the city-governor, one of the few honest administrators, who made an
attempt to restrain this black terrorism, was dismissed in August,
1907,[55] with the result that the assaults upon the Jews in the
streets assumed an even more sanguinary character. All complaints of
the Jews were dismissed by the authorities with the remark: "All this
is taking place because the Jews were most prominent in the revolution."

The Government represented by Stolypin, which was anxious to save at
least the appearance of a constitutional régime, was often forced
to give way before the secret Government of the Black League, which
commanded the full sympathy of the Tzar. By orders of the League,
Stolypin decreed that one hundred Jewish students who had passed the
competitive examination at the Kiev Polytechnicum should be excluded
from that institution and that a like number of Russian students
who had failed to pass should be admitted instead. The director and
dean of the institution protested against this clumsy violation of
academic freedom, but their protest was left unheeded, whereupon they
tendered their resignation (September, 1907). Following upon this, the
Ministry of Public Instruction, yielding to the pressure of the "Second
Government," restored the shameful percentage norm, restricting the
admission of Jews to institutions of higher learning, which, during the
preceding years, had been disregarded by the autonomous professorial
councils.

About the same time the Senate handed down a decision declaring the
Zionist organization, which had been active in Russia for many years,
to be illegal, and giving full scope to the police authorities to
proceed with repressive measures against the members of the movement.

3. THE THIRD, OR BLACK, DUMA

Such was the atmosphere which surrounded the elections to the third
Imperial Duma in the fall of 1907. The reactionary electoral law of
June 3 barred from the Russian Parliament the most progressive and
democratic elements of the Empire. Moreover, by splitting the electoral
assemblies into class and national curias, the Government succeeded in
preventing the election of any considerable number of Jewish deputies.
The elections took place under severe pressure from the authorities.
Many "dangerous" nominees of the Left were arbitrarily put under
arrest on framed-up political charges and, pending the conclusion of
the investigation, were temporarily barred from running for office. In
some places, the Black Hundred openly threatened the Jews with pogroms,
if they dared to nominate their own candidates. As a result, only
two Jewish deputies managed to get into the Duma--Friedman from the
government of Kovno, and Nisselovich from Courland.

The third Duma, nicknamed the Black, assembled in November, 1907. It
had an overwhelming majority of reactionaries and anti-Semites. This
majority of the Right was made up of the coalition of the conservative
Center, represented by the "Octobrist" party,[56] with the extreme
Right wing, the Russian "Nationalists," and Black Hundred. Whenever the
Jewish question came up for discussion, the reactionary bloc was always
able to drown the voices of the weak opposition, the "Cadet" party
(Constitutional Democrats), the _Trudoviki_ ("the Labor Party"), and
the handful of Socialists.

The attitude of this reactionary Duma toward the Jewish question
was revealed at its early sessions when the bill concerning the
inviolability of the person was the subject of discussion. The
opposition demanded the establishment of the full freedom of movement
as the most fundamental condition of the inviolability of the person,
but the majority of the Right managed to insert in the bill the
following stipulation: "No one shall be limited in the right of
choosing his place of residence and in moving from place to place,
except in the cases set forth in the law, and excepting the Jews who
arrive in localities situated outside the Pale of Settlement" (1908).
In this wise the Russian legislators cleverly succeeded in harmonizing
the principle of the inviolability of the person with the life-long
imprisonment of millions of people in the huge prison house known as
the Pale of Settlement.

Their solicitude for the maintenance of this vast ghetto was so
intense that the reactionary Government of Stolypin was often the butt
of criticism because it did not always show sufficient regard for
this holy institution. The fact of the matter was that in May, 1907,
Stolypin had issued a circular ordering the governors to stop the
expulsion from the interior governments of those Jews who had settled
there before August, 1906, and possessed "a family and a domestic
establishment" in those provinces, provided they were "harmless
to the public order and do not arouse the dissatisfaction of the
Christian population." As a result of this circular, several hundred,
possibly several thousand, Jewish families were saved from expulsion.
In consequence, the Right brought in an interpellation calling upon
the Government to explain on what ground it had dared to issue this
"charter of privileges" to the Jews. The interpellation, of course,
proved effective, and the Government did its utmost to nullify the
exemptive provisions of the circular. The anti-Semitic Duma betrayed
the same spirit on another occasion by rejecting in the same year
(1908) the bill, introduced by the Opposition, conferring the right
of visiting the health resorts or watering-places upon all sufferers,
without distinction of nationality.

Yet these legal discriminations were not the worst feature of the
third Duma. Even more excruciating was the way in which the Right wing
of the Russian Parliament permitted itself to make sport of Judaism
and things Jewish. It almost seemed as if the devotees of autocracy,
the members of the extreme Right, had come to the Russian Parliament
for the express purpose of showering abuse not only on the Russian
constitution but also on parliamentary government in general. The
hirelings of Nicholas II. danced like a horde of savages over the dead
body of the emancipation movement, singing hymns in praise of slavery
and despotism. Creatures of the street, the reactionary deputies
drenched the tribune of the Imperial Duma with mud and filth, and,
when dealing with the Jews, they resorted to methods similar to those
which were in vogue among their accomplices upon the streets of the
devastated cities. The term _Zhyd_ and the adjective _Zhydovski_,
in addition to other scurrilous epithets, became the most favored
terms of their vocabulary. They inserted formulas and amendments in
various bills submitted to the Duma which were deliberately intended
to insult the Jews. They called upon the Ministry of War to bring in
a bill excluding the Jews from the army, in view of the fact that the
Jewish soldiers had proved an element "which corrupts the army in the
time of peace and is extremely unreliable in the time of war" (1908).
They supported a law barring the Jews from the military Academy of
Medicine, on the ground that the Jewish surgeons had carried on a
revolutionary propaganda in the army during the Russo-Japanese War
(1910). The Octobrists demanded the exclusion of the Jews from the
office of Justice of the Peace, for the reason that their admission was
subversive of the principles of a "Christian State" (1909). The remark
made on that occasion by Karaulov, a deputy of the Opposition, "Where
there is no equality, where there are pariah nationalities, there is
no room for a constitutional order," was met from the benches of the
Right with the retort: "Thank God for it; we don't want it." A similar
cynical outburst of laughter greeted the warning of Rodichev: "Without
the abolition of the Jewish disabilities, there is no access to the
Temple of Freedom."

The two Jewish Duma deputies did their utmost to get a hearing,
but the Black Hundred generally interrupted their speeches by wild
and offensive exclamations. In 1910, the Jewish deputy Nisselovich
succeeded in obtaining the signatures of one hundred and sixty-six
deputies for a legal draft, abrogating the Pale of Settlement. It was
laid before the Duma, but resulted merely in fruitless debates. It was
referred to a committee which quietly strangled the bill.

4. NEW JEWISH DISABILITIES

Spurred on by the reactionary Duma, the Government went to even greater
lengths in its policy of Jewish discrimination. Premier Stolypin, who
was getting constantly nearer to the Right, was entirely oblivious
of the promise, made by him in 1905, to remove immediately all
restrictions which are "the source of irritation and are manifestly
obsolete." On the contrary, the Ministry presided over by him was
systematically engaged in inventing new grievous disabilities. The
Jewish deputy Friedman was fully justified in declaring, in a speech
delivered in February, 1910, that even "during the most terrible time
which the Jews had to live through under Plehve no such cruelties
and barbarities were practised as at the present moment." Wholesale
expulsions of Jews from the cities situated outside the Pale of
Settlement and from the villages within the Pale assumed the character
of an epidemic. In the spring of 1910 the Government decided on
sacrificing to the Moloch of Jew-hatred a whole hecatomb by expelling
twelve hundred Jewish families from Kiev--a measure which aroused a
cry of indignation beyond the confines of Russia. The acts of the
Government were marked by a refinement of cruelty, for even little
children, invalids, and aged people were pitilessly evicted. Particular
enmity was shown in the ejection of Jews who had committed the
"crime" of visiting summer resorts outside the city lines. The Senate
handed down a decision to the effect that the Jewish soldiers who had
participated in the defence of the besieged fortress of Port Arthur
during the Japanese War were not entitled to the right of residence
which had been granted by a former decree[57] to the Jewish soldiers
who had taken part in the war.

The spiritual murder of Jewish school children was the function of the
black Minister of Enlightenment, with the significant name of Schwartz.
The school norm, which, before the revolution, had been applied merely
as a Government order, without legislative sanction, was formulated by
him into a law and ratified by the Tzar in September, 1908. Henceforth,
all institutions of higher learning in the Empire were open to the
Jews only in a proportion not exceeding three per cent. of the total
number of students for the capitals, five per cent. for the educational
establishments outside the Pale, and ten per cent. for the Pale of
Settlement. In view of the fact that during the emancipation movement
the influx of Jews to the higher schools had been very great, so that
their number was now vastly in excess of the established norm, it would
have become necessary for the higher schools to bar completely all new
candidates until the number of Jewish students had been reduced to
the prescribed percentage limits. For a while the Minister recoiled
from taking this cruel step, and permitted for the next few years
the admission of Jewish students within the limits of the percentage
norm, calculating the latter in relation to the number of the _newly
admitted_ Christian students during a given year, without regard to
the Jewish students admitted previously. Subsequently, however, many
educational institutions closed their doors completely to the Jews,
referring, by way of explanation, to the "completion of the norm" by
the former pupils. Once more, bands of the "martyrs of learning" could
be seen wending their ways toward the universities in foreign lands.

A year later, in 1909, the percentage restrictions governing the
secondary schools were also placed on the statute books. The proportion
of Jewish admissions was fixed between five and fifteen per cent.--_i.
e._, slightly in excess of the old norm--and was extended in its
application to private educational institutions with the prerogatives
of government schools. This law spelled ruin to many gymnazia and
schools of commerce which, though directed by Christians, were almost
entirely dependent on Jewish support, eighty per cent. of their school
population consisting of Jews. As for the gymnazia maintained by Jews,
with very few exceptions, they never were able to obtain from the
Ministry the status of government institutions.

The educational Hamans, however, went a step further, and in March,
1911, secured an ukase of the Tzar extending the percentage norm to the
"externs":[58] henceforward Jews were to be admitted to the examination
for the "certificate of maturity"[59] or for the completion of a
part of the curriculum only in a certain proportion to the number of
Christian externs. In point of fact, however, there were no Christian
externs, since only the Jews who had failed to find admission to the
schools were forced to present themselves for examination as externs.
In consequence, the enormous number of Jewish children who had been
barred from the schools by the percentage norm were deprived of their
right to receive a testimonial from a secondary school. This law was
passed during a brief interruption in the sessions of the Duma and was
never submitted to it. The deputies of the Opposition brought in an
interpellation concerning this action, but the "Black Parliament" laid
the matter on the table, and the law which lacked all legal basis went
into operation.

Swayed more and more by the tendencies of a reactionary Russian
nationalism, Stolypin's Government set out to uproot the
national-cultural institutions of the "alien" races in Russia.
The Poles, the Finns, and other nationalities became the victims
of this policy. The lash of oppression was also applied to Jewish
cultural life. In 1910, Stolypin issued a circular impressing Russian
officialdom with the idea that the cultural and educational societies
of the "aliens" contributed towards arousing in them "a narrow
national-political self-consciousness" and towards "the strengthening
of national separatism," and that for this reason all the societies
of the Ukrainians and Jews which were established for the purpose of
fostering a separate national culture should be prohibited.

5. THE SPIRITUAL REVIVAL OF RUSSIAN JEWRY

This new blow was aimed right at the heart of Judaism. For after the
revolution, when the political struggle had subsided, the Jewish
_intelligenzia_ directed its entire energy into the channel of
national-cultural endeavors. Profiting by the law of 1906, granting the
freedom of assemblies and meetings, they founded everywhere cultural,
educational, and economic (co-operative and credit) societies. In
1908, the Jewish Literary Society was established in St. Petersburg,
which soon counted over a hundred branches in the provinces. The same
year saw the formation of the Jewish Historico-Ethnographic Society
which began to publish a quarterly review under the name _Yevreyskaya
Starina_ ("Jewish Antiquity").[60] The oldest educational organization
among the Jews, the Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment,
enlarged its activity and was endeavoring to create a new type of
national Jewish school.

A multitude of other cultural societies and circles sprang into life
with the sanction of the authorities throughout the length and breadth
of the Pale. Everywhere lectures and conferences were held and heated
debates were carried on, centering around national-cultural problems.
Particularly passionate were the discussions about the position of
Hebrew and Yiddish in public life, in school and in literature, leading
to the alignment of two parties, the Hebraists and the Yiddishists. The
lectures, conferences and debates themselves were generally carried on
in one of these languages, mostly in the Yiddish vernacular.

In spite of their crudities, these partisan conflicts were a clear
indication of the advance of national self-consciousness and of the
desire for the upbuilding of a genuine Jewish life upon the concrete
foundations of a cultural autonomy. Of course, anti-Semitic Tzardom
could not be expected to sympathize with this inner regeneration of
Jewry, and, as in the time of Plehve, it directed its blow at the
Jewish-national organizations. Here and there the blow was effective.
In 1911, the Jewish Literary Society, with its one hundred and
twenty branches, which had displayed an energetic activity in the
establishment of libraries and the arrangement of public lectures, went
out of existence. In general, however, the attacks directed against
the Jewish spirit proved much more difficult of realization than the
attacks upon Jewish property. The cultural activities continued in
their course, defying all external restrictions and persecutions.

The literary revival, which had started in the nineties, and was but
temporarily interrupted by the stormy events of the revolutionary
period, also came into its own again. The rejuvenation of both the
national and the popular language, finding its expression in a widely
ramified Jewish literature, proceeded along paralleled lines.
The periodical press in Hebrew, represented by the two dailies,
_ha-Tzefirah_ in Warsaw, and _ha-Zeman_ in Vilna, and the monthly
ha-Shiloah in Odessa, found its counterpart in a popular press in
Yiddish, reaching hundreds of thousands of readers, such as the dailies
_Fraind_ ("The Friend," published since 1903 in St. Petersburg),
_Haint_ ("To-day"), _Moment_, and others, in Warsaw. In addition there
was the Jewish press in Russian: the weeklies _Voskhod_, _Razsvyet_,
_Yevreyski Mir_ in St. Petersburg, and a few other publications.

In the domain of higher literary productivity, new forces were being
constantly added to the old ones. Besides the great national bard
Bialik there appeared a number of gifted poets: Shneor, the singer of
"storm and stress," of doubts and negations, the romantically inclined
Jacob Kohan, Fichman, Reisin, David Einhorn, and many other youthful,
as yet scarcely unfolded talents. J. L. Perez found a rival in Shalom
Asch, the portrayer of patriarchal Jewish life in the provincial
towns of Poland (_Die Städtel_, "The Provincial Town," 1904), and the
author of charming sketches from Jewish life, as well as a playwright
of note whose productions have met with tumultuous applause both on
the Jewish and the non-Jewish stage (_Moshiah's Zeiten_, "Messianic
Times," _Gott von Nekomo_, "God of Revenge," _Shabbetai Zewi_, _Yihus_,
"Blue Blood"). His numerous co-workers in Yiddish letters have devoted
themselves with youthful enthusiasm to the cultivation of this branch
of Jewish literature.

In Hebrew fiction a number of talented writers and a group of
novelists, who publish their works mostly in the _ha-Shiloah_, came
to the fore. The successor of Ahad Ha'am in the editorship of this
periodical, Dr. Joseph Klausner, occupies a prominent place in Jewish
literature as publicist, critic, and partly as historian. If we add
to these talents the not inconsiderable number of writers who are
domiciled in Galicia, Palestine, Germany, and America, and draw their
inspiration from the vast Russian-Jewish reservoir, the growth of
Jewish literature during the last decade stands forth in bold relief.

This progress of inner Jewish life in Russia is truly remarkable. In
spite of the catastrophes which have descended upon Russian Jewry
during the first decade of the twentieth century, the productivity
of the Jewish national spirit has gone on unchecked, and the
national-Jewish culture has struck out in all directions. The
assimilationist positions, which have been generally abandoned, are
only held by a few loyal devotees of a past age. It is true that
the process of _elemental_ assimilation, which penetrates from the
surrounding atmosphere into Judaism through the medium of language,
school and literature continues to affect Jewish life with the same
force as of old. But there can be no doubt that it is effectively
counterbalanced by the centripetal factor of a national culture
which is becoming more and more powerful. Large as is the number of
religious apostates who have deserted Judaism under the effect of
external pressure, and of moral renegades who have abandoned the
national ethical ideals of Judaism in favor of a new-fangled decadent
æstheticism, it is negligible when compared with the compact mass
of Russian Jewry and with the army of intellectuals whose national
self-consciousness has been deepened by suffering. As in all previous
critical moments in the history of the Jews, the spirit of the nation,
defying its new tormentors, has grown stronger in the worn-out body.
The Hamans of Russia who have attempted to crush the Eternal People
have failed as signally as their predecessors in Persia, Syria and
Byzantium.

FOOTNOTES:

[50] See above, p. 51 _et seq._

[51] Called by their Russian initials S. S.

[52] See above, p. 111 _et seq._

[53] See above, p. 51.

[54] Beginning with the year 1905, the emigration to America once more
assumed enormous proportions. During 1905-1906, the years of revolution
and pogroms, nearly 230,000 Jews left Russia for the United States.
During the following years the figure was somewhat lower, but still
continued on a fairly high level, amounting to 50,000-75,000 annually.
In Palestine, the colonization went apace, and with it the cultural
activities. Several schools, with a purely national program, such as
the gymnazia in Jaffa and Jerusalem, and other institutions, came into
being.

[55] When the same official waited upon the Tzar with his report
concerning the events at Odessa, he was amazed to see the Tzar come
out to him with the badge of the League of the Russian People upon
his chest--the same badge which was worn by the rioters in Odessa.
He was subsequently given to understand that the Tzar had done so
demonstratively to show his solidarity with the hordes of the Black
Hundred.

[56] So called because it based its program on the imperial manifesto
of October 17, 1905. See above, p. 127.

[57] See p. 98 _et seq._

[58] See vol. II, p. 351.

[59] The name given to the graduation certificate of a gymnazium. In
German it is similarly called _Reifezeugnis_.

[60] It was edited by the writer of the present work, S. M. Dubnow.

RUSSIAN JEWRY SINCE 1911

Being loath to cross the threshold of the present, we shall stop at the
year 1911, terminating the first decade of the Thirty Years' War waged
by Russian Tzardom against Jewry since 1881. The more recent phases
of this war are still fresh in our memory. To put the new campaign of
Jew-hatred in its proper light, it will suffice to point out its most
conspicuous landmarks which stand out by their extraordinarily sinister
features. In 1911, the organizations of the Black Hundred, with the
help of their accomplices in the Duma and in the Government circles,
manufactured the monstrous "Beilis case." The murder of a Russian boy
in Kiev, of a family belonging to a band of thieves, and the discovery
of the body in the neighborhood of a brickkiln owned by a Jew provided
the anti-Semites with an opportunity to bring forward the old charge of
ritual murder. In the beginning the Government was somewhat uncertain
as to the attitude it should adopt towards the mysterious Kiev murder.
But a political occurrence which took place at the time put an end to
its vacillation. In September, 1911, Premier Stolypin was assassinated
in a Kiev theatre in the presence of the Tzar and the dignitaries of
State. The assassin, by the name of Bogrov, proved to be the son of a
lawyer who was of Jewish extraction, though he had long before turned
his back upon his people--a semi-anarchist, who at one time had been
active as police agent for some mysterious revolutionary purposes. The
Jewish extraction of the father of the assassin was enough to produce a
paroxysm of fury in the camp of the anti-Semitic reactionaries who had
lost in the person of Stolypin an exalted patron. In Kiev preparations
were openly made for a Jewish massacre, but the Government was afraid
that the proposed wholesale execution of Jews would mar the festive
solemnity of the Tzar's visit to Kiev. The authorities made it known
that the Tzar was not in favor of riots, and a bloody street pogrom was
averted.

In its place, however, a bloodless pogrom, extending over two years,
was arranged in the form of the Beilis case. Minister of Justice
Shcheglovitov, a former Liberal, who had become a fanatical partisan
of the Black Hundred, made up his mind to impart to the trial a
glaring ritual coloring. The original Judicial inquiry having failed
to uncover any traces of Jewish complicity, the Minister of Justice
ordered a new special inquiry and constantly changed the personnel of
the investigating and prosecuting officials, until he finally secured
a bill of indictment in which the whole case was represented as a
ritual crime, committed by the Jew Beilis with the participation of
"undiscovered persons."

For two years, the Beilis case provided the pabulum for a wild
anti-Semitic campaign which was carried on among the so-called better
classes, on the streets, in the press, and in the Imperial Duma. The
court trial which took place in Kiev in October, 1913, was expected
to crown with success the criminal design harbored by the Minister of
Justice and the Black Hundred, but the expectations of the Government
were disappointed. In spite of a carefully selected court personnel,
which consisted of anti-Semitic judges representing the Crown, and
of sworn jurymen, ignorant peasants and burghers who believed in the
ritual murder legend, Beilis was acquitted, and the authorities found
it impossible to fasten the guilt upon the Jews.

Exasperated by the failure, the Government wreaked its vengeance upon
the liberal-minded intellectuals and newspaper men, who, by their
agitation against the hideous libel, had wrested the prey from the
hands of the Black Hundred. Scores of legal actions were instituted
not only against newspaper editors and contributors but also against
the St. Petersburg Bar Association, which had adopted a resolution
protesting against the method pursued by Shcheglovitov in the Beilis
trial. The sensational case against the metropolitan lawyers was tried
in June, 1914, one month before the declaration of the World War, and
terminated in a verdict of guilty for twenty-five lawyers, on the
charge of "having agitated against the Government."

The triennium preceding the World War witnessed the rise of a new
danger for Judaism, this time coming from Poland. The extraordinary
intensity of the national and religious sentiment of the Poles,
accentuated by the political oppression which for more than a hundred
years had been inflicted upon them, particularly by the hands of
Russian despotism, has, during the last decade, been directed against
the Jewish people. The economic progress made by the Jews in the two
industrial centers of Russian Poland, in Warsaw and Lodz, gave rise
to the boycott agitation. Polish anti-Semites proclaimed the slogan
"Do not buy from Jews!", aiming the cry specifically against the
"Litvaks," that is, the hundreds of thousands of Russian Jews who, in
the course of the last few decades, had been chiefly instrumental in
the economic advancement of those two centers. The cloak beneath which
this agitation was carried on was purely that of Polish nationalism:
the Russian Jews were alleged, on the one hand, "to Russify Poland,"
and, accused, on the other hand, of an opposite tendency, of asserting
themselves as the members of a separate Jewish nationality, with a
press and a social organization of their own, which refuses to be
merged in the Polish people.

The anti-Semitic movement in Poland, which began shortly after the
revolution of 1905, assumed extraordinary dimensions in 1910-1911, when
the boycott became a fierce economic pogrom, reaching its culmination
in 1912, during the election campaign to the fourth Imperial Duma. The
Jewish electors of Warsaw formed a majority, and were, therefore, in a
position to send a Jewish deputy to the Duma. Yet out of consideration
for the national susceptibilities of the Poles who insisted on
sending as a representative of the Polish capital one of their "own,"
a Christian, the Jews were willing to accept a Polish candidate,
provided the latter was not an anti-Semite. When, however, the Polish
election committee, disregarding the feelings of the Jews, nominated
the anti-Semitic candidate Kukhazhevski, the Jews gave their votes to
the Polish Socialistic nominee Yaghello, who carried the election.
This attitude of the Jews aroused a storm of indignation among the
higher classes of Polish society. An anti-Jewish campaign, marked by
extraordinary bitterness, was set in motion, and in the press and on
the streets the Jews were nicknamed "Beilises," an echo of the ritual
murder legend which had given rise to such horrors in ancient Catholic
Poland. The economic boycott was carried on with incredible fury, and
in a number of towns and villages the cowardly enemies of the Jews,
being afraid of attacking them openly, set fire to Jewish houses, with
the result that in many cases entire families were consumed in the
flames.

The _furor Polonicus_ assumed more and more dangerous forms, so that
at the beginning of the World War, in 1914, almost the entire Polish
nation, from the "progressive anti-Semites" down to the clericals,
were up in arms against the Jews. From this armed camp came the
defiant war cry: "On the banks of the Vistula there is no room for two
nationalities," thus sentencing to death the two millions of Polish
Jewry who consider themselves a part of the Jewish, and not of the
Polish nation. Out of this soil of national hatred crawled forth the
snake of the terrible "military libel," which during the first year of
the war drenched Polish Jewry in rivers of blood. Over the bleeding
body of the Jewish people Polish and Russian anti-Semitism joined
hands. Horrors upon horrors were perpetrated before which the ancient
annals of Jewish martyrdom fade into insignificance.

Nearly twenty centuries have passed since the ancient Judæo-Hellenic
Diaspora sent forth a handful of men who established a Jewish colony
upon the northern Scythian, now Russian, shores of the Black Sea. More
than a thousand years ago the Jews of Byzantium from one direction, and
those of the Arabian Caliphate from another, went forth to colonize the
land of the Scythians. The Jew stood at the cradle of ancient Kiovian
Russia, which received Christianity from the hands of the Byzantines.
The Jew witnessed the birth of Catholic Poland, and, during the stormy
days of the Crusades, fled from the West of Europe to this haven of
refuge which was not yet entirely in the hands of the Catholic Church.
He has seen Poland in its bloom and decay; he has witnessed the rise
of Muscovite Russia, tying the fate of one-half of his nation to the
new Russian Empire. Here the power that dominates history opened up
before the Jewish people a black abyss of mediævalism in the midst of
the blazing light of modern civilization, and finally threw it into
the flames of the gigantic struggle of nations. What may the World War
be expected to bring to the World-Nation? Full of agitation, the Jew
is looking into the future, and the question of his ancient prophet is
trembling on his lips: "Ah Lord God! wilt Thou make a full end of the
remnant of Israel?"[61].... Let the entire past of the Jewish people
serve as an answer to this question--a people which, in the maelstrom
of human history, has succeeded in conquering the two cosmic forces:
Time and Space.

FOOTNOTES:

[61] Ezekiel XI, 13.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

VOLUME I

[_Yevr. Bibl._ = _Yevreyskaya Bibliotyeka_; _Yevr. St._ = _Yevreyskaya
Starina_.]

CHAPTER I

THE JEWISH DIASPORA IN EASTERN EUROPE

(pp. 13-38)

    Latyschew, Inscriptiones antiquae orae Septentrionalis Ponti
        Euxini, vols. I-II. St. Petersburg, 1885, 1890 [R].

    Reghesty i Nadpisi. Svod materialov dla istoriyi yevreyev
        v Rossiyi ("Documents and Inscriptions. Collection of
        Materials for the History of the Jews in Russia"). Vol. I,
        St. Petersburg, 1899, Nos. 1-218 [R].

    Dubnow, "The Historical Mystery of the Crimea," _Yevr. St._,
        1914, No. 1.

    Harkavy, Skazaniya Musulmanskikh pisatyeley o Slavianakh
        i Russkikh ("The Accounts of the Mohammedan Writers
        concerning the Slavs and Russians") St. Petersburg, 1870
        [R].

    ----, Mitteilungen über die Chasaren, _Russische Revue_, 1877;
        also _Yevr. Bibl._, vols. VII-VIII, St. Petersburg, 1878.

    ----, Altjüdische Denkmäler aus der Krim, St. Petersburg, 1876.

    Firkovich, Abne Zikkaron. Matzebot 'al Kibre Bne Israel
        bi-Krim, Vilna, 1872.

    Chwolson, Corpus inscriptionum hebraicarum. Grabschriften aus
        der Krim, St. Petersburg, 1882.

    Petahiah of Ratisbon, Sibbub, edited by Grünhut, Jerusalem,
        1904.

    Benjamin of Tudela, Sefer ha-Massa'ot, ed. Grünhut, Jerusalem,
        1903; ed. Marcus Adler, London.

    Hoker, "The Jews in Kaffa under the Genoese Régime (1455),"
        _Yevr. St._ 1912, p. 66 _et seq._

    Sobranie russkih letopisey ("Collection of Russian Chronicles")
        [R].

    Solovyov, Historiya Rossiyi ("The History of Russia"). Vol. I,
        Moscow, 1863-75 [R]

CHAPTER II

THE JEWISH COLONIES IN POLAND AND LITHUANIA

(pp. 39-65)

    Volumina legum. Leges et constitutiones Regni Poloniae, vol. I,
        St. Petersburg, 1859 (_sub anno_ 1347, 1420, 1496, 1505).

    Bershadski, Russko-yevreyski arkhiv ("Russian-Jewish
        Archives"), St. Petersburg, vol. I (1882), Nos. 1-39, and
        vol. III (1903), Nos. 1-15.

    Bersohn, Dyplomataryusz dotyczacy zydów w dawniej Polsce
        ("Diplomatic Documents relating to the Jews in Ancient
        Poland"), Warsaw, 1910, Nos. 1-4, 386-402 [P].

    Hube, Constitutiones synodales provinciae Gnesnensis, St.
        Petersburg, 1856, pp. 68-70, 159-161.

    Czacki, Rozprawa o Zydach ("An Inquiry concerning the Jews"),
        Cracow, 1860 [P].

    Gumplowicz, Prawodawstwie Polskie wzgledem zydów ("Polish
        Legislation relating to Jews"), Cracow, 1867 [P].

    Sternberg, Geschichte der Juden in Polen, Leipzig, 1878.

    Bershadski, Litovskiye yevreyi ("The Lithuanian Jews"), St.
        Petersburg, 1883 [R].

    Schipper, Studya nad stosunkami gospodarczymi zydów w Polsce
        podczas zredniowiecza ("A Study of the Economic Relations
        of the Jews in Poland during the Middle Ages"), Leinberg,
        1911 [P].

THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND AT ITS ZENITH

(pp. 66-102)

    Volumina legum (1859-1860), vol. I, pp. 309, 375, 506, 524-525,
        550; vol. II, pp. 624, 690-692, 725, 1052, 1243; vol. III,
        pp. 289, 809-810; vol. IV, pp. 39-40.

    Bershadski, Russo-yevreyski arkhiv, vol. I, pp. 62-337; vol. II
        (St. Petersburg, 1882); vol. III (1903), pp. 36-260 [R].

    Reghesty i Nadpisi, vol. I, pp. 95-871 [R].

    Akty Vilenskoy kommissiyi dla razbora drevnikh aktov ("Records
        of the Vilna Commission for the Examination of Ancient
        Documents"), vol. XXVIII, containing documents relating to
        Jews (Vilna, 1901), Nos. 1-278 [R].

    Bersohn, Dyplomataryusz, Nos. 5-246, 351-356, 401-552 [P].

    Schorr, "The Cracow Collection of the Jewish Statutes and
        Charters of the Fifteenth to the Sixteenth Century," _Yevr.
        St._, vol. I, pp. 247 _et seq._, vol. II, pp. 76, 223 _et
        seq._

    Czacki, Rozprawa o Zydach, pp. 44-54 [P].

    Kraushar, Historya Zydów w Polsce ("History of the Jews in
        Poland"), vol. II, Warsaw, 1866, pp. 144-318 [P].

    Gumplowicz, Prawodawstwie Polskie, etc., pp. 36-45, 50-52,
        58-76, 103 [P].

    Nussbaum, Historya Zydów ("History of the Jews"), vol. V, pp.
        108-223 [P].

    Bershadski, Litovskiye yevreyi, chapters V-VI [R].

    Dubnow, "The Jews and the Reformation in Poland during the
        Sixteenth Century," _Voskhod_, 1895. Books V-VIII.

    ----, "The Victims of Fictitious Accusations during the years
        1636-1639," _Voskhod_, 1895. Books I-II.

    Perles, Geschichte der Juden in Posen, Breslau, 1865. Comp.
        Frankel's _Monatsschrift_, 1864-1865.

    Balaban, "The Jewish Physicians in Cracow and Tragedies of the
        Ghetto," _Yevr. St._, 1912, p. 38 _et seq._

    ----, "Episodes from the History of Ritual-Murder Trials,"
        _Yevr. St._, 1914, p. 163 _et seq._

    ----, "The Legal Status of the Jews in Poland during the Middle
        Ages and in more Recent Times," _Yevr. St._, 1910-1911.

    ----, Dzieje Zydów w Krakowie ("History of the Jews in
        Cracow"), vol. I, Cracow, 1913 [P].

    ----, Zydyi lwowscy na przelomie XVI i XVII wieku ("The Jews
        of Lemberg on the Border-Line between the Sixteenth and
        Seventeenth Century"), Lemberg, 1906 [P].

CHAPTER IV

THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY AT ITS ZENITH

(pp. 103-138)

    Dubnow, "Kahal Constitutions," etc., _Voskhod_, 1894, Books
        II-XII.

    ----, "Documents of the Council of Four Lands," _Yevr. St._,
        1912, pp. 70, 178, 453.

    ----, "The Record Book of the Lithuanian Provincial Assembly,"
        _Yevr. St._, 1909-1915.

    ----, Wa'ad Arba 'Aratzot be-Polen, article in _Sefer ha-Yobel_
        le-Rab Nahum Sokolow, Warsaw, 1904.

    ----, "Council of Four Lands," article in Jewish Encyclopedia,
        vol. IV, p. 304 _et seq._

    ----, "The Inner Life of Polish Jewry during the Sixteenth
        Century," _Voskhod_, 1900, Books II and IV.

    ----, "The Vernacular of the Polish-Lithuanian Jews during the
        Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century," _Yevr. St._, 1909, p. 1
        _et seq._

    Harkavy, Hadashim gam Yeshanim. Appendix to Rabbinowitz's
        Hebrew translation of Grätz's History, vol. VII, Warsaw,
        1899.

    Schorr, Organizacya Zydow w Polsce ("The Organization of the
        Jews in Poland"), Lemberg, 1899.

    ----, Zydzi w Przemyzlu ("The Jews in Pshemyshl"), 1903.

    Perles, Geschichte der Juden in Posen, 1865.

    Balaban, Zydzi lwowscy, etc.

    ----, Dzieye Zydow w Krakowie.

    ----, "Jacob Pollak, the Father of Polish Rabbinism, and His
        Age," _Yevr. St._, 1912, p. 225 _et seq._

    ----, "Die Krakauer Judengemeinde-Ordnung von 1595," _Jahrbuch
        der Jüdisch-Literarischen Gesellschaft_, vol. X,
        Frankfurt-on-the-Maine, 1913.

    Horodezki, Le-Korot ha-Rabbanut, Warsaw, 1911, containing the
        biographies of Moses Isserles, Solomon Luria, Mordecai
        Joffe, Meir of Lublin, Samuel Edels, and others.

    ----, "Rabbi Nathan Shapiro, a Kabbalist of the Seventeenth
        Century," _Yevr. St._, 1910, pp. 192 _et seq._

    ----, "The Age of the Ascetic Kabbalah" (Isaiah Horvitz and his
        family), _Yevr. St._, 1913, pp. 145, 367, 455.

    Rabbinovich, "Traces of Free-thinking in Polish Rabbinism of
        the Sixteenth Century," _Yevr. St._, 1911, p. 1 _et seq._

    Warchel, "Polish Jews at the University of Padua," _Kwartalnik
        historyi Zydow_ ("Jewish Historical Quarterly"), Warsaw,
        1913, No. 3.

    Bruckner, "From the History of Polish Dissidents," _Ateneum_,
        Warsaw, 1898, No. 2.

    Isaac Troki, Hizzuk Emunah, edited with German translation by
        D. Deutsch, Breslau, 1873.

CHAPTER V

THE AUTONOMOUS CENTER IN POLAND DURING ITS DECLINE

(pp. 139-187)

    Nathan Hannover, Yewen Mezulah, Venice 1653. The other Jewish
        chronicles and records will be found in the collection of
        I. Gurland, Le-Korot ha-Gezerot `al Israel, Parts I-VI,
        Cracow, 1887-1892, and the posthumous edition, Odessa, 1892.

    Kostomarov, Bogdan Khmelnitzki, vols. I-III, St. Petersburg,
        1884 [R].

    Arkhiv Yugo-zapadnoy Rossiyi ("Archives of South-western
        Russia"), Part III, volume 3, Kiev 1876, containing the
        documents relating to the Haidamacks, with a preface by V.
        Antonovich [R].

    ----, Part V, volume II, Kiev 1890, concerning the censuses of
        the Jewish population of the South-western region, taken
        during the years 1765-1791 [R].

    Volumina Legum, vols. IV-VIII, passim.

    Bersohn, Dyplomataryusz, Nos. 247-350, 357-384.

    Schorr, "The Cracow Collection, etc.," see bibliography to
        Chapter III.

    Akty Vilenskoy kommissiyi (see bibliography to Chapter III),
        vols. XXVIII-XXIX, containing Jewish records, Vilna,
        1901-1902.

    Reghesty i Nadpisi, vol. I, Nos. 872:1111; vol. II; vol. III,
        Nos. 1850-2224, St. Petersburg, 1913.

    Levin, Judenverfolgungen im Schwedisch-polnischen Kriege
        1655-1659, Posen, 1901.

    Dubnow, "The Ruzhan Martyrs of 1659," _Voskhod_, 1893, Book I.

    Balaban, "The Jewish Physicians in Cracow, etc." (concerning
        Calahora), _Yevr. St._, 1912, pp. 51-53.

    ----, Skizzen zur Geschichte der Juden in Polen, Berlin, 1911.

    ----, "From the Past of a Jewish Street in Lemberg," _Yevr.
        St._, 1909, p. 237.

    ----, "The Ritual Murder Trial in Posen of 1736-1740," _Yevr.
        St._, 1913, p. 469 _et seq._

    ----, "An Episode from the History of the Ritual Murder Trials
        and of the anti-Jewish Literature in Poland," _Yevr. St._,
        1914, p. 318 _et seq._

    Galant, "The Ritual Murder Trial in Dunaigorod of 1748," _Yevr.
        St._, 1911, p. 268.

    ----, "The Victims of the Blood Accusation in Zaslav of 1747,"
        _Yevr. St._, 1912, p. 202 _et seq._

    G. E., On the trials of Stupnitza and Voyslavitzá, _Yevr.
        St._, 1912, p. 26 _et seq._

    The Papal Bulls concerning the Blood Accusation, Russian
        translation of Stern's book, pp. 29-105, containing
        Ganganelli's memorandum and the appended documents, Kiev,
        1912.

    Hekker, "Anti-Semitism in Poland during the Eighteenth
        Century," _Yevr. St._, 1913, p. 439 _et seq._

    Concerning the Haidamack uprising and the massacre at Uman, see
        Gurland's Le-Korot ha-Gezerot and Reghesty i Nadpisi, _sub
        anno_ 1768.

CHAPTER VI

THE INNER LIFE OF POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF DECLINE

(pp. 188-241)

    Dubnow, "Records of the Council of Four Lands during
        1621-1699," _Yevr. St._, 1912, pp. 178, 453.

    ----, "The Record Book of the Lithuanian Provincial Assembly
        during 1623-1761," _Yevr. St._, 1910-1915.

    ----, Article on the Provincial Assemblies, _Voskhod_, 1894,
        Books IV and XII.

    Schipper, Beiträge zur Geschichte der partiellen Judentage in
        Polen im XVII-XVIII Jahrhundert bis 1764.

    Grätz, Geschichte der Juden, vol. X, Index sub "Polen,"
        particularly the chapter on Sabbatai Zevi.

    ----, Frank und die Frankisten, Breslau, 1868.

    Dubnow, "Jacob Frank and his Christianizing Sect," _Voskhod_,
        1883, Book I _et seq._

    ----, "The History of Frankism according to newly discovered
        sources," _Voskhod_, 1896, Books III-IV.

    Kraushar, Frank i Frankizci ("Frank and the Polish Frankists"),
        Cracow, 1895. Two volumes [P].

    Balaban, "Notes on the History of the Frankist Sect,"
        _He-`Atid_, vol. V, Berlin, 1913.

    Horodezki, Mystisch-religiöse Strömungen unter den Juden in
        Polen im XVI-XVIII Jahrhundert, Leipzig, 1914.

    Dubnow, "The Social and Spiritual Life of the Jews in Poland in
        the First Half of the Eighteenth Century," _Voskhod_, 1899,
        Books I-II.

    ----, "Introduction to the History of Hasidism," _He-`Atid_,
        vol. III, Berlin, 1911.

    ----, "The Rise of Hasidism and Tzaddikism. History of the
        Hasidic Schism. The Religious Struggle, etc.," _Voskhod_,
        1888-1893.

    Lewin, "Aliyyot Eliyyahu" (a biography of the Gaon of Vilna),
        Vilna, 1875.

    Yatzkan, Rabbenu Eliyyahu (another biography), Warsaw, 1900.

    Solomon Maimon, Lebensgeschichte, Berlin, 1792.

CHAPTER VII

THE RUSSIAN QUARANTINE AGAINST JEWS

(pp. 242-261)

    Reghesty i Nadpisi, vol. I, Nos. 462, 470, 527, 653, 654, 757,
        877-878, 897-898.

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov o yevreyakh ot 1649 do 1873
        ("Compendium of the Laws relating to Jews from 1649 to
        1873"), Nos. 1-29.

    Solovyov, Historya Rossiyi ("History of Russia"), Book III,
        edition 1910, p. 1345.

    Dubnow, "Peter the Great and the Jews."

    ----, Article on the Moghilev massacre of 1655, _Pardes_, vol.
        III, Odessa, 1896.

    Orshanski, Russkoye zakonodatyelstvo o yevreyakh ("The Russian
        Legislation relating to Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1877.

    Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatyelstva o yevreyakh
        ("History of the Russian Legislation relating to Jews"),
        St. Petersburg, 1886.

    Kunin, "The Jews of Moscow in the Seventeenth Century," _Yevr.
        St._, 1913, p. 96 _et seq._

    S. D., "The Expulsion of the Jews from Little Russia in the
        Second Quarter of the Eighteenth Century," _Yevr. St._,
        1913, pp. 193, 123 _et seq._

    ----, "The Census taken of the Jews of Little Russia in 1736,"
        _Yevr. St._, 1913, pp. 400, 526.

    ----, "The Petition of the Nobility and the Elders of Little
        Russia for the Restoration of the Ancient Rights of Little
        Russia, presented to Catherine II. in 1764," _Kievskaya
        Starina_, 1883, Book 6.

CHAPTER VIII

POLISH JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF THE PARTITIONS

(pp. 262-305)

    Czacki, Rozprawa o Zydach (see bibliography to Chapter II), 9,
        pp. 117-134 [P].

    Korzon, Wewnetvzne dzieje Polskie za Stanislawa Augusta ("The
        Inner History of Poland under Stanislav Augustus"), Cracow,
        1882, vol. I, pp. 164-167, 230-232, 240 _et seq._ [P].

    Solomon Maimon, Lebensgeschichte.

    Okhotski, "Stories from Poland's Past," Russian translation,
        St. Petersburg, 1874, vol. I, pp. 54-55.

    Volumina Legum (see bibliography to Chapter II), vol. VII, pp.
        333, 352; vol. VIII, p. 95.

    Nussbaum, Szkice historyczne z zycia zydow w Warszawie
        ("Historic Sketch from the Life of the Jews in Warsaw"),
        Warsaw, 1881, pp. 13-15 [P].

    Smolenski, Stan i sprawa zydow polskich w XVIII wieku ("The
        Status and the Cause of the Polish Jews in the Eighteenth
        Century"), Warsaw, 1876 [P].

    Maciejowski, Zydzi w Polsce, na Rusi i Litwie (" The Jews in
        Poland, Russia and Lithuania"), Warsaw, 1878 [P].

    Bershadski, Litovskiye yevreyi ("The Jews of Lithuania"), St.
        Petersburg, 1883, pp. 46-48 [R].

    Akty Vilenskoy kommissiyi (see bibliography to Chapter III),
        vol. 29, pp. 463-180 [R].

    Hekker, "The Jews in the Polish Cities in the Second Half of
        the XVIII. Century," _Yevr. St._, 1913.

    Dubnow, "History of the Hasidic Schism," _Voskhod_, 1890-1891.

    Fünn, Kiryah Neemanah (history of the Vilna community), Vilna,
        1860, pp. 27, 130, 273.

    Katz, "History of the Haskalah Movement in Russia," _Ha-Zeman_,
        1903, vol. I, pp. 97-102.

    Kraushar, Frank i Frankizci (see bibliography to Chapter VI),
        vol. I, pp. 139-149 [P].

    Paperna, article on Hirshovitz's memorandum, _Voskhod_, Book
        VI, 1902.

    Kraszewski, Polska w czasie trzech rozbiorów ("Poland during
        the Time of the Three Partitions"), vol. II, pp. 318-320;
        vol. III, pp. 108, 122 [P].

    Gumplowicz, Stanislawa Augusta proekt reformy zydowstwa
        ("Stanislav Augustus' Project of Jewish Reform"), Cracow,
        1875 [P].

    Deiches, Sprawa zydowska podezas Sejmu Weilkiego ("The Jewish
        Cause at the Time of the Great, or Quadrennial Diet"), 1891.

    Luninski, Berek Joselwicz, Warsaw, 1909 [P]. Comp. _Yevr. St._,
        1909, vol. II, p. 128 _et seq._

    Moscicki, "Polish Jewry under the Sceptre of Catherine II,"
        _Kwartalnik pozwiacony badaniu przeszlozci zydow w Polsce_
        ("Quarterly devoted to the Study of the History of Polish
        Jewry"), Warsaw, vol. I, 1912. Pages 61-65 describe the
        attitude of the Jews in Vilna and Grodno in the Polish
        revolution of 1794 [P].

    Skarbek, Dzieje ksiestwa Warszawskiego ("History of the Duchy
        of Warsaw"). Three volumes, Posen, 1860 [P].

    Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatyelstva (see bibliography
        to Chapter VII), pp. 1001 _et seq._, containing a list of
        the laws passed by the Duchy of Warsaw during 1807-1812 [R].

    Vishnitzer, "A Plan of Reforming Jewish Life in the Duchy of
        Warsaw and in the Kingdom of Poland," _Perezhytoye_, vol.
        I, pp. 166-171, St. Petersburg, 1908 [R].

    Hessen, "In an Ephemeral Body Politic," _Yevr. St._, 1910, p. 6
        _et seq._

    Askenazy, "The Era of the Duchy of Warsaw," _Kwartalnik_, etc.,
        1912, vol. I [P].

CHAPTER IX

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE RUSSIAN RÉGIME

(pp. 306-334)

    Shugurov, "History of the Jews in Russia," _Russki Arkhiv_,
        1894, vol. I, pp. 163-167. The petition of the Moscow
        merchants is reprinted, _Voskhod_, 1895, Book I, pp. 31-33
        of the second division [R].

    Orshanski, Russkoye zakonodatyelstvo (see bibliography to
        Chapter VII), pp. 183-184.

    Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatelstva, p. 136 [R].

    Levanda, Sbornik, etc. (see bibliography to Chapter VII), Nos.
        30-47, 55.

    Bershadski, "The Jewish Statute of 1804" (containing the
        official correspondence and plans relating to the Jewish
        question during 1797-1801), _Voskhod_, 1895, Books I-IV.

    Dyerzhavin, Collected Writings, 1878, vol. VI, pp. 113-114,
        124, 715; vol. VII ("Opinion concerning the Jews") [R].

    Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi ("The Jews in Russia"), St.
        Petersburg, 1906 [R].

CHAPTER X

THE "ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM" OF ALEXANDER I.

(pp. 335-365)

    Brafman, Kniga Kahala ("The Book of the Kahal"), vol. II, Nos.
        335, 339, 340, 352.

    Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi, pp. 77-78, 322.

    ----, "The Deputies of the Jewish People," _Yevr. St._, 1909,
        vol. II, pp. 19-20.

    Gordon, "Note on the History of the Settlement of the Jews in
        St. Petersburg," _Voskhod_, 1881, Book II, pp. 29, 39-40.

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, Nos. 59 (the Statute of 1804), 64,
        69-70.

    "The Report of the Jewish Committee in 1812," _Russki Arkhiv_,
        1903, Book II, pp. 253-274.

    Orshanski, Russkoye zakonodatelstvo, p. 271 _et seq._

    Golitzin, Istoriya russkavo zakonodatelstva, pp. 543 _et seq._,
        587, 590, 981, 985 [R].

    Ginsburg, Otyechestvennaya Voyna 1812 goda i russkiye yevreyi
        ("The Patriotic War of 1812 and the Russian Jews,") St.
        Petersburg, 1912 [R].

    Nikitin, Yevreyi-zemledyeltzy ("The Jewish Agriculturists"),
        St. Petersburg, 1887 [R].

    Helman, Bet Rabbi (a biography of Shneor Zalman and his
        children), Berdychev, 1901, fol. 47.

CHAPTER XI

THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF "ENLIGHTENED
ABSOLUTISM"

(pp. 366-389)

    Bershadski, "The Jewish Statute of 1804," _Voskhod_, 1895. Book
        VI, pp. 46-63.

    Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi, pp. 220, 237 [R].

    Golitzin, Istoriya, pp. 348-355 [R].

    Dubnow, "History of the Hasidic Schism." _Voskhod_, 1890, Books
        XI-XII; 1891, Book I.

    ----, "The Religious Struggle," _Voskhod_, 1893, Book I, pp.
        37-49.

    ----, "The Intervention of the Russian Government in the War
        against Hasidism," _Yevr. St._, 1910, Books I-II.

    Hessen, Yevreyi v Rossiyi, p. 164 _et seq._ [R].

    Fünn, Kiryah Neemanah (history of the Vilna community), Vilna,
        1860, p. 134 _et seq._

    ----, Safah le-Neemanim, Vilna, 1881, §§ 91, 94, 98.

    Horodezki, "Levi Itzhok of Berdychev," _Yevr. St._, 1909, vol.
        I, p. 205 _et seq._

    ----, "Nahman of Bratzlav." _Ha-Goren_, IV (1903).

    Zederbaum, Keter Kehunnah, Odessa, 1866.

    Frenk, Yehude Polin bime Napoleon, Warsaw, 1912.

    Calmanson, Essai sur l'état actuel des Juifs, Warsaw, 1796;
        comp. _Ha-Meassef_, 1809, pp. 286-291.

    Nyevakhovich, Vopl dochery yudyeyskoy ("The Moan of the
        Daughter of Judah"), St. Petersburg, 1803. Reprinted in the
        collective volume published by the Russian-Jewish weekly
        _Budushchnost_, St. Petersburg, 1902 [R]. The same in
        Hebrew, under the title _Kol shaw'at bat Yehudah_, Shklov,
        1804.

    Stanislavski, "Mendel Lewin," _Voskhod_, 1881, Book III.

CHAPTER XII

THE LAST YEARS OF ALEXANDER I.

(pp. 390-413)

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, _sub anno_ 1815-1825.

    Pen, "The Deputation of the Jewish People," _Voskhod_, 1905,
        Books 1-3.

    Hessen, "The Deputies of the Jewish People," _Yevr. St._, 1909,
        vol. II.

    Way, Lewis, Mémoires sur l'état des Israélites, dediés et
        presentés à leurs Majestés imperiales et royales réunies au
        Congres d'Aix-la-Chapelle, Paris, 1819.

    Lerner, Yevreyi v Novo-rossiyskom kraye ("The Jews in the
        New-Russian Region"), Odessa, 1901 [R].

    Golitzin, Istoriya, etc., pp. 608, 686 [R].

    Kozmin, "Past and Present of the Siberian Subbotniks
        (Sabbatharians)," _Yevr. St._, 1913, Book I, p. 3 _et seq._

    Dubnow, "Historical Communications," _Voskhod_, 1901, Book IV,
        p. 37.

    "A Inquiry into the Jewish Question," published by the
        Chancellery of the United Societies of the Nobility, St.
        Petersburg, 1910, vol. I, pp. 3, 18 [R].

    Pestel, Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Truth"), edited by
        Shchogolev, St. Petersburg, 1906, pp. 50-52 [R].

    Semyovski, Politicheskiya i obshchestvennyia idyeyi
        Dyekabristov ("The Political and Social Ideas of the
        Decembrists"), St. Petersburg, 1910, pp. 517-523 [R].

VOLUME II

CHAPTER XIII

THE MILITARY DESPOTISM OF NICHOLAS I.

(pp. 13-45)

    _Yevr. St._, 1911, p. 589 (Nicholas' Opinions of the Jews).

    ----, 1909, p. 236 ff., (an account of Tziprinus, a Russian
        official, about the introduction of military service).

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, Nos. 153, 154, 159, etc. (see Index
        s. v. "Recruits").

    Volhynian Legends, _Yevr. St._, 1911, p. 389.

    Ginzburg and Marek, Yevreyskiya Narodniya Pyesni ("Jewish
        Folk-Songs"), St. Petersburg, 1901, p. 42 _et seq._ [R].

    Recollections of former Cantonists in _Yevr. St._, 1909, vol.
        II, pp. 115 _et seq._; 1911, pp. 249 _et seq._; 1912, pp.
        54 _et seq._

    Hertzen, Byloye i Dumy ("Recollections and Reflections"),
        foreign edition, vol. I, 308 [R].

    Korobkov, "Jewish Conscription during the Reign of Nicholas
        I.," _Yevr. St._, 1913, Books I-II.

    Nikitin, Mnogostradalnyie ("The Martyrs"), St. Petersburg, 1871.

    ----, Reminiscences, _Yevr. Bibl._, St. Petersburg, 1873.

    On the _Beholoh_, see Bogrov, Zapiski Yevreya ("Memoirs of
        a Jew"), St. Petersburg, 1874, p. 114 [R]; Smolenskin,
        Ha-To'eh, vol. II, p. 169; and Kotik, Meine Zichroines ("My
        Reminiscences"), Warsaw, 1913, pp. 99 _et seq._

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, _sub anno_ 1827-1840.

    Spravka po yevreyskomu voprosu ("Inquiry into the Jewish
        Question"), Part I, pp. 1-43 (containing archival documents
        on the work preliminary to the Statute of 1835).

    Hessen, "The Memoranda Submitted by the Kahal of Vilna and L.
        Feigin." _Yevr. St._, 1911, 96 _et seq._ and 394 _et seq._

    _Yevr. St._, 1909, p. 112, and 1911, pp. 417-418.

CHAPTER XIV

COMPULSORY ENLIGHTENMENT AND INCREASED OPPRESSION

(pp. 46-87)

    Dubnow, "Historical Communications," _Voskhod_, 1901, Books 4-5
        (dealing with the work of the committee of 1840).

    Georgievski, Doklad po voprosu ob obrazovaniyi yevreyev
        ("Report on the Question of Educating the Jews"), St.
        Petersburg, 1886. Not published [R].

    Morgulis, Voprosy yevreyskoy zhizni ("Problems of Jewish
        Life"), St. Petersburg, 1889, pp. 33 _et seq._ [R].

    Mandelstamm, Hazon la-Mo'ed ("A Vision for the Appointed
        Time"), Vienna, 1877. Part II [H].

    _Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums_, 1842-1848, articles
        describing Lilienthal's mission.

    Scheinhaus, Ein deutscher Pioneer (on Lilienthal's mission),
        Berlin, 1911.

    Tzinberg, "Levinsohn and his Time," _Yevr. St._, 1910, pp. 520
        _et seq._ Comp. _ibid._, 1912, p. 91.

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, Nos. 462, 475, 509-510, 575.

    Die Juden in Russland, Hamburg, 1844.

    Lerner, Yevreyi v Novorossiyi ("The Jews in New Russia"),
        Odessa, 1901, pp. 46 _et seq._ [R].

    Loewe, Diaries of Sir Moses Montefiore, London, 1890. Hebrew
        edition, Warsaw, 1899.

    Ginzburg, "A Forerunner of Baron Hirsch" (on Altaras),
        _Voskhod_, 1897, Book XI.

    Leket Amarim ("Collection of Essays"), edited _Ha-Melitz_, St.
        Petersburg, 1889, pp. 81 _et seq._

    Nikitin, Yevreyi zemledyeltzy ("Jews as Agriculturists"), St.
        Petersburg, 1887, pp. 103 _et seq._ [R].

    Spravka k dokladu po yevreyskomu voprosu ("Inquiry in
        connection with the Report on the Jewish Question"). Part
        V: The Ritual Murder Trials, edited by the United Societies
        of the Nobility, St. Petersburg, 1912 [R].

    A memorandum on the Velizh case by the Senate. Not published.

    Hessen, Velizhskaya Drama ("The Drama of Velizh"), St.
        Petersburg, 1905 [R].

    Ryvkin, "The Velizh Case as reflected in local legends,"
        _Perezhytoye_, vol. III, St. Petersburg, 1911 [R].

    Dubnow's articles on Velizh, _Luah Ahiasaf_, 1895-1896; on
        Novaya Ushitza, _Perezhytoye_, vol. I (1909); on Mstislavl,
        _Voskhod_, 1899, Book 9.

    Hessen, "The Mstislavl Disturbances," _Perezhytoye_, vol. II.

    An-ski, "Some of the Legends Connected with the Mstislavl
        Incident," _ibid._

CHAPTER XV

THE JEWS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND

(pp. 88-110)

    S. Askenazy, "Concerning Jewish Affairs during the Era of
        Congresses," _Kwartalnik_, etc., vol. I, No. 3, Warsaw,
        1913.

    Vishnitzer, "Reform Projects in the Kingdom of Poland,"
        _Perezhytoye_, vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1908.

    Friedländer, David, Die Verbesserung der Israeliten im
        Königreich Polen, Berlin, 1819.

    Inquiry into the Jewish Question, etc. (the utterances of
        Zaionchek), vol. I, 43.

    The Legal Journal of the Kingdom of Poland (during the years
        indicated in the text).

    Golitzin, Istoria Russkavo zakonodatyelstva o yevreyakh ("The
        History of Russian Legislation relating to Jews,") pp.
        1001-1005 [R].

    Luninski, Berek Joselowicz, Warsaw, 1909.

    "The Ritual Murder Trials during the Year 1816," _Yevr. St._,
        1912, pp. 144-163.

    Nussbaum, Historya Zydow, V, 390-399 [P].

    "From the History of the Rabbinical School in Warsaw,"
        _Perezhytoye_, vol. I.

    Kandel, "The Committee of Old Testament Believers,"
        _Kwartalnik_, 1912, No. 12, pp. 85-103.

    Jost, 11. II, 302 (on Chiarini).

    Mstislavskaya, "The Jews in the Polish Insurrection of 1831,"
        _Yevr. St._, 1910.

    Myakotin, "The Tovyanski Movement," _Voskhod_, 1888, Books
        11-12.

    Die Juden in Russland, Hamburg, 1844, pp. 35, 38-40 (on
        conscription in the kingdom of Poland).

CHAPTER XVI

THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE PERIOD OF MILITARY DESPOTISM

(pp. 111-139)

    Gottlober, Autobiography, in the Hebrew periodical _Ha-Boker
        Or_, 1880-1881.

    Ginzburg, M. A., Abi`ezer (autobiography), Vilna, 1883.

    Plungian, Ben Porat (biography of Menashe Ilyer), Vilna, 1858.

    Hilman, Beth Rabbi (biography of Shneor Zalman and
        descendants), Berdychev, 1901.

    Horodezki, Rabbi Nahum mi-Chernobyl u-Banaw ("R. Nahum of
        Chernobyl and his Descendants"), Berdychev, 1902.

    Sternholz, `Alim li-Tetrufah ("Leaves for Healing," letters of
        Rabbi Nahman of Bratzlav), Berdychev, 1896.

    Nathansohn, Sefer ha-Zikronot ("Book of Recollections," on I.
        B. Levinsohn), Warsaw, 1878.

    Wengeroff, P., Memoiren einer Grossmutter, Berlin, 1908.

    Horodezki, "The Sadagora Dynasty," _Yevr. St._, 1909, vol. II.

    Zederbaum, Keter Kehunnah ("The Crown of Priesthood," on the
        Tzaddiks of Poland), Odessa, 1866.

    Magid, "M. A. Ginzburg," St. Petersburg, 1897 [H].

    Fünn, Safah le-Neemanim ("Speech of the Trustworthy"), pp. 149
        _et seq._, Vilna, 1881.

    Gordon, "A. B. Lebensohn," _Yevr. Bibl._, vol. VIII, St.
        Petersburg, 1880.

CHAPTER XVII

THE LAST YEARS OF NICHOLAS I.

(pp. 140-153)

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov (for the years 1848-1854).

    Ginzburg, "A forgotten Era," _Voskhod_, 1896, Book 2.

    Ginzburg and Marek, Yevreyskiya Narodnya Pyesni ("Jewish
        Folk-Songs"), St. Petersburg, 1901, No. 53 [R].

    Osip Rabinovich, "The Penal Recruit" and "The Inherited
        Candlestick," collected works, vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1880
        [R].

    Bogrov, "The Captured Recruit," _Yevr. Bibl._, vol. IV, St.
        Petersburg, 1874, pp. 2-7, preface.

    Friedberg, "The Captured Recruits," _Sefer ha-Shanah_, edited
        by Sokolow, vol. III, Warsaw, 1901.

    Spiegel, "From the Diary of a Cantonist," _Yevr. St._, 1911,
        pp. 249 _et seq._

    Itzkovich, "Reminiscences of a Cantonist," _Yevr. St._, 1912,
        pp. 54 _et seq._

    Korobkov, "Jewish Conscription during the Reign of Nicholas
        I.," _Yevr. St._, 1913.

    On the Ritual Murder Trial of Saratov, see "Inquiry into the
        Jewish Question, etc." Part V, pp. 208-243 [R].

    Trivus, "Ritual Murder Trials before the pre-Reformatory
        Courts," _Yevr. St._, 1912, pp. 252-262 _et seq._

CHAPTER XVIII

THE ERA OF REFORMS UNDER ALEXANDER II.

(pp. 154-183)

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov (for the years 1855-1865).

    "Inquiry into the Jewish Question," etc. Part I, pp. 55-102,
        105, 112; Part III, pp. 10-17, 79-92 (discussion of the
        projected legal bills in the Council of State, etc.).

    K stoletyu komityeta ministrov ("The Centenary of the
        Committee of Ministers"), St. Petersburg, 1902 [R]; the
        "resolutions" of Alexander II. are recorded in _Voskhod_,
        1903, Book III.

    "Some Resolutions of Alexander II. on the Jewish Question in
        1861," _Yevr. St._, 1912, p. 472.

    Hessen, "An Attempt at Jewish Emancipation in Russia,"
        _Perezhytoye_, vol. I, p. 153 ff.

    Orshanski, Yevreyi v Rossiyi ("The Jews in Russia"), St.
        Petersburg, 1877 [R].

    ----, Russkoye zakonodatyelstvo o yevreyakh ("The Russian
        Legislation relating to Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1877, pp.
        214, 309-334 [R].

    Georgievski, Doklad po voprosu ob obrazovaniyi yevreyev
        ("Report on the Question of educating the Jews"), St.
        Petersburg, 1886, pp. 92, 134 _et seq._ [R].

    Marek, Ocherki po istoriyi prosvyeshchenya v Rossiyi ("Sketches
        from the History of Enlightenment among the Jews of
        Russia"), Moscow, 1909 [R].

    Kandel, "The Petition of 1857," _Kwartalnik_, 1913, 147-159.

    Sternberg, Geschichte der Juden in Polen, Leipsic, 1878,
        Beilage G, pp. 186-191 (the Jewish agitation of 1859 in
        Warsaw, and Lelevel's reply).

    _Jutrzenka_ ("The Dawn"), Polish-Jewish weekly in Warsaw, for
        the years 1861-1863.

    Berg, Zapiski o polskikh zagovorakh i powstaniakh ("Memoirs
        concerning Polish Conspiracies and Revolutions"), St.
        Petersburg, 1873 [R].

    "The Experiences of a Jew during the Polish Insurrection of
        1863," _Yevr. St._, 1910, pp. 378-390.

    Inquiry into the Jewish Question, Part VII, pp. 63, 70, 89, 95.

    Spasovski, Zhizn i politika markiza Vyelepolskavo ("Life and
        Policies of Marquis Vyelepolski"), St. Petersburg, 1882 [R].

CHAPTER XIX

THE REACTION UNDER ALEXANDER II.

(pp. 184-205)

    Spravka po yevreyskomu voprosu ("Inquiry into the Jewish
        Question"), Part VII, pp. 63, 70, 89, 95 [R].

    Brafman, Kniga Kahala, 3d edition, St. Petersburg, 1888 [R].

    "The Jewish Delegation in the Vilna Commission of 1869," _Yevr.
        St._, 1912, pp. 187 _et seq._; comp. _Perezhytoye_, II, pp.
        306 _et seq._ and III, pp. 385 _et seq._

    "The Enactments against the Jewish Dress in 1871," _Yevr. St._,
        1912, pp. 334-338; comp. "The Struggle with the Jewish
        Dress," _Perezhytoye_, I, 2d Section, pp. 16-18.

    Orshanski, "On the Nature of the Odessa Pogrom," in the
        collective volume _Yevreyi v Rossiyi_ ("The Jews in
        Russia"), 1877, pp. 156 _et seq._ [R].

    Margulis, "The Odessa Riots of 1871," in the collective volume
        _Yevreyski Mir_ ("The Jewish World"), St. Petersburg, 1910.

    Levanda, Sbornik zakonov, for the years 1865-1873.

    For the additional laws for 1874-1880 see _Sobranie zakonov_
        ("Collection of Laws"), edited by the Government Senate.
        Comp. _Systyematicheski ukazatyel literatury o yevreyakh_
        ("A Systematic Index of the Literature dealing with the
        Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1892, pp. 59-60.

    "Analysis of the Legislation relating to the Jews during the
        past Decade," _Yevr. Bibl._, vol. VII, 1879.

    The memorandum of Nyekhludov "On the Emancipation of the Jews"
        is found in _Spravka po yevreyskomu voprosu_, Part VII,
        pp. 103-122; appeared also as a separate publication, St.
        Petersburg, 1907.

    On the Municipal Statute of 1870 and on the Conscription
        Statute of 1874, see _Spravka_, Part II, pp. 127-138,
        142-209.

    An account of the Congress of Berlin, based on the French text
        of the Proceedings, _Spravka_, Part III, pp. 151-154; see
        also _Yevr. Bibl._, vol. VI, 1878, p. 145 _et seq._ [R].

    On the Jews in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877, see Criticus
        (pen-name of S. M. Dubnow) in _Voskhod_, 1891, Book I, pp.
        32-38.

    The full proceedings of the Kutais case are found in a
        supplement to _Yevr. Bibl._, vol. VI, pp. 1-188.

    Chwolson, Upotreblayut-li yevreyi khristianskuyu krov? ("Do the
        Jews use Christian Blood?"), 2d edition, with a reply to
        Kostomarov, St. Petersburg, 1879 [R].

    Borissov, "Ippolit Lutostanski," Kiev, 1912 [R].

CHAPTER XX

THE INNER LIFE OF RUSSIAN JEWRY DURING THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER II.

(pp. 206-242)

    S. Ginzburg, "A forgotten Era," _Voskhod_, 1896, Books III and
        V.

    Margulis, article on "N. I. Pirogov," in _Voprosy yevreyskoy
        zhizni_ ("Questions of Jewish Life"), St. Petersburg, 1889.

    Criticus (pen-name of S. M. Dubnow), "I. S. Aksakov and the
        Jews," _Voskhod_, 1887, Book II.

    Dostoyevski, Yevreyski vopros ("The Jewish Question"), in his
        collected writings, edited by Marx, vol. XI, pp. 85-102;
        also in his _Dnyevnik pisatyela_ ("The Diary of an Author,"
        autobiographical sketches), during 1873-1877, in various
        places [R].

    Orshanski, Yevreyi v Rossiyi ("The Jews in Russia").

    Margulis, Voprosy yevreyskoy zhizni, pp. 149-195, on the Crown
        rabbis and teachers of the sixties.

    Tarnopol, Opyt osmotrityelnoy reformy v oblasti iudaizma
        ("Attempt at Cautious Reforms in the Domain of Judaism"),
        Odessa, 1868, [R].

    Gumplovich's article is found in _Jutzenka_ ("The Dawn"), 1891,
        No. 19 [P].

    Leon Rosenthal, Toldot Hebrat Marbe Haskalah be-Israel
        ("History of the Society for the Diffusion of Enlightenment
        among the Jews"), two volumes, St. Petersburg, 1885-1890;
        comp. Criticus, _Voskhod_, 1891, Books X-XI.

    Levanda, "The Establishment of the First Periodical of Russian
        Jewry," _Voskhod_, 1881, Book VI.

    The letters of Ossip Rabinovich, published in _Yevr. St._,
        1911, p. 71 _et seq._

    Dubnow, "The Change of Tendencies in Jewish Journalism," in
        "Letters on Ancient and Modern Judaism," St. Petersburg,
        1907, pp. 205-226 [R].

    Frumkin, "From the History of the Revolutionary Movement among
        the Jews during the Seventies," _Yevr. St._, 1911, pp. 221
        _et seq._, 513 _et seq._

    Tzinberg, "The First Socialistic Periodicals in Hebrew
        Literature," _Perezhytoye_, I, pp. 233-263.

    Sosis, "Social Currents during the Period of Reforms," _Yevr.
        St._, 1914.

    Mandelkern, "Micah Joseph Lebensohn," _Ha-Asif_, III, 1886.

    Brainin, "Micah Joseph Lebensohn," _Voskhod_, 1902, Book III.

    ----, "Abraham Mapu," Warsaw, 1900 [H].

    Cantor, "Gordon and His 25 years of Activity," _Voskhod_, 1881,
        Books XI-XII.

    S. D. (=S. Dubnow), "The Jewish Nyekrassov" (on J. L. Gordon),
        _Voskhod_, 1884, Book VII.

    Iggerot Jelag ("Letters of J. L. Gordon"), two volumes, Warsaw,
        1894.

    Bienstock, "A Festival in Yiddish Literature" (a biography of
        Abramovich), _Voskhod_, 1884, Book XII.

    Frischmann, "Mendele Mokher Sforim," in Introduction to the
        collected Hebrew works of Abramovich, vol. II, Odessa, 1911.

    Brainin, "Perez Smolenskin," Warsaw, 1896 [H].

    M. Kahan, Me-'Ereb 'ad `Ereb, vol. I, Vilna, 1904, pp.
        186-244. The same volume also contains an analysis of
        Lilienblum's work and of the literary currents of the
        seventies in general.

    Gottlieb, "P. M. Smolenskin" ("Gallery of Jewish Worthies"),
        Part II, St. Petersburg, 1899 [R].

    Lilienblum, Hattot Ne`urim ("Sins of Youth"), Vienna, 1876;
        also in his collected works, Cracow, 1910-1912, vol. II.

    Klausner, "Moshe Leib Lilienblum" (a biographical analysis,
        prefacing the first volume of Lilienblum's collected works).

    Hessen, "O. Rabinivich and I. Orshanski" ("Gallery of Jewish
        Worthies"), Part I, St. Petersburg, 1898 [R].

    "Ilya Grigorievich Orshanski, an Autobiographical Sketch,"
        _Yevr. Bibl._, vol. VI, pp. 1-43, St. Petersburg, 1878.

    Yampolski, "Recollections of I. G. Orshanski," _Yevr. St._,
        1911, p. 55 _et seq._

    Volynski, "The Portrayer of Russian Jewry" (on the stories of
        Levanda), _Voskhod_, 1888.

    "From the Correspondence of L. O. Levanda," _Yevr. Bibl._,
        vols. IX-X, St. Petersburg, 1901-1903, containing also some
        letters from Bogrov; Comp. _Yevr. St._, 1913, pp. 279-281.

    Wengeroff, Memoiren einer Grossmutter, vol. II, Berlin, 1910,
        containing valuable material for the understanding of the
        transition period of the fifties and sixties.

CHAPTER XXI

THE ACCESSION OF ALEXANDER III. AND THE INAUGURATION OF POGROMS

(pp. 243-258)

    _Razsvyet_, 1881, pp. 494, 650, 653; 846, 1255-57.

    _Yevr. St._, I. pp. 9193; II. pp. 207 ff.

    Chronique du movement socialiste en Russie, 1878-1887. _Byloye_
        (historical journal), 1907, Book VI, p. 305.

CHAPTER XXII

THE ANTI-JEWISH POLICIES OF IGNATYEV

(pp. 259-283)

    _Pravityelstvyenny vyestnik_ (1881), No. 98.

    _Razsvyet_, No. 19.

    _Yevr. St._, V, p. 346.

    _Archives of Historical Society._

    _Voskhod_ (1881), Book V, p. 83 (II part).

    Sagasty's letter, _Razsvyet_, 1881, p. 1105; Campos' letter,
        _ibid._, p. 1148.

    "Inquiry into the Jewish question" (ed. by the Council of
        the United Nobility, St. Petersburg, 1910), Part II, pp.
        125-126; _Russian Jew. Encycl._, I, pp. 826-827.

    Dr. Mandelstamm's Reminiscences, _Perezhitnoye_, vol. IV, p. 53
        et seq. (St. Petersburg, 1913).

    Report of the Gubernatorial Commissions on the Jewish Question,
        vols. I-II, St. Petersburg, 1884.

    Istoria Revolutzionnavo Dvizhenia v Rossiyi ("The History of
        the Revolutionary Movement in Russia"), St. Petersburg,
        1906, pp. 260-262.

    Die Judenpogromen in Russland, I, pp. 46-66 (Köln, 1910).

CHAPTER XXIII

NEW MEASURES OF OPPRESSION AND PUBLIC PROTESTS

(pp. 284-308)

    "Historical review of the activities of the Committee of
        Ministers," vol. IV, p. 183 (St. Petersburg, 1902).

    _Voskhod_, 1903, Book III, p. 154.

    _Razsvyet_ (1882), No. 3 (supplement), and No. 4, p. 125.

    _Yevr. St._ (1909), I. pp. 93-97.

    _Judische Welt_ (Yiddish monthly, St. Petersburg, 1912), No. 2.

    _Archives_, Nos. 10, 12, 13, 15.

CHAPTER XXIV

LEGISLATIVE POGROMS

(pp. 309-323)

    _Yevr. St._, I. pp. 265-267.

    _Russian Jew. Encycl._, I, p. 829.

    Historical Review of the activities of the Commission of
        Ministers, IV, pp. 20-21, 183.

    _Voskhod_, 1903, Book III, p. 155.

    _Razsvyet_, No. 20.

    _Razsvyet_, 1882, pp. 1125, 1417.

    "Diary of a Palestinian Immigrant," _Voskhod Chron._, 1882.

    _Yevr. St._, 1915, pp. 100, 201 ff.

    _Voskhod_, 1883, Book I, p. 69 (II part).

CHAPTER XXV

INNER UPHEAVALS

(pp. 324-335)

    _Razsvyet_, 1882, pp. 506, 1301.

    _Voskhod Chron._, 1882, p. 645.

    Bez Illuzii ("Without Illusion"), _Razsvyet_, 1881, p. 1988;
        1882, p. 152 ff.

    Dubnow, _Razsvyet_, 1881, Nos. 34, 35.

    Gordon, Kol Schire Jelag, I, pp. 115-116, St. Petersburg, 1884.

    Dubnow, "The Question of the Day," _Razsvyet_, 1881, Nos. 34-35.

    Hamzefot, Chto Zhe Dielat? ("What is to be done?"), _Razsvyet_,
        1882, Nos. 2-5.

    _Razsvyet_, 1881, Nos. 41-42, "The General Jewish Question and
        Palestine."

    Ben-Zion (Priluker), Yevreyi Reformatory ("Jewish Reformers"),
        St. Petersburg, 1882.

CHAPTER XXVI

INCREASED JEWISH DISABILITIES

(pp. 336-357)

    "Inquiry into the Report on the Jewish question," vol. II, pp.
        20-21.

    Pahlen's Commission, pp. 175, 251 _et seq._

    _Yevr. St._, I. p. 88 _et seq._

    Gieorgievski, Doklad po vøprosu ob obrazovani Yevreyev ("Report
        on the question of the Education of Jews"), St. Petersburg,
        1886.

    Pozner, Yevrei v Obshchey Shkolie ("Jews in Secular Schools"),
        St. Petersburg, 1914, pp. 58-59.

    "History of Ministers' Commission" (Government publication),
        vol. IV, p. 433, St. Petersburg, 1902.

    "Review of the Last Year" (Annual reviews of the first books of
        the _Voskhod_ for 1884-1889; especially 1884, Book I, pp.
        27, 30-31, 36-37; 1885, Book I, p. 47 _et seq._).

    _Voskhod_, 1891, Book II, p. 40 (II part).

    Frederic, "The New Exodus," London, 1902, pp. 175, 248-252.

    Frug, "Two Generals" (a page of reminiscences), _Yevreyskaya
        Zhizn_, 1915, No. 14.

    Mysh, Rukovodstvo k zakonodatielstvu o Yevreyakh v Rossiyi
        ("Guide to the Laws about Jews in Russia"), p. 384, St.
        Petersburg, 1892.

    _Yevreyskaia Bibl._, vol. IV, p. 469, St. Petersburg, 1901.

    Usov, Yevreyi v Armii ("Jews in the Army"), St. Petersburg,
        1911, pp. 14-92.

CHAPTER XXVII

RUSSIAN REACTION AND JEWISH EMIGRATION

(pp. 358-377)

    _Voskhod Chron._ (1883), Nos. 19, 20; 1884, Book VI, p. 30 _et
        seq._ (II part).

    Orshanski, "Review for the Last Year," _Voskhod_, 1884, Book
        II, pp. 40-49.

    Pahlem Commission, pp. 78-79.

    Margulis, "Reminiscences," _Yevreyski Mir_ (1909), Book VI;
        _Voskhod_ (1895), Book I, p. 50 (II part).

    Pozner, Yevreyi v Vysshey Shkolie ("Jews in Higher
        Institutions"), p. 56.

    "Russian Jews in America: Results of the Emigration Movement,"
        _Voskhod_, 1890, Book X.

    "Jewish Agricultural Colonies in America," _Voskhod_, 1891,
        Books I-IV.

    Fornberg, Yevreyskaya Emigratzia ("Jewish Emigration"), Kiev,
        1908.

    Lilienblum, Derekh la-`avor Golim, Warsaw, 1893.

    M. Kahan, Me-'Erev 'ad `Erev ("From Evening to Evening"), vol.
        II, Vilno, 1904.

    Khisin, "From the Diary of a Palestinian Emigrant," _Voskhod_,
        1889, Books I-XXII.

    Sapir, "Zionism," Vilno, 1903, _Yevr. St._, 1915, Books I-II.

CHAPTER XXVIII

JUDÆOPHOBIA TRIUMPHANT

(pp. 378-398)

    H. Frederic, "The New Exodus: A Study of Israel in Russia," p.
        173 (London, 1892; the author visited Russia in 1891, and
        heard about the Tzar's resolution from a man who saw the
        document).

    _Voskhod Chron._, 1890, No. 21 (p. 528), 23 (p. 569), 30 (pp.
        475, 752).

    _Voskhod_ (1891), Book I, p. 63 (II part); II, pp. 42-47.

    "Judenpogromem in Russland," I, p. 119.

    "Spravka k dokladu po yevreyskomu voprosu" ("Inquiry of the
        Report on the Jewish Question"), II, pp. 138-140.

    Letters from V. Solovyev to F. Getz (St. Petersburg, 1909), pp.
        27-40, 55 _et seq._

CHAPTER XXIX

THE EXPULSION FROM MOSCOW

(pp. 399-413)

    "Mysterious References to the Work of the Councils," _Voskhod
        Chron._, 1891, No. 11, p. 288, and No. 12, p. 315.

    _Voskhod_ (1895), Book I, p. 50 (II part).

    _Archives of the Jew. Hist. Soc._ (interview between Baron
        Günzburg and the Minister of Finance in September, 1891).

    Weber-Kempner, La Situation des Juifs en Russie. Rapport
        addressé au Gouvernement des États-Unis (Paris, 1892), p.
        17.

    Goldovski, "Jews in Moscow."

    "Beyond the Border," _Voskhod_ (1891), Books IV-XI, pp. 5-6.

CHAPTER XXX

BARON HIRSCH'S EMIGRATION SCHEME AND UNRELIEVED SUFFERING

(pp. 414-429)

    Istoricheski Obzor Dieyatielnosti Comitieta Ministrov
        ("Historical Study of the Activity of the Ministers'
        Committee"), vol. IV, p. 184 (St. Petersburg, 1902).

    _Jew. Encycl._, VI, p. 415.

    _Russian Jew. Encycl._, VI, p. 564.

    _Voskhod_ (1888), No. 2.

    A. White, Jewish Colonization and the Russian Persecution, New
        Review, London, 1891, No. 27, August, pp. 97-105.

    _Voskhod_, 1891, Books IV-IX.

    Lietopisiets, "Beyond the Border."

    Lapin, Nastoyashchiye i Budushchiye Colonisatsii v Argentinie
        ("The Present and Future Colonisation in Argentine"), St.
        Petersburg, 1894.

    Fornberg, Yevreyskaya Emigratzia ("Jewish Emigration"), Kiev,
        1908.

    Jewish Colonisation Association Rapports de L'administration
        Centrale, Paris, 1891-94.

    M. Kahan, Me-'Erev 'ad `Erev, I, pp. 55-118, Vilno, 1904.

    Berkenheim, "Colonisation Movement," _Voskhod_, 1895, Books I,
        V, VII, XI.

    Katzenelson, "The Martyrdom in the Moscow Synagogues," _Yevr.
        St._, 1909, I, pp. 175-186.

    Goldovski, "Jews in Moscow," _Byloye_, 1907, Book IX, 161-163.

    _Yevr. St._ (1911), IV, p. 109 _et seq._

    Dubnow, Novieyshaya Istoria Yevreyev ("The New History of the
        Jews"), p. 552 (1914 ed.).

    _Voskhod Chron._, 1894.

VOLUME III

CHAPTER XXXI

THE ACCESSION OF NICHOLAS II.

(pp. 7-39)

    _Voskhod_, 1896, Book I, p. 38 (II part).

    _Yevr. St._ (1914), VIII, p. 400.

    Judenpogromen in Russland, vol. I, p. 98.

    "Memoirs of the commission on the Jewish question under Plehve"
        (1903-1904), pp. 6-7 (not published).

    _Archives of Jew. Hist. Soc._, coll. S. P. E., No. 134, I.

    _Byloye_ (1907), Book IX, p. 162.

    Levine, Svornik Zakonov o Yevreyakh ("Collection of Laws about
        Jews"), St. Petersburg, 1902.

    Voytanski, Yevreyi v Irkutskie ("Jews in Irkutsk"), 1915, pp.
        30, 264.

    _Yevr. Bibl._, IX, p. 467 _et seq._ (St. Petersburg, 1901,
        London ed.).

    Pozner, Yevreyi v Obshchey Shkolie ("Jews in Secular Schools"),
        St. Petersburg, 1914, pp. 89-92, 105, 119-129, 127-129.

    _Budushchmost_ (weekly), 1902, Nos. 5-6.

    _Russian Jew. Encycl._, IV, pp. 661-664.

CHAPTER XXXII

THE NATIONAL AWAKENING

(pp. 40-65)

    Theodor Herzl, Zionistische Schriften, vol. I, Berlin, 1905.

    Friedemann, Das Leben Th. Herzl's, Berlin, 1904.

    R. Gottheil, Zionism, Philadelphia, 1914.

    Protokolle der Zionisten-Kongresse 1897-1901 (_Die Welt_,
        official party organ, 1897-1902, Vienna).

    _Voskhod_ (weekly), 1987-1902.

    _Ha-Shiloah_ (Ahad Ha`am's monthly), Berlin Odessa, 1896-1902.

    Max Nordau, Zionistische Schriften, Köln, 1909.

    Dubnow, Letters about the Old and New Judaism, St. Petersburg,
        1907, pp. 164 _et seq._, 181 ff., 230 _et seq._ (The first
        two "letters" were translated into German, Jud. Verlag,
        Berlin, 1903.)

    Ahad Ha'am, `Al Parashat Derakhim, vols. I-III, 1895-1904
        (partly in English and partly in German translation).

    J. Klausner, Dukhovny Sionisme ("Spiritual Zionism"), St.
        Petersburg, 1900.

    Frumkin, "Sketches from the History of the Jewish Workingmen's
        Movement, 1885-97," _Yevr. St._, 1913.

    Geschichte vun d. Judische Arbeiter-Bewegung in Russland
        (Yiddish), Geneva, 1900.

    Medem, Natzionalnost i Proletariat ("Nationalism and the
        Proletariat") in Kastelanski's collection, Formy
        natzionalnavo dvizhenia v sovremiennykh gosudarstvakh
        ("The Forms of the National Movement in Contemporary
        Governments"), St. Petersburg, 1910, pp. 772 _et seq._

    "Bund" in _Russian Jew. Encycl._, vol. V, p. 93 _et seq._

    M. Philippson, Neueste Geschichte d. Jüdischen Bewegung,
        Berlin, 1911.

    Borokhov, Klassovye momenty natzionalnavo voprosa ("Classic
        Moments of the National Question"), St. Petersburg, 1906.

    J. Klausner, Novoyevreyskaya literatura ("The New Jewish
        Literature"), 2d edition, Odessa, 1912; M. Pines, Historie
        de la Litterature Judéo-Allemande, Paris, 1910.

CHAPTER XXXIII

THE KISHINEV MASSACRE

(pp. 66-86)

    Die Judenpogromen in Russland, vol. II, pp. 6-8.

    _Voskhod_ (weekly), 1903, pp. 11 _et seq._, 16 _et seq._, 18,
        20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 33, 38.

    Urusov, Zapiski Gubernatora ("A Gubernator's Memoirs"), St.
        Petersburg, 1907.

    Chemu uchit pokushenie Dashevskavo? ("What Do We Learn from
        Dashevski's Temptation?"), London, 1903, edition of
        _Molodoi Israel_ ("Young Israel").

    _Yevr. St._ (1915), VIII, p. 412.

    Protokoll d. VI Zionisten-Congresses, 1903.

    Chlenov, Sion i Africa na Vi Congressie ("Zion and Africa at
        the VI Congress"), Moscow, 1905.

    Dubnow, "Historical Moment," _Voskhod_, 1903, Nos. 21-22.

CHAPTER XXXIV

CONTINUED POGROMS AND THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

(pp. 87-104)

    _Voskhod_, 1905, pp. 3-35.

    Memoirs of Pahlen, governor of Vilna, Geneva, 1904 ("Bund"
        edition).

    Voskhod Booklets, 1904, IX, pp. 134 _et seq._, 140 _et seq._,
        146 _et seq._

    Fornberg, Yevreyskaya Emigratzia ("Jewish Emigration"), p. 19,
        Kiev, 1908.

CHAPTER XXXV

THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 AND THE FIGHT FOR EMANCIPATION

(pp. 105-123)

    _Voskhod_, 1905, Nos. 3-35.

CHAPTER XXXVI

THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION AND THE OCTOBER MASSACRE

(pp. 124-142)

    _Voskhod_, 1905, No. 47; 1906, Nos. 10, 14, 18-21, 26, 42, 47,
        49, 50.

    "Sources for the History of the Russian Counter-Revolution,"
        vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1908 (Pogroms according to official
        documents).

    Judenpogromen, vol. I, pp. 187-223, 267-327, 383-400; vol. II,
        pp. 8-536.

    _Archives of the League of Equal Rights_, St. Petersburg, 1906.

    Vinaver, Yevreyski Vopros v Gosudarstvyennoy Dumie ("The Jewish
        Question in the Duma"), in _Svoboda i Ravienstvo_, 1907,
        Nos. 2-3.

    _Yevreyskaya Zhizn_ (weekly), 1906, Nos. 25-28, 32.

    L. Wolf, The Legal Sufferings of the Jews in Russia, London,
        1902, pp. 49-50.

CHAPTER XXXVII

EXTERNAL OPPRESSION AND INTERNAL CONSOLIDATION

(pp. 143-169)

    Formy natzionalnavo dvizhenia v sovremiennykh gosudarstvakh,
        St. Petersburg., 1910, pp. 399-423, 778-783.

    Dubnow, "Letters," St. Petersburg, introduction and pp. 294-361.

    _Svoboda i Ravienstvo_, 1907, Nos. 30-32, 38, 39, 40, 41,
        43-45, 46.

    Stenographic Reports of the Duma for 1908-1909.

    "A Study of Internal Affairs," in _Yevr. Mir._, 1909, Book I.

    _Russian Jew. Encycl._, vol. VII, p. 374.

    J. Klausner, Novoyevreyskaya Literatura ("The New Jewish
        Literature"), 2d edition, Odessa, 1912.

    M. Pines, Histoire de la Litterature Judéo-Allemande, Paris,
        1910.

INDEX

INDEX

  =Aaron= (=I.=), king of Khazars, I 26

  =Aaron= (=II.=), king of Khazars, I 26

  =Aaron=, rabbi of Tulchyn, I 148

  =Aaron=, of Karlin, hasidic leader, I 234

  =Aaron Samuel Kaidanover=, see Kaidanover

  =Abderrahman III.=, caliph of Cordova, I 24

  =Abraham=, son of Isaac, Polish minter, I 42

  =Abraham Prokhovnik=, see Prokhovnik

  =Abrahams, Israel=, quoted, I 160

  =Abramius=, Russian priest, objects to erection of synagogue,
            I 252

  =Abramovich, Shalom Jacob= (_Mendele Mokher Sforim_), Hebrew
            and Yiddish writer, II 231 ff, III 60 f

  =Abydos=, near Constantinople, seat of Sabbatai Zevi, I 206,
            219

  =Adam=, see Lebensohn, Abraham Baer

  =Adamovich, Mary=, alleged victim of ritual murder, II 73

  =Adrianople=, Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 207

  =Agriculture=, among Jews in Lithuania, I 60, 68, II 72
    in Poland, I 68, 264, II 89
    championed by Nota Shklover, I 338;
      by Isaac Baer Levinsohn and by Maskilim in general, II 126
    promoted by Russian Government, I 342 f, II 20, 61, 71
    hampered by it, II 48, 197, III 10, 24 f;
      see also Colonization

  =Ahad Ha'am=, pen-name of Asher Ginzberg, II 423
    Hebrew writer and thinker, II 423, III 59 f
    exponent of Spiritual Zionism, II 48 ff
    associated with Palestinian colonization, III 49
    founder of Order _Bne Moshe_, III 49
    participates in Zionist Convention, III 51
    founder and editor of _Ha-Shiloah_, III 58, 162 f

  =Ahijah=, the prophet, alleged teacher of _Besht_, I 228

  =Aix-la-Chapelle=, Jewish question discussed at Congress of,
            I 398 f

  =Akhal-Tekke=, oasis in Central Asia, offered to Jews for settlement,
            II 306

  =Akmolinsk=, territory of, in Siberia, II 367

  =Aksavok, Ivan=, Russian publicist, advocates limited emancipation
            of Jews, II 208
    defends pogroms, II 278

  =Aktziznik=, Russian name for farmer of excise dues, II 186,
            241

  =Albedinski=, governor-general of Warsaw, suppresses pogrom,
            II 282

  =Albo, Joseph=, philosophic work of, studied in Poland, I 133
            f

  =Alexander the Great=, indirectly responsible for Jewish immigration
            into Eastern Europe, I 13 f

  =Alexander= (=Yaghello=), grand duke of Lithuania
            (1492-1506) and king of Poland (1501-1506), grants
            autonomy to Karaites, I 64 f
    favors Jewish capitalists, I 65, 71
    expels Jews from Lithuania, and confiscates their property
            (1495), I 65
    allows Jews to return to Lithuania and restores their property
            (1503), I 65, 70 f
    attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132

  =Alexander I.=, emperor of Russia (1801-1825), I 335-413
    receives report of "Jewish Committee," I 341 f
    sanctions Jewish Statute of 1804, I 342
    agrees to postponement of expulsion from villages, I 347
    invites Jews to send deputies, I 351
    establishes friendly relations with Napoleon, I 350 f
    orders again expulsion from villages, I 361
    again postpones it, I 352
    Hasidim indebted to, I 356
    releases Shneor Zalman, hasidic leader, I 378
    praises patriotism of Jews, I 358
    accords friendly reception to Jewish deputations, I 358, 359,
            392 f
    appealed to by Christian residents of Vilna and Kovno against
            Jews, I 369 f
    orders investigation of ritual murder, II 74
    issues decree forbidding charge of ritual murder, II 74
    grants autonomy to Poland, II 88
    appoints his brother Constantine military commander of Poland,
            II 16
    receives report on Jews of Poland, II 94
    appealed to by Poles against Jews, II 97, 99
    vetoes Polish law barring Jews from liquor trade, II 94
    reaction under, I 390 ff, 395 ff
    favors conversion of Jews, I 396
    establishes "Society of Israelitish Christians," I 396 f
    refuses to dissolve it, I 400
    sanctions severe measures against "Judaizers," I 403
    receives memorandum of Lewis Way on Jews of Russia, I 398
    renews oppression of Jews, I 404
    decrees expulsion from villages in White Russia, I 406
    appoints new "Jewish Committee," I 407
    objects to residence of Jews in Russian Interior, I 409
    contemplates introduction of military service among Jews, II
            15
    favors agriculture among Jews, II 197, III 24;
      see I 363 ff
    beginnings of revolutionary movement under, I 410

  =Alexander II.=, emperor of Russia (1855-1881), II 154-242
    descendants of Jewish converts prominent during reign of, I
            388
    releases imprisoned Jewish printer, II 124
    confirms sentence of Jews accused of ritual murder, II 152
    pardons them later, II 153
    abolishes juvenile conscription, II 155 f
    sanctions opening of Russian Interior to first guild merchants,
            II 162;
      to university graduates, II 166, 348;
      to artisans, II 170
    promotes handicrafts among Jews, II 346 f
    Jewish trade school named after, III 13
    does not favor agriculture among Jews, II 197
    refuses right of universal residence to "Nicholas Soldiers,"
            II 171 ff;
      finally grants it, II 29, 172
    restricts appointment of rabbis and teachers, II 175
    sanctions removal of Jewish disabilities in Poland, II 95,
            181 f
    admits Jews to bench, III 26
    receives memorandum from Brafman, II 187
    approves of popular representation, II 245
    grants liberties to Zemstvos, II 386
    assassinated, II 243, 279
    influence of, on succeeding reign, II 349
    laws in favor of Jews enacted by, repealed by successor, II
            399
    Jewish policy of, declared ineffective, II 271, 309
    era of, depicted by Mendele Mokher Sforim, III 61

  =Alexander III.=, emperor of Russia (1881-1894), II 243-429
    prejudiced against Jews while yet crown prince, II 202, 203,
            244
    influenced by Pobyedonostzev, II 245
    holds conferences to decide policy of state, II 244
    promises to maintain autocracy, II 246
    receives Jewish deputation, II 260 f
    endorses Ignatyev's anti-Jewish policy, II 272
    appoints Gubernatorial Commissions, II 272
    regrets necessity of suppressing pogroms, II 284
    disregards Jews in coronation manifesto, II 338
    bent on limiting admission of Jews to schools, II 339 f, 349
    closes Jewish school of handicrafts, II 347
    supports anti-Jewish minority of Pahlen Commission, II 370
    affected by "miraculous" escape in railroad accident, II 378
    condemns Jews for Crucifixion, II 379
    reads and supports anti-Semitic papers, II 380
    disregards Solovyov's appeal in favor of Jews, II 390
    appealed to by Mayor of London in favor of Jews, II 390
    angered by London appeal, II 393
    United States Congress decides to appeal to, II 395
    endorses emigration of Jewish proletariat, II 414
    favors liquor state monopoly as anti-Jewish measure, III 22
    refuses petition of Jewish soldiers to remain in Moscow, II
            404
    expels heads of Moscow Jewish community, II 424
    threatens to sell at auction Moscow synagogue, II 424, III
            12
    causes expulsion of Jews from Yalta, II 429, III 18
    death of, II 429
    Jewish sect promises to name children after, II 334

  =Alexandria=, Egypt, emigration from, to South Russia, I 16

  =Alexandra= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, III 100

  =Alexandrovka=, village in Podolia, II 301

  =Alexeyev=, member of Russian Senate, investigates condition
            of Jews, I 347 f, 352

  =Alexeyev=, burgomaster of Moscow, opposes Jews, II 400 f

  =Alexis Michaelovich=, Russian Tzar, annexes Little Russia, I
            152 f, 244
    invades Polish provinces, I 245
    expels Jews from Moghilev, I 153
    persecutes Jews of Vilna, I 154
    imposes death penalty on converts to Judaism, I 253

  =Alexis=, son of Nicholas II, birth of, occasions manifesto,
            III 98

  =Alexius=, Russian priest, converted to Judaism, I 36

  =Alfasi=, work of, studied in Poland, I 118

  =Algiers=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 69

  =Aliens=, Jews in Russian law designated as, II 367

  _Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums_, quoted, II 55
    founded by Ludwig Philippson, II 67, 219
    hails end of persecution in Russia, II 67

  =Alliance, the Holy=, inaugurates European reaction, I 390
    assembles in Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398

  =Alliance Israélite Universelle=, headed by Crémieux, II 153
    suspected by Russian anti-Semites, II 189, 194
    assists Russian-Jewish emigrants, II 268 f, 297
    establishes agricultural settlement in Palestine, II 322

  =Alma=, locality in Crimea, I 26

  =Altaras, Isaac=, of Marseilles, visits Russia, II 69

  =Alter, Isaac Itche Meier=, hasidic leader in Poland, II 122

  =Alubika=, locality in Crimea, I 26

  =Alus=, locality in Crimea, I 26

  =America=, see Argentina and United States

  =American Hebrew, The=, quoted, II 296

  =Amoraim=, names of, collected by Polish rabbi, I 200

  =Amsterdam=, emissary of Sabbatai Zevi active in, I 204
    Jews of, petition Peter the Great, I 246

  =Ananyev= (government of Kherson), pogrom at, II 251

  =Anapa=, see Gorgippia

  =Andreas=, of Brixen, alleged victim of ritual murder, I 179

  =Andrusovo=, Treaty of (1667), provides for cession of Polish
            territory to Russia, I 159;
    and release of prisoners, I 245

  =Anna= (=or Anne=), Russian empress, permits retail trade to
            Jews, I 251
    expels Jews from Little Russia, I 254
    attended by Jewish body-physician, I 258

  =Anti-Semitism=, in Poland, I 281 f, II 94 ff, III 166 ff
    German A., referred to by Russian dignitaries, II 309
    contrasted with Russian, III 6 f
    in Russia, condemned by Russian writers, II 208
    denounced by Solovyov, II 387
    effect on Zionism, III 48 f

  =Anti-Trinitarians=, Christian rationalistic sect in Poland,
            I 79, 136

  =Antwerp=, Russian Jews in, II 420

  =Apostol=, see Daniel Apostol;
    see also Conversion

  =Apter, Joshua Heshel=, hasidic leader, II 121

  =Arabs=, backward condition of, II 375
    Jews in Palestine buy land from, II 422

  =Arakcheyev, Alexis=, Russian reactionary, I 395, 406, II 19

  =Arbeiter Stimme=, socialistic organ in Yiddish, III 56

  =Archangel=, government of, II 367

  =Arendar=, name explained, I 93
    position of, I 93, 112, 265 f
    in the Ukraine, I 141 f, 152
    maltreated by Poles, I 169 f

  =Arendator=, see Arendar

  =Argentina=, emigration of Russian Jews to, II 413, 416 ff, 419

  =Arians=, heterodox Christian sect in Poland, I 91, 136, 164
    Isaac Troki argues with, I 137

  =Aristotle=, studied in Polish yeshibahs, I 120, 126

  =Arisu=, Slavonic tribe, I 26

  =Armenians=, in Crimea, I 34
    in Lemberg, I 53

  =Armleder=, persecution of, drives Jews to Poland, I 50

  =Army=, Jews volunteer in Polish A., I 152, 293 ff, II 105 f
    Jews assist Polish A., in defence of country, I 147 f, 154,
            293
    Jews barred from advancement in Russian A., II 157, 354
    number of Jews disproportionately large in Russian A., II 355
            ff, 394.
    promotion of Jews in Russian A., limited to rank of sergeant,
            II 157
    Third Russian Duma proposes exclusion of Jews from, III 155
            f
    See Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers

  =Aronovich, Joseph=, Polish-Jewish patriot, I 394

  =Artemisia=, name of Jewess in Crimea, I 16

  =Arthur=, president of United States, submits to Congress papers
            relating to Russian Jews, II 294

  =Artisans=, Jews form 50% of A., in Poland, I 264
    excluded from Christian trade-guilds, I 266
    form special estate in Russia, I 308
    form part of "burgher class," II 405
    encouraged in Jewish Statute of 1804, I 344
    opposed by Christian trade-guilds, I 360
    exempted from military service, II 20
    granted right of residence outside Pale, II 161, 168, 170
    fictitious A., in St. Petersburg, II 343 f
    restricted to products of their own workmanship, II 347
    wives of, forbidden to engage in trade, II 385
    attempt to withdraw from, right of residence outside Pale,
            II 399
    school for A., closed, II 347
    bank for A., opposed, III 25 f
    expelled from Moscow, II 402, III 14
    Baron Hirsch's gift in favor of, declined, II 415

  =Asefat Hakamim=, Hebrew magazine, II 223

  =Ash, Shalom=, Yiddish novelist and playwright, III 162

  =Asher=, rabbi in Cracow, I 104 f

  =Ashkenasi, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132

  =Asia, Central=, steppes of, suggested for settlement of Russian
            Jews, II 285, 306

  =Asia Minor=, emigration from, to Black Sea coast, I 13 f, 16
    establishment of Jewish state in, advocated, I 412;
      see also Turkey

  =Assimilation=, see Polonization and Russification

  "=Assortment=" (classification), of Jews, decreed by Nicholas
            I., II 64 ff, 141 ff
    reflected in manifesto of Alexander II., II 157

  =Astrakhan= (city), ancient Khazar capital situated near, I 19

  =Astrakhan= (government), mosques destroyed in, I 254
    opened to Jewish agriculturists, I 342
    villages in, forbidden to Jews, I 343
    Jews compared with Kalmycks in, II 367

  =Atyeney ("Athenaeum")=, Russian magazine, defends Jews, II 208

  =Augustus II.=, king of Poland (1697-1704), I 167
    ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168
    expels Jews from Sandomir, I 173

  =Augustus III.=, king of Poland (1733-1763), I 167
    ratifies Jewish privileges, I 168, 180
    appealed to by Jews of Posen, I 175
    acquits Jews of ritual murder charge, I 176
    grants safe conduct to Frankists, I 215
    acts as God-father to Frank, I 218
    Austria, Jews flee from, to Poland, I 66
    Polish Jews export goods to, I 67
    Polish Jews pass, on way to Palestine, I 209
    shares in partitioning of Polish territory, I 186, 262, 274,
            371
    Frank stays in, I 220
    Berek Yoselevich arrested in, I 297
    wages war against duchy of Warsaw, I 303
    forbids Jews to communicate with Paris, I 346 f
    represented at Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, I 398 f
    Jews of, forbidden to settle in Russia (1824), I 409
    grants emancipation to Jews, II 30
    imposes military duty on Jews, II 30
    Jewish policy of, serves as model for Russia, II 46, 49
    Israel of Ruzhin escapes to, II 121
    Parliament of, meets in Kremsier, II 177
    Jewish socialists expelled from, II 224
    Russian-Jewish students in, II 351
    Government of, supports plans of Baron Hirsch, II 416
    anti-Semitism rampant in, III 42

  =Autocracy=, upheld by Alexander III., II 246;
    by Nicholas II., III 8
    re-establishment of, favored by Black Hundred, III 149

  =Autoemancipation=, doctrine of, propounded by Leo Pinsker, II
            330 ff
    contrasted with emancipation, II 331

  =Autonomism=, national-cultural, doctrine of, propounded by Dubnow,
            III 41, 51 ff
    adopted as political platform, III 144

  =Autonomy=, Jewish, in ancient Tauris, I 16
    granted, or confirmed, by kings of Poland, I 52, 53, 62, 72
            f, 83 f, 98, 104, 105
    rise and development of, I 103 ff, 188 ff
    _magna charta_ of (1551), I 105 ff
    curtailment of, advocated by Poles, I 273, 280 f, 282
    Jews of Poland plead for preservation of, I 291
    recognized by Russian Government (1776), I 308 ff
    curtailed by it (1795), I 319 f
    recognized in modified form in Statute of 1804, I 344
    larger amount of, demanded by Jews, I 349
    abolition of, recommended by Council of State (1840), II 49
    abolished by Nicholas I. (1844), II 59 ff
    scheme of, proposed for kingdom of Poland, II 92
    abolished in Poland (1822), II 102
    abolition of last remnants of, recommended by Committee of
            Russian Government, II 195
    St. Petersburg Jews, plead for, II 370
    demanded by adherents of national-cultural Autonomism, III
            53 f;
      by "Bund," III 57;
      by Vilna community, III 109;
      by League for Equal Rights, III 112;
      by Russian Jewry in general, III 161;
      see also Kahal

  =Azariah=, alleged biblical prophet, quoted to substantiate ritual
            murder libel, II 73

  =Azov, Sea of=, Jewish settlements on shores of, I 14 f
    movement of Khazars towards, I 19

  =Baal-Shem=, name explained, I 223
    Joel, I 203
    founder of Hasidism acting as, I 224
    _Israel Baal-Shem-Tob_, see Israel

  =Bab Al-Abwab= (now Derbent), city in Caucasia, I 26

  =Babunj=, land of, synagogue destroyed in, I 22

  =Babylonia=, Judaism of, influences Khazars, I 20
    scholars of, invited by Khazars 21, I 27
    Poland compared with, I 122

  =Baer=, of Lubavici, head of _Habad_ sect, II 117

  =Baer=, of Mezherich, disciple of Israel _Baal-Shem-Tob_, I 227,
            I 229 f, I 232
    disciples of, carry Hasidism to North, I 234;
      establish Hasidism in Poland, I 33, 34
    great-grandson of Israel of Ruzhin, II 120

  =Bagdad=, caliphate of, relation of Khazars to, I 22
    city of, threatened by Russians, I 26 f
    Gaon of, communicates with Jewish scholars in Russia, I 33

  =Bahurs=, or Yeshibah students, supported by Jewish communities
            in Poland, I 116
    large number of in Lithuania, II 113
    affected by _pilpul_ method, I 119
    study Aristotle, I 120

  =Bak-Tadlud=, city in Caucasia, I 26

  =Bakchi-Sarai=, Tartar capital, I 35

  =Bakst=, professor, attends Jewish conference in St. Petersburg,
            II 304
    opposes Jewish emigration from Russia, II 306

  =Balkan Peninsula=, movement of Khazars towards, I 20

  =Balta= (Podolia), pogrom at, II 299 ff, 314, 316, 321
    rabbi of, pleads for rioters, II 316
    visited by governor-general, II 316 f
    Jewish community of, sends deputation to St. Petersburg, II
            316 f

  =Baltic Provinces=, number of Jews in, II 168
    new Jewish settlers expelled from, II 32
    Jews barred from (1835), II 40
    expulsion of old settlers from, repealed, II 428
    in throes of terrorism (1905), III 130;
    see Courland and Livonia

  =Bank=, St. Petersburg lawyer, member of Jewish deputation to
            Alexander III., II 261

  =Baptism=, see Conversion

  =Bar= (Podolia), massacre at, I 149
    Polish conference of, I 183

  =Bar=, the Russian, established 1864, II 173
    Jews admitted to, II 73
    excluded from, II 352 f; III 26 f
    Bar Association of St. Petersburg protests against Beilis case,
            II 166

  =Baranov=, Russian Senator, dispatched to White Russia, I 406

  "=Bare-Footed Brigade=," the, nickname for tramps, II 253
    active in pogroms, 253, 256

  =Bartnit=, city in Crimea, I 26

  =Baruch=, see Borukh

  =Bashi-Buzuks=, Turkish irregular troops, II 253
    pogrom makers compared with, II 253, 289

  =Basil=, the Macedonian, emperor of Byzantium, persecutes Jews,
            I 23

  =Basil=, Christian martyr, I 17

  =Basil=, grand duke of Moscow, I 242

  =Basle=, Council of, adopts canonical laws against Jews, I 63
    Zionist Congresses at, III 44 f, 84 f, 144
    "Program," III 44;
      modified by Ahad Ha'am, 50

  =Basurman=, Russian name for non-Orthodox, I 35

  =Batory, Stephen=, king of Poland (1576-1586), forbids charge
            of ritual murder and desecration, I 89, 96
    ratifies and amplifies Jewish privileges, I 89
    defends Jews of Posen, I 90
    patronizes Jesuites, I 90 f
    grants license to Jewish printer, I 131
    attended by Jewish body-physician, I 132
    recaptures city of Polotzk, I 243

  =Bavaria=, Wagenseil, anti-Jewish writer, native of, I 138
    Max Lilienthal, native of, II 52

  =Beaconsfield, Earl of=, champions equal rights for Jews, II
            202
    hostile to Russia, II 288

  =Beards=, shaving of (and of earlocks), recommended by Polish
            reformers, I 282, and by Kalmansohn, I 385
    "bearded regiment" in Warsaw, II 106;
    see Earlocks

  =Beilis, Mendel=, accused of ritual murder, III 82, 164 ff
    nickname for Jews in Poland, III 167

  =Bekri, Al-=, Arabic writer, quoted, I 21

  =Belza=, Polish judge, arranges libel against Jews, I 101

  =Belzhytz= (Province of Lublin), Jacob of, author of polemical
            treatise in Polish, I 136

  =Bench=, the Russian, Jews excluded from, II 352 f, III 26

  =Benckendorff=, chief of Russian gendarmerie, II 21

  =Benedict XIV.=, appealed to by Jews of Poland, I 179

  =Benjacob=, bibliographer in Vilna, II 136

  =Benjamin=, king of Khazars, I 26

  =Benjamin of Tudela=, Jewish traveller, I 32; II 233

  =Benjamin II.= (Joseph Israel), Jewish traveller, II 233

  =Benjamin III.=, name of fictitious traveller in Yiddish and
            Hebrew novel, II 233

  =Berdychev= (government of Kiev), Levi Itzhok, hasidic leader,
            resident of, I 232 f, 382
    Jews of, release fellow-Jews from prison, I 266
    Jews of, support Polish cause, I 292
    Tobias Feder, Hebrew writer, of, I 388
    Max Lilienthal accorded friendly reception at, II 56
    Halperin, resident of, member of Rabbinical Commission, II
            57
    Mendele Mokher Sforim, resident of, II 232
    pogrom at, averted by Jewish self-defence, II 256 f
    visited by White, representative of Baron Hirsch, II 418
    Jewish community of, signs petition for equal rights, III 108

  =Berdychevsky, Micah Joseph=, Hebrew writer, III 60

  =Berek=, Kahal elder, I 172

  =Berek Yoselovich=, see Yoselovich

  =Bergson, Jacob=, prominent Jew of Warsaw, II 103

  =Berkovich, Joseph=, son of Berek Yoselovich, calls for Jewish
            volunteers to Polish army, II 105

  =Berlin= (Germany), Mendelssohn circle in, centre of enlightenment,
            I 238
    attracts Jewish students from Poland and Russia, I 239, 388,
            II 114
    "Berliner" synonymous with heretic, I 278, 384
    enlightenment of, hated by hasidic leaders, I 383
    influences Warsaw, I 300 f, 384 f
    epidemic of conversions in, I 388
    Congress of, II 202
    Jewish socialists in, II 223
    stock-exchange of, affected by pogrom at Rostov, II 358
    refugees from Moscow arrive in, II 408
    Russian Jews emigrate to, II 420
    place of publication, I 386, III 51, 52, 58, 60

  =Berlin, Shmerka=, of Velizh, accused of ritual murder, II 75,
            77

  =Berlin, Slava=, wife of former, arrested on same charge, II
            77

  =Berlin=, Jewish scholar, member of Jewish deputation to Alexander
            III., II 261

  =Berliner, A.=, quoted, I 179

  =Bernardine Monks=, in Poland, active in ritual murder libel,
            I 100 f, 177

  =Bersohn=, Polish-Jewish writer, quoted, I 105

  =Berthenson, I.=, converted Jew, Russian court physician, II
            214

  =Besht=, see Israel Baal-Shem-Tob

  =Bessarabetz=, anti-Semitic paper in Kishinev, III 169 ff

  =Bessarabia=, included in Pale (1835), II 40
    Jewish agricultural colonies in, II 72
    expulsions from, II 385
    anti-Semitic agitation in, III 69 ff
    von Raaben, governor of, III 74, 77
    Urussov, governor of, III 93, 97;
    see Kishinev

  =Bezalel=, Jewish tax-farmer in Poland, I 167

  =Bezalel=, of Kobrin, Hebrew author, I 201

  =Bialocerkiew=, see Byelaya Tzerkov

  =Bibikov=, governor-general of Kiev, criticises Jews in official
            report, II 47
    arrests Israel of Ruzhyn, II 120 f

  =Bialik, Hayyim Nahman=, Hebrew poet, III 63, 162
    composes poem on Kishinev massacre, III 79 f

  =Bialystok=, province of, annexed by Prussia (1795), I 297

  =Bialystok= (city, government of Grodno), Samuel Mohilever, rabbi
            of, II 378
    Poles threaten massacre of Russians and Jews in, I 357
    Jewish labor movement in, III 55
    pogroms at, III 114 f, 120, 136 f;
      discussed by First Russian Duma, 137 f

  =Bible=, studied by Khazars, I 21
    taught in Yiddish translation in Poland, I 114
    study of, encouraged by Isaac Baer Levinsohn, II 126

  =Bible Society=, of London, model of Russian Bible Society, I
            396
    Lewis Way, representative of, champions cause of Russian Jews,
            I 397

  =Bible Society=, the Russian, established under Alexander I.,
            I 396

  =Bielsk= (Lithuania), Jew of, accused of ritual murder, I 87

  _Bielski_, Polish chronicler, quoted, I 80

  "=Bilu=," society of Palestinian pioneers, organized in Kharkov,
            II 321 f

  =Bismarck=, German chancellor, favors equal rights for Jews,
            II 202

  =Black Death=, the, stimulates immigration of Jews into Poland,
            I 50
    penetrates to Poland, I 52
    ravages of 1648 compared with those of, I 157

  =Black Hundred=, the, patronized by Nicholas II., III 113, 151
    deputation of, received by Nicholas II., III 131
    supposed to number 100,000, III 126
    organized as "League of Russian People," III 141
    gain in Second Duma, III 142
    triumph of, III 149 ff
    active in organizing pogroms, III 113 ff, 124 ff, 126 ff, 136
    engineer Beilis case, III 164 ff
    take advantage of Jewish rightlessness, III 132
    intimidate Jews during elections, III 134, 153
    insult Jewish deputies in Duma, III 156;
    see League of the Russian People

  =Black Sea=, the, ancient Jewish settlements on shores of, I
            13 ff
    Khazars move in direction of, I 19, 28
    Petahiah of Ratisbon travels to, I 33
    establishment of Jewish colonies in neighborhood of, advocated,
            I 331

  =Blaine, James G.=, American Secretary of State, expresses resentment
            at persecution of Russian Jews, II 395 f

  =Blinov=, Russian student, killed while defending Jews, III 116

  =Blondes, David=, Jewish barber in Vilna, accused of ritual murder,
            III 37

  =Board of Deputies=, Jewish organization in London, pleads for
            Russian Jews, II 262

  =Bobovnya= (government of Minsk), Jewish convert from, slanders
            Jews, II 80
    Jewish community of, protests against denial of Jewish franchise,
            III 121

  =Bobrov, District of= (government of Voronyezh), Judaizing sect
            spreads to, I 401

  =Bogdanov=, Russian soldier, accuses Jews of ritual murder, II
            151

  =Bogdanovich=, Russian general, organizes pogroms, III 125 f

  =Bogolepov=, Minister of Public Instruction, bars Jews from schools,
            III 27 f
    assassinated by Russian terrorist, 29

  =Bogrov, Grigory=, Russian-Jewish writer, II 241 f

  =Bogrov=, assassinates Stolypin, III 164 f

  =Bohemia=, visited by Pethahiah of Ratisbon, I 33
    oppressed Jews of, emigrate to Poland, I 41
    Jews from, form community in Cracow, I 104
    Magdenburg Law adopted in many parts of, I 41
    talmudic learning carried from, to Poland, I 122
    Mordecai Jaffe, native of, famous rabbi in Poland, I 127
    Jews of, apply to Polish rabbis for religious guidance, I 125

  =Boleslav the Pious= (_Polish_, Boleslav Pobozny), of Kalish,
            prince of Great Poland, grants charter to Jews, I 45 ff
    charter of, ratified by successors, I 51, 59;
      embodied in Polish code of law, I 71

  =Boleslav the Shy= (_Polish_, Boleslav Wstydliwy), Polish prince,
            encourages immigration of Germans, I 44

  =Bona Sporza=, Polish queen, sells office of state, I 76

  =Bonaparte=, see Napoleon

  =Border Zone=, along Polish-Prussian and
            Polish-Austrian border (Twenty-one-Verst Zone), barred
            to Jews by Polish Government (1823), II 95
    law excluding Jews from, repealed by Alexander II., II 95,
            181
    along Western Russian border (Fifty-Verst Zone), villages in,
            barred to new Jewish settlers (1835), II 40, 366
    expulsion of Jews from entire B. Z. ordered, II 63;
      but not executed, II 64
    new attempt to expel Jews from, II 385

  =Borispol= (government of Poltava), pogrom at, II 267

  =Borki= (government of Kherson), railroad accident to Alexander
            III., in neighborhood of, affects his policies, II 378

  =Borukh Leibov=, Jewish tax-farmer, I 249
    publicly executed, I 251 ff

  =Borukh Shklover=, translates Euclid into Hebrew, I 381

  =Borukh of Tulchyn=, hasidic leader, I 232
    succeeded by Joshua Heshel, II 121

  =Bosporan Era, The=, I 15

  =Bosporus=, the Cimmerian, or Taurian, also called Panticapaeum
            (now Kerch), ancient Jewish community in, I 14 f
    Greco-Jewish inscription found in, I 15
    bishop of, instructed to convert Jews, I 18

  =Boycott=, economic, against Jews in Poland, III 166 ff

  =Brafman, Jacob=, Jewish apostate, accuses Jews of forming illegal
            Kahal organization, II 187 ff
    author of "Book of the Kahal," I 189
    accuses _Alliance Israélite_ of heading world Kahal, II 189
    accuses Society for Diffusion of Enlightenment of forming part
            of Kahal, II 216
    influences Russian authorities, II 190, 193 ff, 240
    example of, followed by Lutestanski, II 202

  =Bramson, L.=, member of Central Committee of League for Equal
            Rights, III 112
    deputy to First Russian Duma, III 134

  =Bratzlav= (Podolia), Polish deputy from, objects to extension
            of Jewish rights, I 288
    Nahman of, leader of "Bratzlav Hasidim," I 382 f; II 121 f
    former name for government of Podolia, I 317

  =Breslau=, Church Council of, adopts anti-Jewish restrictions,
            I 47 ff;
      ratified by Church Council of Kalish, I 57
    visited by Solomon Maimon, I 239

  =Brest-Kuyavsk=, name explained, I 75
    anti-Jewish riot in, I 75
    home of Jacob Koppelman, Hebrew author, I 133

  =Brest-Litovsk=, name explained, I 75
    Jews of, form important community, I 59, 73
    Jewish community of, represented in Polish Federation of Kahals,
            I 110;
      and later in Lithuanian Federation, I 112
    Jewish community of, headed by Saul Udich (Saul Wahl), I 94
    Michael Yosefovich, tax-farmer, native of, I 72
    Mendel Frank, rabbi of, I 73, 104
    supposed former rabbi of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I
            173
    Jews expelled from (1495), I 65
    Jews of, express loyalty to Sigismund I., I 81
    Jews of, protected by Sigismund III., I 94
    Jews of, import goods to Moscow, I 243
    Starosta of, upholds authority of Kahal, I 190
    Kahal of, upbraided by Polish authorities for delaying elections,
            I 192
    pogroms in (17th century), I 99, 161 (May, 1905), III 119

  =Briskin, Arye=, Jewish apostate, informs against Jews of Mstislavl,
            II 85

  =British East Africa=, see Uganda

  =British Government, The=, see England

  =Brodski=, Jewish merchant of Kiev, offers to establish trade
            bank, III 25 f

  =Brody= (Galicia), rabbis assembled at, excommunicate Frankists,
            I 214;
    and Hasidim, I 237
    Besht settles in, 223
    Jewish merchants of, settling in Odessa, spread Haskalah, II
            133
    rallying-point of pogrom refugees, II 268 f, 321

  =Bruchsaal= (Germany), Alexander I., receives Jewish deputation
            at, I 359, 391

  =Bruhl=, Polish Prime Minister, I 180

  =Brünn=, capital of Moravia, Jacob Frank settles in, I 219

  =Brussels=, newspaper in, defends Russian Government, II 393;
      place of publication, II 178

  =Bryce, James=, English statesman, addresses London protest meeting
            against pogroms, II 290

  =Buarezm=, see Khwarizm

  =Buchner, Abraham=, Polish assimilationist, II 103 f

  =Buckee=, influences Russian-Jewish _intelligenzia_, II 209

  =Buda= (Ofen), Hungary, Church Council of, passes anti-Jewish
            restrictions, I 49;
      ratified by Council of Kalish, I 57

  =Budak=, city in Crimea, I 26

  =Budberg=, Russian Minister for Foreign Affairs, member of Committee
            to consider Jewish legislation, I 347

  =Budek=, Polish priest, foments anti-Jewish agitation in Cracow,
            I 56

  =Budny, Simon=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with Jews,
            I 136

  =Budushchnost= ("The Future"), Zionist weekly in Russian, III
            59

  =Buenos Ayres=, Russian Jewish immigrants settle in, II 421

  =Bukovina, The=, I 150
    Hasidism gains footing in, II 121

  =Bulan=, King of Khazars, embraces Judaism, I 21, 25

  =Bulgar, The=, Slav tribe, I 26

  =Bulgaria=, on the way to Khazaria, I 25
    called upon by Congress of Berlin to grant equality to Jews,
            II 202
    villages in, attacked by Bashibuzuks, II 253, 289

  =Bulgarin, Thaddeus=, Russian anti-Semitic writer, II 139

  =Bulyghin=, Russian Minister of Interior, receives rescript from
            Nicholas II. concerning Duma, III 110
    Chairman of Committee to discuss Jewish franchise, III 121
    recommends denial of Jewish franchise, III 122
    "the Bulyghin Constitution" published, III 124

  "=Bund=," League of the Jewish Workingmen of Lithuania, Poland,
            and Russia, organized (1897), III 56 ff
    holds secret conventions, III 56 f
    demands Jewish-national rights, III 57
    arranges demonstrations, III 68;
      and strikes, III 130
    held responsible for pogroms, III 89
    boycotts First Duma, III 134
    refuses co-operation with other Jewish parties, III 111, 148;
    see Revolutionary Movement and Socialism

  =Burghers= form estate in Poland, I 44
    hostile to Jews, I 70
    enter into relations with, I 84 f
    receive civil rights from Polish Diet, I 279
    form estate in Russia, I 308
    restricted in right of transit, I 322
    bear burden of conscription, II 23, 29;
      later relieved, II 200
    subject to corporal punishment, II 405
    artisans included in estate of, II 405
    segregation of Jews as unsettled B. proposed by Nicholas I.,
            142 f

  =Burgomaster=, office of, barred to Jews, II 199, 425

  =Burtas=, Slav tribe, I 26

  =Butrymovich= (_Polish_, Butrymowicz), Polish deputy, member
            of Jewish Commission, I 264, 287 f
    offers plan of Jewish reform, I 271, 274, 281 ff, 283
    his plan used as a model, I 326 f, 385

  =Byelaya Tzerkov= (_Polish_, Bialocerkiew), Treaty of (1651),
            readmits Jews to Ukraina, I 152

  =Byzantine Sea, The=, see Black Sea

  =Byzantium, Empire of=, influences Jewish colonies in Tauris,
            I 17 ff
    Jews persecuted in, I 23 f
    Jews emigrate from, to Tauris, I 28
    relation of, to Khazars, I 19 ff
    defeats Khazars in Crimea, I 28
    relation of, to Russia, I 30
    relations of Hasdai Ibn Shaprut with, I 24

  =Cabala=, firmly entrenched in Poland, I 134 f
    attracts Solomon Luria, I 126
    esteemed and defended by Joel Sirkis, I 130, 133
    vies with Rabbinism, I 199
    study of, forbidden before the age of forty, I 214
    adopted by sect of Frankists, I 214
    studied by Elijah of Vilna, I 235
    preached by Nohum of Chernobyl, I 382

  =Cabala=, Practical, name explained, I 134
    spreads in Poland, I 134 f, 202 ff
    introduced from Italy, I 208
    studied and pursued by Besht, I 222 f, 224

  =Cadets, The=, see Constitutional Democrats

  =Calahora, Arie-Leib=, Jewish martyr in Posen, I 174 f

  =Calahora, Mattathiah=, Jewish martyr in Cracow, I 164 f

  =Calahora, Solomon=, Polish court physician, I 132

  =Caliphate=, Eastern, or Caliphate of Bagdad, checks movement
            of Khazars, I 19
    relation of, to Khazars, I 22

  =Caliphate, of Cordova=, connected by Hasdai ibn Shaprut with
            other lands, I 24

  =Calvinists=, in Poland, welcome invading Swedes, I 155

  =Candia=, Delmedigo, author, born in, I 134

  =Campe=, German author, work of, translated into Hebrew, II 134

  =Canada=, Jewish emigration from Russia to, II 421
    immigration of Dukhobortzy, Russian sect, to, III 10

  =Candidate=, learned degree in Russia, term explained, II 165

  =Candle Tax=, see Tax

  =Canterbury, Archbishop of=, sends representative to London protest
            meeting against pogroms, II 289
    joins pogrom relief committee, II 291

  =Cantonists=, or juvenile recruits, name explained, II 19
    institution by Nicholas I., II 19
    sent to outlying Russian provinces, II 24 f
    hunters, or "captors," of, II 23
    martyrdom of, II 24 ff
    forced conversion of, II 26, 45
    institution of, not extended to Poland, II 109
    abolished by Alexander II., II 156;
      see Conscription, Military Service, Recruits, and Soldiers

  =Capistrano=, papal legate, "Scourge of the Jews," I 62

  =Capitals=, the Russian (St. Petersburg and Moscow), Jewish first
            and second guild merchants permitted to visit (1835), II 40
    Jewish physicians, though admitted into Interior, excluded
            from (1865), III 167
    admission of Jews to schools of, restricted to 3%, II 350
    admission of Jews to universities of, restricted to 2%, III
            29

  =Capiton=, Christian martyr, I 17

  =Carlowitz=, Treaty of (1699), returns Podolia to Poland, I 208

  =Carmelites=, Church of, in Posen, holds demonstration against
            Jews, I 95
    monk, member of, accuses Jews of ritual murder, I 100
    bring law suit against Jews of Posen, I 174

  =Caro, Joseph=, author of _Beth-Yoseph_, I 123
    author of Shulhan-Arukh, see Shulhan-Arukh

  =Carpathian Mountains, The=, Besht retires to, I 223

  =Casimir the Great= (1333-1370), king of Poland, rejuvenates
            country, I 50 f
    ratifies and amplifies Jewish charter of Boleslav, I 51 f
    annexes Red Russia, I 42, 53
    grants autonomy to Jews of Lemberg, I 53
    infatuated with Jewess, I 53 f
    charter of, ratified by Vitovt, I 59
    referred to as patron of Jews, II 98

  =Casimir IV.=, king of Poland (1447-1492), pursues liberal policy
            towards Jews, I 61 f
    grants Jews new charter, I 61 f
    attacked by archbishop of Cracow, I 62
    forced to rescind Jewish privileges, I 63
    fines magistracy of Cracow for permitting riots against Jews,
            I 64
    charter of, ratified by Sigismund II., I 83

  =Casimir the Just=, Polish ruler, Jews active as ministers during
            reign of, I 42

  =Caspian Sea, The=, called Sea of Jorjan, I 23
    Khazars settled on shores of, I 19, 26;
      dislodged from, I 28

  =Castellan=, title of Polish official, explained, I 287

  =Catherine I.=, empress of Russia, changes and deports Jewish
            tax-farmer (1727), I 249

  =Catherine II.=, The Great (1762-1796), empress of Russia, fictitious
            ukase of, permitting pogroms, I 183
    refuses to admit Jews into Russia, I 259 f;
      and into Little Russia, I 260 f
    attitude of, towards Jews of annexed Polish provinces, I 306
            ff
    appealed to by the Jews of White Russia, I 311 f
    attitude of, towards Jews, changes for worse, I 314 ff
    lays foundation of Pale of Settlement, I 314 ff
    favors removal of Jews from villages, I 319, 366
    curtails Jewish autonomy, I 319, 366
    endeavors to destroy "Jewish separateness," I 367
    admits Jews to South Russia, I 316
    substitutes term "Yevrey" for "Zhyd," I 320

  =Caucasus, The=, ancient trade route leading through, I 23
    Khazars originate from, I 19
    Khazars occupy cities in, I 26
    Jewish agriculturists permitted to settle in (1804), I 342;
      but not in villages of, I 343
    "Judaizers" deported to, I 403
    ritual murder trial in, II 204

  =Censorship=, over Hebrew books, exercised by Council of Four
            Lands, I 195 f
    Government C. advocated by Polish reformers, I 723, 281
    disregard of, severely punished, II 123
    enforcement of, advocated by I. B. Levinsohn, II 130
    hasidic books subjected to, II 212
    Russian C., hampers Maskilim in Vilna, II 136
    interferes with Jewish press, I 219 f
    suppresses _ha-Emet_, II 223;
      _Voskhod_, 407, III 98;
      _Novosti_, II 407
    rages throughout Russia, II 371
    suppresses news of pogroms, II 302, 358;
      and of Moscow expulsion, II 407
    prevents Russian press from expressing sympathy with Jews,
            II 387
    forbids Russian press to publish collective statements concerning
            Jews, II 387
    confiscates pamphlet defending Jews, II 388
    grants full scope to anti-Semitic press, III 31;
    see also Printing

  =Census=, of the Jewish population, in Poland (1764), I 197
    in White Russia (1772), I 307
    in Russia (1816-1819), I 390
    Jews of Vilna released from municipal C. (1682), I 166;
    see Statistics

  =Central Committee=, see Committee

  =Champagny=, French Cabinet Minister, conducts negotiations with
            Polish Government, I 299

  =Charles IX.=, French king, succeeded by Henry, Polish king, I
            89

  =Charles XII.=, Swedish king, invades Poland, I 154 ff, 169

  =Charnetzki=, Polish general, massacres Jews, I 155 f

  =Charter=, granted to Jews by Leshek, prince of Poland (905),
            I 40
    issued by Boleslav of Kalish (1264), I 45 ff
    included in Polish code of law (1505), I 71
    ratified and amplified by Casimir the Great, I 51 f;
      burned, I 61
    issued by Vitovt, grand duke of Lithuania (1388), I 59 f
    granted by Casimir IV. (1447), I 61 f
    granted to Jews of Lithuania by Sigismund I. (1540), I 81
    ratified by Sigismund II. (1548), I 83 f
    old Ch's. ratified by Stephen Batory, I 89;
      by Vishniovetzki, I 160;
      by Augustus II., I 168;
      by Augustus III., I 168, 180
    Ch. of Jewish autonomy issued by Sigismund II. (1551), I 105
            ff
    Ch. demanding admission of Jews into Russia sent by Sigismund
            II. to Ivan the Terrible (1550), I 243
    granted to Jews of Cracow by John Casimir (1661), I 159
    "Golden Ch." by Catherine the Great, permitting pogroms, I
            183
    Theodor Herzl seeks to obtain Ch. from Sultan, III 84
    offered by British Government for colonization of Uganda, III
            84;
    see also Statute

  =Chartoriski (or Chartoryski), Adam=, member of Committee for
            Amelioration of Jews, I 335
    chairman of Committee to consider Jewish question in Poland,
            II 89, 91
    opposes liberal project of Novosiltzev, II 93

  =Chatzki, Thaddeus=, Polish historian, makes special study of
            Jewish problem, I 263 ff
    proposes Jewish reforms, I 271, 288
    suggestions of, adopted by others, I 327, 385

  =Chatzkin=, Russian-Jewish journalist, II 207

  =Chazars=, see Khazars

  =Chekhovich, Martin=, Polish theologian, holds disputations with
            Jews, I 136 f

  =Chenstokhov= (_Polish_, Czenstochowa), province of Piotrkov,
            Jacob Frank imprisoned in, I 218 f
    occupied by Russian troops, I 219
    pogrom at, III 36 f

  =Cherkaski=, Count, burgomaster of Moscow, favors limitation
            of Jews in municipal government, II 199

  =Cherkassy= (government of Kiev), hasidic center, II 120

  =Chernigov= (city), Jews of, exterminated, I 149
    pogrom at, III 128
    ritual murder at Gorodnya, in neighborhood of, I 247
    home of Isaac, early Russian-Jewish scholar, I 33
    home of Litman Veigin, merchant, II 38

  =Chernigov= (province or government), subject to Poland, I 140
    closed to Jews (1649), I 151
    opened again to Jews (1651), I 152
    Jews of, exterminated, I 157
    ceded to Russia (1667), I 159
    few Jews left in, I 246
    made part of Pale (1794), I 317, II 40
    pogroms in localities of, II 257, 267, 315, 411, III 129
    court of, sentences rioters, II 315
    Jews expelled from villages of, II 341
    governor of, misapplies laws relating to Jews, II 341
    governor of, permits Jews to open stores on Christian holidays,
            II 411
    localities in: