Comparison of UKCloud for VMware against hyperscalers
Overview
UKCloud has long been known for its VMware powered cloud that has enabled hundreds of UK public sector workloads to be moved to the cloud. Since the launch of this service, we've made significant investments and numerous innovations in the physical infrastructure, software implementation and the manner in which VMware is utilised.
The service that's available today has been vastly improved in terms of reliability, functionality and performance. Although there are several cloud providers available to the UK public sector, UKCloud maintains its position as the number one choice for security-assured, citizen-facing services with UK data centres and UK-based security cleared staff.
There are several factors to consider when choosing a cloud provider, such as price, performance, reliability, suitability for workloads, sovereignty and assurance. Value for money will often be at the forefront of the decision-making process. However, at UKCloud we are competitive on more than just price and believe performance is an important metric to consider.
This article concentrates on performance benchmarking and introduces a comparison of performance on our VMware platform against other public cloud providers.
Why does performance matter?
These results are important for several reasons:
Cost control – The superior performance of the UKCloud platform means that you can do more with less. To match our performance using the public cloud providers, you would need bigger instances, more instances or both – significantly increasing the cost of those platforms. A platform that appears 20% cheaper but has half the performance may mean you end up paying 60% more for the same performance.
Business productivity – UKCloud for VMware has been designed specifically for customers transitioning their legacy workloads to the cloud. The majority of legacy applications are running in virtualised environments using VMware and hence can be moved quickly, with less risk, and yet immediately benefit from the elasticity and scalability of the cloud. Superior performance means that you can achieve greater operational efficiency on our platform.
User experience – As digital systems are increasingly used by millions of users (for example, citizens), it's important that your platform can deliver superior performance when your users need it.
Our approach to benchmarking
To validate the performance of our platform, UKCloud has been running automated tests to compare the performance of UKCloud for VMware against two leading proprietary public cloud platforms: Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure.
The benchmarking was based on the PerfKit Benchmarker tool which was originally developed by Google and made available to the open source community. PerfKit is designed to provide a repeatable, consistent and open way of measuring cloud performance.
PerfKit was configured to specifically compare UKCloud for VMware in Region 6, Zone F with AWS EU-West 2 (London) region and the Azure London region. The benchmarks ran throughout August 2017 and average values for the month are reported below.
UKCloud have worked on extending Perfkit to directly support VMware Cloud Director-based clouds, this is available from the UKCloud Github pages and will be contributed back to the core repository. This will enable you to run your own benchmarks with up-to-date data, allowing for a ready comparison of our performance against other public cloud providers. You will also be able to compare performance from a set time period of your choice.
Benchmark results
UKCloud performed a suite of tests to assess the performance of various components of the platform, as well as some end-to-end system tests. The rest of this article provides more detail regarding each of the benchmark results.
Note
For the graphs shown in this article, a higher result indicates superior performance (UKCloud outperforms AWS on 80% of the benchmarks performed and Azure on 100%).
Networking performance
The networking performance test is a commonly used benchmark that can create TCP and UDP data streams and measure the throughput of a network that is carrying them. The values shown in the graph below indicate the maximum throughput of the respective networks.
UKCloud has a maximum throughput almost 4 times higher than that of AWS and over 6 times higher than Azure.
This is important for customers who are moving large sets of data or need quick access to their data over the network. This results in less time spent waiting for data transfers to be completed, which allows applications to access their data more quickly, meaning applications are able to run faster, giving a better user experience.
MongoDB (NoSQL) overall performance*
MongoDB is an open-source database developed by MongoDB, Inc. Unlike relational databases, it stores data in JSON format that can vary in structure. This data model gives you the ability to represent hierarchical relationships and other complex structures easily. MongoDB was designed with high availability and scalability and therefore includes out-of-the-box replication and auto-scaling.
The performance of MongoDB running on UKCloud for VMware is almost 2 times faster than both AWS and Azure meaning that MongoDB performs almost twice as many operations per second on the UKCloud platform.
This results in better database performance and means there is higher data availability to applications, which in turn affects the service that a customer consumes, resulting in a better customer experience.
* Test performed with 32 threads and a combination of operation types.
Redis
Redis is an open-source, in-memory data structure used as a database, cache and message broker. Supported data structures include strings, hashes, lists, sets, stored sets, bitmaps, hyperloglogs and geospatial indexes. The outstanding performance of Redis is achieved through an in-memory dataset. Depending on what you use RDB (Redis) for, you can benefit from on-disk persistence by dumping the dataset to disk or appending each command to a log.
RDB (Redis) running on UKCloud is 2 times faster than AWS and almost 2 times faster than Azure, meaning that Redis can perform twice as many requests per second on our platform.
This results in better caching and message throughput which means that smaller clusters of data are required for the same workload. This also means that fewer VMs are required for the workload, therefore saving the user money.
Random IO performance
Random read is a measure of how quickly multiple small files can be read from random areas on a disk. Random read performance is measured in input-output operations per second with the number shown below an indication of the maximum number of reads. Random write uses the same disk pattern as random read but data is written to the disk rather than read.
The graph below shows that the UKCloud platform performs 2.5 times faster random read IOPs than AWS and over 15 times faster than Azure. For random write, the UKCloud platform performs 9 times more IOPs than AWS and almost 61 times more than Azure.
This means that enterprise applications such as relational databases which are disk-intensive (require high I/O), perform better on the UKCloud platform.
Databases and applications that are disk intensive are often slowed down by their storage, hence the increased popularity of Solid State Drives (SSD). However, as the graph below shows, UKCloud provides fast storage access allowing applications to rapidly access and process data, resulting in faster applications compared to AWS and Azure's equivalent storage option.
Sequential IO performance (IOPS)
Sequential read is a disk access pattern where large continuous blocks of data are read from adjacent locations on the disk. Sequential write is the same pattern, but data is written to the disk rather than read. These kinds of disk access patterns are common when accessing large multimedia files such as music, video and images. They are also important for data warehouses and analytics applications.
The graph below shows that for sequential read the UKCloud platform performs 8 times better than AWS and almost 4 times better than Azure. For sequential write, the UKCloud platform has a maximum IO over 3 times higher than AWS and 2 times higher than Azure.
As with databases, these kinds of applications are often slowed down by their storage, hence the increased popularity of solid state drives (SSD). However, as the graph below shows, UKCloud provides fast storage access allowing applications to rapidly access and process data, resulting in faster applications compared to AWS and Azure's equivalent storage option. High sequential IO performance is vital for data analysis and specifically for data warehouses which are a core component of business intelligence and thus guide key management decisions.
Where does UKCloud for VMware outperform public cloud providers?
These results show that UKCloud for VMware consistently outperforms both AWS and Azure across a variety of benchmarks; (UKCloud outperforms AWS on 80% of the benchmarks performed and Azure on 100%).
Networking performance
Almost 4 times higher than AWS
Over 6 times higher than Azure
Users spend less time transferring data on the network, allowing applications to access their data faster and thus running faster also
MongoDB performance
2 times faster than AWS and Azure
Better database performance allows for higher data availability to applications, therefore resulting in a better customer experience
Redis performance
2 times faster than AWS
Almost 2 times faster than Azure
Smaller clusters of data are required for the same workload – this means fewer VMs are required and therefore saves you money
Random I/O performance
Random Read is 2.5 times faster than AWS and over 15 times faster than Azure
Random Write is 9 times faster than AWS and almost 61 times faster than Azure
Faster storage access allows applications to rapidly access and process data and thus results in faster applications
Sequential I/O performance
Sequential Read is 8 times better than AWS and almost 4 times better than Azure
Sequential Write is over 3 times higher than AWS and 2 times higher than Azure
High sequential IO performance is vital for data analysis and specifically for data warehouses, it is a core component of business intelligence and thus guides key management decisions
Summary
The data summarised in this article demonstrates that UKCloud not only competes with leading public cloud providers on price but also offers superior performance on our VMware platform.
Using UKCloud for VMware means that you can do more for less as you can save money with simple usage-based billing and benefit from the greater performance the platform offers. Although a platform may appear cheaper, if it has half the performance this may mean you could end up paying significantly more for the same performance.
Although actual performance may vary based upon numerous real-world factors such as internet latency, application-tuning and a low risk of multi-tenant contention, we are confident that these benchmark results truly reflect the greater performance that UKCloud for VMware delivers over the nearest equivalent region and VM sizes of both AWS and Azure.
We are continuously investigating ways to improve the performance of our VMware cloud through using the latest versions of VMware, software-defined storage and networking, coupled with adaptive storage and network tuning as the platform is consumed. All of this will reassure our customers that the greater performance delivered today, will remain in the future.
Feedback
If you find a problem with this article, click Improve this Doc to make the change yourself or raise an issue in GitHub. If you have an idea for how we could improve any of our services, send an email to feedback@ukcloud.com.


In The Toolbox – Getting Personal
The history of software development is littered with wars between factions who have differing opinions on various aspects of the way it should be analysed, designed, presented, tested, etc. Aside from the tabs vs spaces debate the other giant flame war is almost certainly around the choice of text editor – vi vs emacs. While the devotees of each side remain steadfast in their cause there are other groups who seek to douse the flames either by making the point a moot one (the “pragmatists”) or by taking choice away altogether by mandating a preference. This latter approach can, and does make sense in various circumstances, but it often gets taken too far so that even when it doesn’t matter the only choice is effectively Hobson’s choice – no choice at all.
When it comes to tooling, most notably in the enterprise arena, the organisation will classically play its trump card – consistency. In its endeavour to treat IT as a cost centre, and therefore be made as efficient as possible, their desire appears to be to limit the choice of tooling as much as possible on the premise that it’s then easier to move “resources” around because there will be a shorter learning curve, at least technology wise. Hence technology stacks tend to be limited to a set of core languages and products, both for the system being built and the supporting development “infrastructure”, i.e. CI service, test framework, deployment tools, etc.
Don’t get me wrong consistency of tooling is undeniably important. The modern “virtual machine” approach to runtimes such as the JVM and .Net allow for different components to be written in entirely different languages and paradigms, but actually using a multitude of languages within the same application is likely to cause more friction than it solves unless the team are all seriously experienced polyglots. Similarly, maintaining your own personal build scripts because you don’t like the team’s is unlikely to be the best use of one’s time either. One size never fits all but a few well picked sizes might fit most problems well enough that the cost/benefit ratio is favourable without being over constraining.
Essentially we are talking about architectural level stuff here – the kind of choices where changing your mind or going against the grain is likely to incur some non-trivial expense, usually in the form of time, and therefore indirectly in money.
Consistency however is also not the end of the argument. Just as my choice of desktop wallpaper or text editor font or colour scheme does not impact what I deliver, so the same goes for a number of tooling choices in the overall development process. Sadly there appears to be a lack of recognition that software development is far more than simply churning out source code with an IDE. There are numerous additional activities whilst programming such as research, design, documenting, testing, support, etc. that demand very little consistency in tooling as the tools themselves provide no material impact on the delivered artefacts (source code, documentation, etc.), particularly when the artefact is of a common, interoperable file format such a text file.
In an earlier episode of this column [1] I described how the answer to the simple question of “what tool do you use to find text” is a complex affair with a dizzying array of answers that all depend heavily on the context of the problem and the familiarity of the tools at hand. I am far more au fait with the command line switches of the classic Unix grep tool than I am of the Windows built-in find and findstr despite spending virtually my entire career to date on that one platform. Over the years Microsoft have added a few more command line tools here and there but many essentials, like curl and tar are only just seeing the light of day which means we have to rely on third parties to fill the void; or create our own [2]. There is an air of irony about being labelled “inconsistent” when you prefer to use the same tools as the wider development community over the smaller organisational sized one.
There is perhaps one area where differences in tooling could generate some unnecessary friction and that is when pairing or mobbing on a problem. The entire premise of the exercise is to share one machine and focus on solving the problem together by allowing anyone to just get on and move the solution further forward by being able to take over control of the keyboard and “just start typing”. Putting a copy of Vim in front of an entrenched Visual Studio developer or a Cygwin bash prompt towards a CMD prompt die-hard is not going to be a recipe for rapid progression if the impedance mismatch is a continual distraction.
That’s the theory, but I’m happy to report that I’ve found it doesn’t really play out like that in practice, at least not with those people I’ve paired with. Whilst the keyboard may not have moved around quite as freely as you might hope, it’s fairly easy to remain focused on the problem and type enough of a snippet to get your point across without having to go on and produce production ready refactored code or a blazing one-liner; the “driver” can easily adapt and finish off your “scribbles”.
If anything I prefer watching other people using other tools because that’s when you get to see what you’re missing out on. A perfect example of this was multi-cursor support in Sublime Text.
The following non-exhaustive list contains some of the bigger areas of contention that have arisen in the past for which I personally feel are outside the scope of effecting delivery and provide a significant enough impact on productivity that it’s worth fighting for.
The war on version control systems is over – git won. Unfortunately, like databases, teams rarely switch their VCSs at the flick of a switch. Consequently the long tail contains CVS, Visual SourceSafe, Subversion, TFS, etc. Even Microsoft has seen the light of day and git is now promoted to a first class citizen in its ongoing transformation. What this means is that for those of us who have already experienced the benefits of a distributed VCS, such as git or Mercurial, will find any means possible to continue using it even if the back-end isn’t either of those.
One of the earliest bridges to be included with git was for Subversion and it’s obvious to see why as Subversion was itself a logical step on from CVS for many organisations. If you’ve ever messed up your working copy trying to integrate the latest changes from the repo, “git svn” is worth the price of admission alone to avoid that expensive mistake. (Arguably smaller commits also minimises the loss and is better from an integration perspective.)
In a similar vein “git tfs” is a bridge for talking to Microsoft’s heavily ridiculed Team Foundation Server. If you’re using TFS without gated check-ins it pretty much works out of the box and understands the normal branching convention (like the Subversion bridge), although personally I have always avoided branching with TFS. If you do have gated check-ins then, when you push, it will invoke the standard TFS commit dialog to invoke its custom workflow. It also supports automatically attaching commits to work items using the normal “#<id>” convention in the commit message.
One assumes that the starting point for this reluctance to allow programmers the freedom to use their own choice of tools stems from the need to restrict the download and installation of any third party software. Whilst I understand some of the reasons why – security and licensing [3] – they do not make it easy for those of us who wish to use our own purchases of professional, licensed software tools on site (license permitting, of course). It would be ludicrous to expect a carpenter or plumber to arrive at your house and fix your problem only with the tools laying around the garage or kitchen, but for some contract positions that scenario is not quite as absurd as you might think.
One category of tools that falls squarely into this category are those plug-ins and extensions to common major development products, such as IDEs, which perform on-the-fly code analysis and refactoring. In particular Whole Tomato’s Visual Assist and JetBrains’ ReSharper are two tools which have fast become essential tools for the modern developer that likes to write clean, maintainable code.
For me this particular battle started back in my C++ days with the venerable PC-Lint and Visual Lint tools which, along with Visual Assist provided a useful arsenal of tools for tracking down and fixing those kinds of bugs which C++ is sadly all too famous for. On one contract I was rejected a company licence for PC-Lint (a few hundred dollars back then) and refused the option to use my own license too, but in a delicious twist of irony a few months later I discovered that a colleague (a fellow contractor) had wasted a day and a half tracking down an initialisation bug that would have been picked up by PC-Lint. At contractor rates that bug alone cost the company more than twice the license cost of the tool it refused me access to and it wasn’t the only painfully buried initialisation bug that surfaced later either.
Another tool I shelled out for because there were no decent open source alternatives on Windows at the time was a log file viewer called BareTail. With sterling incredibly favourable against the dollar and the pro version offering all sorts of nice filtering and highlighting options it became my tool of choice. Naturally log files are only read by this tool and not written, and therefore it makes very little sense to control the exact choice and, given than support is usually of a time sensitive nature, I would have thought familiarity with tooling was commendable.
There are a number of excellent freeware tools available now on Windows that have since surpassed BareTail and with logs often being pumped directly into cloud-based logging services the goalposts have moved on significantly here from monitoring a handful of servers. Even so, due to cost reasons these may not be available outside of the production environment and therefore you might still be trawling log files in development and test environments with a traditional set of tools.
I’ve never been a big fan of the classic patch file format for displaying diffs in text files, and even less so for doing that in a command prompt window. The “diff” tool is another one of those bread-and-butter tools which is in continual use and yet it has no impact on the delivered artefacts – source files, mostly. Many years ago the diff tool bundled with the version control system you were using was fairly limited – they might only show the two files side-by-side and block colour the edits. Even simple features like ignoring changes due to whitespace were missing.
Once again this is an area where there are number of excellent freeware and open source alternatives that provide a pretty good experience. And there are even products like Semantic Merge which aim to go beyond simpler textural diffs and apply more far intelligence to changes it detects. But even simple features like Beyond Compare’s CSV diff could make a difference to your productivity without resorting to an “untrusted” third party tool.
The only reason I can imagine any company would stop you using products like those from genuine software houses is to avoid any jealousy your co-workers might have.
I suspect the only modern battle that can outshine the war around text editors is the one for your favourite web browser. For those actually developing web based services it’s the bane of their life – having to support so many different flavours, even with third party libraries attempting to plug the gaps. Despite being dominant for so many years the tyranny of IE 6 is finally behind us and even the enterprise has graciously accepted that oranges are not the only fruit.
Once again I absolutely understand that if you are developing an in-house web application the business is entirely justified in only putting its money behind supporting the preferred “house” option. However many of us write traditional, non-web based applications and services or even RESTful services and therefore our choice of browser is likely of very little consequence to delivering our goals. In fact, once again, I suspect familiarly is of more benefit, not for the core browser itself but the bells and whistles.
For those outside the world of IT I suspect their view of the web browser is still rooted in the simple display of text and images / videos. Consequently they would have little cause to investigate the proliferation of extensions and plug-ins the modern browser affords. If you store documentation in your source code repo using some kind of mark-up language then you’ll probably want to view them in their rendered state when reading and browser extensions are one possible choice here. When working on web APIs I found myself trying out a whole bunch of different REST clients, such as Postman and Advanced REST Client, to see which I preferred or had features I found useful. That didn’t cause me to stop using CURL, but they make chaining together REST requests into a “journey” far less painful with their support for variables and response parsing.
You would think that the problem of editing text was a solved one by now and yet the last few years have still seen remarkable growth in the market with VS Code and JetBrains’ Rider proving that the hearts and minds of developers are still yet to be won.
It’s hard to talk about text editors without crossing over into IDE territory as the face of the IDE is pretty much the text editor. In my couple of decades as a programmer I’ve seen the humble text editor grow into the behemoth that is the modern, bloated IDE as more and more of the build and debug tooling has been grafted on. At the same time the need to automate builds and deployments has also meant that this tooling has had to remain at arm’s length to some degree and therefore it’s still possible to work with just a shell and simple text editor. The folly of proprietary binary project files came and went with JSON now the in-vogue choice for some languages, despite its shortcomings.
The enterprise IDE must seem like a bean counter’s dream – “a text editor, build system, debugger and deployment tool all in one package!” If you’ve worked on a codebase of any appreciable size that only uses the tools that come with the enterprise package you’ll eventually discover their limitations, especially if you want to adopt a heavily automated approach to testing. Ever tried merging or automating testing of an old-fashioned DTS package? This isn’t the product’s fault, but it does put the onus on us to recognise when we’ve outgrown it either because we want more from our delivery process or the technology is moving too fast for it to keep up.
The rise of the polyglot and concepts like “infrastructure as code” means that we spend far more time editing source files that are not part of the core product we’re delivering. Although you might be writing your REST API in C# you might be using Terraform for your infrastructure, Go for your deployment tools, and a range of batch files, PowerShell scripts and Bash scripts for gluing it all together. Your documentation could be in Markdown, your database support queries in N1QL and have a variety of configuration files using XML, JSON and the classic .ini format.
The natural fallout of all this is that although I might be forced into using the IDE of the company’s choice for the core product, there is still plenty of room to use both open source offerings like VS Code and licensed products such as Sublime Text because they offer certain essential features which are missing from the jack-of-all-trades offering, e.g. multi-cursor support or a plug-in that integrates the Go toolchain directly into it. Editing documentation in markdown format for instance is so much easier when you have the classic source + preview two-pane view like you have in VS Code; and these days I expect everywhere that I have to type any natural language to support spelling and grammar checking too.
If you think we’ve now reached “peak IDE” know that JetBrains has launched a commercial Go-centric IDE for those that need more than what they’re getting from the current crop of plug-ins. VS Code happens to suffice for my Golang purposes at the moment but it’s good to know this is one battle that’s still raging on.
That list has covered all the big ones that immediately spring to mind and yet I can still think of many other areas where I have a different personal taste to my colleagues, such as still using the old fashioned Windows command prompt in preference to PowerShell. Consequently the multi-tabbed ConEmu fills a void you don’t have with its more modern counterpart which, incidentally, shipped with its own IDE. And we haven’t even touched on how the new Windows Subsystem for Linux is going to shake things up. I may finally give up on Gnu on Windows (my preferred bundle of the core Unix command line tools such as grep, sed, awk, etc.) as I’ll have the real deal to use instead.
I don’t currently do much in the way of web based stuff myself but I know from osmosis that the world of transpilers and Node.js adds another heap of tooling choices into the melting point, some of which form part of the end product, whilst others are alternative, portable implementations of existing native tools. Despite what I said about personal build scripts earlier I did once keep my own PSake (PowerShell) based build script alongside the real Gulp (Node.js) one because it saved me a couple of minutes every build not waiting for “npm install” to check its cache. (The team switched over permanently soon after.)
It’s not just in IT that we have our own personal choices in tooling; the same is true in other walks of life. For instance nobody tells you what kind of pen you have to use or whether you should be using lined or clear paper to write your notes on. I happen to favour the gel pens but I know others that still prefer to use traditional ink. I think it’s fair for any organisation to expect me to speak and write documentation in the English language if that’s the one most commonly by them.
What I find objectionable is the lack of distinction between when a choice of tooling affects the deliverable itself as opposed to only affecting the means of delivery, especially when the personal choice would be more beneficial to the team or organisation. Consistency within tooling is not an all or nothing affair – we need to question our choices when delivery might be impacted but also embrace different approaches when possible so that we can learn from our colleagues.
[1] In The Toolbox - Finding Text, C Vu 27-6,
http://www.chrisoldwood.com/articles/in-the-toolbox-finding-text.html
[2] In The Toolbox - Home-Grown Tools, C Vu 28-4,
http://www.chrisoldwood.com/articles/in-the-toolbox-home-grown-tools.html
[3] Developer Freedom, C Vu 26-1,
http://www.chrisoldwood.com/articles/developer-freedom.html
Chris Oldwood
07 February 2018
Chris is a freelance programmer who started out as a bedroom coder in the 80’s writing assembler on 8-bit micros. These days it's enterprise grade technology in plush corporate offices. He also commentates on the Godmanchester duck race and can be easily distracted via<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or @chrisoldwood.


Structuring Ballerina Code
This document demonstrates the development of a Ballerina project and shows how to use the `Ballerina Tool` to fetch, build, and install Ballerina modules.
Organizing Your Code
These commands work with repositories that are both local and remote.
Ballerina Central is a globally hosted module management system that is used to discover, download, and publish modules.
The Ballerina Tool
requires you to organize your code in a specific way. This document explains the simplest way to get it up and running with a Ballerina installation.
- Ballerina programmers can either place their code into a single source code file or in a project directory.
- A Ballerina program residing in a single source code file should have a
.bal
extension and an entry point (i.e., either amain
method or a service). - A Ballerina program is a compiled and linked binary.
- A module is a directory that contains Ballerina source code files.
- A repository is a versioned collection of compiled or source code modules.
- A project atomically manages a collection of modules.
Programs
A program is a runtime executable ending with a .jar
extension. A program is the transitive closure of one
Ballerina module without including ballerina/*
modules, since those are dynamically linked within Ballerina’s runtime engine during execution. A module, which is a program compiles into a file with a .jar
extension. Otherwise, it is treated as a to-be-linked library that ends with a .balo
extension.
To generate an executable .jar
file, the program’s module must contain either a main()
function (a process entry point) or
a service
(a network-accessible API).
A program can import dependent modules that are stored within a repository.
Suppose you have the following structure:
/local/ballerina/src
sample.bal
The sample.bal
file contains both a main()
entry point and a service
:
import ballerina/http;
import ballerina/io;
import ballerina/log;
public function main() {
io:println("Hello, World!");
}
service hello on new http:Listener(9090) {
resource function sayHello (http:Caller caller, http:Request req) {
http:Response res = new;
res.setPayload("Hello, World!");
var respondResult = caller->respond(res);
if (respondResult is error) {
log:printError("Error sending response", err = respondResult);
}
}
}
Building and Running Programs
To generate an executable .jar
, you can build a Ballerina program, which contains a main()
function or a service(s):
$ cd /local/ballerina/src
$ ballerina build sample.bal
# This generates 'sample.jar'.
You can use the following command to run the main()
function or services in a generated .jar
file:
$ ballerina run sample.jar
Modules
A module is a directory, which contains Ballerina source code files and is part of a namespace. Modules facilitate collaboration, sharing, and reuse. Modules can include functions, clients, constants, annotations, services, and objects. To share a module among programs, projects, and users, you need to push the module into a repository.
Modules:
- May or may not have a version
- However, modules cannot be pushed into a registry for sharing without a version
- Are referenced by
<org-name>/<module-name>
where<org-name>
is a namespace from within a repository.
Module names can contain alphanumeric characters including dots (.
). Dots in a module name has no meaning other than the last segment after the final dot being used as a default alias within your source code.
Importing Modules
Your Ballerina source files can import modules:
import [<org-name>]/<module-name> [as <identifier>];
When you import a module, you can use its functions, annotations, and other objects in your code. You can also
reference the objects with a qualified identifier followed by a colon (:
). For example, <identifier>:<module-object>
.
Identifiers are either derived or explicit. The default identifier is either the module name or if the module name has dots (.
) included, then the last word after the last dot. For example, import ballerina/http;
will
have http:
as the derived identifier, and the module import ballerinax/java.jdbc
would have jdbc:
as the default identifier.
You can have an explicit identifier by using the as <identifier>
syntax.
import ballerina/http;
// The listener comes from the imported module.
service hello on new http:Listener(9090) {
// The 'Request' object comes from the imported module.
resource function sayHello (http:Caller caller, http:Request req) {
...
}
}
Or you can override the default identifier:
import ballerina/http as network;
service hello on new network:Listener(9090) {
// The 'Request' object comes from the imported module.
resource function sayHello (network:Caller caller, network:Request req) {
...
}
}
Module Version Dependency
If your source file or module is a part of a project, then you can explicitly manage version dependencies of imported
modules within the project by defining it in the Ballerina.toml
file:
[dependencies]
"wso2/twitter" = "2.3.4"
"wso2/github" = { path = "path/to/github.balo", version = "1.2.3"}
Often, you would want to depend on a module of another project, which you have not pushed to the Ballerina Central. This can be
achieved using a path dependency as shown above with the wso2/github
dependency.
If an import version is not specified in Ballerina.toml
, the compiler will use the latest module version from a
repository, if one exists.
import foo/http;
public function main() {
http:Person x = http:getPerson();
}
Compiled Modules
A compiled module is the compiled representation of a single module of Ballerina code, which includes transitive dependencies into the compiled unit.
Modules can only be created, versioned, and pushed into a repository as part of a project.
Running Compiled Modules
An entry point such as a main()
or a service
that is compiled as part of a named module is automatically linked into a .jar
. You can run the compiled module .jar
:
ballerina run module.jar
Projects
- A project is a directory, which atomically manages a collection of modules. It has:
- A user-managed manifest file,
Ballerina.toml
- An
src
folder with module source code
- A user-managed manifest file,
Projects are managed atomically. Therefore, dependency management, compilation, unit tests, and artifact generation are done collectively across the source code files and modules defined within a project.
Creating a Project
You can create a project using the ballerina new
command:
ballerina new <project-name>
The new
command will create a project directory with the given name. A Ballerina project cannot reside in another Ballerina project. If you run ballerina new
from inside a Ballerina project directory or from inside a sub-directory of a Ballerina project,
it will give an error.
It will create the Ballerina.toml
file and src
folder.
Adding a Module
Once the project is initialized, a module can be created inside the project using the ballerina add
command.
Each subdirectory of the project src
folder defines a single module. The subdirectory’s name will be used to name the
module.
ballerina add <module-name>
The folders tests/
and resources/
are reserved folder names within the module. The tests/
folder contains unit test files of the module and the resources/
folder contains the resources of the module that will be available at runtime. Any additional subdirectories within the module have no semantic meaning and can be used by the developer for organizing files. The module subdirectories can have as many Ballerina source files and all will be included within the module when it is built.
Project Structure
/
project-name/
.gitignore
Ballerina.lock # Generated during the build and used to rebuild identical binary
Ballerina.toml # Configuration, which defines project intent
src/
module1/ # The source in this directory will be named “<org-name>/module1”
Module.md # Contains descriptive metadata for display at Ballerina Central
main.bal # Contains the default main method
*.bal # In this dir and recursively in subdirs except tests/ and resources/
[tests/] # Module-specific unit and integration tests
main_test.bal # The test file for main
[resources] # Resources for the tests
[resources/] # Module-specific resources
module2/
Module.md
*.bal
[tests/]
[resources/]
target/ # Compiled executables and other artifacts end up here
balo/ # BALO files, one per each module, will be created here
bin/ # Executables will be created here
caches/
bir_cache/
jar_cache/
Building a Project
A project should be built if it is required to generate the executable JAR files from the modules in the project. The executable JAR files will be generated only if there are entry points (main method or a service) in the module. Building a project will build all modules found in the project’s root folder. Building a project runs through phases including dependency resolution, compilation, artifact generation, and unit test execution.
ballerina build -a
Building a Module
You can build a single module contained within a project:
ballerina build <module-name>
Use the --skip-tests
flag with the ballerina build
command to skip running the tests during the build process.
ballerina build --skip-tests <module-name>
Compiling a Project
A project should be compiled if it is required to generate the libraries (i.e., BALOs) from the modules in the project. Compiling a project will compile all the modules found in the project’s root folder. Building a project runs through phases including dependency resolution, compilation, artifact generation, and unit test execution.
ballerina build -c -a
Compiling a Module
You can build a single module contained within a project:
ballerina build -c <module-name>
Use the --skip-tests
flag with the ballerina compile
command to skip running the tests during the compile process.
ballerina build -c --skip-tests <module-name>
Versioning a Module
Modules in a project are assigned their version from within the Ballerina.toml
file:
# The current version, obeying [semver](https://semver.org/)
version = "string"
All modules built in a project are assigned the same version. If you need two modules to have different versions, then those modules should be placed into different projects.
Version labels must follow Semantic Versioning 2.0 rules.
Assigning an Organization Name to a Module
A module is assigned an <org-name>
when it is pushed into a repository. The <org-name>
is defined in the
Ballerina.toml
and all modules in the same project are assigned the same organization name:
# Org name assigned to modules when installed into a repository
org-name = "foo"
Module Caches
Caches
Ballerina will maintain several caches to speed up the compile and build process. Following artifacts will be cached by Ballerina.
- BALO files fetched from Central.
- BIR files generated during the compilation.
- JAR file generated during the compilation
Here, the BALO cache will be common across any version of Ballerina and the BIR and JAR caches will be specific to the Ballerina version.
BALO Cache
BALO cache is responsible for keeping BALOs of dependent modules. There is a BALO cache inside the Ballerina distribution, which contains the BALOs of libraries that will get packed into the distribution. There is another cache at the user’s home repository, which is used to cache the BALOs fetched from Central.
BIR Cache
BIR files of the standard library that gets packed into a distribution are generated during the distribution build time. The BIR files of the other dependencies will be kept inside the target directory when compiling a Ballerina project.
JAR Cache
The JAR files generated during the build will be kept inside the target directory when building a Ballerina project. The
JAR file will be generated only if there is an entry point (main
function or service) within the module.
Module Repository - Ballerina Central
A repository is a collection of compiled Ballerina modules. A repository helps to organize modules used by multiple programs by managing their versions and assets in a central location. [Ballerina Central] (http://central.ballerina.io) is the only module repository for Ballerina developers.
Organizations
An organization is a logical name used for grouping modules together under a common namespace within a repository.
All modules installed into a repository must have an organization name. Any installation or pushing of a module into a repository will fail without an organization name.
Organization names can contain lowercase alphanumeric characters and underscores. None of the characters in an organization name has any semantic meaning.
The organization names ballerina
and ballerinax
are reserved for system use. Modules in ballerina
and ballerinax
are included within the system distribution.
At Ballerina Central, every account is assigned a personal organization name, which is chosen by a user when creating their account initially or is derived from the email address of the user.
When pushing a module from a local computer into Ballerina Central, the user’s organization name in the Ballerina
Central MUST match the <org-name>
assigned in the Ballerina.toml
file. If the names do not match, then the push operation will fail. This enforcement may seem arbitrary. However, it is a simple way to ensure organization naming consistency across remote and local development environments.
Pulling Remote Modules
You can install modules that exist in Ballerina Central into your BALO cache in the home directory via “pulling” them. Pulling a module discovers and downloads the module source and binaries from Ballerina Central and installs them into the BALO cache.
ballerina pull <org-name>/<module-name>[:<version>]
If a version is not specified for the module to be pulled, the latest version of the module will be pulled from the Ballerina Central. Projects that perform dependency analysis will automatically pull modules into the BALO cache in the home directory.
Pushing Modules
“Pushing” a module uploads the associated module files and installs the module into Ballerina Central.
The org-name and the version of the module will be read from the manifest file Ballerina.toml
inside the project.
It is required to build the module before pushing it to Ballerina Central.
# Push a single module
ballerina push <module-name>
Configuring Ballerina Central Access
Ballerina Central requires an account in order to push modules. Your account is represented by a CLI token that is installed into your local Ballerina configuration file, i.e., ~/.ballerina/Settings.toml
. The CLI token is
automatically installed into this file the first time you perform a ballerina push
as Ballerina redirects to an
OAuth authorization screen, configures your account, and then copies your CLI token from Ballerina Central into your local CLI configuration. To get your token, register on Ballerina Central and visit the
Ballerina Central Dashboard.
Every push of the same module into Ballerina Central REQUIRES a new version even for minor text updates. This policy is enforced to ensure that projects, which make use of dependencies cannot experience accidental behavior drift across two versions of the same module given the same version. Essentially, there is no way to “update” a module for a specific version in Ballerina Central.


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Hi y'all,
Is it possible to send data from an emonTx3 + Raspberry Pi directly to a server that IS NOT emonCms? I dug through the .py files on the SD card (oemgatewaybuffer.py in particular) and tried to change the url_string variable that the data gets sent to. However, if I enter a valid URL, the output from the pi stops at
INFO Serial RX: > 0s
INFO Serial RX: -> 4 b
and prints that again every 5 minutes. How can I "hijack" the json object created by the emonTx + pi and post it to a URL of my choosing?
Thanks in advance!
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
I am interested in this as well - as I would like my EmonTX to post updates to MQTT topics (to end up in openHAB).
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
Oemgateway was designed to be modified for use with other destinations and emonHub is currently being developed in such a way to promote development and inclusion of "other" destinations as well as other input sources.
However, since the default url string is constructed from an address specified in the conf file and then the data and a timestamp is attached with the necessary apikey and formatted specifically for submission to emoncms, some additional changes are required, so a new "type" class should be created.
If you post some details about your requirements eg target & formatting etc we can give you some pointers or show us what you have, you can attach copy of oemgatewaybuffer.py & oemgateway.conf or point to git repo if you have one set up.
summerboy - natshiel is adapting the gateway software run on the Pi, that forwards the data from an emonTx (network). Your post suggests you want the emontx to connect to MQTT directly which wouldn't involve a gateway or pi so the solution would be different unless you plan to use a gateway.
Paul
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
Hi,
I've made some progress: I can sometimes send requests to an address of my choosing. However, the .py code has a VERY odd property where small changes will cause nothing to happen. I'm attaching my oemgatewaybuffer.py. I had to attach the output in text files because the forum would not let me submit the output in the post.
The only lines I've changed are those relating to the variables url_string and data_string. An example of the strange things that are occurring:
Line 154 of oemgatewaybuffer.py is
url_string = "<IP_ADDRESS>:8080/innovation/device/register/post.json?"
When I reboot the pi the ouput I get is in the file output1.txt
The last four lines of the output repeat several times a second
Notes: the /innovation/device/test lines are produced from the .conf file, but the data is NOT being sent there, it's being sent to the URL "<IP_ADDRESS>:8080/innovation/device/register/post.json?"
It's not weird that the send fails, because there's no http:// infront of the IP address, but this output shows that the http requests are being attempted, at least.
When I edit the url_string variable to url_string = "http://<IP_ADDRESS>:8080/innovation/device/register/post.json?", the output changes to output2.txt.
And it stops there. Any ideas as to why this is happening? I'm happy to explain anything that's confusing with my output or code (the code IS kind of messy, sorry about that)
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
Hi,
An update to the above response I gave: I'd like to send a request in the format
http://<IP_ADDRESS>:8080/innovation/device/register/post.json?{"uuid":"12345","user1":"120","user2":"70","user3":"13","user4":"46"}
Sorry to bump, but I'm on a tight timeline and any help would be very much appreciated!
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
Hi natshiel, I've been a little tied up the last few days and missed your post. the labels in the data_string make things a little less flexible. It looks like your URL is incomplete and there is some redundant code still in play.
I've quickly knocked up a custom buffer for you. I haven't tried it and I'm more accustomed to emonhub than oem gateway, but if nothing else, it should point you in the right direction.
Some assumptions have been made and are commented on in the file below. It's a very quick and very dirty fix that does no error checking or qualification beyond checking the data is numeric. there's no timestamp and the node id is ignored.
There are a couple of lines to add to the conf file as well. Sorry for the short response, but I'm off again very shortly. I hope this helps,
Paul
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
I think I will be writing a custom sketch for my Arduino + EmonTX Shield as it will be sitting on an Ethernet shield and I want to post results back to an MQTT broker directly.
I have written a couple of other sketches that do this sort of direct MQTT publishing from Arduino nodes (using http://knolleary.net/arduino-client-for-mqtt/) and it works very well.
I can then decide how to use that data. A simple python script could monitor the necessary MQTT topics and publish results to an EmonCMS server in the correct format, or I can write the data to my InfluxDB database and display the results using Grafana.
I quite like the idea of decoupling the EmonTX from whatever reporting tool - and MQTT is the perfect protocol for this.
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
Hi pb66,
Thanks so much for your response. I've unfortunately been in a weird situation at work where I haven't had the time to work that I thought I did, or have been separated from the hardware. When I tried to run the natshiel buffer, I originally had some trouble compiling but eventually got it to work, and now I'm debugging. I have a question, though. When I turn on the R-pi and the EmonTX and nothing happens after "INFO Serial RX: > 0s INFO Serial RX: -> 4 b," what is the reason for that? It seems to me that it's happening arbitrarily, which is almost certainly not the case, but it makes it very hard for me to debug when I don't know what's going wrong. I'll add a line for debugging output and the code will run in a totally different manner, which is really confusing to me. Do you have any advice for the debugging process?
I'll upload the changes I've made to oemgatewaybuffer.py when I next have the opportunity. Thanks in advance!
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
GOT IT
Or at least I'm pretty sure I do. Our server is down but all the output looks correct. Your code got me started (and pretty far, thanks!), but there were several more change that I had to make. I believe I had to update gatewayinterface, conf, and gatewaybuffer. I'll upload the files in the zip below.
Quick note: The contents of the oemgateway.conf file appear to have to be the exact same in two places, or maybe the code was just being funky. By this I mean that I changed the .conf file that I've uploaded first by sshing into the Pi and using a text editor AND by plugging the SD card into my computer and changing it there too. It seems that the two files must be EXACTLY the same.
Hope this is helpful to everyone!
I'll try to answer the questions y'all have, wish me luck on my presentation on Friday :)
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
Hi natshiel,
I'm glad you got it working, that's a priority for your presentation,
It looks like the problems you have overcome by altering the code originate from the command line used, this is normally defined in the daemon script at /etc/init.d/oemgateway which is not included in your zip so I'm unable to check it.
When OEMG is started both the logfile and the config file locations should be specified eg
oemgateway --config-file /path/to/my/settings/oemgateway.conf --logfile /path/to/my/logfile/oemgateway.log
If the logfile location is ommited it will default to outputting the log entries to the console screen which isn't so bad, but if the config file location is ommited then it will assume it is installed with emoncms installed to the same machine and expect emoncms to provide the settings, which is why you have had to duplicate the setting in the emoncmsInterface class of the oemgatewayinterface.
you can see here OEMG is configured to use emoncms by default, comment out Line28 and uncomment Line29 and edit it to your config file location.
It's not clear why the oemgatewaybuffer.py needed further editing other than the the fact you have edited oemgateway and pointed the main loop to the oemgatewaybuffers "send" rather than the intended "add" by using b.send(values), there by bypassing any buffer functions.
I am happy to help you resolve these issues if you want, although to do so I would recommend setting up a GitHub account for this type of thing and perhaps even look at emonHub rather than OEMgateway to build a more permanent "add-on" bespoke solution to replace my "quick fix".
Hope it goes well Friday !
Paul
Re: Send emonTx data to non-emoncms server
Howdy,
Quick note on why I have the oemgatewaybuffer.py using .send() instead of .add(): I purchased the ready-to-go SD card, and the main loop in oemgateway.py was exactly as I have it in the zip I uploaded, using b.send() and b.run(). The python code you sent me had a ".add()" and a ".flush()", (nearly identical to .send and .run) so I simply renamed those functions to .send() and .run() and called it a day.
In terms of a long term fix, I'll see if I can convince my employer to let me keep playing with their hardware after the presentation :)


Home
Hi. Welcome to Calvin's Podcast website, this site was designed for of course, Calvin's Podcast. Calvin's Podcast is a audio recorded podcast that dicussess random topics each week with his cast and crew, Dauceen, Nick, and Jacob. All their bio and information is located on the about section of this website. If you want to catch up on past podcast, there under the podcast tab at the top.


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I receive this error "The state of the printer is invalid." when printing a windows test page on my Epson printer. I've been reading for a couple of days now as to what the issue could be with no luck. Can anyone shed some light on it?
Thanks,
Richard
This question originated from superuser
0 answers have been posted
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Today we are happy to announce the next major release of Jest - version 24! It’s been 4 months since the last minor release, and 8 months since Jest 23, so this upgrade is a big one, with something for everyone! Highlights include built-in support for TypeScript by upgrading the Jest internals to Babel 7, fixing some long-standing issues with missing console output and performance issues when computing large diffs, and a brand new sparkling website. ✨
For a full list of all changes see the changelog.
[@orta](https://twitter.com/orta) has provided a beautiful redesign of Jest’s website, which has been implemented by community members [@montogeek](https://twitter.com/montogeek) and [@brainkim](https://github.com/brainkim).
The aim of the redesign was to highlight more of what makes Jest awesome, and to decouple the idea that Jest is primarily a tool for testing React apps - you can use Jest with all sorts of projects and we want to make that obvious. You can read more about the ideas behind the redesign in this issue.
We’ve upgraded to Babel 7 internally for Jest 24, which comes with support
for TypeScript projects. That means Jest can support transpiling
TypeScript out of the box, as long as you configure Babel to use it with
@babel/preset-typescript
. One caveat to the default
TypeScript support, similar to Flow, is that Babel will only strip out the
type annotations to make your code valid JavaScript. It will
not typecheck your code.
While Jest has supported Babel 7 since version 22 released in December
2017, it required usage of a bridge module in order to fit in with Jest’s
support of Babel 6. In Jest 24 we have migrated entirely over to Babel 7,
with great help from community member
[@milesj](https://github.com/milesj). This means that setup is now easier and we
can take advantage of other Babel 7 features, such as config loading and
automatic modules
transpilation. Make sure to remove the
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>as it’s not needed now.
If you want to run typechecks while you test, you should use
ts-jest
. You will need to configure the transformer, as Jest by default applies
Babel to .ts
(and .tsx
) files. Alternatively,
you can run tsc
or even use a Jest runner to simultaneously
transpile your TypeScript whilst running your tests! See
jest-runner-tsc
for more information.
Note that if you for whatever reason cannot upgrade to Babel 7, you can
still use Jest 24 with babel@6
as long as you keep
babel-jest
at version 23.
test.todo
Jest 23 had a change that made tests missing an implementation throw instead of being skipped. This change was made due to feedback that accidentally skipped tests were hard to discover and hard to track down. However, this change broke the workflow for quite a few developers who used the feature to sketch out which tests to write.
In Jest 24, we are addressing this issue by adding an explicit
test.todo
(inspired by the excellent AVA), which will be
printed separately in the test summary. It allows you to quickly sketch
out which tests you want to write and in the future, an
ESLint rule might even be able to warn
you that you have forgotten to write out some tests.
When tests fail, you need to make confident and correct decisions which changes are expected progress and which changes are unexpected regressions. It is especially important not to miss a few regressions hidden among much progress. Jest 24 makes reports when assertions fail more clear and concise for several matchers. Because the effort will continue in Jest 25, you might notice some temporary inconsistencies. If your tests never fail, then you won’t get to see them - for the rest of us, it’ll be easier to debug why something isn’t working as expected. Thanks for the hard work by [@ittordepam](https://twitter.com/ittordepam) and other contributors from the community.
You can see these changes across all these PRs: 7621, 7557, 7448, 7325, 7241, 7152, 7125, 7107, 6961.
Examples:
Failing assertion
Type mismatch
Mock function not called
We’ve fixed a couple of really old issues in this release.
The first one we’d like to highlight is
console.log
statements going missing. Jest intercepts and
collects all logs in order to give you a stack trace to them, as well as
provide them to reporters so you can handle them however you want.
However, this has led to an issue where they have simply been missing in
certain edge cases. Luckily for Jest 24,
[@spion](https://twitter.com/spion) has
stepped up and
fixed this issue. Thank you very much!
The second one is an issue where Jest runs out of memory if the difference
in serialization of expected and received value has a huge number of
insertion changes (either unexpected because of mistake in test or defect
in serializer or expected because of temporary failures during test-driven
development).
[@ittordepam](https://twitter.com/ittordepam) has
replaced the
previous diffing algorithm with diff-sequences
package, which
should fix this issue because it uses the theoretical minimum amount of
memory. It opens up possibility for word-diffs in the future, similar to
what
git provides. Please see
this PR and don’t
hesitate to reach out if you want to help make that happen!
globalSetup
and
globalTeardown
as well - code transformation will be
applied to them similar to setupFiles
and they are now
supported as part of projects
.
runInBand
), others have not been
(such as no-cache
). In Jest 24, both are recognized,
meaning you can write your CLI arguments however you want.
setupTestFrameworkScriptFile
to
setupFilesAfterEnv
, and made it into an array. We hope this
will make it more obvious what the options is for. We have plans to
further overhaul the configuration in the next major, see the paragraph
in the section below.
regenerator-runtime
, which is sometimes used in compiled
async code. Including regenerator-runtime
is not always
necessary and we believe it’s the user’s responsibility to include it if
it’s needed. If you use @babel/preset-env
with
targets
set to a modern Node version (e.g. Node 6+) you
will not need to include it. Please see our
Using Babel docs for
more information.
worker_threads
, which is similar to Worker threads in the browser.
jest-worker
, part of the
Jest platform, will be able to use
worker_threads
if available instead of
child_process
, which makes it even faster!
Benchmarks show
a 50% improvement. Due to its experimental nature, it’s not enabled when
using Jest as a test runner, but you can use it in your own projects
today! We plan to enable it by default when it’s promoted from
experimantal status in Node.js.
While all breaking changes are listed in the changelog, there’s a few of them that are worth highlighting:
regenerator-runtime
-
if you get errors concering it, make sure to configure Babel to properly
transpile async
functions, using
e.g. @babel/preset-env
. Related
PR.
We are incredibly humbled by the results in State Of JS 2018, where Jest won the “Highest Satisfaction” award. Another huge thing to happen in 2018 was in October, when Jest passed 2 million weekly downloads for the first time. Thank you.
We are very thankful for the trust in us shown by the community, and hope to build on it in the future. We will ensure Jest 24 and future releases will continue to build upon this incredible foundation, and continue to be an integral part of JavaScript developers’ toolkits.
This has been the first release where we have explored the idea of using our Open Collective funding to create bug bounties. This worked well in getting non-core developers involved in the implementation of the new landing page, and we’re optimistic for a long running bug where Jest globals are mismatched from Node globals. We’d like to do more, if you have a pet bug that’s a good candidate for our bounty program, please let us know. In the meantime, you can find all the tickets with a bounty via the issue label.
We have already started to make plans for the next release of Jest 25, with the biggest planned feature being an overhaul of our configuration, which is pretty hard to grok, mainly because of overlapping option and mixing globs and regular expressions. Feedback on how you want Jest’s configuration to look is very much welcome, and can be submitted in this issue.
You might also have heard that we are planning to migrate the code base from Flow to TypeScript. We are hopeful that this migration will enable even more contributors to jump in and help make 2019 even better for JavaScript testing. 🚀 The plan is to land this in a minor release in the not too distant future. Feedback on this choice can be added to the RFC.
Lastly, if you’ve ever wondered about how Jest is built, [@cpojer](https://twitter.com/cpojer) has recorded a video with an architectural overview of how Jest is put together under the hood. Feel free to reach out if you have any further questions about it. The video is available on our website.
Happy Jesting! 🃏


This is a web-app-sample for appid-serversdk-nodejs
It demonstrates how to use appid-serversdk-nodejs in a server-side web application.


---
sort_order: 56
tei_id: rdx_191dd.p.idp7165424
annotation_count: 0
images:
small-thumbnail: https://readux.ecds.emory.edu/books/emory:191dd/pages/emory:rff14/mini-thumbnail/
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full: https://readux.ecds.emory.edu/books/emory:191dd/pages/emory:rff14/fs/
page: https://readux.ecds.emory.edu/books/emory:191dd/pages/emory:rff14/single-page/
thumbnail: https://readux.ecds.emory.edu/books/emory:191dd/pages/emory:rff14/thumbnail/
title: Page 56
number: 56
---
{% raw %}56 THE LAND-CLALM.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}block-house, sided over aud painted white, and h.ad the wide,{% endraw %}
{% raw %}covered piazza aud balcony, generally common to houses in{% endraw %}
{% raw %}Southern latitudes, and always characteristic of French set¬{% endraw %}
{% raw %}tlements iu this couutrj'.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}On the balcony of the second story sat the trader himself,{% endraw %}
{% raw %}smoking a cigar, and gazing at the river shining in the fore¬{% endraw %}
{% raw %}noon sunlight. Seeing a young half-breed boy iu the yard{% endraw %}
{% raw %}below, he called out to him:{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Henri! come here, you scamp !"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Yes, sir; I'm come," answered the boy, whose dreamy{% endraw %}
{% raw %}eyes and indolent air showed his mixed French and Indian{% endraw %}
{% raw %}blood; and he stood beside his master's arm-chair.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Did you take those berries and that wine to the young{% endraw %}
{% raw %}lady, as I told you ?"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Yes, sir;" without moving a muscle.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" What did she say ?"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" She said, ' Thauk you; they are very nice ;' " as motion¬{% endraw %}
{% raw %}less as before.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Did you tell her I would be arouud there with my car¬{% endraw %}
{% raw %}riage at ten o'clock ?"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Yes, sir ;" without having stirred a hair's breadth.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Wh.at did she s.ay to that ?"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" She said, 'Thank you; that -would be very nice, too;'"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}with a slight movement.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Did she ? Is that wh.at the young lady said ? Tell the{% endraw %}
{% raw %}truth, you rascal !"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" I couldn't tell the truth, 'cause I didn't hear her ; an' U{% endraw %}
{% raw %}was the old lady as t did hear ;" this time on the alert,{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Ugh ! le diable.'"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}The boy was too quick for his master, and succeeded io{% endraw %}
{% raw %}tumbling down stairs to get out of the way of the horsewhip,{% endraw %}
{% raw %}just iu time to encounter Ka-shaw, the Indian mistress of the{% endraw %}
{% raw %}house.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" What's the row abotlt now ?" she asked, in good{% endraw %}
{% raw %}English.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Nothing," .answered the boy, trying to get past her.{% endraw %}
{% raw %}" Do rows h.appen about nothing, Henri ? Tell me all,"{% endraw %}
{% raw %}she said, sternly. The boy understood too well the sovereign{% endraw %}
{% raw %}will governing all iu that house, even the master himself, to{% endraw %}
{% raw %}dare to deny her ; and so he stammered out:{% endraw %}


| plot.data.frame {graphics} | R Documentation |
plot.data.frame
, a method for the plot
generic.
It is designed for a quick look at numeric data frames.
## S3 method for class 'data.frame' plot(x, ...)
x |
object of class |
... |
further arguments to |
This is intended for data frames with numeric columns. For more
than two columns it first calls data.matrix
to convert
the data frame to a numeric matrix and then calls pairs
to produce a scatterplot matrix). This can fail and may well be
inappropriate: for example numerical conversion of dates will lose
their special meaning and a warning will be given.
For a two-column data frame it plots the second column against the first by the most appropriate method for the first column.
For a single numeric column it uses stripchart
, and for
other single-column data frames tries to find a plot method for the
single column.
plot(OrchardSprays[1], method = "jitter") plot(OrchardSprays[c(4,1)]) plot(OrchardSprays) plot(iris) plot(iris[5:4]) plot(women)


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Application functions related to authentication and session management are often not implemented correctly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users’ identities.
#2 on 2013 OWASP Top 10
A direct object reference occurs when a developer exposes a reference to an internal implementation object, such as a file, directory, or database key. Without an access control check or other protection, attackers can manipulate these references to access unauthorized data.
#4 on 2013 OWASP Top 10
View customer name, address, phone number, quote items, price, date created for any quote 😎
Validate that user making request is authorized to view the quote
Injection flaws, such as SQL, OS, and LDAP injection occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker’s hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.
#1 on 2013 OWASP Top 10
Run any SQL query you'd like against the target 😜
Use framework to escape user input
``` $q = Mage::app()->getRequest()->getParam('q'); $suggestions = Mage::getModel('cms/page') ->addFieldToFilter('title', ['like'= > $q]); ```jQuery(document).ready(function(){
<?php if ($this->getRequest()->getParam('filter') != ''): ?>
checkFilters('
<?php echo $this->getRequest()->getParam('filter') ?>
');
<?php endif; ?>
}
XSS flaws occur whenever an application takes untrusted data and sends it to a web browser without proper validation or escaping. XSS allows attackers to execute scripts in the victim’s browser which can hijack user sessions, deface web sites, or redirect the user to malicious sites.
#3 on 2013 OWASP Top 10
Run unauthorized scripts during victims session 😘
Escape user input before rendering
``` echo $this->escapeHtml( $this->getRequest()->getParam('filter') ); ```


Feature #383
Integrate the appearance of the documentation with the rest of the MediaGoblin site
| Status: | New | Start date: | 06/17/2011 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Priority: | Normal | Due date: | ||
| Assignee: | Jim Campbell | % Done: | 0% |
|
| Category: | Documentation | |||
| Target version: | - |
Description
The documentation currently uses the standard python-sphinx theming, but should be better integrated with the rest of mediagoblin.org.
History
Updated by Jef van Schendel 7 months ago
Hi there!
As pointed out on IRC, instead of copying the rest of the website, a black-on-white color scheme will be a better choice due to the large amounts of text in the docs.
I've made a quick mockup using the colors we have right now, but with the background and text colors switched:
http://schendje.fedorapeople.org/goblin/docsTest.png
http://schendje.fedorapeople.org/goblin/docsTest.svg
I think that's a good start. As soon as I decide on the final color scheme for the website, I'll use it to make a matching one for the docs. But it'll probably look similar to this. :)
Jef


First Move teaches critical and creative thinking skills through chess. The curriculum engages young minds and expands…
To integrate chess as a learning tool in our nation’s 2nd and 3rd grade classrooms, in order to have an enduring positive impact on our students’ critical thinking and social skills, and ability to achieve academically.
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Microstation DGN v8
New in version 2.2.
Driver short name
DGNv8
Build dependencies
Open Design Alliance Teigha library
Microstation DGN files from Microstation version 8.0 are supported for reading and writing. Each model of the file is represented by a OGR layer.
This driver requires to be built against the (non open source) Open Design Alliance Teigha library.
DGN files are considered to have no georeferencing information through OGR. Features will all have the following generic attributes:
Type: The integer type code as listed below in supported elements.
Level: The DGN level number.
GraphicGroup: The graphic group number.
ColorIndex: The color index from the dgn palette.
Weight: The drawing weight (thickness) for the element.
Style: The style value for the element.
ULink: User data linkage (multiple user data linkages may exist for each element).
Driver capabilities
Supports Create()
This driver supports the GDALDriver::Create()
operation
Supports Georeferencing
This driver supports georeferencing
Supports VirtualIO
This driver supports virtual I/O operations (/vsimem/, etc.)
Supported Elements
The following element types are supported in reading:
Cell Header (2): used for polygons with holes
Line (3): Line (2 points) geometry.
Line String (4): Multi segment line geometry.
Shape (6): Polygon geometry.
TextNode (7): Container of Text elements.
Curve (11): Approximated as a line geometry.
ComplexString (12): Treated as line string or compound curve.
ComplexShape (14): Treated as polygon or curve polygon.
Ellipse (15): Approximated as a line geometry or a circular string.
Arc (16): Approximated as a line geometry or a circular string.
Text (17): Treated as a point geometry.
B-Spline (21): Treated as a line geometry.
PointString (22): Treated as multi point.
Shared cell reference (35): Treated as point.
Generally speaking any concept of complex objects, and cells as associated components is lost. Each component of a complex object or cell is treated as a independent feature.
User data linkage
A DGN element may have multiple user data linkages. Each linkage has a user id, application id and a number of words of data. The user data linkage output reports the data for each different application id.
For unknown application ids, the raw data is reported as hexadecimal words (16bit). Is up to the user how to decode the user data, depending on the application id.
Styling Information
Some drawing information about features can be extracted from the ColorIndex, Weight and Style generic attributes; however, for all features an OGR style string has been prepared with the values encoded in ready-to-use form for applications supporting OGR style strings.
The various kinds of linear geometries will carry style information indicating the color, thickness and line style (i.e. dotted, solid, etc).
Polygons (Shape elements) will carry styling information for the edge as well as a fill color if provided. Fill patterns are not supported.
Text elements will contain the text, angle, color and size information (expressed in ground units) in the style string.
Metadata
The various metadata items that can be set in the DGN header with the dataset creation options (see below) can be retrieved in the "DGN" metadata domain.
Creation Issues
DGN files may be written with OGR with limitations:
Output features have the usual fixed DGN attributes. Attempts to create any other fields will fail.
Translation from OGR feature style strings back into DGN representation information is limited to a few properties of LABEL (text, font name, size, angle, color), PEN (color) and BRUSH (fill color) tools.
POINT geometries that are not text (Text is NULL, and the feature style string is not a LABEL) will be translated as a degenerate (0 length) line element.
Geometries which fall outside the "design plane" of the seed file will be discarded, or corrupted in unpredictable ways.
Dataset creation options
SEED=<filename>: Specify the seed file to use.
COPY_SEED_FILE_COLOR_TABLE=[YES/NO]: Defaults to
NO
. Indicates whether the color table should be copied from the seed file. Only taken into account ifSEED
is specified.COPY_SEED_FILE_MODEL=[YES/NO]: Defaults to
YES
. Indicates whether the existing models (without their graphic contents) should be copied from the seed file. This holds as well for the view groups and named views to which they are linked to. Only taken into account ifSEED
is specified.COPY_SEED_FILE_MODEL_CONTROL_ELEMENTS=[YES/NO]: Defaults to
YES
. Indicates whether the existing control elements of models should be copied from the seed file. Only taken into account ifCOPY_SEED_FILE_MODEL=YES
.APPLICATION=value: Set Application field in header. If not specified, derived from seed file when set. Otherwise mentions the version of GDAL and the Teigha library used.
TITLE=value: Set Title field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
SUBJECT=value: Set Subject field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
AUTHOR=value: Set Author field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
KEYWORDS=value: Set Keywords field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
TEMPLATE=value: Set Template field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
COMMENTS=value: Set Comments field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
LAST_SAVED_BY=value: Set LastSavedBy field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
REVISION_NUMBER=value: Set RevisionNumber field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
CATEGORY=value: Set Category field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
MANAGER=value: Set Manager field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
COMPANY=value: Set Company field in header. If not specified, from the seed file.
Layer creation options
DESCRIPTION=value: Description associated with the layer. If not specified, from the seed file.
DIM=[2/3]: Defaults to
3
. Dimension (ie 2D vs 3D) of the layer. By default, 3, unless the model is reused from the seed file.
Building
See ODA platform support for building GDAL with ODA support.


Data accountablility:
This dataset directly comes from the Austin Animal Center Shelter. As part of the City of Austin Open Data Initiative, the Austin Animal Center makes available its collected dataset that contains statistics and outcomes of animals entering the Austin Animal Services system. Therefore, we think it is safe to conclude that this data is accountable.
Data coherency:
Overall the data is relatively coherent. Each column has their appropriate values and the categorical values are consistent throughout the dataset. One thing that we noticed during data cleaning is that there are duplicate values for animal_id. After we took a closer look, most of the information across duplicate rows are the same, except age_upon_outcome. For example: one row would say 6 years and another says 7 years. We decided to keep the first occurrence of the id and maintain the uniqueness of animal_id.
Data completeness:
The dataset contains shelter outcomes of several types of animals and breeds from 10/1/2013 to 9 months ago. The data has no missing values in the column of outcome, therefore, at least every animal in the dataset has a recorded outcome. There are some missing values in name and outcome_subtype, but since these are not our main focus of analysis, we don’t think these missing values compromise the completeness of data.
Data correctness:
We think the data makes sense in many ways. For example: most animals that had rabies and died are bats. The animal types in the dataset also seem correct because domestic shorthair is a common breed across the country.


| condition_variable | Condition variable class |
| duration< _Rep, _Period > | Duration template class |
| fast_mutex | Fast mutex class |
| id | Thread ID |
| lock_guard< T > | Lock guard class |
| mutex | Mutex class |
| ratio< N, D > | Minimal implementation of the ratio class |
| recursive_mutex | Recursive mutex class |
| thread | Thread class |


Let Us Start With Why...
Before I ever even thought about coding, I was fascinated with technology and wondered how it worked. One of my earliest memories is peering into my Nintendo 64’s slot and questioning how all the characters in the game could possibly fit through such a tiny space. Nowadays, I comprehend this was an absurd childhood speculation. The curiosity and the drive to figure out how the components of something work are still with me though, and they, along with a few other personality traits of mine, helped drive me into the world of programming.
I have always been a very technical person. By the age of twelve, I was ripping the carburetors out of my dirt bikes and trying to open the jets up. Somewhere I had read more gasoline equated to higher combustion which resulted in faster speeds. Since the carburetor’s jets controlled the flow of the precious gasoline, I purchased a Dynojet kit with my birthday money and proceeded to carry out my planned alterations.
After a few days of hard work, the carborator was back in one piece on the bike. There was one major problem though; the bike sputtered and died out at idle. This was how I discovered more gasoline only results in more combustion if more air is also added into the equation. Without increased levels of air, the bike runs rich, and the too wet gasoline simply drowns out my spark plus. My bike sat for weeks until my friend’s father gave me some much bigger air filters.
Sadly, the days of my childhood mechanical adventures are over and done for. In 2019, virtually everything in a dirt bike is controlled by a computer. For example, carburetors have been replaced by the injector, and we also have Ram Air systems. Instead of rebuilding the carburetors, stripping down most of the bike and then putting it all back together again for the adjustment, all you have to do now is plug a bike into a computer and program how you want it to run.
The idea of a computer program saving me all of the time and effort is truly amazing. Days of hard and dirty work are abstracted away by a few minutes of clicking. I am constantly coming across similar situations where programs transform a daunting and difficult task into a mundane and simple one.
After four years of serving my country as a Combat Medic in the military, I found myself searching for a new career field. Since I have always had a passion for technology and wanted to become the person behind these programs, I decided to be a developer. I was a little confused about how I would achieve my goal though and questioned if I could spend another four year obtaining a degree in this field.
The Beginning
My original plan was quite simple. The next three months would consist of me teaching myself how to code and ensuring programming was something I truly loved doing. If this phase of my plan was successful, I would then apply to college in the spring. My entire curriculum came from YouTube and CodeAcademy. Any extra time I had was devoted to reading and watching videos in order to get a feel for what area of programming interested me the most.
I started with easier material. HTML5 was my first language, and then I quickly learned how to style my mark up with CSS. I was amazed at how fast I learned to fully build landing pages. I soon added Python and JavaScript to my curriculum. At this point, I was following the general consensus of the developers I viewed on YouTube since I was focused on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. I was coding in Python too because it was so much fun!
Around month two of my independent study period, I decided I did not need to pursue a four year Computer Science degree at a university. I felt like I was learning so much on my own, and all of the feedback I was receiving agreed with this. Around month three, I secured a low paying internship for the corporate office of a nutritional supplement company I already worked for; I was extremely lucky to receive this internship. While I did not gain a lot of new coding skills at it, I did obtain related knowledge in workflow processes like completing tickets, participating in stand-up meetings, and utilizing Git/GitHub.
My primary responsibilities for this internship included updating the existing code base to be up to the accessibility standards of the new company policy. Also, I tweaked existing site styling and ran performance audits. Overall, I was very grateful for this internship opportunity but desired something which would allow for me to really learn new code. I felt I was not progressing as much as I had been when I was simply learning new things all day by myself.
Around month five of my internship, I was hearing about coding bootcamps. They claimed to give you all of the knowledge you needed for a real programming job in only three months. WOW!! At first, I doubted the credibility of these claims since they seemed so unbelievable. After quite a bit of research, I was still unsure. Many online sites and forums warned against these bootcamps and said they preyed on people who thought they could earn six figure salaries in just three months. This angle did not apply to me personally though; my focus was not on the money. I really desired to get better at something I enjoyed.
After weeks of mulling it over, I decided to join a coding bootcamp. I even planned on applying for a loan from the bank and quitting my current job so I could dedicate all of my time to the bootcamp. I had decided to attend Hack Reactor’s three month course since I wanted to attend class in-person and they had a location in my city. Even though many people were warning me against it, I decided to take the chance.
Two weeks before I was scheduled to start the bootcamp, I was still participating in my normal afternoon study routine. While watching my favorite channel, Funfun Function, I came across an advertisement for Lamda School. I was very intrigued by what they said. After a little bit more research, I confirmed it was everything I was wanting and needing from a coding bootcamp.
Lamda School was very different from the previous bootcamps I had looked at. Instead of twelve weeks, Lamda was a nine month plus accelerated Computer Science course. Even after the nine months of full-time course work, you could elect to take four more complete curriculum tracks for free! They were teaching a full stack program and were staying up to date and only teaching cutting edge technologies like React and Node.js. I really enjoyed the CEO Austen’s message and decided to apply that same day. This time around, I did not read any forums, I did not reach out to anyone, I simply did what I knew in my heart I had do.
About a week after I applied, I had my interview with Lamda and was accepted! Luckily, a few phone calls to Hack Reactor and my bank resulted in me obtaining a full refund of my money. My time was now occupied with Lamda’s twenty hours of pre-course work, and my cohort would start in two weeks. I was excited to spend at least ten hours everyday for the next nine months learning through Lamda.
The Middle
My experience at Lambda school fully lived up to my expectations. The first four months of curriculum were absolutely brutal. The first month consisted of topics I had believed I knew well like HTML and CSS. Lamda proved to me I still had much room for improvement; Lamda did not just stop at teaching me how to code. They also taught me the skill of learning how to break down a problem into its base components, the history, and the culture. They did not tell me how to think, and I believe this is the mistake other bootcamps make. These other bootcamps force feed you the syntax until you can simply copy it back into another program. Lamda teaches you how to think and program your own code. The teach you how to find the answers to solve your own problems even if you have not encountered them before.
The following three months consisted of learning React and Node.js. While the class’s format was the same, I found this segment to be much more challenging since I did not have prior experience in these technologies. I focused on the core of what Lamda was trying to impart in its students though. I knew the main objective was learning how to think, break down a problem, and the ability to utilize the right resources effectively to quickly cipher through massive amounts of documentation. React and Node.js are just another tool in my toolbox to solve problems; the genuine skill is problem solving and analysis.
Finally, the next five months consist of a major capstone project with a hiring manager, and then the next eight weeks focus on Computer Science topics. This material will cover matters such as hash tables, various algorithms, and optimization in Python. I would not have obtained this information in any other bootcamp or anywhere else short of a college education. Lamda is truly a unique and superior experience.
Now...
Upon completing the base curriculum, I applied and was selected for a four month contract position as a Lamda School Team Lead. My responsibilities will include assisting the school with administrative duties and tutoring a team of approximately ten students through the beginning of their Lamda experience. I am thrilled to help others learn while increasing my own knowledge. I believe teaching and explaining these concepts to others will solidify my new skills while allowing me to gain more leadership experience. My time at Lamda was not always smooth. I had setbacks and frustrating periods where I did not always grasp the material quickly; however, I believe this will make me a more valuable mentor since I understand the struggle. At the conclusion of these four months, I will start my capstone project.
I could not be more appreciative of all of the opportunities Lamda gave to me. My experience at this school really honed the development of my social skills and gave me an edge I could not have received anywhere else. The ability to be connected to so many like-minded students who were experiencing the same late nights and weekends of completing homework assignments and hobby projects was unforgettable and invaluable.
While I am still not at my dream, full-time developer job earning 80k, I believe I am far enough along in my journey to becoming an employed programmer to create this blog since I now know how to code. I can appreciate the fact I will always have more concepts and technologies to learn in this field, and I am ecstatic and up for this challenge!


+++ title = "Máncora" lat = -4.100000 lon = -81.050000 +++
Situated just below the city of Tumbes, and the Ecuadorian border, Máncora is Peru's biggest (and only significant) beach resort. The beach here isn't quite up to Australian standards: but after more than 4 months without seeing a beach at all, it's pretty good! Máncora is warm all year round (even pretty warm at night), has a plethora of sprawling places to sleep and to eat, and has a party scene that rages all night, every night. Perfect place to relax, after some hard adventuring in the mountains.


❌✅
I had heartburn
I went to the doctor he asked how much heartburn did I have. Some? Occasional? What is the difference between chronic? How am I supposed to know? So I found out.
📝
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💻
😍
❌✅
✅
✅
✅
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Helpful Tips
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package
serialization
Type Members
-
class
ArrayFeature[TValue]
extends
Feature[TValue,
TValue,
Array[TValue]]
-
abstract
class
Feature[Serializable1,
Serializable2,
TComplete]
extends
Serializable
-
class
MapFeature[TKey,
TValue]
extends
Feature[TKey,
TValue,
Map[TKey,
TValue]]
-
-
class
SetFeature[TValue]
extends
Feature[TValue,
TValue,
Set[TValue]]
-
class
StructFeature[TValue]
extends
Feature[TValue,
TValue,
TValue]
-
class
TransducerFeature
extends
Feature[ITransducer[Candidate],
ITransducer[Candidate],
ITransducer[Candidate]]