | L. Walter        | J. W. Minnick
 Chewelah     | Stevens     | W. H. Brownlow   | T. L. Montgomery
 Clarkston    | Asotin      | D. B. Parks      | E. A. Bass
 Cle Elum     | Kittitas    | L. R. Thomas     | S. E. Willis
 COLFAX       | Whitman     | Wm. Lippitt      | H. Bramwell
 Colton       | Whitman     | W. H Renfro      | L. F. Gibbs
 COLVILLE     | Stevens     | L. B Harvey      | A. B. Sansburn
 CONCONNULLY  | Okanogan    | C. H. Lovejoy    | Wm. Baines
 Cosmopolis   | Chehalis    | L. B. Hogan      | W. S. McLaughlin
 Coulee City  | Grant       | F. W. McCann     | A. Kirkpatrick
 Creston      | Lincoln     | F. A. Duncan     | D. F. Peffley
 Cunningham   | Adams       | F. W. Parker     | A. J. Haile
 DAVENPORT    | Lincoln     | W. C. Graham     | Lee Odgers
 DAYTON       | Columbia    | H. C. Benbow     | R. O. Dyer
 Deer Park    | Spokane     | W. D. Phillips   | R. G. Cole
 Edmonds      | Snohomish   | Jas Brady        | G. M. Leyda
 Elberton     | Whitman     | R. A. Cox        | J. W. Berkstresser
 ELLENSBURG   | Kittitas    | W. J. Peed       | J. J. Poyser
 Elma         | Chehalis    | C. E. Gouty      | E. S. Avey
 Endicott     | Whitman     | C. L. Wakefield  | M. A. Sherman, Jr.
 EPHRATA      | Grant       | Dr. Chaffee      | Lee Tolliver
 EVERETT      | Snohomish   | Newton Jones     | C. C. Gilman
 Fairfield    | Spokane     | C. A. Loy        | M. Walser
 Farmington   | Whitman     | E. E. Paddock    | C. H. Bass
 Ferndale     | Whatcom     | J. B. Wilson     | C. Kelley
 Garfield     | Whitman     | H. S. McClure    | J. L. Rogers
 Georgetown   | King        | John Mueller     | John Beek
 GOLDENDALE   | Klickitat   | Allen Bonebrake  | J. R. Putman
 Granite Falls| Snohomish   | C. E. Willoughby | C. T. Smith
 Hamilton     | Skagit      | H. I. Bratlie    | S. H. Sprinkle
 Harrington   | Lincoln     | A. G. Mitchum    | W. W. Gwinn
 Hartline     | Grant       | E. A. Whitney    | T. E. Jenkins
 Hatton       | Adams       | J. M. Batten     | W. C. Sallee
 Hillyard     | Spokane     | M. H. Gordon     | J. L. Cramer
 Hoquiam      | Chehalis    | Dr. T. C. Frary  | Z. T. Wllson
 Ilwaco       | Pacific     | W. P. Rowe       | J. A. Howerton
 Index        | Snohomish   | H. L. Bartlett   | H. F. Wilcox
 Kahlotus     | Franklin    | E. R. Doughty    | E. L. Chittenden
 KALAMA       | Cowlitz     | A. L. Watson     | E. N. Howe
 Kelso        | Cowlitz     | M. J. Lord       | Max Whittlesey
 Kennewick    | Benton      | L. E. Johnson    | G. N. Calhoun
 Kent         | King        | M. M. Morrill    | L. E. Price
 Kettle Falls | Stevens     | H. L. Childs     | A. R. Squire
 Kirkland     | King        | R. H. Collins    | J. S. Courtright
 LaConner     | Skagit      | J. F. Dwelley    | J. S. Church
 Lakeside     | Chelan      | Jos. Darnell     | S. B. Russell
 Latah        | Spokane     | W. H. Taylor     | Chas. White
 Leavenworth  | Chelan      | Lewis J. Nelson  | G. A. Hamilton
 Lind         | Adams       | J. T. Dirstine   | Day Imus
 Little Falls | Lewis       | E. C. Brown      | G. E. Grow
 Lynden       | Whatcom     | Walter Elder     | F. W. Bixby
 Mabton       | Yakima      | T. W. Howell     | W. H. Ashton
 Marysville   | Snohomish   | W. H. Roberts    | B. D. Curtiss
 Medical Lake | Spokane     | M. J. Grady      | R. R. McCorkell
 Milton       | Pierce      | C. H. Weekes     | W. J. Keller
 Monroe       | Snohomish   | J. H. Campbell   | Arthur Root
 MONTESANO    | Chehalis    | Geo. W. Winemire | R. H. Fleet
 MT. VERNON   | Skagit      | Wm. Dale         | J. S. Bowen
 Newport      | Stevens     | E. S. Appel      | Ed Beitton
 NORTH YAKIMA | Yakima      | P. M. Armbruster | J. G. Brooker

 =========================================================
              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
 -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
 Aberdeen     | E. Beinfohr      |      3,747 |    15,000
 Almira       |                  |            |       500
 Anacortes    | Gus Hensler      |      1,476 |     6,000
 Arlington    | Lot Davis        |            |     2,400
 ASOTIN       | E. H. Dammarell  |        470 |     1,500
 Auburn       | Geo. C. Meade    |        489 |     1,500
 BELLINGHAM   | L. Baldrey       |     11,062 |    41,000
 Blaine       | J. J. Pinckney   |      1,592 |     3,500
 Bremerton    | R. S. Hayward    |            |     4,000
 Buckley      | W. B. Osbourn    |      1,014 |     1,500
 Burlington   | I. A. Marchant   |            |     1,800
 Camas        |                  |            |     1,200
 Cashmere     | C. M. Banker     |            |     1,000
 Castle Rock  | G. F. McClane.   |        750 |     1,300
 CATHLAMET    |                  |            |       500
 Centralia    | F. W. Thomas     |      1,600 |     7,000
 Charleston   | A. F. Shepherd   |            |     1,000
 CHEHALIS     | H. C. Coffman    |      1,775 |     5,000
 Chelan       | C. E. Rusk       |            |       900
 Cheney       | L. R. Houck      |        781 |     1,600
 Chewelah     | E. D. Germain    |            |     1,500
 Clarkston    | R. B. Hooper     |            |     2,500
 Cle Elum     |                  |            |     2,500
 COLFAX       | C. R. Lorne      |      2,121 |     3,500
 Colton       | J. B. Ellsworth  |        251 |       500
 COLVILLE     | L. E. Jesseph    |        594 |     2,000
 CONCONNULLY  | W. S. McClure    |            |       500
 Cosmopolis   |                  |      1,004 |     1,200
 Coulee City  | G. T. Walter     |            |       300
 Creston      |                  |            |       500
 Cunningham   | A. J. Haile      |            |       350
 DAVENPORT    | F. W. Anderson   |      1,000 |     2,800
 DAYTON       | F. W. Guernsy    |      2,216 |     3,500
 Deer Park    | W. D. Phillips   |            |     1,100
 Edmonds      | E. M. Allen      |        474 |     2,000
 Elberton     | A. B. Metz       |        297 |       600
 ELLENSBURG   | Wayne Murray     |      1,737 |     5,500
 Elma         | E. S. Avey       | 894        |     2,700
 Endicott     |                  |            |       600
 EPHRATA      |                  |             |
 EVERETT      | E. E. Johnston   |       7,838 |   35,000
 Fairfield    | O. H. Loe        |             |      500
 Farmington   | C. H. Bass       |         434 |      780
 Ferndale     | Percy Hood       |             |
 Garfield     | F. H. Michaelson |         697 |    1,350
 Georgetown   | C. A. Thorndyke  |             |    5,500
 GOLDENDALE   | C. W. Ramsay     |         788 |    1,200
 Granite Falls| W. R. Moore      |             |      800
 Hamilton     | Thos. Conby      |         392 |      500
 Harrington   |                  |             |    1,200
 Hartline     |                  |             |      300
 Hatton       |                  |             |      600
 Hillyard     | J. L. Cramer     |             |    2,500
 Hoquiam      | W. C. Gregg      |       2,608 |   11,000
 Ilwaco       | A. A. Seaborg    |         584 |      900
 Index        |                  |             |      500
 Kahlotus     |                  |             |      300
 KALAMA       | E. N. Howe       |         554 |    1,250
 Kelso        | W. M. Signor     |         694 |    2,500
 Kennewick    | S. Z. Hendersen  |             |    1,500
 Kent         | B. A. Bowen      |         755 |    3,000
 Kettle Falls | E. A. Blakeley   |             |      600
 Kirkland     | W. R. Stevens    |             |      750
 LaConner     | W. E. Schreeker  |         564 |      800
 Lakeside     |                  |             |      400
 Latah        | Chas. White      |         253 |      500
 Leavenworth  |                  |             |    1,500
 Lind         | R. S. Hamilton   |             |    1,400
 Little Falls | W. A. Willis     |             |      800
 Lynden       | R. W. Green      |         365 |    1,500
 Mabton       | G. T. Morgan     |             |    1,200
 Marysville   | P. E. Coffin     |         728 |    1,500
 Medical Lake | W. H. Mills      |         516 |    1,400
 Milton       | J. S. Williams   |             |      650
 Monroe       | L. P. Tallman    |             |    2,500
 MONTESANO    |                  |       1,194 |    3,500
 MT. VERNON   | Frank Pickering  |       1,120 |    4,000
 Newport      | R. S. Anderson   |             |    1,500
 NORTH YAKIMA | H. P. James      |       3,124 |    12,000

 ====================================================
     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
 -------------|--------------------------------------
 Aberdeen     | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
 Almira       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Anacortes    | G. N. Ry. and two lines of steamers.
 Arlington    | Northern Pacific railway.
 ASOTIN       | River steamers.
 Auburn       | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
 BELLINGHAM   | G. N., N. P., B. B. & B. C. railways;
              | steamers to all Sound ports.
 Blaine       | Great Northern railway.
 Bremerton    | Steamers to Seattle and Tacoma.
 Buckley      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Burlington   | Great Northern railway.
 Camas        | Portland & Seattle Ry.; river st'rs.
 Cashmere     | Great Northern railway.
 Castle Rock  | Northern Pacific railway.
 CATHLAMET    | Steamboats.
 Centralia    | Northern Pacific railway.
 Charleston   | Steamers to Seattle.
 CHEHALIS     | Northern Pacific railway.
 Chelan       | Steamers on river and lake.
 Cheney       | N. P. Ry.; Spokane Electric Ry.
 Chewelah     | S. F. & N. branch G. N. Ry.
 Clarkston    | O. R. & N. and N. P. Rys.; steamers.
 Cle Elum     | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Ris.
 COLFAX       | O. R. & N.; S. & I. Electricity.
 Colton       | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
 COLVILLE     | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
 CONCONNULLY  | Stage.
 Cosmopolis   | N. P. Ry. and steamship lines.
 Coulee City  | Northern Pacific railway.
 Creston      | W. C. branch N. P. Ry.
 Cunningham   | Northern Pacific railway.
 DAVENPORT    | Central Washington railway.
 DAYTON       | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Deer Park    | Great Northern railway.
 Edmonds      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers
 Elberton     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
 ELLENSBURG   | Northern Pac. and Milwaukee Rys.
 Elma         | N. P. Ry., two branches.
 Endicott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
 EPHRATA      | Great Northern railway.
 EVERETT      | N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
 Fairfield    | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co.'s Ry.
 Farmington   | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
 Ferndale     | Great Northern railway.
 Garfield     | O. R. & N., N. P. and S. & I. Rys.
 Georgetown   | One Interurban, 3 steam railways.
 GOLDENDALE   | Spokane, Portland & Seattle Ry.
 Granite Falls| Branch of Northern Pacific railway.
 Hamilton     | G. N. Ry.; Skagit river steamers.
 Harrington   | Great Northern railway.
 Hartline     | Northern Pacific railway.
 Hatton       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Hillyard     | Elec. interurb.; G. N. and S. F. & N.
 Hoquiam      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Ilwaco       | O. R. & N. railway and steamers.
 Index        | Great Northern railway.
 Kahlotus     | O. R. & N. and S. P. & S. railways.
 KALAMA       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Kelso        | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Kennewick    | N. P. Ry.; P. & S. Ry. and steamers.
 Kent         | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; P. S. Elec. Ry.
 Kettle Falls | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Kirkland     | N. P. Ry. and ferry to Seattle.
 LaConner     | Boat and stage.
 Lakeside     | Stage and steamer.
 Latah        | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Leavenworth  | Great Northern railway.
 Lind         | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Little Falls | Northern Pacific railway.
 Lynden       | B. B. & B. C. railway.
 Mabton       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Marysville   | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
 Medical Lake | N. P. and W. W. P. Electric Rys.
 Milton       | Puget Sound Electric railway.
 Monroe       | Great Northern railway.
 MONTESANO    | Northern Pacific railway.
 MT. VERNON   | Great Northern railway.
 Newport      | Great Northern Ry. and steamers.
 NORTH YAKIMA | Northern Pacific railway.

NOTE 1.--County seats in black face type.

NOTE 2.--Population estimates for 1909 were supplied by local
authorities, the school census, upon which the estimates of this
Bureau are usually based, not being available at the time this
publication was compiled.

[Illustration: Plate No. 89.--Dairying, a Growing Industry in Whatcom
County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 90.--Whatcom County Bulb Gardens.]

[Page 94]
 =======================================================================
     NAME.    |   County.   |      Mayor.      |      Clerk.
 -------------|-------------|------------------|------------------------
 Oakesdale    | Whitman     | R. J. Neergaard  | F. S. Baer
 Oakville     | Chehalis    | J. E. Fitzgerald | J. W. Scott
 Ocosta       | Chehalis    | C. C. Flowers    | Andrew Wallace
 Odessa       | Lincoln     | F. J. Guth       | W. M. Nevins
 Okanogan     | Okanogan    | H. J. Kerr       | T. B. Collins
 OLYMPIA      | Thurston    | Mitchell Harris  | J. R. Dever
 Oroville     | Okanogan    | E. A. McMahon    | C. S. Taylor
 Orting       | Pierce      | Frank Lotz       | C. W. Van Scoyoc
 Palouse City | Whitman     | C. H. Farnsworth | G. D. Kincaid
 PASCO        | Franklin    | C. S. O'Brien    | L. D. Conrad
 Pataha       | Garfield    | D. Evens         | Chas. Ward
 Paulsbo      | Kitsap      | A. B. Moe        | Paul Paulson
 Pe Ell       | Lewis       | August Mayer     | C. W. Boynton
 POMEROY      | Garfield    | H. C. Krouse     | H. St. George
 PORT ANGELES | Clallam     | E. E. Seevers    | C. W. Fields
 PT. ORCHARD  | Kitsap      | R. E. Bucklin    | Wm. C. Bading
 PT. TOWNSEND | Jefferson   | Max Gerson       | Geo. Anderson
 Prescott     | Walla Walla | Jos. Utter       | R. B. Smith
 PROSSER      | Benton      | Albert Smith     | Lon Boyle
 Pullman      | Whitman     | H. V. Carpenter  | Geo. N. Henry
 Puyallup     | Pierce      | J. P. Melrose    | J. L. La Plante
 Quincy       | Grant       | F. T. Campbell   | R. C. Wightmar
 Raymond      | Pacific     | A. C. Little     | J. H. Callahan
 Reardan      | Lincoln     | W. S. Bliss      | W. H. Padley
 Renton       | King        | Benj. Ticknor    | A. W. Ticknor
 REPUBLIC     | Ferry       | Jno. Stack       | M. H. Joseph
 RITZVILLE    | Adams       | W. R. Peters     | J. L. Cross
 Rockford     | Spokane     | J. Kindschuh     | A. B. McDaniel
 Rosalia      | Whitman     | R. P. Turnley    | F. S. Chetal
 Roslyn       | Kittitas    | J. G. Green      | Thos. Ray
 Roy          | Pierce      | A. W. Wert       | C. W. Elder
 Ruston       | Pierce      | J. P. Garrison   | V. D. Goss
 SEATTLE      | King        | Jno. F. Miller   | H. W. Carroll
 Sedro-Woolley| Skagit      | C. E. Bingham    | T. J. Morrow
 SHELTON      | Mason       | G. W. Draham     | F. C. Mathewson
 Snohomish    | Snohomish   | C. H. Lamprey    | E. Thistlewaite
 Snoqualmie   | King        | Otto Reinig      |
 SOUTH BEND   | Pacific     | W. P. Cressy     | C. H. Mills
 Spangle      | Spokane     | J. H. Gruenwald  | M. H. Sullivan
 SPOKANE      | Spokane     | C. H. Moore      | C. A. Fleming
 Sprague      | Lincoln     | J. W. Shearer    | J. V. Muzzy
 Springdale   | Stevens     | Jacob Keller     | A. E. Bidgood
 Stanwood     | Snohomish   | A. B. Klaeboe    | G. M. Mitchell
 Starbuck     | Columbia    | H. A. Johnson    | B. A. Whiting
 Steilacoom   | Pierce      | E. Church        | M. P. Potter
 STEVENSON    | Skamania    | A. Fleischhauer  | R. C. Sly
 St. John     | Whitman     | W. S. Ridenour   | W. S. Mott
 Sultan       | Snohomish   | W. W. Morgan     | T. W. Musgrove
 Sumas        | Whatcom     | R. S. Lambert    | L. Van Valkenburg
 Sumner       | Pierce      | R. R. White      | E. D. Swezey
 Sunnyside    | Yakima      | H. W. Turner     | H. F. Wright
 TACOMA       | Pierce      | J. W. Linck      | L. W. Roys
 Tekoa        | Whitman     | T. H. Follett    | J. S. Woods
 Tenino       | Thurston    | L. J. Miller     | S. M. Peterson
 Toledo       | Lewis       | J. H. Douge      | W. H. Carpenter
 Toppenish    | Yakima      | C. W. Grant      | T. W. Johnston
 Tukwila      | King        | Joel Shomaker    | E. F. Greene
 Tumwuter     | Thurston    | A. Whitemarsh    | A. J. Colby
 Uniontown    | Whitman     | Peter Friesoh    | J. J. Gans
 VANCOUVER    | Clarke      | J. P. Kiggins    | F. W. Bier
 Waitsburg    | Walla Walla | R. M. Breeze     | J. B. Lowndagin
 WALLA WALLA  | Walla Walla | Eugene Tausick   | T. D. S. Hart
 Wuputo       | Yakima      | J. F. Douglas    | H. E. Trimble
 Washtucna    | Adams       | G. W. Bassett    | C. E. Wilson
 WATERVILLE   | Douglas     | J. M. Hunter     | J. E. Walker
 Waverley     | Spokane     | Fred Dashiell    | A. L. Robinson
 WENATCHEE    | Chelan      | J. A. Gellatly   | S. R. Sumner
 White Salmon | Klickitat   | G. F. Jewett     | W. C. Manly
 Wilbur       | Lincoln     | W. W. Foley      | T. W. Maxwell
 Wilson Creek | Grant       | W. H. O'Larey    | F. E. Snedicor
 Winlock      | Lewis       | H. A. Baldwin    | C. E. Leonard
 Woodland     | Cowlitz     | L. M. Love       | D. W. Whitlow
 Yacolt       | Clarke      | W. J. Hoag       | Wm. W. Eaton

 =========================================================
              | Sec'y Commercial | Pop. U. S. | Est. Pop.
     NAME.    | Organization.    | Cens. 1900 |   1909
 -------------|------------------|------------|-----------
 Oakesdale    |                  |        928 |    1,200
 Oakville     | O. H. Fry        |            |      600
 Ocosta       |                  |            |      150
 Odessa       | H. L. Cole       |            |    1,200
 Okanogan     | T. B. Collins    |            |      600
 OLYMPIA      | John M. Wilson   |      4,082 |   12,000
 Oroville     | F. A. De Vos     |            |      800
 Orting       | M. C. Hopkins    |        728 |    1,000
 Palouse City | G. D. Kincaid    |        929 |    3,000
 PASCO        | W. D. Fales      |        254 |    1,800
 Pataha       |                  |            |      250
 Paulsbo      | Paul Paulson     |            |      800
 Pe Ell       | P. M. Watson     |            |    1,000
 POMEROY      |                  |        953 |    1,800
 PORT ANGELES | J. M. Davis      |      2,321 |    2,500
 PT. ORCHARD  |                  |        754 |      900
 PT. TOWNSEND | P. C. Peterson   |      3,443 |    5,000
 Prescott     | T. B. Grumwell   |            |      650
 PROSSER      | H. W. Carnahan   |        229 |    2,000
 Pullman      | B. F. Campbell   |      1,308 |    3,000
 Puyallup     | J. P. Leavitt    |      1,884 |    7,000
 Quincy       | Geo. W. Downer   |            |      400
 Raymond      | W. R. Struble    |            |    2,500
 Reardan      | H. G. Burns      |            |      800
 Renton       | P. W. Houser     |            |    3,000
 REPUBLIC     | M. H. Joseph     |      2,500 |    1,250
 RITZVILLE    | J. L. Cross      |        761 |    2,600
 Rockford     | J. W. Lowe       |        433 |    1,200
 Rosalla      | A. A. Wonnell    |        379 |    1,400
 Roslyn       |                  |      2,786 |    4,500
 Roy          |                  |            |      400
 Ruston       |                  |            |      800
 SEATTLE      | C. B. Yandell    |     80,671 |  275,000
              | Geo. E. Boos     |            |
 Sedro-Woolley| M. B. Holbrook   |        885 |    3,450
 SHELTON      | G. C. Angle      |        883 |    1,200
 Snohomish    | W. W. Reed       |      2,101 |    4,000
 Snoqualmie   |                  |            |      400
 SOUTH BEND   | F. G. McIntosh   |        711 |   3,000
 Spangle      | E. C. Rohweder   |        431 |     450
 SPOKANE      | L. G. Monroe     |     36,848 | 120,000
              | A. W. Jones      |            |
 Sprague      | J. S. Freese     |        695 |   1,500
 Springdale   |                  |            |     500
 Stanwood     | L. Livingstone   |            |   1,000
 Starbuck     | J. B. Atkinson   |            |     750
 Steilacoom   | Mr. Annis        |            |   1,000
 STEVENSON    | R. C. Sly        |            |     400
 St. John     | G. W. Case, Jr   |            |     700
 Sultan       | T. W. Musgrove   |            |     500
 Sumas        | Lars Barbo       |        319 |   1,500
 Sumner       | R. R. White      |        531 |   1,000
 Sunnyside    | J. A. Vince      |            |   1,600
 TACOMA       | P. L. Sinclair   |     37,714 | 125,000
              | O. F. Cosper     |            |
 Tekoa        | J. P. Burson     |        717 |   1,200
 Tenino       |                  |            |   1,000
 Toledo       | H. H. Hurst      |        285 |     500
 Toppenish    | J. G. Hillyer    |            |   2,000
 Tukwila      | E. F. Greene     |            |     700
 Tumwuter     |                  |        270 |   1,500
 Uniontown    | W. H. Oyler      |        404 |     500
 VANCOUVER    | H. S. Bartow     |      4,006 |   8,000
 Waitsburg    | W. S. Guntle     |      1,011 |   1,600
 WALLA WALLA  | A. C. Moore      |     10,049 |  22,000
 Wuputo       |                  |            |     500
 Washtucna    |                  |            |     400
 WATERVILLE   | Jas. G. Tuttle   |        482 |   1,200
 Waverley     | Jno. Reycraft    |            |     500
 WENATCHEE    | D. N. Gellatly   |        451 |   5,000
 White Salmon | J. M. Lewis      |            |     600
 Wilbur       | T. W. Maxwell    |            |   1,500
 Wilson Creek | F. E. Snedicor   |            |     500
 Winlock      | C. E. Leonard    |            |   1,600
 Woodland     | E. F. Bryant     |            |     800
 Yacolt       | C. J. Dorsey     |            |     500

 ====================================================
     NAME.    |        Transportation Lines.
 -------------|--------------------------------------
 Oakesdale    | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Oakville     | Northern Pacific railway.
 Ocosta       | Steamers and railway.
 Odessa       | Great Northern railway.
 Okanogan     | River steamers.
 OLYMPIA      | N. P. Ry.; P. T. & S. Ry.; steamers.
 Oroville     | Great Northern railway.
 Orting       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Palouse City | Four railroads.
 PASCO        | N. P. Ry.: P. & S. Ry.; steamers.
 Pataha       | Oregon Railway & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Paulsbo      | Steamers to Seattle.
 Pe Ell       | Northern Pacific railway.
 POMEROY      | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 PORT ANGELES | Steamer and stage lines.
 PT. ORCHARD  | Steamers, Seattle and Tacoma.
 PT. TOWNSEND | P. T. & S. Ry. and Sound steamer.
 Prescott     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 PROSSER      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Pullman      | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Puyallup     | N. P. and Mil. Rys.; Elec. line Tac.
 Quincy       | Great Northern railway.
 Raymond      | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Reardan      | Central Washington railway.
 Renton       | Steam and electric railways.
 REPUBLIC     | Great Northern branch line.
 RITZVILLE    | Northern Pacific railway.
 Rockford     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Rosalla      | Northern Pacific and Milwaukee Rys.
 Roslyn       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Roy          | Northern Pacific and Tac. East. Rys.
 Ruston       | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 SEATTLE      | N. P.; G. N.; Mil.; C. P. R.; Bur.; C.
              | & P. S.; P. S. E. Rys.; S. S. lines.
 Sedro-Woolley| N. P. and G. N. Rys. and steamers.
 SHELTON      | Steamers to Olympia.
 Snohomish    | G. N., N. P. and C. P. Rys.; steamers.
 Snoqualmie   | Northern Pacific railway.
 SOUTH BEND   | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers.
 Spangle      | Branch Northern Pacific railway.
 SPOKANE      | N. P.; G. N.; O. R. & N.; P. & S.; Spok.
              | Int.; W. W. P. and S. & I. Rys.
 Sprague      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Springdale   | Spokane Falls & Northern railway.
 Stanwood     | Rail and steamer.
 Starbuck     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Steilacoom   | Electric railway and steamers.
 STEVENSON    | Portland & Seattle railway.
 St. John     | Oregon Railroad & Nav. Co's Ry.
 Sultan       | Great Northern railway.
 Sumas        | C. P. Ry.; N. P. Ry. G. N. Ry.
 Sumner       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Sunnyside    | Northern Pacific railway.
 TACOMA       | N. P.; Mil.; T. & E.; U. P. and G. N.
              | Rys.; Electric and S. S. lines.
 Tekoa        | O. R. & N. and Milwaukee Rys.
 Tenino       | Northern Pacific and P. T. & S. Rys.
 Toledo       | Northern Pacific Ry.; River steamer.
 Toppenish    | Northern Pacific railway.
 Tukwila      | Puget Sound Electric railway.
 Tumwuter     | Port Townsend & Southern railway.
 Uniontown    | Northern Pacific railway.
 VANCOUVER    | N. P., P. & S. Rys. and steamers.
 Waitsburg    | O. R. & N. and N. P. railways.
 WALLA WALLA  | N. P. and O. R. & N. railways.
 Wuputo       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Washtucna    | O. R. & N.; S., P. & S. railways.
 WATERVILLE   | Stage and steamer.
 Waverley     | O. R. & N. and Electric railways.
 WENATCHEE    | Great Northern Ry.; Col. river strs.
 White Salmon | S. P. & S. Ry., and river steamer.
 Wilbur       | Northern Pacific railway.
 Wilson Creek | Great Northern railway.
 Winlock      | Northern Pacific railway.
 Woodland     | Northern Pacific Ry. and steamers
 Yacolt       | Northern Pacific railway.

[Page 96]
 STATE OFFICERS, COMMISIONS, BOARDS AND PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF WASHINGTON.
===========================================================================
             OFFICE.         |          Name.           |  P. O. Address.
-----------------------------|--------------------------|------------------
Governor                     | M. E. Hay                | Olympia.
Governor's Private Secretary | Frank M. Dallam, Jr      | Olympia.
Secretary of State           | I. M. Howell             | Olympia.
Assistant Secretary of State | Ben R. Fish              | Olympia.
Auditor                      | C. W. Clausen            | Olympia.
Deputy Auditor               | F. P. Jameson            | Olympia.
Treasurer                    | John G. Lewis            | Olympia.
Deputy Treasurer             | W. W. Sherman            | Olympia.
Attorney General             | W. P. Bell               | Olympia.
Assistant Attorney General   | W. V. Tanner             | Olympia.
   "         "       "       | W. F. McGill             | Olympia.
   "         "       "       | Geo. A. Lee              | Spokane.
Commissioner of Public Lands | E. W. Ross               | Olympia.
Assistant Comm'r of Public   | Frank C. Morse           | Olympia.
  Lands                      |                          |
Insurance Commissioner       | John H. Shively          | Olympia.
Deputy Insurance Commissioner| S. A. Madge              | Olympia.
Superintendent Public        | Henry B. Dewey           | Olympia.
  Instruction                |                          |
Assistant Supt. Public       | J. M. Layhue             | Olympia.
  Instruction                |                          |
Deputy Supt. Public          | F. F. Nalder             | Olympia.
  Instruction                |                          |
Adjutant General             | Geo. B. Lamping          | Seattle.
Commissioner of Labor        | Chas. F. Hubbard         | Olympia.
State Librarian              | J. M. Hitt               | Olympia.
Law Librarian                | C. W. Shaffer            | Olympia.
Traveling Library            | Mrs. Lou J. Diven, Supt. | Olympia.
Board of Control             | Eugene Lorton            | Walla Walla.
                             | H. T. Jones              | Olympia.
                             | H. E. Gilham             | Olympia.
State Grain Inspector        | E. C. Armstrong          | Colfax.
Dairy and Food Commissioner  | L. Davies                | Davenport.
State Fish Commissioner      | Jno. L. Riseland         | Bellingham.
Commissioner of Statistics   | I. M. Howell, Ex-Officio | Olympia.
Deputy Commissioner of       | Geo. M. Allen            | Seattle.
  Statistics                 |                          |
Horticultural Commissioner   | F. A. Huntley            | Tacoma.
Coal Mine Inspector          | D. C. Botting            | Seattle.
Inspector of Oils            | F. A. Clark              | Seattle.
Public Printer               | E. L. Boardman           | Olympia.
Bank Examiner                | J. L. Mohundro           | Seattle.
Hotel Inspector              | J. H. Munger             | Seattle.
A.-Y.-P. E. Commission       | Geo. E. Dickson.         | Ellensburg.
                             |  Chairman                |
                             | L. P. Hornberger, Sec.   | Seattle.
                             | W. A. Halteman,          | Seattle.
                             |   Exec. Commis.          |
                             | M. M. Godman             | Seattle.
                             | R. W. Condon             | Port Gamble.
                             | J. W. Slayden            | Steilacoom.
                             | L. H. Burnett            | Aberdeen.
Railway Commission           | H. A. Fairchild, Chairman| Olympia.
Tax Commission               | T. D. Rockwell, Chairman | Olympia.
Fire Warden and Forester     | J. R. Welty              | Olympia.
Highway Commissioner         | J. M. Snow               | Olympia.
Board of Accountancy         | Alfred Lister, Sec'y     | Tacoma.
Bureau Inspection Public     | C. W. Clausen,           | Olympia.
  Offices                    |    Ex-officio Chief      |
Board of Health              | E. E. Hegg, Sec'y        | Seattle.
Board of Barber Examiners    | Chas. W. Whisler         | Seattle.
Board of Medical Examiners   | Dr. J. Clinton McFadden, | Seattle.
                             |   Secy.                  |
Board of Pharmacy            | P. Jensen, Sec'y         | Tacoma.
Board of Dental Examiners    | E. B. Edgars             | Seattle.
                             |                          |
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
                             |                          |
University of Washington     | Thomas Franklin Kane,    | Seattle.
                             |   Pres.                  |
State College                | E. A. Bryan, Pres.       | Pullman.
State Normal School          | H. C. Sampson, Principal | Cheney.
State Normal School          | E. C. Mathes, Principal  | Bellingham.
State Normal School          | W. E. Wilson, Principal  | Ellensburg.
School for Deaf              | Thos. P. Clark,          | Vancouver.
                             |    Superintendent        |
School for Blind             | Geo. H. Mullin, Principal| Vancouver.
State Training School        | C. C. Aspinwall          | Chehalis.
                             |                          |
OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS.    |                          |
                             |                          |
Soldiers' Home               | Gen. Geo. W. T.          | Orting.
                             |    Tibbetts, Com.        |
   "        "                | Willis L. Ames, Com.     | Port Orchard.
Insane Asylum                | A. P. Calhoun. Supt.     | Fort Steilacoom.
   "      "                  | J. M. Semple, Supt.      | Medical Lake.
State Penitentiary           | C. S. Reed, Warden       | Walla Walla.
State Reformatory            | Cleon B. Roe, Supt.      | Monroe.
Institution for Feeble Minded| S. C. Woodruff, Supt.    | Medical Lake.

[Illustration: Plate No. 91.--Overflow Wheat Warehouse, at Pullman,
Whitman County.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 92.--A Yakima County Vineyard.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 93.--Yakima County Potatoes--600 Bushels
to the Acre.]

[Illustration: Plate No. 94.--A Yakima County Orchard Scene.]

[Page 97]
STATEMENT SHOWING AREA OF STATE SCHOOL AND GRANTED LANDS IN EACH COUNTY.
AREA SOLD BY DEEDS AND CONTRACTS OF SALE. COMPILED FOR PERIOD UP TO
AND INCLUDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1908.
==========================================================================
            |            |           |           |   Total   |
            | Total area |  Total    |   Area    | area sold |  Remaining
  COUNTIES. |  of school |   area    |   under   |  by deed  |    area
            | and granted|  deeded.  |  contract | and under |   unsold.
            |   lands.   |           |  of sale. | contract. |
------------|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
Adams       |  85,632.25 |  1,063.30 | 12,320.00 | 13,383.30 |  72,248.95
Asotin      |  26,906.56 |    161.90 |  1,360.00 |  1,521.90 |  25,384.66
Benton      |  92,937.68 |  1,626.75 |  8,629.90 | 10,256.65 |  82,681.03
Chehalis    |  77,064.41 |  7,883.93 |  1,823.85 |  9,707.78 |  67,356.63
Chelan      |  52,526.50 |    212.34 |  1,074.70 |  1,287.04 |  51,239.46
Clallam     |  77,514.28 |  2,914.42 |    320.00 |  3,234.42 |  74,279.86
Clarke      |  36,972.16 |  3,694.27 |  1,585.85 |  5,280.12 |  31,692.04
Columbia    |  24,640.00 |  5,084.00 |  1,620.00 |  6,704.00 |  17,936.00
Cowlitz     |  85,373.80 |  6,364.43 |  1,063.73 |  7,428.16 |  77,945.00
Douglas     | 313,235.66 |  3,416.62 | 64,211.62 | 67,628.52 | 245,607.14
Ferry       |  21,219.51 |           |           |           |  21,219.51
Franklin    |  40,731.85 |    101.83 |  3,720.00 |  3,821.83 |  36,910.02
Garfield    |  21,298.47 |  2,179.21 |  1,760.00 |  3,939.21 |  17,359.26
Island      |  16,202.70 |  4,679.93 |  1,350.25 |  6,030.18 |  10,172.52
Jefferson   |  87,358.34 | 12,760.91 |  1,306.77 | 14,067.68 |  73,290.66
King        |  86,020.13 | 15,667.80 |  5,195.95 | 20,863.75 |  65,156.38
Kitsap      |  27,157.40 | 12,178.10 |  1,794.70 | 13,972.80 |  13,184.60
Kittitas    | 129,590.97 |  4,648.01 |  1,840.00 |  6,488.01 | 123,102.96
Klickitat   |  77,280.86 |  2,340.84 |  4,143.17 |  6,484.01 |  70,796.85
Lewis       |  86,566.86 |  4,328.31 |  2,106.01 |  6,434.32 |  80,132.54
Lincoln     |  84,088.45 |  4,818.00 | 12,620.00 | 17,438.00 |  66,650.45
Mason       |  48,057.72 |  4,750.53 |    651.98 |  5,402.51 |  42,655.21
Okanogan    |  90,517.34 |    399.55 | 12,487.62 | 12,887.17 |  77,630.17
Pacific     |  60,529.29 |  2,187.81 |  1,401.90 |  3,589.71 |  56,939.58
Pierce      |  62,118.55 |  8,899.98 |  2,056.82 | 10,956.80 |  51,161.75
San Juan    |   4,765.63 |    366.35 |    205.25 |    571.60 |   4,194.03
Skagit      |  92,191.75 |  4,551.83 |  1,718.17 |  6,270.00 |  85,921.75
Skamania    |  44,699.55 |  5,690.08 |    988.50 |  6,678.58 |  38,020.97
Snohomish   |  47,937.99 |  7,545.13 |  5,392.45 | 12,927.58 |  35,000.41
Spokane     |  67,457.64 |  6,943.59 | 15,360.20 | 22,303.79 |  45,153.85
Stevens     | 164,063.72 |    561.19 |  4,748.50 |  5,309.69 | 158,754.03
Thurston    |  33,443.79 |  4,286.82 |  1,636.87 |  5,923.69 |  27,520.10
Wahkiakum   |  26,053.26 |  1,795.95 |    451.55 |  2,257.50 |  23,795.76
Walla Walla |  50,536.97 |  6,785.98 |  7,219.46 | 14,005.44 |  36,531.53
Whatcom     |  41,196.49 |  2,729.50 |  4,591.52 |  7,321.02 |  33,875.47
Whitman     |  80,351.82 | 14,583.47 | 21,322.96 | 35,906.43 |  44,445.39
Yakima      | 143,102.97 |  3,927.59 |  5,169.50 |  9,097.09 | 134,005.88
            |------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------------
  Totals    |2,607,343.32|172,130.53 |215,259.75 |387,390.28 |2,219,953.04

NOTE:--The statement of total area of school and granted lands
by counties includes only approved indemnity selected, approved
granted lands, and school sections 16 and 36 in place.

[Page 98]
              UNAPPROPRIATED FEDERAL LANDS OF WASHINGTON.
===========================================================================
             |     Area unappropriated     |
     LAND    |       and unreserved        |    Brief description of
   DISTRICT  |-----------------------------| character of unappropriated
     AND     |         |  Unsur- |         |    and unreserved land.
   COUNTRY.  |Surveyed.|  veyed. |  Total. |
-------------|---------|---------|---------|-------------------------------
North Yakima:| _Acres._| _Acres._| _Acres._|
  Benton     |   27,062|         |   27,062| Rolling prairie, hilly,
             |         |         |         |   grazing.
  Douglas    |   15,003|         |   15,003| Grazing, prairie, hilly,
             |         |         |         |   and timber.
  Kittitas   |  149,351|  245,967|  395,318| Grazing, arid prairie,
             |         |         |         |   and timber.
  Yakima     |  126,072|  274,500|  400,572|
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  317,488|  520,467|  837,955|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Olympia:     |         |         |         |
  Chehalis   |    1,491|         |    1,491| Mountainous timbered lands.
  Jefferson  |      860|         |      860|    Do.
  King       |      560|         |      560|    Do.
  Kitsap     |       40|         |       40|    Do.
  Lewis      |       40|         |       40|    Do.
  Mason      |    2,537|         |    2,537|    Do.
  Pacific    |       80|         |       80|    Do.
  Pierce     |      571|         |      571|    Do.
  Thurston   |      207|         |      207|    Do.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |    6,886|         |    6,386|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Seattle:     |         |         |         |
  Clallam    |    1,240|    1,840|    3,080| Mountainous and broken; good
             |         |         |         |   supply of excellent timber.
  King       |      680|   11,680|   12,360| Broken and mountainous.
  San Juan   |      324|         |      324| Broken, with little timber.
  Skagit     |    2,475|   25,540|   28,015| Broken, heavily timbered, and
             |         |         |         |   mountainous.
  Snohomish  |      320|    5,484|    5,804|   Do.
  Whatcom    |      840|    8,923|    9,768|   Do.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |    5,879|   53,467|   59,346|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Spokane:     |         |         |         |
  Adams      |   26,512|         |   26,512| Arid lands, valuable for fruit
             |         |         |         |   and grain.
  Douglas    |         |    l,500|    l,500| Arid lands.
  Ferry      |  165,526|  379,732|  545,258| Farming, grazing, timber, and
             |         |         |         |   mineral.
  Lincoln    |   35,632|    4,448|   40,080| Farming and grazing.
  Okanogan   |   13,343|  114,756|  128,099| Farming, grazing, and mineral.
  Spokane    |    2,896|    3,094|    5,990|   Do.
  Stevens    |  409,093|  711,981|1,121,044| Mountainous, farming, and
             |         |         |         |   mineral.
  Whitman    |    2,053|         |    2,053| Grazing lands.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  655,055|1,215,511|1,870,566|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Vancouver:   |         |         |         |
  Clarke     |    4,787|         |    4,787| Timbered and agricultural.
  Cowlitz    |   16,703|    7,080|   23,783|   Do.
  Klickitat  |   61,553|    2,600|   64,153| Timbered, agricultural,
             |         |         |         |   grazing
  Lewis      |    8,013|    4,995|   13,008| Timbered and agricultural.
  Pacific    |    1,981|         |    1,981|   Do.
  Skamania   |    7,418|         |    7,418|   Do.
  Wahkiakum  |      316|         |      316| Timbered.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  100,771|   14,675|  115,446|
             |=========|=========|=========|
Walla Walla: |         |         |         |
  Adams      |   15,188|         |   15,188| Prairie, farming, and
             |         |         |         |   grazing lands.
  Asotin     |   83,631|   13,293|   96,924| Mountainous, some timber, and
             |         |         |         |   prairie.
  Benton     |   40,395|         |   40,395| Desert, grazing, some timber,
             |         |         |         |   prairie, and farming.
  Columbia   |   15,203|  152,279|  167,482| Mountainous, some timber,
             |         |         |         |   and prairie.
  Franklin   |   42,363|         |   42,368| Prairie, grazing lands;
             |         |         |         |   no timber.
  Garfield   |   45,468|   44,539|   90,007| Farming, grazing, and timber.
  Klickitat  |   24,926|         |   24,926| Grazing and farming; some
             |         |         |         |   timber.
  Walla Walla|   15,522|         |   15,522|   Do.
  Whitman    |   15,835|         |   15,835| Prairie, farming, and grazing
             |         |         |         |   lands.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  298,531|  210,111|  508,642|
             |=========|=========|=========|
[Page 99]
Waterville:  |         |         |         |
  Chelan     |  321,518|    9,880|  331,398| Mountainous, timber, farming.
  Douglas    |  435,207|   44,890|  480,097| Prairie, farming, and grazing.
  Okanogan   |  206,990|  218,175|  425,165| Mountainous, timber, and
             |         |         |         |   farming.
             |---------|---------|---------|
    Total    |  963,715|  272,945|1,236,660|
             |=========|=========|=========|
 State total |2,347,825|2,287,176|4,635,001|

CLIMATIC SUMMARY FOR WASHINGTON.

PREPARED BY GEO. N. SALISBURY,

Of the Weather Bureau at Seattle.

The following tables represent averages of observations, covering ten
years or more. The stations included in the list are so distributed
as to indicate the climatic conditions in every portion of the
state.

                     SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON.
                        STATION: ABERDEEN.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
January   |39.9| 61| 1900| 10|1893| |10.56| 4.8| | 3|13|15|19|    W
February  |40.6| 73| 1905| 13|1899| |10.43| 3.5| | 3|11|14|20|   SW
March     |43.7| 82| 1905| 22|1896| | 7.89| 1.6| | 5|19| 7|20|    W
April     |48.2| 88| 1905| 28|1899| | 7.66|   T| | 6|16| 8|17|    W
May       |53.0| 91| 1897| 29|1901| | 4.58|   0| | 6|17| 8|15|    W
June      |56.8|100| 1903| 34|1901| | 3.72|   0| | 6|15| 9|13|    W
July      |60.8|105| 1891| 37|1901| | 1.02|   0| | 9|17| 5| 7|    W
August    |62.1| 96| 1898| 40|1902| | 1.06|   0| |11|17| 3| 5|    W
September |57.5| 88| 1894| 30|1901| | 4.98|   0| | 9|15| 6| 9|    W
October   |52.3| 85| 1891| 29|1893| | 6.71|   0| | 6|14|10|14|    W
November  |45.1| 73| 1904| 22|1900| |15.28| 0.5| | 2|10|18|22|    W
December  |40.9| 60| 1892| 20|1901| |14.66| 0.5| | 4|11|16|20| SW & W
          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |88.55|10.9| | 6|14|10|15|
 Means or\|50.0|105|July,| 10|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
 Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1893| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |

[Page 100]
                       PUGET SOUND DISTRICT.
                    STATION: TACOMA AND ASHFORD.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_
          |Mean|   | Date|   |Date| |Total|    | |  |  |  |  |   _wind_
----------|----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
January   |38.0| 64| 1891|  0|1888| | 7.20|11.0| | 4| 6|21|20|   SW
February  |38.9| 66| 1905|  5|1887| | 6.68|12.4| | 4| 7|18|17|   SW
March     |44.4| 74| 1900| 16|1897| | 4.82| 8.0| | 6| 8|17|18|   SW
April     |48.9| 84| 1897| 28|1896| | 4.40| 2.8| | 6|12|12|14|   SW
May       |54.1| 90| 1892| 33|1894| | 4.11| 0.2| | 6|12|13|14|   SW
June      |58.2| 97| 1903| 39|1895| | 2.62|   T| | 8|10|12|11|    N
July      |62.0| 99| 1891| 42|1894| | 1.20|   0| |15| 9| 7| 6|    N
August    |61.6| 92| 1898| 40|1895| | 1.28|   0| |15| 8| 8| 5|    N
September |56.2| 87| 1894| 36|1902| | 2.74|   0| |12| 8|10|10|    N
October   |50.6| 82| 1892| 25|1893| | 4.51|   0| | 8| 8|15|12|   SW
November  |44.2| 70| 1892|  8|1896| | 9.11| 5.2| | 2| 5|23|21|   SW
December  |40.9| 61| 1900| 19|1894| | 9.55| 4.4| | 4| 7|20|18|   SW
          |----|---|-----|---|----| |-----|----| |--|--|--|--|----------
  Sums    |    |   |     |   |    | |58.22|44.0| | 7| 8|15|14|
 Means or\|49.8| 99|July,|  0|Jan.| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |
 Extremes/|    |   |1891 |   |1888| |     |    | |  |  |  |  |

                         EASTERN WASHINGTON.
                          STATION: SPOKANE.

========================================================================
          |                       | |          | |_Number of_|
          |                       | | _Precip-_| |   _days--_|
          |     _Temperature_     | | _itation_| |-----------|
          |     _in degrees_      | |   _in_   | |     _With Pre-_
  MONTH.  |     _Fahrenheit_      | | _inches._| |     _cipitation_
          |                       | |          | |    Cloudy |
          |-----------------------| |----------| | Partly |  |_Prevailing_
          |Highest |  Lowest |    | | Snowfall | | Cloudy |  |_direction_
          |----    |-----    |    | |-----     | Clear |  |  |  _of the_