What happens to the fixed effects?
Introduction
I am currently working on a problem which seems rather applied in nature: What happens to the fixed effects in a mixed effects model when certain variables are treated as fixed instead of random? Let me clear up what I mean…
Let’s say of the predictors that you choose for your mixed model, there is some subset of these that are fixed effects only, with design $X_{p}$. $X$ has the form
Where canonically, each $X_{i}$ corresponds to the design matrix of fixed effects for the $i^{th}$ cluster.
Likewise there is a set of predictors that are treated only as random effects with design matrix $Z$, where $Z_{l}$ is block diagonal $Z_{l} = blockdiag(Z_1, …, Z_N)$. Lastly, there is some subset of the predictors that are up for discussion. Let’s assume that the rank of the design matrix $W$ for these predictors is relatively small. Then we are attempting to compare the fixed effects for the two following models.
with $\beta$ fixed, $\alpha \sim N(0_{Nq}, A), \gamma \sim N(0_{Nl}, \Gamma), \epsilon \sim N(0_{N_{T}}, \sigma^2 I_{N_{T}})$ where $N_{T} = \sum_{i=1}^{N}n_{i}$
with ,
,
with dimension $Nq \times q$. $L$ flattens the block diagonal version of $W$ into a population averaged version. I.e. if
Then
So as you can probably tell by now, I want to know what happens to the hypothesis tests for the $\beta$ and $\beta_1$ when the $W$ variables to be either fixed or random effects. This question has come as a consequence of fitting models to electrophysiological data, namely, averaged EEG data. Due to the central limit theorem, the response $Y$, average amplitude of the electrical signal is guaranteed to be normal. Electrode label is a factor determining the location of the electrical response, and is the $W$ that inspired this line of work. This would result in a mostly sparse $W$ or $WL$ in either instance, where the non-zero entries are just identity for all entries which coincide with some electrode position. While there are instances of treating electrode position as a fixed effect, it seemingly makes more sense to me to treat it as random. My reasoning is that while typically the positions of the electrodes are fixed on the EEG caps, the sample space of the electrode postions (i.e. the head) is not discrete. We do not exhaust all possible positions of electrode site. We are probably closer to taking a random sample of electrode positions on the skull. Moreover the interpretation for the parameter estimates of $\omega$ is messy at best, as we would have to pick some electrode position to be the reference level, and thus the inferences of $\hat{\omega}$ would have to be made relative to that level.
Moreover if we treat electrode position as random, we more or less avoid these issues. The random effects are treated as nuissance parameters and are integrated out of the likelihood. We also get the interpretation of electrode site contributing to the variance structure of the model, which would make sense in the case that observations are spatially correlated depending on the electrode site.
Relative Efficiency
If we use maximum likelihood to estimate either model, we end up with when $V$ is held constant. One result I am trying to establish is under what conditions is the Wald test of the fixed effects in model $M_{0}$ is asymptotically relatively efficient to $M_{1}$. While there is a large issue of determining the distribution of $t$ test for fixed effects in mixed models, (see note 1), there is no controversy in terms of determining the asymptotic relative efficiency. We proceed in the fashion of Lehman and Romano.
Theorem 1.
Consider two competing sequences of testing sequences ${\phi}, { \hat{\phi }}$, based on test statistics $T_{n}$, and $\hat{T_{n}}$. Fix $0 < \alpha < \beta < 1$, and let $\beta{j} > \beta_{j0}$, then let $N(\beta_j)$ and $\hat{N(\beta_{j0})}$ be the smallest sample sizes necessary for $\phi$ and $\hat{\phi}$ to have power of $\beta$ against $\beta_{j0}$. Then
the right hand side is called the (Pitman) Asymptotic Relative Efficiency.
Covariance Matrices.
One result to compare the relative efficiency of the two models’ t-test for corresponding effects
This is the bulk of what I’m trying to establish in this work. Moreover, I am attempting to show this for the case that both models are misspecified, and the true error distribution of $\epsilon$ is $\Sigma$.
Therefore, let
be the fixed effects estimator for model $M_0$. And likewise for $M_1$
Then under the assumption $Y_{N_{T}\times 1} \sim N(\mu, \Sigma)$, with $\mu \approx X\beta $, then the results of theorem 1 hold. There are alot of steps being skipped here, but essentially, the relative efficiency of the t-test is equivalent to the asymptotic efficiency of the effect estimates.
We can find the variance matrices by applying the variance function, which results in
which under the simplifying assumption that $\alpha \perp \gamma$ we get
We can find the variance of the parameter estimates $\hat{\beta}_{GLS}$ and which results in
and
We establish asymptotic relative efficiency of the wald $t$ test if the difference in the covariance matricies
is postive definite. This is sufficient, but not nessecary condition for the test of the $j^{th}$ fixed effect estimate for all point one sided null hypotheses.
Some Technical Results
The following is a set of some boring technical results.
The term bookends the equation for the variance of the variance of $M_1$. Using block inversion, we find that
The $U_{i}’s$ are found by block inversion. But as we are only taking the first $p$ entries of
, then we only need $U_1, U_2$ as the others get multiplied by 0 by applying $(I_p, 0)\hat{\beta^{*}}$ to take the first $p$ entries that correspond to the same fixed effects.
and
If only everything is instantly positive definite
and
We can see an obvious difference between the two matricies. In $M_{2}$ we have a fixed effects parameter that has a much more complicated mean structure, whereas for $M_1$ we end up with a more complicated covariance structure. There may be a large set of cases in which the


Augmented webpages
Adding augmented reality to webpages
Where you are and what gonna happen
This page is seen on a desktop/laptop.
This is a augmented reality on top of the webpage.
It happens as you can see on this video.
Where you have to do now
-
Step 1: Open the application page on your phone.
- link
-
Step 2: Open the marker page on your desktop/laptop.
- link
-
Step 3: Point your phone at the screen and enjoy :)
How to share URL between your phone and your computer
- you can do with with a qrcode. it is likely the easiest. see below
- email it to yourself
- you can do it with history sharing.
- email it to yourself - link
- you can copy/paste the link and handle it yourself
- you can simply type it - ok i understand it isn't too pleasant


This test-case is intended for console.assert method.
Jan Odvarko<EMAIL_ADDRESS>state = true -> true
window -> Window dom.html
document -> Document dom.html
aa -> "three"
cc -> null
dd -> 2
dd = 999 -> 999 and consequently dd -> 999
set_d_val -> set_d_val(td)
set_d_val(998) -> 998
blah -> ReferenceError: blah is not defined { message="blah is not defined", more...}
var blah = 'oink' -> >>> var blah = 'oink' and consequently
blah -> "oink"
document.getElementsByTagName('h1')[0] -> "<h1>"
>>> ...
logs are not mentioned, but also expected.


| DOSE: |
repeated |
insufflated |
Cocaine |
(powder / crystals) |
Cocaine. I asked my sister if she wanted to do some cocaine with me. I had never done it before and she had told me many different stories of parties and friends that she’s gotten high on coke with. I had to know what the whole big deal was. Even my boyfriend had tried it in my presence and yet, I had no idea.
So my sister agreed to buy some coke with me. In total we bought a regular gram ($60). We drove around the city then finally parked in an underground parking lot. She opened the tiny sixty dollars bag and made four lines. She told me to choose which lines I wanted and handed me a twenty dollar bill rolled up. I took the bill and snorted my two lines. Instantly I was high. Though, the high was great, the drip absolutely sucked. The only interesting thing about the drip is that my nose and not to mention my throat were completely numb.
My sister and I then drove home...we sat in my basement for about ten minutes after we got home and then she continued with forming more lines of coka for the two of us. We finished off that whole gram together in a matter of two hours. I had eight and a half lines that night.
  I couldn't sleep, I couldn't stop thinking, and my head just wanted to turn off and go back to being sober. I had horrible chills, and I almost felt nauseous in a mental sort of way.
I still don't understand how people can get addicted to something like this. I mean, I watched my sister fiend over her lines, but I assume I looked the same. I just wish my experience could have been something perfect!
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


{% extends "site_base.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block body_id %}homepage{% endblock %} {% block content %}
{% trans "We're sorry but a server error has occurred. We've been notified and will look into it as soon as possible." %}


So I gave a presentation at PyCon about HTML, which I ended up turning into an XML-sucks HTML-rocks talk. Well that’s a trivialization, but I have the privilege of trivializing my arguments all I want.
Somewhat to my surprise this got me a heckler (of sorts). I think it came up when I was making my <em> lies and <i> is truth argument. That is, presentation and intention are the same. There are those people who feel they can separate the two, creating semantic markup that represents their intent, but they are so few that the reader can never trust that the distinction is intentional, and so <i> and <em> must be treated as equivalent.
Someone then yelled out something like "what about blind people?" The argument being that screen readers would like to distinguish between the two, as not all things we render as italic would be read with emphasis.
It’s not surprising to me that the first time I’ve gotten an actively negative reaction to a talk it was about accessibility. When having technical discussions it’s hard to get that heated up. Is Python or Ruby better?
Discussions about accessibility, however, have strong moral undertones. This isn’t just What Tool Is Right For The Job. There is a kind of moral certainty to the argument that we should be making a world that is accessible to all people.
I fear this moral certainty has led people self-righteously down unwise paths. They believe — with of course some justification — that the world must be made right. And so many boil-the-ocean proposals are made, and even become codified by standards, but markup standards are useless unless embodied in actual content, and this is where accessibility falls down.
There are two posts that together have greatly eroded my trust in accessibility advocates, so that I feel like I am left adrift, unwilling to jump through the hoops accessibility advocates put up as I strongly suspect they are pointless.
The first post is about the longdesc attribute, an obscure attribute intended to tell the story of a picture. Where alt is typically used as a placeholder for the image, and a short description, longdesc can point to a document that describes the image in length. Empirically they (Ian Hickson in particular) found that the attribute was almost never used in a useful or correct way, rendering it effectively useless. If the discussion had clearly ended at this point, I would have deducted points for those people use advocated longdesc based on bad judgement, but it would not have effected my trust because anyone can mispredict. But the comments just seemed to reinforce the belief that because it should work, that it would work.
The second post was Ian Hickson’s description of using a popular screen reader (JAWS) — you’ll have to dig into the article some, as it’s embedded in other wandering thoughts. In summary, JAWS is a horrible experience, and as an example it didn’t even understand paragraph breaks (where the reader would be expected to pause). What’s the point of semantic markup for accessibility when the most basic markup that is both presentation and semantic (<p>) is ignored? Ian’s brief summary is that if you want to make your page readable in JAWS you’d do better by paying attention to punctuation (which does get read) than to markup. And if you want to help improve accessibility, blind people need a screen reader that isn’t crap.
Months later we started talking a bit about the accessibility of openplans.org. Everyone wants to do the right thing, no? With my trust eroded, I argued strongly that we should only implement accessibility empirically, not based on "best practices". Well, barring some patterns that seem very logical to me, like putting navigation textually at the bottom of the page, and other stuff that any self-respecting web developer does these days. But except for that, if we want to really consider accessibility we should get a tool and use it.  We could buy that, even though of course most web developers couldn’t possibly justify the purchase. But is that really the right choice? I don’t know. If we could detect something in the User-Agent string we could see what our users actually use. But I don’t think there’s information there. And I don’t know what people are using. Optimizing for screen magnifiers is much different that optimizing for screen readers.
Another shortcut for accessibility — a shortcut I also distrust — is that to make a site accessible you make sure it works without Javascript. But don’t many screen readers work directly off browsers? Browsers implement Javascript. Do blind users turn Javascript off? I don’t know. If you use no-Javascript as a hint to make the site more accessible, you might just be wasting your effort.
There’s also some weird perspective problems with accessibility. Blind users will always be a small portion of the population. It’s just unreasonable to expect sighted users to write to this small population. Relying on hidden hints in content to provide accessibility just can’t work. Hidden content will be broken, only visible content can be trusted. Admitting this does not mean giving up. As a sighted reader I do not expect the written and spoken word to be equivalent. I don’t think blind listeners lose anything by hearing something that is more a dialect specific to the computer translation of written text to spoken text. (Maybe treating text-to-speech as a translation effort would be more successful anyway?)
A freely available screen reader probably would help a lot as well. I write my markup to render in browsers, not to render to a spec. Anything else is just bad practice. I can’t seriously write my markup for readers based on a spec.
Automatically generated list of related posts:
- lxml.html Over the summer I did quite a bit of work...
- Python HTML Parser Performance In preparation for my PyCon talk on HTML I thought...
- Avoiding Silos: “link” as a first-class object One of the constant annoyances to me in web applications...
Thanks for the thought provoking post.
I don’t have the answers to your many questions about accessibility and the often poor support on different platforms, but I attended a presentation last year that I found enlightening:
http://www.nuug.no/aktiviteter/20071211-accessibility/
The resources for the presentation, including the slides and video, are available.
Would it be possible for the blind to read through an annotation layer similar to Ping’s Crit http://zesty.ca/crit/ in which they and others with poor vision could collaboratively edit a screen reader appropriate layer?
I’m a blind screen reader user, and try to keep my own web site as accessible as I can, whatever ‘accessible’ means to any particular person.
I don’t understand all the technicalities being discussed here, but maybe a few comments would be helpful.
To me, a good web page is just a well-structured page, with content that I actually want to read. Get the structure right and most other things will follow.
I visited a friend’s site because he wanted accessibility comments. It was great – the screen reader told me everything I needed to know, and it did it without any glitches.
But when I ran the code through an HTML validator, the validator moaned about various supposed accessibility problems. These amounted to stylistic niceties. The id attribute for some of the paragraphs wasn’t explicit enough. Well, big deal, who cares? It didn’t stop the page reading fine.
It’s hard to imagine anyone getting heated over the longdesc tag. Don’t use it, is all I’d say. Use succinct alt tags instead and nobody needs to break their brains trying to make graphics accessible. Alt tages being absent altogether can be a major problem, however, if you’re expected to hit buttons that just look like a series of blobs – something you often come across on the Web, and in desktop programs, for that matter.
There are freely available screen readers, and some are getting very good. NVDA at http://www.nvda-project.org/ is possibly the best of these. It is fairly JAWS-like in some ways, but costs a thousand dollars less, and doesn’t do horrible things to your video display or your registry.
There’s also System Access to Go, which has been made available free as a web based screen reader at http://www.accessibilityisaright.org/
Then there’s Thunder, free from http://www.screenreader.net. Arguably Thunder is the weakest of these screen readers, but whatever floats your boat… It does seem to go down well with less expert computer users.
What do blind people actually use? Well, moot point. Most don’t use anything, and don’t go near computers, which are too alien to deal with. At the other end of the market, the elite of screen reader users are relatively well catered for, not least because many get access tech paid for so they can do a job, and get subsidies from Governement agencies. That’s the only reason that things like JAWS can exist. The point, though, is that accessibility has been pretty much formulated for screen reader users, and other people with disabilities don’t get anything like so much of the action. I have an axe to grind as a once partially sighted computer user. Then there are dyslexics, colourblind people, those with minimal dexterity, deaf people and on and on, who also deserve a slice of the cake. But in the end, so long as web designers don’t put up unnecessary barriers, they won’t cause any of those people too much grief.
Less well known, and cheaper, screen readers are Window Eyes, Hal, and Serotek System Access (paid version). Although JAWS is the well-known one, it doesn’t seem to rule the place like it used to. Every screen reader has its advocates, but then, once you’d paid up and mastered all those dastardly 4-finger keystrokes, you’d better believe you’re using something really good! At the moment, it seems that the jury’s out on which screen reader will prevail longer term.
I can’t believe JAWS cam’t recognise paragraph markup! NVDA does it fine, but you need to spend a minute setting up the config so that it does it. JAWS, I understand, has a jungle of verbosity settings, and with enough fiddling about, I’m sure it can be made to treat the markup of pages in many different ways.
Worth mentioning that JAWS and the others I mention are confined to the Windows platform. Voiceover on the Mac is now a serious contender, not least because it’s included in the price of the computer. Then there’s Linux……..
Quick mention of CSS – a great way for sighted people to have their eye candy and for blind people to eat it too.
I don’t like the sound of a separate layer for blind people. I don’t know what it means technically anyway, but let’s stay mainstream, please.
To your point about freely available screen readers, I can testify that the screen reader built into Mac OS X is very usable, and I’m told there’s screen reader infrastructure built into Windows XP.
I’m all for empirical testing of the accessibility of web pages, but I suspect you’ll find that after you play with the screen reader on a representative sample of code, you’ll gain an intuition on what works and what doesn’t very quickly, and will use the software less over time.
Screen readers do indeed execute JavaScript (or rather run on top of browser DOM trees that have already executed it for them) – they have to, or a huge number of sites would be completely useless. That doesn’t mean that unobtrusive scripting can’t help with accessibility though. The principle accessibility problem facing heavy JavaScript sites today is that there’s no reliable hook for telling a screen reader “that part of the page was just dynamically updated”. If you submit a form by Ajax and then refresh the contents of a div with a thankyou, a screen reader user won’t hear anything – they’ll have to manually rescan the entire page to figure out what just happened.
With unobtrusive scripting, you can provide an “accessible version” which is actually just the regular site but with all of the window.onload style handlers disabled. A simple checkbox (hidden off screen with CSS if you like) which sets a cookie and you’re done.
Hey Ian, I was a bit surprised by your heckler but you seemed to perk up, as if challenged. If it were me I doubt I’d be able to handle it so smoothly. Good job ;) PyCon isn’t well suited to having a “discussion” during a talk but, then again, that may or may not have been useful.
There was an important message I got from your talk that deserves mention: the web is filled with bad HTML and we are stuck with it, so let’s learn to deal with it instead of despise it. Accessibility purists have a hard to time coming to terms with this.
On a personal note, I am highly grateful for your work on lxml.html because it has been the only reliable way for me to apply xpaths to ebay HTML descriptions (for a project where I want to analyze thousands of auctions). Anyone who is familiar with the site knows these descriptions are created by sellers and quality wise are on par with geocities markup. Yet for my purposes contain information I want to parse and there is nothing I can do about their abuse of HTML. So, thanks!
Bat: thanks a lot for all the links. I gave NVDA a try, though only with limited success. It seemed to have performance issues that caused it to delay for long periods of time with no feedback, or start reading something that had moved from the screen a while ago. It ended up swallowing keys from the right-hand side of the keyboard, even though its speech claimed to be typing those keys. Luckily I at least was able to see the page to realize this was happening. I tried a couple times to navigate with the screen turned off, but it was quite unsuccessful.
Another issue I had was with links, which sometimes NVDA would read out in full (the href — a long, tedious, and unhelpful link). I don’t know why it chose to do that sometimes and not other times. There seem to be a number of toggles which I imagine you’d turn on or off depending on the page. But you have to be familiar with the tool to know what to do when.
In the end I got [a couple ideas](http://www.openplans.org/projects/opencore/blog/2008/03/24/accessibility-on-our-site/) of small things we could improve, but only small things. Actually getting into the site revealed problems with NVDA that I didn’t know how to get past. I’ll be giving some other tools a try as well.
You may want to try the following LiveCD: http://clcworld.net/mozcsun2007_iso.zip
Details at: http://lists.becta.org.uk/pipermail/oats-sig/2007-March/000919.html
It uses the following: 1. FireVox – the screen reader add-on to Firefox giving access to both browser and the web 2. CLiCk, Speak – the add-on that speaks and highlights the web under user direction 3. NVDA – the open source windows screen reader.


Runs tallow from the Wix toolset
| Attribute | Description | Required |
| source | The single source directory to process. | Either this or at least one nested <sources> set. |
| target | The expected target file. | Yes |
| vm | Same as dotnetexec's vm attribute. Specify the framework to use. | No. |
| wixHome | Installation directory of WiX. | No - Ant will assume WiX is on your PATH otherwise. |
Specify source directories that shall be passed on the command line. This is a dirset.
Specifies additional arguments for talow
arg
is
a command
line argument.
Create product.wxs
from product
directory:
<tallow source="product" target="product.wxs"/>
Create product.wxs
from bin
,docs
,
and conf
under product
directory:
<tallow target="bin.wxs"/> <sources dir="product", includes="bin,docs,conf"/> </tallow>
Create product.wxs
from bin
,docs
,
and conf
under product
directory:, and
set all files vital
<tallow target="bin.wxs"/> <sources dir="product", includes="bin,docs,conf"/> <arg value="-dav"/> </tallow>
Apache Ant, Apache .NET Ant Library, Ant, .NET Ant Library, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache Ant project logos are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.


Trader Viktor:
Well, we'll just chalk that one up to a fuzzy memory. Tell me again! What is his real name?
Alberto Terrious
Altebar Karryos
Terrious junior
Terry


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My 2nd group project and first full stack application with CRUD functionality. GreenHaus is a plant care app. It allows users to track plants they have, upload pictures of them, update when they last watered them, and leave notes on plant care. Future functionality to include connecting to Trefle api for detailed plant information, user login functionality, gif creation of images uploaded with gifencoder npm, and the ability to ask question/leave comments from other users.
GitHub Repo
Deployed Heroku Page


javax.sound.sampled.AudioInputStream
, but so far I haven't had to do this. The one commercial usage of some of this code (that I'm aware of) was comfortable storing audio as WAV files, adding them to movies, and then using some JNI code to compress the finished product. I know there are some free-ish Java tools to work with MP3 files, but I seem to recall MP3 audio (like MP4 video) is mired in legal murkiness. I don't plan on exploring that further until I have a clear business need to.
Below is a summary of the different classes used in this demo and what they do.
AudioPlayer
is a helper class that lets you start/pause audio playback of any AudioInputStream
.
It manages the threads for you; you can call things in such a way that your thread blocks until playback is complete, or in a multi-threaded environment. It updates specialized listeners regarding progress, including errors. Listeners can be notified in real-time on the thread that is playing back the audio, or they can be notified separately on the event dispatch thread. Notifications on the EDT may be coalesced together.
AudioPlayerComponent
as a JComponent
that relies on a URL pointing to an audio file. (For now only WAV files are well supported.) It also keeps an internal AudioPlayer
object to help with playback. It is expected to use an AudioPlayerUI
, but that class is abstract.
The BasicAudioPlayerUI
is the ComponentUI
you see in the top half of this demo. It includes the playback button and the waveform slider.
BasicAudioPlayerUI
is a JSlider
that uses the WaveformSliderUI
. This generates a simple waveform rendered as a shape with a hairline cursor to indicate the thumb.
AquaAudioListUI
. This is modeled after a similar UI observed on Mac. When an audio is selected you can either play it back or delete it.
This component is not well tested and to my knowledge it's not deployed in any real-world projects, but it's a very promising proof of concept.


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"He who is not courageous enough to take risks will accomplish nothing in life." -Muhammad Ali
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{% extends "base.html" %} {% block help %}
this page displays information regarding items that had errors, either during parsing or during gDelta's processing.
There are three broad types of errors:
By default all items that experienced errors are included in gDelta's results where possible. In particular this means that items whose parsability has changed due to an error are included in the relevant parse change category. If you don't want this to happen you can use the --skip-errors command line option to gDelta.
{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% if errors|length == 0 %}No errors were encountered.
{% else %}{{ errors|length }} errors were found.
| Item ID | Type | Grammar version | Profile | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ item.id }} | {{ item.error.kind }} | {{ item.grammar.version }} | {{ item.profile_name }} | {{ item.error.msg }} |


American Airlines CEO says expects 737 MAX approval in near future
CHICAGO (Reuters) - American Airlines Group (AAL.O) expects U.S. Federal Aviation Administration approval of Boeing Co’s (BA.N) grounded 737 MAX jets in the near future, Chief Executive Doug Parker said on Wednesday.
Like other U.S. 737 MAX airlines, American is scheduling without the aircraft until the FAA approves new software and training updates by Boeing after two fatal crashes. Boeing has said it is targeting FAA approval this year.
“We feel a lot better about the fact that indeed the aircraft is going to get certified sometime in the near future. When it does, we will be ready,” Parker said at the Baird Industrial Conference.
U.S. airlines have removed their 737 MAX jets from their flying schedules until early next year, with American selling tickets for five of its 24 737 MAX jets starting on Jan. 15.
“That is certainly a best case scenario that would require the aircraft to be certified kind of in the earlier part of December as opposed to the later part of December,” Parker said of the Jan. 15 date.
Airlines have said they will need a month or two after regulatory approval to train their pilots and prepare their 737 MAX jets for flight after a grounding that is now in its ninth month.
American has estimated that the grounding of its MAX fleet has impacted 2019 earnings by $540 million, a cost Parker reiterated on Wednesday he believes should be borne by Boeing’s shareholders rather than American’s shareholders.


It was seven o’clock
in
the morning. Rohan was getting ready
for
school. He knew he was already late. He could not find his Science text book. It was not
on
his study table. It was not in his school bag. He looked for it everywhere. He looked
beside
his other books on the bookshelf. He also looked
under
the bed but could not find it. He began
to
worry as his school bus was almost
at
the gate. At last, he found it
next to
the T.V.
in
on
at
beside
under
next to
for
to


The development of user interfaces for web applications is a tedious job. On the one hand, there is the fact that the HTTP protocol is stateless (we do not have that much issue with HTML/CSS as a display technology). On the other hand, we know fairly well how to create MVC-desktop-clients user interfaces (using Swing or eclipse RCP, or Delphi), and we know that this is manageable. JSF tries to reconcile these 2 positions, and certainly has some benefits. However, a lot about JSF stays mysterious: there is no clear development philosophy, some parts are lacking.
What is positive about JSF is the component market place that it is being created, and the clear request/response life-cycle. We have some issues with this life-cycle, but the fact that it is standardized is positive. To us, it is clear that JSF was developed with simple webapplication user interfaces in mind: 1 page to interact with 1 business object, and that's it. There notably is a lack in guidelines, development philosophy and support for more complex semantic object graphs. JSF is certainly a step forward for UIs where a user is taken through several steps before his interaction with a business object is complete (wizard style). This was a problem with earlier frameworks like Struts.
In a desktop-MVC-application, a UI consists at each moment of a set of windows, where each window (in general) represents a semantic object (and it's downstream related objects). There can be more than 1 window open for a given semantic object, either presenting the same or a different view. In RAM, we hold semantic objects, and an object structure for each open window (and possibly some in reserve, that are currently not open), that has a reference to the semantic object it is a view of.
E.g., we have a Person
instance p
,
and a number of PersonFrame
instances referring to p
.
The PersonFrame
instances are an aggregate of Swing component instances, such as
panels, frames, text fields, drop-down boxes, layout managers,
etcetera.
There are essentially 2 kinds of user interfaces: those where
there is exactly 1 window instance per type of semantic object, and
those where there is 1 window instance per semantic instance.
In the first kind, the window is actually a singleton. This kind of UI descends from the elder days, when UI widgets were a rare, OS controlled resource (think X terminals and X11, e.g.). These machines were really RAM-deprived, and UIs were designed in such a way that the data structure to display a type of object was reused, in time, for different objects of that type. To display an object, we grab the applicable data structure from RAM (or create it if it did not exist yet), and overwrite whatever data is there now, with data from the instance we wish to display. In effect, we connect the window to a specific instance, and it is now no longer connected to the instance it displayed earlier.
We have more RAM and speedier processors now, and creating a new data structure for each instance we want to display, and keeping it in RAM, is not really an issue anymore. The semantic object will store the semantic state, and the display-object-structure will store view-related state (e.g., which elements of a tree are open, which tabs are shown, whether a button is enabled or not, …). So, the second kind of UI is made possible.
In MVC fashion, the connection between
the display-objects and the semantic objects, is 2-way. The
display-object-structure (view)
listens to events from the semantic object (model)
that signal changes in the model, and the controller
initiates changes on the semantic object, immediately in response to
events that signal
end-user actions. This loose-coupling
via events and listeners is at the heart of the original MVC pattern,
and makes it possible to have multiple windows to display the same
semantic object. Note that if there is no need for multiple windows,
there is no need for this loose-MVC-coupling.
In the elder UI design described above, user interaction was dealt with through call-back methods, and display was dealt with by pulling data from the semantic object. Keeping the semantic object in RAM after the data is fetched, is not really needed.
In a desktop-MVC-application, a UI consists at each moment of a set of windows, where each window (in general) represents a semantic object (and it's downstream related objects). There can be more than 1 window open for a given semantic object, either presenting the same or a different view. In RAM, we hold semantic objects, and an object structure for each open window (and possibly some in reserve, that are currently not open), that has a reference to the semantic object it is a view of.
E.g., we have a Person
instance p
,
and a number of PersonFrame
instances referring to p
.
The PersonFrame
instances are an aggregate of Swing component instances, such as
panels, frames, text fields, drop-down boxes, layout managers,
etcetera.
The connection between
the display-objects and the semantic objects follows the MVC pattern,
which is 2-way. The
display-object-structure (view)
listens to events from the semantic object (model)
that signal changes in the model, and the controller
initiates changes on the semantic object, immediately in response to
events that signal
end-user actions. This loose-coupling
via events and listeners is at the heart of the original MVC pattern,
and makes it possible to have multiple windows to display the same
semantic object. Note that if there is no need for multiple windows,
there is no need for this loose-MVC-coupling.
In the first kind, the window is actually a singleton. This kind of UI descends from the elder days, when UI widgets were a rare, OS controlled resource (think X terminals and X11, e.g.). These machines were really RAM-deprived, and UIs were designed in such a way that the data structure to display a type of object was reused, in time, for different objects of that type. To display an object, we grab the applicable data structure from RAM (or create it if it did not exist yet), and overwrite whatever data is there now, with data from the instance we wish to display. In effect, we connect the window to a specific instance, and it is now no longer connected to the instance it displayed earlier.
We have more RAM and speedier processors now, and creating a new data structure for each instance we want to display, and keeping it in RAM, is not really an issue anymore. The semantic object will store the semantic state, and the display-object-structure will store view-related state (e.g., which elements of a tree are open, which tabs are shown, whether a button is enabled or not, …). So, the second kind of UI is made possible.
In the elder UI design
described above, user interaction was dealt with through call-back
methods, and display was dealt with by pulling data from the semantic
object. Keeping the semantic object in RAM after the data is fetched,
is not really needed.
Now, we could devise a way to have a separate handler object per
semantic
object (e.g., by using a managed map, with a separate entry per
semantic object, with the semantic object's PK as key in the map;
accessing the handler and its semantic object from a JSF component
could then be done as follows: #{handlerMap[9859032].instance}
instead of the #{myHandler.instance}
you are accustomed to see). It is not immediately clear how to do this
for more than 1 handler per semantic object (to show the same object in
more than 1 window e.g., because HTTP does not support an
identification scheme for windows -- yet).
An aspect of real desktop MVC applications is that data is pushed from the semantics to the view layer, when changes happen, through events. This makes it possible to give feedback about changes to the user immediately and interactively. Now, this push-design is impossible for web applications anyway, because of the limitations of HTTP. We can only tell things to the user in response to a request from the browser. This implies a pull-design.
--> ook een reden waarom vershillende windows moeilijk zijn?
Conclusion: In JSF, we should design UIs where there is 1 window (page) per semantic object type (volgens mij moet hier page staan, omdat we verderop wel praten over het opage != window)It seems to us that the elder approach to UI development is closer to JSF technology than the modern, desktop-client, MVC pattern.
The RAM
limitations that played in the early GUIs play in web applications
again: 1 machine (or cluster) serves multiple (1 to 100 000)
concurrent users. Keeping the complete state of all these users in RAM
is impossible. And from experience we know that even for small numbers
of users this poses problems for advanced applications. If a desktop
application uses 200MB of RAM, this is not an issue. For a web
application to use more than 2MB per user, is. On the other hand, web
application containers support externalizing this state through
serialization. A web container such as Tomcat will, if necessary, write
the entire session of a user to a serialized file on disk, and reload
it when the next request of this user arrives. This requires all objects
that are directly or indirectly reachable from the session to be Serializable
,
but that is not difficult. This serializability is also needed to
enable
clustering, load balancing, continuity and fault tolerance in web
applications, and needed for semantic objects if you work with an
application server via RMI anyway. Then again, this serialization will
happen at the end of each request / response-cycle, and takes time and
resources itself. Writing 200MB to disk (and reloading it on the next
request) is not an option. This implies
that it is
necessary to remove data that does not have to be remembered at the end
of the request / response-cycle.
If there is state to keep, sending state around to the next request / response-cycle via the browser is bad for internet applications (bandwidth). So, state has to be kept in the server.
Since the HTTP is stateless, the developent of a stateless web
application UI is easy. But this is not what we want. In general, we
need to remember some state between requests.
Which state do we need to remember?
Conclusion: State has to be kept in the server, but it is necessary to store as little state as possible between requests.
We think it is best to
keep the id of the semantic object corresponding to a JSF page in the
page itself. We do not like storing state in a JSF page, but
this way
of working seems to avoid problems when opening JSF pages in multiple
windows. For instance, a JSF page representing a patient p1 is opened
in one page in edit mode; the same page is opened in another window,
and we navigate to another window, representing patient p2. When we
submit the values in the first window, the values will be stored in the
wrong patient, namely p2 instead of p1.
Storing the id of the semantic page in the JSF page could be done as follows: the id is stored in a hidden field (h:inputHidden) whose immediate attribute is set to true. This means that the id will be set early in the life cycle. When setting the id, the setId method is called which will, as a side-effect, load the corresponding object from the database and perform any other necessary initialization of the handler. The id in the handler has to be set to null at the end of the request / response cycle to force the setId method to be executed in the next phase.


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Floor ni Maou ga Imasu Wiki Powered By Fandom
Floor ni Maou ga Imasu (フロアに魔王がいます, Furoa ni Maō ga Imasu, lit. "There's a Demon Lord on the Floor") is a Japanese manga series written by Hato and drawn by Kawakami Masaki. It has been serialized in Monthly Comic Alive since 2014.
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Observing the graph shows we can see that prices were not below 30 $ since credit crisis of United States of 2008 where international situation was very different from the current one.
Since then the recovery of prices was progressive until reaching the environment of 100 $ where demand and supply remained stable.
From then on nothing remarkable happened until the beginning of 2015.
Since then demand has been declining and supply far from reduced to increased by 10% throughout 2015. Coming to crisis early in the year.
At the beginning of 2016, we stunned the unstoppable decline in oil prices. It reached minimums in a decade already forgotten, very close to the cost of production.
This oversupply was facilitated by Saudi Arabia, first country that produces crude, and Russia that did not stop pumping oil.
While in the case of Russia it responds to the economic needs of the country that bases a large part of its GDP on the gas and oil industry.
While Saudi Arabia was rather in response to its main enemy, Iran, which for the first time was to be exempt from trade embargoes by the United States and Europe and had already begun to open several oil wells for the purpose of export.
Also with response the opening of wells in the United States and in other places of the planet with the technique of "frakking".
A technique in which oil is extracted to a great depth by establishing hydraulic methods that are expensive and dangerous.
Recall that BP had an explosion two years ago in one of its oil companies that apart from costing human lives scattered millions of tons of crude oil across the Atlantic, polluting ecosystems and marine species.
This technique comes out profitable starting at $ 50 per barrel.
So most platforms were closed and 90% of prospecting to find reservations canceled.
Thus the Saudis would soon enter reason and cut production to reach better prices assuring that the United States would not open new wells and they would not suffer losses.
This happens when the average price of the barrel stabilized at 45$.
Even so, it was not enough for them and for other crisis-hit countries outside OPEC such as Venezuela, Nigeria, Brazil or Iraq.
Countries with tremendous political and economic difficulties.
Irreconcilable quarrels on the part of Iran and Saudi Arabia made the first crude oil cut deal fail in the summer and was left for a future occasion.
However prices would not fall back by more than 40 $ by the production freeze .
Starting in September a new attempt was made to slow production as a result of the Vienna summit that occurred in December where OPEC members agreed to close Of 1.2 million barrels per day .
Outside of OPEC production was cut, with Russia being the main manager of these meetings.
These cuts will begin in January next year although the changes have already been made oil has being appreciated by about 25%.
Turning now to be in a fork between 50$ and 57$.
Due to the rise in the dollar price oscillation in the last month has been abrupt but in the coming months the price will be somewhat more stable.
From my point of view this should result in a price of about 60-65 $ .
Even with these changes, the situation is not at all flattering in the oil market as it has to deal with the following problems:
After this my estimates for 2017 can be seen in the following chart:
For this reason, any investment related to oil for this year will be a good option since there is still a lot of margin to recover in all the securities like petroleum and refining companies .
Instead, this price hike may be negative for airlines and transportation companies as they increase their spending.
Thus, with these variables, I believe that the rise in oil can have the days counted and not more than two years, so the oil sector can be a good investment over the next two years,
Although there will be an incredible reduction in demand will always be needed for other industrial purposes, but the fall you suffer with the electric car will be brutal.
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addItem(Product, int)
- Method in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
Invoice
C
Category
- Class in
gr.spinellis.product
Category()
- Constructor for class gr.spinellis.product.
Category
category
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.product.
Product
Customer
- Class in
gr.spinellis.invoice
Customer()
- Constructor for class gr.spinellis.invoice.
Customer
customer
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
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G
gr.spinellis.invoice
- package gr.spinellis.invoice
gr.spinellis.product
- package gr.spinellis.product
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Invoice
- Class in
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Invoice()
- Constructor for class gr.spinellis.invoice.
Invoice
invoiceDate
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
Invoice
InvoiceItem
- Class in
gr.spinellis.invoice
InvoiceItem()
- Constructor for class gr.spinellis.invoice.
InvoiceItem
items
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
Invoice
N
name
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
Customer
name
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.product.
Category
name
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.product.
Product
P
price
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.product.
Product
product
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
InvoiceItem
Product
- Class in
gr.spinellis.product
Product()
- Constructor for class gr.spinellis.product.
Product
products
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.product.
Category
Q
quantity
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
InvoiceItem
S
stock
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.product.
Product
T
total
- Variable in class gr.spinellis.invoice.
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OOCSS demo - button
button object
Button!!
caution skin
Caution!!
pdf skin
Download PDF!!
play skin
Play sound!!


Typing Speed Test
The text to test.
This is a typing test. Your goal is to duplicate the provided text, EXACTLY, in the field below. The timer starts when you start typing, and only stops when you match this text exactly. Good Luck!
The text to test.


WITNESS LIST Public School Finance, Select Committee December 5, 2003 - 9:00A Business Activity Tax ON: Hartman, David (Lone Star Foundation), Austin, TX Reynolds, Patrick (JC Penny), Dallas, TX Zakrzewski, Wayne (JC Penny), Dallas, TX Cigarette Tax ON: McGoldrick, Daniel (Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids/Texans for Healthy Investment), Washington, DC Orzechowski, William (Orzechowski & Walker), Arlington, VA Payroll Tax ON: Vilardo, Carole (Nevada Taxpayers Association), Carson City, NV


This example consumer uses the PHP OpenID library. It just verifies that the URL that you enter is your identity URL.
getError()) echo $this->getError()->getMessage(); ?> getError() && $this->getError()->getSuccess()) echo $this->getError()->getSuccess(); ?>


Composite
the lecture of this week is about composite material
we have to make experimentation with resin and fibre to make strength item by combining this 2 component.
taking inspiration from marvel hero I try to build a Capitan America's shield.
i take a 3d model of the shield and fixed the geometry in blender: I delete the mesh inside to make a "single volume" solid.
HERE link to Captain America shiled file
after that I make a boolean subtraction to make the negative mold file for the cnc machine.
i use a foam piece about 60x60x6 cm and i engrave the 3d shape in it.
meanwhile the cnc mill was working i decide to make the shield full colour by putting some coloured tissue on it.
for this reason i buy red, blue and with tissue and try to laser it.
I make a projection of the shield on 2d plane in rhino to make the dimension of the round and the star ready to be lasercutt, I offset a little bit the outer border to have a nice overlap of the 2 fabric.
now come the difficoult part,as i decide to make the negative side for have a nice superficial definition, there is the bad side that is that now i have to find a solution to make the resin coat well all the part and do not stick to the foam.
For this reason i try to make the foam harder and a little bit minus porous by adding some layer of vinyl glue and water and let them dry
after that i try to coat the foam with a food plastic film using some other glue.
More to come
Download the RAR file of the project (shield, mold and laser cut fabbric pattern)
after the plastic film stick to the foam, i prepare the resin (2 part of resin and 1 or catalyst)an use a heavy cotton tissue to make the substrate with the resin.
I take 2 big pieces of this tissue and with the hand I make the resin penetrate in the fibre really well and also in the detail of the mold; Mattia Ciurnelli helped me in this process
The tissue was very porous so it absorbed the resin really well and become really strong.
I let it dry for 24 hours and after i take it out of the mold.
with the help of sand paper and a metallic brush i take off the plastic film that remains stick to the resin.
I used some other resin to make the finishing by putting the coloured fabric I laser catted before.
After the resin dry I use a electric cutter to clean the border and after i finish them with sand paper.
At the end of the day this shield in not made of "vibranium" but it is really strong
OT
in the final part of the shield construction some resin left in my mixing case so i decided to preserv for the future generation a satshakit and i cover it of resin...
here is it...it still working


"A Cut Above The Rest."
If color and style is what you want, we have what you're looking for. Our options are only truluy done justice in person, so come in and find your inspiration.
Pick your shape and bevel, your mirror-finish, maybe a shatter effect; we'll realize your vision, or inspire your imagination. Call for your free consultation.
Bar tops, redefined. Be creative. be bold. be yourself. Custom glass has its place in every room.


COMP6205 User Manual
Manual Usage
When using this user manual and website we recommend you use an updated browser of your choice. Older browsers will work, but will have reduced functionality and some features may not be available.
The website and manual will work on tablets and mobile devices but again for the best user experience you should view it on a desktop computer and browser.
Client Pages
These help topics relate to ones that a user may access when using our website.
How to login
We have made the assumption that you must obtain your login details from the bank. Once you get your details you will be able to login. Note that unless you are logged in, you cannot see anything but the Login and About us pages links at the top of the page.
The following screen shows the login screen to insert your username and password
If you cannot login or have forgotten your password, you are encouraged to go to the About us page and see our contact details
Account Overview
After a user logs in, they see the Account Overview page. Initially it will show no accounts and will give the user the opportunity to open an account or report an issue.
Open Account
Opening an account is easy and you can do this by giving a name for the account and specifying the type (such as savings, loan, etc)
After opening the new account, you are redirected to the Account Overview page where you can view your newly created account. Every new account has initial balance of £0. Currently there is no way to put money into an account without using the transfer page. We have assumed this is done with an external system. Therefore when testing we have added funds manually.
Transfer money
After you have set up your accounts, you can finally transfer money between your accounts or even to other accounts, registered in the bank. To perform this transfer (regardless whether it is between your accounts or to another person's account), you must know the id of the recipient's account (This is similar to the sort code/bank account ID in a real bank). In the example below John Smith is sending £200 from his daily account ( id: 1 ) to his savings ( id: 2 )
Note that when transferring money the bank website does not allow you to:
- Send money to non-existing destination. This is why you must know the account id of the recipient,
- Send more money than you have in the account you are sending from.
- Send negative amounts of money.
- Leave any of the fields blank.
View Account Transactions and Statements
Immediately after you make a transaction, you are redirected to the Account Overview page where you can see the amount deducted from your account.
You can go into more detail and View Transactions for specific account, which will dynamically show you your most recent transactions for this account. In the example below John Smith is observing the recent transactions for his savings account. You can see when the transaction took place, what is the reference and if money has come in or gone out of the account:
We realise that people have different lifestyles, so some may have 10 transactions for the last month or 100 for the past week. Therefore, apart from dynamically observing your recent transactions, you can also view your monthly statement. We see that John Smith has only one transaction in December:
You can navigate back and forth the months and see the statement for whichever month you are interested in. For instance, John Smith has gone back a month and is viewing his statement for November, when he had more activity on his account:
Finally, you can view a printable pdf of your monthly statement and download it
An example of this statement is here
Report Concern
From the Account Overview page you can submit an issue if you consider that there is something unusual going on. To do this you need to:
- Select the account where the issue is present
- Give a title to your problem
- Describe the problem in more detail
- After you have sent the report, a bank clerk will receive it and you will be contacted shortly.
The below screenshot shows the interface used to report a concern
Log out
To log out you can press the Log Out button at the top of the page. This will log you out and redirect you to the main login page if you wish to login later.
Admin pages
These help topics relate to ones that an admin may access when using our website.
When an admin logs in, they can see the Admin tab in the navigation bar, which gives them more rights:
Normal users will not see this and even if they guess the URL for the admin page, they are not authorised to view it:
The admin page gives access to the following:
Assign Users
This allows the admin to change what roles a user has. For example:
- Promoting a bank client to a bank clerk,
- Promoting clerk to manager or demoting manager to clerk.
However, as this is not a full website, this feature is not implemented.
Change Permissions
This allows the admin to change the permissions of different roles, e.g what capabilities would the user, the clerk, the manager and the admin have. However, as this is not a full website, this feature is not implemented hower this is only a matter of changing fields in the database.
View Issues
This page allows the admin, Joe Bloggs, to view issues, submitted by clients
After choosing an issue, submitted by particular client, the admin, Joe Bloggs, can view the case in more detail
After contacting the client, the admin, Joe Bloggs, can close the issue, after which he gets a confirmation
Finally, when going back to the issues list, the admin, Joe Bloggs, can see that the issues that he has resolved are now under the 'Resolved' category
View Site Options
Finally, the admin is allowed to view site options. For example, he would be able to temporarily bring down the site for regular maintenance. However, as this is demo site, this feature is not implemented.
User Stories
From the user brief we have refined and combined our user stories to relate to individual features for the website. We will link to the above guides to show that these features are available to complete their user story. This has formed part of our user acceptance testing.
Customer
The customer will want to use the all basic functionality of the banking application. The two customer stories that we identified in the brief, are combined into one user story, which has the following sub-categories:
- Able to log into the website - The above instruction demonstrates how a user can log into the system with their bank provided credentials
- Create a bank account - The above instructions demonstrates a user can create a bank account.
- Send and receive money - The above instructions demonstrates a user can send and receive money.
- View statements - The above instruction demonstrates how a user can view each months statement.
- Print statements - The above instructions demonstrates how a user can print off their statement for review.
- Report issues - The above instruction demonstrates how a user can report an issue and tells them how it is resolved.
Bank Manager
The Bank Manger will want the ability to use the application to monitor and resolve issues. From the brief both Bank Manager and Clerk user stories have been combined into one user story.
- Review and close issues - The above instruction demonstrates how a manager can review and close the issues. They are expected to have resolved them by contacting the customer before marking them as resolved.
- Alter/disable accounts - The above instruction demonstrates how a manager can alter accounts.
- Change User Roles - The above instruction demonstrates how a manager can also change what role a user can have.
Admin
The admin will want the ability to perform administrative tasks relating to the site such as shutting it down when needed.
- Perform all functions that all other users can (demonstrated above)
- Change site options - The above instruction demonstrates how an admin can change site options. Specifically they will be able to turn on maintenance mode.


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About Me
I'm an Industrial Engineering and Management student interested in all things programming. Currently, I am especially into front end web development, and data analytics.
I am fairly new to programming, but I am eager to learn something new every day. Besides programming, I am passionate about foreign languages and cultures.
Web development
HTML
CSS and
Javascript
- The basics of HTML and CSS
- Sass
- The basics of plain Javascript
- Creating static web pages with HTML, CSS and Javascript
Programming
In addition to Javascript, I know some...
Python
- The basics
- Simple data analysis
- The basics of GUIs with Tkinter
C
- The basics
Java
- The basics of object-oriented programming
Languages
Fluent/ Good
- Finnish
- English
- Swedish
Intermediate
- German
Basics
- Dutch
- Russian
- French


| vcovBS {sandwich} | R Documentation |
Object-oriented estimation of basic bootstrap covariances, using
simple (clustered) case-based resampling, plus more refined methods
for lm
and glm
models.
vcovBS(x, ...) ## Default S3 method: vcovBS(x, cluster = NULL, R = 250, start = FALSE, ..., fix = FALSE, use = "pairwise.complete.obs", applyfun = NULL, cores = NULL) ## S3 method for class 'lm' vcovBS(x, cluster = NULL, R = 250, type = "xy", ..., fix = FALSE, use = "pairwise.complete.obs", applyfun = NULL, cores = NULL) ## S3 method for class 'glm' vcovBS(x, cluster = NULL, R = 250, start = FALSE, ..., fix = FALSE, use = "pairwise.complete.obs", applyfun = NULL, cores = NULL)
x |
a fitted model object. |
cluster |
a variable indicating the clustering of observations,
a |
R |
integer. Number of bootstrap replications. |
start |
logical. Should |
type |
character or function. The character string specifies the type of
bootstrap to use: One of |
... |
arguments passed to methods. For the default method, this is
passed to |
fix |
logical. Should the covariance matrix be fixed to be positive semi-definite in case it is not? |
use |
character. Specification passed to |
applyfun |
an optional |
cores |
numeric. If set to an integer the |
Clustered sandwich estimators are used to adjust inference when errors
are correlated within (but not between) clusters. See the documentation for vcovCL
for specifics about covariance clustering. This function allows
for clustering in arbitrary many cluster dimensions (e.g., firm, time, industry), given all
dimensions have enough clusters (for more details, see Cameron et al. 2011).
Unlike vcovCL
, vcovBS
uses a bootstrap rather than an asymptotic solution.
Basic (clustered) bootstrap covariance matrix estimation is provided by
the default vcovBS
method. It samples clusters (where each observation
is its own cluster by default), i.e., using case-based resampling. For obtaining
a covariance matrix estimate it is assumed that an update
of the model with the resampled subset
can be obtained, the coef
extracted, and finally the covariance computed with cov
.
The update
model is evaluated in the environment(terms(x))
(if available).
To speed up computations two further arguments can be leveraged.
Instead of lapply
a parallelized function such as
parLapply
or mclapply
can be specified to iterate over the bootstrap replications. For the latter,
specifying cores = ...
is a convenience shortcut.
When specifying start = TRUE
, the coef(x)
are passed to
update
as start = coef(x)
. This may not be supported by all
model fitting functions and is hence not turned on by default.
The “xy” or “pairs” bootstrap is consistent for heteroscedasticity and clustered errors,
and converges to the asymptotic solution used in vcovCL
as R
, n, and g become large (n and g are the number of
observations and the number of clusters, respectively; see Efron 1979, or Mammen 1992, for a
discussion of bootstrap asymptotics). For small g–particularly under 30 groups–the
bootstrap will converge to a slightly different value than the asymptotic method, due to
the limited number of distinct bootstrap replications possible (see Webb 2014 for a discussion
of this phenomonon). The bootstrap will not necessarily converge to an asymptotic estimate
that has been corrected for small samples.
The xy approach to bootstrapping is generally only of interest to the
practitioner when the asymptotic solution is unavailable (this can happen when using
estimators that have no estfun
function, for example). The residual bootstrap,
by contrast, is rarely of practical interest, because while it provides consistent
inference for for clustered standard errors, it is not robust to heteroscedasticity.
More generally, bootstrapping is useful when the bootstrap makes different assumptions than the asymptotic
estimator, in particular when the number of clusters is small and large n or
g assumptions are unreasonable. Bootstrapping is also often effective for nonlinear models,
particularly in smaller samples, where asymptotic approaches often perform relatively poorly.
See Cameron and Miller (2015) for further discussion of bootstrap techniques in practical applications,
and Zeileis et al. (2020) show simulations comparing vcovBS
to vcovCL
in several
settings.
The glm
method works essentially like the default method but call
glm.fit
instead of codeupdate.
The lm
method provides additional bootstrapping type
s
and computes the bootstrapped coefficient estimates somewhat more efficiently using
lm.fit
(for case-based resampling) or qr.coef
rather than update
. The default type
is case-based resampling
(type = "xy"
) as in the default method. Alternative type
specifications are:
"residual"
. The residual cluster bootstrap resamples the residuals (as above,
by cluster) which are subsequently added to the fitted values to obtain the bootstrapped
response variable: y* = yhat + e*.
Coefficients can then be estimated using qr.coef()
, reusing the
QR decomposition from the original fit. As Cameron et al. (2008) point out,
the residual cluster bootstrap is not well-defined when the clusters are unbalanced as
residuals from one cluster cannot be easily assigned to another cluster with different size.
Hence a warning is issued in that case.
"wild"
(or equivalently "wild-rademacher"
or "rademacher"
).
The wild cluster bootstrap does not actually resample the residuals but instead reforms the
dependent variable by multiplying the residual by a randomly drawn value and adding the
result to the fitted value: y* = yhat + e * w
(see Cameron et al. 2008). By default, the factors are drawn from the Rademacher distribution:
function(n) sample(c(-1, 1), n, replace = TRUE)
.
"mammen"
(or "wild-mammen"
). This draws the wild bootstrap factors as
suggested by Mammen (1993):
sample(c(-1, 1) * (sqrt(5) + c(-1, 1))/2, n, replace = TRUE, prob = (sqrt(5) + c(1, -1))/(2 * sqrt(5)))
.
"webb"
(or "wild-webb"
). This implements the six-point distribution
suggested by Webb (2014), which may improve inference when the number of clusters is small:
sample(c(-sqrt((3:1)/2), sqrt((1:3)/2)), n, replace = TRUE)
.
"norm"
(or "wild-norm"
). The standard normal/Gaussian distribution
is used for drawing the wild bootstrap factors: function(n) rnorm(n)
.
User-defined function. This needs of the form as above, i.e., a function(n)
returning a vector of random wild bootstrap factors of corresponding length.
A matrix containing the covariance matrix estimate.
Cameron AC, Gelbach JB, Miller DL (2008). “Bootstrap-Based Improvements for Inference with Clustered Errors”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(3), 414–427. doi: 10.3386/t0344
Cameron AC, Gelbach JB, Miller DL (2011). “Robust Inference with Multiway Clustering”, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 29(2), 238–249. doi: 10.1198/jbes.2010.07136
Cameron AC, Miller DL (2015). “A Practitioner's Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference”, Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 317–372. doi: 10.3368/jhr.50.2.317
Efron B (1979). “Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife”, The Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1–26. doi: 10.1214/aos/1176344552
Mammen, E (1992). “When Does Bootstrap Work?: Asymptotic Results and Simulations”, Lecture Notes in Statistics, 77. Springer Science & Business Media.
Mammen, E (1993). “Bootstrap and Wild Bootstrap for High Dimensional Linear Models”, The Annals of Statistics, 21(1), 255–285. doi: 10.1214/aos/1176349025
Webb, MD (2014). “Reworking Wild Bootstrap Based Inference for Clustered Errors”, Working Paper 1315, Queen's Economics Department. http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/working_papers/papers/qed_wp_1315.pdf.
Zeileis A, Köll S, Graham N (2020). “Various Versatile Variances: An Object-Oriented Implementation of Clustered Covariances in R.” Journal of Statistical Software, 95(1), 1–36. doi: 10.18637/jss.v095.i01
## Petersen's data data("PetersenCL", package = "sandwich") m <- lm(y ~ x, data = PetersenCL) ## comparison of different standard errors suppressWarnings(RNGversion("3.5.0")) set.seed(1) cbind( "classical" = sqrt(diag(vcov(m))), "HC-cluster" = sqrt(diag(vcovCL(m, cluster = ~ firm))), "BS-cluster" = sqrt(diag(vcovBS(m, cluster = ~ firm))) ) ## two-way wild cluster bootstrap with Mammen distribution vcovBS(m, cluster = ~ firm + year, type = "wild-mammen")


With foto-foto you create a motive and then store multiple versions of that motive. My inital idea for this was to document kanban/scrum/agile boards but you probably comes up with much more interesting things
Your motive url will be http://www.foto-foto.com/[motiveName])


The highest quality Spyro fangame being developed right now. The graphics and animation are outstanding and the mechanics already rival the original games, even though it's so early in development.
This
was a promising 2D spyro game created by youtube let's player Ratchet5,
which featured many worlds. However it was never finished and the game
isn't being worked on to my knowledge but perhaps some day we can see
it complete.
There is no playable demo for this
game, but the parody prototype Dazzy the Dragon can be played. Dazzy
the Dragon parodies Reddevildazzy2007 an old controversial youtuber in
the Spyro community (See cheese slice dazzy) however that game does not
reflect the final version. I have backed up a copy from the now defunct
yoyo games sandbox server if you wish to download it. You can watch the
old development videos on Ratchet5's 2nd channel.
Dazzy The Dragon: http://www.spyrofanworks.com/downloads/DazzyTheDragon.zip?attredirects=0&d=1
Youtube Link: https://www.youtube.com/user/SpyroR5/videos
If you created this fangame and want to add more information to this page please email me at rettroix@gmail.com


Easy to learn, complete concept coverage for all your Computer Science academic subjects and topics.
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Submit a resource or a resource review and you can too contribute to an evergrowing community of Computer Science enthusiasts.
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Brigadoon (1954)
Grade: 60
"Brigadoon" has a few things going for it: Gene Kelly, and an engaging story. But sluggish musical numbers and a lack of comic relief keep the production from fully taking off.
"Brigadoon" stars Kelly and Van Johnson as American tourists in Scotland, hunting grouse. They become lost, and stumble upon a quaint village. This village exists for only day every century. Kelly falls for Cyd Charisse, who has poise but little warmth. Barry Jones lands a plum role as the brogue-speaking village elder Mr. Lundie (perhaps Barry Fitzgerald wasn't available). Meanwhile, love-spurned villager Hugh Laing threatens to spoil everyone's fantasy by leaving the village.
Director Vincente Minnelli contrasts the alleged charm of Brigadoon with the cynical, phony lifestyle of New York's privileged set. Returning to New York, Kelly becomes a space cadet dreaming of Brigadoon, while alcoholic Johnson is somehow racked with guilt for accidentally shooting a man and thereby saving an entire town. This leads inevitably to happy ending, at least for Kelly, although Johnson may have some explaining to do to the Police about what has happened to his friend.
All mocking aside, the concept of Brigadoon's centennial visit is a charming one. The script is good, and the sets, while phony, ("Brigadoon" was filmed in Hollywood) are meticulous. The limiting factor for the film is the musical numbers, with their lumbering choreography and ensemble choruses. The resulting feeling is not a visit to the Scottish highlands, but rather using a ticket to a Broadway musical.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://members.tripod.com/~Brian_Koller/movies.html
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Howdy! Welcome to the visualizations for SPEED!
| Building Area | # of Floors | Floor Area | Floor Height | # of Footprint Shapes (atm does nothing) |
| Footprint Shape | Massing Generator (atm does nothing) | Perimeter Depth | Orientation |
Footprint dimensions
Select a shape...
Opacity
1.
2.
2.


1
Request7:80 am |
2
Pick-Up
|
3
Cleaning
|
4
Delivery
|
5
Complete
|
Osmar Manzano
Dry cleaning
| - 1 Basic Shirt | $ 14.00 |
| - 1 Suit | $ 35.00 |
4/APR/16
7:35
Calz. del valle 420. Del Valle
Carlos Hernández
5/APR/16
1:00PM-1:30PM
Calz. del valle 420. Del Valle
Pending...


Henry Jewellery
make you different
0452660594
Home
Products
ALL
{{pType}}
Deals
Stores
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You can remove all data stored by this extension.
This will cause all checkboxes to become unchecked.
Warning: THERE IS NO UNDO!


|
GPUE
v1.0
GPU Gross-Pitaevskii Equation numerical solver for Bose-Einstein condensates
|
Vortex lattice position, orientation, and tracking. More...
#include <math.h>
#include <vector>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <cuda.h>
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include "vort.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Namespaces | |
| Tracker | |
Functions | |
| int | Tracker::findVortex (int *marker, const double2 *wfc, double radius, int xDim, const double *x, int timestep) |
| Find vortex locations in the condensate. More... | |
| void | Tracker::vortPos (const int *marker, std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > > &vLocation, int xDim, const double2 *wfc) |
| Accepts matrix of vortex locations as argument, returns array of x,y coordinates of locations and winding. More... | |
| void | Tracker::olPos (int *marker, int2 *vLocation, int xDim) |
| Accepts matrix of vortex locations as argument, returns array of x,y coordinates of locations and winding. More... | |
| std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > | Tracker::vortPosDelta (int *cMarker, int2 *pMarker, double *x, double tolerance, int xDim) |
| Changes in vortex positions. Not implemented. See vort.py for current tracking. More... | |
| std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > | Tracker::vortCentre (const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > > &cArray, int xDim) |
| Determines the most central vortex in the condensate. More... | |
| double | Tracker::vortAngle (const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex >> &vortCoords, const std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > central) |
| Determines the rotation angle of the vortex lattice. More... | |
| double | Tracker::vortSepAvg (const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > > &vArray, const std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > centre) |
| Determines average inter-vortex separation about the condensate centre. More... | |
| double | Tracker::sigVOL (const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > > &vArr, const int2 *opLatt, const double *x) |
| int | Tracker::findOLMaxima (int *marker, double *V, double radius, int xDim, double *x) |
| Finds optical lattice maxima locations. Deprecated. More... | |
| void | Tracker::vortArrange (std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex > > &vCoordsC, const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex >> &vCoordsP) |
| Ensures the vortices are tracked and arranged in the right order based on minimum distance between previous and current positions. More... | |
| int | Tracker::phaseTest (int2 vLoc, double2 *wfc, int xDim) |
| Checks given coordinate for phase singularity of +ve winding. More... | |
| void | Tracker::lsFit (std::vector< std::shared_ptr< Vtx::Vortex >> &vortCoords, const double2 *wfc, int xDim) |
| Least-squares vortex code estimation. Loosely based on c42f's vortutils code. More... | |
Vortex lattice position, orientation, and tracking.
These functions determine vortex positions, calculate intervortex separation at the max density, determine vortex lattice angle, and all useful routines to know where they are hiding.
Definition in file tracker.h.


Helsinki, Finland
‘Viisas Hiiri’ (‘Wise Mice’)
The tiny, studious rodents greet visitors to the National Archives of Finland.
by matthewhollettMice are not usually a welcome sight in libraries and archives, especially when those buildings house the entire historical record of a country. But in a surprisingly whimsical gesture, the National Archives of Finland has appointed a tiny furry ambassador to greet guests.
With a pencil hefted on one shoulder, the diminutive rodent appears ready to sign documents, sketch portraits, or perhaps build a tiny log cabin. The artwork is titled “Viisas Hiiri” (“Wise Mice”), so no doubt the critter has something very clever planned. It was sculpted by artist and punk rocker Jyrki Siukonen and installed in 2000.
Many visitors to the archives probably miss the mouse. It’s not exactly hiding, but its size and location make it hard to spot. It’s on a stone ledge beside a staircase leading up to the building’s cafe.
Another part of the sculpture is located indoors on the second floor. The mouse’s co-conspirator crouches on a bronze book beside a ladder, keeping lookout over its pencil-wielding friend. The book is inscribed with the Latin proverb “Verba volant, scripta manent,” which translates to “spoken words fly away, written words remain.” Alluding to the permanence of written documents, it’s a fitting motto for the national archives.
The sculpture is well-loved in Helsinki—perhaps too much, as it has required more maintenance than expected. It’s so small that parts of it have occasionally vanished without a squeak.
Know Before You Go
The outdoor mouse is located on the stone stairs of the national archives—not the lower staircase, but the upper one that leads to the cafe. It’s on a ledge beside the stairs. The indoor mouse is easily spotted on the second floor. Both are only accessible when the archives are open.
Community Discussion
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Start the discussion.
forum Visit our forums.


Class DeserializerMemberAttribute
Attach this attribute to a method, field, property, or parameter to expose it as deserializable and configure it's "Parser", "MemberRequired", "Reset", and "Order" behaviors.
If attached to a property, the propery must have a setter and take no parameters.
If attached to a method it must return void.
If attached to a parameter, the parameter must be to a constructor, all parameters to the constructor must also be annotated, and the constructor itself must be annotated with DeserializerInstanceProviderAttribute.
If attached to a static method it may:
- take 1 parameter (the result of the parser) or
- take 2 parameters, the result of the parser and an
in ReadContext
or - take 2 parameters, the row type (which may be passed by ref), and the result of the parser or
- take 3 parameters, the row type (which may be passed by ref), the result of the parser, and
in ReadContext
If attached to an instance method it may:
- be on the row type, and take 1 parameter (the result of the parser) or
- be on the row type, and take 2 parameters, the result of the parser and an
in ReadContext
Inheritance
Implements
Namespace: Cesil
Assembly: Cesil.dll
Syntax
public sealed class DeserializerMemberAttribute : Attribute, IEquatable<DeserializerMemberAttribute>
Constructors
DeserializerMemberAttribute()
Create a GenerateDeserializableAttribute attribute.
Declaration
public DeserializerMemberAttribute()
Properties
HasOrder
Returns true if Order has been explicitly set.
Getting Order when HasOrder is false will throw an exception.
Declaration
public bool HasOrder { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
MemberRequired
Whether or not this column is required.
Defaults to No, except for on constructor parameters (where it must be Yes).
Declaration
public MemberRequired MemberRequired { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| MemberRequired |
Name
The name of the column which maps to this member.
For fields and properties, this defaults to their declared name.
For methods, this must be explicitly set.
Declaration
public string Name { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
Order
Value used to order columns.
Set to null to leave order unspecified.
Orders with explicit values are sorted before those without values.
Check HashOrder before getting Order, or an exception will be thrown.
Declaration
public int Order { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Int32 |
ParserMethodName
Name of parser method, used with ParserType.
If non-null, ParserType must also be set.
The method must:
- be static
- return a bool
- have 3 parameters
- ReadOnlySpan(char)
- in ReadContext,
- out assignable to outputType
Declaration
public string ParserMethodName { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
ParserType
Type to lookup a parser method on, used with ParserMethodName.
If null, defaults to a built in Parser for the type of this member (if any).
If non-null, ParserMethodName must also be set.
The type must be public (or internal, if declared in the same assembly as the annotated type).
Declaration
public Type ParserType { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Type |
ResetMethodName
Name of reset method, used with ResetType.
If non-null, ResetType must also be set.
The method must return void.
If referring to an instance method it can take:
- zero parameters or
- a single
in ReadContext
parameter.
If referring to a static method it can take:
- zero parameters or
- a single parameter of the row type or
- a single parameter of
in ReadContext
or - two parameters, the first of the row type (which may be by ref) and the second of
in ReadContext
Declaration
public string ResetMethodName { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
ResetType
Type to lookup a reset method on, used with ResetMethodName.
If non-null, ResetMethodName must also be set.
Declaration
public Type ResetType { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Type |
Methods
Equals(DeserializerMemberAttribute)
Returns true if the given DeserializerMemberAttribute is equal to this one.
Declaration
public bool Equals(DeserializerMemberAttribute attribute)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DeserializerMemberAttribute | attribute |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
Equals(Object)
Return true if the given object is a DeserializerMemberAttribute equal to this one.
Declaration
public override bool Equals(object obj)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| System.Object | obj |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
GetHashCode()
Returns a stable hash code for this DeserializerMemberAttribute.
Declaration
public override int GetHashCode()
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Int32 |
ToString()
Returns a representation of this DeserializerMemberAttribute object.
Only for debugging, this value is not guaranteed to be stable.
Declaration
public override string ToString()
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.String |
Operators
Equality(DeserializerMemberAttribute, DeserializerMemberAttribute)
Compare two DeserializerMemberAttribute for equality
Declaration
public static bool operator ==(DeserializerMemberAttribute a, DeserializerMemberAttribute b)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DeserializerMemberAttribute | a | |
| DeserializerMemberAttribute | b |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
Inequality(DeserializerMemberAttribute, DeserializerMemberAttribute)
Compare two DeserializerMemberAttribute for inequality
Declaration
public static bool operator !=(DeserializerMemberAttribute a, DeserializerMemberAttribute b)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DeserializerMemberAttribute | a | |
| DeserializerMemberAttribute | b |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |


The work still involves a fair amount of heavy manual labour
Some improvements has been made to working conditions.
Flour from grains grown in the Torres region
The work still involves a fair amount of heavy manual labour
Some improvements has been made to working conditions.
The grains are grown without chemical pesticides
Synthetic fertilizers are used extensivly
A research project invesigates how fertilization can be performed in more sustainable way.


--- layout: post title: Workflow 4.0 in not very good claim shocker date: '2009-06-30T08:22:00.001+01:00' author: solrevdev tags: modified_time: '2009-06-30T08:22:35.301+01:00' blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31446756.post-3951194392713935503 blogger_orig_url: http://www.solrevdev.com/2009/06/workflow-40-in-not-very-good-claim.html ---
Windows Workflow is one piece of the Microsoft .NET stack that has interested me in terms of being able to build workflow based projects based on built in .NET technology however the 3.0 version had too much of a steep learning curve for my patience threshold to spend much of my time on.
So I thought I would wait for the 3.5 version, then I heard rumours that it would be completely re-written for the 4.0 version so I would wait for the 4.0 version.
So this morning I read my first review of the 4.0 version and it seems it’s not shaping up to be that good.