Maximum likelihood in TensorFlow pt. 1
08 May 2017Here are step-by-step examples demonstrating how to use TensorFlow’s autodifferentiation toolbox for maximum likelihood estimation. I show how to compute the MLEs of a univariate Gaussian using TensorFlow-provided gradient descent optimizers or by passing scipy’s BFGS optimizer to the TensorFlow computation graph.
- MLE of univariate Gaussian with gradient descent
- MLE of univariate Gaussian with Newton methods
- Appendix
The full code for each of these examples can be found in this repo. The code snippets in this post are simplified for illustrative purposes, while the full code in the linked repo are executable.
MLE of univariate Gaussian with gradient descent
Let’s start with a simple example using gradient descent to find the MLE of a univariate Gaussian variable $X$ with mean $\mu$ and standard deviation $\sigma$. We observe an iid sample of size $n = 100$.
import numpy as np
TRUE_MU = 10.0
TRUE_SIGMA = 5.0
SAMPLE_SIZE = 100
np.random.seed(0)
x_obs = np.random.normal(loc=TRUE_MU, scale=TRUE_SIGMA, size=SAMPLE_SIZE)
We know that the correct MLEs are the sample mean and sample standard deviation of the data. We will be evaluating whether TensorFlow’s optimizer converges to these values.
Preprocessing the data
Before doing any optimization, let’s standardize the raw data.
CENTER = x_obs.min()
SCALE = x_obs.max() - x_obs.min()
x_obs = (x_obs - CENTER) / SCALE
Standardizing variables can make it easier to set reasonable defaults for initial values and learning rate. Usually, CENTER = x_obs.mean()
and SCALE = x_obs.std()
. For our example, we instead standardize the data using its min and max values just so things aren’t too easy.
Since the transformation is linear and the parameters of interest are the mean and standard deviation, the MLEs computed from the standardized data can be transformed back to get the MLEs of the original data:
Note that we won’t always know how a specific transformation applied to the data will impact the parameters of interest.
Part 1: Define computational graph
import tensorflow as tf
# data
x = tf.placeholder(dtype=tf.float32)
INIT_MU_PARAMS = {'loc': 0.0, 'scale': 0.1}
INIT_PHI_PARAMS = {'loc': 1.0, 'scale': 0.1}
RANDOM_SEED = 0
# params
np.random.seed(RANDOM_SEED)
mu = tf.Variable(initial_value=np.random.normal(**INIT_MU_PARAMS),
dtype=tf.float32)
phi = tf.Variable(initial_value=np.random.normal(**INIT_PHI_PARAMS),
dtype=tf.float32)
sigma = tf.square(phi)
# loss
gaussian_dist = tf.contrib.distributions.Normal(loc=mu, scale=sigma)
log_prob = gaussian_dist.log_prob(value=x)
neg_log_likelihood = -1.0 * tf.reduce_sum(log_prob)
# gradient
grad = tf.gradients(neg_log_likelihood, [mu, phi])
Several things to note:
-
The
tf.contrib.distributions
module provides implementations of common distributions, but its use is optional. You can always simply define the loss function from scratch. -
TensorFlow doesn’t seem to provide a way to explicitly enforce variable constraints, i.e. $\sigma \gt 0$. To handle this, we use the parameterization $\sigma = \phi^2$:
-
This means our loss function will be optimized with respect to $\phi \in \mathbb{R}$, and we won’t have awkward gradient steps that push $\sigma$ outside the range of viable values.
-
But this also means the solution is non-unique: Two values of $\phi$ correspond to a single optimal $\sigma$. The loss function is symmetric around $\phi = 0$, and we might be concerned with potential jumping between solutions if the true $\sigma$ is very small (causing the optimal $\phi$ values to be sufficiently close to each other in parameter space).
-
For more discussion on this, see the section about variance-covariance parameterization using the Cholesky decomposition in Pinheiro, J. C., & Bates, D. M. (1996).
-
-
It’s common practice to randomly initialize parameters by drawing from independent zero-centered Gaussians. One consideration is initializing $\phi$ to be sufficiently far from $0$ so our gradient doesn’t explode (see in Appendix that gradient magnitude is inversely proportional to $\phi$).
-
Personally, I like using numpy’s
np.random.normal()
rather than TensorFlow’stf.random_normal()
because I can check the generated value without usingsess.run()
. But the TensorFlow-provided function can be used with a GPU, so for those interested:
INIT_MU_PARAMS = {'mean': 0.0, 'stddev': 0.1}
INIT_PHI_PARAMS = {'mean': 1.0, 'stddev': 0.1}
mu = tf.Variable(initial_value=tf.random_normal(shape=[],
seed=RANDOM_SEED,
**INIT_MU_PARAMS),
dtype=tf.float32)
phi = tf.Variable(initial_value=tf.random_normal(shape=[],
seed=RANDOM_SEED,
**INIT_PHI_PARAMS),
dtype=tf.float32)
Part 2: Run optimization scheme
LEARNING_RATE = 0.001
MAX_ITER = 10000
TOL_PARAM, TOL_LOSS, TOL_GRAD = 1e-8, 1e-8, 1e-8
# optimizer
optimizer = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate=LEARNING_RATE)
train_op = optimizer.minimize(loss=neg_log_likelihood)
with tf.Session() as sess:
# initialize
sess.run(fetches=tf.global_variables_initializer())
i = 1
obs_mu, obs_phi, obs_sigma = sess.run(fetches=[[mu], [phi], [sigma]])
obs_loss = sess.run(fetches=[neg_log_likelihood], feed_dict={x: x_obs})
obs_grad = sess.run(fetches=[grad], feed_dict={x: x_obs})
while True:
# gradient step
sess.run(fetches=train_op, feed_dict={x: x_obs})
# update parameters
new_mu, new_phi, new_sigma = sess.run(fetches=[mu, phi, sigma])
diff_norm = np.linalg.norm(np.subtract([new_mu, new_phi],
[obs_mu[-1], obs_phi[-1]]))
# update loss
new_loss = sess.run(fetches=neg_log_likelihood, feed_dict={x: x_obs})
loss_diff = np.abs(new_loss - obs_loss[-1])
# update gradient
new_grad = sess.run(fetches=grad, feed_dict={x: x_obs})
grad_norm = np.linalg.norm(new_grad)
obs_mu.append(new_mu)
obs_phi.append(new_phi)
obs_sigma.append(new_sigma)
obs_loss.append(new_loss)
obs_grad.append(new_grad)
if param_diff_norm < TOL_PARAM:
print('Parameter convergence in {} iterations!'.format(i))
break
if loss_diff < TOL_LOSS:
print('Loss function convergence in {} iterations!'.format(i))
break
if grad_norm < TOL_GRAD:
print('Gradient convergence in {} iterations!'.format(i))
break
if i >= MAX_ITER:
print('Max number of iterations reached without convergence.')
break
i += 1
More notes:
-
We used the Adam optimizer which is a pretty good default choice since it has a momentum-based adaptive step size. I’ve noticed that traversing steep or flat regions of parameter space can be problematic since the Adam update rule depends on an averaging of past computed gradients. You can see this effect by changing the $\phi$ initialization closer to $0$ which causes the gradient to explode.
- See Sebastian Ruder’s blog post for an overview of other (stochastic) gradient descent methods, though I think time is better spent worrying about improving the initialization scheme.
-
The initial learning rate at $\alpha = 0.001$ and convergence tolerance values at $\delta = 10^{-8}$ are common default choices. Standardizing the variables can make it easier to set reasonable defaults that work across multiple realizations of the generating distribution, but picking good values for $\alpha$ and $\delta$ is often a trial-and-error effort.
-
When checking for parameter convergence, the norm of the parameter vector is computed using the values of $\phi$ even though we choose to display values of $\sigma$ for interpretability.
Results
iter | mu | sigma | loss | grad
1 | 0.17740524 | 1.07955348 | 107.118011 | 166.314087
101 | 0.27897912 | 0.87825149 | 86.2192841 | 185.379456
201 | 0.38198292 | 0.68829656 | 61.8442612 | 208.598816
301 | 0.47547418 | 0.51341331 | 34.3445473 | 229.603500
401 | 0.53297198 | 0.36388707 | 7.32367325 | 222.097382
501 | 0.54181617 | 0.25903416 | -10.640480 | 137.181747
601 | 0.54176593 | 0.21581791 | -14.554010 | 26.8282032
701 | 0.54176593 | 0.20935123 | -14.655022 | 1.52713740
Loss function convergence in 718 iterations!
Fitted MLE: [0.5418, 0.2092]
Target MLE: [0.5418, 0.2090]
The optimization procedure indeed converges (within some floating point precision) to the sample mean and sample standard deviation of the transformed data — it works! The full code for this example is provided here.
MLE of univariate Gaussian with Newton methods
What about Newton methods? Even if most optimization problems are non-convex, I seems like a good idea to know how to call BFGS in TensorFlow.
Computing the Hessian
TensorFlow provides a tf.hessians()
function that appears similar to tf.gradients()
in its API, but I’ve found it extremely difficult to work with — grumble grumble can only compute second derivatives with respect to one-dimensional Tensors.
Instead, I recommend something like this:
hess = tf.stack(values=[tf.gradients(grad[0], [mu, phi]),
tf.gradients(grad[1], [mu, phi])], axis=0)
where grad[0]
and grad[1]
are the derivatives of neg_log_likelihood
with respect to mu
and phi
respectively.
For example, the final Hessian upon convergence is:
| 2285.12793 | -0.0032801 |
| -0.0032043 | 3814.80054 |
which we can verify is positive definite by checking:
np.linalg.cholesky(obs_hess[-1])
successfully returns a result, ornp.linalg.eigvals(obs_hess[-1])
returns all positive eigenvalues
where obs_hess
is a list storing the computed Hessians at each iteration.
Convexity of natural parameterization
Note that the computed Hessians are not always positive definite. For example, obs_hess[0]
is:
| 85.8048019 | 120.359650 |
| 120.359650 | -45.029373 |
While we can prove that the natural parameter space for exponential families is always convex, this is not necessarily true for other parameterizations.
The distributions provided by tf.contrib.distributions
don’t have natural parameterization options, so they’ll need to be coded from scratch. Let’s do this for the Gaussian distribution:
where:
- The natural parameters $\eta =\left[\mu / 2 \sigma^2, -1 / 2 \sigma^2 \right]^T$
- The sufficient statistics $T(x) = \left[ x, x^2 \right]^T$
- The log-partition function $A(\eta) = -\eta_1^2/ 4 \eta_2 - \log (-2\eta_2) / 2$
Dropping the constant term $h(x)$, we replace our loss function with:
log_partition = -0.25 * tf.square(eta1) / eta2 - 0.5 * tf.log(-2.0 * eta2)
log_prob = x * eta1 + tf.square(x) * eta2 - log_partition
neg_log_likelihood = -1.0 * tf.reduce_sum(log_prob)
where eta1
and eta2
are our defined parameters instead of mu
and phi
.
Using scipy’s BFGS optimizer
Now that we have a convex loss function, we can use a Newton method for faster convergence. TensorFlow provides an interface for external optimizers. For example, we can use scipy’s BFGS optimizer:
optimizer = tf.contrib.opt.ScipyOptimizerInterface(loss=neg_log_likelihood,
method='L-BFGS-B')
...
while True:
optimizer.minimize(session=sess, feed_dict={x: x_obs})
Note the API is slightly different. We’re passing in the session into the optimizer’s minimize()
method instead of calling sess.run()
. The full code for this example is provided here.
Running it, we see the algorithm converges very quickly to the solution:
iter | mu | sigma | loss | grad
1 | 0.54175494 | 0.20899648 | -106.54919 | 0.00128950
Parameter convergence in 3 iterations!
Fitted MLE: [0.5418, 0.2090]
Target MLE: [0.5418, 0.2090]
Don’t be confused by the output. The optimization is taking gradients and hessians with respect to the natural parameters. I simply like reporting $\mu$ and $\sigma$ because they’re more interpretable.
Appendix
Verify gradient and Hessian computations
Let’s quickly verify that our code for computing gradients and Hessians are correct. We derive analytically:
Now we can evaluate:
def analytic_grad(x, mu, phi):
n = x.size
g1 = -1 * (x - mu).sum() / phi ** 4
g2 = 2 * n / phi - 2 * ((x - mu) ** 2).sum() / phi ** 5
return np.array([g1, g2])
def analytic_hess(x, mu, phi):
n = x.size
h11 = n / phi ** 4
h21 = 4 * (x - mu).sum() / phi ** 5
h12 = h21
h22 = -2 * n / phi ** 2 + 10 * ((x - mu) ** 2).sum() / phi ** 6
return np.array([[h11, h12], [h21, h22]])
print(analytic_grad(x=x_obs, mu=obs_mu[-1], phi=obs_phi[-1]))
print(analytic_hess(x=x_obs, mu=obs_mu[-1], phi=obs_phi[-1]))
which match the values of obs_grad[-1]
and obs_hess[-1]
(up to some floating point precision).
Gradient descent with natural parameters
We performed gradient descent on the canonical parameters and BFGS on the natural parameters. But is there any benefit to performing gradient descent on the natural parameters?
Maybe.
To illustrate, let’s run Adam on the natural parameters (see the commented-out lines in BFGS example code) with initial learning rate $\alpha = 0.1$:
And we compare this to running Adam on the canonical parameters also with $\alpha = 0.1$:
For this choice of $\alpha$, we notice:
-
The natural parameterization converges slower than the canonical parameterization.
-
The natural parameterization seems to result in a smoothly-decreasing loss function whereas the loss under the canonical parameterization appears unstable.
-
The gradient path under natural parameterization is a straight shot towards the location of the optima whereas the gradient path under canonical parameterization traverses parameter space in a more roundabout way.
And these empirical observations seem to hold for different choices of $\alpha$, though I still don’t really have a great explanation for why.


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{% extends "lostnfound/base.html" %} {% block content %}
Select an item and either delete it, reset its status, or reprint its QR code.
NOTE: Deleting an item means someone who scans your item's QR code will not be able to communicate and return your item to you


Are you sassy? You should
I am
Naiara Abaroa. UI designer/developer
Naiara Abaroa. UI designer/developer
$list-space: "item-1" "item-2" "item-3";
$list-comma: "item-1", "item-2", "item-3";
As for JavaScript or any other language, there is no limit regarding the level of depth you can have with nested lists. Just go as deep as you need to.
/* Nested lists with braces and same separator */
$list: (
("item-1.1", "item-1.2", "item-1.3"),
("item-2.1", "item-2.2", "item-2.3"),
("item-3.1", "item-3.2", "item-3.3")
);
/* Nested lists without braces using different separators to distinguish levels */
$list: "item-1.1" "item-1.2" "item-1.3",
"item-2.1" "item-2.2" "item-2.3",
"item-3.1" "item-3.2" "item-3.3";
nth($list, 0) -> throws error
nth($list, 1) -> "item-1"
Strings, numbers, boolean, whatever you can put in a variable. This means you’re fine to use some list functions even on things that don’t look like one.
$variable: "Sass is awesome";
length($variable) -> 1
Beware! If you remove the quotes around this string, it will be parsed as a 3 items long list (1: Sass; 2: is; 3: awesome). I recommand you quotes your strings to avoid some unpleasant surprises.
Some handy functions to work with lists: nth, append, join, and length
nth(1px 2px 10px, 2) -> 2px
append(1px 2px, 5px) -> (1px 2px 5px)
length(5px 10px) -> 2
@each $animal in puma, sea-slug, egret, salamander {
.#{$animal}-icon {
background-image: url('/images/#{$animal}.png');
}
}
/*output CSS*/
.puma-icon {
background-image: url('/images/puma.png'); }
.sea-slug-icon {
background-image: url('/images/sea-slug.png'); }
.egret-icon {
background-image: url('/images/egret.png'); }
.salamander-icon {
background-image: url('/images/salamander.png'); }
A mixin include can now accept a block of content. The style block will be passed to the mixin and can be placed at the point @content is used.
@mixin iphone {
@media only screen and (max-width: 480px) {
@content;
}
}
@include iphone {
body { color: red }
}
Produces
@media only screen and (max-width: 480px) {
body { color: red }
}
Sass supports a new, special type of selector called a "placeholder selector". These look like class and id selectors, except the # or . is replaced by %. They're meant to be used with the @extend directive, when you want to write styles to be extended but you don't want the base styles to appear in the CSS.
/*This ruleset won't be rendered on its own.*/
#context a%extreme {
color: blue;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 2em;
}
.notice { @extend %extreme; }
/*Is compiled to:*/
#context a.notice {
color: blue;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 2em;
}
When defining a mixin or function, you can add ... after the final argument to have it accept an unbounded number of arguments and package them into a list.
/* This is the same as "@include spacing(1, 2, 3);"*/
$values: 1, 2, 3;
@include spacing($values...);
#{} interpolation is now allowed in all plain CSS directives (such as @font-face, @keyframes, and of course @media). In addition, @media gets some special treatment. In addition to allowing #{} interpolation, expressions may be used directly in media feature queries. This means that you can write:
$media: screen;
$feature: -webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio;
$value: 1.5;
@media #{$media} and ($feature: $value) {
...
}
SassScript has a new data type: maps.
These are associations from SassScript values (often strings, but potentially any value) to other SassScript values. They look like this:
$map: (key1: value1, key2: value2, key3: value3);
Unlike lists, maps must always be surrounded by parentheses. () is now an empty map in addition to an empty list.
Maps will allow users to collect values into named groups and access those groups dynamically.
For example, you could use them to manage themes for your stylesheet:
$themes: (
mist: (
header: #DCFAC0,
text: #00968B,
border: #85C79C
),
spring: (
header: #F4FAC7,
text: #C2454E,
border: #FFB158
),
// ...
);
@mixin themed-header($theme-name) {
h1 {
color: map-get(map-get($themes, $theme-name), header);
}
}
Returns the value in the map associated with the given key. If no value is found, it returns null.
Merges two maps together into a new map. If there are any conflicts, the second map takes precedence, making this a good way to modify values in a map as well.
Returns a new map with a key removed.
Returns all the keys in a map as a comma-separated list.
Returns all the values in a map as a comma-separated list.
Returns whether or not a map contains a pair with the given key.
Maps can also be used with @each, using the new multiple assignment feature:
$primary-nav: (
padding-top: .2em,
margin-top: .2em,
line-height: 1.3,
);
@mixin print-styles($map){
@each $property, $value in $map {
#{$property}: $value;
}
}
.primary-nav {
@include print-styles($primary-nav);
}
/* Outputted CSS */
.primary-nav {
padding-top: .2em;
margin-top: .2em;
line-height: 1.3;
}
Sass now has the ability to generate standard JSON source maps of a format that is supported in most major browsers. These source maps tell the browser how to find the Sass styles that caused each CSS style to be generated. https://developer.chrome.com/devtools/docs/css-preprocessors
Sass 3.3 adds the @at-root directive, which is a way to tell Sass to put a collection of rules at the top-level root of the document. The easiest way to use it is with a selector:
.badge {
@at-root {
.info { ... }
.header { ... }
}
}
/* Also produces */
.info { ... }
.header { ... }
By default, @at-root just excludes selectors. However, it's also possible to use @at-root to move outside of nested directives such as @media as well. For example:
@media print {
.page {
width: 8in;
@at-root (without: media) {
color: red;
}
}
}
/* Produces */
@media print {
.page {
width: 8in;
}
}
.page {
color: red;
}
Until now, the parent selector & has only been usable in selectors, but now it can be used in SassScript as well.
@mixin does-parent-exist {
@if & {
&:hover {
color: red;
}
} @else {
a {
color: red;
}
}
}
Complementing the ability to use & in SassScript, there's a new suite of functions that use Sass's powerful @extend infrastructure to allow users to manipulate selectors.
This feature is specifically targeted to framework developers.
.list {
@at-root #{selector-append(&, "--big", &, "--active")} {
color: red;
}
}
New tools make us change the way we work
var gulp = require('gulp');
var autoprefixer = require('gulp-autoprefixer');
gulp.task('default', function () {
return gulp.src('src/app.css')
.pipe(autoprefixer({
browsers: ['last 2 versions'],
cascade: false
}))
.pipe(gulp.dest('dist'));
});
var gulp = require('gulp');
var uncss = require('gulp-uncss');
gulp.task('simple', function() {
return gulp.src('site.css')
.pipe(uncss({
html: ['index.html', 'about.html']
}))
.pipe(gulp.dest('./out'));
});
LibSass is just a C/C++ library of the Sass engine.
https://www.youtube.com/user/sassbites
https://github.com/HugoGiraudel/awesome-sass


--- layout: post title: Download and Share Visual Studio Color Schemes date: '2010-05-07T11:03:00.001+01:00' author: solrevdev tags: modified_time: '2010-05-07T11:03:38.413+01:00' blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31446756.post-1630660699000815952 blogger_orig_url: http://www.solrevdev.com/2010/05/download-and-share-visual-studio-color.html ---


ECDSA using P-256 curve and SHA-256 hash algorithm
ECDSA using P-384 curve and SHA-384 hash algorithm
ECDSA using P-521 curve and SHA-512 hash algorithm
HMAC using SHA-256 hash algorithm
HMAC using SHA-384 hash algorithm
HMAC using SHA-512 hash algorithm
RSASSA using SHA-256 hash algorithm
RSASSA using SHA-384 hash algorithm
RSASSA using SHA-512 hash algorithm
Algorithms to verify JSON web token signatures


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David A. Sykes, Ph.D.
TR 1:00-2:20 P.M. in Olin 118
MWF 2:00-3:30 P.M.
TR 9:00-10:45 A.M., 2:30-3:30 P.M.
Or by appointment. Or happenstance.
An introduction to the design and coding of web applications. Client-side scripting, website organization, responsive web design, server-side scripting, content management systems, web application frameworks, and security. Prerequisite: COSC 350 with a minimum grade of C.
We will study full stack development.
By the end of the course, you should be able to:
None. We will rely on web tutorials and other API documentation sites. A few of the sites we use might require you to create a free account.
We will use Piazza, Mimir, and Moodle regularly. We will use others for tutorials and such as we need them. Some sites might require you to create a free account.
Moodle. You will submit some project files in Moodle. Your scores for graded work (quizzes and projects) will be recorded in the Moodle gradebook, too.
Note: The cumulative grade shown in Moodle should reflect your final weighted score. Occasionally, the complexity of the Moodle grade book setup will confound me and I might set it up incorrectly. If you notice a problem, please let me know and I will correct it.
We will use the applications listed below and possibly others. All of the applications are available for free.
Your grade for the course will be based on a weighted average of scores for homework, exams, projects, and a final exam. The usual grading scale applies: 93–100: A, 90–92: A-, 87–89: B+, 83–86: B, 80–82: B-, 77–79: C+, 73–76: C, 70–72: C-, 60–69: D, 0–59: F.
A final average will be calculated using two methods using weightings shown in the table. The higher of the two values will be mapped to a letter grade. Under Method #2, neither homework scores nor exam scores factor into the calculation.
| Component Score | Weight |
|---|---|
| Weekly quizzes | 50% |
| Coding projects | 35% |
| Final exam | 15% |
| TOTAL | 100% |
There will be twelve 5-point quizzes, one given each Tuesday, except for the day of classes. A weekly quiz encourages you to keep up with the work and helps both you and me assess how well you understand the topics we are covering.
Quizzes will be conducted as follows.
Cell phones, calculators, computer applications, web resources, or other people may not be used during a quiz except for ones you are directed to use.
Coding projects give you practical experience with what we are covering in class. Coding projects will comprise 35% of your final grade.
Point values for projects will vary and will reflect the level of challenge. More challenging projects will have higher point values. Your coding projects score will be computed as the percentage of points earned times 35. That is, I will add up all of the points you earned for coding projects and divide that by the number of points that you could have earned and then multiply that ratio by 35.
To get a perfect score on a project, your submission must satisfy all of the requirements set forth in the project’s description and be submitted before the deadline. Often there will be a rubric available in Moodle. If you’d like to incorporate more than the required features in your code, then please do!
The final exam will assess what you have learned over the semester. It comprises 15% of your grade. Part will focus on key concepts that were covered by the weekly quizzes and part will focus on your ability to apply the concepts to “real” problem situations—for example, how would you design a web application given a description of requirements for it.
Homework will be assigned regularly, but will not be collected and graded. Bring your written answers to class with you. I encourage you to work on homework assignments with other students in the class. You may use any resources that are useful to you.
Evaluate your own health regularly. Do not attend class or other on-campus events if you are not feeling well. Seek appropriate medical attention for treatment of illness. A doctor's note concerning absences is not required.
We are fortunate to be meeting in a classroom that can accommodate all of us even with appropriate social distancing. Consequently, all of us can attend class meetings in person starting with the second week of classes. The first week classes will meet remotely using Zoom.
You are expected to attend class meetings in person if you are well. You must wear a mask covering nose and mouth in the classroom and sit at least six feet from others.
If you are not well, you are expected to attend class meetings remotely via Zoom if you can. The General Policy Regarding Attendance in the Wofford College Student Handbook makes you responsible for catching up on any missed classes.
If necessary, we will move to a synchronous, blended or a synchronous, remote model. Under those models, class meetings will be held using Zoom and you will be expected to be in each of those Zoom meetings.
Bring a charged laptop to each class meeting if you can. We will often work in-class exercises using a laptop. However, I will expect your laptop to be closed unless I direct you to use it. Take notes on paper. Your open laptop is usually a distraction not only for you, but for other students near you.
If you are remote and using your laptop for a Zoom connection, try to get access to a second monitor. That will facilitate your being able to see what is being done via screen sharing and what you will do as part of an in-class exercise.
I will make every effort to keep the office hours listed at the top of this syllabus. If I must cancel or move office hours, I will announce the change in Piazza.
You do not need to make an appointment to meet with me during office hours. Just drop in via Zoom. I am usually working in my office and you can meet with me there as long as we observe social distancing. I will look at your computer screen by either connecting your computer to my external monitor or by having you share your screen using Zoom.
I appreciate your contacting me during my office hours since it is time I have set aside and cannot easily use for another purpose. However, I realize that you might have conflicts. You are welcome to contact me to set up an appointment. If you do, list some times that you are available. Please do not ask me when I am available. Or you are welcome to drop by my office if you think I might be there.
You must meet project deadlines. You may be able to submit a project late if both of these conditions are met:
Post questions and comments about this course on the Q&A page at Piazza. You are encouraged to respond to a question or to edit a response to a question. We are all learning together. If you send me a question via email or via private Piazza post that should be posted publicly at Piazza, my reply will direct you to post your question publicly.
Do not post working code at Piazza. Do not include in a response either “fixed” code or a detailed description of how to change code to get it to work. It is okay to post non-working code.
I usually respond to email messages sent Sunday through Friday within 24 hours. I will usually respond within 48 hours to messages sent after 4:00 P.M. on a Friday or a Saturday. I usually respond much sooner to Piazza posts since I have the Piazza app on my phone and receive notifications.
You can send me email messages for private matters, such as letting me know you will be absent or that you'd like to schedule a meeting. However, I prefer that you post a private message via Piazza.
Note: Anonymous Piazza posts are anonymous to classmates but not to me.
The Honor Code requires faculty, staff, and students to maintain a high standard of individual honor and integrity. Work represented as your own must be your own.
I encourage you to collaborate with others in the class—that is, help or get help from others. However, you may not write code for another student or provide code to copy. Doing any of these things is a violation Honor Code.
What is the distinction between collaboration and cheating?
Collaboration
Ultimately, you must implement a solution to the problem yourself.
CheatingFor some projects, you might be allowed to work with other students in the class as a part of a team. In this case, you are allowed to share all your work with your teammates. However, you are expected to do all of the work together. One student should not work without the others contributing.
Don’t cheat because you are up against a deadline. Start each assignment as soon as it is given. If you run into a glitch:
If you need accommodations, go to the Student tab in myWofford and investigate the Request Accommodations channel. I’ll make every effort to work with you. Take care of this during the first week of classes and before the first quiz.
I will count on you to complete assigned readings and exercises before class starts. I will address any questions about the readings during the first part of a class meeting and then we will work on problems that involve what you've read.
The schedule is subject to change.
| Week(s) | Topics |
|---|---|
| 1–5 |
Client-side:
|
| 6–14 |
Server-side:
|
| 15 | Final exam: Thursday, April 8 between 2:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M. |


|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object org.simpleframework.util.buffer.FileAllocator
public class FileAllocator
The FileAllocator
object is used to create buffers
that can be written to the file system. This creates buffers as
files if they are larger than the specified limit. This ensures
that buffers of arbitrary large size can be created. All buffer
sizes under the limit are created using byte arrays allocated
on the executing VM heap. This ensures that optimal performance
is maintained for buffers of reasonable size.
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
FileAllocator()
Constructor for the FileAllocator object. |
|
FileAllocator(int limit)
Constructor for the FileAllocator object. |
|
FileAllocator(java.lang.String prefix)
Constructor for the FileAllocator object. |
|
FileAllocator(java.lang.String prefix,
int limit)
Constructor for the FileAllocator object. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
Buffer |
allocate()
This will allocate a file buffer which will write data for the buffer to a file. |
Buffer |
allocate(int size)
This will allocate a file buffer which will write data for the buffer to a file. |
void |
close()
This method is used to close the allocator so that resources that are occupied by the allocator can be freed. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public FileAllocator() throws java.io.IOException
FileAllocator
object. This is
used to create buffers in memory up to a threshold size. If a
buffer is required over the threshold size then the data is
written to a file, where it can be retrieved at a later point.
java.io.IOException
public FileAllocator(int limit) throws java.io.IOException
FileAllocator
object. This is
used to create buffers in memory up to a threshold size. If a
buffer is required over the threshold size then the data is
written to a file, where it can be retrieved at a later point.
limit
- this is the maximum size for a heap buffer
java.io.IOException
public FileAllocator(java.lang.String prefix) throws java.io.IOException
FileAllocator
object. This is
used to create buffers in memory up to a threshold size. If a
buffer is required over the threshold size then the data is
written to a file, where it can be retrieved at a later point.
prefix
- this is the file prefix for the file buffers
java.io.IOException
public FileAllocator(java.lang.String prefix, int limit) throws java.io.IOException
FileAllocator
object. This is
used to create buffers in memory up to a threshold size. If a
buffer is required over the threshold size then the data is
written to a file, where it can be retrieved at a later point.
prefix
- this is the file prefix for the file bufferslimit
- this is the maximum size for a heap buffer
java.io.IOException
| Method Detail |
|---|
public Buffer allocate() throws java.io.IOException
allocate
in interface Allocator
java.io.IOException
public Buffer allocate(int size) throws java.io.IOException
allocate
in interface Allocator
size
- this is the size of the buffer to be created
java.io.IOException
public void close() throws java.io.IOException
close
in interface java.io.Closeable
close
in interface Allocator
java.io.IOException
|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


Eration Administrator
Home
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New Card
Manage Cards
New Product Allocation
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New Product
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Shops
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Logout
{% block content %} {% endblock content %}


Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing
read moreLorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing
read more


Deal six cards to each player face down. Players may look at these cards in their hand.
 Typically, higher value cards are placed face up.
Place the remaining cards face down in the center of the table to form the Draw pile.The first player turns over the top card of the Draw pile to form the Discard pile.
This turned over card is called the Start card.
The first player plays a card that is equal to or of higher value than the Start card by placing that card on top of the Start card. You can play multiple cards in your turn, as long as they're all equal to or higher and of the same rank.
Once you have finished your turn, draw cards from the Draw pile to maintain three cards in your hand at all times.
You must play a card if you can.
On their turn a player can play any 2 card which resets the discard pile to 2, starting the sequence all over.
On their turn a player can play the 10 on any card, but it takes the discard pile out of the game instead of resetting it. The player who put the 10 down then draws up to three cards and plays any card.
If four of the same numbers are played in a row, either by one player or multiple players, it clears the discard pile. Place it to the side, as these cards are out of the game.
The next player can play any card from their hand.
Play continues around the table until the Draw pile is depleted.
Once the Draw pile is depleted players rely solely on the cards in their hand. Keep playing until there are no cards left in your hand.
Once you pick up the discard pile, you must play all of those cards before playing from your cards on the table.
When it's your turn and you don't have a hand, play one card from your face-up cards in front of you.
When it's your turn and you've played all your face-up cards, pick a card that's face-down on the table. Don't look at it to choose. Simply flip it over. If it plays on the current card by being equal or higher, you can play it. If not, you must pick up the discard pile.
If you pick up the discard pile, you must play those before continuing to play your face-down cards.


Millions of people around the world use GitHub every day to build software together, but the GitHub Way™ isn't limited to code.
We are humbled to see that the White House drafted and released the official Open Data Policy of the United States on GitHub! The Presidential Memorandum calls for the creation of the aptly named Project Open Data, with the goal of making government data "available, discoverable, and usable – in a word, open".
Today's news marks the first time a government entity has published law as a living, collaborative document. We're excited to see how the Open Data Policy evolves with the input of the community, and we hope this is just the first of many.
By choosing GitHub Pages, government employees as well as citizens are empowered to continuously propose and discuss potential improvements, creating a living policy document to "unlock the potential of government data".
Civic hackers and public servants at all levels are using GitHub to collaborate on everything from information about elected officials to the location of the nearest bike rack. While adding a to a pull request isn't going to replace ballots at your local polling place any time soon, one thing's for sure: the revolution is only just beginning.


Dojo’s Dialog
component shows content inside a window over top the
application content. It provides default styling for a titlebar, content area, underlay,
and a close button.
Features
- Can be used as a modal window or classic dialog
- Possible to show a semi-transparent underlay
Accessibility Features
- The titlebar and content have screen-reader-accessible labels and instructions
-
The close button is a
<button>
with screen-reader-accessible
instructive text
- Focus is trapped to opened dialogs
i18n Features
-
A localized version of the close button instructive text can be passed in via the
closeText
property.


Category
Title
Cupcake ipsum dolor sit. Amet muffin oat cake fruitcake sugar plum. Pastry fruitcake jelly gingerbread cotton candy danish chocolate cake sweet.
Cupcake ipsum dolor sit. Amet muffin oat cake fruitcake sugar plum. Pastry fruitcake jelly gingerbread cotton candy danish chocolate cake sweet.
Cupcake ipsum dolor sit. Amet muffin oat cake fruitcake sugar plum. Pastry fruitcake jelly gingerbread cotton candy danish chocolate cake sweet.
Cupcake ipsum dolor sit. Amet muffin oat cake fruitcake sugar plum. Pastry fruitcake jelly gingerbread cotton candy danish chocolate cake sweet.


[1]
Style, Feel, Color Processing, Features, Function + much, much more; Only 3 Frames per second
[2]
Good when works; Unreliable, chronic banding
[3]
Great camera; Way Overpriced


| Class Name | Instrument | Day and time | Number of students | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| David Grey | Fund is not recieved | Dec 5, 2017 | WD-12345 | |
| Stella Johnson | High loading time | Dec 12, 2017 | WD-12346 | |
| Marina Michel | Website down for one week | Dec 16, 2017 | WD-12347 | |
| John Doe | Loosing control on server | Dec 3, 2017 | WD-12348 |
| # | Name | Date | Length | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Herman Beck | May 15, 2015 |
|
|
| 2 | Messsy Adam | Jul 01, 2015 |
|
|
| 3 | John Richards | Apr 12, 2015 |
|
|
| 4 | Peter Meggik | May 15, 2015 |
|
|
| 5 | Edward | May 03, 2015 |
|
|
| 5 | Ronald | Jun 05, 2015 |
|


Spreadsheet Data Grid (v2)
Download as CSV
Demonstrates:
Import data-table.csv into Spreadsheet
Edit cells and can use Excel like Formulas
Export data-table.csv for download


Trunk-or-Treat
an evening of fun, for a season of giving
Sponsor Us!
We are so excited that you are interested in becoming a sponsor for the first annual North Gwinnett High School Trunk-or-Treat! Please read through the Sponsorship Information Packet before filling out this form. Thank you for your continued and outstanding contributions to our community!
If you are a beta student, volunteer here. If you would like to be a sponsor, there is more information under the "sponsor" tab above. Thanks!


Task One
This is where the question goes!
Task One
This is where the question goes!
This is where the multiple choice questions go!
Network Monitor
Time:
Click to Submit
Update


Japanese student found dead at IIT-Guwahati
Onoda, a masters programme student, was doing internship.
by PTIA Japanese student on an exchange programme at IIT-Guwahati has been found dead inside a hostel room, police said.
The body of the student, identified as that of Kota Onoda (22) was found hanging from the ventilator of a bathroom in Lohit hostel at 3.30 p.m. on Thursday, a spokesperson of IIT-Guwahati said.
After receiving information, a police team reached the spot and recovered the body.
The body has been sent for post-mortem examination to Gauhati Medical College and Hospital and the Japanese Embassy in New Delhi has been informed about it, the spokesperson said.
Onoda, a masters programme student at Gifu University in Japan, was doing internship in the Bio-Sciences and Bio- Engineering department of IIT-Guwahati for a semester, as part of the exchange programme.
His internship was scheduled to end on November 30.
A delegation of Gifu University that was in Guwahati on Thursday and the Ministry of External Affairs were also informed by the IIT authorities about the incident.
Assistance for overcoming suicidal thoughts is available on the State’s health helpline 104 and Sneha’s suicide prevention helpline<PHONE_NUMBER>0.


What were all about
Internet For All wants to bring internet to everyone no matter where they live. We partnered with internet service providers to deliver satellite internet to communities that can't afford it.
Internet For All wants to bring internet to everyone no matter where they live. We partnered with internet service providers to deliver satellite internet to communities that can't afford it.


DET
: determiner
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for DET
.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Old_Church_Slavonic)
There are 21 DET
lemmas (1%), 131 DET
types (1%) and 662 DET
tokens (1%).
Out of 14 observed tags, the rank of DET
is: 8 in number of lemmas, 7 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent DET
lemmas: вьсь, сь, тъ, ѥдинъ, самъ, инъ, онъ, етеръ, иже, ничьтоже
The 10 most frequent DET
types: тъ, сь, вьси, сего, вьсѣ, се, си, вьсѧ, вьсѣхъ, сиѭ
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: вьсь (DET 208, ADJ 141, NOUN 18), сь (ADJ 363, DET 183), тъ (ADJ 166, DET 113), ѥдинъ (NUM 188, ADJ 42, DET 34), самъ (ADJ 31, DET 26, PRON 7), инъ (ADJ 26, DET 23), онъ (ADJ 203, DET 22), етеръ (DET 10, ADJ 6), иже (PRON 560, DET 8, ADJ 1), ничьтоже (ADJ 35, DET 7)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: тъ (ADJ 65, DET 36), сь (ADJ 74, DET 28), вьси (ADJ 41, DET 27, NOUN 7), сего (ADJ 37, DET 27), вьсѣ (ADJ 38, DET 26, VERB 2), се (INTJ 119, ADJ 72, DET 23), си (ADJ 85, DET 24, AUX 3, PRON 2, VERB 1), вьсѧ (DET 23, ADJ 8), вьсѣхъ (DET 22, ADJ 12), сиѭ (DET 20, ADJ 1)
- тъ
- сь
- вьси
- сего
- вьсѣ
- се
- си
- вьсѧ
- вьсѣхъ
- сиѭ
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of DET
is 6.238095 (the average of all parts of speech is 3.127228).
The 1st highest number of forms (28) was observed with the lemma “вьсь”: весь, всхъ, въсе, въсего, въси, въсѣ, въсѣмъ, въсѣхъ, въсѫ, вь, вьсе, вьсего, вьсеи, вьсемоу, вьсемъ, вьсемь, вьсеѩ, вьсеѭ, вьси, вьсъ, вьсь, вьсѣ, вьсѣми, вьсѣмъ, вьсѣмь, вьсѣхъ, вьсѧ, вьсѫ.
The 2nd highest number of forms (23) was observed with the lemma “сь”: се, сего, сеи, семоу, семъ, семь, сеѩ, сеѩ҅, си, сии, симь, сих, сихъ, сихь, сиѩ, сиѩ҅, сиѭ, сиѭ҄, съ, сь, сьѣ, сьѩ, сьѭ.
The 3rd highest number of forms (17) was observed with the lemma “тъ”: та, ти, то, того, тои, тои҅, томоу, томъ, томь, тоѩ, тоѭ, тъ, ть, тѣмь, тѣхъ, тѫ, тꙑ.
DET
occurs with 3 features: cu-feat/Case (662; 100% instances), cu-feat/Number (662; 100% instances), cu-feat/Gender (610; 92% instances)
DET
occurs with 15 feature-value pairs: Case=Acc
, Case=Dat
, Case=Gen
, Case=Ins
, Case=Loc
, Case=Nom
, Case=Voc
, Gender=Fem
, Gender=Fem,Masc
, Gender=Masc
, Gender=Masc,Neut
, Gender=Neut
, Number=Dual
, Number=Plur
, Number=Sing
DET
occurs with 41 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing
(94 tokens).
Examples: сь, самъ, единъ, тъ, весь, етеръ, вьсь, вьсъ, съ, е҅динъ
Relations
DET
nodes are attached to their parents using 1 different relations: cu-dep/det (662; 100% instances)
Parents of DET
nodes belong to 7 different parts of speech: NOUN (527; 80% instances), ADJ (65; 10% instances), VERB (33; 5% instances), PRON (18; 3% instances), PROPN (15; 2% instances), NUM (3; 0% instances), SCONJ (1; 0% instances)
655 (99%) DET
nodes are leaves.
7 (1%) DET
nodes have one child.
The highest child degree of a DET
node is 1.
Children of DET
nodes are attached using 3 different relations: cu-dep/flat (4; 57% instances), cu-dep/nmod (2; 29% instances), cu-dep/case (1; 14% instances)
Children of DET
nodes belong to 4 different parts of speech: ADJ (4; 57% instances), ADP (1; 14% instances), NOUN (1; 14% instances), PRON (1; 14% instances)
DET in other languages: [am] [ar] [bg] [bxr] [ca] [ckb] [cop] [cs] [cu] [da] [de] [el] [en] [es] [et] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fo] [fr] [ga] [gl] [got] [grc] [he] [hi] [hr] [hu] [id] [it] [ja] [kk] [kmr] [ko] [la] [lv] [mr] [nl] [no] [pl] [pt] [ro] [ru] [sa] [sk] [sla] [sl] [so] [sr] [sv] [swl] [ta] [tr] [ug] [uk] [u] [urj] [ur] [vi] [yue] [zh]


Our Partners
OneGeology
OneGeology's aim is to create dynamic digital geological map data for the world. It is an international initiative of the geological surveys of the world who are working together to achieve an ambitious and exciting venture. The OneGeology organisation endorses and uses the GeoSciML data transfer standard and has worked closely with CGI in providing a platform for the use and promotion of CGI data standards.
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CGI is a strong supporter of the open standards framework established by OGC. CGI and OGC cooperate under a Memorandum of Understanding signed in 2013 under which the future development of GeoSciML will be undertaken in an OGC Standards Working Group (SWG).
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The INSPIRE directive have chosen CGI standards - GeoSciML and EarthResourceML - as the mandated European data transfer standards for geological and mineral resources information. The technical working groups of the INSPIRE directive have cooperated with CGI in the development of data standards and geoscience vocabularies.
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USGIN is an operational federated information-sharing framework that helps individuals and agencies develop scalable, interoperable, web-accessible data-sharing networks. USGIN participates in the development of standards, practices, and protocols through ESIP, CGI and the OGC, and deploys systems using these to exchange geoscientific data over the Internet using free-and-open-source software.


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LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each environment begins and ends in the same manner.
\begin{environment-name} .... .... \end{environment-name}
Blank lines before the \begin{} or after the \end{} cause a paragraph break before or after the environment. Blank lines after the \begin{} or before the \end{} are ignored.
All declarations have an environment of the same name. However, the reverse does not always work. For example, {\abstract Abstract text ... .} may not give correct paragraph breaks.
See also Declarations,
Counters
Return to LaTeX Table of Contents


Up at the Villa *1/2
Rated on a 4-star scale Screening venue: Odeon (Liverpool City Centre) Released in the UK by UIP on April 14, 2000; certificate 12; 105 minutes; countries of origin USA/UK; aspect ratio 1.85:1
Directed by Philip Haas; produced by David Brown, Geoff Stier. Written by Belinda Haas; based on the novella by W. Somerset Maugham. Photographed by Maurizio Calvesi; edited by Belinda Haas.
CAST..... Kristin Scott Thomas..... Mary Panton Sean Penn..... Roley Flint Anne Bancroft..... Princess San Fernando James Fox..... Sir Edgar Smith Jeremy Davies..... Karl Richter Derek Jacobi..... Lucky Leadbetter Massimo Ghini..... Beppino Leopardi
It was Akira Kurosawa, I think, or perhaps Luis Bu˝uel, who said that movies which tell us everything often have nothing to say. It was one of the great directors, anyway, and those guys know what they're talking about. "Up at the Villa" feels like it was made to prove the point. If you removed every bit of its dialogue that strains to make sure we understand obvious details, the film would be half as long. That would be great for the authors, because they'd have plenty of free space in which to insert a comprehensible story.
Kristin Scott Thomas stars as Mary Panton, a young English widow staying in Florence at the advent of Word War Two. She receives a marriage proposal from Sir Edgar Smith (James Fox), a man she does not love, but who could provide her with security. This point is emphasised by an American society lady, Princess San Fernando (Anne Bancroft), who informs her guests "He has his qualities..." while rubbing her fingers together to make clear she's alluding to his money.
Of course, EVERY minor point is emphasised in "Up at the Villa". "Surely he didn't come all the way here just to dance with you," Princess asks Mary, while needlessly adding "He must be wanting to marry you!" We understand what the characters are talking about, but the screenplay keeps providing them with unnecessary clarifications. My reviews have featured a lot of quotations as of late, because sometimes that's the best way to illustrate what a film is like. It's absolutely essential here; the dialogue is the key point, drawing attention to itself by insulting our intelligence and cluttering things up.
There is a love interest for Mary in the movie, a playboy named Roley Flint (Sean Penn). He too gets some awkward lines, the most memorable of which are spoken at a dinner party. The topic of conversation is electricity shortages. "It's because of the munitions factories," says Roley. "They're using up all the power." So far, so good. But then: "They're preparing for war. The situation in Europe is getting really tense right now. Opposing countries are getting ready for armed conflict, and preparing arsenals of weapons."
As the film goes on, Mary finds she needs to turn to Roley for help: After she breaks the heart of a young Austrian refugee (Jeremy Davies), the boy shoots himself in her bedroom, and Roley is needed to help get rid of the corpse. This part of the plot becomes the middle section of the film; it's intended, I suppose, to show Mary and Roley getting to know each other. But it sidetracks the drama by bogging it down in thriller elements -- the characters are closely observed, all right, but as conspirators rather than potential lovers. The emotions of the film get confused and lost, and by the finale I wasn't sure what had happened. Mary ends up with neither Edgar nor Roley, but is this intended as a sad or happy ending, and what made her come to her decision?
"Up at the Villa" was written, directed and edited by the husband and wife team of Philip and Belinda Haas, who adapted the novella by W. Somerset Maugham. It's tempting to say that two people with an intimate psychological connection shouldn't work on a film together without some other significant creative influence, because they run the risk of making it so personal that other people won't understand it. But that's just not true -- think of the wonderful movies made by such auteurs as the Coen, Hughes and Marx brothers. This is a bland and aimless film. I don't know why and I don't much care.
COPYRIGHT(c) 2000 Ian Waldron-Mantgani Please visit, and encourage others to visit, the UK Critic's website, which is located at http://members.aol.com/ukcritic
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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Class RRT The following class RRT implements the Rapidly-exploring random tree to find a path from start to goal in an environment.
More...
#include <RRT.hpp>
|
| | RRT () |
| | Default constructor for RRT. Prints basic information regarding planner. More...
|
| |
| | ~RRT () |
| | Destructor for RRT. More...
|
| |
| std::pair< size_t, double > | getPlannerParameters () |
| | function to return planner parameters More...
|
| |
| void | setMap (const std::vector< std::pair< double, double >> &boundary, const std::vector< std::vector< double >> &obstacles) |
| | setter function to define the environment More...
|
| |
| virtual void | setStartAndGoal (const std::vector< double > &start, const std::vector< double > &goal) |
| | setter function to set start and goal point for the RRT algorithm More...
|
| |
| std::vector< double > | generateRandomNode () |
| | samples a random point [x,y] in the map environment More...
|
| |
| double | getEuclideanDistance (const std::vector< double > &node, const std::vector< double > &treeNode) |
| | calculates the euclidean distance between a point and a RRTree node More...
|
| |
| virtual std::shared_ptr< RRTNode > | findClosestTreeNode (const std::vector< double > &randomNode) |
| | finds the closest node in the tree to a given randomly sampled node in the environment More...
|
| |
| std::vector< double > | generateNewNode (const std::vector< double > &randomNode, const std::shared_ptr< RRTNode > &closestTreeNode) |
| | generates a new node that is reachable from the closest tree node to the randomly sampled node, at a drive/steer distance More...
|
| |
| virtual void | appendRRTree (const std::vector< double > &validNode, const std::shared_ptr< RRTNode > &validNodeParent) |
| | appends the RRTree in the workspace with the new valid node More...
|
| |
| bool | isGoalReached (const std::vector< double > &newNode) |
| | checks if the goal node is within drivable distance from the current tree in the environment More...
|
| |
| virtual std::vector< std::pair< double, double > > | getPlannerPath () |
| | returns a path found by the RRT algorithm as a set of waypoints More...
|
| |
| std::vector< RRTNode > | getRRTree () |
| | returns the tree resulting from the RRT algorithm More...
|
| |
| virtual void | runPlanner () |
| | starts the execution of the RRT planning algorithm More...
|
| |
| virtual void | resetPlanner () |
| | resets the planner by clearing all member varibles of RRT class planner object More...
|
| |
Class RRT The following class RRT implements the Rapidly-exploring random tree to find a path from start to goal in an environment.
Default constructor for RRT. Prints basic information regarding planner.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- void
Destructor for RRT.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- void
| virtual void RRT::appendRRTree |
( |
const std::vector< double > & |
validNode, |
|
|
const std::shared_ptr< RRTNode > & |
validNodeParent |
|
) |
| |
|
virtual |
appends the RRTree in the workspace with the new valid node
- Parameters
-
| validNode | is the newly generated node at a drivable distance to the current tree in the environment as a vector of double elements [x,y] validNodeParent is the pointer to the object of class RRT pointing to the parent of the validNode |
- Returns
- void
Reimplemented in RRTStar.
| virtual std::shared_ptr<RRTNode> RRT::findClosestTreeNode |
( |
const std::vector< double > & |
randomNode | ) |
|
|
virtual |
finds the closest node in the tree to a given randomly sampled node in the environment
- Parameters
-
| randomNode | is the randomly sampled node in the environment as a vector of double elements |
- Returns
- A smart pointer (shared_ptr) pointing to the object of the closest tree node
Reimplemented in RRTStar.
| std::vector<double> RRT::generateNewNode |
( |
const std::vector< double > & |
randomNode, |
|
|
const std::shared_ptr< RRTNode > & |
closestTreeNode |
|
) |
| |
generates a new node that is reachable from the closest tree node to the randomly sampled node, at a drive/steer distance
- Parameters
-
| randomNode | is the randomly sampled node in the environment as a vector of double elements [x,y] closestTreeNode is a pointer to the object of class RRT representing the closest node in the tree to the random node |
- Returns
- a vector of double elements representing the new node [x,y] drivable from the tree node
| std::vector<double> RRT::generateRandomNode |
( |
| ) |
|
samples a random point [x,y] in the map environment
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- vector [x,y] as double elements
| double RRT::getEuclideanDistance |
( |
const std::vector< double > & |
node, |
|
|
const std::vector< double > & |
treeNode |
|
) |
| |
calculates the euclidean distance between a point and a RRTree node
- Parameters
-
| node | is a random point in the environment as a vector of double points treeNode is a vector of double type representing a node in the RRTree |
- Returns
- the euclidean distance between the random node and the tree node as double element
| std::pair<size_t, double> RRT::getPlannerParameters |
( |
| ) |
|
function to return planner parameters
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- pair of values (unsigned int, double) defining the max iterations and drive paramater respectively
| virtual std::vector<std::pair<double, double> > RRT::getPlannerPath |
( |
| ) |
|
|
virtual |
returns a path found by the RRT algorithm as a set of waypoints
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- vector of pair of double elements [x,y] representing the set of waypoints
Reimplemented in RRTStar.
| std::vector<RRTNode> RRT::getRRTree |
( |
| ) |
|
returns the tree resulting from the RRT algorithm
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- vector of nodes i.e objects of RRTNode class
| bool RRT::isGoalReached |
( |
const std::vector< double > & |
newNode | ) |
|
checks if the goal node is within drivable distance from the current tree in the environment
- Parameters
-
| newNode | is the latest node added to the RRTree as a vector of double elements [x,y] |
- Returns
- true if goal is within drivable range, false otherwise
| virtual void RRT::resetPlanner |
( |
| ) |
|
|
virtual |
resets the planner by clearing all member varibles of RRT class planner object
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- void
Reimplemented in RRTStar, and InformedRRTStar.
| virtual void RRT::runPlanner |
( |
| ) |
|
|
virtual |
| void RRT::setMap |
( |
const std::vector< std::pair< double, double >> & |
boundary, |
|
|
const std::vector< std::vector< double >> & |
obstacles |
|
) |
| |
setter function to define the environment
- Parameters
-
| boundary | is a vector of paired points [x,y] defining the boundary vertices. obstacles is a vector of obstacle container which in turn is a vector of double points [x1,y1,x2,y2...xN,yN] defining the boundary vertices of an obstacle in the environment. |
- Returns
- void
| virtual void RRT::setStartAndGoal |
( |
const std::vector< double > & |
start, |
|
|
const std::vector< double > & |
goal |
|
) |
| |
|
virtual |
setter function to set start and goal point for the RRT algorithm
- Parameters
-
| start | defines the start point as a vector [x,y] of double elements goal defines the goal point as a vector [x,y] of double elements |
- Returns
- void
Reimplemented in RRTStar.
| std::vector<double> RRT::goalNode_ |
variable to hold the goal node where the algorithm terminates
object of class Map to hold the information regarding the environment
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- /home/srinidhi/GitHub/My Repos/ENPM808X-Midterm-InformedRRTStar/include/RRT.hpp


Utility¶
Modules
Cread Word Database¶
-
util.create_DB.
createTable
()¶ Convert text word information such as meaning into sqlite3 database
-
util.create_DB.
makeDir
()¶ Check target directory is exist or not If target dicrectory is not exist, create target directory
Dictionary¶
-
util.dictionary.
is_ascii
(keyword)¶ Check special character such as !@#$ and number is included in word or not
- Parameters
keyword – Word to search
- Returns
True (Word contain only ascii character) / False (Special character or number is included in word)
-
util.dictionary.
simple_word_dict
(keyword)¶ Search the meaning of word in database
- Parameters
keyword – Word to search
- Returns
Meaning of word. If word is not in database, return null
-
util.dictionary.
wikipedia_dict
(keyword)¶ Search the meaning of word which can’t find the meaning in database
- Parameters
keyword – Word to search
- Returns
Information related to word
Gaze Analyze¶
-
util.gaze_analyze.
analyze
(word, duration, start, end, word_idx, sentences)¶ Get information of gaze collected by using eye-tracker. Processing information to call calculate-impaction function. If impaction is larger than threshold, clear word, duration, start, end list It means user feel difficult to read this picture.
- Parameters
word – Recently read word
duration – Fixation time of each word in word list
start – Starting word index in gaze information (e.g. Saccade)
end – Ending word index in gaze information (e.g. Saccade)
word_idx – Index of word
sentences – Index of sentence
- Returns
-
util.gaze_analyze.
calculate_impaction
(avg_fix, avg_sac, avg_reg)¶ Calculate the impaction by using gaze information There are three parameters, (weight of fixation, saccade, regression) Optimize it heuristically and use it to decide difficulty of reading
- Parameters
avg_fix – Average fixation time
avg_sac – Average saccade time
avg_reg – Average regression time
- Returns
Impaction of gaze calculated
Read Configuration¶
-
util.read_configuration.
configuration
()¶ Read configuration from text file
- Returns
Configurations
pdf2html¶
-
util.read_text.
is_ascii
(word)¶ Check non-ascii character is included in word or not
- Parameters
word – Work to check non-ascii character
- Returns
True (Only ascii is included) / False (Non-ascii character is included)
-
util.read_text.
mapping
(text)¶ Replace special character in text.
- Parameters
text – String to process
- Returns
Processed string
-
util.read_text.
pdf2html
(filename)¶ Convert pdf file to html file using pdf2htmlex program. pdf2htmlex is runned using docker and python run it with shell command
- Parameters
filename – Filename of pdf to convert
- Returns
HTML document content
-
util.read_text.
spaning
(html, word_idx, sentence)¶ Spannning the word in html. Surround “<span>” tag around the word. Mark the index in span class. Also spanning the sentence in html. Surround “<span>” tag around the sentence. Mark the index in span class. Word index and sentence index is used to identify hard word and sentence. Do it recursively until all word and sentence is spanned
- Parameters
html – HTML data converted from PDF
word_idx – Counter of word index
sentence – Current sentence to tag
- Returns
None
-
util.read_text.
words2sentence
(sentence)¶ Deprecated
- Parameters
sentence – Sentence to convert
- Returns
list of word


The progressive ex-engineers for Deutsche Telekom (T-Mobile) needed a platform to inform and develop a community surrounding their security automation framework.
hypothesis and solutionDevelop a responsive web platform for the DevSec team to share ideas, technical documentation, and blog posts.
key responsibilitiesBranding, UX, visual design, and development.


Imagine that you have a set of framed and matted photographs hanging on a wall. Each photo is surrounded by a mat that puts space between the photo and the frame. That space would be the padding.The frame encloses the mat and the image. That would be the border.Each picture has a set amount of space around the outside. That is the margin. If two pictures are handing side by side with four inches between them, then we might say that they each have a two inch margin. The margin is the distance between an element and something else.In Web development it is particularly important to know the size of each if we are placing elements side by side within a parent container.
Example
The image above is a box model, showing a box model with a margin, border and padding. The Outer blue box shows the margin, this is the amount of space around an object.The white box within the blue box is the border. The border is between the margin and padding of an object.The orange box within the white box is the padding. The padding defines how much space is within an object's sides and it's contents.As you can see from the above anology and the example image they all have their own, important role to play


Making a wall mounted PC is a super fun, unique and rewarding experience.
It allows you to take control and produce something that really expresses your creativity.
There are a lot of ways to make a PC truly unique from things like water-cooling to building it inside a desk.
But, one of the easiest and coolest ways to create a PC that sticks out from the crowd is to make your computer wall mounted.
Not only does wall mounting a PC eliminates the need for a case which can actually save you money, it also looks badass and can add a real personal touch to your setup.
Wall mounting a computer at first might sound like a complex and daunting task but, if you break it down into simple steps it’s something that anyone can do, no matter your experience with building computers.
Wall Mounted PC Examples
The first thing to do when you start on your journey of building a wall mounted PC is to brainstorm and make a design that caters to your ideas.
The best way to start your build is to take a look at builds that are already out there on the internet and figure out what your likes and dislikes are for each one.
Remember, this is YOUR build so you should take ideas from everywhere and combine them into your own unique project.
Here are some great examples for inspiration:
As you can tell by looking at these pictures, no two wall-mounted builds are quite the same.
All of them have their own distinct look and feel.
For example, the one on the bottom is made of rustic wood and some really cool metal piping to hide the cables. My personal favorite part is how he uses the giant green button as a power switch.
In the middle, the bracket to mount it on the wall is made entirely of metal which looks amazing but is almost impossible to make with basic tools.
A few good questions to ask yourself during the design process are:
- Where are you going to mount the PC
- What materials do you want to use (Metal, Wood, 3D printing)
- What tools do you have to your disposal to work with
- What is your overall budget
- What computer components are you going to have to use/purchase
- How are you planning on turning on and off the computer
- How are you going to mount all the I/O for easy access
Making your design
Now that you have a good idea in your head of what you want it to look like it’s time to put “pen to paper” as they say and make a design for your build.
It’s very important to make a design in some way shape or form. It doesn’t need to be perfect but even a simple drawing can save you a lot of headaches later on when you actually start the building process.
Here are just a few details to keep in mind that a good design should include:
- Everything roughly in proportion to each other (you shouldn’t have an SSD the same size as your motherboard for example)
- Everything clearly labeled
- Plans for the holes (or whatever other method) you’re going to use to route your cables
- List of all the parts and materials you will need
For some inspiration here’s the design that I drew up before building mine
While this plan doesn’t list the exact dimensions of every part I made sure to measure everything and make sure it was true to size.
Another thing I included was the white circles and box that represented the cuts that I made to route my cables through.
Starting The Build Process
This is the fun part, were you actually get to start turning the design that you’ve created into a reality.
Since this step is going to look so different for everyone I’m going to be talking mostly about my own build.
Remember that through this process SAFETY should be your number one priority. If you don’t know how to do something or need help don’t be afraid to ask someone.
Choosing Your Theme & Materials
So to start off, I decided in my design that I wanted to create my PC with a Chicago Bears theme so that it would match the rest of my room.
To achieve this theme I choose to use plywood as the main base.
I think plywood can make a great option for novice builders because it’s readily available and can be cut and formed to your needs without too much work.
Another benefit of plywood is that you can paint it to whatever color you want.
Sourcing Your Parts
So to start I ventured to my local hardware store (in my case this was Menards yours might vary). And picked out a 4’ x 8’ sheet of sanded plywood.
While I was there I made sure to grab a can of blue paint, some paint brushes, a nice set of spade drill bits and an eight-foot furring strip.
If you didn’t already know a furring strip is just a thin piece of wood used for a variety of things.
In my case I’m going to screw it to the back of the plywood. So that it sticks out from the wall just far enough so the cables have somewhere to sit.
I’m also going to mount hooks onto the other sides of the strips giving me an easy way to hang it on the wall.
How to Build a Wall Mounted PC (Step by Step)
Just to help speed up my explanation a little and not bore you with the details here’s a list of the steps I went through during the building process:
- Cut the plywood sheet down to the proper size
- Drilled all the holes for the cables to route through
- Used screws to attach the furring strips to the back of the ply
- Attached the hooks to the furring strips
- Painted the plywood (sanded before and used 2 coats paint + primer)
- Started mounting the computer parts (Used two 90 degree brackets for PSU, drilled holes for mobo standoffs and put in screws for hard drive hangers. I used fishing leaders to hang the hard drives (ik it’s redneck)
- Routed all the cables for the power supply through the holes previously drilled
- Added hooks to furring strips for wall mounting
- Attached the cables for the power button mounted on my desk (I used a key switch so that it turned on just like a car)
- Finally, I put on my bears logo decal and mounted it on the wall
Here’s a picture of the final product:
Now that I’ve been able to share my build with you guys I really hope it will inspire some of you to go out and do the same thing.
Just remember to take your time, plan everything out and most important of all, have fun. Happy building to everyone!


Are You Facing North?
I'm an INFOSEC certified computer security specialist.
I went to UT Austin to study cryptography and such...
Paradoxically,
I now write entire websites, servers, mobile apps, and interactive documentaries in JavaScript.
derp
- I am an author and writer - (clicky)
- I've done talks here and at conferences before.
- I am incredibly passionate about JS, Philosophy, Health, Design, and Math.
- I joined The Iron Yard here in H-Town, hoping to nurture a creative and supportive hacker community.
- I stoically enjoy divulging my thoughts on the intricacies of beer or coffee...
- Building a 3D rendering engine from scratch in SVG — (slides) • (demo)
- Using LocalStorage for much win — (slides) • (github project)
- Building your own MVC framework — (slides) • (live site using)
- Let's Build a 3D Engine — (slides) • (demo)
- Designing and developing interactions for the cross-platform web — (coming Oct 2014) • (FOWA)
- Designing and coding delightfully fresh web apps — (coming Nov 2014) • (ConvergeFL)
See the Pen Work hard, stay humble. by Matt Keas (@matthiasak) on CodePen.

 You can enjoy different types of success.
Side projects aren't about rapid scale. Sometimes you have to do things that don't scale to learn, improve, or create a great story.
(Gun.io) — Match.com for Freelancers and Clients. ♥
- Other documentaries? (Hollow) • (This Place) • (24 Hrs of Happy)
- Infrastructure — what can we afford to maintain?
- When is enough design, enough?
How do we stream audio / video effectively anyway? And what about sharing / comments? Analytics? Performance metrics? Build systems? CDNs? What Content Management System should we use? Do we have a PaaS? What about a BaaS? Azure? Heroku? Nodejitsu? Amazon Web Services? WebSockets? Platform support? HTML5 or Flash? Images? Animations with JavaScript? My brain hurts... No really... it burns... it's hot in here right?
- The vision is the drive, the story is the reason, the craft is the talk.
- Back to basics, falling back in love with simple pleasures.
- JavaScript basics were more helpful to me than anything, in the end.
- Math and video game concepts drive the complexity.
just enough code and tech to handle many devices, delight the user..
Tools change. Choose a few of them and use them to the fullest of their potential flexibility.
Tools change. Choose a few of them and use them to the fullest of their potential flexibility.
I've talked about "BYOMVC" in a (previous talk).
- Templating
- Routing
- Animation
- DOM events
- Resource loading and dependency injection
- Keyboard interaction
- Event management
- Mediator and PubSub patterns
- HTML5 History and pushState APIs
- Async flow control
- Promises
- AJAX and XMLHttpRequests
- Sub-navigation
- Mobile friendly touch event optimizations
- Markdown parsing
- View management and transitions
- Promises
- Routing
- Pubsub
- Promises!
- Light wrapper around XMLHTTPRequest
- Ability to load any CSS, JS, or HTML, and inject it into the page
- Cache the files in LocalStorage for later use
Most of you have seen these before:
var result1 = $.ajax(..); result1.then(function(){ ... }).fail(function(){ ... }) $.when(result1, getsSomeOtherDataInParallel()).then(function(){ ... })
(Routing)
Path.rescue(function(){ Path.dispatch("#/"); }); Path.root("#/"); Path.listen(); ///.... // responds to the window.onhashchange event, or optionally the HTML5 pushState API()
- Minimal vanilla JS
- Light wrapper around DOM APIs
- Fast. Just.. (yeah.)
- Simple event system (thanks jQuery!)
- Some code that prevents layout thrashing
Let's Jump To The Code.
Adapt what is useful, reject what is useless, and add what is specifically your own.
Audio is tough
Video is tougher
Responsive Design != Context Aware Design
Orbiters and the Hub
... pure math runs the display
- Removing UI complexity
- No "Virtual DOM", just a really fast game engine with a really fast DOM API for minimal changes (FastQuery and native DOM APIs)
Layer hacks with
- translateZ and translate3D are really difficult to manage, ...
- adding backface-visibility: hidden or will-change: transform can help.
Native JS APIs are growing in size and power, are easier to use than you were taught, and are effing fast.
The Math is just a lot of steps (divide the circle into sections, layout Orbiters along the circumference, etc).
Sometimes it's all about approaching the problem from the right perspective.


Multi Step Registration Form Using JQuery Bootstrap in PHP
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Page 1 of 1
Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 10:04 am
by Morn
I'm able to take the Sentio Geosid, but the other geosids I can kill over and over again and they don't do anything. Haven't tried when I didn't already own the Sentio. I haven't had my other guildies available to test if they can.
Dunno if that is intentional to keep one high level character from coming and holding all the geosids?
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 10:08 am
by strafe of x2
yeah you can just have one at a time now which is why you almost have to be able to buy potionjs with gold. because if u can only have 1 geo then you can only get 1 type of pot
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 10:29 am
by Morn
good idea...
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 11:42 am
by marzuku
Morn wrote:good idea...
i agree with both of you.
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 2:52 pm
by Glorfindelus
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 3:52 pm
by ven
Eh still no use for gold when you have it after you sell your pots.
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 4:21 pm
by ffrank
Smart move.
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 5:44 pm
by LEXIC
BUG: the red geoside (I think its read, top right to square that gives red potions) is bugged. When you get it, you need to pay it 190 billion to get rewards. You need to relog to fix it.
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Mon Nov 02, 2009 8:22 pm
by Part-Time Modeler
LEXIC wrote:BUG: the red geoside (I think its read, top right to square that gives red potions) is bugged. When you get it, you need to pay it 190 billion to get rewards. You need to relog to fix it.
The Sentio Geoside does that to, but once you sacrifice (drop) an item into it goes back to what it is supposed to be.
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Wed Nov 04, 2009 9:07 am
by LEXIC
Another Possible Bug with Geosids: I don't know if it was intended to be this way, but when I hover over stackable items such as for example a Red Potion, it says I can sacrifice it for 1 geonite. But when I drop a stack of 50 Red Potions, they are not sacrificed for 50 geonites, they are still sacrificed for 1 geonite. I think this is a bug because you can split the 50 potions into 1's and sacrifice all of them singly for a total of 50 geonites.
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Thu Dec 10, 2009 8:17 pm
by sebskillz
Morn wrote:I'm able to take the Sentio Geosid, but the other geosids I can kill over and over again and they don't do anything. Haven't tried when I didn't already own the Sentio. I haven't had my other guildies available to test if they can.
Dunno if that is intentional to keep one high level character from coming and holding all the geosids?
What i think , u need to remake ur guild poeple whos having alot troubles wit geosids , remake guilds , cuz i never really had problems wit them , alwauys worked fine , only thing was "Sometimes" i had probs geting all of them , some wouldnt by owned by me but most the time i could own all 3 at once.
Sebskillz-
Re: Geosids
Posted:
Thu Dec 10, 2009 9:58 pm
by Morn
I've made new guilds since then, all three guilds I belong to are only capable of single geo ownership


SHORT CUTS A film review by Chris Roberts Copyright 1995 Chris Roberts
Directed by Robert Altman.
Starring Andie MacDowell, Jack Lemmon, Tim Robbins, Lily Tomlin, Annie Ross.
I have previously admired the satirical content of Robert Altmans work in THE PLAYER and POPEYE. However these leave one unprepared for SHORT CUTS which must rate as one of the more scathing critiques of suburban life!
It implies that the most educated generation in the world inhabit an environment where no one feels a need to recourse to a newspaper and conversation has been reduced to monosyllables.
A portrait of women who potter through life completely engrossed by the next party, but occasionally managing to retain their common sense. This contrasts with all but one of the male characters, who seem to stumble blindly on with no standards whatever! Is this Raymond Carver's vision of hell? Was it Altman who added the earthquake to shake some sense into them?
It is a very curious thing to see a director use such a realistic setting to convey a feeling of supreme decadence. As humorous as a bird watching a snake. Like a painting by De Kooning, this work exists not in the marks on the canvas, but in the emotional response experienced by the viewer. (Beyond natural empathy, eh?)
We are all neighbours. In fact thats the name of one of one of the myriad of "soaps" shown for families on U.K. television, which draw their content from prurient tabloid headlines.
Altman's film, which makes those observing children integral to the plot, can be appreciated for its ingenuity and wit. The Australian and British soaps which employ such similar themes cannot. Judging by their ratings Im in the minority, having banned them from my household on grounds of taste. This director has I think put his finger on the problem. Whilst we must all endeavour to mind our own business, indifference is a value we pass on to children children at our peril.
Sue Roberts<EMAIL_ADDRESS>NB. This film is awful. The people involved have gone to immense time and trouble to make it precisely so. Its brilliance lies in the subtlety of its indictment.
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Objective of the game: Shade several cells in the hexagonal grid while following these rules:
This genre was invented by Nikoli
under the name Tawamurenga.
Left-click to shade a cell. Right-click to unshade a cell. You can also click and drag to place multiple squares.
To play with a keyboard, use the arrow keys to move the cursor. Press Enter to shade a square, and press Space to unshade a square.
You can also use the numpad (keys 1, 3, 7, 9) to move the cursor diagonally.
These parameters are available from the 'Custom...' option on the 'Type' menu.


Alerts in the Signal Hub application used a methodological decision analysis in four aspects including decision problems, decision makers, decision environments, and decision approaches.
To examine the right resolution for the alert w.r.t the criticality, response time, resolution time, etc. the alert techniques are working from three perspectives: (1) Multi-criteria decision making techniques (2) Mathematical programming techniques and (3) Artificial intelligence techniques.
Alerts functionality will use these techniques and analysed the means of integrating these techniques for a right resolution (or) options of resolution based on the alerts.
| Alert ID | Criticality | Description | Comment | More Info |
| 1 | High | Signal 1 has very high PSI (0.38) | No issue with underlying variable was identified. High PSI due to change in population behavior. + Add Comment+ See all Comments |
See signal Quality |
| Alert ID | Criticality | Comment | More Info |
| 123 | High | Records ID were sent to client for resend on 3/19/2013. + Add Comment+ See all Comments |
See Erroneous Records |
| 124 | High | Check confirmed data are correct. Simply need to update file name. + Add Comment+ See all Comments |
See Row Data Quality |
The Settings feature of Signal Hub makes it easy to create, store, and maintain customised parameters and user preferences. A setting addresses both needs by providing an easy way to store both customised parameters and user preferences on the Signal Hub.
Settings have no built-in facility for encrypting information automatically. You should never store security-related information, such as database passwords, in clear text. If you want to store such sensitive information, based on the request it will be customised to make sure it is secure.


| DOSE: |
45 mg |
insufflated |
DPT |
(powder / crystals) |
I have done DPT once before, only 25mg nasally, and had an ok time, although with some anxiety due to perceived cardiac effects.
I insufflated 40-50mg at midnight. Almost right away I noticed a change in my heart beating. This was what had freaked me out the first time. The heart rate increase was modest however, and this time I decided I would not let panic rule me, and simply lied down, closed my eyes, and breathed extremely slowly, lowering it back down to almost normal. Something was still different though; finally I put my finger on it. Not only does my heart beat faster, but it seems to beat HARDER. I don't know if this is medically possible, or simply a perception thing (since all things ended up being more intense, my heart beat was simply the first to be noticed?), but it was very prominent. Still, having lowered the rate almost to rest-levels, I no longer was worried.
The burn was very mild, and the taste was very easily ignored or washed away with a breath mint occasionally. The first hour was the most uncomfortable, because I was not yet tripping, but the energy of the trip was building up, and was centered in my chest, and spilling into my heart. It is troubling to think I may be about to have a heart attack.
Time dilation began very quickly, within a minute or two of having snorted it, with 5 or 10 minutes feeling like 30 minutes.   This surprised me, and immediately dispelled any worry of heart issues, as I realized that the reason for my cardiac energy building up rapidly was because my whole body was entering a state of supreme arousal. I squirmed on the floor for a while, grin plastered on my face, cupping my junk and feeling almost bashful at the strange yet welcoming direction this substance was taking me.
The incredible tingling spread from my loins down through my legs to my toes, and up through my midsection to my head. The sexual gyration was now wholly consuming me, and had gone to a supra-sexual pleasure, a pleasure that has within it the entire set of all things sexual, but also a wide range of other pleasures that are simply not felt by this organism in sober circumstances.
The energy then began to rise in intensity very drastically in short waves; pulses of primal orgasm (too weak a word for what is actually felt!) rushed through me, and caused me to tremor almost violently at times. The tremoring was not scary at all; you know sometimes when you stretch your legs out completely your muscles shake and it feels cool? or like when you tap your foot uncontrollably sometimes due to having energy bottled up? Well it was precisely this familiar feeling, only on most of my muscles, and much stronger than usual, but still a well known and cool feeling which I welcomed gladly.
This new behaviour also came with a perceived coldness, so much that I went from wearing only shorts, to putting on several layers of clothing and going under 2 thick covers. I laid there for perhaps 30 minutes, face alternating between the surprised look of a person who's lover has just tried something naughty on them that they liked, and big old grin the likes of which mdma and lsd and psilocin elicit. I realized the extent to which this chemical had altered me when I opened my eyes, and saw on my left hand, where I had written 'DPT 50mg' in case of heart attack, was now half gone and being washed away by a puddle of drool. As I laughed inside at having drooled all over myself, I suddenly entered the trip full force, and here is where language becomes an issue.
These body sensations persisted EXTREMELY STRONGLY for 1 hour (1 hour after snorting they peaked), most of which consisted of me simply shaking strongly in ecstasy, like a sexual seizure. At the time of making this thread they dropped off suddenly and their strength and rate of occurence fell over the next two hours until I was baseline, although a certain tension remained all the way until the morning and until perhaps noon this next day.
I have ommited discussing the mental effects, and focused on the physical effects, for two reasons; the physical effects were an important part of the trip, and the mental effects are more difficult for me to describe than lsd, mushrooms, ketamine . . . they are very, very powerful, 45mg of this stuff had more of a mental effect on me than 5 hits of acid that changed my whole life.
There seemed to be a sort of regression, but not to animal, much, much further, I felt more like an amoeba or even a single-celled organism. Things were extremely streamlined and simple, but unbelievably intense. The common fly uses 90% of its neural processing power for interpreting visual data; it was sort of like this, but not focused on visual, rather focused simply on all 'inputs', and senses were senseless. I tasted what I heard, smelled what I saw, felt what I thought, thought what I touched. Utter synesthesia, a complete fruit salad of senses.
My night vision improved dramatically, with every single little light source being like a miniature sun, and there were effects on scale which made me think somewhat of Ketamine; things looked MUCH further away than they really were, climbing steps was confusing because I didn't understand what form was and how movement is achieved, since movement requires things moving in relation to each other, but there was only one thing, 'input'.
I went to the bathroom multiple times in the night, to urinate and defecate (I have IBS so it may not be the DPT), and both happened fine, with a little difficulty urinating due to tension in muscles. I looked at myself in the mirror, and other than the wild-eyed look of primal thrill, like I was both stalking prey and mating at the same time, I looked 100% sober; no big pupils, no droopy eyelids, only slight facial and hand flushing, no stumbling around.
It's difficult to pinpoint the 'core' of the experience. I will try by comparing what my perception is of the 'core' of other substances I have tried;
LSD is about understanding who I am as a person and what I am doing in this world.
Mushrooms are about understanding my identity in relation to the rest of the universe, and the plasticity of senses and mind.
Ketamine is about understanding the plasticity of the mind and sense of self.
DPT is about understanding the plasticity of forms of existance and other possible manifestations of being which you happen to not inhabit in your sober life.
Both times now I have emerged from the experience extremely grateful not just to be alive, but to be alive in my current form. The first time was because I thought I was going to die, this second time because I just went through 2 hours of feeling alive x 10,000, which is a fantastic thing. I sat on my bed naked with the light on, marveling at my arms, feeling my skin to make sure it's real, stretching it, pinching it, feeling what it means to have 'form' and what it means to have sensory inputs from this form.
That's all I can think of writing for now. I can't wait to do it again, and now I'm confident about doing a good 100mg dose.
Music. Music. Music. I listened to Ravi Shankar during the comeup, which helped coax the erotic sensations, and I listened to Animal Collective's newest album during the peak, which was the best drug decision I've made in a long time. That album goes with DPT like peanut butter and jelly. Whoa momma. Absolutely bliss, love, fun, play, laughter, smiles, hugs.
Towards the end of the trip, my nose became EXTREMELY stuff up, so much so that I could only breathe through my mouth. This was very, very annoying, and I blew my nose into my hands, my bed covers, anything nearby, it didn't matter in the place I was, and it was simply an easy action to fix a big problem. Nasal blockage is significant, one little 45mg toot blocked me up far more than 6-12 hours of heavy cocaine use.
Rectal seems to be emerging as the best way to take this gift.
Fitting that that's where the pleasure began . . .
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Police officer fatally shot investigating home invasion
by The Associated PressDETROIT — A police officer was shot to death and another wounded while responding to a home invasion on Detroit’s West Side.
Police Chief James Craig says the officers were searching for a suspect when they were shot late Wednesday. He says an 18-year police veteran was fatally shot in the neck with a high-powered rifle, and a three-year-veteran in the leg. Neither was identified.
At least one officer returned fire, wounding the suspect. The wounded officer and suspect were taken to a hospital. Their conditions weren’t immediately known.
Craig says the suspect had entered the home looking for his girlfriend. The chief says the home’s occupants fled as officers arrived and warned them that the suspect inside was armed. The officers were shot as they descended stairs from the second floor.
The Associated Press


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