[267] Mars was originally a god of vegetation; he appears subsequently as
the god of war.

[268] See Aust, _Die Religion der Römer_, p. 171 (1899).

[269] A translation in full is given by Carter in _ERE_, II. 10 _b_, 11
_a_.

[270] See further on the whole subject Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencycl. der
klassischen Altertumswissenschaft_, II. 1463 ff. (1896).

[271] See Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, III. 444 (1885).

[272] Cp. the name of the month in which the festival was held, February,
which gets its name from _februare_ “to purify.”

[273] March 19 was a special day as being the birthday of Minerva (Ovid,
_Fasti_, III. 812; see Mommsen, _Feste_ ..., p. 59).

[274] “... per urbem ire canentes carmina cum tripudiis solemnique
saltatu,” Liv. I. 20. 4. See, further, Wissowa, _op. cit._ I. 482, who
refers to Dion. Hal. II. 70. 2. Cp. de la Saussaye, _op. cit._ II. 441
ff.; and see Seneca, _Epp._ XV.; Quintilian, I. 2. 18.

[275] _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 232.

[276] Frazer, _ibid._; Marquardt, _Römische Staatsverwaltung_, III.
427 f. (1885); Aust, _op. cit._ p. 130; Cirilli, _Les Prêtres Danseurs
de Rome_, pp. 97 ff. (1913); for Harvest Festivals generally among the
Romans see Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_, pp. 191 ff., for
the _Hilaria_, pp. 321 ff. (1912); Roscher, _Ausführliches Lexikon der
griechischen und römischen Mythologie_, s.v. Attis, I. 715 ff. (1884);
for the _Vinalia_, Aust, _op. cit._ p. 173. Cp. Farnell, _The Evolution
of Religion_, p. 145 (1905).

[277] See, for illustrations not mentioned here, Lilly Grove, _op. cit._
pp. 65-92.

[278] This is given by Frazer, _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., I. 95 f.,
from A. W. Nieuwenhuis, _Quer durch Borneo_, I. 167-169 (1904 ...).

[279] Frazer, _op. cit._ p. 107. See also Chalmers, _Pioneering in New
Guinea_, pp. 323 ff. H. L. Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British
North Borneo_, I. 262 (1896), says: “The Dyaks really seem to consider
dancing as a part of divine service, attributing to it some mysterious
and wholesome efficacy”;—they do not enquire why; it is taken for granted
that it is so.

[280] _Malay Magic_, p. 462 (1900).

[281] Cp. Réville, _Les Religions des peuples non-civilisés_, p. 269,
who tells of how the imitative magic dance develops into a specifically
religious act.

[282] _Op. cit._ p. 464; see, further, pp. 465 ff., and also Skeat
and Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, I. 364 f., II. 119
ff., 126 ff., 137 with the illustration on p. 138; and for the negro
Baris, whose country is situated on either bank of the White Nile, see
Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, I. 74 (1881).

[283] W. Schneider, _Die Religion der Afrikanischen Naturvölker_, pp.
52-58 (1891); Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s_, p. 327 (1872).

[284] On initiation dances see Harrison, _Themis_, pp. 24 f.

[285] Bab. Talm. _Rosh Ha-shanah_ 16 _a_, Mishnah, _Sukkah_, IV. 9; cp.
Mishnah, _Berakôth_, V. 2; see also the curious story in Lucian, _De Dea
Syria_, XIII.; and for numbers of examples of rain-charms see Frazer,
_GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 247-329.

[286] _The Threshold of Religion_, p. 76 (1909).

[287] _ERE_, X. 359 _b_.

[288] The root meaning of _ʿanah_ is “to sing,” see Isa. xxvi. 2, Exod.
xxxii. 18, Ps. cxix. 172; and cp. the cognate Arabic root _ghanna_; in
neo-Hebrew it is often used of singing in chorus.

[289] A different interpretation of the passage is given by a few
commentators, _e.g._ Briggs in the _Intern. Crit. Com._, but the natural
meaning seems to be as above.

[290] We have referred to this in another connexion, see p. 141. It is
probable that we have in this episode a combination of an historical fact
and some form of the Adonis myth.

[291] Pausan. IV. xvi. 4. See, further, Hermann, _Gottesdienstliche
Alterthümer_, §§ 24, 50.

[292] Reference is made in 1 Sam. xxi. 5, 2 Sam. xi. 11 to an act of
self-control which was also part of the consecration for battle; but
this, which is found among many other races, had its special reason and
does not come into consideration here.

[293] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., II. 145, where other examples are
given.

[294] _GB_, _Spirits of the Corn_ ..., I. 22.

[295] The possibility is not excluded that in all cases of animals being
eaten in order to absorb their qualities, their sacredness may have been
the real reason at one time in the history of the rite. When this reason
was forgotten and its qualities became the sole reason for eating an
animal, the extension of the idea in other ways would be natural.

[296] _Religion of the Semites_, p. 288.

[297] _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 165 f. (1911);
the account is taken from S. Müller, _Reizen en Ondergoekingen in den
Indischen Archipel._, II. 252 (1857). For another example see Chalmers,
_op. cit._ p. 182.

[298] C. G. Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, p. 298
(1910), quoted by Frazer, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 168.

[299] Spencer and Gillen, _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp.
493 f. (1899).

[300] De Flacourt, _Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar_, pp. 97 f.
(1658), quoted by Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, I. 131 (1911).

[301] _The Secret Tribal Societies of West Africa_, p. 17, quoted by
Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 132.

[302] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 133 f.

[303] _Uit het leven der Bevolking van Windessi_, in the “Tijdschrift
voor Indische Taal-Landen Volkenkunde,” XL. 157 f. (1898); _GB_, _Taboo
and the Perils of the Soul_, pp. 169 f.

[304] _E.g._ in such cases as the May-pole dance, and the dances round
the Midsummer fires.

[305] Robertson Smith, _The Religion of the Semites_, p. 455, where
references to original authorities are given. See also Stade, _Biblische
Theologie des Alten Testaments_, i. 148.

[306] _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 158; for further
examples see pp. 161 ff., and _The Magic Art_, I. 125 ff. Conceivably
the taboo on the persons left at home during the absence of the fighting
men may have originally had something to do with the victory dance being
performed by women alone.

[307] See the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen World_, chaps.
VIII-X.

[308] _E.g._ Gen. xxiv. 49 ff., xxix. 27; Judg. xiv. 7; Isa. lxi. 10;
Jer. ii. 32, vii. 34, xxv. 10; Ps. xlv. 10 ff.; Cant. iii. 6-11; cp. 3
Macc. iv. 8. In the New Testament we have more details, _e.g._ Matth.
xxii. 2, xxv. 1 ff.; Lk. xii. 36; John ii. 1 ff.

[309] See König, _Hebr. und Aram. Wörterbuch_, p. 505, and cp. the Sept.
τῇ Σουμανείτιδι (Cod. B).

[310] _Kimĕhôlath hammaḥanaim._ Cp. the Septuagint rendering: ὡς χοροὶ
τῶν παρεμβολῶν.

[311] Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_, p. 52, says, “The
tenacity with which the Oriental mind, if left to itself, holds that
which has always been, and turns to it as unerringly as the needle to
the pole, has often been observed, and is our guaranty that we may find
primitive religious conditions among people with whom, if we approach
them in the right way, we may hold intercourse to-day.” This may
certainly apply to the present instance.

[312] In the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, pp. 287 ff. (1873).

[313] Cp. the reference to the king in Cant. i. 4.

[314] _Mittel-Syrien und Damascus_, p. 123 (1853).

[315] _Arabia Deserta_, II. 118 (1921).

[316] See Rothstein’s article, “Moslemische Hochzeitsgebräuche in Lifta
bei Jerusalem,” in Dalman’s _Palästinajahrbuch_, 1910, pp. 102-123,
especially 110-114; a photographic illustration of a sword-dance is given
on p. 102; and Klein in the _Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästinischen
Vereins_, VI. 94 ff. (1883).

[317] “Its general unscientific nature has been demonstrated by Mr Fison
and Dr Westermarck.... The theory, then, that mankind in general, or
even a particular section of mankind, even in normal circumstances were
accustomed to obtain their wives by capture from other tribes, may be
regarded as exploded. There have been, of course, and still are, sporadic
cases of capture of wives from hostile tribes or others, but such cannot
prove a rule.” Crawley, _The Mystic Rose: A Study of Primitive Marriage_,
p. 367 (1902).

[318] _Op. cit._ pp. 323 ff.

[319] For the reasons why these maleficent influences should be believed
to be present on such occasions see Crawley’s work, chaps, XIII, XIV.

[320] _Palestinischer Diwan_, p. 254 (1901). For the custom among the
Arabs of the Hedjaz see Featherman, _op. cit._ V. 402.

[321] Krauss, _Talmudische Archäologie_, II. 39 (1911).

[322] Bacher, _Aggada der Palestinischen Amoraim_, III. 36 (1897); _JE_,
VIII. 341 f.

[323] Abrahams, _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_, p. 193 (1896).

[324] Abrahams, _op. cit._ pp. 195 f.; cp. with this the rite in the
ancient Indian ritual, in which the bride takes seven steps towards
the bridegroom; at the seventh he seizes her by the foot, Winternitz,
_Das altindische Hochzeitsrituell_, in “Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen
Akademie der Wissenschaften,” XL. 51 (1892).

[325] Grunwald, in _JE_, VIII. 346 _a_, quoting from Chorny, _Sefer
ha-Massaʿot_, p. 298.

[326] Abrahams, _op. cit._ p. 196. For marriage rites among Jews and
Mohammedans in Palestine to-day see Baldensperger in the _Quarterly
Statement_ of the Pal. Exploration Fund, 1899, pp. 140 ff., 1900, pp. 181
ff., 1901, pp. 173 ff.

[327] Westermarck, _Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco_, p. 144 (1914).

[328] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 388 (1910).

[329] On this, see further Crawley, _op. cit._ pp. 327 ff., 335 ff.

[330] _Op. cit._ p. 321.

[331] _Op. cit._ p. 344.

[332] Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, V. 480 (1881).

[333] Westermarck, _op. cit._ p. 251.

[334] Winternitz, _Das altindische Hochzeitsrituell_, XL. 30.

[335] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 374.

[336] Skeat, _op. cit._ p. 381.

[337] “For practical purposes, as is hardly necessary to premise,
the complex fears of men and women are often subconscious, or are
only expressed as a feeling of diffidence with regard to the novel
proceedings, and also are not always focussed on the personality of
either party with its inherent dangerous properties nor stimulated by
conscious realisation of particular dangers.... We have, however, seen
cases where the individual in marriage is consciously aware that it is
his human partner who is to be feared” (Crawley, _op. cit._ p. 323).

[338] Skeat, _op. cit._ p. 377, and for other dances at weddings see pp.
388 f., 392.

[339] _The History of Human Marriage_, II. 584 (1921); see also
Featherman, _op. cit._ I. 208.

[340] Frazer, _GB_, _The Scapegoat_, p. 171.

[341] Frazer, _GB_, _The Spirits of the Corn and of the Wild_, II. 255.

[342] Westermarck, _Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco_, p. 90.

[343] Westermarck, _op. cit._ p. 144.

[344] H. A. Metcalf’s translation, _The Idylls and Epigrams of Theocritus
..._ (1905).

[345] _The Mystic Rose_, pp. 337 ff.

[346] For these, see the present writer’s book, _Immortality and the
Unseen World: a Study in Old Testament Religion_, pp. 141 ff. (1921).

[347] _Talmudische Archäologie_, II. 67 f., 483 (1911); cp. also Thomson,
_The Land and the Book_: Lebanon, Damascus, and beyond Jordan, pp. 401
ff. (1886).

[348] Crawley, in _ERE_, X. 358 _a_.

[349] The mystic number, seven, in connexion with the rite will not
escape notice. The whole service will be found in Gaster’s _Daily and
Occasional Prayers_, vol. I. (1901). The supplications, though not in
precisely the same form in which they now appear, are known to go back
to pre-Christian times; the antiquity of the ritual by which they are
accompanied, especially when its nature is considered, will obviously be
at least as great, let alone the long history behind it.

[350] _Sacred Books of the East_, XI. 129 (1879-1910).

[351] In _ERE_, III. 658 _b_.

[352] Hartland, in _ERE_, IV. 426 _b_.

[353] Walse, in _ERE_, IV. 453 _b_.

[354] Joyce, _Social History of Ancient Ireland_, I. 301 (1903).

[355] Alois Musil, _Arabia Petraea_, III. 203 (1908).

[356] For illustrations of this kind see, _e.g._, Rosellini, _Les
Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie_, Pl. CXIV. fig. 2, Pl. CXVI. fig. 6
(1831); Lepsius, _Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien_, Div. II, Pls.
52, 53 (1849); Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité:
l’Égypte_, p. 701 (1882).

[357] In _ERE_, V. 238 _a_.

[358] Erman, _Aegypten ..._, I. 336.

[359] Erman, _op. cit._ I. 338, II. 434.

[360] Reported in the _Times_, 29th June, 1922.

[361] Cp. Herodotus, II. 85.

[362] _An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians_,
II. 272 (1871).

[363] _Op. cit._ pp. 344, 408 f., 452.

[364] Among the Romans, during the earliest periods, funerals always took
place at night; for the evidence see Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der
Römer_, pp. 343 f. (1886).

[365] As to funeral games see Daremberg et Saglio, _Dictionnaire des
antiquités Greques et Romaines_, II. 1376 (1896 ...): “La présence de
nombreux chars sur les vases peints du Dipylon fait croire qu’on continua
à célébrer des jeux funèbres en l’honneur du mort, et cet usage persista
longtemps encore, comme semble l’indiquer une peinture où un char de
course est représenté à côté d’une stèle qu’on achève de décorer.” Cp.
Rohde, _Psyche ..._, I. 224 f. As Hartland points out (_ERE_, IV. 437
_a_), “funeral games, familiar to us in classical literature, are of very
wide distribution. They cannot be separated from dances, for there is no
hard and fast line between the two.”

[366] See also Rohde, _Psyche ..._, I. 221.

[367] In Dionys. VII. 72 there is a description of such a procession in
which troops danced in the dress of Sileni and Satyrs. Suet. _Caes._ 84
(Marquardt, _Das Privatleben der Römer_, pp. 352 f.).

[368] Crawley, in _ERE_, X. 356 _a_.

[369] _Antike Gesichtshelme und Sepulcralmasken_, p. 4 (1878), referred
to by Marquardt, _Privatleben der Römer_, p. 241, and see further, pp.
353 ff.

[370] Showerman in _ERE_, IV. 505 _b_, 507 _b_. Cp. Daremberg et Saglio,
_op. cit._ s.v. _Funus_.

[371] _Op. cit._ II. 32.

[372] See the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen World_, pp. 9,
21 f.

[373] _I.e._ “sacred,” the first month of the Musulman year.

[374] Jaʿfar Sharif, _Islam in India, or the Qānūn-i-Islam: The Customs
of the Musulmans of India_, translated by G. A. Herklots, pp. 161-174
(1921).

[375] Frazer, _GB_, _The Magic Art_, II. 183.

[376] J. M. Brown, _Maori and Polynesian_, p. 203. “Funeral dances and
death-bed dances are a world-wide custom. We hear of them in Patagonia,
in Abyssinia, in North America, in the East Indian isles and in the
Highlands of Scotland; we read about them in ancient Egypt, and we can
see them to-day in Spain, in Ireland, and in the centre of France,” Lilly
Grove, _op. cit._ p. 4.

[377] _ERE_, IV. 434 _b_.

[378] Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_, pp. 358 ff.,
716 (1910).

[379] Frazer, _The Belief in Immortality_, I. 200 (1913).

[380] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 399.

[381] _The Indian Tribes of Guiana_, pp. 154 f. (1868).

[382] Schoolcraft, _op. cit._ I. 198, 234.

[383] Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind_, I. 413 (1881).

[384] Baldwin Spencer, _The Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of
Australia_, pp. 234 ff. (1914).

[385] Frazer, _op. cit._ I. 293 f.

[386] _Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Straits_, V.
256.

[387] _Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart_, V. 1070.

[388] Nelson, _The Eskimo about Bering Strait_, Eighteenth Annual Report
of the Bureau of Ethnology, Pt. I. 363 (1899).

[389] Frazer, _GB_, _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 166.

[390] Spencer and Gillen, _The Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp.
505 ff. (1899).

[391] Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, I. pp. 384 ff. (1903).

[392] _ERE_, IV. 481 _a_.

[393] _ERE_, IV. 416 _b_.

[394] See on this the present writer’s _Immortality and the Unseen
World_, p. 180.

INDEX

  Aaron, 161

  Ab, feast of, 143

  _Abel-meḥolah_, 142

  Abijah, 92

  Absorbing the god, 25

  Abydos, royal tombs at, 203

  Achna, Kybele _temenos_ at, 99

  Air a means of lustration, 99

  Altar, dance round, 91 f.
    procession round, 94

  Amalekites, David’s attack on the, 48

  Amathus, 70

  _Ambarvalia_, 100, 149

  Ancestor-worship, 131
    dancing connected with, 195

  Animals, belief in descent from, 18, 78
    holy, 166
    imitated in dance, 18
    sacred, 166

  Animistic stage, 14

  Aphrodite, 98

  Aphrodite-Ariadne, 70

  Apis festivals, 60

  Apollo, 7, 63, 68, 74, 120

  Apollo Karneios, 69

  Apollo, Pythaean, 69

  Apollonius Rhodius, 201

  Apuleius, 118

  Apuleius’ account of sacred dance, 61 f.

  Arabi Pasha, 115

  Arabs, 193
    ancient, 116
    _cultus_ of the, 49, 94
    wedding dance among the, 181
    mourning rite among the, 202
    song round well of, 89

  Arāwaks, funeral dance among the, 212 f.
    procession round corpse of, 201

  Archigallus, 127

  Ares, 63

  Argonauts, 201

  Ariadne, 70

  Ariadne’s Dance, 27, 69, 71 f.

  Aristomenes, 163

  Aristophanes, _Frogs_ quoted, 123

  Aristotle, 14

  Ark, 36, 54, 94

  _Arkteia_, 68, 102

  Artemis, 19, 63, 66, 102
    Brauronian ceremonies of, 68
    Caryatis, 67
    Koruthalia, 66
    worship of, 67

  Artemis-Kybele, groves of, 99

  Arunta of Central Australia, 169
    funeral dance among the, 216

  Arval Brothers, 149

  Ashantees, 170

  Ashdod, 47

  Ashkenazic Jews, 198

  Asiatic peoples, sacred dance among, 76

  _Asiph_, 140

  Asshurbanipal, inscription of, 58

  Assyrian festivals, 58
    procession, 58
    sacred dance, 6

  Athena, 19, 64, 120

  Athens, 123

  Atonement, day of, 143

  _Atrium_, 208

  Attic women dancing in honour of Dionysos, 123

  Attis, worship of, 126, 127

  Baal, 38
    Marqôd, 19, 56
    of dancing, 56
    prophets of, 111, 113, 131 f.

  “Baby Jesus”, 23

  Babylonian festivals, 57
    hymns, 58

  Bacchanalian assemblies, 124

  Bacchantes, 121, 124

  Bagobos of Mindanao, 103

  _Bāmāh_, 108

  Bambaras of Senegambia, 145

  Barges, procession of, 62

  Basket, 60

  Baskets dancing, 67

  Bear dance, 68, 102

  Bechuanas, marriage dance among the, 181

  Bedouin Arabs, 193
    dance among the, 56 f.

  Benihassan, inscription on tomb at, 203

  Benjamites, 142

  Bēs, 60

  Bēsa, 61

  Bethel, 38

  _Bharang_, 211

  Bheels, marriage dance among the, 181

  Blood, flowing of during dance, 213

  Bodo-priest, 27, 128

  Boghazkeui, rock-inscription at, 59, 109

  Bond of life, 200

  Bondas, funeral dance among, 213

  Bones venerated, 210

  Book of the Dead, the, 11

  Brahman worship, 77

  Brauronian ceremonies, 68, 84

  Brethren of the Ploughed Fields, 149

  Bridal couples, royal state of, 29

  Bride and bridegroom in a state of danger, 184

  Buddha, pyre of, 201

  Burial rite, dancing as a, 29 f., 42
    customs not an innovation, 197
    tenacity of, 197

  Burials, Chinese, 201

  Buriats, procession round corpse of, 201

  Byblos, 116

  Cactus, 217

  Camel, processional dance round, 28, 95

  Caryae, 67

  Cassowary-dances, 18

  Castor and Pollux, 67

  Cattle increased by sacred dance, 103

  _Charites_, 148

  _Chela_, 133

  Child mind, the, 22

  Chinese burials, 201

  _Chitôn_, 67

  Chnomhôtep, 203

  Choruses of Physcoa and Hippodamia, 124

  _Chuppah_, 177

  Cicero, 78

  Circle-dance of men and women, 205 f.

  Circle, magic, 28, 94

  Circuit round sanctuary, 94
    sacrifice, 94
    sevenfold, 93, 94

  Circuits round a corpse, 200

  Circumambulation, 199

  Circumambulatory procession, 100

  Circumcision festivals, dancing at, 144 f.
    of Isaac, 145

  City, encirclement of, 94

  Clapping of hands, 7, 52

  Clement of Alexandria, 125

  _Coelibaris hasta_, 181

  Coins from Tralles, 69

  Conibos, funeral dances among the, 212

  “Consecrated”, 94

  Consecration of warriors, 161

  Corinth, golden plate from grave near, 73

  Corn-Mother, 103

  Corneto, 207

  Corybantes, 69

  Crane dance, 72

  Cremation in India, 201

  Cretan labyrinth, 71

  Cretan legend of birth of Zeus, 69

  Cretan-Mycenaean creed, 120

  Crete, 70

  Crops made to grow by dancing, 27, 29

  _Cultus_ of ancient Arabs, 94

  Custom, traditional, retained, 217

  Cylinder seals, 59

  Cylix of Hieron, 122

  Cymbals, 7, 52

  _Cypresses_, 148

  Cyprus, 70
    excavations in, 11, 98
    inscriptions from, 59 f., 72 f., 98 f.

  Dagon, 47

  _Daḥa_ dances, 144

  Dakotahs, 21, 77, 83, 101, 165 f.
    sun worship among the, 77

  _Dālag_, 44, 46, 47, 48

  Dance accompanied by cymbals, 7
    by hand-drums, 7
    by singing, 7
    by tambourine, 121, 203
    among the Greeks, 11
      the Israelites, 7
      the natives of New Guinea, 1 f.
      the uncivilized races, 8
    and music, 7
    and religion, 69
    applied to processions, 100
    as a mourning rite among the Greeks and Romans, 207 ff.
    at funeral feasts, 207
    at weddings as an initiatory ceremony, 188
    ecstatic, 37 ff.
    encircling, 37, 183, 199, 205
    funeral, 204 ff.
    funeral, purposes of, 204 ff.
    Hebrew terms for, 44 ff.
    _Hikuli_, 217 f.
    imitative, 14
    in honour of the army of the heavens, 69
      of the Egyptian gods, 61
    in semi-circle, 98
    limping, 87, 111
    musical accompaniment to, 51 ff.
    never useless, 2
    of Jewish maidens, 143
    of maidens in the _forum_, 75
    on graves, 29
    orgiastic, 122
    processional, 36
    represented on Greek pottery, 5
    round a sacred object, 88 ff.
      altar, 91 f.
      golden calf, 90
      men disguised as familiar spirits, 214
      slain enemies, 206
      trees, 88
      wells, 88
    scaring away evil spirits, 30
    the dead brought back by, 30
    the dead personated in, 30

  Dance-spirit, the, 153

  Dancers sprinkled, 217

  Dances and funeral games, 207
    at Egyptian funerals, 203
    at festivals among the Romans, 149 ff.
    in celebration of victory, 40 f., 159 ff.
    in honour of superhuman powers, 54 ff.
      of the dead, 205 f.
    of gods, 17
    of the _Salii_, 150
    performed under trees, 148

  Dancing accompanied by instrumental music, 122
    as an act of devotion, 129
    as an expression of will, 6
    as a mourning rite among savages, 209 ff.
    at celebration of Eleusinian mysteries, 124
    at circumcision festivals, 144 f.
    at Egyptian festivals, 146
    at feasts, 140 ff.
    at festivals among the Baris, 153
      Hottentots, 153 f.
      Kai, 152
      Kayans, 151 f.
    at Greek festivals, 146 ff.
    at the feast of Purim, 144
    connected with ancestor-worship, 195
    definitions of, 5
    Dervishes, 115, 130, 137
    during the making of vows, 145
    field of, 142
    Hebrew words for, 35 ff., 197
    highest development of, 9
    in honour of the dead, 203 f.
    in honour of the moon, 153
    magical, 171
    modern, 6
    modes of, 5 f.
    of masked men and women, 148
    priests, 150
    religious in origin, 129
    serious for savages, 21
    spirit of, 130
    to ensure a fruitful marriage, 191
    to the point of unconsciousness, 129

  Dancing-floor in Knossos, 70

  Dancing-grounds, Greek, 65
    [_See also_ Ecstatic Dance, Funeral Dance, Sacred Dance]

  _Davar_, 49, 95

  David, 36, 54, 162

  Day of Atonement, 143
    of Blood, 127

  Dead, continued existence of the, 209
    imitated in dance, 30
    sacrifice for the, 213
    the, brought back by dance, 30

  _Decemviri_, 75

  _Deir el-Ḳala_, 56

  Delos, 70, 72

  Delphian women dancing in honour of Dionysos, 123

  Demeter, 24
    dance in honour of, 90
    mysteries of, 147

  Departed, dance in honour of the, 198 f.
    personating the, 214
    spirit of, feared, 205 f.
    wrath of, appeased by dance, 215

  Dervishes, dancing, 115, 130, 137

  Descent from animals, 18, 78

  Development of ideas, 218

  Devil dancers, 27, 128

  _Dhāt anwāt_, 96

  _Dies Sanguinis_, 127

  Dinka, negro tribe in Soudan, 206

  Diodorus, 124

  Dionysiac ritual, 6

  Dionysos, 7, 19, 21, 63, 64, 66, 120, 143, 147, 148
    contact with through dance, 122
    festivals, 122
    orgies in honour of, 123
    raving in honour of, 38
    temple of, 124
    under the influence of, 122
    worship of, 120

  Dioscuri, 19

  Disguise of mourners, 205, 211

  Divine indwelling, 26

  Dog-dances, 18

  Drum-beating, 2

  Dutch New Guinea, funeral dance among inhabitants of, 212

  Ecstatic dance, 32, 107 ff.
    a means of mystic experiences, 116
    among Greeks, 119 ff.
      Israelite prophets, 109 ff.
      Romans, 126
      Syrians, 116 ff.
      uncultured races, 128 ff.
    contagious, 108
    means of divine indwelling, 32
    means of union with the deity, 108
    not confined to early Israelite prophets, 107
    outcome of strong religious emotion, 107
    two forms of, 114

  Ecstatic state, 27
    means of inducing an, 39, 120
    voice of the god during, 129

  Egyptian fresco, dancing depicted on, 10
    inscriptions, 5
    funeral dances, 203, 204
      procession, 203
    temples, sacred dance depicted on doors of, 62 f.

  Egyptians, mourning rite among the, 202 f.

  Eleusinian mysteries, dancing at the celebration of, 124

  Eleusis, 90, 124

  Elagabalus, 149

  Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 143

  Elijah, 113

  Elis, 68

  Encirclement of city, 94

  Encircling dance, 199, 206
    procession of gods, 96

  _Epithalamium_, 190

  E-sagila, temple of, 57

  Eskimo, procession round corpse of, 201

  Esquimaux, funeral dances among, 215

  Eteokles, the daughters of, 148

  Eternity, Feast of, 203

  Etruria, sacred dance introduced from, 75

  Etruscan vase, 71

  Etruscans influenced by Greeks, 76

  Euripides, _Bacchae_ quoted, 124

  Evil eye, 188

  Evil spirits, 47, 132
    combated in dance, 204 f.
    in vicinity of corpses, 205
    protection against, 205
    scared away by dance, 30

  Excavations in Cyprus, 11, 70

  Exegesis, Rabbinical type of, 86

  Familiar spirits, men disguised as, 214

  Fātima, 211

  Faunus, 150

  Fear of departed spirit, 205

  Feast of Eternity, 203
    of Tabernacles, dancing during, 94

  Feet, stamping of, 198

  Festival, funeral, 203

  Field of dancing, 142

  Figures, semi-human, 147

  Fire as a lustration, 99

  Flute-playing as a mourning rite, 196

  _Forum_, dance of maidens in the, 75

  _Fratres Arvales_, 149

  Funeral dance among Aaru archipelago natives, 218
    Aborigines of N. Australia, 213
    Arāwaks, 212 f.
    Arunta, 216
    Bondas, 213
    Conibos, 212
    Dutch New Guinea natives, 212
    Esquimaux, 215
    Gilbert islanders, 212
    Indian tribes of Guiana, 212
    Maoris, 212
    Melanesians, 212
    N. American Indians, 213
    Pulu islanders, 214
    Sioux, 214
    Sulka, 212
    Tami islanders, 213 f.
    Tarahumares of Mexico, 217
    Timor islanders, 215

  Funeral dances collective, 199
    purposes of, 204 f.

  Funeral festival, 203

  Funeral games cannot be separated from dances, 207

  Funeral procession, scenes at, 199

  Funerals at night, 207

  Gallas’ dance round sacred tree, 103

  Game of Troy, 69, 71, 74

  Games at funerals, 207

  _Geranos_, 72

  Ghosts of the dead, 29
    propitiation of, 167 ff.

  Gilbert islanders, funeral dance among, 212

  Gilyaks, 18

  Goddesses personated, 148

  Golden calf, dance round the, 90

  Grave a dwelling-place, the, 208

  Greek influence on the Romans, 73 f.
    pottery, 66
      dances represented on, 5
    vases, 10

  Greeks, dancing of the, 65
    funeral processions among the, 207
    national temperament of the, 76

  Grotta del Trichinio, 207

  _Gymnopaediae_, 68 f.

  _Ḥāgag_, 44, 48 ff., 92

  _Ḥagg_, 49, 51, 94, 141

  Halfa, 204

  _Ḥalîl_, 52

  Hallel, 93

  _Haloa_, 147

  Hand-drums, 7

  _Hantu mĕnāri_, 130

  Harmony, 53

  Harp-players, 202

  Harpokrates, 61

  Harvest festivals, 39 f.
    dancing at, 140 ff.

  Ḥatḥor, 19, 60 f.

  Head-hunters in Dutch New Guinea, 171 f.

  Heavenly bodies, symbolic representation of movements of, 95

  _Ḥebel_, 92, 108

  Hebrew prophets, 33
    terms for dancing, 44 ff., 197

  Hebrews, festivals among the, 139 ff.
    religious superiority of the, 139

  Heliodorus, 117

  Hell-gallop, 206

  Henna-dance, 187 f.

  Hera, 64

  Herakles, Tyrian, 117

  Hermes, 148

  Herodotus, 124

  Herodotus’ account of Egyptian worship, 62

  Hezekiah, 58

  Hieron, cylix of, 122

  _Hikuli_ dance, 217 f.

  Hindoo Koosh, natives of, 171

  Hippodamia, Chorus of, 124

  Hittite inscriptions, 10, 59 f., 109

  Homer, 122

  Honouring the departed by dance, 30, 203 f., 209, 211

  Hosea, 136

  _Ḥūl_, 44

  Human victim, dance round to make crops grow, 103

  Husain, 211

  Iacchus, 124

  Iamblichus, theory of, 117

  Ideas, development of, 218

  Identification, 25

  Identity, change of, 29

  _Iḥwy_, 60

  Ilabistan, wells of, 90

  _Imagines_, 208

  Imitation, 25

  Imitative magic, 3, 4, 23, 183
    propensity in man, 14

  Indian, ancient ritual at weddings, 186

  Initiation rite, 68

  Inscription on tomb at Benihassan, 203

  Inscriptions, dancing depicted on, 10
    Egyptian, 5
    from Cyprus, 65, 98 f.
    Hittite, 10

  Inspiration gained by dancing, 128

  Instinct of play, 7

  Irish, procession round corpse, 201

  Isaac, circumcision of, 145

  _Isidis Navigium_, 62

  Isis, worship of, 61

  Israelite prophets, 38

  Israelites and the nations of antiquity, 85
    dancing, 7
    religious uniqueness of, sometimes exaggerated, 31 f.
    sacred dance among the, 31 ff.
    stage of culture of the, 8 f.

  Italian god of vegetation, 27

  Jacob, 113, 118

  Jahwe, 33, 36, 38, 54, 93, 94
    possession by spirit of, 109

  Jephthah, 141, 162

  Jewish custom, post-biblical, 9
    maidens, dance of, 143

  Jews, Ashkenazic, 198
    of post-biblical times, marriage dance among the, 181 f.
    of the Caucasus, marriage dance among the, 183
    Sephardic, 198

  _Juno Regina_, 74

  _Kaaba_, 49, 95, 115

  _Kailang Nāg_, 133

  Kamtchatka, 18

  Kangaroo-dances, 18

  Kayans of Sarāwak, 28, 102, 106

  _Ḳazir_, 140

  Kazwini, 90

  Killing a god in animal form, 165

  King’s week, 178

  _Kinnôr_, 52

  Knossos, dancing-floor in, 70

  Kol tribes of Chota Nagpur, 210

  Kore, 147

  Korybantes, 121

  Kouretes, 125

  Kûkubûry, 116

  _Kumbâz_, 180

  Kybele, 121, 126, 127

  Kybele-_temenos_, 99

  Labyrinth, 27, 69 f.

  Lacedaemonians, 67, 163

  Laconia, 67

  Lameness simulated in dance, 111 f.

  Lares, 149

  Latona, 68, 69

  Lattuka, negro tribe in Soudan, 205 f.

  Law, the, 32

  Leaping high to make crops grow, 150
    over threshold, 47

  Leukosia, 98

  Limping dance, 87
    at sunrise, 113
    of Syrian origin, 114
    step, 38, 51

  Lucian, 96, 147
    on dancing, 64

  _Lupercalia_, 101, 149 f.

  _Luperci_, 101

  Lustration by air, 99
    by fire, 99

  Lycosura, 147

  Lycurgus, the son of, 201

  Madagascar, ancient natives of, 170

  Madonna and Child, 23

  Maenads, 11, 121 ff., 125

  Magic and religion, 41
    circle, 28, 94
      to keep in angry spirits, 206
    dance, 160, 171
    imitative, 3, 23, 28, 183
    sympathetic, 24, 28
    vegetation, 149

  Magna Mater, 126

  Maidens’ chorus, 66

  Makarakâ, negro tribe in Soudan, 206

  Malayans, wedding dance among the, 186

  _Malbûs_, 116

  Mana, conception of, 3, 17

  Mandan Indians, dancing among the, 189

  Maoris, funeral dance among the, 212
    war dance among the, 130

  Maquarri dance, 212

  Marduk, 57

  Marqôd, Baal, 81

  Marriage by capture, 180
    fruitful, by means of dance, 1, 191
    procession, 178, 186
    rite, 28
    state, dangers on entering, 28 f.

  Mars, 149

  Masked men and women, dancing, 148

  Masks, 151 f., 208

  May day, 47

  May-pole, 103, 172

  _Mazzôth_, 140

  Medicine women, 130

  Melanesians of British New Guinea, funeral dance among, 212

  Mephibosheth, 111

  Messenians, 67

  Mexican Indians, beliefs of, 84

  Michal, 54

  Mindanao, 103

  Minerva, 150

  Minotaur, 71 f.

  Miriam, 161

  Mizpah, 141

  Moon-worshippers, 153

  Mopsus, 201

  _Mormodellick_, 79

  Morning Star, worship of, 95

  Moroccans, wedding rite among the, 184, 186, 190

  Mosaic legislation, 34

  Mother and son, 125

  Mourners disguised, 205

  Mourning rite, dancing as a, why not mentioned in O.T., 194 f.

  Mouth-pieces of the deity, 129

  Movement, 14

  _Muharram_ festival, 211

  Music and dance, 7

  Musical accompaniment to dancing, 51 ff.

  _Muzzayîn_, 144 f.

  Mycenae, 99

  Myrtle-boughs, 182

  _Mystae_, 123

  Mysteries of Demeter, 147

  Mystery, 14, 17

  Naioth, 108

  Nature-magic, 120

  _Nebboot_, 204

  _Nēbel_, 52

  Nĕgrān, date-palm at, worshipped annually, 97

  New Guinea, belief of natives of, 1 f.

  Nilus, 89, 95

  _Nobiles_, Roman, funeral procession of, 208

  North American Indians, dancing among the, 129

  Noṣairis, festival of St Barbe among the, 97

  Oak, dance round sacred, 103

  Objects of dance coalesce, 20 f.

  Oceania, aborigines of, 129

  Old Testament, dancing spoken of in, 8 f.

  Olympian dance, 98

  Onkelos, Targum of, 141

  Orgiastic dance, 122
    dance of priests, 126 f.
    frenzy, 112

  Oriental influence on the Romans, 74

  Origin of sacred dance, 13 ff.

  Original object of wedding dances, 185

  _Orkēsis Iōnikē_, 68

  Orphic mysteries, 125

  Osiris, king deified as, 146

  Palatine hill, running round, 150

  Palestine, peasants of, 145

  Pan, 63, 124, 150

  Pan’s-pipe, 52

  _Panathenaia_, 64

  Panopeus, 122

  Parnassos, 66, 123

  _Pāsaḥ_, 44, 50 f.

  _Pasâḥu_, 50

  Patroclus, 201

  Pausanias quoted, 67, 69, 122, 123, 124, 163

  Pektides, 117

  Peniel, 113, 118

  Perambulation, ritual, 95

  Persephone, 24, 147

  Persian custom of leaping over threshold, 47

  Personating the dead, 30, 214

  Personation, 25, 148

  Philochorus, 147

  Philosophy, savage, 218

  Phrygia, goddess of, 121

  Physcoa, chorus of, 124

  Pigs, sacrifice of, 102

  Pindar, Pythian Ode quoted, 124

  Pine-cone, 121

  Pisistratus, 64

  Play, human instinct of, 7

  Pleiades, worship of, 79

  Plutarch, 143

  Polynesian dancing, 20

  Pompeii, mosaic at, 71

  _Porta Carmentalis_, 74

  Poseidon, month of, 147

  Possession, 122, 128
    by spirit of Jahwe, 109

  Pottery, Greek, 68

  Powers, supernatural, 3

  Priests, dancing, 150
    orgiastic dance of, 126

  Procession, circumambulatory, among the Romans, 100
    form of dance, 100
    funeral, 199, 202
    round altar, 94
      corpse, 199
    sacred, 150

  Processional dance, 36, 54 ff.
    a normal mode of worship, 81
    round camel, 28

  Prophets, band of, 108
    Hebrew, 33, 38
    Israelite, ecstatic dance among the, 109 ff.
    of Baal, 38
    Syrian, 39
    the, 32

  Propitiation of ghosts, 167 ff.

  Ptah, 146

  Pulu islanders, funeral dance among, 214

  Purim, feast of, dancing at the, 144

  Pyre, festival of the, 96
    threefold procession round, 201

  Pyrrhic Dance, 19, 64, 69

  Pythaean Apollo, 69

  Pythian Ode quoted, 124

  Qāsim, 211

  Rain charm, 157 f.

  _Rakâdu_, 81

  _Raḳṣ_, 6

  _Raḳṣa_ dance, 202

  Ramah, 108

  _Raqaʿ_, 198

  _Rāqad_, 199

  Raving in honour of Dionysos, 33

  _Raymi_, 129

  Reasoning of savages, 15

  Religion and magic, 41
    connexion of dance with, 69

  Religious customs, persistency of, 31
    ideas, modification of, 196
    uniqueness of Israelites exaggerated, 31 f.

  Rhythm, 6 f.

  Rhythmic instinct, 7

  Rite, original meaning of forgotten, 200

  Rites, intermingling of, 217

  Romans, ecstatic dance among, 126
    funeral processions among, 207 f.
    influenced by oriental cults, 127
    national temperament of the, 76
    sacred dancing among the, 73 ff.

  Roro-speaking tribes of New Guinea, 168 f.

  Royal state of bridal couples, 29

  Royalty of bridal pair, 184

  Running round newly born infants, 99

  Russian Tapps, procession round corpse of, 201

  _Sābab_, 44, 46, 92, 93

  Sacred Dance a means of bringing back the dead, 214
    a means of a fruitful marriage, 29
      of obtaining food, 1, 4, 29, 103, 131
    aiding the sun to run his course, 27
    among Assyrians, 6
      Bedouin Arabs, 6 f., 144
      Greeks, 63 ff., 97 ff., 119 ff., 146 ff., 207 ff.
      Jews of all periods, 184
      Romans, 73 ff., 100 f., 119 ff., 149 ff.
      Semites, 31 ff., 54 ff., 88 ff., 107 ff., 140 ff., 159 ff.
      uncultured races, 77 ff., 101 ff., 128 ff., 151 ff., 167 ff., 184
        ff., 209 ff.
    appeasing wrath of departed, 214 f.
    as a marriage rite, 1, 28 f., 41 f., 177 ff.
    as a mourning and burial rite, 29 f., 42, 194 ff.
    assisting warriors in battle, 28, 167 ff.
    contagious, 38
    departed personated in, 214
    for magical purposes, 103, 148, 151
    ghost of deceased driven away by, 217 f.
    in honour of supernatural powers, 22, 209, 218
    in the Old Testament, 8 f., 33 ff., 89, 107 ff., 140 ff.
    introduced in Rome from Etruria, 75
    led by Theseus, 70
    many forms included under, 6, 35 f.
    objects of the, 3, 19 ff.
    origin of the, 13 ff.
    round tree, 99
    sources of information regarding the, 9 ff.
    taught by animals, 18
    unconsciousness brought about by the, 25
    union brought about with god by the, 24, 32

  Sacrifice, circuit round, 94
    of pigs, 102

  Sacrificial victim, 24

  St Barbe, 97

  St Paul, 32

  _Salii_, the, 27, 150

  Sanctuaries, limping dance performed at, 111

  Sanctuary, circuit round, 94

  Sarāwak, Kayans of, 28, 102

  Satan dancing, 46

  Saturn, 150

  Satyrs, 64, 208

  Saul among the prophets, 109 f.

  _Sed_ festival, 146

  Self-laceration, 38

  Sennacherib, 58

  Sephardic Jews, 198, 199 f.
    burial of, 200

  Serpent worship, 133

  Seven circuits round a corpse, 200

  Sevenfold circuit, 93 f.

  _Shabuôth_, 140

  Shaman, 128

  Shiloh, 142

  “Showing off”, 22 f.

  _Sicinnis_, 64

  _Sileni_, 208

  Siloam, 157

  Sinaitic Peninsula, Arabs of the, 95

  Singers and dancers at funerals, 202

  Sioux, funeral dances among, 214
    Indians, 102

  Sisera, 163

  _Sistrum_, 52, 60

  “Sixteen Women,” the, 124

  _Skēnē_, 147

  Speech, laudatory at burials, 198

  Spirit of dancing, possessed by, 130
    of the departed kept in grave, 216
    indwelling, 16

  Spirits of fertility represented by masked men, 152

  Stamping of feet, 198

  Statius, 201

  Statue of the departed, 203

  Step, limping, 38, 51

  Stringed instruments, 52

  _Sukkah_, reference to, 94

  _Sukkôth_, 140

  Sulka, of New Britain, funeral dance among, 212

  Sun aided to run its course by dancing, 27

  _Sungal_, 134

  Supernatural powers, 3
    imitated in dance, 15
    sense of the, 17
    the, 13

  Sword dance, 28, 180, 186, 188

  Symmachus, 126

  Sympathetic magic, 24, 28

  Syrian goddess, 118
    desert, Bedouin Arabs of the, 81
    peasants, weddings among the, 178 ff.
    prophets, 39

  Syrians, ecstatic dance among, 116 ff.

  Tabari, ancient Arabian historian, 97

  Tabernacles, feast of, 94, 141, 143, 157 f.

  Taboo, 104, 174 f.

  Talmudic period, 198

  Tambourine accompanying dance, 121, 203

  Tami islanders, funeral dance among, 213 f.

  _Ṭaphaz_, 142

  Tarahumares, funeral dance among, 217

  Targum, 46

  Targum of Onkelos, 141

  Tarphon, Rabbi, 182

  _Ṭawâf_, 95

  Temple worship, 58

  Terence quoted, 12

  _Thargelia_, 148

  _The Golden Ass_ quoted, 118 f.

  Theocritus, 190

  Theseus leading the sacred dance, 70

  _Thesmophoria_, 148

  Thompson Indians of British Columbia, 170

  Threefold procession round pyre, 201

  Threshing-floor, 147, 179

  Threshold, 47

  Thyia, first priestess of Dionysos, 121

  Thyiads, 21, 121 ff.

  _Thyrsus_, 121, 143

  Timagani Indians, 102

  Timor, inhabitants of, 167 f.
    island, inhabitants of, funeral dances among, 215

  Tinnevelly, 132

  Titans, 125

  _Tithēnidia_, 66

  Tom-tom, 7, 52

  _Tôph_, 52, 55

  Torch dance, 143

  Torres Straits, 214

  Tragliatella, 71

  Tree, dance round to make crops grow, 103
    for hanging things on, 96

  Tree-spirits, 106

  Trees, dance round, 88, 99
    dancing performed under, 148

  Troy, game of, 69, 71, 74

  Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast, 128

  _ʿUgâb_, 52

  Unconsciousness brought about by dance, 25
    dancing to the point of, 129

  Uniformity in mythology, 2
    in ritual, 2

  Union brought about by dance, 24

  Vedda, 128

  Vedic worship, 77

  Vegetation magic, 120, 149

  Victory dances, 40 f.

  Vine-leaves, 121

  Vintage festivals, 39 f.
    dancing at, 140 ff.

  Visions due to over-wrought state, 122

  Vows, dancing during performance of making, 145

  Walpurgis night, 47

  Wand, curved, used during funeral dance, 203

  Warriors dancing, 71

  _Wazara_, 184

  Wedding ceremony, dancing at, 41 f.

  Wedding-feast, 177

  Well of Fair Dances, 90

  Well, song of the, 89

  Wells, dance round, 88

  Wen-Amon, 116

  Wends’ dance round sacred oak, 103

  Women under the influence of Dionysos, 122

  Women, Bacchanalian assemblies of, 124

  Xanthias, 123

  _Xulophoria_, 144

  Yuki tribes of California, 170 f.

  _Zēlaʿ_, 114

  Zeus, 19, 64, 69

  Ziklag, 48

         CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY W. LEWIS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS