because they could not furnish him with Gold, nor direct him where it
was to be had.

[Sidenote: The _Granadilla_-Apple.]

Besides the _Canela_-Tree, this Countrey also produceth in great plenty
the Tree which beareth the Apples _Granadilla_, exceeding good against
burning Feavers; the Leaves are like Ivy, the Blossom resembling the
Sun, and the long Leaves speckled with Red and White, open three hours
after Sun-rising, and close again before the Evening, just as if Nature
took care to preserve the beauty of the Flower.

[Sidenote: Towns and Places of chief note.]

In this part of the Province the chief are, 1. _Baeza_, otherwise call’d
_Quixos_, built in the Year 1559. by _Ramires de Avila_, eighteen
Leagues from _Cusco_.

2. _Archidona_, twenty Leagues to the South-East of _Baeza_. 3. _Avila._
4. _Sevilla del Oro_, all of them _Spanish_ Colonies.

The Territories _Pacomores_ and _Yguansongo_, otherwise call’d _The
Countrey of Juan de Salinas_, are said both to extend above a hundred
Leagues in length, and little less in breadth. The Fields afford store
of Pasture for Cattel, the Plough’d Lands produce Wheat and all sorts of
wholsom Herbs; and in some places are also rich Gold-Mines.

The Governor _Layola_ built four Towns here, _viz._ 1. _Valladolid_; 2.
_Loyola_; 3. _San Jago de los Montanas_; and 4. _Caruma_.

The Jesuit _Acosta_ relates, That not far from _Caruma_ he found great
Stones, some of which were full of Golden Veins, but were hard to be cut
from the Rock. Most of the Gold is found in the Sand of several Rivers,
the chiefest whereof flow through _Quito_, _New Granada_, _Valdivia_ in
_Chili_, and _Caravaya_ in _Peru_.

On the Point of _Quito_, the River _San Jago_ falls into the Southern
Ocean; the Ground in the Mouth of the River being very uneven, for
oftentimes the Ships are fast aground at the Stern, and on Head they
have above eighty Fathom Water; yet nevertheless the Shoals are no ways
dangerous.

South-West from _St. Jago_ lies the spacious Inlet _Mattheo_, and the
Promontory _Francisco_, known by its Banks and high Grounds, which shew
red and white at a great distance.

Not far from hence, exactly under the _Equinox_, appears _Cape Passao_,
flat and low; between which and _Mattheo_, the great Rivers _Los
Quiximes_ fall into the Sea.

Behind _Passao_ rises the high Mountain _Quaque_; and more Westerly the
Bay _Caraques_ affords a secure Harbor for all manner of Vessels.

Next you come to the Town _Puerto Viejo_ before mention’d, lying behind
the Island _Laurenso_.

Five Leagues off at Sea, before _Laurenzo_, lies the Island _Plata_,
formerly famous for a _Peruvian_ Temple, in which the Natives Sacrifis’d
Sheep, and sometimes Children, and painted the Figures of divers Persons
with the Blood; to which they also Offer’d Jewels, Gold, Silver, Wooll,
Cotton Shirts, and Cloaks. _Francisco Pizarro_ arriving here, got an
invaluable Mass of Treasure; but at present it lying desolate, affords
nothing but Brambles and wild Trees.

The next which come in view are the Havens _Callo_ and _Zalango_, where
there are safe Harbors, good Wood and Water.

The Cape of _St. Helena_ makes also a secure Road on the North, and on
its Shore hath a Spring, on the top of whose Waters swims a certain Gum,
by the Natives call’d _Copey_, exceeding good to make Ships tight.

The River _Tumbez_ falls into a large Bay, which on its North-East Point
near the Main Land, hath the Island _Puna_, ten Leagues in
circumference: The Soyl whereof produces abundance of _Maiz_, _Fuca_,
and other good Roots, besides great Woods full of fruitful Trees, and
_Sarsaparilla_. The Inhabitants of a brown Complexion, and middle
Stature, wear Cotton Cloaks, and Chains of _Chaquira_ and Precious
Stones: They drive a great Trade, and formerly maintain’d Wars with the
People inhabiting upon the River _Tumbez_; their great want is fresh
Water in the Summer. _Thomas Candish_ Landing here _Anno 1587._ found a
Ship hal’d ashore, and three Villages, in one of which stood a Palace
belonging to a _Casique_, surrounded with Stone Galleries; and near it a
large Store-house full of Tar-pots and Hemp to make Cables of: The
Village consisted of two hundred Houses, and a fair Church with a
Steeple, in which hung several Bells. The _Casique_ Married to a
_Spanish_ Woman being fled with the Villagers, _Candish_ took many Oxen,
fat Sheep, Pigeons and Ducks, the Bells, and what else was not convey’d
aboard, with him, and, afterwards burnt the whole Town; but whilest he
was busie in making havock, a thousand _Spaniards_, and a considerable
number of _Peruvians_ fell upon the _English_ on such a sudden, that
they kill’d some, and took others Prisoners.

Somewhat farther off at Sea appears the Isle _Clara_, where those of
_Puna_ formerly buried their Dead.

The Inlet into which falls the River _Tumbez_, whose Shores are well
inhabited, ends Westward at the Promontory _Blanco_; Southward from
which lies the Isle _Lobos_, where there are several Springs full of the
same Gum, or _Bitumen_, a little above mention’d.

Beyond the Point _Agua_ lie the two Isles _Lobos Marinos_, opposite to a
low Coast; they are desolate, and barren of Grass, Trees, and all kind
of Herbs, and destitute of fresh Water; but many Pelicans, Penguins, and
other strange Birds.

The discovering of these Coasts belonging to the Jurisdiction of
_Quito_, deserves a short Relation:

[Sidenote: _Bevalcazar_ overcoming _Ruminagua_, takes _Quito_.]

[Sidenote: He comes to an Agreement with _Alvarado_.]

[Sidenote: _Pizarro_ and his Army driven to great Straights.]

[Sidenote: _Orellana_ cross’d in his Designs, dies for grief.]

[Sidenote: The miserable Condition of _Pizarro_’s Men.]

[Sidenote: _Quito_ very much defac’d by siding with _Vela_ against
           _Gonsalvo Pizarro_.]

Whilest _Pizarro_ kept the Inga _Attabaliba_ Prisoner, he sent Captain
_Bevalcazar_ to the new Fort _St. Miguel_, where eighty Horse and a
hundred Foot being arriv’d from _Panama_ and _Nicaragua_, and he being
inform’d that there lay a great Treasure in _Quito_, and that the
_Canares_, the _Spaniards_ Friends, were exceedingly oppress’d by
_Ruminagua_, _Attabaliba_’s General, immediately march’d thither with
the new arriv’d Forces before mention’d, to fetch the Booty, and to
assist the _Canares_; but several things oppos’d him in his Design: for
_Ruminagua_ guarded the Way with twelve hundred _Indians_, digg’d Pits
in the same, and filling them with sharp Poles, cover’d them slightly
over with Canes and Earth; all which _Bevalcazar_ shunning, went about,
fell in upon the Rere of the Enemy, and after a small Resistance
conquer’d the City _Quito_. Mean while _Ferdinand Cortesio_ sent _Petro
Alvarado_ from _New Spain_, who taking _Guatimala_, receiv’d a
Commission from the _Spanish_ Court, to subdue the Northern parts of
_Peru_. Soon after which _Garcias Holgua_ being sent with two Ships to
enquire concerning the State of _Peru_, brought News back, That
_Francisco Pizarro_ had gotten an unvaluable Treasure at _Caxamalca_;
which so stirr’d up _Alvarado_, that he Landed five hundred Men at
_Puerto Viejo_, march’d in great want of Provisions over the Mountains
_Acabucos_, and had he not accidentally found a Pond of sweet Water in a
Thicket of Canes, both Men and Horses had all perish’d; at last upon his
approaching _Quito_, the Governor thereof, being _Bevalcazar_, not
enduring to suffer an Equal, drew up all his Men in Battel array; but
some Persons interceding between them, they were soon reconcil’d, and
_Alvarado_ being bought out with a great sum of Money, deserted _Quito_;
where after _Gonsalvo Pizarro_, had remain’d a considerable time he
march’d Eastward of the Province, which produces abundance of Cinamon;
whither he was accompanied by two hundred _Spaniards_ and four thousand
_Peruvians_; against whom the Natives dwelling on the Borders of _Los
Quixos_ fought very valiantly, till Night approaching, when they all ran
away; after which resting a while, there arose a mighty Tempest of
Thunder and Lightning, accompanied with a dreadful Earthquake, which
swallow’d above five hundred Houses, whole Woods and Fields, whilest an
unknown River burst out of the Earth, and overflow’d all the Countrey,
insomuch that _Pizarro_ expected nothing but a speedy Ruine, in regard
no Provisions were to be found in all the Countrey: at last getting on
the top of the nearest Mountain he lost many of his Men, who were frozen
to death with excessive Cold. From thence marching to the County
_Zumaque_, he got plenty of Provision and Cinamon, which grows on great
Trees in the Woods; the Leaves thereof resemble the Laurel; the Fruit
grows in little Berries; the Root and Bark have a strong odoriferous
smell. Thence travelling to the Town _Coca_, he found a mighty Cataract
of Water, falling from a Rock above fifteen hundred Ells high; insomuch
that the noise in calm Weather was heard six Leagues off. _Pizarro_
leaving his sick People in _Zumaque_, went onely with a few Eastward
from _Coca_ to the Plain Countrey _Guema_, full of Moorish Grounds, the
Inhabitants whereof went naked: at last he came to the great River
_Maranon_, which falls from the Mountains near _Quito_, and extends with
several windings above eight hundred Leagues in length, and at the Mouth
thereof is fifteen Leagues broad, which at that time overflowing all the
Countrey, he judg’d it convenient to build a Brigantine, making the
Shoes of the dead Horses serve for Iron-work, his Mens Shirts for Sails,
and a Gum, which was to be had there, for Tar, and having Lanch’d their
Vessel, and put all their Baggage and sick People into the same, they
Sail’d close along the Shore, on which _Pizarro_ made his Way through
Brambles and Canes, or went over in the Brigantine whensoe’re he espy’d
a better Path on the other side; in which manner they were gone two
hundred Leagues down the River, with no other Food but wild Fruit and
Roots; when Captain _Franciscus Orellana_, was order’d to Sail away
before with five Men, and seek out for Provisions, and at every Stream
which fell cross-ways out of the Countrey into the great River, he was
to leave a Mann’d Boat: but _Orellana_ in few days drove down so far
with the swift River, that he saw no likelihood of getting up again in a
whole year, neither could he find any Provisions, but fought daily with
the _Indians_, who came stoutly to Board him in little Boats: amongst
whom he was inform’d also, that thereabouts liv’d the _Amazon_ Women,
that Warr’d continually against their Neighbors; and at last he came
into the Northern Ocean. But _Orellana_ Sailing to _Spain_, obtain’d a
Commission to be Governor of the _Amazons_ Countrey, whither he steer’d
his Course with five hundred Men in three Ships; but Landing at the
_Canaries_ they all ran away from him, which so incens’d _Orellana_,
that he soon after dy’d with Grief. Mean while _Pizarro_ inform’d by a
_Spaniard_ whom _Orellana_ had put ashore, that the Brigantine was by
the strong Current carried into the Ocean, knew not what to do, his
People since their departure from _Quito_ having travell’d above four
hundred Leagues, had eaten most of their Horses: Many dy’d by feeding on
unwholsom Herbs; others fell down dead for Hunger, or tir’d out with
toilsom Travel; their Clothes, rotted by the Rain, hung upon them like
Rags, their Shoes were worn out, their Feet full of Blisters, their
Bodies sadly mangled with Brambles and Thorns, for no place afforded
them a Boat. _Pizarro_ leaving the River _Maranon_, went another Way, no
less troublesom for steep Rocks and inaccessible Mountains. The Valleys
through which they went, began now to be strew’d with dead and sick
Bodies, who were not able to follow the Army, which march’d very fast,
every one judging to be so much nearer his preservation the farther he
could get: Those that fainted call’d continually on their Friends for
help, but the Horses were grown too weak to carry them: Every one saw
nothing but Death before his Eyes; wherefore, though call’d by their
dearest and most intimate Friends that lay a dying, they never look’d
back, their compassion towards others being turn’d into fear and care of
themselves. The Forsaken implor’d their Saints, and besought _Pizarro_
for aid, but finding their Complaints to be in vain, and raging through
despair, they wish’d all the rest the same success, and the like
Friends, whenever they should be in the like Condition. _Pizarro_
extreamly griev’d and troubled, that he had brought the People into this
Misery, sent a few Horsemen before to _Quito_, to carry the sad News of
his deplorable Condition, that they might immediately send Provisions to
him; which he receiving when he was within fifty Leagues from the said
City _Quito_, distributed amongst those that were left alive, who being
also almost starv’d, eat so greedily, that several of them were chok’d;
the remainder were kept a considerable time in Garrison under the
Command of _Pizarro_ in _Quito_. Which City, built in a pleasant place,
grew very populous in the Year 1544. there being several Gold-Mines
found about the same in that time. But this lasted not long, for _Quito_
siding with the Vice-Roy _Blasco Nunnez Vela_ against _Gonsalvo
Pizarro_, most of the Citizens were destroy’d by him, and their Houses
burnt to Ashes. The like Destruction, and upon the same occasion, befel
the three Villages in the Province _Bracomoros_, discover’d by _Juan
Parzel_ and Captain _Vergara_, together with the Countrey
_Chichiapoios_, where _Alphonso Alvarado_ built the Town _Levanto_,
surrounded with deep Caverns, through which, to the great strengthning
of the City, flow several Rivers.

Round about _Puerto Viejo_ the Natives dwelt in Trees, whom the
_Spaniards_ had much ado to bring under their subjection; for their
Countrey being barren and mountainous, was not onely wanting in
Provisions to feed an Army, but the _Peruvians_ also threw great Stones
out of their Huts built in Trees, and likewise Javelins and Pots full of
boyling Water, with which they did much mischief to their Enemies that
Storm’d them, who at last covering themselves with Boards, cut down the
Trees, with which they falling were torn in pieces by the _Spanish_
Dogs.

                               SECT. IV.
                                 Lima.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of the Province of _Lima_.]

_Lima_, call’d also _Los Reyos_, hath on the East, _Collao_, and some
part of _Cusco_; on the North, _Los Quixos_; and on the South,
_Charcas_. The Countrey extendeth it self in length upon the Coasts of
the South Sea two hundred and fifty, some say, full three hundred
Leagues in length, _viz._ from _Cape del Aguia_ Northward, on the
Borders of _Quito_ as far as _Arequipa_ towards the South, and runs
Eastward to _Brasile_ and _Rio de la Palma_.

[Sidenote: The several Valleys of this Province.]

In this Province are several very pleasant Valleys, the first whereof is
_Motupe_, to which a sandy Way leads from _St. Miguel de Valverde_,
between barren Wilds, from whence several Streams falling are
immediately drunk up by the Sand; wherefore all Travellers that go that
way carry Water and Wine with them in _Calabashes_ for twenty Leagues
together, which they Walk or Ride by Night, because of the excessive
heat of the Sun.

In the Valley _Motupe_ grow abundance of Trees, which receive
nourishment from a River that springs up near the same. Here is also
much Cotton.

Not far from hence are the Valleys _Xayanca_, formerly very populous and
full of Palaces: The River which flows through the middle is led in
Trenches amongst the neighboring Fields.

The Valley _Tuqueme_ is also very pleasant, and the decay’d Palaces,
sufficiently testifie its former splendor.

The next being _Cinto_, is no way inferior to _Tuqueme_; and between
both lie sandy Hills and barren Rocks, on which grow neither Trees nor
Herbs, nor is any living Creature to be found upon them: the Way through
which being a whole days Journey, cannot be travell’d without sure
Guides.

The Valley _Collique_, water’d by a River of the same Denomination, and
very thick set with Trees, was formerly very populous, but since the
_Spanish_ Wars it is become quite desolate; for not onely a considerable
number of them were slain by the _Spaniards_, but also many destroy’d
themselves, Wives and Children; of which _Peter Martyr_, Councellor to
the Emperor _Charles_ the Fifth, sets down several terrible Examples, of
which two were remarkable above the rest; the first was after this
manner:

[Sidenote: Two tragical Passages.]

The _Spanish_ Captain _Olandus_ Lying with the Daughter of an _Indian
Casique_, question’d when she grew big with Child, Whether she was with
Child by him? and that he might know the real truth by Torture, he
caus’d her to be ty’d naked to a woodden Spit, and laid to roast against
a Fire made of green Wood, so that she died in a most miserable manner;
upon which her Father ran in a rage with thirty of his Companions to
_Olandus_’s House, where he kill’d his whole Family, and locking all the
Doors about the House, set fire on the same, into which when it was at
its greatest heighth, he and his Associates leap’d into the middle
thereof.

The second Accident is also very terrible, _viz._ An _Indian_ Maid being
Got with Child by a _Spanish_ Ass-driver, acquainted her Father and
Mother with it, withal telling them that she was ready to suffer Death
for her Offence; and notwithstanding they freely pardoning, and
perswading her to the contrary, she eat raw _Juca_, which when boyl’d is
a wholsom Food, but if eaten raw, certain though languishing Death;
which she perceiving, ran to the next River, where after having wash’d
her self, she broke off from a large Tree a Bough of five Foot long, and
making the end thereof very sharp, fell upon the same, and so kill’d her
self. Several other Ravish’d Maids taking example hereby, hang’d
themselves upon the Boughs of the same Tree.

But to proceed in our Description, next to _Collique_ lies the Valley
_Zana_, of the like bigness, and famous for the City _Miraflores_.

The next is _Pascayamo_, which exceeds all the former in fruitfulness,
and populousness of Inhabitants, who before they were destroy’d by the
_Ingas_ were much fear’d by their Neighbors. This Valley also was
adorn’d with several fair Temples, which are now turn’d into Cloysters.
Cattel, Hogs, and Goats breed here in very great numbers. The chief
Trade of this Place consists in Cotton and Linnen.

The Valley _Chacama_, in which the _Dominican_ Monks inhabit a brave
Cloyster, produces abundance of Sugar.

Four Leagues farther lies the spacious Valley _Chimo_, so call’d from an
old _Peruvian_ Heroe, which affords a pleasant Prospect, by reason of
the many Banquetting-houses built there by the _Ingas_. No place in
_Peru_ is able to stand in competition with this for plenty of
Provisions, the Ocean and Rivers producing store of Fish, the Countrey
affording Cattel and all manner of Fruit. The Cotton which grows here is
Shipp’d to the South Sea.

_Chanca_ is a Valley chiefly considerable for the Town _Arnedo_, which
is situate therein, of which more hereafter.

But the Valley _Guanape_, not far from _Chanca_, yields the best
_Peruvian_ Liquor _Chica_, and hath a convenient Harbor for Ships.

The Plain _Santa_ being overflow’d in the Winter, is all overgrown for
want of Inhabitants, who were all destroy’d by the _Spaniards_. The
Woods hereabouts swarm with a sort of venomous Bug, which exceedingly
torments the Traveller.

[Sidenote: _Spilbergen_’s Attempt.]

Next follow in order the Valleys _Guambaico_, very fruitful, and
_Guarney_, abounding with Horses, Hogs, and other Cattel. _Joris
Spilbergen_ Landing here _Anno 1615._ found the Haven secure against all
Winds, and between the Shore and the Village _Guarmey_ a Creek, and
somewhat farther a fresh-Water Pool; on one side of which stood a
decay’d Castle built of square Stone, whereon the _Hollanders_ set the
_States_ Flag, and Garrison’d the same to secure those that fetch’d
Water out of the foremention’d Pool. In the aforesaid Village stood a
Church with a spiry Steeple; behind which rose high Mountains, and at
the Foot thereof a great Wood, into which the Inhabitants fled with all
their Goods, so that _Spilbergen_ found nothing but a little Meal, a few
Hens, Hogs, and Oranges in their Houses, which whilest he was sending
Aboard, a small Body of Horse appear’d, but immediately fled into the
Woods. The _Hollanders_ staying here seven days, were inform’d, that the
Galley _Jesu Maria_, Commanded by the Admiral _Rodrigo Mendoza_, and the
_Santa Anna_, by the Vice-Admiral _Peter Alvares Piger_, were both lost,
not one Man being sav’d.

Not far from thence lies the Valley _Parmonga_, which though it be
fruitful and pleasant, yet it is quite desolate; the Walls of a large
Castle still appear, as testimonies of its being formerly inhabited; and
within the said Walls also are still to be seen the Ruines of spacious
Halls and fair Chambers, whose Walls are painted with wild Beasts and
Birds: The _Spaniards_ have digg’d all about, and undermin’d the same,
in hopes to find, together with the several dead Bodies, a Treasure
buried. Two Leagues Southward from this Valley _Parmonga_ flows the
River, _Guayman_, by the _Spaniards_ call’d _Rio del Falcon_, from a
Hawk which was seen there. When any store of Rain falls here, a great
part of the Dale _Barrana_ lies under Water.

[Illustration: GUARME]

[Sidenote: Strange manner of Hunting.]

Not far from hence lie the Valleys _Gaura_ and _Lima_; which last
exceeds all others in bigness, and was formerly exceeding populous; but
since the Marquess _Pizarro_ built the City _Los Reyos_ here, the
Citizens have taken the Lands from the _Peruvians_. The Mines hereabouts
produce Gold and Silver. Amongst other things the Inhabitants highly
esteem an Herb bearing yellow Flowers, which in a short time cures a
putrifi’d Wound, whereas if laid on sound Flesh it eats the same to the
Bone. The Natives heretofore us’d to spend their time in Hunting, and
caught their Game after this manner, _viz._ three or four thousand of
them would meet together, and by taking Hands make a Ring of three or
four Miles in circumference, and at a certain Note or Tune Sung, or
loudly Exclaim’d, they drew nearer and nearer, till at last they were
within Shot of the inclosed Game, whatsoever it were.

[Sidenote: A vast Treasure found by _Ferdinando Pizarro_.]

The Countrey of _Collao_ hath a low Point, from which a long Cliff runs
into the Sea, towards the small Island call’d _Isla de Collao_: On each
side of the Point the Coast runs sloaping in, the one side extending
North-West from _Collao_, to the Cliffs _Piscadores_; the other
South-East to the second Promontory; behind which is a large Bay, where
the Valley _Pachacama_ appears, famous for its exceeding fruitfulness,
and a stately Temple built by the _Ingas_, where _Ferdinando Pizarro_
found above nine hundred thousand _Ducats_, besides what the Soldiers
and Commanders took, and what the Priests had hid, which none, though
miserably tortur’d, would confess.

Opposite to _Pachacama_ lies the Valley _Chilca_, where it never Rains,
nor any Brook or Spring moistens the dry Soil, which nevertheless
produces _Maiz_ and Fruit-Trees. The Natives us’d to dig large and deep
Pits, in which they Sow’d and Planted, and at every Root laid the Head
of a Fish call’d a _Sardin_, which they caught in Nets on the Sea-shore;
wherein nevertheless nothing would have grown, but for the Morning Dews
which fell. The _Ingas_ also had curious Banquetting-houses here. In
these Parts there grows a sort of Tree call’d _Mala_, of which _Acosta_
relates a strange Wonder of Nature, very remarkable, _viz._ That it
flourishes and bears Fruit on that side which beholds the South, in that
Season when it is Summer on the Mountains; the other which views the
Sea, Blossoming and bearing Fruit when it is Summer on the Plains.

The Valley _Guarco_, spacious and full of Trees, produces especially the
pleasant Fruit _Guayaves_ and _Guavas_, as also the best Wheat in
_Peru_; wherefore it is vended all over the Countrey. Here are also the
Ruines of another stately Castle, built by the _Ingas_, the former
lustre whereof is testifi’d by its remaining Walls, which consist of
exceeding great Stones, so neatly joyn’d together without Mortar, that
it appears like one entire Stone; and by the decay’d Structures of
several Halls, much of the curious Painting whereof is yet to be seen;
from the Castle a large pair of Stairs led down to the Sea-shore. Two
Leagues farther the River _Lunagun_ runs through the fertile Valley of
the same Denomination. The fatness of this Soil is chiefly ascrib’d to
the Dung of a Fowl call’d _Guana_, which the Natives fetch in great
abundance from the Isles near the Main.

Next follows the Valley _Chinca_, one of the biggest in all _Peru_, and
before the _Spaniards_ Arrival very populous. In the time of the _Ingas_
it also shew’d a magnificent Temple Dedicated to the Sun, built by
_Tepaja Jupangue_; yet the Inhabitants still remain’d constant in the
worshipping of their old Idol _Cinciapema_. Hither the _Ingas_ sent
their conquer’d Princes, who on a certain time were to appear in
_Cusco_. The _Dominicans_ at present possess here a neat Cloyster, from
whence leads a plain Road to the Dale _Ica_, water’d by the River
_Pisco_, which is dry in Summer; wherefore the Natives brought a Ditch
from the Mountains, which since the _Spaniards_ destroying the
Inhabitants, is choak’d up with Sand.

Next the Valley _Nasca_ comes in view, famous for the Castle
_Caxamalca_, where the _Ingas_ kept all manner of Ammunition for War,
besides several Tombs, out of which the _Spaniards_ took great Riches.
This Valley is divided into several others, which for the most part
produce Sugar-Canes; and through them all runs the Royal High-way, which
is Wall’d in on both sides.

Beyond _Nasca_ lie one behind another the Valleys _Hacari_, _Oconna_,
_Camana_, and _Quilca_, all of them affording good Pasture for Cattel,
and Fruit, yet are most of them desolate.

The County _Los Motilonos_, thinly inhabited for want of Provisions, and
divided by two Rivers, separates _Moyobamba_ from the Countrey
_Charasmal_.

Southward beyond _Caxamalca_ appear the Countreys _Guamachuco_, and a
little farther _Conchucos_ and _Piscobamba_, all fruitful and pleasant,
and adorn’d with several Structures built by the _Ingas_.

On the side of _Piscobamba_ the County _Guaraz_ extends it self over
barren Mountains, through which the _Ingas_ cut a Royal High-way, and
built a strong Castle at the Entrance into the Countrey; the Inhabitants
whereof being very laborious, work very diligently in the Gold-Mines.

The Territory _Pincos_, water’d by a River, and famous for one of the
stateliest of the _Peruvian_ Structures, is surrounded by the Countreys
_Guayalcas_, _Turama_, _Bomba_, and _Conchucos_. The Mountains, though
dangerous to Travellers by Lyons, great Bears, and other ravenous
Beasts, afford abundance of Silver; and the fruitful Soil produces
Wheat, _Maiz_, Grapes, Figs, Oranges, Quinces, Cittrons, Cedars, and;
likewise feeds Goats, Horses, and other Cattel.

The Countrey _Viticos_, being within the Jurisdiction of _Guanuco_, lies
amongst the Mountains _Andes_, whether _Inga Mango_ fled, when the
_Spaniards_ made themselves Masters of _Peru_.

[Sidenote: Chief Towns and Places of note.]

The Towns and Places most observable and important in it belonging to
the _Spaniards_, are 1. _Miraflores_, as the _Spaniards_ call it, a well
seated and wealthy Town in the Valley of _Zanu_, as above mention’d,
five Leagues distant from the Sea, where it hath likewise a good Haven
or Port.

2. _Truxillo_, two or three Leagues distant from the Sea; the Haven
whereof is said to be large, but not safe. The Town it self is seated in
the Valley _Chinco_, upon the Banks of a pleasant River, whose Water
doth not onely run through several Channels to moisten the Fields, but
also to accommodate every House in the City: It hath broad Streets, a
great Market-place, four Cloysters, two for the _Dominicans_, one for
the _Augustines_, and the other for the _Franciscans_; one great Church,
five hundred Houses, and a Palace, inhabited by the King’s Collectors,
and many Banquetting-houses about it. The good situation and
fruitfulness of the Soil, mov’d the Marquess _Francisco Pizarro_ to
build this City here _Anno 1533._ but the Haven belonging to the same
lies open to all manner of Winds, so that the Ships Ride here in great
danger.

3. _La Parilla_, otherwise call’d _Santa_, fourteen Leagues beyond
_Truxillo_ Southward, wash’d by the Southern Ocean, and one side by a
fresh-water Stream, which being inclos’d between stony Cliffs, makes a
secure Harbor.

4. _Arnedo_, seated ten Leagues Northward from _Lima_, amongst the
Vineyards of the Valley _Chancas_; otherwise having no great matter in
it remarkable, but a fair _Dominican_ Cloyster.

[Sidenote: Prizes taken here by Sir _Fran. Drake_.]

[Sidenote: _Spilbergen_ attempts the Place in vain.]

5. _Lima_, by the _Spaniards_ commonly call’d _La Cividad de los Reyes_,
or _The City of Kings_, so nam’d because _Pizarro_, who built it, laid
the first Stone on _Twelfth-day, Anno 1553._ which they call _The Feast
of the Kings_: It is seated in the Valley of _Lima_, (from whence the
City is also so denominated) one of the fruitfullest Parts of all
_Peru_, and so neatly built, that all the chief Streets of the City open
upon a fair Market-place, or _Piazza_, of such a large Square, that upon
the sides thereof are built, in a stately and convenient manner, the
Cathedral, the Palace of the Archbishop, the Vice-Roy’s Palace and
Courts of Justice, with the Exchequer or Publick Treasury, the
Town-house or place where the City Magistrates meet and hold their
Courts, the Publick Armory or Magazine, and a Free-School, wherein are
taught by the _Jesuits_ all Arts and Sciences, and also the _Indian_
Language, and divers other fair Buildings of the Nobility and better
sort of Citizens. No Countrey under the Heavens affords a more fruitful
or pleasanter Place than this; the temperate Climate neither troubling
the Inhabitants with excessive Heats or great Colds, nor terrifying them
with Thunder or Lightning, but having almost perpetual Sun-shine and
fair Weather; onely the three Winter Moneths, wherein there falls a
sweet-smelling Dew, which cures the Head-ache; and there die but very
few of pestilential Distempers. The Countrey about the City is pleasant
without exception. The Pigeons which are kept here in curious Houses
built on purpose, flie a thousand in a Flight. The Fields abound also
with Cattel. The Orchards and Gardens flourish with all sorts of Trees
and Plants, whereof those that are brought hither from _Spain_ grow
better than in their natural Countrey. The West side of the City is
wash’d by a pure & clear Stream, which stores the Market with great
plenty of good Fish, it being distant but a Musquet shot, especially
when the Water rises. This River is of great consequence, for it not
onely waters the whole Valley of _Lima_ with its several Branches, but
also runs under every House in the City, being built on Stone Arches;
they are onely one Story high, because there is no Wood to be had in the
Valley of _Lima_ but what in three years becomes all Woorm-eaten;
nevertheless the Houses are very beautiful both within and without; the
Walls being very thick and strong, have curious Arbors of green Boughs
on the top, in which the Owners shade themselves from the Sun. Most of
the Houses built in the high Streets have pleasant Turrets, which face
the Market-place, where all sorts of Provisions are brought to Sale, as
Oxen, Sheep, Venison, Sugar, Oranges, Cittrons, Grapes, and Wheat, which
is ground in Water-Mills built near the River. This City is inhabited by
many able Merchants, which often load Ships to _Panama_, that are valu’d
at above two hundred thousand _Ducats_. To the Arch-bishop’s See of this
Place belongs the Bishopricks of _Chili_, _Charcas_, _Quito_, _Cusco_,
_Truxillo_, _Guanuco_, _Popaian_, _San Francisco_, _Panama_,
_Nicaragua_, and _Rio de la Plata_. The City is also adorn’d with two
fair Churches, besides the Cathedral, and also other lesser Churches,
four stately Cloysters, two Nunneries, and the _Jesuits_ Palace, which
is very magnificent. The Haven two Leagues distant from it, and call’d
_Callao de Lima_, is large and secure for Ships. _Anno 1579._ Sir
_Francis Drake_ took twelve Ships from hence, one whereof was laden with
Linnen and Silk, besides a great Chest full of Silver: Which
Inconvenience to prevent for the future, the _Spaniards_ have built two
strong Forts, and fortifi’d them with Brass Guns. Thirty years after Sir
_Francis Drake_’s Exploit, _Joris Spilbergen_ coming to Anchor here,
found the Place all inhabited, a Fort well stor’d with Guns, and a
strong Castle before the Mouth of the Harbor, from whence they shot
Bullets of thirty six Pound weight at the _Hollanders_, and so shatter’d
their Frigat, call’d _The Hunter_, that she could scarce keep above
Water: Fourteen _Spanish_ Merchant-men lying near the Shore, receiv’d
little damage, _Spilbergen_ not being able for Shelves to get to them,
neither did he judge it convenient to Land, the Vice-Roy having at that
time above four thousand Men in Arms, besides several Troops of Horse;
wherefore after having fir’d several Guns on the Fort, and against the
Church, he set Sail to _Guarmey_.

6. _Cannete_, otherwise call’d _Guarco_, from the Valley wherein it is
situate: It was built by the _Spaniards_ out of the Treasure which they
found in the Castle afore spoken of in the same Valley.

7. _Valverde_, situate in a Valley of the same Name, where excellent
Fruit may be had for a small Price; it is a well Traded and rich Town,
about sixteen Leagues distant from the Sea.

8. _Pachacama_, situate in a Territory of the same Name, four Leagues
Southward of _Lima_, memorable chiefly for _Pizarro_’s good fortune
here, who is reported to have found in one onely old Temple of the
Natives, the quantity of nine hundred thousand _Ducats_ of Gold and
Silver, besides what his Soldiers are suppos’d to have seiz’d on, and
convey’d away before he came.

9. _Castro Verreina_, threescore Leagues distant from _Lima_ to the
South-East: It lieth in the Valley of _Chocolocha_, and is a rich Place,
by reason of the good Mines of Silver which are about it, and abundance
of the best sort of Tobacco.

10. _Miguel de la Ribera_, in the Valley of _Camana_. The Inhabitants
whereof drive a great Trade in Wine, Figs, and Raisins.

11. The City _Arequipa_, which extends up towards the Mountains, is
built in the Dale _Quilca_, which runs eleven Leagues from the Sea,
under a healthful Climate; but in the Year 1582. it was wholly ruin’d by
an Earthquake; the reason whereof is ascrib’d to the wet sulphurous
Mountains, which burns continually, and sometimes vomits out Flames and
Ashes. The Marquess _Pizarro_ built this City forty six years before the
fore-mention’d Earthquake, since which being re-built again, soon
attain’d to three hundred Houses, besides a Church and Cloyster; and
though it be but a small Town, yet it is of a great resort, because the
Gold and Silver is brought hither from the Mines _Chancos_, _Porco_, and
_Potosi_, and from thence sent down the River _Quilca_, which washing
the City Walls runs into the South Sea to _Los Reyos_, and from thence
to _Panama_, _Nombre de Dios_, and _New Spain_. The Jurisdiction of this
City _Arequipa_ extends it self a vast way, _viz._ over the spacious
Valleys between _Hacari_ and _Tampaca_, and up in the Countrey beyond
the County _Condesuyo_, full of Hamlets and Villages; the Inhabitants
whereof heretofore worshipp’d the Sun. By the Way from _Arequipa_ to
_Collao_ lie two great Lakes, out of one of which the River _Aparima_
takes its original.

12. _Caxamalca_, rather a Fort than a Town, in a Territory of the same
Denomination, built at the Foot of a Mountain wash’d with two Rivulets,
over which lead several Bridges; near which also were formerly a stately
Temple Consecrated to the Sun, wonderful Palaces and Baths for the
_Ingas_, besides other magnificent Structures of Noble-men, which were
the more famous for _Attabaliba_’s Imprisonment and Death. The Soil
round about may compare with any part of the World for fertility. The
Inhabitants are a peaceable ingenious People, and make curious woollen
Hangings.

13. _St. Juan de la Frontera_, built by the _Spaniards_ North-East and
by East from _Caxamalca_ in the County _Chiachinpoyas_, full of
Gold-Mines and Cattel; to which belongs not onely _Chiachinpoyas_, but
also the Countreys _Guiancas_ and _Cascainga_, out of which above twenty
thousand _Peruvians_ pay Tribute to the _Spanish_ King. These People
especially the Women, are very comely and beautiful; for which reason
the _Ingas_ fetch’d their Wives and Concubines from thence. Eastward
from _Frontera_ rise the high Mountains _Andes_, behind which flows the
great River _Mayobamba_ by several poor Villages inhabited by a sottish
kind of People.

14. _San Jago de las Valles_, built in an ill place amongst the Shrubs
and overflowing Rivers. In this Countrey grows a Tree which bears a
juicy Fruit, not unlike an Almond in prickly Rinds, but resembling those
which cover a Chesnut, concerning which Physicians have deliver’d their
Opinions, That there is not a wholsomer Fruit in the whole World.

15. _Leon de Guanuco_, which receiv’d that Denomination from its Builder
_Vacca de Castro_, who call’d it _Leon_, because he was born in the
_Spanish_ City _Leon_, and _Guanuco_ from the stately Palace of the
_Ingas_ which was built here: The Houses are built of Free-stone, and
cover’d with Thatch. The Citizens of _Los Reyos_ were much against the
building of this Town, because several Lands belonging to them were
taken away and given to _Guanuco_, where the temperate Air grants long
Life and Health to the Inhabitants. The High-way, in which stand several
Store-houses, formerly full of Ammunition, runs through the middle of
this Countrey, where in the time of the _Ingas_ dwelt Astronomers, who
by looking on the Stars pretended to tell future Events. Here the Women
also us’d to be burnt alive with their Husbands.

                                SECT. V.
                                 Cusco.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Cusco_.]

_Cusco_ is the far greater part of the Province of _Peru_, containing
generally all the _Sierra_, or _Hill-Countreys_, and those parts of the
_Andes_ likewise which lie Southward of the little Province or _Cantred_
of _Guanuco_, being Coasted Westward and to the North-West with _Lima_;
Eastward, with _Los Quixos_, and some part of _Guiana_; and on the
South, with _Charcas_; enjoying for the most part a temperate and good
Air, neither over-heated with the scorching Sun in the day, nor damp’d
with any cold Mists or Dews in the Evening, as some parts of the Plains
of _Peru_ are, but well water’d with many fresh Rivers, which make the
Valleys and lower Grounds of it good Pasturage, able to maintain great
Herds of Cattel. The Woods are especially stor’d with the _Coca_, whose
Leaf is accounted restorative, and with much excellent Venison.

[Illustration: CUSCO]

[Sidenote: The several Valleys, and other Territories belonging to
           _Collao_.]

In this Province also there are some lesser Divisions of Countreys
necessary to be describ’d, _viz._ the cold and barren Countrey _Bambon_,
jutting against _Guanuco_, inhabited antiently by a valiant People,
especially near the Lake _Chincacocha_, which is ten Leagues in
circumference; in the middle of it are several Cliffs and little Isles:
And out of this Lake also the famous River _De la Plata_ hath its
original, and runs through the Valley _Xauxa_, receiving by the way the
Streams _Parcos_, _Bilcas_, _Abancay_, _Apurima_, _Yucay_, and others.

The next Countreys in order towards the South are _Tarana_, abounding
with Wheat, and the eminent Valley _Xauxa_, surrounded with snowy
Mountains. The Inhabitants by a general Name call’d _Guancas_, were
antiently divided into three sorts, _viz._ the _Maracabilca_,
_Laxapalanga_, and _Xauxa_. Here were also several stately Houses built
by the _Ingas_.

Upon this Valley borders the Village _Acos_ near a Moorish place full of
Canes; but before you approach the Village you come near a high Plain,
where the Ruines of an antient Structure appear; and somewhat farther
the Palace _Pico_: from whence the High-way directs to the Bridge
_Angoyaca_, which leads cross the River _Xauxa_; near which the _Ingas_
had several magnificent Structures, and Baths of warm Springs. Not far
from hence is the Village _Picoy_; between which and _Angoyaca_ the Arm
of the River _Xauxa_ is cut with a Bridge, because in the Winter it
glides so swift that they cannot Ferry over it.

From _Picoy_ you go to the Wild, in whose Center stands the antient
Castle _Pucara_, (which in the _Peruvian_ Tongue signifies _Invincible
Fort_) where the _Ingas_ receiv’d their Tribute from the neighboring
People that live amongst the snowy Mountains.

The Banks of the great River _Vinaque_ are crown’d with the Ruines of
antient Structures, which (as the Natives relate) were built by foreign
People; which Assertion of theirs seems to be confirm’d by the form and
manner of Building, differing from the _Ingas_ Structures, which us’d to
be long and narrow. Moreover, several sweet Streams, abounding with
Fish, especially Crabs, glide through the Plain-Countrey out of the
Mountains _Andes_.

Not far from hence appears the Plain _Chapas_, and the Palaces _Pilcas_,
of which now nothing remains but a heap of Rubbish, which lies in the
Center of _Peru_. A fresh-water River, which gives the fore-mention’d
Palaces their Denomination, glides out of _Soras_, and washes the
High-way and stately Temple of the Sun.

The Countrey _Soras_, exceeding fertile, and stock’d with Gold and
Silver Mines, is inhabited by a People which go Cloth’d in woollen
Cloth, and for their Valor formerly much esteem’d by the _Ingas_.

Those that inhabit the Countrey _Uramar_ are call’d _Chancas_, whose
Neighbors possess a long Tract of Land abounding with Cattel and Fruit,
but of late are most of them destroy’d by the _Spaniards_.

The River _Abanca_, which takes its original in the Mountainous County
_Parinacocha_, washes several Royal Buildings, and at last discharges
its Waters into the River _Xauxa_.

On each side of the great River _Apurima_ are erected two wonderful
Stone Pillars, over which lies a most artificial Bridge built by the
_Ingas_; from whence the Highway, being cut through hard Rocks, leads up
into the Countrey; where the stately Buildings of _Limatambo_ shew
themselves; and beyond the Mountain _Bilcaconga_ the Valley
_Xaquixaguana_, inclos’d between high Rocks, comes in view, where the
_Ingas_ us’d to recreate themselves in their Banquetting-houses; from
whence the Highway, which is Wall’d in on both sides, runs directly
through deep Moorish Grounds to _Cusco_.

[Sidenote: _Peter Anzurez_ his Journey.]

Eastward from _Cusco_, behind the _Andes_, are many large Countreys,
which to discover the _Spaniards_ spar’d neither trouble, danger, nor
charge: between both they found vast Wildernesses, inaccessible
Mountains, and overgrown Countreys; yet at last they opened four ways
thither: the first whereof runs through the Valley _Paquil_ to _Tono_, a
Village in the middle of the Mountains; from thence to the River
_Opotazi_, along which it is very troublesom travelling, because of the
thick Woods and steep Rocks: lastly to the hot and fruitful Valley
_Abisca_, and so to vast Wildernesses, overgrown with Brambles and
Bushes, which prevented any farther Discovery. The second Way runs
thirty Leagues farther to the Southward, through the Countreys _Sandia_,
_Camata_ and _Caravaya_, to _Zama_. Through this Way, _Anno 1538. Peter
Anzurez_ travell’d; setting out from _Zama_, he found many desolate
Mountains, barren Wilds, and close Woods, through which he entred into
the County _Tacana_, and from thence to the River _Omapalchas_,
inhabited on both sides by the _Cheriabones_ and _Marquires_, who
oppos’d him in his crossing over the River; but meeting with nothing but
barren Commons, he travell’d up along the River, and view’d the
Countreys _Moios_, _Cochabamba_, and _Chuguiabo_, from whence he
return’d to _Collao_, having lost most of his People by Hunger and
Hardship. But not long after others went over the _Andes_ to the
Countreys which extend themselves East and West, some whereof travell’d
through _Camata_, and others through _Cochabamba_.

[Sidenote: Towns and Places of note.]

The principal Towns and Places of Trade in it are, 1. _Bombon_, situate
upon the Lake _Chinchacocha_, said to be ten Leagues in compass, begirt
round about almost with Hills, and having neighborhood with many other
lesser, but pleasant Villages.

2. _Parcos_, once a Palace Royal of the _Ingas_, seated on the top of a
little Hill, encompass’d with other Rocky and higher Mountains on all
sides.

3. _San Juan de Vittoria_, which the Marquess _Pizarro_ built _Anno
1539._ to secure the Way between _Lima_ and _Cusco_, from the Assaults
of the _Peruvians_, before he absolutely conquer’d this Kingdom: the
Walls are wash’d by a sweet Stream, to the great convenience of the
Citizens.

4. _Guamanga_, a City lying in a pleasant Plain under a healthful
Climate, built with Stone-houses cover’d with Tyles; the Owners whereof
have great store of Land, which they Sowe with Wheat, and also breed
plenty of Cattel. To this City, which is adorn’d with three Churches,
five Cloysters, and a large Almshouse, above thirty thousand _Peruvians_
bring annual Tribute. The Mines produce Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron,
Lead, Sulphur, and Load-stones; near which grows the poysonous Herb
_Mio_, which kills the Cattel that chance to eat thereof. In the Woods
also hereabouts feeds a Beast, whose Piss stinks at a Miles distance.
This City is by some deliver’d to be the same with _San Juan de la
Vittoria_ above mention’d.

5. _Bilcas_, another Palace of the _Ingas_, now a good Town of the
Natives, and situate, as is suppos’d, in the very midst of the Countrey
of _Peru_.

6. _Guancavelica_, a new Town, rais’d from the condition of a very poor
Village, to a Place of very great Importance and Traffick, onely by the
Mines of Quicksilver, which were first discover’d there in the Year
1566. by _Amador Cabrera_, through the assistance of a _Peruvian_ nam’d
_Mavincopa_: This _Cabrera_ selling his Interest for a hundred and fifty
thousand _Ducats_, Su’d the Buyer, upon pretence that he had sold it
above one half under the value: whilest this was depending, _Peter
Ferdinando de Valasco_ came from _Mexico_ to _Guamanga_, to make trial
of the cleansing of Silver by Quicksilver, and finding it to succeed
according to his expectation, he sent great quantities of it to _Arica_,
and from thence by Land to _Potosi_. The King of _Spain_ is said to
receive from this Mine of _Guancavelica_, all his Charges defray’d,
above a thousand Pound _per Annum_ for his usual fifth part: But the
antient Natives regarded not these Mines so much for the Quicksilver as
for the Vermilion which is found mix’d with it, wherewith they delighted
very much to paint their Bodies: There is great Art now us’d in the
separating of the Quicksilver from the Vermilion.

This Town was long since inhabited by two thousand _Spaniards_ at least,
and twice as many Natives.

[Sidenote: The original of the City _Cusco_.]

7. _Cusco_, which is the Metropolis of the Kingdom of _Peru_, built on a
hard Ground, surrounded with Mountains, under a cold, yet wholsom
Climate, and wash’d by two Rivers, which on the East side of _Cusco_
parting, one runs direct West, and the other Southward. One part of the
City antiently bore the Denomination of _Haran-Cusco_, and the second,
_Oren-Cusco_, where the chief Nobility and most antient Families dwelt.
Concerning the original of this Place, the _Peruvians_ say, That several
Ages past there appear’d three Men, call’d _Ayrache_, _Aranca_, and
_Ajarmango_, and with them three Women, nam’d _Mamacola_, _Mamacona_,
and _Mamaragua_, all of them very richly Cloth’d; that _Ayrache_ had a
Precious Stone at the end of a Truncheon, which by holding up he rais’d
the Mountains to the Skies, and when he let it fall, levell’d them with
the lowest Valleys: _Aranca_ and _Ajarmango_ concluded to build a
stately City, and sent for People from remote Countries to inhabit it;
with which Design the Natives thereabouts seem’d to be well pleas’d: but
before they went to work they judg’d it convenient to destroy _Ayrache_,
whose great Power they envy’d: This being resolv’d upon, they invited
him to a deep narrow-mouth’d Cave, that there they might worship the Sun
his Father (for so Descended he took upon him to be), he was no sooner
entred but the rest shut the Mouth of the Cave with great Stones, hoping
so to starve him to death; which _Ayrache_ observing, stood amaz’d a
while, till at last he threw off all the Stones, and flew with great and
divers colour’d Wings up into the Air, crying aloud, _Fear not_, Aranca
_and_ Ajarmango, _though you have design’d to take away my Life, but
build a City in this place, and call it_ Cusco; _for in it shall stand
the Seat of the_ Ingas, _under whose Jurisdiction extending far and
near, many great Nations shall bow. The Temple which the Gods have there
design’d shall not onely exceed all other Structures in the World, in
Art and Costliness, but be famous for strange Offerings to the Sun. If
the Citizens build Altars for me, burn Myrrh, and make Offerings to me,
they may certainly expect to vanquish all their Enemies, and increase
their Power. According to my Example bore Holes through your Ears, as a
sign of Obedience._ All which _Aranca_, _Ajarmango_, and the
fore-mention’d Women promis’d to perform. Whereupon _Ayrache_ gave them
a rich Diadem with a Tassel, which was to be the Head-Ornament of the
succeeding _Ingas_; which they had no sooner receiv’d, but _Ayrache_ and
_Aranca_ were turn’d into Stones, yet retaining their former shape;
which _Ajarmango_ observing, fell straight, together with the three
Women, upon building the City _Cusco_. After the Deluge breaking out of
the Hole _Tambo_, he chang’d his Name of _Ajarmango_ for _Mangocapa_,
that is, _Mighty Lord_, and made himself, as they say, the first
_Peruvian_ King. The City _Cusco_ was divided into four Wards, the East
call’d _Andosayo_, the South _Callasayo_ the North, _Chinchasuyo_, and
the West _Condesayo_, every one so call’d from the Countreys, to which
the Gates of the four Wards are oppos’d.

If any one coming out of another Countrey, setled himself in _Cusco_, as
it hapned daily, he was permitted to dwell no where but in that Ward
which fronted his native Countrey. The four high Streets, which through
these Wards one way fall into the Market-place, being in the middle of
the City, are the other way answerable to the four principal High-ways,
_viz._ that which leads to _Quito_ and _Pasto_, through _Chinchasuyo_;
to _Arehuipa_, through _Condesuyo_; to the Mountains _Andes_, through
_Andesuyo_; and to _Chili_, through _Collasuyo_. The two Rivers before
mention’d, which part at the East end of the City, are pass’d over with
divers Bridges. The narrow Streets are full of Stone Houses, built in
good Order. In several places are Vaulted Cellars under Ground, in some
of which are buried great Treasures: they had been formerly the
Habitations for Necromancers and Soothsayers; for this sort of People
were once in great esteem amongst the Inhabitants, who coming from
_Chili_, _Pasto_, _Bocamores_, _Topona_, _Bombon_, _Charcas_, _Collao_,
_Chiachiapoias_, _Conchucos_, and other _Peruvian_ Countreys, receive
great benefit from the fresh Water, and from the Corn-Mills built on the
Streets through the City.

[Sidenote: The antient Palaces and other stately Structures in _Cusco_.]

The stately Palaces which the _Peruvian_ Nobility have at several times
built in _Oren-Cusco_, being one part of the City, are very wonderful,
the Owners whereof were forc’d by the _Ingas_ to appear at Court at
Set-times, that so he might prevent all Insurrections: Also he caus’d
the Children of the prime Lords to be brought up in _Cusco_, under
pretence that they might learn the _Cuscoan_ Tongue perfectly, in which
the _Ingas_ would always be spoken to; whenas their Design was to keep
them as Hostages in their own Jurisdictions, that their Fathers might
not rebel; by which means it hapned, that in most places of _Peru_,
which amongst the several Tribes and Principalities had several
Languages, the _Cuscoan_ Tongue was understood and spoken. But the
_Spaniards_, who are the present Possessors thereof, have alter’d and
repair’d most of the ordinary Houses, which are now neatly built of
Stone. Above all the old Structures, the Palace of the _Ingas_, and the
Temple of the Sun, are the most magnificent; the Palace lies inclos’d
within a square quadruple Wall, each corner whereof is adorn’d and
strengthned with a Tower: The Palace it self is built round, and with
Arches; but that which chiefly amazes the Beholder, is to see how the
Stones, which are so big that forty Horses are not able to stir one of
them out of its place, were brought thither by the Labor of the Builders
from the neighboring Mountains; for the _Peruvians_ never made use of
any laboring Beast, except their Sheep _Pacos_, not knowing the use of
Horses, Camels, Oxen, Elephants, or the like, before the _Spaniards_
coming thither. The Halls within the Palace were Wainscoted with Golden
Plates: yet the _Inga_’s Apparel was not answerable to the rest of his
Pomp; for in stead of a Crown they bound their Heads about with a red
woollen Sash, with which they almost cover’d their Eyes; at the end of
the Sash hung certain Ribbands, which they gave the Governor as occasion
offer’d, that by this Sign, as by a Commission, they might exercise
their Offices; the sight of which String caus’d such Obedience, that if
the _Inga_ had commanded the Inhabitants of a Town or Countrey to murder
themselves, none durst deny. The _Inga_ was generally carried by a
hundred of his Noble-men, of whom if any one had accidentally chanc’d to
stumble, he was immediately put to death. No man durst presume to look
him in the Face, or speak to him without a Present.

[Sidenote: The Temple _Curicanche_.]

[Sidenote: A cruel Battel between two Brothers.]

The Temple _Curicanche_, Dedicated to the Sun, was certainly the most
rich and sumptuous that ever the World boasted, it being Govern’d by the
Chief Priest _Villanoa_. The Inga _Guainacava_ spent an invaluable
Treasure in the building of this Structure, for he cover’d the Roof and
Walls with thick Plates of massie Gold and Silver. At his return home
from the Conquest of the Province of _Quito_, from whence the
Inhabitants, according to an antient Custom of the _Ingas_, were carried
to one of the remotest Countreys in _Peru_. But _Guainacava_ enamor’d of
a _Quitoan_ Maid, staid a considerable time in the City _Quito_, and
kept a splendid Wedding at the Marriage of his Bride, who bare unto him
the famous _Attabaliba_, whom he lov’d beyond all his other Children,
and a little before his death made him King of _Quito_. But _Huascar_
after _Guainacava_’s Decease would not suffer his Brother to live in the
late conquer’d Kingdom of _Quito_, but gave him Battel in the Plain of
_Tomebamba_, which lasted three days and three Nights, and after much
Blood-shed, _Attabaliba_ being defeated was taken Prisoner, and not long
after making his Escape by the help of an antient Woman (whilest
_Huascar_’s Commanders and Soldiers rejoyc’d with Cups full of _Chica_
for their gotten Victory) he made his Subjects in _Quito_ believe, that
he being transform’d into a Serpent, crept through a little Hole out of
the Prison; and that he had a Promise from Heaven to obtain Conquest
over _Huascar_; which being believ’d, stirr’d up all his Subjects to
take up Arms, and valiantly to go and meet the Enemy, whom they not
onely defeated, but took _Huascar_ Prisoner.

[Sidenote: _Zaires_ the Son of _Mango Inga_ submits to the _Spaniards_.]

_Huascar_ being destroy’d by _Attabaliba_, and _Attabaliba_ by
_Pizarro_, _Mango Inga_ their youngest Brother took the Government upon
him, made continual Sallies upon the _Spaniards_ from inaccessible
Mountains, and at his Decease left the remaining part of _Peru_ to his
Son _Zaires Topa_; who seeing no good to be done by force of Arms,
submitted himself freely to the King of _Spain_’s Jurisdiction in the
Year 1557. since which the _Spaniards_ have been sole Masters.

There are at this day four great Churches in _Cusco_: Also the
_Dominicans_, _Franciscans_, _Augustines_, and the Monks _De la Merced_,
have each of them stately Cloysters here: but the _Jesuits_ Structure
exceeds all the other.

Above forty thousand _Peruvians_ pay annual Tribute to this City. In the
Valley about the City feed abundance of Cattel; also Wheat, and all
manner of Herbs grow here in great plenty. The Gold and Silver-Mines
have not that resort which they had formerly, most of the Workmen being
remov’d to _Potosi_.

Concerning the Service which they perform’d in the fore-mention’d Temple
of the Sun, and their superstitious Opinions about their Idol _Con_,
they are much of the same ridiculous nature with what hath been already
Discours’d of in other places. Five Leagues Southwardly from _Cusco_
lies the Valley _Yucay_ between high snowy Mountains, under a temperate
Climate and pleasant Soil. Not far from hence the _Ingas_ built a most
invincible Castle on a Rock, which was surrounded with many cliffy Walls
one above another; these Walls were also Carv’d with Images of Lyons,
Tygers, and other wild Beasts, which held Lances in their Paws; the top
of the Rock was crown’d with a Royal Structure built of Stone, through
which ran Golden Veins, joyn’d together with a certain Gum, by some
call’d _Jews-Lime_. To the Province of _Condesuyo_ belong the valiant
People _Chumbibalcas_ and _Ubinas_. In the County _Pomatambo_ they make
Carpets of fine Wooll, curiously Painted.

8. The City _Francisco de Vittoria_, which lies in the rough Valley
_Vilcabamba_, and is inclos’d by the Mountains _Andes_, belonging to the
Jurisdiction of the Province _Andésuyo_.

9. The Village _Juan del Oro_, which is the chief Place of the Countrey
_Caravaya_, and so call’d by the _Spaniards_ from the fine Gold which is
found there in great abundance.

[Sidenote: Havens, Isles, and Points in _Peru_.]

Along the Sea-Coast of _Peru_ belonging to the Jurisdiction of _Los
Reyos_, lie the following Havens, Isles and Points.

South-East from the Promontory _Aguya_, rises the Isle _St. Roque_ out
of the South-Sea, surrounded with Rocks, and abounds with Birds of prey;
through the midst of it runs a River which divides the Island.

The Haven _Malabrigo_, ill defended against the Winds, cannot be entred
by great Vessels, unless in calm Weather.

Next follow the Harbors _Guanape_ and _Santa_, where the Ships us’d to
furnish themselves with Water out of a fresh River; _Casuya_ and
_Guarmay_, both inhabited by _Peruvians_.

Near the Mouth of the Road _Guara_ stands a large Salt-pan, the Salt
about which is found in great hard Pieces. The Island _Collao_ secures
the Haven before _Lima_.

Behind _Cape Guarco_ lies the _Lobos_; and not far from hence the Harbor
_Sangallan_, being so commodious that the _Spaniards_ consider’d a long
time whether they should build the City _Los Reyos_ here.

The Promontory _Nasca_ affords also good shelter for Ships; and the
Haven _Hacari_ yields store of Refreshments. Moreover, the Streams
_Oconna_, _Camana_, and _Quilca_ discharge their Waters into the Sea.

The Haven _Arequipa_ appears at its Mouth like a little Pool, surrounded
with Mountains.

Between _Quilca_ and the River _Tamboyalla_ lies the Isle _Nuli_; and a
little more Southward the Haven _Paracca_ and _Pisca_; and up in the
Countrey the Village _Yca_, where the most and best _Peruvian_ Wine is
to be had.

                               SECT. VI.
                              Los Charcas.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Los Charcas_.]

_Los Charcas_ is the farthest Countrey Southward of the Kingdom of
_Peru_, reaching up as far as _Chile_, with which on the South it is
border’d, having on the North, _Lima_ and _Collao_; on the West, _Mare
del Zur_; and on the East, some Countreys not yet well discover’d, which
lie betwixt it and the Province of _Paraguay_, or _De la Plata_. The
Countrey is said to be in length about a hundred and fifty Leagues,
measuring it directly, or in a right Line from North to South; but
measuring it about along the Sea-Coast, much about two hundred: It is
not very rich either in Corn or Cattel, although in some parts it
wanteth not good Pasturage; but of unparalell’d Wealth, in respect of
the Mines of Gold and Silver which are here digg’d, the principal
whereof are those of _Potosi_ and _Parco_.

The Mountains hereabouts are inhabited by the _Cavinas_, who dwell in
Stone Houses. Their Neighbors the _Canches_ are a subtile, good natur’d,
and painful People, breed many Sheep, sowe Corn, and catch plenty of
Fish out of the Rivers. Next comes in view the cold Countrey _Conas_. On
the right side towards the Southern Ocean, the great Wilderness
_Parinacocha_ extends it self a vast way; the Mountains round about are
continually cover’d with Snow, and the Dales have many deep Moors.

[Illustration: POTOSI.]

[Sidenote: Principal Towns and Places of note.]

Chief Towns and Places of note in this part of _Peru_ are, 1. _Plata_,
otherwise call’d _Chuquisaca_, the Countrey whose Metropolis it is,
situate under a temperate Climate, in a fruitful Soil for the production
of all manner of Plants, and especially Wheat, Barley, and Grapes. In
this City the High Court of Judicature of _Los Charcas_ is kept, being a
principal part of _Peru_, and inhabited by the richest _Spaniards_ in
the whole Kingdom, having gotten an incredible deal of Treasure out of
the neighboring Silver-Mines, which from the time of the _Ingas_, or
Kings of _Peru_, to its Discovery by the _Spaniards_, held out and
continu’d so rich, that ’tis thought _Pizarro_, if Reason could have
rul’d him, might here onely have rais’d himself a Rent of two hundred
thousand Ducats _per Annum_; but his desire and hopes, first to find
more at _Potosi_, and afterwards his ambition and greediness to have and
command all, carried him to violent Courses, which proved his Ruine, as
hath been said. The Town is conveniently seated in a fruitful Soil,
honor’d with the Residence of the Governor of the Province, and with a
Bishops See, said to be the richest of _Peru_, _viz._ of fourscore
thousand Ducats _per Annum_. The Cathedral and divers Cloysters give
also a great lustre to the City. The antient Inhabitants of this
Countrey, especially about those parts where now this City stands, were
the _Charcas_ and _Charanques_, both valiant People, who by Command of
the _Ingas_ fetch’d invaluable Treasures out of the neighboring Mines of
_Porco_, where a thousand Men were continually kept at work. In _La
Plata_ were reckon’d long since, besides _Spaniards_, above sixty
thousand _Peruvians_ which pay annual Tribute.

2. _Oropesa_, a place of good Metal, as a man may perceive by the Name;
It lieth in the rich and pleasant Valley _Cochobamba_, twenty Leagues
distant from _La Plata_.

3. _Potosi_, eighteen Leagues Westward from _La Plata_, by the
_Spaniards_ call’d _The Imperial City_, built at the Foot of a Mountain
bearing the same Denomination, on a barren Soil under a cold Climate,
though but twenty one Degrees to the Southward of the _Equinoctial
Line_: the Cold proceeds from the high Lands, which lie bare to the
bleak and sharp Winds call’d _Tomohavi_, which blow every year very
fiercely from _May_ till _September_. But though the barren Countrey
produces no Fruit, yet no place in _Peru_ hath greater plenty of all
Provisions and Dainties than this, the Markets being always full of
Fruit, Salt-Meat, _Maiz_, _Papas_, Wheat, Sugar, Sweet-meats, and all
things that are requisite for the subsistence of Man-kind, which are
brought thither from all parts for the Silver, which is there in such
plenty. As to what concerns the famous Mountain _Potosi_ in the Countrey
of _Charcas_, it is of an Ash colour, and rises above the adjacent
Mountains in the form of a Sugar-Loaf; on the top of it stands a
Chappel, to which leads a craggy Path, which with a little care may be
rid up with a Horse; the heighth thereof is a thousand six hundred and
twenty four Rods, or a quarter of a League: at the Foot thereof appears
the Mine call’d _Guaina Potosi_, that is, The _young Potosi_; near which
the City _Potosi_ stands, being two Leagues in circumference, and is
adorn’d with a Church and Cloyster for the _Dominicans_, and exceedingly
resorted to by Traders.

In the time when the _Ingas_ Govern’d _Peru_, the Silver-Mines at
_Porco_ were very famous; but it was not till after the arrival of the
_Spaniards_ that Silver was found in _Guaina Potosi_, and by degrees the
Silver Veins which lay hid in the great _Potosi_; the manner of which
Discovery was as followeth:

[Sidenote: The occasion of the first Discovery of the Mines in
           _Potosi_.]

A _Peruvian_ call’d _Gualpa_, who work’d in the Mines at _Porco_, going
a Hunting, it chanc’d that the Game ran up the steep Mountain of
_Potosi_, which prevented his pursuing of it any farther; but the
Mountain being overgrown with Trees, he got hold from one Bough to
another to help himself up, and at last taking hold of the Bramble
call’d _Quinua_, he pull’d the same out of the Ground, and finding it
heavy, look’d upon it, and espy’d a great lump of Silver hanging at the
Root of it; whereupon viewing the Hole, he discover’d a rich Silver
Vein; of which taking some pieces home, and melting them, he found that
it was the best Silver that ever he had known; wherefore he privately
got a greater quantity, and by degrees grew extraordinary rich: but
though he carried his Design never so close, yet he was at last
suspected, and especially by his Neighbor _Guanca_, born in the Valley
_Xauxa_, who was the more jealous of him, because he sold greater Bars
of Silver than any were cast at _Porco_; whereupon he resolv’d to speak
to him, and getting out the Secret, it came to this Agreement between
them, That they should both be Partners and share the Booty; _Gualpa_
was to keep the Vein, since call’d _The Rich Vein_, and _Guanca_ was to
have another, at present nam’d _Diego Centeno_: but they agreed not
long; for _Guanca_ finding much labor upon his Vein, by reason of the
hardness, and that he could get no share in what _Gualpa_ got,
acquainted his _Spanish_ Master _Vilaroel_ with it, who rested not till
he had found out the truth thereof; for which _Vilaroel_ obtain’d
(according to the Custom of _Porco_) several Rods to work for himself,
onely paying the King one fifth part of what he got, and so remain’d
Owner of the Mine _Centeno_.

[Sidenote: The Mine _Potosi_, when discover’d.]

This Discovery of the rich Mine _Potosi_ is said to have hapned on the
twenty fourth of _April_, _Anno 1545._ Soon after which they found the
Silver Vein _Del Estanno_, which though it was very rich, was difficult
to be digg’d, because of its hardness. The first Vein which _Gualpa_
search’d after stood upright from the bottom of the Mine, and contain’d
above three hundred Foot in length, and thirteen in breadth, and
continuing good for two hundred Foot in depth, after which the Silver
begins to lessen.

The _Peruvians_ relate, That the _Ingas_ first began to dig in _Potosi_,
but gave it over because the Workmen heard a terrible Voice, saying,
_Leave off doing what you are about; the Treasures which lie hid here,
are reserv’d for a People out of foreign Countreys_.

These Mines produce yearly for the King’s fifth part, forty thousand
Pieces of Silver, each valu’d at thirteen _Ryals_, each _Ryal_ being
four Shillings, besides what he is defrauded of, which is perhaps half
as much more.

The Mines of _Potosi_ exceed all other, because the Diggers never meet
with any Water, notwithstanding they work above two hundred Fathom under
Ground, whereas the other Silver Mines suffer great damage by the Water;
which was also the reason why the _Spaniards_ left off digging of Silver
in _Porco_, because they were not onely forc’d to cut through hard
Rocks, but ran greater danger, or at least bestow’d extraordinary labor
to get out the Water which broke in upon them.

[Sidenote: Four Silver Veins, with their several Divisions.]

The four Silver Veins of _Potosi_, _viz._ _The Rich_, _Centeno_, _Del
Estanno_, and _Mendieta_, lie on the East-side of the Mountain, and
extend North and South. The great Veins produce lesser, not unlike the
Body of a Tree, from which shoot forth several degrees of Boughs. Each
Vein is divided into several parts, possess’d by several Owners; the
least part is open’d four Rods, and the biggest eighty; for none are
permitted by the Law to open a bigger Hole. In the time of the Jesuit
_Joseph de Acosta_, an Eye-witness, who _Anno 1587._ went from _Peru_ to
_Spain_, the _Rich Vein_ was reckon’d to contain eighty seven Mines, of
which some were digg’d two hundred Fathom deep. The _Spaniards_ judge
that at the Root of the _Rich Vein_ is an incredible Treasure, though
Experience hath hitherto taught us, that the Silver lessens in price and
quantity the deeper they dig in the Ground.

[Sidenote: The _Socabonos_ or Trenches, with the manner of Mining.]

For the more easie working in the Mines, the _Spaniards_ have digg’d
Trenches (which they call _Socabonos_) at the Foot of the Mountain
towards the West, cross through the Mountain to the Mine, each of them
being eight Foot broad and a Fathom deep, and lock’d up with Gates,
through which the Silver is carried out, whereof the Owner of the
_Socabon_ receives a fifth part. The _Socabon_ which leads to the _Rich
Vein_, was begun _Anno 1556._ and finish’d in twenty nine years, extends
it self two hundred and fifty Rods in length. The Miners work by
Candle-light both Day and Night by turns; those that work in the Day,
sleep in the Night, and those that work in the Night, sleep in the Day.
The Oar, which is as hard as a Stone, is cut out with Pick-axes, beaten
in pieces with an Iron Crow, and carried upon their Backs on Ladders
made of Leather: Each Ladder hath three Fastnings about the thickness of
a Cable, stretch’d out by Sticks, so that one goes up on one side,
whilest another comes down on the other. Each Ladder being ten Fathom
long, is pitch’d upon its several Floor on which the Laborers rest
before they go up higher, for they make divers Floors according to the
depth of the Mine. The Laborers carry the Oar in Bags fastned before on
their Breasts, and falling back over their Shoulders three and three
together, the foremost whereof ties a lighted Candle to his Thumb, and
thus they help themselves with both Hands. It is a wonderful thing to
consider, how the _Peruvians_ are able to scramble up and down
continually a hundred and fifty Fathom: But besides many other
Inconveniences, the Mines often fall in, or at least great pieces, which
bury all the Diggers. The Mines also, being excessive cold, occasion to
those that are not us’d to them, a _Vertigo_ in the Head, and Vomiting.
The Silver runs for the most part between two Rocks, as it were, in a
long Channel, of which one side is as hard as Flint, and the other much
softer. This Silver is of different value; the best, call’d _Cacilla_ or
_Tacana_, resembles Amber in colour; the worser sort is blackish, and
sometimes of an Ash-colour. The pieces of Oar are carry’d on the Backs
of the Sheep _Pacos_ to the Mill, where being ground to Powder, they are
put into Furnaces to melt; of which there were once above six thousand
on the top of _Potosi_; but since the Quicksilver was found to cleanse
the same, not a third part remains pure.

In former times the Mines at _Porco_, two Leagues from the little Lake
_Aulagas_, produc’d those vast Treasures gather’d by the _Ingas_, which
afterwards for the most part fell into the _Spaniards_ Hands.

[Sidenote: Port-Towns, Rivers, and Havens of _Los Charcas_.]

As concerning the Sea-Coast of _Los Charcas_, it lies as followeth:
Southerly from the River _Tambopalla_ puts forth a three-pointed Rock
into the Ocean, and makes the Haven _De Ylo_, into which falls a fresh
River. Next follow the round Hill _Morro de los Diabolos_, and the Inlet
before the Town _Arica_, secur’d from all except a Westerly Wind, where
the Silver that comes from _Potosi_ is Shipp’d for _Lima_. Since the
_English_ Admiral Sir _Francis Drake_ took three Barks out of this Inlet
it is fortifi’d with a Castle, which is stor’d with Brass Guns.

Nine Leagues Southward the _Pissaqua_ falls into the Ocean; and next you
come to the little Village _Hicahic_, situate on a high and barren Tract
of Land; as also the Haven _Terrapaca_, which by an Inland is made very
secure.

Not far from hence appears the Foot of _Piqua_, where the Coast begins
to rise very high; the Head of _Tacama_, the Stream _Lottoya_, otherwise
call’d _De Loa_, whose Banks are inhabited by poor People; the River
_Montelo_, the Promontory _Morro Moreno_, beyond whose utmost Point
opens a Bay, secur’d from all Winds by an Island. The Inhabitants here
feed on raw Fish.

Next the River _Claru_ comes in view, which is taken for a Boundary
between _Peru_ and _Chili_.

Eastward up into the Countrey you come to _Santa Cruiz_, built at the
Foot of a Mountain in a Plain near a Brook, which rushing forth from a
Rock glides through the City to a Lake full of delicious Fish. The
Houses of Stone, are cover’d with Palm-Tree Leaves; and besides the
Church there is also a Cloyster, inhabited by the Monks _De la Merced_.
In former times the _Peruvian_ Houses were built of Clay, and were often
destroy’d by their Neighbors the _Cheriguanacs_ and _Titanes_, who made
Feasts with as many as they took of them. The People about this Place
are meek and poor spirited, and speak besides four Languages, the
_Diagnitan_ Tongue, common amongst all of them. Before the Arrival of
the _Spaniards_ they went Cloth’d in Ostritches Feathers, but since
taught to weave Cotton, they now make their Apparel of the same, and
upon the account of Barter, drive a great Trade in it: They Dye their
Cotton with the boyl’d Roots and Leaves of a little Tree.

Eastward beyond _Santa Cruiz_ lies the Countrey _Paicanos_, eminent for
the great _Calabashes_ which grow there, exceeding good to keep both wet
and dry Meats in.

The Countrey receives a vicissitude of excessive Cold and intolerable
Heat; the hard Winters taking beginning in _May_, and continuing till
the beginning of _August_. In the middle of our Summer a South-wind
blows seven Weeks together here, to the great prejudice of all Plants,
which are during that time often wash’d away by continual Rains. About
_Christmas_ they Sowe, and gather in their Harvest in _March_. During
the rainy Season the Ways cannot be travell’d, being all overflow’d by
the Rivers; neither doth the _Palm-Wood_, which is four days Journey in
length, permit any access to the said City _Santa Cruiz_, because the
conflux of Waters makes it a Moor all over; besides which, the Tygers,
Bears, and Serpents, make the Ways dangerous, especially at that time.

Through this Countrey the _Spanish_ Captain _Nusco de Chavas_ travell’d,
when he discover’d the _Taguamacis_, a numerous People, which dwell
along the great River _De la Plata_.

The Countrey about _Santa Cruiz_ produces all manner of Fruit, but few
Trees, because of the want of Rain; but Corn, _Maiz_, Wine,
_Granadillas_, _Luiumas_, and _Tucumay_, as also the Plant _Hachalindi_,
in the _Latine_ Tongue call’d _Mirabile Peruanum_, grow here in great
abundance; which last shoots up to the bigness of a pretty large Body,
full of Juice, and of a yellowish colour, out of which shoot knotty
Boughs, and about each Knot two Leaves resembling the Herb _Nightshade_;
the Flowers which hang at the ends of the Boughs are long, and pleasant
to the Eye, by reason of their mixture of Purple, White, and Yellow, and
also of a sweet smell. It is a strange Secret in Nature, that this
Flower opens at Midnight, if any Light come near the same: The Root also
is accounted an effectual Medicine against the Dropsie.

                               SECT. VII.
                                Collao.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Collao_.]

_Collao_ lieth Southward of those Countries, which go under the general
Name of the Province of _Cusco_, having on the West, _Lima_; on the
South, _Charcas_; but Eastward, and to the North-East, it is shut up by
a Ridge of Mountains, running in one Body or continu’d Tract from the
Confines of _Collao_, as far as the City of _Cusco_, where they divide.
The Countrey is generally plain, commodiously water’d in all Parts with
fresh Rivers, and consequently affording rich Pasturage and good Herds
of Cattel.

[Sidenote: Chief Towns and Places of note.]

The chief Towns and Places of note are, 1. _Chuquinga_, a great Town,
and held to be naturally almost impregnable, as being environ’d round
about either with deep unfordable Waters, or with Mountains unpassable,
and having one onely Cawsey leading to it, reported to be for two or
three Leagues together no broader than to permit one single Person to
march conveniently upon it.

2. The City _Pucara_, which was formerly well inhabited, but at present
nothing remains of it, except the ruin’d Walls of great Houses, and
large Images of Stone.

3. _Ayavire_, by the _Spaniards_ call’d _Las Sepulturas_, being a Place
especially enobled by the stately Monuments of the _Peruvian_ Nobility
which were found there.

4. _Hatuncolla_, the Metropolis or chief Town of this Province, seated
upon the Banks of the River _Caravaya_, whose Streams are very much
fam’d for Gold.

[Illustration: CALLAO de LIMA]

The River _Caravaya_, which glides from the _Andes_ Eastward to the City
_Juan del Oro_, produces much fine Gold, but not without the loss of
many People, which are kill’d by the unwholsom Air and Damps that arise
here.

[Sidenote: The Lake _Titicaca_.]

The Lake _Titicaca_, which washes the Countrey _Collao_ on the North,
the Province of _Omasuy_ on the East, _Chaquito_ on the West, and
_Chuquiabo_ on the South, is one of the greatest Lakes of _America_,
being eighty Leagues in circumference, and in several places as many
Fathom deep; wherefore it is exceeding rough in windy Weather. Into this
Lake ten great Rivers discharge their Waters, which run away again
through a narrow, but very deep Channel, in which the Stream runs so
strong, that no Boats are able to abide in it.

5. _Chinquita_, a Colony of _Spaniards_ upon the Banks of _Titicaca_,
having many small Islands in it of a good and fruitful Soil, abounding
in Fish and variety of Sea-Fowl; it is suppos’d to be fourscore Leagues
distant likewise from the South Sea, having onely one _Estuary_ or
Mouth, which is something strait, but of such a deep Water and violent
Stream, that (as _Acosta_ testifieth of it) it is not possible to build
a Bridge of Stone or Timber over it; but the Natives in stead thereof
have laid a Bridge of Straw upon it, which serves as well, _viz._ so
many great Bundles of Straw, Sedge, or such like matter, well and surely
made up and fastned together, as will reach from one side or Bank of the
_Estuary_ to another; at which likewise having made them sure, they cast
some good quantity of more Straw and Sedge upon them, and have a Bridge
very convenient, upon which they both securely pass themselves, and also
drive Cattel, and do other necessary Business. The Water is neither
bitter nor brackish, yet is not drinkable because of its muddiness.
Several Islands that lie in the Lake serv’d formerly for Store-houses of
the chiefest Goods, which the People thereabouts living near the
High-way would not trust in their Villages.

[Sidenote: The Plant _Totara_.]

Here grows a certain Broom-Plant call’d _Totara_, good for many uses,
and is also wholsom Food both for Man and Beast; moreover, they cover
their Houses with the same, burn it on their Hearths, and make Boats.
The _Uros_, a salvage People, made Floats of _Totara_, which they ty’d
together, and built Villages on the same, which drove to and again,
according as the Wind blew.

The Lake also breeds abundance of Fish, and especially two sorts, _viz._
_Suches_, which are very pleasing to the Palate, but unwholsom; and the
_Bogas_, which though less, and full of Bones, are a much better Food.
There likewise breed plenty of Fowls about the same, especially wild
Geese and Ducks.

When the _Peruvians_ intend to Entertain any Person, they go to catching
of Fowls (by them call’d _Chaco_) after this manner: They make a Circle
with the Floats nam’d _Balsas_, and Rowing close to one another, take up
the inclos’d Fowl with their Hands.

Moreover, the fore-mention’d Channel, through which the Lake _Titicaca_
discharges its Water, ends in a little Lake call’d _Aulagas_, likewise
full of desolate Isles, but hath no visible place into which to empty
its Water, therefore it must needs, according to the course of Nature,
fall under Ground, where it commixes with a Stream whose original is
unknown, though it be seen to fall into the South Sea.

The Town is a Place of extraordinary Wealth and Trading, and so
considerable, that the Governor thereof is always nam’d by the King of
_Spain_ himself, and his Place estimated at fifty thousand Ducats _per
Annum_.

6. _Tiaguanaco_, at the _Estuary_, or Mouth of the Lake, memorable onely
for the Ruines of certain great and stupendious Buildings which
antiently have stood there, some of the Stones whereof are said to have
been of thirty Foot length apiece, fifteen Foot broad, and six or seven
Foot thick. There were likewise found the Statues of certain Men
excellently Carv’d and Wrought, of a Gigantick stature or bigness, and
likewise veiled in foreign and strange Habits, not at all us’d, nor ever
known to have been us’d by the _Peruvians_ themselves, or by any other
of the Natives of _America_.

7. _Nuestra Sennora de la Paz_, or _Our Lady of Peace_, otherwise call’d
_Pueblo Nuevo_: It is but a small Town, yet pleasantly seated upon the
Banks of a River in a fair and fruitful Plain, full of Springs,
Fruit-Trees, _Savanas_, and Fields of _Maiz_, having Mountains on either
side: It lieth almost in the middle of the Province _Chuquinabo_,
fourteen Leagues distant from _Cusco_, and as many from _Potosi_. The
Province _Chuquinabo_ it self (which in the _Peruvian_ Tongue signifies
_Inheritance of Gold_) hath many rich Gold-Mines, good Salt-pits, and a
temperate Climate, except from the beginning of _December_ till _March_,
in which time the continual Rains cause Feavers and Agues. The
Inhabitants being very poor People, us’d to go naked in the Summer
Season.

8. _Copavana_, two and twenty Leagues beyond _Lopoz_: It is onely
inhabited by _Peruvians_; amongst whom an Image of the Virgin _Mary_,
long since erected there, hath been ever in great veneration, especially
by reason of a Tradition of a great Miracle there perform’d: for the
_Spaniards_ affirm, That _Johannes Anachoreta_ going a Journey of
several Weeks from home, plac’d a lighted Candle before the Image, which
during the time of his absence did not at all diminish.

[Sidenote: A strange Earthquake at _Angoanga_.]

An Accident which fell out in this Countrey is very remarkable, _viz._
The Ground of an old Village call’d _Angoanga_, then inhabited by
eminent Necromancers, began on a sudden to swell, and the Earth to run
like a broken Wave two Leagues, overwhelming the Houses in Sand, and
filling up a neighboring Lake.

[Sidenote: The like in _Herefordshire_ in _England_.]

Eight years before this terrible Earthquake here, there hapned in the
County of _Hereford_ in _England_ almost the same kind of prodigious
Motion: for not far from the Town _Ledborough_, arose _Marcely Hill_ to
an exceeding heighth, and moving along bury’d all whate’re it met with,
after which manner it continu’d for the space of three days, to the
great terror of all that beheld it.

9. _Chilane_; 10. _Acos_; 11. _Pomata_, and some others, all of them
good Towns, but not so considerable as those other.

[Sidenote: Roads and High-ways made by the _Ingas_.]

Concerning the Roads or High-ways, it may well be said, That none of the
seven Wonders of the World can compare with any one of them; neither was
the Way that _Appius Claudius_ made from _Rome_ to _Brundusium_, upon
the repairing of which the Emperors _Julius_ and _Augustus_ spent great
sums of Money, fit to stand in competition with the Roads made by the
_Ingas_ in _Peru_: for who cannot but admire at the consideration of so
many Valleys fill’d with Mountains, the hardest Rocks cut asunder, Moors
damm’d up, great Stone Bridges laid over swift gliding Streams, and
through vast Wildernesses a Way made of twenty Foot broad, inclos’d in
high Walls, extending from _Quito_ to _Chilo_, a thousand Leagues, and
at the end of every ten Leagues brave Houses or Magazines, stor’d with
Bowes, Arrows, Halberds, Axes, Clubs, Clothes, and Provision for twenty
or thirty thousand Men. Some relate, that _Guainacava_, when he return’d
Victor from the conquer’d Countrey _Quito_, suffer’d great
Inconveniences on the pathless Mountains, and thereupon Commanded his
Subjects to make the fore-mention’d Way. But it is more probable, that
this Master-piece was not the work of one _Inga_, especially since
besides the Way from _Chili_ to _Quito_ there leads another through the
Mountains over the Plains from _Cusco_ to _Quito_, forty Foot broad, and
five hundred Leagues long, inclos’d within two Walls.

[Sidenote: The manner of the _Peruvian_ Registers.]

The _Peruvians_ relate from the testimony of the _Quipos_, much more
concerning these High-Ways, and other Buildings on them, made by
_Guainacava_. These _Quipos_ are Rowls of divers colour’d Strings, full
of all manner of Knots, which serve in stead of Characters to keep their
Chronicles; in which were employ’d the _Quipo-Camayos_, who being in the
nature of our Secretaries, Registred all Transactions, performing the
same with the several Strings and Buttons, with which they gave
Obligations, Discharges, and the like: but besides the _Quipos_ they
also us’d Rings full of little Stones for the same purpose; and knew
with _Maiz_-Seed how to cast up an Account as well as the best
Arithmetician with Figures.

Their Account of Time hung on the twelve Pillars _Succanga_, erected on
a Mountain beyond _Cusco_ by the Inga _Pachacuma_, that is, _The
Regulator of the Year_, to shew the Course of the Sun, and according to
that their appointed Feast-days, times of Sowing and Harvest: Their Year
begins in _December_.

[Sidenote: The present State of _Peru_ under the _Spanish_ Government.]

The _Spanish_ Government in the Kingdom of _Peru_ is setled at present
in great tranquility and splendor. The Vice-Roy, who keeps a splendid
Court in _Lima_, otherwise call’d _Los Reyos_, Commands over _Chili_ and
_Terra Firma_, and never comes abroad without a Guard of forty
Halberdeers: when he travels by Land he is accompanied by the
Arch-bishop, and guarded by his forty Halberdeers, a hundred Pike-men,
and fifty Musquetteers. His Reign is generally not above six or eight
years, during which time he receives forty thousand Ducats _per Annum_
out of the King’s Exchequer.

[Sidenote: The present flourishing Condition of the City _Los Reyos_.]

The City _Los Reyos_ hath been of late years very much enlarg’d and
brought to a most flourishing Condition, being exceeding populous, and
extending four Miles in length, and half as much in breadth: In the
biggest Market-place is the City Hall and the Exchange, where all things
are brought to be sold. Of the other three Markets, two have their
Denominations from _St. Anne_ and _St. Jacob_; the fourth is call’d _El
Santo de los Cavallos_, because nothing but Mules, Asses, and Horses are
sold there. The chief Church is Consecrated to _St. John_ the
Evangelist; the other Three to _Marcellus_, _Sebastian_, and _Anna_. The
_Franciscans_ inhabit three Cloysters; the _Dominicans_, _Augustines_,
and Monks _De la Merced_, each of them two, besides two costly
Structures for the _Jesuits_. Other Orders have also five Cloysters
here, _viz._ the _Creation_, _Conception_, the _Holy Trinity_, _St.
Joseph_, and _St. Clara_; the three first have each of them a Church
built hard by the several Cloysters, Dedicated to the _Santas Virgines
del Montserratto_, _Del Prado_, and _De Loretto_. Each Cloyster contains
above two hundred and fifty either Monks or Nuns. Here are also four
large Hospitals, the chiefest whereof call’d _Andrias_, hath seldom less
than four hundred Sick, which are kept and cur’d on Charity. The second
is for _Peruvians_ onely, call’d _The Hospital of St. Anna_. The third,
built in honor of the Apostle _St. Peter_, is for poor old Clergy-men.
The fourth, nam’d _The House of Love_, is for sick Women. Besides these
there stands another Structure near the Walls of the City, Consecrated
to _Lazarus_, where those that have the Leprosie are cur’d. The House
call’d _The Holy-Ghost_, receives all sick and wounded Sea-men. The King
maintains twenty four Students at his own Charge in the Royal Colledge,
and the Arch-bishop as many in the Colledge call’d _St. Toronius_; but
in the Colledge of _St. Martin_ reside above six hundred, which are
brought up in all manner of Arts and Sciences. Two hundred Students are
also taught in the high School, where they chuse a new Governor every
year. Here also is kept the King’s Treasure, and the Court of
Inquisition. The River which washes the City Walls runs so exceeding
swift, that not long since it carried away a new Stone Bridge with nine
great Arches.

[Sidenote: Miracles reported to have been done by _Ramirez_.]

The _Dominican_ Monks were the first that Landed on _Peru_, the first
which came thither with _Francisco Pizarro_ being _Vincent de Valle
Verde_, who was follow’d by _Sancio Martino_, _Martino de Esquivele_,
_Dominico de Sancto Thoma_, _Pedro Ulloa_, _Alphonso de Montenegro_,
_Reynaldo Pedraza_, and many others, who were stirr’d up by the report
of the _Peruvian_ Riches; amongst whom were four _Franciscans_, viz.
_Pedro Portuguese_, _Jodoco de los Angelos_, _De la Cruiz_, and _De Sant
Anna_, who were soon after follow’d by twelve Monks of the _Augustine_
Order. _Anno 1552._ Landed also at _Los Reyos_, Colonel _Andreas
Salazar_, accompanied with _Antonio Lozano_, _Juan de Sancto Petro_,
_Hieronymo Melendez_, _Didaco Palamino_, _Pedro de Espeda_, _Andreas
Ortega_, _Juan Canto_, _Juan Chamorro_, _Francisco de Treyas_, _Juan
Ramirez_, and _Balthazar Melgarego_. _Salazar_ soon after his Arrival
sent the Priest _Juan Ramirez_, and _Balthazar Melganego_ to
_Guamachuco_, where he Baptiz’d and Instructed the Inhabitants in great
numbers. Afterwards travelling to _Moyabamba_, he got a great esteem
amongst those Idolaters, and (as it goes for currant amongst them)
wrought many Miracles, amongst which this is reported for one: He being
inform’d by an old _Peruvian_, that his Daughter nam’d _Curi_ had hid
several Idols; enquiring after it, he tax’d her with what her Father had
told him; which she denying, and being rebuk’d by _Ramirez_, is said to
have become immediately dumb, to have foam’d at the Mouth, at last
falling down dead like a second _Saphira_ in the presence of many, which
caus’d many to forsake their Idolatry. But the Necromancers endeavor’d
by all means possible to raise a disesteem on _Ramirez_, and with the
assistance of their Master the Devil, so wrought their Inchantments,
that the Tygers came in great Herds out of the Wildernesses to
_Moyabamba_, and devour’d not onely Men, Women and Children in the
Highways, but also tore them out of their Houses, yet did not the least
hurt to any _Spaniard_; whereupon _Ramirez_ valiantly went with a
Company of his Proselytes to a Herd of Tygers, which when he approached
held the Cross to them, which it seems so affrighted the Devil-Tygers,
that they climb’d up the Trees. They farther relate (if you will believe
them) to make the Miracle the greater, That _Ramirez_ call’d to the
Multitude, saying, _Go and revenge the Deaths of your devour’d Parents,
Children and Relations_; whereupon he throwing a Stone, and all the rest
following his Example, the Tygers leap’d out of the Trees, stood still,
and suffer’d themselves to be kill’d like Lambs. Six years after the
fore-mention’d twelve _Augustine_ Monks follow’d eleven others, who set
Sail out of the _Spanish_ Haven _St. Lucar_, and arriving at _Peru_ went
to the Village _Tauca_, where they broke the Image of the Goddess
_Huarella_, being as it were the _Peruvian Venus_, or Patroness of
amorous Delights, reported to have given Responses from the Wood in
which she was worshipp’d. They also destroy’d the Idol _Chanca_ in the
Countrey _Conchucos_, which being worshipp’d by the _Indians_ in the
shape of a Man, had yearly a fair Maid, aged fourteen years, given to
him in Marriage, a solemn Wedding being kept, and several Sheep kill’d.

[Sidenote: The Miracle of an _Augustine_ Monk.]

The _Augustine_ Monks are believ’d to have wrought also another Miracle
in the Province _Conchucos_, upon this occasion: A Conjurer call’d
_Chaumango_, boasted himself to be _God_, deny’d our _Saviour_, in
testimony whereof he gave out that he would kick a Mountain to pieces,
with his Foot; which Report spreading all over the Countrey, all the
adjacent People flock’d to see this strange Wonder on an appointed Day,
on which _Charimango_ being, it seems, as good as his word, and kicking
the Mountain, caus’d it to rent from the top to the bottom, and the
pieces to flie all about the People, who were exceedingly amaz’d; but
the Sorcerer upon the _Augustine_ Monk’s rebuking him was (as they
affirm) immediately eaten up with Worms.

[Illustration: CHILI]

Many other Stories of Miracles go currant amongst them, as of _Marco
Garcia_ and _Didaco Ortez_ driving the Devil from a white Stone which
hung over a Fountain in _Chiquipalpa_, and several others, but it would
be very impertinent to dwell too long upon Discourses of this nature,
especially since we are not oblig’d to make them a part of our Creed.

To conclude our Description of this famous Kingdom of _Peru_, the People
thereof at the _Spaniards_ first Arrival viewing their Shipping, their
Guns, and other Accoutrements, unknown to them before, had them in great
admiration, as Men descended from Heaven; but when they began to be
oppress’d by their Tyranny, and to be tortur’d by them, they look’d upon
them as the Spawn of Hell, and curs’d the Sea that had brought so wicked
a People to them.

                                CHAP. V.
                                 Chile.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Chile_.]

Following the Coast of _Mare del Zur_, or the South Sea, the next great
Province pertaining formerly to the Kingdom of _Peru_, is that of
_Chile_. This is the most Southerly Province of the whole Countrey of
_America_, reaching up as far as the _Magellane_ Straights, with which
to the Southward it is bounded; Northward it hath a Desart, and an
undiscover’d Countrey lying betwixt it and the Confines of _Peru_,
call’d _Atacama_; on the West it hath _Mare del Zur_; and on the East,
up to _Rio de la Plata_, the _Atlantick_, or North Sea, with some
Countreys undiscover’d, which interpose betwixt it and _Paraguay_ to the
North-East: It lieth all of it beyond the _Tropick_ of _Capricorn_, in a
temperate _Zone_, and extendeth it self in length from the Borders of
_Peru_, to the Mouth of the _Straights_ five hundred Leagues or more;
but the breadth of it neither equal nor certain: They say ’tis call’d
_Chile_ from the word _Chil_, which signifies _Cold_ it seems in their
Language as well as ours, it being generally a cold and bleak Countrey,
the Air in many parts of it so extreamly sharp and piercing, that both
Horse and Rider sometimes in travelling are frozen to death, as the
_Spaniards_ found by experience in their first Search and Discovery of
the Countrey, under the Conduct of _Diego Almagro_, who is said to have
left the greatest part of his Men dead behind him: But this is chiefly
towards the _Andes_, and on the Sea-Coast, the more Inland parts of it,
though mountainous also in some parts, yet are more temperate, and being
also well water’d with Rivers, are much more fruitfull than the other,
affording both Wheat and _Maiz_, and likewise other Grain, excellent
Pasturage in many places, and great store of Cattel, Wine, Honey, and
not without many and rich Mines both of Gold and Silver.

[Sidenote: _Pedro Baldivia_ taken Prisoner and put to death by the
           _Arucans_.]

The Natives of this Countrey were found to be the most stout and warlike
of all the _Americans_ that the _Spaniards_ had hitherto met withal,
fighting with them, and oftentimes defeating them in the open Field,
surprizing and sacking their Towns, and last of all taking their Captain
and Commander in Chief Prisoner: This was _Pedro Baldivia_, one of those
good Men that consented to the death of _Attabaliba_, the last King of
_Peru_, after a greater Ransom accepted and paid, then perhaps the King
of _Spain_ could well raise on a sudden, if he had occasion to use it
for himself. The _Arucans_ (for so are the People call’d that had him
Prisoner) are said to have Entertain’d him for a while with great
Jollity and Feasting, but for his last Draught gave him a Cup of melted
Gold, which the poor Man was forc’d to take down, and so died a cruel,
though costly Death.

The whole Province generally is divided first into _Chile_, specially so
call’d, and secondly _Magellanica_, or that part which lieth more
Southward down to the _Straights_ of _Magellan_.

                               SECT. II.
                       Chile, properly so call’d.

[Sidenote: The Bounds of _Chile_ specially so call’d.]

_Chile_, specially so call’d, is border’d Northward with the Desart and
barren Countrey of _Atacama_ above mention’d; on the South, with
_Magellanica_; on the West, with _Mare del Zur_; Eastward, and to the
North-East, with some parts of _Paraguay_, or rather with some
undiscover’d Countreys lying betwixt them both: The length of it from
North to South is reckon’d to be little less than three hundred Leagues,
and generally of a fruitful Soil, affording besides abundance of Gold
and Silver, both Corn, Cattel, Vineyards, and divers sorts of Fruits,
equal both for kind and plenty to _Spain_ it self, and sundry other
parts of _Europe_. The Air likewise temperate, and the People in their
Manners and Conditions come much nearer to the Civility, and likewise
subtilty of the _Europeans_, than other _Americans_ did; which doubtless
may be attributed to the conformity of the Climates under which they
lie, agreeable to those of _Europe_; though otherwise in respect of the
Sphere and Seasons of the Year, there be a diametrical difference
betwixt us; As for Example, their _Spring_ beginning in _September_,
which is our _Autumn_, and their _Autumn_ in _March_, which is our
_Spring_; their longest Day being that of _St. Lucy_, on the eleventh of
_December_, which is our shortest; and their shortest being _St.
Barnabas_, _viz._ the eleventh of _June_, which is our longest, _&c._

[Sidenote: Towns and Places of Importance.]

The Towns of chiefest note and importance in this Province, are 1.
_Gopiapo_, an old Town in the most Northerly parts of this Province
towards the Sea, where it hath a very commodious Haven belonging to it.

2. _La Serena_, a Town situate on the Banks of _Coquimbo_, a pleasant
River a little above its Influx into the Sea, built by _Baldivia_ in the
Year 1544. the Countrey about very rich in Mines of Gold, and the Town
it self so well Garrison’d for fear of the Natives, that when the
_English_ under Sir _Francis Drake_, about fourscore years since,
attempted the gaining of the Place, they found hot Service of it, being
stoutly resisted and beaten back again to their Ships, by a Sally of no
less than three hundred good Horse and two hundred Foot.

3. _St. Jago_, the principal Town of the Province, a Bishop’s See, and
the ordinary Residence of the Governor, lying on the Banks of the River
_Tapocalma_, in the thirty fourth Degree of Southern Latitude, fifteen
Leagues distant from the South Sea, at which it hath a very commodious
and much frequented Haven, which they call _Valparayso_, and where the
_English_ met with better fortune, as hath been said already in the
report of Sir _Francis Drake_’s Voyage.

4. _La Conception_, a strong Town, seated on the Bay call’d _Penco_,
sixty or seventy Leagues distant from _St. Jago_ towards the South, a
Place not a little fortifi’d both by Nature and Art, having the Bay and
a certain Ridge of high Mountains begirting it almost round about; and
where it is otherwise accessible, a Castle, and certain Bulwarks with
Ordnance, besides a Garrison of five hundred Soldiers at least
continually in it, and all little enough to defend it against the
_Araucanes_, their deadly Enemies, who live thereabouts, and are ever
and anon making Incursions almost up to the Walls of it. Over against
this Place in _Mare del Zur_, but very near the Shore, there lieth a
certain Island call’d _St. Maries_, exceeding plentiful in Swine and all
sorts of Poultrey, which the Garrison of _La Conception_ make good use
of.

[Illustration: MAGELLANCICA.]

5. _Los Confines_, a Fronteer Town, built by the aforesaid _Baldivia_,
for defence of the rich Mines of Gold at _Angol_, a Place near
adjoyning.

6. _La Imperiale_, another strong Garrison of this Place on the Banks of
the River _Cauten_, near to which that great Battel was fought, where
_Baldivia_, with divers other Soldiers, were taken Prisoners, who were
no otherwise overcome, but by being over-wearied with killing of their
Enemies, and by that means not able to make their Retreat.

7. _Villarica_, another Colony of the _Spaniards_ in these Parts,
sixteen Leagues distant from _Imperiale_, and twenty five from the Sea.

8. _Baldivia_, so nam’d from the Commander _Pedro Baldivia_, who built
it in the Valley of _Guadallanquen_, two or three Leagues distant from
the Sea, where it hath a good and capacious Port; but nearer to it the
best Mines of _Peru_, so rich, that ’tis said they yielded _Baldivia_
every day so long as he could enjoy them, twenty five thousand Crowns.

9. _Osorno_, a Town lying in the Bay of _Chilue_ in a barren Soil, but
otherwise neither less rich, nor less populous than _Baldivia_ it self.

These three last mention’d Towns, _viz._ _Baldivia_, _Imperiale_, and
_Osorno_, were in the Years 1596, 1699, and 1604, surpriz’d by the
_Araucanes_, and other Salvages confederate with them, sack’d and burnt;
and though the _Spaniards_ be said to have recover’d and Garrison’d some
of them with fresh Soldiers, yet how long they were able to hold them,
or whether they be Masters of them at this day, we cannot say.

10. _Castro_, the most Southerly Town of the whole Province, built on a
certain Island within the Bay of _Chilue_.

11. _Mendoza_; and 12. _St. Juan de la Frontera_, both which lie towards
_Paraguay_ and _Rio de la Plata_, but on the other side of the _Andes_,
forty Leagues distant from any of those we have spoken of, and perhaps
more, not above a hundred from _Buenos Ayres_, and the _Atlantick_
Ocean.

                               SECT. III.
                              Magellanica.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Magellanica_.]

[Sidenote: Sea-Port, Towns, Isles, and Straights.]

_Magellanica_, the other part of this Province, is bounded Northward,
with _Chile_ abovesaid, and some parts of the Countrey _De la Plata_; on
the South, with the narrow Sea call’d _Magellans Straights_; having
_Mare del Zur_ on the West, and on the East the _Atlantick_ Ocean. It
contains in length from the Borders of _Chile_ to the Mouth of the
_Straights_, a hundred Leagues, and in breadth from the North to the
South Sea, somewhat more, _viz._ towards _Chile_ and the North-West
parts of it, for towards the South and South-West it straitens still
more and more, insomuch that they who resemble the Southern part of
_America_ to the form of a Pyramid revers’d, make this part of the
Countrey to be the Spire or top thereof. It beareth the Name from
_Ferdinand Magellan_, a _Portuguese_, who first discover’d that narrow
Sea, so famously known by the Name of _Magellans Straights_. It is a
large Countrey, and suppos’d not to be altogether barren of Metals; but
as yet no great Discovery hath been made of it, partly by reason of the
excessive Cold to which ’tis thought to be subject, and partly perhaps
by reason of the difficulty of the Enterprize, it being so far remote,
and very hardly passable in many places, by reason of the huge Mountains
the _Andes_, which bar it as it were against all Adventurers; but
chiefly by reason of the stoutness and untameableness of the _Araucanes_
and other Natives of _Chile_, through whose Countrey the March lieth,
and who must first be conquer’d, so that very little can be said more of
this Countrey, than onely to name the Ports and Places upon the
Sea-Coasts, at which the _Spaniards_, and likewise some other Nations at
several times have touched, the chief whereof upon the South Sea are, 1.
_Cabo de las Islas_, a Promontory or Foreland, twenty six Leagues
distant from that of _St. Felix_ on the Confines of _Chile_.

2. _Puerto de San Stephano_, fifty Leagues from that, towards the South.

3. _La Villa de Nuestra Sennora_, or _Our Ladies Dale_, a large and
secure Bay, eighteen Leagues Southward of _St. Stephens_.

4. _La Punta Deglada_; 5. _Puerto de los Reyos_; and 6. _Ancona Sin
Salida_, all of them opening towards the _Straights_. There is also at
the opening of the Straights, _Cabo de la Vittoria_, _Cabo Desseado_,
and some others.

Upon the North Sea, and up towards _Rio de la Plata_, the chief Places
observable, are 1. _Rio de la Crux_, and the Cape which they call _De
las Rameras_, about thirty Leagues distant from the _Straights_ Mouth.

2. The Bay of _St. Julian_, forty Leagues Northward of the former.

3. _El Puerto Desseado_; 4. _Puerto de los Leones_; 5. The Bay of
_Anegada_, all of them good and capacious Havens for the security of
Shipping upon these Coasts, and lying at a distance of thirty or forty
Leagues one from another, up towards _Rio de la Plata_, and the Countrey
of _Paraguay_, of which we are next to speak.

[Sidenote: Description of the _Magellan_ Straights.]

As for the Straights themselves, so much spoken of, and likewise so
necessary to be known by those who frequent these parts of the World,
they are a narrow Sea or Frith, by which the _Atlantick_ Ocean, or
rather some parts of it, doth fall into _Mare de Zur_, or the South Sea:
the Passage is long, running, as ’tis commonly suppos’d, well nigh a
hundred Leagues together, almost in a paralel Line, or in the same
Degree of Latitude from one end to the other; and likewise extreamly
difficult by reason of the many windings and turnings of the Sea, which
force them to be ever and anon altering of their Course, and a
mountainous high Countrey on both sides of it, from whence it is almost
continually beaten with Storms, both dangerous and terrible: They were
first discover’d by _Ferdinand Magellan_, by Nation a _Portuguese_, but
in the Service of the King of _Spain_, and by him nam’d _Magellan’s
Straights_; who although himself liv’d not to return into _Spain_, being
slain in the Conquest of the _Molucca_ Islands, yet his Companions did,
in the Ship call’d _Vittoria_, from whence the Cape _De la Vittoria_
abovesaid took its Name. The Mouth or Entrance of them, by the
_Atlantick_ Ocean, lies in fifty two Degrees of Southern Latitude, and
hath not above fifty three and some Minutes at the _Exit_ or opening
into the South Sea.

[Sidenote: The Straights of _Le Maire_.]

There is likewise since this, and but of late times, _viz._ about the
Year 1615. another _Straight_ discover’d by the _Dutch_, and call’d from
the Discoverer _Fretum Mairi_, or _The Straights of le Maire_, four or
five Degrees more to the Southward than those of _Magellan_, and
suppos’d to be a much earlier and safer Passage.

The Intention by the discovery of these _Straights_, was to have found a
shorter Way to the _East-Indies_ and the Kingdoms of _Cathay_ and
_China_, than that which was then onely us’d, _viz._ by the _Cape de
Buena Speranza_, and the Coast of _Africk_, but by reason of the great
difficulty, as ’tis to be suppos’d, and uncertainty of the Passage,
neither the one nor the other is much frequented, the _Spaniards_ for
the most part serving themselves of their _American_ Ports upon the
South Sea, from whence they make their Voyages and Returns to and from
the other _Indies_, and from thence home to _Spain_; and the _English_,
with other Nations of _Europe_, Trading still by the Coast of _Africk_
and _Cape of Good Hope_, or else by the way of _Alexandria_ and the
_Persian_ Gulf, as heretofore.

[Illustration: PARAQVARIA _Vulgo_ PARAGVAY. Cum adjacentibus.]

                               CHAP. VI.
                     Paraguay, or Rio de la Plata.

We have seen in _Magellanica_ the farthest, that is, the most Southerly
part of the _New World_, and before it in order all the Western Coasts
of _America_ that lie either upon or towards _Mare del Zur_, _viz._,
from _Panama_, the first Province of this Southern part down as far as
the _Straights_. We are now to return and take a view of the Eastern
Coasts, and those Countreys which lie upon the _Atlantick_ Ocean,
steering our Course henceforth Northward, not directly, but as the Coast
leads us for a while Eastward and by North, forasmuch as the Land of
_America_, from the _Straights_ of _Magellan_ up as far as _Brasile_,
and almost to the _Æquator_, runneth out with a long Point, little less
than three thousand Leagues together.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Paraguay_, or _Rio de la
           Plata_.]

The first Province we meet with on this side next to _Magellanica_, is
the Countrey of _Paraguay_, oftentimes call’d _Rio de la Plata_, from
the Name of an huge River, which runneth for the most part through the
midst of it: It is border’d, as we said, to the South and towards the
_Straights_ with _Magellanica_; on the East, with the _Atlantick_ Ocean;
more Northward, or to the North-East, it hath _Brasile_; and on the West
those undiscover’d Countreys of the Province of _Chile_, of which we
have spoken.

The Countrey on both sides the River is reported to be a very lusty and
fruitful Soil, bearing besides those which are proper and native, all
sorts of _European_ Fruits and Grain in great abundance, with
Sugar-Canes, both large and good, as any other Province of the _New
World_. Nor is it excell’d by any other for good Pasturage and great
Herds of Cattel, Sheep, and Swine; in particular, Horses are said to
have multiply’d so here, that of thirty Mares, and about six or seven
Stallions, which the _Spaniards_ left there, in forty years the whole
Countrey thereabouts was fill’d with the Breed of them, running wild in
great Companies together, through all the Woods and Forrests of the
Countrey, and being of excellent Mettle and Service if they could be
tam’d. It affordeth likewise great store of wild Deer and Stags, some
Lyons, Tygers, _&c._ nor is it without good Mines, some both of Gold and
Silver; but chiefly, as to what is yet discover’d, of Brass, and Iron;
and the People altogether salvage.

[Sidenote: The River _De la Plata_.]

The River _De la Plata_, which (as we said before) divides this
Countrey, is one of the largest of the whole World, rising, as ’tis
suppos’d, out of the Lake call’d _De los Xarayes_, three hundred Leagues
or more within Land, and falling into the _Atlantick_ Ocean, or North
Sea, in thirty four Degrees of Southern Latitude, with an _Estuary_ or
Mouth of thirty, or two and thirty Leagues over.

The whole Countrey is usually subdivided into three inferior Provinces,
which are 1. _Rio de la Plata_ properly so call’d. 2. _Tucuman._ 3. _La
Crux de Sierra._

                               SECT. II.
                  Rio de la Plata, properly so call’d.

[Sidenote: Situation of _Rio de la Plata_, properly so call’d.]

_Rio de la Plata_, properly so call’d, is that part of the Countrey
which extendeth it self on both sides the River, in length many Leagues
together, but not answerable in breadth.

[Sidenote: Towns and Places of note.]

The chiefest Towns of note in this Province, are 1. _Buenos Ayres_, by
some call’d _La Trinidad_, on the Southern Banks of the River _De la
Plata_, sixty four Leagues, as they say, from the Mouth of it: It is
seated commodiously at the foot of a little Mountain, and fortifi’d with
a Mud-Wall, a little Castle, and some Pieces of Ordnance.

2. _San Fe_, in English _St. Faiths_, fifty Leagues above _Buenos
Ayres_, upon the same River, and a richer Place, chiefly by reason of
their Cloth, of which there is here one of the greatest Manufactures of
all these parts of _Peru_.

3. _Nuestra Sennora de la Assumption_, commonly call’d _Assumption_
onely, lying yet higher up the River almost a hundred Leagues, a well
built and well frequented Town, long since inhabited by two hundred
Families at least of natural _Spaniards_, besides _Mestizos_, as they
call them, which are the Breed of _Spaniards_ by the _American_ People,
Men or Women, and _Mulattos_, which are likewise their Race, but
begotten upon _Negro_’s, of both which there are reckon’d to be here
some thousands.

4. _La Cividad Real_, or more commonly call’d _Ontiveros_, fourscore
Leagues Northward from _Assumption_, seated on the Banks of the River
_Parana_ in a fruitful Soil, as the Countrey generally is about all
these Places; but the Air hereabouts is not so healthful.

5. _St. Anne_, upon the same River; and 6. _St. Salvador._

                               SECT. III.
                                Tucuman.

[Sidenote: Situation of _Tucuman_.]

Westward of _La Plata_ lieth the Countrey of _Tucuman_, extending it
self as far as the Borders of _Chile_, a Countrey not yet well
discover’d either to the North or the South. That part of it which lieth
towards _Chile_ is well Manur’d and Husbanded, and likewise very
fruitful; but that towards _Magellanica_, neither the one, nor the
other, remaining altogether untill’d and barren.

[Sidenote: Towns and chief Places of note.]

The chief Towns and Places of note, are 1. _St. Jago de Esteco_, the
principal Town of the Province, and a Bishop’s See, seated upon the
River _Esteco_, a hundred and fourscore Leagues distant from _Buenos
Ayres_.

2. _St. Michael de Tucuman_, seated at the foot of a huge rocky
Mountain, but otherwise in a Soil the fruitfullest and best, both for
Corn and Pasturage, in all this Countrey, twenty eight Leagues distant
from _St. Jago_.

3. _Talavera_, or _Nuestra Sennora de Talavera_, as the _Spaniards_ call
it, situate upon the Banks of _Salado_, in a good Soil, and inhabited by
an industrious People, grown exceeding rich and wealthy, chiefly by
their Manufactures of Cotton-Wooll, whereof they have great plenty, and
by which they drive a Trade as far as the Mines at _Potosi_, and other
parts of _Peru_.

[Illustration: BRASILIA.]

4. _Corduba_, another rich Town of this Province, and of great Trade, as
lying at an equal distance, _viz._ of fifty Leagues, both From _San Fe_,
as they call it, or _St. Faiths_ in the Province of _La Plata_
abovesaid, and from _St. Juan de la Frontera_ in the Country of _Chile_,
and almost in the Road-way from _Potosi_ and those parts of _Peru_, to
_Buenos Ayres_ and the North Sea.

5. _Chocinoca_; 6. _Sococha_; 7. _Calebinda_; 8. _Morata_, and others,
but belonging for the most part to the reduced Natives.

                               SECT. IV.
                           La Crux de Sierra.

[Sidenote: Situation of _La Crux de Sierra_.]

_La Crux de Sierra_ is a little Territory (at least in comparison to
some others) lying towards _Peru_, and reckon’d by some for one of the
Provinces of _Peru_: It lieth betwixt the two great Rivers _Paraguay_
and _Guapay_, a hundred Leagues distant, as ’tis said, from _Charcas_,
to which yet in some Causes it is subordinate.

The Soil of this Countrey is abundantly fertile in all sorts of
_American_ Fruits, besides good plenty both of Wheat and _Maiz_, and
scarsity of nothing useful for Man’s Life, unless it be fresh Water in
some places.

[Sidenote: Chief Towns of this Province.]

The chief Towns of this Province, are 1. _San Crux_, situate at the foot
of a great Mountain or Hill, but opening upon a large Plain, whose
thirsty driness is well refresh’d by a certain Brook or Torrent, which
issueth out of a neighboring Mountain, and a few Leagues distant from
the Town maketh a pretty Lake, which supplieth the Countrey thereabouts,
both with fresh Water and Fish in good plenty.

2. _Barranea_, a Town suppos’d to be not above threescore Leagues
distant from _Potosi_.

3. _Nova Rioia_, once a Colony of _Spaniards_, but sack’d and spoil’d by
the Salvages of these Parts about the Year 1548. and the first
Discoverer of the Countrey, namely _Nunno de Chaves_, treacherously
murder’d by a Native, since which time ’tis said to have been deserted.

                               CHAP. VII.
                                Brasile.

[Sidenote: Situation and Description of _Brasile_.]

[Sidenote: _Pedro Alvarez Capralis_ his Expedition to _Brasile_.]

_Brasile_ by _Capralis_ call’d _San Cruz_, because it was discover’d on
the Day dedicated to the holy Cross, but generally _Brasile_, from the
red Wood, which it produces in great abundance, extends, according to
the Account of the _Portuguese_, between the Rivers _Maranon_ and _De la
Plata_: But according to the Division which Pope _Alexander_ the Sixth
made upon the Approbation of the Kings of _Castile_ and _Portuguese_,
_Brasile_ extends not so far; for it begins in the North along the
Stream _Para_, and ends at the River _Capybora_, two Leagues beyond the
Town _St. Vincent_: Eastward it is wash’d by the Northern Ocean, and on
the West separated from _Peru_ by desolate Mountains: It lies between 4
and 22 Degrees of Southern Latitude. Historiographers differ much
concerning the first Discoverer; but without contradiction the first
honor belongs justly to _Americus Vesputius_, who being sent out by
_Ferdinand_, King of _Castile_, in the Year 1497. arriv’d first with
four Sail at _Brasile_; whither he was follow’d two years after by
_Vincent Aynez Pinzon_, Associate to _Christopher Columbus_; but with
ill success, for two of the Ships were cast away in a Storm, and the
other two return’d sadly weather-beaten into the _Spanish_ Haven
_Palos_, yet not before he had made a farther Discovery of _Brasile_
than _Americus Vesputius_; which so stirr’d up _Emanuel_, King of
_Portugal_, that he sent _Pedro Alvarez Capralis_ thither with five
hundred Men in thirteen Ships, that so he might get sure footing on
_Brasile_; where Landing he erected a Stone Cross, and inform’d the King
of his whole Proceedings by _Gasper Lemnius_, with whom he sent over two
_Brasilians_, a Man a Woman, the strangeness of whose Garb caus’d great
admiration in _Portugal_ amongst the Spectators: the Man, having a flat
Nose, went stark naked, and in his nether Lip hung a Stone call’d
_Matara_; through each Check there was stuck a piece of _Brasile_ Wood,
on his Shoulders he carry’d three long Darts, and on his Head he wore
divers colour’d Feathers; the Hair about his Privities was all pluckt
out, and his _Membrum Virile_ ty’d about with a String call’d
_Tacoaynhaa_, which he unty’d when he Urin’d; his Body was strong and
well proportion’d, and painted with several Colours. The Woman wore a
Lappet girt about her Middle, in which Girdle stuck a Cane Tobacco-pipe;
the Lappet reach’d just to the top of her Knees, the rest of her Body
was also naked; on her Head she wore a broad Hat made of Feathers, on
the top of which stuck two Plumes; in her Ears hung Bells, and about her
Neck three Strings of Pearl; and her Body was also painted with red and
yellow Colours. _Lemnius_ also gave so much Information concerning the
fruitfulness of _Brasile_, that several _Portuguese_ Families went
thither, accompanied with some _Italian_ Fryers, which scattering up and
down, began to build several Villages, but were soon after most of them
kill’d and eaten up by the _Indians_.

_Anno 1549._ King _John_ the Third fitted out a great Fleet, which set
Sail from _Lisbon_ under the Command of _Thomas de Sosa_.

[Sidenote: _Jesuits_ sent to _Brasile_ by Pope _Paulus_ the Third and
           _Ignatius_.]

Also the Jesuits _Aspilcueta_, _Antonio Pireo_, _Leonardo Nonno_,
_Didaco Jacobo_, _Vincent Roderico_, and _Emanuel Robrega_, were sent
thither by Pope _Paulus_ the Third, and _Ignatius Loyola_, whose Fleet
came to an Anchor in the Bay afterwards call’d _Bahia de Todos Sanctos_,
where _Sosa_ built the City _Salvador_; since which the _Portuguese_
have spread themselves farther and farther over _Brasile_.

[Sidenote: Temperature of the Climate.]

The _United Netherlands_ also sent Colonies thither with good success,
for they took several vast Countreys from the _Portuguese_, by force of
Arms, and built new Forts and Towns in several places. But we will first
give you a general Description of it, that so we may the better render a
Relation in particular of every Province thereof, it being a
considerable part of the _New World_, and both pleasant and fruitful,
and the Sea-Coasts refresh’d by Easterly Winds, which begin before
Day-break, when the North Sea ebbs or flows, for then the Wind rises
with the Sun, and continues till Mid-night: Towards the West, where the
Mountains divide _Brasile_ from _Peru_, it is made temperate by Westerly
Winds, which though judg’d unwholsom, because they seem to arise out of
the Moorish Grounds, yet they hurt not the Inhabitants along that Coast,
because they either break against the high Mountains, or are driven by
the strong Wind which blows from the Sea.

The difference between Summer and Winter, shorter and longer Days, in
the main part of _Brasile_, is scarce discernable, warm Weather lasting
all the year round; and for the length of the Day and Night, the Sun
being hid under the Horizon twelve hours, shines for the most part just
as long, the greatest difference never being above an hour. Three hours
before Day-break the Dew makes it exceeding cold till Sun-rising;
wherefore the _Brasilians_ make Fires in the Night near their Hammocks,
not onely to keep wild Beasts from them, but also against the Cold.
After the coldest Nights follow the fairest Days, and the contrary after
sultry Nights; nevertheless (except in the rainy Season, which begins
with _March_ and ends about _August_) the Skye is generally clear, yet
it Lightens much towards the Evening. Rainbowes often appear in the
Skye, and bout the Moon _Halos_. The Rain generally falls in great
Drops, and with a mighty noise; before which it is generally very sultry
hot, or else soon after. The Dew, which is fruitfuller than in _Europe_,
is saltish, which makes it oft to rot things that lie in the open Air.
During the rainy Moneths, a South-East Winds blows from a cloudy Skye,
much stronger than the Northern in Summer. The South-East Wind drives
the Stream to the North, as the North Wind drives it to the South: And
more than this, there is little to be discern’d of the Seas ebbing and
flowing hereabouts: At the highest Tides the _Brasilians_ go several
Leagues from the Shore to Fish, upon Planks made of the spungy Wood
call’d _Jangada_ fastned together. The Sea, which seems to burn in the
Night, is so clear in the Day, that the Fish may be seen to swim above
twenty Fathom deep. A calm Ocean when the Days and Nights are of an
exact length, and especially when dark Clouds appear, is a certain sign
of a dreadful Storm. At Full or New-Moon the Sea rises twelve Foot, and
continues either a longer or shorter time, according as it is more or
less turbulent, and the Rivers fall stronger or more gently into the
same.

Before most part of the Coast of _Brasile_ lies a Stone Cliff of above
twenty or thirty Paces broad, which is never cover’d with Water, though
in the time of Spring-floods. In this Cliff Nature in several places
hath made a Gap, through which the Ships sail near the Shore, and ride
safe at an Anchor.

The whole Countrey of _Brasile_ is divided into thirteen _Præfectures_,
or Lordships, and hath about as many Rivers, which more or less empty
themselves into every one of these Countreys. The Eastern part hath
several Brooks and Fountains, which afford good Water both for Man and
Beast. In some parts the Water is so strong, that the wild Beasts making
themselves Drunk therewith, are easily taken. During the Winter Season
the Rivers glide with great force, and swell on a sudden, overflowing
all the neighboring Countrey, onely the River _San Francisco_ runs
strongest and rises highest in the Summer Season, whenas in the Winter
it flows low, and poures but little Water into the Ocean. The original
of this River is as yet unknown, yet is by most believ’d to come out of
a great Lake lying near the _Peruvian_ Mountains: The _Hollanders_, who
sail’d forty Leagues up the same, found it every where broad and deep,
and scatter’d full of Isles and Rocks. The _Portuguese_ sailing ten
Leagues farther, discover’d the great Rocks _Cocoeras_, from which the
said River falls down with great violence, and extends it self
North-West. In the other _Brasilian_ Streams, though wide at the
Mouthes, which generally are not above two or three hours walking from
their Fountains or Springs, no Barque is able to Row up, they being
exceeding shallow, although much Rain falls into them; the reason
whereof is because the barren Mountains lying between _Brasile_ and
_Peru_, discharge abundance of Water through the Rivers of _Amazones_,
_Maranon_, _Francisco_, _La Plata_, and the _Juaeiro_, with such force
into the Ocean, that they keep their sweetness for thirty Leagues. Near
the Sea side are several Lakes and Pits which are drinkable, and others
up in the Countrey that are brackish.

[Sidenote: The Nature of the Soil.]

The Countrey differs exceedingly, for where it extends in Plains the
Soil is fat and clayie, and produces all sorts of Fruit, but especially
Sugar-Canes. During the rainy Seasons the Trees flourish most; after
which the heat of the Sun, and fertility of the Soil speedily ripen the
Fruit: wherefore they Dung not their Land, but on the contrary endeavor
to make it lean with Sand, that the Plants might not have too many
Leaves, and wither before the Fruit can be ripened. They Sowe in the
beginning of the rainy Moneths, and especially take care that the Seed
lie not too deep in the Ground, because then the Sun-beams being not
able to come at it, suffer it to perish in the cold Ground.

The high _Cocoa_ and _Palmito_-Trees, are transplanted all the year
round, the Roots being onely cover’d with a little Earth, because they
can endure no cold.

Several Trees here bear a cooling Fruit, as if kind Nature took care to
provide against excessive heat.

[Sidenote: Description of the _Tamanda_.]

All manner of Plants and Herbs brought hither from _Angola_, _Portugal_,