VACCINATION ***

                                   A

                          STATEMENT OF FACTS,

                               TENDING TO

                ESTABLISH AN ESTIMATE OF THE TRUE VALUE

                                  AND

                             PRESENT STATE

                                   OF

                              VACCINATION.

                               ----------

                      BY SIR GILBERT BLANE, BART.

  _F.R.S. of London, Edinburgh, and Göttingen; Member of the Imperial
  Academy of St. Petersburgh; and Physician in Ordinary to the King._

                       -------------------------

 FROM THE TENTH VOLUME OF THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL TRANSACTIONS, PUBLISHED
            BY THE MEDICAL AND CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON;

                            WITH ADDITIONS.

                       -------------------------

                                LONDON:

       PRINTED FOR THOMAS AND GEORGE UNDERWOOD, 32, FLEET STREET.

                               ----------

                                 1820.

                   J. MOYES, GREVILLE STREET, LONDON.

                                   A

                          STATEMENT OF FACTS,

         TENDING TO ESTABLISH AN ESTIMATE OF THE TRUE VALUE AND
                            PRESENT STATE OF

                              VACCINATION.

              BY SIR GILBERT BLANE, BART. F.R.S. Lond. &c.

                  _Physician in Ordinary to the King._

                       -------------------------

                         _Read Nov. 10, 1819._

                       -------------------------

It is now twenty-one years since Vaccination was promulgated in this
country by Dr. Jenner, and fifteen years since it began to produce a
sensible effect in diminishing the mortality from Small Pox. In regard
to the latter period, it is coeval with this Society; yet, though no
discovery in nature nor in medicine has been more important to the
interests of humanity, nor any which has ever so rapidly and universally
won the assent and practical adoption of mankind, there are no notices
of it on our records, except in our second volume, in an article by Dr.
Bateman, in which he relates a case of a mother who was affected with
the Small Pox a second time, by being exposed to infection, from some of
her own children who had caught it casually; while her other children,
who had been vaccinated, resisted it. As it is to be hoped that our
labours will prove to posterity some of the principal sources of
reference regarding the medical and chirurgical discoveries and
improvements of the age; as it is one of the reproaches of our country,
that it has not availed itself so much as any other of the benefits of
Vaccination; and as there are writers among us who still allege that the
failures are so numerous that the value of the discovery is very
ambiguous, it seems one of the duties of the Society to lend its aid in
placing these important points in their true light.

It seems almost needless to premise, that the Small Pox is of all
maladies that, which, during the last thousand years, has destroyed the
largest portion of the human species, and been productive of the largest
share of human misery. There is, perhaps, no disease over which medical
art has less power; and this power, such as it is, has consisted more in
abolishing pernicious practices, than in ascertaining any positive
methods of controlling its fatality, unless we except the inoculation of
it with its own _virus_. But, though the beneficial effect of this on
those on whom it is actually practised is undeniable, it has no tendency
like Vaccination to extirpate the disease; and from the impossibility of
rendering it universal, it has actually been found to add to the general
mortality of Small Pox, by opening a new source for the diffusion of its
_virus_.

It ought to be stated also, with a view to a decision on this question,
that Vaccination itself is attended with no danger, and frequently takes
effect without any visible disturbance in the system. There is even
reason to believe, that in its process it wards off other diseases, by
pre-occupying the constitution.

In order to bring this matter to the test of calculation, in order also
to institute a comparison of the mortality of Small Pox as influenced by
Vaccination, as well as by Inoculation from itself, I have selected from
the bills of mortality four periods, each of fifteen years, for the
purpose of exhibiting the mortality of Small Pox in each of these series
in regard to each other. These are thrown into the form of Tables, and
annexed to this article.

The first series, is the fifteen years immediately preceding the
introduction of Inoculation; that is, from 1706 to 1720, both included.
Previous to this period, no account that could be depended upon
regarding the Small Pox, could be derived from the bills of mortality;
for down to the beginning of last century such was their imperfect
construction, that Small Pox, Measles, and Flux were blended under one
head. Exception may be taken against the accuracy of these bills, even
in this improved state, particularly with regard to the discrimination
of diseases. This objection, however, is certainly less applicable to
Small Pox than any other disorder, its character being so striking as
not to be mistaken by the most ignorant and careless observer.

The second series is taken at the middle of the last century, when
Inoculation had made considerable progress; that is, from 1745 to 1759,
both included. In comparing this with the preceding series, with regard
to absolute numbers, it ought to be taken into account, that eleven
parishes were added to the bills of mortality, between the years 1726
and 1745, both included: so that the progressive improvement of general
salubrity ought to be estimated still higher than what is indicated by
the diminished mortality, as it stands in the Tables.

The third series comprises the fifteen years previous to the
introduction of Vaccination, when Inoculation had made still greater
progress; that is, from 1785 to 1798, both included.

The fourth series comprises the time in which the vaccine Inoculation
has been so far diffused as to produce a notable effect on the mortality
of Small Pox; that is, from 1804 to 1818, both included.

The result of these computations stands as follows:—

     _Ratio of the Mortality of Small Pox to the total Mortality._

          From 1706 to 1720, one in 12.7; that is, 78 in 1000.
          From 1745 to 1759, one in 11.2; that is, 89 in 1000.
          From 1785 to 1798, one in 10.6; that is, 94 in 1000.
          From 1804 to 1818, one in 18.9; that is, 53 in 1000.

        Fractions are not noticed in the last column of numbers.

It appears from this statement, that the proportion of deaths from Small
Pox to the total mortality, increased in the course of last century; so
that Inoculation appears to have added to the mortality. It is but fair
to mention, however, that this total mortality is not quite a just scale
whereby to measure the relative mortality of Small Pox; for in the
course of that century, the general mortality itself was greatly
diminished in relation to the population. This diminution of general
mortality was chiefly owing to the diminished mortality of children
under two years of age, which, at the time when the account began to be
kept, 1729, averaged about 9000; but at the end of the century not more
than 5000[1]; also to the decrease of fevers, and still more of fluxes.
The relation of the mortality of Small Pox to the population, would
therefore be a more fair criterion of its increase or decrease. In this
view it might, at first sight, be thought that it had decreased; for the
population of the metropolis nearly doubled in the course of the last
century. But it is to be remarked, that there has been little increase
of population in that portion of the metropolis which is included in the
bills of mortality; the great increase having been in the parishes of
Mary-le-bone and St. Pancras, which are not included in these bills. It
is computed in the remarks subjoined to the last parliamentary returns
of population, that the population of London, within the walls, had
decreased more than three-fifths in the course of last century, from the
widening of streets, the erection of public buildings and warehouses,
and, it might have been added, from the migration of mercantile families
to the west end of the town. As a set-off to this, there has certainly
been a great addition, in the same time, to those parishes within the
bills, which stand on the verge of the metropolis, such as St. George’s
Hanover Square, St. George’s Bloomsbury, Poplar, and Stepney. But the
addition to the population, if any, within the bills of mortality, does
not seem to be so considerable as to affect the computation. And, if
this is admitted, the absolute numbers of the deaths from Small Pox,
estimated in relation to the population, that is, exactly as they stand
on the Tables, afford a fair comparative statement of the mortality in
the last century, and seem to prove that Inoculation has not added so
much to it as has been alleged. It was in the rural population that the
effect of Inoculation in diffusing Small Pox was chiefly felt. In this
situation there is much less intercourse of persons with each other than
in towns, so that not only many individuals escaped from their not being
exposed to infection during their whole lives, but whole districts were
known to have been exempt from it for a long series of years, before it
was universally diffused by Inoculation.

But the truly important result from these statements consists in the
clear, undeniable, and great diminution of it since the introduction of
Vaccination. It appears, that in the last fifteen years, the mortality
from Small Pox, in the bills of mortality, has not been much more than
one-half of what it was in the two like series of years in the middle
and latter end of the last century. Nor does this comprise the whole
benefit derived from this discovery in the metropolis; for, besides that
the sixth part of it lies without the bills, it was found, in levying
the tax on burials for the last six months of 1794, that the number of
unregistered deaths, chiefly those of dissenters, amounted in that half
year to 3148; and the reporter of the parliamentary enumeration thinks
that, as besides these there were undiscovered interments, the
unregistered deaths may be computed at one-third of the total mortality,
that is, about 7000. (_See Abstract of the Parish Registers, 1811,
printed by authority of Parliament, page 200._)

Assuming, therefore, that Vaccination had not been practised the last
fifteen years, and that the mortality from Small Pox, within the bills,
had in that time, that is, from 1804 to 1818, been the same as from 1784
to 1798, that is, 27,569 in place of 14,716; and assuming that there has
been the same proportional diminution of deaths in the districts without
the bills, and among the unregistered subjects, the account of lives
saved in this metropolis by Vaccination in the fifteen years, will stand
as follows:—

                 Within the bills of mortality  12,853
                 Without the bills of mortality  2,570
                 Unregistered cases              7,711
                                          Total 23,134

The first of these numbers is found by subtracting the amount of deaths
by Small Pox, in the bills of mortality, during the practice of
Vaccination, from the amount of them, during the same number of years,
immediately before the discovery of Vaccination.

The second number is found by dividing the first by 5. The population of
the metropolis without the bills is stated at one-sixth of the whole,
which is evidently one-fifth of that within the bills.

The third number is found by dividing the sum of the two others by 2;
the unregistered cases being, as before stated, one-third of the whole.

It appears, therefore, that, even under the very imperfect practice of
Vaccination which has taken place in this metropolis, 23,134 lives have
been saved in the last fifteen years, according to the best computation
that the _data_ afford. It will be seen, by an inspection of the Table,
that in that time there have been great fluctuations in the number of
deaths. This has been owing partly to the Small Pox Inoculation of
out-patients having, by an unaccountable infatuation, been kept up at
the Small Pox Hospital for several years after the virtue of Vaccination
had been fully confirmed. The greater number of deaths in 1805 may
chiefly be referred to this cause. Since the suppression of this
practice, the adoption of Vaccination, though in a degree so incomplete,
in consequence of public prejudice, created entirely by mischievous
publications, has been unable to prevent a considerable, though
fluctuating, mortality from Small Pox. The late mortality from Small
Pox, though little more than one half of what it was in former times,
might have been entirely saved, if Vaccination had been carried to the
same extent as in many cities and whole districts on the continent of
Europe, in Peru, and Ceylon.

In the summer of 1811 the author was called to visit, professionally,
Don Francisco de Salazar, who had arrived a few days before in London,
on his route from Lima to Cadiz, as a deputy to the Spanish Cortes. He
informed him, that Vaccination had been practised with so much energy
and success in Lima, that for the last twelve months there had occurred,
not only no death from, but no case of, Small Pox; that the new-born
children of all ranks are carried as regularly to the Vaccinating House
as to the font of baptism; that the Small Pox is entirely extinguished
all over Peru; nearly so in Chili; and that there has been no compulsory
interference on the part of the government to promote Vaccination.

It is now matter of irrefragable historical evidence, that Vaccination
possesses powers adequate to the great end proposed by its meritorious
discoverer, in his first promulgation of it in 1798, namely, the total
extirpation of Small Pox. The first proof of this was at Vienna, where,
in 1804, no cases occurred, except two strangers who came into the city
with the disease upon them. In 1805 there did not occur a single death
from it in Copenhagen[2]. Dr. Sacco, the indefatigable superintendent of
Vaccination in Lombardy, stated, in his Annual Report, 3d January, 1808,
that the Small Pox had entirely disappeared in all the large towns in
that country; and that in the great city of Milan it had not appeared
for several years. Dr. Odier, of Geneva, so favourably known for his
high professional, scientific, and literary acquirements, testifies,
that, after a vigorous perseverance in Vaccination for six years, the
Small Pox had disappeared in that city and the whole surrounding
district; and that, when casually introduced by strangers, it did not
spread, the inhabitants not being _susceptible_. The Central Committee
in Paris testify, in their Report of 1809, that the Small Pox had been
extinguished at Lyons and other districts of France.

These are selected as some of the earliest and most remarkable proofs of
the extirpating power. But it is demonstrable, that if at the first
moment of this singular discovery, at any moment since, at the present
or any future moment, mankind were sufficiently wise and decided to
vaccinate the whole of the human species who have not gone through the
Small Pox, from that moment would this most loathsome and afflicting of
all the scourges of humanity be instantaneously, and for ever, banished
from the earth.

It is farther manifest, that extirpation being the ultimate aim of this
discovery, and there being the fullest historical and practical evidence
of its being capable of accomplishing this end, all other questions with
regard to its expediency must be futile and irrelevant. It is in the
nature of all morbid phenomena to be liable to exception. One of the
most essential and characteristic laws of Small Pox itself, namely, that
of its affecting the human subject but once in life, is found in rare
cases to be violated. It is, therefore, perfectly conformable to
analogy, and naturally to be expected, that it may not in all cases be a
complete security against Small Pox. But it is obvious, that, admitting
these exceptions to be very frequent, much more so than the recurrence
of Small Pox after Small Pox, this can constitute no objection to the
practice, as long as the extirpating power remains unimpaired and
unimpeached. Nay, it is obviously so far from an objection, that it
ought to operate as a powerful additional incentive on every benevolent
mind, to push Vaccination to the utmost, as rapidly as possible, in
order that those who are still susceptible, either from peculiar natural
constitution, or from the unskillful manner of conducting the operation,
or from defective matter, may not, by any possibility, catch it; for, in
the event of its extirpation, it could nowhere be met with. And in order
to stimulate the good and the wise to aim strenuously at this
consummation, let it be constantly borne in mind, that the adversary
they are contending with is the greatest scourge that has ever afflicted
humanity. That it is so, all history, civil and medical, proclaims: for,
though the term Plague carries a sound of greater horror and dismay, we
should probably be within the truth, if we were to assert, that Small
Pox has destroyed a hundred for every one that has perished by the
Plague.

It is true that in its last visitation of this metropolis, one hundred
and fifty-four years ago, it carried off 70,000 victims in a few months;
but since that time, the deaths from Small Pox, recorded in the bills of
mortality, have amounted to more than 300,000; and a like number of the
survivors have been afflicted with blindness, deformity, scrofula, or
broken constitutions, which is not the case with the survivors of the
Plague. It appears, by a Report of the Hospital for the Indigent Blind,
that two thirds of those who apply for relief have lost their sight by
the Small Pox. It is alleged by some of the soundest Political
Economists that Small Pox does not diminish the numbers of mankind, nor
Vaccination increase them; for population is determined by subsistence,
and the indefinite powers of procreation soon repair the ravages of
disease. But, however true this may be, the miseries incident to so many
of those who survive Small Pox, whereby they become a burden to
themselves, their families, and to society, render this disease
uncontrovertibly an evil of the first magnitude, not to mention the
intense sufferings and afflictions inseparable from it; and in this view
of the matter the objection seriously adduced against Vaccination by one
of its opponents[3], that _Small Pox is a merciful dispensation of
Providence for the poor man, by diminishing the burden of his family_,
will not hold good, for the burden is not removed.

And when it is considered that there are large portions of the globe,
India, China, even one whole quarter of it (North and South America),
besides all the tropical and arctic regions, in which the Plague has
never been known; and that in all the countries liable to it, it seldom
appears but at one season of the year, and in some at long intervals,
the ravage which it makes is trifling when compared with the unceasing
havoc of Small Pox, which spares no nation in any climate, or at any
season. Yet the Legislative Regulations for excluding and checking the
Plague are of the most harsh and despotic description, while the law
touches upon Small Pox comparatively with the most lenient hand. It
ought to be generally known, however, that in a late trial and
conviction, it was laid down by the judge to be the law of the land,
that a medical practitioner who neglects to exclude the person whom he
inoculates from communication with others, is liable to fine and
imprisonment. Morally considered, indeed, it is difficult to conceive a
higher degree of flagitious turpitude than that of a professional
person, in the present state of knowledge, exposing his
fellow-creatures, from sordid motives, to one of the most grievous
calamities of which human nature is susceptible.

The preceding reasoning is grounded on the supposition of extirpation:
but, however demonstrable the _possibility_ of extirpation may be, it
may not in all communities be _practicable_; and may not these alleged
failures so operate, as, in such circumstances, to render the expediency
of the practice questionable?

In order to decide this, let the nature and amount of these failures be
ascertained and estimated.

The description of those cases of Small Pox, (if they can be called so,)
which occur in vaccinated subjects, is shortly as follows:—The invasion
and eruption in every respect resembles that of the genuine Small Pox. I
have seen it attended with high fever and a thick crowded crop of
_papulæ_, such as precedes the most severe and dangerous cases of the
confluent kind. This runs on till the fifth day from the eruption, both
days included, at which time some of the _papulæ_ begin to be converted
into small sized pustules. The disorder then abruptly stops short. On
the following day the fever is found to have subsided, with a
shrivelling and desiccation of the eruption, and recovery proceeds
without the least danger or inconvenience. The face is marked, for some
time after, with brown spots, but without pits. It should never be
forgotten, that all morbid _phænomena_ are full of varieties and
exceptions. Accordingly, though the fifth day is the most common limit
of this disorder, it sometimes stops short on the third; sometimes not
till the sixth or seventh; and, in a very few cases, it has been known
to run the common course of Small Pox. What forms the strong line of
distinction from proper Small Pox, is that, with a few exceptions, it
does not advance to maturation and secondary fever, which is the only
period of danger. I am not prepared to deny that death may not have
occurred in a few instances; nay, there seems sufficient evidence that
it actually has; but these adverse cases are so rare, as not to form the
shadow of an objection to the expediency of the general practice. A few
weeks ago at a meeting of this Society, at which forty members and
visitors were present, I put the question whether any of these eminent
and extensive practitioners had met with any fatal cases of this kind.
Two gentlemen had each seen a single case, and two other gentlemen took
occasion to say that they had each seen a case of second Small Pox, both
of which proved fatal. It is evident, therefore, that according to that
maxim which guides mankind in the conduct of life, namely, that of
acting on a general rule and average, and not on exceptions, these
adverse instances ought not to have the least influence on practice,
even though they were much more numerous. Nor indeed do they, except in
the very rare cases here cited, deserve the name of failures; for,
though they fail in preventing _Small Pox_, they do not fail to prevent
_Death_. And let me here, in the name of humanity, beseech practitioners
not to be forward in publishing single cases of failures, real or
supposed; for, when the weak minded and uninformed hear of these
failures, without hearing at the same time that there are hundreds of
cases of permanent security for every single case of failure, they are
guided by the _exception_, which becomes to them the _rule_; their
judgments being thereby most fatally perverted.

As it is of the utmost consequence to establish the strong and important
distinction between Small Pox, properly so called, and that which takes
place after Vaccination, which may be called the mitigated, or five day
Small Pox, a few of the most impressive testimonies respecting the safe
nature of the latter may be here recited. Mr. Brown[4], of Musselburgh,
gives the detail of forty-eight cases, in none of which did the
secondary fever nor death occur. Here was a saving of at least eight
lives, at the lowest computation; for this is the number which, by the
average mortality of natural Small Pox, would have died if the
constitutions of these forty-eight persons had not been modified by
previous Vaccination. Dr. Dewar, of Edinburgh, hearing that many
vaccinated subjects had been affected with Small Pox at Cupar in Fife,
where the natural Small Pox at the same time prevailed, he most laudably
repaired to the spot to investigate the subject. He found that
fifty-four vaccinated subjects had caught the Small Pox. All these,
except one, had the mitigated or five day eruptive fever, and livid. The
fatal case was that of a child, who had a complication of other
disorders, and having died on the fifth day, the Small Pox, according to
its ordinary course of fatality, could not of itself be the cause of
death. All the rest were safe; while of sixteen cases of the natural
Small Pox at the same time and place, six died; so that, if these
fifty-three cases had not undergone the mitigating process of
Vaccination, nineteen or twenty would have perished. Between thirty and
forty cases of the same kind have occurred at Carlisle, on the testimony
of Dr. Barnes, a respectable practitioner of that city[5]. Many proofs
might be adduced from the oral testimony of private practitioners, which
would overswell this article. The only other to be mentioned is from the
Report of the Central Committee of Vaccination at Paris, made in
December last, in which the description of the disease occurring after
Vaccination corresponds exactly with the mitigated five day cases which
have occurred in Britain. They refuse the name of Small Pox to it; but
as I know from my own observation, as well as from the testimony of
others, that the matter from it does by Inoculation give the Small Pox,
we can hardly, perhaps, with propriety deny it that name; but it should
be distinguished by some strong discriminating epithet, such as is
suggested above.

As the attack of Small Pox in subjects who have undergone Vaccination,
generally occurs after a long interval, it becomes a question whether
this is owing merely to the chance of such subjects not having been
exposed to variolous contagion, or to the effect of time in diminishing
the antivariolous virtue of vaccination. The former is certainly
conceivable; but when we consider the numberless severe proofs to which
the recently vaccinated were experimentally exposed in the early part of
this practice all over Europe, from which the most satisfactory evidence
resulted; and when it is considered that, in the great majority of
cases, Small Pox has not occurred till several years after vaccination,
it seems by far most probable that the virtue of it is weakened by time.
When parents, therefore, become anxious and apprehensive regarding the
risk of Small Pox after a lapse of years, it seems quite reasonable that
they should be indulged in having the operation repeated.

Let all this be applied to the case of a community, in which the total
eradication of Small Pox is quite hopeless. Let it be admitted that such
occurrences as have been described do frequently occur: let it even be
admitted, for argument’s sake, that every vaccinated case whatever must
of necessity and unavoidably at some time or other in future life be
affected with this mitigated species of Small Pox, would it not even
under this great abatement be one of the greatest boons that could be
conferred on humanity, being an instrument or remedy which would disarm
Small Pox of its danger? Would not the next greatest benefit to the
total extirpation of Small Pox, be the stripping it of its terrors by
rendering it safe and harmless?

It may be further remarked, that the benefit derivable from the
different proportions of the persons vaccinated to the total population,
advances in a considerably higher progression than the simple
arithmetical. It is evident that the smaller the relative number of the
vaccinated, the greater their chance of meeting with Small Pox
infection, and that though the disease which they may catch is of a
mitigated nature, it would nevertheless be desirable to avoid it on its
own account, but still more on account of the prejudice it creates.
This, in the eye of general benevolence, constitutes an additional,
though secondary motive for extending the vaccine inoculation as widely
as possible, even though the attainment of the _maximum_, that is, total
extirpation, should be impracticable and hopeless.

It is of the highest importance to society, that this subject should be
seen in its true light, and in all its bearings; for the frequent
occurrence of these cases of Small Pox, however safe in themselves, have
had a most pernicious effect on the credulous and ignorant, by giving a
check to the practice of Vaccination. It ought never to be forgot that
the power of Vaccination in extirpating Small Pox being established, the
question of its expediency is completely set at rest. How many parents
are there now who, from a weak distrust in the virtue of Vaccination,
have to lament the loss of a child from Small Pox, either casual or
inoculated? Many such are known to myself. It is pleasing, however, to
observe, that though this unmerited discredit into which Vaccination had
fallen, swelled the number of deaths in London from Small Pox to 1051 in
1817, good sense is likely still to prevail, for last year (1818) the
deaths have fallen lower than they have ever been known since the
institution of the bills of mortality, the total number being only
421[6].

On the whole matter, I believe I am speaking the language of every man
of good principles and feelings, capable of reflecting seriously and
considerately on the subject, when I say, that whenever he applies his
mind to it, he finds some new and increasing cause of complacency and
satisfaction. Viewed as a mere physical fact in the natural history of
the animal kingdom, the virtue of the vaccine _virus_ in resisting the
action of the _variolous_, is, by its novelty and singularity, highly
striking and interesting to every one whose taste leads him to take
delight in contemplating and exploring the devious ways and varied forms
of Nature, as curious exceptions to the uniformity and constancy of her
laws. One can hardly contemplate with sufficient astonishment, the
extraordinary fact that a morbid poison taken from a domestic animal
should, when inserted into the human body, shield it against the assault
of one of the most fatal and cruel maladies to which it is incident. But
the importance of this, as a physical curiosity, vanishes to nothing
when the unexampled benefits of it to mankind are fairly weighed;
benefits which could never have been dreamt of by the most sanguine
philanthropist, who, in contemplating it, finds himself lost in
astonishment, at a boon to mankind almost beyond the grasp of his mind
duly to appreciate: so that what seems at first sight merely a sportive
aberration from the usual course of things, has, by the wise
dispensation of Providence, become subservient to the most beneficent
purposes: and how many more useful discoveries may there yet be in
reserve for the alleviation of human misery, from obscure and undetected
facts still lurking under the very surface of Nature! It will in the
eyes of future ages be deemed an _epocha_ in the destinies of the world,
and one of the highest boasts of the country in which it took its rise,
with a sense of unrequitable obligation to the individual[7] who first
disclosed and promulgated the secret, by drawing it from the dark
recesses of rural tradition, and rendering it available to the whole
human race.

Such are the sentiments which must fill every well constituted mind; and
it behoves the whole medical profession, which has already done itself
so much honour by the zealous and disinterested encouragement afforded
to it, to continue its efforts in eradicating every remaining prejudice
against it. It becomes Englishmen, in particular, to cherish it, not
only as the native offspring of their country, of which they have reason
to be proud, but to redeem the character of the nation from the reproach
of having, of all others, whether savage or civilized, done the least
justice to this noble discovery. It is somewhat humiliating to reflect,
that while there is no country which has received more striking and
unambiguous benefits from this discovery, there is none which has prized
it less, nor availed itself of it so little. I here allude to the
unspeakable advantage of it to the public service, both by sea and land,
in the late war, so eventful and portentous in its course, and so
glorious in its termination. Formerly, Small Pox was one of the greatest
embarrassments to the operations of armies; and ships of war were
occasionally under the necessity of quitting the sea, from the
prevalence of this disorder among their crews. Those lately at the head
of the navy and army, with that vigilant wisdom and humanity which
become those who direct the affairs of a great and enlightened nation,
recommended and enforced the practice of Vaccination in both these
departments, to the great furtherance of the public service. Their
example has by no means been followed among the civil population of
England. This is chiefly imputable to the abuse of the press, the
general licentiousness of which may be denounced as one of the most
grievous evils of this age and country, in regard to other subjects
interesting to humanity and public happiness, as well as this; the
votaries of error and depravity being more successful, because they find
more encouragement in disseminating their principles, than the advocates
of truth, virtue, and good order. There is no maxim more true, than that
the best things do become by abuse the worst, and that in proportion to
their excellence. What a mortifying contrast does England form with
Peru, where it was adopted instantly, in consequence of a flash of
conviction from the light of evidence! and was not this conviction fully
justified by the immediate disappearance of Small Pox from that whole
region? To those nations who may feel an envy of the glory attached to
our country by this discovery, it must be no small consolation to
perceive that a large proportion of the English nation has hitherto been
so besotted as not to know how to appreciate it, nor how to avail
themselves of it, and that it has encountered more opposition among
ourselves than in all the world besides.

                                TABLE I.

       ┌──────┬──────────┬──────────────┬───────────┬──────────┐
       │Years.│  Total   │Mortality from│Proportion.│Proportion│
       │      │Mortality.│  Small Pox.  │           │ to 1000. │
       ├──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │ 1706 │  22,097  │     1094     │1 in 20    │        50│
       │ 1707 │  21,600  │     1078     │1    20    │        50│
       │ 1708 │  21,291  │     1687     │1    12-1/2│        79│
       │ 1709 │  21,800  │     1024     │1    21    │        49│
       │ 1710 │  24,620  │     3138     │1    8     │       127│
       │ 1711 │  19,833  │     915      │1    21-1/2│        46│
       │ 1712 │  21,198  │     1943     │1    11    │        92│
       │ 1713 │  21,057  │     1614     │1    13    │        77│
       │ 1714 │  26,569  │     2810     │1    9-1/2 │       106│
       │ 1715 │  22,232  │     1057     │1    21    │        47│
       │ 1716 │  24,436  │     2427     │1    10    │       100│
       │ 1717 │  23,446  │     2211     │1    10-1/2│        94│
       │ 1718 │  26,523  │     1884     │1    14    │        71│
       │ 1719 │  28,347  │     3229     │1    8-3/4 │       114│
       │ 1720 │  25,454  │     1440     │1    17-1/2│        56│
       ├──────┴──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │  Total—350,503  │    27,557    │1    12.7  │        78│
       └─────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────┴──────────┘

  In this series it appears that the deaths from Small Pox are, to the
          total mortality, as 1 in 12.7; that is, 78 in 1000.

                               TABLE II.

       ┌──────┬──────────┬──────────────┬───────────┬──────────┐
       │Years.│  Total   │Mortality from│Proportion.│Proportion│
       │      │Mortality.│  Small Pox.  │           │ to 1000. │
       ├──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │ 1745 │  21,296  │     1206     │1 in 17-3/4│        56│
       │ 1746 │  28,157  │     3236     │1    8-3/4 │       115│
       │ 1747 │  25,494  │     1380     │1    18-1/2│        54│
       │ 1748 │  23,869  │     1789     │1    13-1/2│        75│
       │ 1749 │  25,516  │     2625     │1    9-3/4 │       103│
       │ 1750 │  23,727  │     1229     │1    19-1/4│        52│
       │ 1751 │  21,028  │     998      │1    21    │        48│
       │ 1752 │  20,485  │     3538     │1    5-3/4 │       172│
       │ 1753 │  19,276  │     774      │1    25    │        40│
       │ 1754 │  22,696  │     2359     │1    9-1/2 │       104│
       │ 1755 │  21,917  │     1988     │1    11    │        91│
       │ 1756 │  20,872  │     1608     │1    13    │        77│
       │ 1757 │  21,313  │     3296     │1    6-1/2 │       155│
       │ 1758 │  17,576  │     1273     │1    13-3/4│        73│
       │ 1759 │  19,604  │     2596     │1    7-1/2 │       132│
       ├──────┴──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │  Total—332,826  │    29,895    │1    11.2  │        89│
       └─────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────┴──────────┘

 In this series it appears that the proportion of deaths from Small Pox
     is, to the total mortality, as 1 in 11.2; that is, 89 in 1000.

                               TABLE III.

       ┌──────┬──────────┬──────────────┬───────────┬──────────┐
       │Years.│  Total   │Mortality from│Proportion.│Proportion│
       │      │Mortality.│  Small Pox.  │           │ to 1000. │
       ├──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │ 1784 │  20,454  │     1210     │1 in 17    │        59│
       │ 1785 │  18,919  │     1999     │1    9-1/2 │       106│
       │ 1786 │  20,445  │     1210     │1    17    │        59│
       │ 1787 │  19,349  │     2418     │1    8     │       125│
       │ 1788 │  19,697  │     1101     │1    17-3/4│        56│
       │ 1789 │  20,749  │     2077     │1    10    │       100│
       │ 1790 │  18,038  │     1617     │1    11-1/4│        89│
       │ 1791 │  18,760  │     1747     │1    10-3/4│        93│
       │ 1792 │  20,313  │     1568     │1    13    │        77│
       │ 1793 │  21,749  │     2382     │1    9     │        11│
       │ 1794 │  19,241  │     1913     │1    10    │        99│
       │ 1795 │  21,179  │     1040     │1    20-1/4│        49│
       │ 1796 │  19,288  │     3548     │1    54    │        18│
       │ 1797 │  17,014  │     512      │1    33-1/2│        30│
       │ 1798 │  18,155  │     2237     │1    8     │       123│
       ├──────┴──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │  Total—293,350  │    26,579    │1    11    │      90.9│
       └─────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────┴──────────┘

 In this series it appears that the proportion of deaths from Small Pox
       to the total mortality is 1 in 11, that is, 90.9 in 1000.

                               TABLE IV.

       ┌──────┬──────────┬──────────────┬───────────┬──────────┐
       │Years.│  Total   │Mortality from│Proportion.│Proportion│
       │      │Mortality.│  Small Pox.  │           │ to 1000. │
       ├──────┼──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │ 1804 │  17,038  │     622      │1 in 27-1/2│        36│
       │ 1805 │  17,565  │     1685     │1    10-1/2│        96│
       │ 1806 │  18,334  │     1297     │1    14    │        71│
       │ 1807 │  17,938  │     1158     │1    15-1/2│        65│
       │ 1808 │  19,964  │     1169     │1    17-1/4│        58│
       │ 1809 │  16,680  │     1163     │1    14-1/4│        70│
       │ 1810 │  19,893  │     1198     │1    16-1/2│        60│
       │ 1811 │  17,043  │     751      │1    22-3/4│        44│
       │ 1812 │  18,295  │     1287     │1    14-1/4│        70│
       │ 1813 │  17,322  │     898      │1    19-1/4│        52│
       │ 1814 │  19,783  │     638      │1    31    │        32│
       │ 1815 │  19,560  │     725      │1    27    │        37│
       │ 1816 │  20,316  │     653      │1    31-1/4│        32│
       │ 1817 │  19,968  │     1051     │1    19    │        53│
       │ 1818 │  19,705  │     421      │1    47    │        21│
       ├──────┴──────────┼──────────────┼───────────┼──────────┤
       │  Total—279,404  │    14,716    │1    18.9  │        53│
       └─────────────────┴──────────────┴───────────┴──────────┘

 In this series it appears that the proportion of deaths from Small Pox
       to the total mortality is 1 in 18.9, that is, 53 in 1000.

                                LONDON:

                 PRINTED BY J. MOYES, GREVILLE STREET.

-----

Footnote 1:

  This diminished mortality of young children is, like that of fevers
  and fluxes, owing chiefly to the improvements in ventilation and
  cleanliness, but greatly also to laying aside the custom of exposing
  them to the open air in winter and early in spring; either from
  inadvertency, or from the false notion of rendering them hardy,
  whereas they thereby catch inflammations of the lungs. Nothing tends
  more to the health, strength, and growth of children, than genial
  warmth. It seems chiefly owing to the great plenty and cheapness of
  fuel, that the race of people in Lancashire are so superior in their
  form and size. In Buckinghamshire, on the contrary, where fuel is
  extremely scanty and dear, the race of people is small and puny,
  insomuch that it is provided by Act of Parliament that men shall be
  admitted into the militia of a smaller stature in this than other
  counties.

Footnote 2:

  See Pfaff Neuen Nord v. Archiv. B. I.

Footnote 3:

  See Serious Reasons for uniformly opposing Vaccination. By John Birch.
  London, 1807.

Footnote 4:

  See Inquiry into the Antivariolous power of Vaccination. Ed. 1809.
  There is an article in the Edinburgh Medical Journal by the same
  gentleman in 1819, in which he mentions that he had heard of several
  deaths having occurred from cases of Small Pox after Vaccination. But,
  admitting this, it is utterly incomprehensible by what process of
  reasoning Mr. Brown could on such premises arrive at the conclusion
  that Vaccination ought to be exploded and abandoned.

Footnote 5:

  See also a clear and able exposition of this subject in the Medical
  and Surgical Journal of Edinburgh for July, 1818, by Mr. Dunning, of
  Plymouth.

Footnote 6:

  Since the first publication of this Tract, it has appeared that in the
  succeeding year (1819), the deaths from the Small Pox had advanced to
  712; which ought to add to the perseverance, zeal, and vigilance, of
  the friends of humanity in prosecuting Vaccination.

Footnote 7:

  Dr. Edward Jenner.

                          Transcriber’s Notes

Some inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, and punctuation have been
retained.

This file uses _underscores_ to indicate italic text.


Produced by HTML version by Al Haines.

The King of the Golden River

by

John Ruskin

PREFACE

"The King of the Golden River" is a delightful fairy tale told with all
Ruskin's charm of style, his appreciation of mountain scenery, and with
his usual insistence upon drawing a moral.  None the less, it is quite
unlike his other writings.  All his life long his pen was busy
interpreting nature and pictures and architecture, or persuading to
better views those whom he believed to be in error, or arousing, with
the white heat of a prophet's zeal, those whom he knew to be
unawakened. There is indeed a good deal of the prophet about John
Ruskin.  Though essentially an interpreter with a singularly fine
appreciation of beauty, no man of the nineteenth century felt more
keenly that he had a mission, and none was more loyal to what he
believed that mission to be.

While still in college, what seemed a chance incident gave occasion and
direction to this mission. A certain English reviewer had ridiculed the
work of the artist Turner.  Now Ruskin held Turner to be the greatest
landscape painter the world had seen, and he immediately wrote a
notable article in his defense.  Slowly this article grew into a
pamphlet, and the pamphlet into a book, the first volume of "Modern
Painters."  The young man awoke to find himself famous.  In the next
few years four more volumes were added to "Modern Painters," and the
other notable series upon art, "The Stones of Venice" and "The Seven
Lamps of Architecture," were sent forth.

Then, in 1860, when Ruskin was about forty years old, there came a
great change.  His heaven-born genius for making the appreciation of
beauty a common possession was deflected from its true field.  He had
been asking himself what are the conditions that produce great art, and
the answer he found declared that art cannot be separated from life,
nor life from industry and industrial conditions.  A civilization
founded upon unrestricted competition therefore seemed to him
necessarily feeble in appreciation of the beautiful, and unequal to its
creation. In this way loyalty to his mission bred apparent disloyalty.
Delightful discourses upon art gave way to fervid pleas for humanity.
For the rest of his life he became a very earnest, if not always very
wise, social reformer and a passionate pleader for what he believed to
be true economic ideals.

There is nothing of all this in "The King of the Golden River." Unlike
his other works, it was written merely to entertain.  Scarcely that,
since it was not written for publication at all, but to meet a
challenge set him by a young girl.

The circumstance is interesting.  After taking his degree at Oxford,
Ruskin was threatened with consumption and hurried away from the chill
and damp of England to the south of Europe.  After two years of
fruitful travel and study he came back improved in health but not
strong, and often depressed in spirit.  It was at this time that the
Guys, Scotch friends of his father and mother, came for a visit to his
home near London, and with them their little daughter Euphemia.  The
coming of this beautiful, vivacious, light-hearted child opened a new
chapter in Ruskin's life.  Though but twelve years old, she sought to
enliven the melancholy student, absorbed in art and geology, and bade
him leave these and write for her a fairy tale.  He accepted, and after
but two sittings, presented her with this charming story. The incident
proved to have awakened in him a greater interest than at first
appeared, for a few years later "Effie" Grey became John Ruskin's wife.
Meantime she had given the manuscript to a friend.  Nine years after it
was written, this friend, with John Ruskin's permission, gave the story
to the world.

It was published in London in 1851, with illustrations by the
celebrated Richard Doyle, and at once became a favorite.  Three
editions were printed the first year, and soon it had found its way
into German, Italian, and Welsh.  Since then countless children have
had cause to be grateful for the young girl's challenge that won the
story of Gluck's golden mug and the highly satisfactory handling of the
Black Brothers by Southwest Wind, Esquire.

For this edition new drawings have been prepared by Mr. Hiram P.
Barnes.  They very successfully preserve the spirit of Doyle's
illustrations, which unfortunately are not technically suitable for
reproduction here.

In the original manuscript there was an epilogue bearing the heading
"Charitie"--a morning hymn of Treasure Valley, whither Gluck had
returned to dwell, and where the inheritance lost by cruelty was
regained by love:

The beams of morning are renewed The valley laughs their light to see
And earth is bright with gratitude And heaven with charitie.

R.H. COE

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

HOW THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM OF THE BLACK BROTHERS WAS INTERFERED WITH
BY SOUTHWEST WIND, ESQUIRE

CHAPTER II

OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE THREE BROTHERS AFTER THE VISIT OF SOUTHWEST
WIND, ESQUIRE; AND HOW LITTLE GLUCK HAD AN INTERVIEW WITH THE KING OF
GOLDEN RIVER

HOW MR. HANS SET OFF ON AN EXPEDITION TO THE GOLDEN RIVER, AND HOW HE
PROSPERED THEREIN

CHAPTER IV

HOW MR. SCHWARTZ SET OFF ON AN EXPEDITION TO THE GOLDEN RIVER, AND HOW
HE PROSPERED THEREIN

CHAPTER V

HOW LITTLE GLUCK SET OFF ON AN EXPEDITION TO THE GOLDEN RIVER, AND HOW
HE PROSPERED THEREIN, WITH OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST

THE KING OF THE GOLDEN RIVER

CHAPTER I

HOW THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM OF THE BLACK BROTHERS WAS INTERFERED WITH
BY SOUTHWEST WIND, ESQUIRE

In a secluded and mountainous part of Stiria there was in old time a
valley of the most surprising and luxuriant fertility.  It was
surrounded on all sides by steep and rocky mountains rising into peaks
which were always covered with snow and from which a number of torrents
descended in constant cataracts.  One of these fell westward over the
face of a crag so high that when the sun had set to everything else,
and all below was darkness, his beams still shone full upon this
waterfall, so that it looked like a shower of gold.  It was therefore
called by the people of the neighborhood the Golden River.  It was
strange that none of these streams fell into the valley itself.  They
all descended on the other side of the mountains and wound away through
broad plains and by populous cities.  But the clouds were drawn so
constantly to the snowy hills, and rested so softly in the circular
hollow, that in time of drought and heat, when all the country round
was burned up, there was still rain in the little valley; and its crops
were so heavy, and its hay so high, and its apples so red, and its
grapes so blue, and its wine so rich, and its honey so sweet, that it
was a marvel to everyone who beheld it and was commonly called the
Treasure Valley.

The whole of this little valley belonged to three brothers, called
Schwartz, Hans, and Gluck.  Schwartz and Hans, the two elder brothers,
were very ugly men, with overhanging eyebrows and small, dull eyes
which were always half shut, so that you couldn't see into THEM and
always fancied they saw very far into YOU.  They lived by farming the
Treasure Valley, and very good farmers they were.  They killed
everything that did not pay for its eating.  They shot the blackbirds
because they pecked the fruit, and killed the hedgehogs lest they
should suck the cows; they poisoned the crickets for eating the crumbs
in the kitchen, and smothered the cicadas which used to sing all summer
in the lime trees.  They worked their servants without any wages till
they would not work any more, and then quarreled with them and turned
them out of doors without paying them.  It would have been very odd if
with such a farm and such a system of farming they hadn't got very
rich; and very rich they DID get.  They generally contrived to keep
their corn by them till it was very dear, and then sell it for twice
its value; they had heaps of gold lying about on their floors, yet it
was never known that they had given so much as a penny or a crust in
charity; they never went to Mass, grumbled perpetually at paying
tithes, and were, in a word, of so cruel and grinding a temper as to
receive from all those with whom they had any dealings the nickname of
the "Black Brothers."

The youngest brother, Gluck, was as completely opposed, in both
appearance and character, to his seniors as could possibly be imagined
or desired.  He was not above twelve years old, fair, blue-eyed, and
kind in temper to every living thing.  He did not, of course, agree
particularly well with his brothers, or, rather, they did not agree
with HIM.  He was usually appointed to the honorable office of
turnspit, when there was anything to roast, which was not often, for,
to do the brothers justice, they were hardly less sparing upon
themselves than upon other people.  At other times he used to clean the
shoes, floors, and sometimes the plates, occasionally getting what was
left on them, by way of encouragement, and a wholesome quantity of dry
blows by way of education.

Things went on in this manner for a long time.  At last came a very wet
summer, and everything went wrong in the country round.  The hay had
hardly been got in when the haystacks were floated bodily down to the
sea by an inundation; the vines were cut to pieces with the hail; the
corn was all killed by a black blight.  Only in the Treasure Valley, as
usual, all was safe.  As it had rain when there was rain nowhere else,
so it had sun when there was sun nowhere else.  Everybody came to buy
corn at the farm and went away pouring maledictions on the Black
Brothers.  They asked what they liked and got it, except from the poor
people, who could only beg, and several of whom were starved at their
very door without the slightest regard or notice.

It was drawing towards winter, and very cold weather, when one day the
two elder brothers had gone out, with their usual warning to little
Gluck, who was left to mind the roast, that he was to let nobody in and
give nothing out.  Gluck sat down quite close to the fire, for it was
raining very hard and the kitchen walls were by no means dry or
comfortable-looking.  He turned and turned, and the roast got nice and
brown.  "What a pity," thought Gluck, "my brothers never ask anybody to
dinner.  I'm sure, when they've got such a nice piece of mutton as
this, and nobody else has got so much as a piece of dry bread, it would
do their hearts good to have somebody to eat it with them."

Just as he spoke there came a double knock at the house door, yet heavy
and dull, as though the knocker had been tied up--more like a puff than
a knock.

"It must be the wind," said Gluck; "nobody else would venture to knock
double knocks at our door."

No, it wasn't the wind; there it came again very hard, and, what was
particularly astounding, the knocker seemed to be in a hurry and not to
be in the least afraid of the consequences.  Gluck went to the window,
opened it, and put his head out to see who it was.

It was the most extraordinary-looking little gentleman he had ever seen
in his life.  He had a very large nose, slightly brass-colored; his
cheeks were very round and very red, and might have warranted a
supposition that he had been blowing a refractory fire for the last
eight-and-forty hours; his eyes twinkled merrily through long, silky
eyelashes; his mustaches curled twice round like a corkscrew on each
side of his mouth; and his hair, of a curious mixed pepper-and-salt
color, descended far over his shoulders.  He was about four feet six in
height and wore a conical pointed cap of nearly the same altitude,
decorated with a black feather some three feet long.  His doublet was
prolonged behind into something resembling a violent exaggeration of
what is now termed a "swallowtail," but was much obscured by the
swelling folds of an enormous black, glossy-looking cloak, which must
have been very much too long in calm weather, as the wind, whistling
round the old house, carried it clear out from the wearer's shoulders
to about four times his own length.

Gluck was so perfectly paralyzed by the singular appearance of his
visitor that he remained fixed without uttering a word, until the old
gentleman, having performed another and a more energetic concerto on
the knocker, turned round to look after his flyaway cloak.  In so doing
he caught sight of Gluck's little yellow head jammed in the window,
with its mouth and eyes very wide open indeed.

"Hollo!" said the little gentleman; "that's not the way to answer the
door.  I'm wet; let me in."

To do the little gentleman justice, he WAS wet.  His feather hung down
between his legs like a beaten puppy's tail, dripping like an umbrella,
and from the ends of his mustaches the water was running into his
waistcoat pockets and out again like a mill stream.

"I beg pardon, sir," said Gluck, "I'm very sorry, but, I really can't."

"Can't what?" said the old gentleman.

"I can't let you in, sir--I can't, indeed; my brothers would beat me to
death, sir, if I thought of such a thing.  What do you want, sir?"

"Want?" said the old gentleman petulantly.  "I want fire and shelter,
and there's your great fire there blazing, crackling, and dancing on
the walls with nobody to feel it.  Let me in, I say; I only want to
warm myself."

Gluck had had his head, by this time, so long out of the window that he
began to feel it was really unpleasantly cold, and when he turned and
saw the beautiful fire rustling and roaring and throwing long, bright
tongues up the chimney, as if it were licking its chops at the savory
smell of the leg of mutton, his heart melted within him that it should
be burning away for nothing.  "He does look very wet," said little
Gluck; "I'll just let him in for a quarter of an hour."  Round he went
to the door and opened it; and as the little gentleman walked in, there
came a gust of wind through the house that made the old chimneys totter.

"That's a good boy," said the little gentleman.  "Never mind your
brothers.  I'll talk to them."

"Pray, sir, don't do any such thing," said Gluck.  "I can't let you
stay till they come; they'd be the death of me."

"Dear me," said the old gentleman, "I'm very sorry to hear that.  How
long may I stay?"

"Only till the mutton's done, sir," replied Gluck, "and it's very
brown."

Then the old gentleman walked into the kitchen and sat himself down on
the hob, with the top of his cap accommodated up the chimney, for it
was a great deal too high for the roof.

"You'll soon dry there, sir," said Gluck, and sat down again to turn
the mutton.  But the old gentleman did NOT dry there, but went on drip,
drip, dripping among the cinders, and the fire fizzed and sputtered and
began to look very black and uncomfortable.  Never was such a cloak;
every fold in it ran like a gutter.

"I beg pardon, sir," said Gluck at length, after watching the water
spreading in long, quicksilver-like streams over the floor for a
quarter of an hour; "mayn't I take your cloak?"

"No, thank you," said the old gentleman.

"Your cap, sir?"

"I am all right, thank you," said the old gentleman rather gruffly.

"But--sir--I'm very sorry," said Gluck hesitatingly, "but--really,
sir--you're--putting the fire out."

"It'll take longer to do the mutton, then," replied his visitor dryly.

Gluck was very much puzzled by the behavior of his guest; it was such a
strange mixture of coolness and humility.  He turned away at the string
meditatively for another five minutes.

"That mutton looks very nice," said the old gentleman at length.
"Can't you give me a little bit?"

"Impossible, sir," said Gluck.

"I'm very hungry," continued the old gentleman.  "I've had nothing to
eat yesterday nor to-day.  They surely couldn't miss a bit from the
knuckle!"

He spoke in so very melancholy a tone that it quite melted Gluck's
heart.  "They promised me one slice to-day, sir," said he; "I can give
you that, but not a bit more."

"That's a good boy," said the old gentleman again.

Then Gluck warmed a plate and sharpened a knife.  "I don't care if I do
get beaten for it," thought he.  Just as he had cut a large slice out
of the mutton there came a tremendous rap at the door.  The old
gentleman jumped off the hob as if it had suddenly become
inconveniently warm.  Gluck fitted the slice into the mutton again,
with desperate efforts at exactitude, and ran to open the door.

"What did you keep us waiting in the rain for?" said Schwartz, as he
walked in, throwing his umbrella in Gluck's face.

"Aye! what for, indeed, you little vagabond?" said Hans, administering
an educational box on the ear as he followed his brother into the
kitchen.

"Bless my soul!" said Schwartz when he opened the door.

"Amen," said the little gentleman, who had taken his cap off and was
standing in the middle of the kitchen, bowing with the utmost possible
velocity.

"Who's that?" said Schwartz, catching up a rolling-pin and turning to
Gluck with a fierce frown.

"I don't know, indeed, brother," said Gluck in great terror.

"How did he get in?" roared Schwartz.

"My dear brother," said Gluck deprecatingly, "he was so VERY wet!"

The rolling-pin was descending on Gluck's head, but, at the instant,
the old gentleman interposed his conical cap, on which it crashed with
a shock that shook the water out of it all over the room.  What was
very odd, the rolling-pin no sooner touched the cap than it flew out of
Schwartz's hand, spinning like a straw in a high wind, and fell into
the corner at the further end of the room.

"Who are you, sir?" demanded Schwartz, turning upon him. "What's your
business?" snarled Hans.

"I'm a poor old man, sir," the little gentleman began very modestly,
"and I saw your fire through the window and begged shelter for a
quarter of an hour."

"Have the goodness to walk out again, then," said Schwartz.  "We've
quite enough water in our kitchen without making it a drying house."

"It is a cold day to turn an old man out in, sir; look at my gray
hairs."  They hung down to his shoulders, as I told you before.

"Aye!" said Hans; "there are enough of them to keep you warm.  Walk!"

"I'm very, very hungry, sir; couldn't you spare me a bit of bread
before I go?"

"Bread, indeed!" said Schwartz; "do you suppose we've nothing to do
with our bread but to give it to such red-nosed fellows as you?"

"Why don't you sell your feather?" said Hans sneeringly. "Out with you!"

"A little bit," said the old gentleman.

"Be off!" said Schwartz.

"Pray, gentlemen."

"Off, and be hanged!" cried Hans, seizing him by the collar.  But he
had no sooner touched the old gentleman's collar than away he went
after the rolling-pin, spinning round and round till he fell into the
corner on the top of it.  Then Schwartz was very angry and ran at the
old gentleman to turn him out; but he also had hardly touched him when
away he went after Hans and the rolling-pin, and hit his head against
the wall as he tumbled into the corner.  And so there they lay, all
three.

Then the old gentleman spun himself round with velocity in the opposite
direction, continued to spin until his long cloak was all wound neatly
about him, clapped his cap on his head, very much on one side (for it
could not stand upright without going through the ceiling), gave an
additional twist to his corkscrew mustaches, and replied with perfect
coolness: "Gentlemen, I wish you a very good morning.  At twelve
o'clock tonight I'll call again; after such a refusal of hospitality as
I have just experienced, you will not be surprised if that visit is the
last I ever pay you."

"If ever I catch you here again," muttered Schwartz, coming, half
frightened, out of the corner--but before he could finish his sentence
the old gentleman had shut the house door behind him with a great bang,
and there drove past the window at the same instant a wreath of ragged
cloud that whirled and rolled away down the valley in all manner of
shapes, turning over and over in the air and melting away at last in a
gush of rain.

"A very pretty business, indeed, Mr. Gluck!" said Schwartz. "Dish the
mutton, sir. If ever I catch you at such a trick again--bless me, why,
the mutton's been cut!"

"You promised me one slice, brother, you know," said Gluck.

"Oh! and you were cutting it hot, I suppose, and going to catch all the
gravy.  It'll be long before I promise you such a thing again.  Leave
the room, sir; and have the kindness to wait in the coal cellar till I
call you."

Gluck left the room melancholy enough.  The brothers ate as much mutton
as they could, locked the rest in the cupboard, and proceeded to get
very drunk after dinner.

Such a night as it was!  Howling wind and rushing rain, without
intermission.  The brothers had just sense enough left to put up all
the shutters and double-bar the door before they went to bed.  They
usually slept in the same room.  As the clock struck twelve they were
both awakened by a tremendous crash.  Their door burst open with a
violence that shook the house from top to bottom.

"What's that?" cried Schwartz, starting up in his bed.

"Only I," said the little gentleman.

The two brothers sat up on their bolster and stared into the darkness.
The room was full of water, and by a misty moonbeam, which found its
way through a hole in the shutter, they could see in the midst of it an
enormous foam globe, spinning round and bobbing up and down like a
cork, on which, as on a most luxurious cushion, reclined the little old
gentleman, cap and all.  There was plenty of room for it now, for the
roof was off.

"Sorry to incommode you," said their visitor ironically. "I'm afraid
your beds are dampish.  Perhaps you had better go to your brother's
room; I've left the ceiling on there."

They required no second admonition, but rushed into Gluck's room, wet
through and in an agony of terror.

"You'll find my card on the kitchen table," the old gentleman called
after them.  "Remember, the LAST visit."

"Pray Heaven it may!" said Schwartz, shuddering.  And the foam globe
disappeared.

Dawn came at last, and the two brothers looked out of Gluck's little
window in the morning.  The Treasure Valley was one mass of ruin and
desolation.  The inundation had swept away trees, crops, and cattle,
and left in their stead a waste of red sand and gray mud.  The two
brothers crept shivering and horror-struck into the kitchen.  The water
had gutted the whole first floor; corn, money, almost every movable
thing, had been swept away, and there was left only a small white card
on the kitchen table.  On it, in large, breezy, long-legged letters,
were engraved the words:

SOUTH WEST WIND, ESQUIRE

CHAPTER II

OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE THREE BROTHERS AFTER THE VISIT OF SOUTHWEST
WIND, ESQUIRE; AND HOW LITTLE GLUCK HAD AN INTERVIEW WITH THE KING OF
THE GOLDEN RIVER

Southwest Wind, Esquire, was as good as his word.  After the momentous
visit above related, he entered the Treasure Valley no more; and, what
was worse, he had so much influence with his relations, the West Winds
in general, and used it so effectually, that they all adopted a similar
line of conduct.  So no rain fell in the valley from one year's end to
another.  Though everything remained green and flourishing in the
plains below, the inheritance of the three brothers was a desert.  What
had once been the richest soil in the kingdom became a shifting heap of
red sand, and the brothers, unable longer to contend with the adverse
skies, abandoned their valueless patrimony in despair, to seek some
means of gaining a livelihood among the cities and people of the
plains.  All their money was gone, and they had nothing left but some
curious old-fashioned pieces of gold plate, the last remnants of their
ill-gotten wealth.

"Suppose we turn goldsmiths," said Schwartz to Hans as they entered the
large city.  "It is a good knave's trade; we can put a great deal of
copper into the gold without anyone's finding it out."

The thought was agreed to be a very good one; they hired a furnace and
turned goldsmiths.  But two slight circumstances affected their trade:
the first, that people did not approve of the coppered gold; the
second, that the two elder brothers, whenever they had sold anything,
used to leave little Gluck to mind the furnace, and go and drink out
the money in the alehouse next door. So they melted all their gold
without making money enough to buy more, and were at last reduced to
one large drinking mug, which an uncle of his had given to little
Gluck, and which he was very fond of and would not have parted with for
the world, though he never drank anything out of it but milk and water.
The mug was a very odd mug to look at.  The handle was formed of two
wreaths of flowing golden hair, so finely spun that it looked more like
silk than metal, and these wreaths descended into and mixed with a
beard and whiskers of the same exquisite workmanship, which surrounded
and decorated a very fierce little face, of the reddest gold
imaginable, right in the front of the mug, with a pair of eyes in it
which seemed to command its whole circumference.  It was impossible to
drink out of the mug without being subjected to an intense gaze out of
the side of these eyes, and Schwartz positively averred that once,
after emptying it, full of Rhenish, seventeen times, he had seen them
wink!  When it came to the mug's turn to be made into spoons, it half
broke poor little Gluck's heart; but the brothers only laughed at him,
tossed the mug into the melting pot, and staggered out to the alehouse,
leaving him, as usual, to pour the gold into bars when it was all ready.

When they were gone, Gluck took a farewell look at his old friend in
the melting pot.  The flowing hair was all gone; nothing remained but
the red nose and the sparkling eyes, which looked more malicious than
ever.  "And no wonder," thought Gluck, "after being treated in that
way."  He sauntered disconsolately to the window and sat himself down
to catch the fresh evening air and escape the hot breath of the
furnace.  Now this window commanded a direct view of the range of
mountains which, as I told you before, overhung the Treasure Valley,
and more especially of the peak from which fell the Golden River.  It
was just at the close of the day, and when Gluck sat down at the
window, he saw the rocks of the mountain tops, all crimson and purple
with the sunset; and there were bright tongues of fiery cloud burning
and quivering about them; and the river, brighter than all, fell, in a
waving column of pure gold, from precipice to precipice, with the
double arch of a broad purple rainbow stretched across it, flushing and
fading alternately in the wreaths of spray.

"Ah!" said Gluck aloud, after he had looked at it for a little while,
"if that river were really all gold, what a nice thing it would be."

"No, it wouldn't, Gluck," said a clear, metallic voice close at his ear.

"Bless me, what's that?" exclaimed Gluck, jumping up.  There was nobody
there.  He looked round the room and under the table and a great many
times behind him, but there was certainly nobody there, and he sat down
again at the window.  This time he didn't speak, but he couldn't help
thinking again that it would be very convenient if the river were
really all gold.

"Not at all, my boy," said the same voice, louder than before.

"Bless me!" said Gluck again, "what is that?"  He looked again into all
the corners and cupboards, and then began turning round and round as
fast as he could, in the middle of the room, thinking there was
somebody behind him, when the same voice struck again on his ear.  It
was singing now, very merrily, "Lala-lira-la"--no words, only a soft,
running, effervescent melody, something like that of a kettle on the
boil.  Gluck looked out of the window; no, it was certainly in the
house.  Upstairs and downstairs; no, it was certainly in that very
room, coming in quicker time and clearer notes every moment:
"Lala-lira-la."  All at once it struck Gluck that it sounded louder
near the furnace.  He ran to the opening and looked in.  Yes, he saw
right; it seemed to be coming not only out of the furnace but out of
the pot.  He uncovered it, and ran back in a great fright, for the pot
was certainly singing!  He stood in the farthest corner of the room,
with his hands up and his mouth open, for a minute or two, when the
singing stopped and the voice became clear and pronunciative.

"Hollo!" said the voice.

Gluck made no answer.

"Hollo! Gluck, my boy," said the pot again.

Gluck summoned all his energies, walked straight up to the crucible,
drew it out of the furnace, and looked in.  The gold was all melted and
its surface as smooth and polished as a river, but instead of
reflecting little Gluck's head, as he looked in he saw, meeting his
glance from beneath the gold, the red nose and sharp eyes of his old
friend of the mug, a thousand times redder and sharper than ever he had
seen them in his life.

"Come, Gluck, my boy," said the voice out of the pot again, "I'm all
right; pour me out."

But Gluck was too much astonished to do anything of the kind.

"Pour me out, I say," said the voice rather gruffly.

Still Gluck couldn't move.

"WILL you pour me out?" said the voice passionately.  "I'm too hot."

By a violent effort Gluck recovered the use of his limbs, took hold of
the crucible, and sloped it, so as to pour out the gold.  But instead
of a liquid stream there came out, first a pair of pretty little yellow
legs, then some coat tails, then a pair of arms stuck akimbo, and
finally the well-known head of his friend the mug--all which articles,
uniting as they rolled out, stood up energetically on the floor in the
shape of a little golden dwarf about a foot and a half high.

"That's right!" said the dwarf, stretching out first his legs and then
his arms, and then shaking his head up and down and as far round as it
would go, for five minutes without stopping, apparently with the view
of ascertaining if he were quite correctly put together, while Gluck
stood contemplating him in speechless amazement.  He was dressed in a
slashed doublet of spun gold, so fine in its texture that the prismatic
colors gleamed over it as if on a surface of mother-of-pearl; and over
this brilliant doublet his hair and beard fell full halfway to the
ground in waving curls, so exquisitely delicate that Gluck could hardly
tell where they ended; they seemed to melt into air.  The features of
the face, however, were by no means finished with the same delicacy;
they were rather coarse, slightly inclining to coppery in complexion,
and indicative, in expression, of a very pertinacious and intractable
disposition in their small proprietor.  When the dwarf had finished his
self-examination, he turned his small, sharp eyes full on Gluck and
stared at him deliberately for a minute or two.  "No, it wouldn't,
Gluck, my boy," said the little man.

This was certainly rather an abrupt and unconnected mode of commencing
conversation.  It might indeed be supposed to refer to the course of
Gluck's thoughts, which had first produced the dwarf's observations out
of the pot; but whatever it referred to, Gluck had no inclination to
dispute the dictum.

"Wouldn't it, sir?" said Gluck very mildly and submissively indeed.

"No," said the dwarf, conclusively, "no, it wouldn't."  And with that
the dwarf pulled his cap hard over his brows and took two turns, of
three feet long, up and down the room, lifting his legs up very high
and setting them down very hard.  This pause gave time for Gluck to
collect his thoughts a little, and, seeing no great reason to view his
diminutive visitor with dread, and feeling his curiosity overcome his
amazement, he ventured on a question of peculiar delicacy.

"Pray, sir," said Gluck, rather hesitatingly, "were you my mug?"

On which the little man turned sharp round, walked straight up to
Gluck, and drew himself up to his full height.  "I," said the little
man, "am the King of the Golden River."  Whereupon he turned about
again and took two more turns, some six feet long, in order to allow
time for the consternation which this announcement produced in his
auditor to evaporate.  After which he again walked up to Gluck and
stood still, as if expecting some comment on his communication.

Gluck determined to say something at all events.  "I hope your Majesty
is very well," said Gluck.

"Listen!" said the little man, deigning no reply to this polite
inquiry.  "I am the king of what you mortals call the Golden River.
The shape you saw me in was owing to the malice of a stronger king,
from whose enchantments you have this instant freed me.  What I have
seen of you and your conduct to your wicked brothers renders me willing
to serve you; therefore, attend to what I tell you.  Whoever shall
climb to the top of that mountain from which you see the Golden River
issue, and shall cast into the stream at its source three drops of holy
water, for him and for him only the river shall turn to gold.  But no
one failing in his first can succeed in a second attempt, and if anyone
shall cast unholy water into the river, it will overwhelm him and he
will become a black stone."  So saying, the King of the Golden River
turned away and deliberately walked into the center of the hottest
flame of the furnace.  His figure became red, white, transparent,
dazzling,--a blaze of intense light,--rose, trembled, and disappeared.
The King of the Golden River had evaporated.

"Oh!" cried poor Gluck, running to look up the chimney after him, "O
dear, dear, dear me! My mug! my mug! my mug!"

HOW MR. HANS SET OFF ON AN EXPEDITION TO THE GOLDEN RIVER, AND HOW HE
PROSPERED THEREIN

The King of the Golden River had hardly made the extraordinary exit
related in the last chapter, before Hans and Schwartz came roaring into
the house very savagely drunk.  The discovery of the total loss of
their last piece of plate had the effect of sobering them just enough
to enable them to stand over Gluck, beating him very steadily for a
quarter of an hour; at the expiration of which period they dropped into
a couple of chairs and requested to know what he had got to say for
himself.  Gluck told them his story, of which, of course, they did not
believe a word.  They beat him again, till their arms were tired, and
staggered to bed.  In the morning, however, the steadiness with which
he adhered to his story obtained him some degree of credence; the
immediate consequence of which was that the two brothers, after
wrangling a long time on the knotty question, which of them should try
his fortune first, drew their swords and began fighting.  The noise of
the fray alarmed the neighbors, who, finding they could not pacify the
combatants, sent for the constable.

Hans, on hearing this, contrived to escape, and hid himself; but
Schwartz was taken before the magistrate, fined for breaking the peace,
and, having drunk out his last penny the evening before, was thrown
into prison till he should pay.

When Hans heard this, he was much delighted, and determined to set out
immediately for the Golden River.  How to get the holy water was the
question.  He went to the priest, but the priest could not give any
holy water to so abandoned a character.  So Hans went to vespers in the
evening for the first time in his life and, under pretense of crossing
himself, stole a cupful and returned home in triumph.

Next morning he got up before the sun rose, put the holy water into a
strong flask, and two bottles of wine and some meat in a basket, slung
them over his back, took his alpine staff in his hand, and set off for
the mountains.

On his way out of the town he had to pass the prison, and as he looked
in at the windows, whom should he see but Schwartz himself peeping out
of the bars and looking very disconsolate.

"Good morning, brother," said Hans; "have you any message for the King
of the Golden River?"

Schwartz gnashed his teeth with rage and shook the bars with all his
strength, but Hans only laughed at him and, advising him to make
himself comfortable till he came back again, shouldered his basket,
shook the bottle of holy water in Schwartz's face till it frothed
again, and marched off in the highest spirits in the world.

It was indeed a morning that might have made anyone happy, even with no
Golden River to seek for.  Level lines of dewy mist lay stretched along
the valley, out of which rose the massy mountains, their lower cliffs
in pale gray shadow, hardly distinguishable from the floating vapor but
gradually ascending till they caught the sunlight, which ran in sharp
touches of ruddy color along the angular crags, and pierced, in long,
level rays, through their fringes of spearlike pine.  Far above shot up
red, splintered masses of castellated rock, jagged and shivered into
myriads of fantastic forms, with here and there a streak of sunlit snow
traced down their chasms like a line of forked lightning; and far
beyond and far above all these, fainter than the morning cloud but
purer and changeless, slept, in the blue sky, the utmost peaks of the
eternal snow.

The Golden River, which sprang from one of the lower and snowless
elevations, was now nearly in shadow--all but the uppermost jets of
spray, which rose like slow smoke above the undulating line of the
cataract and floated away in feeble wreaths upon the morning wind.

On this object, and on this alone, Hans's eyes and thoughts were fixed.
Forgetting the distance he had to traverse, he set off at an imprudent
rate of walking, which greatly exhausted him before he had scaled the
first range of the green and low hills.  He was, moreover, surprised,
on surmounting them, to find that a large glacier, of whose existence,
notwithstanding his previous knowledge of the mountains, he had been
absolutely ignorant, lay between him and the source of the Golden
River.  He entered on it with the boldness of a practiced mountaineer,
yet he thought he had never traversed so strange or so dangerous a
glacier in his life.  The ice was excessively slippery, and out of all
its chasms came wild sounds of gushing water--not monotonous or low,
but changeful and loud, rising occasionally into drifting passages of
wild melody, then breaking off into short, melancholy tones or sudden
shrieks resembling those of human voices in distress or pain.  The ice
was broken into thousands of confused shapes, but none, Hans thought,
like the ordinary forms of splintered ice.  There seemed a curious
EXPRESSION about all their outlines--a perpetual resemblance to living
features, distorted and scornful.  Myriads of deceitful shadows and
lurid lights played and floated about and through the pale blue
pinnacles, dazzling and confusing the sight of the traveler, while his
ears grew dull and his head giddy with the constant gush and roar of
the concealed waters.  These painful circumstances increased upon him
as he advanced; the ice crashed and yawned into fresh chasms at his
feet, tottering spires nodded around him and fell thundering across his
path; and though he had repeatedly faced these dangers on the most
terrific glaciers and in the wildest weather, it was with a new and
oppressive feeling of panic terror that he leaped the last chasm and
flung himself, exhausted and shuddering, on the firm turf of the
mountain.

He had been compelled to abandon his basket of food, which became a
perilous incumbrance on the glacier, and had now no means of refreshing
himself but by breaking off and eating some of the pieces of ice.
This, however, relieved his thirst; an hour's repose recruited his
hardy frame, and with the indomitable spirit of avarice he resumed his
laborious journey.

His way now lay straight up a ridge of bare red rocks, without a blade
of grass to ease the foot or a projecting angle to afford an inch of
shade from the south sun.  It was past noon and the rays beat intensely
upon the steep path, while the whole atmosphere was motionless and
penetrated with heat.  Intense thirst was soon added to the bodily
fatigue with which Hans was now afflicted; glance after glance he cast
on the flask of water which hung at his belt. "Three drops are enough,"
at last thought he; "I may, at least, cool my lips with it."

He opened the flask and was raising it to his lips, when his eye fell
on an object lying on the rock beside him; he thought it moved.  It was
a small dog, apparently in the last agony of death from thirst.  Its
tongue was out, its jaws dry, its limbs extended lifelessly, and a
swarm of black ants were crawling about its lips and throat.  Its eye
moved to the bottle which Hans held in his hand.  He raised it, drank,
spurned the animal with his foot, and passed on.  And he did not know
how it was, but he thought that a strange shadow had suddenly come
across the blue sky.

The path became steeper and more rugged every moment, and the high hill
air, instead of refreshing him, seemed to throw his blood into a fever.
The noise of the hill cataracts sounded like mockery in his ears; they
were all distant, and his thirst increased every moment.  Another hour
passed, and he again looked down to the flask at his side; it was half
empty, but there was much more than three drops in it.  He stopped to
open it, and again, as he did so, something moved in the path above
him.  It was a fair child, stretched nearly lifeless on the rock, its
breast heaving with thirst, its eyes closed, and its lips parched and
burning.  Hans eyed it deliberately, drank, and passed on.  And a dark
gray cloud came over the sun, and long, snakelike shadows crept up
along the mountain sides.  Hans struggled on.  The sun was sinking, but
its descent seemed to bring no coolness; the leaden height of the dead
air pressed upon his brow and heart, but the goal was near.  He saw the
cataract of the Golden River springing from the hillside scarcely five
hundred feet above him.  He paused for a moment to breathe, and sprang
on to complete his task.

At this instant a faint cry fell on his ear.  He turned, and saw a
gray-haired old man extended on the rocks.  His eyes were sunk, his
features deadly pale and gathered into an expression of despair.
"Water!" he stretched his arms to Hans, and cried feebly, "Water! I am
dying."

"I have none," replied Hans; "thou hast had thy share of life." He
strode over the prostrate body and darted on.  And a flash of blue
lightning rose out of the East, shaped like a sword; it shook thrice
over the whole heaven and left it dark with one heavy, impenetrable
shade.  The sun was setting; it plunged towards the horizon like a
redhot ball. The roar of the Golden River rose on Hans's ear.  He stood
at the brink of the chasm through which it ran.  Its waves were filled
with the red glory of the sunset; they shook their crests like tongues
of fire, and flashes of bloody light gleamed along their foam.  Their
sound came mightier and mightier on his senses; his brain grew giddy
with the prolonged thunder.  Shuddering he drew the flask from his
girdle and hurled it into the center of the torrent.  As he did so, an
icy chill shot through his limbs; he staggered, shrieked, and fell.
The waters closed over his cry, and the moaning of the river rose
wildly into the night as it gushed over

THE BLACK STONE

CHAPTER IV

HOW MR. SCHWARTZ SET OFF ON AN EXPEDITION TO THE GOLDEN RIVER, AND HOW
HE PROSPERED THEREIN

Poor little Gluck waited very anxiously, alone in the house, for Hans's
return.  Finding he did not come back, he was terribly frightened and
went and told Schwartz in the prison all that had happened.  Then
Schwartz was very much pleased and said that Hans must certainly have
been turned into a black stone and he should have all the gold to
himself.  But Gluck was very sorry and cried all night.  When he got up
in the morning there was no bread in the house, nor any money; so Gluck
went and hired himself to another goldsmith, and he worked so hard and
so neatly and so long every day that he soon got money enough together
to pay his brother's fine, and he went and gave it all to Schwartz, and
Schwartz got out of prison.  Then Schwartz was quite pleased and said
he should have some of the gold of the river.  But Gluck only begged he
would go and see what had become of Hans.

Now when Schwartz had heard that Hans had stolen the holy water, he
thought to himself that such a proceeding might not be considered
altogether correct by the King of the Golden River, and determined to
manage matters better.  So he took some more of Gluck's money and went
to a bad priest, who gave him some holy water very readily for it.
Then Schwartz was sure it was all quite right. So Schwartz got up early
in the morning before the sun rose, and took some bread and wine in a
basket, and put his holy water in a flask, and set off for the
mountains.  Like his brother he was much surprised at the sight of the
glacier and had great difficulty in crossing it, even after leaving his
basket behind him.  The day was cloudless but not bright; there was a
heavy purple haze hanging over the sky, and the hills looked lowering
and gloomy.  And as Schwartz climbed the steep rock path the thirst
came upon him, as it had upon his brother, until he lifted his flask to
his lips to drink.  Then he saw the fair child lying near him on the
rocks, and it cried to him and moaned for water.  "Water, indeed," said
Schwartz; "I haven't half enough for myself," and passed on.  And as he
went he thought the sunbeams grew more dim, and he saw a low bank of
black cloud rising out of the west; and when he had climbed for another
hour, the thirst overcame him again and he would have drunk.  Then he
saw the old man lying before him on the path, and heard him cry out for
water.  "Water, indeed," said Schwartz; "I haven't half enough for
myself," and on he went.  Then again the light seemed to fade from
before his eyes, and he looked up, and, behold, a mist, of the color of
blood, had come over the sun; and the bank of black cloud had risen
very high, and its edges were tossing and tumbling like the waves of
the angry sea and they cast long shadows which flickered over
Schwartz's path.

Then Schwartz climbed for another hour, and again his thirst returned;
and as he lifted his flask to his lips he thought he saw his brother
Hans lying exhausted on the path before him, and as he gazed the figure
stretched its arms to him and cried for water. "Ha, ha!" laughed
Schwartz, "are you there? Remember the prison bars, my boy.  Water,
indeed! do you suppose I carried it all the way up here for you?"  And
he strode over the figure; yet, as he passed, he thought he saw a
strange expression of mockery about its lips.  And when he had gone a
few yards farther, he looked back; but the figure was not there.

And a sudden horror came over Schwartz, he knew not why; but the thirst
for gold prevailed over his fear, and he rushed on.  And the bank of
black cloud rose to the zenith, and out of it came bursts of spiry
lightning, and waves of darkness seemed to heave and float, between
their flashes, over the whole heavens.  And the sky where the sun was
setting was all level and like a lake of blood; and a strong wind came
out of that sky, tearing its crimson clouds into fragments and
scattering them far into the darkness.  And when Schwartz stood by the
brink of the Golden River, its waves were black like thunder clouds,
but their foam was like fire; and the roar of the waters below and the
thunder above met as he cast the flask into the stream.  And as he did
so the lightning glared in his eyes, and the earth gave way beneath
him, and the waters closed over his cry.  And the moaning of the river
rose wildly into the night as it gushed over the

TWO BLACK STONES

CHAPTER V

HOW LITTLE GLUCK SET OFF ON AN EXPEDITION TO THE GOLDEN RIVER, AND HOW
HE PROSPERED THEREIN, WITH OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST

When Gluck found that Schwartz did not come back, he was very sorry and
did not know what to do.  He had no money and was obliged to go and
hire himself again to the goldsmith, who worked him very hard and gave
him very little money.  So, after a month or two, Gluck grew tired and
made up his mind to go and try his fortune with the Golden River.  "The
little king looked very kind," thought he. "I don't think he will turn
me into a black stone."  So he went to the priest, and the priest gave
him some holy water as soon as he asked for it.  Then Gluck took some
bread in his basket, and the bottle of water, and set off very early
for the mountains.

If the glacier had occasioned a great deal of fatigue in his brothers,
it was twenty times worse for him, who was neither so strong nor so
practiced on the mountains.  He had several very bad falls, lost his
basket and bread, and was very much frightened at the strange noises
under the ice.  He lay a long time to rest on the grass, after he had
got over, and began to climb the hill just in the hottest part of the
day.  When he had climbed for an hour, he got dreadfully thirsty and
was going to drink like his brothers, when he saw an old man coming
down the path above him, looking very feeble and leaning on a staff.
"Why son," said the old man, "I am faint with thirst; give me some of
that water."  Then Gluck looked at him, and when he saw that he was
pale and weary, he gave him the water.  "Only pray don't drink it all,"
said Gluck.  But the old man drank a great deal and gave him back the
bottle two thirds empty.  Then he bade him good speed, and Gluck went
on again merrily.  And the path became easier to his feet, and two or
three blades of grass appeared upon it, and some grasshoppers began
singing on the bank beside it, and Gluck thought he had never heard
such merry singing.

Then he went on for another hour, and the thirst increased on him so
that he thought he should be forced to drink.  But as he raised the
flask he saw a little child lying panting by the roadside, and it cried
out piteously for water.  Then Gluck struggled with himself and
determined to bear the thirst a little longer; and he put the bottle to
the child's lips, and it drank it all but a few drops.  Then it smiled
on him and got up and ran down the hill; and Gluck looked after it till
it became as small as a little star, and then turned and began climbing
again.  And then there were all kinds of sweet flowers growing on the
rocks--bright green moss with pale pink, starry flowers, and soft
belled gentians, more blue than the sky at its deepest, and pure white
transparent lilies.  And crimson and purple butterflies darted hither
and thither, and the sky sent down such pure light that Gluck had never
felt so happy in his life.

Yet, when he had climbed for another hour, his thirst became
intolerable again; and when he looked at his bottle, he saw that there
were only five or six drops left in it, and he could not venture to
drink.  And as he was hanging the flask to his belt again, he saw a
little dog lying on the rocks, gasping for breath--just as Hans had
seen it on the day of his ascent.  And Gluck stopped and looked at it,
and then at the Golden River, not five hundred yards above him; and he
thought of the dwarf's words, that no one could succeed except in his
first attempt; and he tried to pass the dog, but it whined piteously
and Gluck stopped again. "Poor beastie," said Gluck, "it'll be dead
when I come down again, if I don't help it."  Then he looked closer and
closer at it, and its eye turned on him so mournfully that he could not
stand it.  "Confound the king and his gold too," said Gluck, and he
opened the flask and poured all the water into the dog's mouth.

The dog sprang up and stood on its hind legs.  Its tail disappeared;
its ears became long, longer, silky, golden; its nose became very red;
its eyes became very twinkling; in three seconds the dog was gone, and
before Gluck stood his old acquaintance, the King of the Golden River.

"Thank you," said the monarch.  "But don't be frightened; it's all
right"--for Gluck showed manifest symptoms of consternation at this
unlooked-for reply to his last observation. "Why didn't you come
before," continued the dwarf, "instead of sending me those rascally
brothers of yours, for me to have the trouble of turning into stones?
Very hard stones they make, too."

"O dear me!" said Gluck, "have you really been so cruel?"

"Cruel!" said the dwarf; "they poured unholy water into my stream.  Do
you suppose I'm going to allow that?"

"Why," said Gluck, "I am sure, sir,--your Majesty, I mean,--they got
the water out of the church font."

"Very probably," replied the dwarf, "but" (and his countenance grew
stern as he spoke) "the water which has been refused to the cry of the
weary and dying is unholy, though it had been blessed by every saint in
heaven; and the water which is found in the vessel of mercy is holy,
though it had been defiled with corpses."

So saying, the dwarf stooped and plucked a lily that grew at his feet.
On its white leaves there hung three drops of clear dew. And the dwarf
shook them into the flask which Gluck held in his hand. "Cast these
into the river," he said, "and descend on the other side of the
mountains into the Treasure Valley.  And so good speed."

As he spoke the figure of the dwarf became indistinct.  The playing
colors of his robe formed themselves into a prismatic mist of dewy
light; he stood for an instant veiled with them as with the belt of a
broad rainbow.  The colors grew faint; the mist rose into the air; the
monarch had evaporated.

And Gluck climbed to the brink of the Golden River, and its waves were
as clear as crystal and as brilliant as the sun.  And when he cast the
three drops of dew into the stream, there opened where they fell a
small, circular whirlpool, into which the waters descended with a
musical noise.

Gluck stood watching it for some time, very much disappointed, because
not only the river was not turned into gold, but its waters seemed much
diminished in quantity.  Yet he obeyed his friend the dwarf and
descended the other side of the mountains towards the Treasure Valley;
and as he went he thought he heard the noise of water working its way
under the ground.  And when he came in sight of the Treasure Valley,
behold, a river, like the Golden River, was springing from a new cleft
of the rocks above it and was flowing in innumerable streams among the
dry heaps of red sand.

And as Gluck gazed, fresh grass sprang beside the new streams, and
creeping plants grew and climbed among the moistening soil.  Young
flowers opened suddenly along the riversides, as stars leap out when
twilight is deepening, and thickets of myrtle and tendrils of vine cast
lengthening shadows over the valley as they grew.  And thus the
Treasure Valley became a garden again, and the inheritance which had
been lost by cruelty was regained by love.

And Gluck went and dwelt in the valley, and the poor were never driven
from his door, so that his barns became full of corn and his house of
treasure.  And for him the river had, according to the dwarf's promise,
become a river of gold.

And to this day the inhabitants of the valley point out the place where
the three drops of holy dew were cast into the stream, and trace the
course of the Golden River under the ground until it emerges in the
Treasure Valley.  And at the top of the cataract of the Golden River
are still to be seen two black stones, round which the waters howl
mournfully every day at sunset; and these stones are still called by
the people of the valley

THE BLACK BROTHERS

End of Project Gutenberg's The King of the Golden River, by John Ruskin.