Order Book Domain {{vm.orderBookDomain.id}}
- Start Date
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.startDate | date:'mediumDate'}}
- End Date
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.endDate | date:'mediumDate'}}
- Order Ammount
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.orderAmmount}}
- Order Status
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.orderStatus}}
- Name On Card
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.nameOnCard}}
- Credit Card
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.creditCard}}
- Expiry Date
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.expiryDate}}
- Ccv
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.ccv}}
- Ship To
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.shipTo}}
- Buyer
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.buyerName}}
- Store
-
{{vm.orderBookDomain.storeName}}


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Open source library for angular apps to illustrate custom material pages content with steps (ideal for tutorials and explanation purposes)
Scroll down to see it in action!
Code on Github Documentation


Welcome to my Web page. I am so happy you are here.
Be sure to visit BDNEWS24 for late-breaking news.


EYE ALLERGY RELIEF- naphazoline hydrochloride and pheniramine maleate solution/ drops
Target Corporation
benzalkonium chloride, boric acid, edetate disodium, hypromellose, purified water, sodium borate, sodium chloride. Hydrochloric acid may be used to adjust pH.
Call 1-800-910-6874
9383100
JE55211
**This product is not manufactured or distributed by Alcon, owner of the registered trademark Naphcon A.
245 09 0245 R01 ID271409
Distributed by Target Corp.
Minneapolis, MN 55403
Made in U.S.A.
© 2014 Target Brands, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Shop Target.com
UPC -<PHONE_NUMBER>52
NDC 11673-430-15
Compare to active ingredients
in Naphcon A eye drops**
eye drops
allergy relief
antihistamine
redness reliever
pheniramine maleate 0.315%
and napazoline
hydrochloride 0.02675%
ophthalmic solution
[icon- arrow- up&up]® sterile
0.5 FL OZ (15 mL)
|
EYE ALLERGY RELIEF
pheniramine maleate and naphazoline hydrochloride solution/ drops | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||
|
| Labeler - Target Corporation (006961700) |
| Registrant - Bausch & Lomb Incorporated (196603781) |
| Establishment | |||
| Name | Address | ID/FEI | Business Operations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bausch & Lomb Incorporated | 114406598 | MANUFACTURE(11673-430) |
| Establishment | |||
| Name | Address | ID/FEI | Business Operations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loba Feinchemie AG | 300137478 | API MANUFACTURE(11673-430) |


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 4-6
This delicious chicken stew is an easy dish to bung in the oven, the pilau rice adds fragrant depth of flavour.
For the chicken, preheat the oven to 180C/160C Fan/Gas 4.
Sprinkle the flour onto a plate and season with salt and pepper, then dredge the chicken pieces in the flour.
Heat half of the oil in a large frying pan over a medium heat. Fry the chicken in batches for 2-3 minutes on each side, or until golden-brown on both sides. Remove from the pan using a slotted spoon and transfer to an ovenproof casserole.
Heat the remaining oil in the same pan, then fry the onions, garlic and peppers for 4-5 minutes, or until just softened. Stir in the tomato purée and continue to fry for 1-2 minutes, then pour in the sherry and white wine and bring the mixture to the boil. Stir in the tinned tomatoes, espelette pepper and sugar and return to the boil. Season with salt and pepper.
Pour the sauce over the chicken pieces. Cover and bake for 1-1½ hours, or until the chicken is cooked through and no trace of pink remains, the peppers are tender and the sauce has thickened slightly.
Meanwhile, for the pilau rice, heat the oil in a large lidded frying pan over a medium heat. Add the onion and fry for 2-3 minutes, or until softened but not browned. Add the cloves and cinnamon and cook for another 1-2 minutes, until fragrant. Add the rice and stir well to coat it in the oil, then pour over 600ml/20fl oz water and stir again.
Add the bay leaves and 2 lemon slices, then cover the pan with a lid and reduce the heat until it is just simmering. Cook the rice for 15-20 minutes, or until it is just tender and all the liquid has been absorbed. Remove the lemon slices and bay leaves before serving.
To serve, stir the parsley into the chicken and season again. Serve with the pilau rice. Garnish the plates with the remaining lemon slices.


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Euler's Rotation Theorem states that any orientation-preserving isometry (rigid motion) of a sphere is equivalent to a rotation by some amount about some axis. As the earth wobbles randomly in the animation below, the red line indicates the axis around which the earth must be rotated from its current position to regain its starting position. Thus the isometry given by movement of the earth from its starting position to its current position is the opposite rotation (again about the red line). To see the rotation back to the starting position, click anywhere on the figure. Click again to resume the random wobbling.
One way to see this theorem as plausible is to think about the orbit of a point under the action of the motion (rotation) from the starting orientation to the current orientation. You can see some points from the orbit of Chicago by incrementing the value of the box below. Note that if the value is set to 1, only the zeroeth iteration (the starting position of Chicago) will be shown.
Don't see anything? Most likely your browser isn't set up for WebGL. Maybe get.webgl.org will be helpful. If you see the spinning cube on that website but don't see anything here, do complain.
Source available on GitHub. Created with three.js. World map from User:Koba-chan on Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA-3.0.


Step 2 - Qi4j "Making a booking."
Location: Page 17, "Knowledge-Rich Design.
Results from Step1
- For the Cargo and Voyage interfaces, we have introduced the Property<Double>.
Property is an explicitly supported type in Qi4j, which makes life a lot easier
for everyone involved.
- The SequenceGenerator has changed the name to "HasSequence", since it doesn't handle the
generation of new numbers. It is given Property<Integer> to hold the last
sequence number, but it doesn't handle the next() equivalent from Evans' code.
-
The increment of the sequence number is instead handled in the SequencingConcern. One
advantage is that the number will only be incremented if the policies are met, as we
will place this concern at the top of the call chain.
-
Overbooking is a concern (according to Mr Evans in this part of the book) for the
makeBooking() method. So, we create an OverbookingConcern, that implements
the ShippingService. See below for more details.
-
The ShippingService remains the same. But notice that there is No Implementation!
-
We introduce a new interface, ShippingServiceComposite. This interface binds together the
parts to form the Composite. It extends the ShippingService and the
Composite and has annotations about how it should be wire together.
The ShippingServiceComposite
The ShippingServiceComposite declares which concerns should be used, and the order is significant. The
SequencingConcern is placed first, that means it will be invoked before the OverbookingConcern,
but it performs its own work after the call to the next.makeBooking() method.
The OverbookingConcern
It extends ConcernOf to show which MixinType it is chained into.
Moving on


Whiskey
Tango
Whiskey
Foxtrot
Wait, That Wasn't Funny
or perhaps
this
.
All Original Content ©1995-2011
ark
Email me


Id: 313
Name: Shleemypants
Status: Alive
Species: unknown
Type: Omniscient being
Gender: Male
OriginName: unknown
OriginUrl:
LocationName: unknown
LocationUrl:
Image: https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/avatar/313.jpeg
Episode: ['https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/episode/12']
Url: https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/313
Created: 2018-01-05T14:52:31.489Z


Main idea
- An HTML file contains the whole presentation
- Themes as CSS files
- Plugins for extra functionality, autoloaded when used
- Nice JavaScript API for really custom things
By Lea Verou and contributors
slide
class to any elements.<header class="slide">
is a header slide (relevant for the Overview)<iframe
, when the content in the iframe is focused, Inspire.js shortcuts will not work.
There is no way around that, you need to click on something from the actual slide to get focus out of the iframe before you use any Inspire.js keyboard shortcuts.
Some plugins (e.g. live demo) add on-screen "Next" buttons for this reason.
data-insert="#id"
on an empty slide to re-insert it later in the slideshowtitle
or data-title
attributes or headings in the slide.class="delayed"
).delayed:not(.current):not(.displayed)
to change the style of undisplayed items.delayed.displayed
to change the style of displayed items.delayed.current
to change the style of current itemsclass="delayed-children"
to apply the delayed
class to all of an element’s children<code class="no-overview">
to prevent this.data-prism-plugins
attribute, on any element (first one will be used).var start = new Date().getTime();
setInterval(function() {
React.render(
<ExampleApplication elapsed={new Date().getTime() - start} />,
document.getElementById('container')
);
}, 50);
data-video
for URLclass="annotation"
for annotationsdata-time
and data-pause
on annotationsdata-duration
on the body
.#timer
and #timer.end
respectively.data-resolution
on the <body>
for all slides, a grouping element, or individual slides (like this one!).<details class="notes">
for collapsible slide notes.data-markdown-elements="details.notes"
and all notes will support Markdown!
You can use the data-slide
attribute on <style>
elements in slides, to only style the current slide or inside sections that include multiple slides to style all of them and nothing else.
For example, run $('#slidestyle style').sheet.cssRules[0].selectorText
in the console to see how the original selector gets changed.


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
A Software Engineering student working my hardest to get through bootcamp.


<%- markdown(multiline(function () {
/*
### About
2HOURS' mission is to provide an exclusive space for expatriates in China. Here we receive and give help from and to each other.
2HOURS.CC is run by an organization of a team of expatriates as well as native Chinese. And we really care about the life of expats in China. Hope all the expats in China could join us and help each other.
*/
})) %>


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 6
Satay-style chicken pieces served with spicy, sweet roasted almonds and cashew nuts.
For the caramel spiced nuts, preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4 and line a baking tray with baking parchment.
Place the egg white in a large bowl and whisk until foamy. Add the rest of the ingredients and mix. Pour onto the prepared baking tray and bake for 15-20 minutes, or until the nuts are crisp. Set aside to cool before serving.
For the peanut butter chicken thighs, mix the soy sauce, rum and cornflour in a bowl. Add the chicken and mix well to ensure all the chicken is coated in the marinade. Leave to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes.
For the sauce, in a bowl, combine the vinegar, peanut butter, soy sauce, sesame oil and Sichuan peppercorns and mix until smooth.
Heat a wok or large heavy-based pan over a high heat. Add the peanut oil and swirl to coat the base. Add the chillies and stir-fry for about 30 seconds, or until the chillies have just begun to blacken and the oil is slightly fragrant.
Add the marinated chicken and stir-fry until opaque and cooked through – approximately three minutes.
Add the white parts of the spring onions, the garlic and ginger and stir-fry for about 30 seconds. Pour in the peanut butter mixture and coat the other ingredients. Stir in the peanuts and cook for another 1–2 minutes.
Serve the chicken and sauce on plates with steamed rice, sprinkling over the green parts of the spring onion and the spiced nuts at the end.


Hmmm, I don't know about such a bug.Quote: Posted 01/01/06 02:55:02 (GMT) -- Acothea
Now, I know Death Attack is bugged, so there's no need to tell me about it...
Quote: Posted 01/01/06 02:55:02 (GMT) -- Acothea
Now, I know Death Attack is bugged, so there's no need to tell me about it~Acothea


Lego Worship
One thing I ask from the Lord,
this only do I seek:
that I may dwell in the house of the Lord
all the days of my life,
to gaze on the beauty of the Lord
and to seek Him in His temple.
Psalm 27:4 NIV


@Bl0ckchain Hello!
Really? Would you like? Now we are working on adding new interesting coins and tokens. So we are really opened to opinion of our users
$SPY retags its broken 2016 trend line.
Heck of a wedge.
 Verus already supports enhanced crypto-conditions, and we have advanced quite a lot since we implemented the nothing at stake solution using crypto-conditions. at this point, the Verus crypto-conditions have much more capability than their starting point. we are wondering if we should call them their own thing, as implementing PBaaS would be quite difficult without our enhancements. I am looking forward to seeing if their Python-cc system will be good for applications developers. if so, we will support that at some point as well.”
“honestly, i don't actually see any project doing what we will soon release, and it is easy to confuse all the discussion of BaaS with PBaaS, which is en extension of the core blockchain distributed consensus protocols that allows a system of loosely connected chains to function securely in a decentralized manner. I think what we are doing is very different from Red Fox Labs”
“this is actually a major development, and though I am working nonstop on it rather than explaining, we will soon be able to explain in more detail and let the world know that we have something, not just unique, but that truly advances the crypto industry and enables many new use cases”
4
Cryptoon12-Apr-19 05:37 PM
Mike tout such a boss
Still dont see (yet) what will drive the vrsc price
So hodling atm :p
dokrates12-Apr-19 06:18 PM
hello
what's going on with komodo in terms of trading
some weeks since i don't trade it
but today i saw a nice "bounce"
let's see if 22k hold, what you think guys?
Alecandro12-Apr-19 06:20 PM
Seems to have bounced nicely off our long term trend line


--- title: Blog call_to_action: Contact background_image_path: large_header: false show_in_navigation: true navigation_order: 4 ---
Get an introduction to some industry topics and stay informed with our in-depth articles.
✎ Update Posts


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Ty Hodges is a knowledge seeker devoted to a life of reflection and discoveries.


There are many different coding languages available for different purposes and environments. Although all languages have similarities and switching between languages is common, some thought should be done for where to start.
Interested in coding and want to find out which language you should start with? Take this quiz and find out!
Javascript is a language that gives websites life by making them interactive, dynamic, and interesting to use. It can be used to program both front and back-end, however is mainly used for designing websites and apps. It is a very popular and powerful language and can be used in all browsers.
Ruby is a back-end programming language that is used for web development and other functional programming. It is fun and creative in code but still gets the job done concisely. It can be used to build web apps quickly in fewer lines of code.
Python is a very versatile language with many applications in different areas such as data analysis, web applications, game development, and information security. It is one of the most beginner-friendly languages to learn with a clean, intuitive structure that reads almost like English.


Home
Hello world!
Fri Jun 08 2018 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (UTC)
Finally, my custom blog on github was launched.


iterami
/
Guides.htm
/
EVE Online
/Algos
Fittings:
DPS-CHEAP
Fittings
Code
Notes
DPS Cheap
[Algos, DPS-CHEAP] Extruded Compact Heat Sink Extruded Compact Heat Sink Extruded Compact Heat Sink Eutectic Compact Cap Recharger Eutectic Compact Cap Recharger Eutectic Compact Cap Recharger Small Focused Pulse Laser I Small Focused Pulse Laser I Small Focused Pulse Laser I Small Focused Pulse Laser I Small Focused Pulse Laser I Small Knave Scoped Energy Nosferatu Hammerhead I x4 Hobgoblin I x3 Multifrequency S x5


Ray Dalio says the 'world has gone mad' with so much free money
by Nathan CrooksRay Dalio didn’t mince words in a post on LinkedIn about the paradox of free money in the global economy he titled “The World Has Gone Mad and the System Is Broken.”
“At the same time as money is essentially free for those who have money and creditworthiness, it is essentially unavailable to those who don’t have money and creditworthiness, which contributes to the rising wealth, opportunity, and political gaps,” the billionaire founder of investment management firm Bridgewater Associates wrote.
The essay echoed comments he made earlier in the day at the Greenwich Economic Forum in Connecticut, where he said economic inequality had become a “national emergency.”
Key Quotes
- “In some cases venture capital investors are pushing money onto startups that don’t want more money because they already have more than enough; but the investors are threatening to harm these companies by providing enormous support to their startup competitors if they don’t take the money.
- “This whole dynamic in which sound finance is being thrown out the window will continue and probably accelerate, especially in the reserve currency countries and their currencies.”
- “Rich capitalists will increasingly move to places in which the wealth gaps and conflicts are less severe and government officials in those losing these big tax payers will increasingly try to find ways to trap them.”
- “The system of making capitalism work well for most people is broken.”


Components...
Over a dozen reusable components built to provide iconography, dropdowns, input groups, navigation, alerts, and much more.
- Dropdowns
- Navs
- Badges
- Button Groups
- Pagination
- Jumbotron
Over a dozen reusable components
Over a dozen reusable components built to provide iconography, dropdowns, input groups, navigation, alerts, and much more.
Toggleable, contextual menu for displaying lists of links. Made interactive with the dropdown JavaScript plugin.
Navs available in Bootstrap have shared markup, starting with the base .nav class. Swap classes to switch between each style.
Easily highlight new or unread items by adding a span class="badge"> to links, Bootstrap navs, and more. Built-in styles are included.
Group a series of buttons together on a single line with the button group. Add on optional JavaScript radio and checkbox.
Provide pagination links for your site or app with the multi-page pagination component, or the simpler pager alternative.
A lightweight, flexible component that can optionally extend the entire viewport to showcase key content on your site


David Basulto and Varvara Melnikova on Internet and Education
- Written by Maria Erman
- about 10 hours
This summer, on the occasion of the annual Moscow Urban Forum, ArchDaily's CEO David Basulto visited the Russian capital to give a talk at the event and meet with some friend of ArchDaily. Among others, David visited Strelka Institute, our dearest longtime partner and companion, and spoke with its CEO Varvara Melnikova.
Watch the talk to learn Varvara and David's perspective on the importance of the internet in the architecture world, the role of community in projects of different scales, and Strelka's influence on Russia and beyond.


I am an avid outdoorsman and environmentalist. In my previous career, I worked as a field botanist on several environmental restoration and protection projects. I care deeply about protecting the environment, especially our watersheds and natural areas. In my off-time, I enjoy hiking and skiing in the beautiful Pacific Northwest.
As an amatuer musician I not only enjoy listening to music, but also playing music. I have played the piano for many years and recently purchased a melodica so I can play on the go. I enjoy all types of music, but mostly play classic rock (Beatles, Pink Floyd, etc.). If you would like to jam sometime, feel free to contact me.
Origami is a wonderful art. The goal of origami is to take a flat sheet of paper and create thought-provoking art by simply folding. No cutting, tearing, or glueing is allowed. I hope to put a gallery of my origami art up soon...
One of my core values is to Pay It Forward, which is why I enjoy volunteering my time for various causes. For more than three years I have lead tree planting events with community members, corporate groups, and students throughout the Portland metro area (I have help plant more than 15,000 trees). I also volunteer with Friends of Trees, another wonderful Portland-based non-profit.


Education is about teaching, learning skillsand knowledge. It also means helping people to learn how to do things and support them to think about what they learn.


To complete this exercise, edit your main.js
file. You'll get practice with some basic D3
data binding.
myDiv
by selecting the element with id my-div
(this is already created for you).paragraphs
by selecting all p
elements in myDiv
, and binding the data people
to it. Make sure to specify the name
attribute as an identifying characteristic in your data-join.enter
)append
a paragraph (p
) elementname
of the person (text
)
favColor
of the person (color
)
setTimeout
function that waits 3 seconds, do the following
paragraphs
by selecting all p
elements in myDiv
, and binding the data people2
to it. Make sure to specify the name
attribute as an identifying characteristic in your data-join. Note, you cannot use the selection from earlier, as new elements have been added since that selection was definedexit
), and transition their opacity to 0 and remove them.Sandbox section: you'll add elements here


I am a front-end developer, graduate of Internet Technology, and author of CSS3 Foundations. I have 8 years commercial experience working with clients from around the world, providing responsive front-end development and WordPress integrations.


Hillcrest High School
Address: 160-05 Highland Ave, Jamaica, NY 11432
September 2012 - June 2016
* Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing class
* Software Engineering class
* 4.0 GPA
See location!
Girls Who Code
Goldman Sachs
July 2014 - August 2014
A highly competitive summer immersion program that is working to end the gender gap in the stem field
by teaching girls about the Computer Science field and motivating them to pursue STEM studies.
* ...
See Website!
Leadership Institute for Today and Tomorrow
Intrepid Museum
September 2014 - June 2015
A year-long program that helps students in their Junior year of high school enhance their public speaking and
leadership skills as well as part taking in community service and events held at the Intrepid.
* ...
See Website!


Welcome to Red Fennec Dev!
Site Guide
A brief overview of what's on the site.
- HeartPinePhone: One of my favorite projects, HeartPinePhone is an alternative open-source kernel for PinePhones. It focuses on security, privacy, and user control, to the exclusion of almost everything else. It makes use of the HeartPinePhone's hardware design and ARM TrustZone to isolate apps, ensure users have ultimate control, and keep apps away from information they shouldn't have.
- The shoutouts: Short, semi-regular pieces focusing on the cool things done by people who get targeted with harassment regularly.  I hope it cheers them up! I also hope to highlight the achievements of people who, frankly, don't get anywhere near as much credit as they should.
- The blog in general: Want to just see a listing of everything I write? Then the blog index is where you want to go! You can view all of my posts, in chronological order. There are also some posts that don't fit in any category, which are only on the overall index.
- My info: Want to get in touch? Want to learn about me or Red Fennec Dev? A little weird, but sure! If you're trying to get in touch, please be sure to follow the instructions closely!
Citing RFD
If you find a reason to cite this website, you'll need to know:
- Author: Where it's not mentioned, the author is me, Nic Hartley. My contact info, e.g. email is on the about page. When there's a guest writer, their name and preferred email will be listed.
- Date:
If the date of publish isn't listed on the page itself, it can be found in the repo.
Most of the files will be under
assets/posts/
, named after their URL. The remainder (e.g. this page) are inassets/
. - Title:
The title of the content is the title on the tab, minus the
| Red Fennec Dev
. It's usually a header at the top of the page, too. - Organization: All of this is my own personal work, not done for any organization. It's hosted on [GitHub Pages] If you need to write something, use "Red Fennec Dev".


ParameterState¶
Overview¶
A parameterState belongs to either a mechanism or a MappingProjection, and is used to represent and
possibly modify the value of a parameter of its owner or it owner’s function. It can receive one or more
ControlProjections and/or LearningProjections that modify that
parameter. The projections received by a parameterState are listed in its
receivesFromProjections
attribute.
Its function
combines the values of these inputs, and uses the result to modify the value
of the parameter for which it is responsible.
Creating a ParameterState¶
A parameterState can be created by calling its constructor, but in general this is not necessary or advisable as
parameterStates are created automatically when the mechanism or projection to which they belong is created. The
owner
of a parameterState must be a mechanism or MappingProjection. If the
owner
is not explicitly specified, and can’t be determined by context, the parameterState
will be assigned to the DefaultProcessingMechanism. One parameterState is created for each configurable
parameter of its owner, as well as for each parameter that has been speciied for that object’s function
.
Each parameterState is created using the specification of the parameter for which it is responsible, as described below.
Specifying Parameters¶
Parameters can be specified in one of several places:
- In an argument for the parameter in the constructor for the mechanism or
function
to which the parameter belongs (see Component_Specifying_Functions_and_Parameters for additional details).
- In a parameter dictionary used to specify the
params
argument in the constructor for the object to which the parameter belongs. The entry for each parameter must use the keyword for the parameter as its key, and the parameter’s specification as its value (see examples below). Parameters for an object’sfunction
must be specified in an entry with the keyFUNCTION_PARAMS
, the value of which is a parameter dictionary containing an entry for each of the function’s parameters to be specified. When a value is assigned to a parameter in a parameter dictionary, it overrides any value assigned to the argument for the parameter in the object’s constructor.
- In the
assign_params
method for the object.
The value specified for the parameter (either explicitly or by default) is assigned as the parameterState’s
baseValue
, and any projections assigned to it are added to its
receiveFromProjections
attribute. When the parameterState’s owner is
executed, the parameterState’s baseValue
is combined with the value of the projections
it receives to determine the value of the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible
(see Execution for details).
The specification of a parameter can take any of the following forms:
- A value. This must be a valid value for the parameter. it creates a default parameterState, assigns the parameter’s default value as the parameterState’s
baseValue
, and assigns the parameter’s name as the name of the parameterState.
A reference to an existing parameterState object. Its value must be a valid one for the parameter.
Note
This capability is provided for generality and potential future use, but its current use is not advised.
- A projection specification. This creates a default parameterState, assigns the parameter’s default value as the parameterState’s
baseValue
, and assigns the parameter’s name as the name of the parameterState. It also creates and/or assigns the specified projection, and assigns the parameterState as the projection’sreceiver
. The projection must be a ControlProjection or LearningProjection, and its value must be a valid one for the parameter.
A
ParamValueProjection
or 2-item (value, projection specification) tuple. This creates a default parameterState, uses the value (1st) item of the tuple as parameterState’sbaseValue
, and assigns the parameter’s name as the name of the parameterState. The projection (2nd) item of the tuple is used to create and/or assign the specified projection, that is assigned the parameterState as itsreceiver
. The projection must be a ControlProjection or LearningProjection, and its value must be a valid one for the parameter.Note
Currently, the
function
of an object, although it can be specified a parameter value, cannot be assigned a ControlProjection or a LearningProjection. This may change in the future.
The default value assigned to a parameterState is the default value of the argument for the parameter in the
constructor for the parameter’s owner. If the value of a parameter is specified as None
, NotImplemented
,
or any other non-numeric value that is not one of those listed above, then no parameter state is created and the
parameter cannot be modified by a ControlProjection
or LearningProjection.
Examples
In the following example, a mechanism is created with a function that has four parameters, each of which is specified using a different format:
my_mechanism = SomeMechanism(function=SomeFunction(param_a=1.0,
param_b=(0.5, ControlProjection),
param_c=(36, ControlProjection(function=Logistic),
param_d=ControlProjection)))
The first parameter of the mechanism’s function (param_a
) is assigned a value directly; the second (param_b
) is
assigned a value and a ControlProjection; the third (param_c
) is assigned a value and a
ControlProjection with a specified function; and the fourth (param_d
) is
assigned just a ControlProjection (the default value for the parameter will be used).
In the following example, a MappingProjection is created, and its
matrix
parameter is assigned a random weight matrix (using a
matrix keyword) and LearningProjection:
my_mapping_projection = MappingProjection(sender=my_input_mechanism,
receiver=my_output_mechanism,
matrix=(RANDOM_CONNECTIVITY_MATRIX, LearningProjection))
Note
the matrix
parameter belongs to the MappingProjection’s
function
; however, since it has only one standard function,
its arguments are available in the constructor for the projection (see
Component_Specifying_Functions_and_Parameters
for a more detailed explanation).
Structure¶
Every parameterState is owned by a mechanism or MappingProjection. It can receive one or more
ControlProjections or LearningProjections. However, the format (the
number and type of its elements) of each must match the value of the parameter for which the parameterState is
responsible. When the parameterState is updated (i.e., the owner is executed) the values of its projections are
combined (using the parameterState’s function
) and the result is used to modify the
parameter for which the parameterState is responsible (see Execution below). The
projections received by a parameterState are listed in its receiveFromProjections
attribute. Like all PsyNeuLink components, it has the three following core
attributes:
variable
: this serves as a template for thevalue
of each projection that the parameterState receives. It must match the format (the number and type of elements) of the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible. Any projections the parameterState receives must, it turn, match the format ofvariable
.function
: this performs an elementwise (Hadamard) aggregation of the values of the projections received by the parameterState. The default function isLinearCombination
that multiplies the values. A custom function can be specified (e.g., to perform a Hadamard sum, or to handle non-numeric values in some way), so long as it generates a result that is compatible with thevalue
of the parameterState.value
: this is the value assigned to the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible. It is thebaseValue
of the parameterState, modified by aggregated value of the projections received by the parameterState returned by the `function <ParameterState.function>.
In addition, a parameterState has two other attributes that are used to determine the value it assigns to the parameter for which it is responsible (as shown in the figure below):
baseValue
: this is the default value of the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible. It is combined with the result of the parameterState’sfunction
to determine the value of the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible.
parameterModulationOperation
: this determines how the result of the parameterState’sfunction
(the aggregated values of the projections it receives) is combined with itsbaseValue
to generate the value of the parameter for which it is responsible. This must be a value ofModulationOperation
. It can be specified in either theparameter_modulation_operation
argument of the parameterState’s constructor, or in itsparams
argument, in aPARAMETER_MODULATION_OPERATION
entry of a parameter dictionary. The default isModulationOperation.PRODUCT
, which multiples the parameterState’sbaseValue
by the aggregated value of the result of the parameterState’sfunction
to determine the value of the parameter.
The value of a parameter of a mechanism or projection is accessible as an attribute with the corresponding name
(e.g., myMechanism.<param_name>. The value of a parameter of a function
is accessible from the
function_params
attribute of the mechanism or projection to which the function belongs; this is a dictionary with
entries for each of the function’s parameters. Each of the function’s parameters can be referenced using a key that is
the name of the parameter (e.g., myMech.function_object.<param_name>
). Parameter attributes of mechanisms,
projections, and their functions accessed in these ways are read-only. To re-assign the value of a parameter,
use the assign_params
method of the mechanism or projection to which the parameter of function belongs.
The figure below shows how the specifications for a parameter are combined by its parameterState to determine the parameter’s value.
How a ParameterState Determines the Value of a Parameter
Component Impact of ParameterState on Parameter Value A (brown) baseValue
(default value of the parameter)B (blue) parameterState’s function
combinesvalue
of projectionsC (green) parameterState’s parameterModulationOperation
combines projections andbaseValue
In example, the values for the parameters (shown in brown) –
param_x
for the mechanism, andparam_y
for itsfunction
– specify thebaseValue
of the paramterState for each parameter (labeled “A” in the figure). These are the values that will be used for those parameters absent any other influences. However,param_y
is assigned a ControlProjection, so its value will also be determined by the value of the ControlProjection to its parameterState; that will be combined with itsbaseValue
using theparameterModulationOperation
specified for the mechanism (ModulationOperation.SUM
, shown in green, and labeled “C” in the figure). If there had been more than one ControlProjection specified, their values would have been combined using the parameterState’sfunction
(lableled “B” in the figure), before combining the result with the baseValue.
Execution¶
A parameterState cannot be executed directly. It is executed when the mechanism to which it belongs is executed.
When this occurs, the parameterState executes any ControlProjections
and/or LearningProjections
it receives, and
calls its function
to aggregate their values. It then combines the result with the
parameterState’s baseValue
using its
parameterModulationOperation
attribute,
and then assigns the result as the value
of the parameterState. This is used as the value of
the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible.
Class Reference¶
-
class
ParameterState.
ParameterState
(owner, reference_value=None value=None, function=LinearCombination(operation=PRODUCT), parameter_modulation_operation=ModulationOperation.MULTIPLY, params=None, name=None, prefs=None)¶ Implements a subclass of States that represents and possibly modifies the value of a parameter for a mechanism, projection, or function.
Parameters: - owner (Mechanism or Projection) – the mechanism or projection to which to which the parameterState belongs; it must
be specified or determinable from the context in which the parameterState is created. The owner of a
parameterState for the parameter of a
function
should be specified as the mechanism or projection to which the function belongs. - reference_value (number, list or np.ndarray) – specifies the default value of the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible.
- value (number, list or np.ndarray) – specifies the template for the parametersState’s
variable
(since a parameterState’svariable
andvalue
attributes must have the same format (number and type of elements). - function (Function or method : default LinearCombination(operation=SUM)) – specifies the function used to aggregate the values of the projections received by the parameterState. It must produce a result that has the same format (number and type of elements) as its input.
- parameter_modulation_operation (ModulationOperation : default ModulationOperation.MULTIPLY) – specifies the operation by which the values of the projections received by the parameterState are used
to modify its
baseValue
before assigning it as the value of the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible. - params (Optional[Dict[param keyword, param value]]) – a parameter dictionary that can be used to specify the parameters for the parameterState or its function, and/or a custom function and its parameters. Values specified for parameters in the dictionary override any assigned to those parameters in arguments of the constructor.
- name (str : default InputState-<index>) – a string used for the name of the inputState. If not is specified, a default is assigned by StateRegistry of the mechanism to which the inputState belongs (see Registry for conventions used in naming, including for default and duplicate names).
- prefs (Optional[PreferenceSet or specification dict : State.classPreferences]) – the
PreferenceSet
for the inputState. If it is not specified, a default is assigned usingclassPreferences
defined in __init__.py (see PreferenceSet for details).
-
owner
¶ Mechanism – the mechanism to which the parameterState belongs.
-
receivesFromProjections
¶ Optional[List[Projection]] – a list of the projections received by the parameterState (i.e., for which it is a
receiver
); generally these are ControlProjection(s) and/or LearningProjection(s).
-
variable
¶ number, list or np.ndarray – the template for the
value
of each projection that the parameterState receives, each of which must match the format (number and types of elements) of the parameterState’svariable
.
-
function
¶ CombinationFunction : default LinearCombination(operation=PRODUCT)) – performs an element-wise (Hadamard) aggregation of the
value
of each projection received by the parameterState.
-
baseValue
¶ number, list or np.ndarray – the default value for the parameterState. It is combined with the aggregated value of any projections it receives using its
parameterModulationOperation
and then assigned tovalue
.
-
parameterModulationOperation
¶ ModulationOperation : default ModulationOperation.PRODUCT – the arithmetic operation used to combine the aggregated value of any projections is receives (the result of the parameterState’s
function
) with itsbaseValue
, the result of which is assigned tovalue
.
-
value
¶ number, list or np.ndarray – the aggregated value of the projections received by the ParameterState, combined with the
baseValue
using itsparameterModulationOperation
. This is the value assigned to the parameter for which the parameterState is responsible.
-
name
¶ str : default <State subclass>-<index> – the name of the inputState. Specified in the
name
argument of the constructor for the outputState. If not is specified, a default is assigned by the StateRegistry of the mechanism to which the outputState belongs (see Registry for conventions used in naming, including for default and duplicate names).Note
Unlike other PsyNeuLink components, states names are “scoped” within a mechanism, meaning that states with the same name are permitted in different mechanisms. However, they are not permitted in the same mechanism: states within a mechanism with the same base name are appended an index in the order of their creation.
-
prefs
¶ PreferenceSet or specification dict : State.classPreferences – the
PreferenceSet
for the inputState. Specified in theprefs
argument of the constructor for the projection; if it is not specified, a default is assigned usingclassPreferences
defined in __init__.py (see PreferenceSet for details).
- owner (Mechanism or Projection) – the mechanism or projection to which to which the parameterState belongs; it must
be specified or determinable from the context in which the parameterState is created. The owner of a
parameterState for the parameter of a


Warning: it looks like that restaurant is closed or closing soon! (McDonald's closes at 9:00pm today) Would you still like to create a room?


Logistic Regression
Its a simplest yet widely used algorithm used in Machine Learning used for binary predictions.
Logistic regression is a classification algorithm used to assign observations to a discrete set of classes.
It is a statistical method for predicting binary classes. The outcome or target variable is dichotomous in nature. Dichotomous means there are only two possible classes. For example, it can be used for problems like: whether the loan of an individual gets approved or not, predicting whether a student passes or fails in his/her SAT exam . It computes the probability of an event occurrence.
- It is a special case of linear regression where the target variable is categorical in nature. It uses a log of odds as the dependent variable. Logistic Regression predicts the probability of occurrence of a binary event utilizing a logit function.
A linear regression is a linear approximation of a casual relationship between two or more variables. In more simpler words,
In linear model, we have a dependent variable or target variable and xn dependent varaibles or features from which we predict our target variable.
In general, these methods are used to predict the value of a response (dependent) variable from one or more predictor (independent) variables, where the variables are numeric."
What's so special about Logistic Regression ?
Logistic regression predicts the probability of an outcome that can only have two values (i.e. a dichotomy). The prediction is based on the use of one or several predictors (numerical and categorical). A linear regression is not appropriate for predicting the value of a binary variable for two reasons:
- A linear regression will predict values outside the acceptable range (e.g. predicting probabilities outside the range 0 to 1)
- Since the dichotomous experiments can only have one of two possible values for each experiment, the residuals will not be normally distributed about the predicted line.
On the other hand, a logistic regression produces a logistic curve, which is limited to values between 0 and 1.
In Logistic Regression, the curve is constructed using the natural logarithm of the “odds” of the target variable, rather than the probability. Moreover, the predictors do not have to be normally distributed or have equal variance in each group.
Mathematical Equation of Logistic Regression
Let's see the linear regression equation...
Linear Regression equation:
y= bo + b1 * x1
In the logistic regression the constant (b0) moves the curve left and right and the slope (b1) defines the steepness of the curve. By simple transformation, the logistic regression equation can be written in terms of an odds ratio.
Finally, taking the natural log of both sides, we can write the equation in terms of log-odds (logit) which is a linear function of the predictors. The coefficient (b1) is the amount the logit (log-odds) changes with a one unit change in x.
Logistic regression can handle any number of numerical and/or categorical variables.
Visualization of Linear and Logisic Regression
The 'S' shape we see from the logistic regression model as it uses Sigmoid Function
Here's what we have learned so far.
Model
Output = 0 or 1
Hypothesis => Y = WX + B
hΘ(x) = sigmoid (Z)
Cost function for Logistic Regression
The cost function is calculated as an average of loss functions.The loss function is a value which is calculated at every instance. The loss function maps the model output of a single training example to their associated costs. It takes as input the model prediction and ground truth and outputs a numerical value.
Loss-function L: P*T -> R
where,
P = set of all predictions
T = ground truths
R = real numbers set.
Instead of Mean Squared Error, we use a cost function called Cross-Entropy, also known as Log Loss. Cross-entropy loss can be divided into two separate cost functions: one for y=1 and one for y=0.
Just as ordinary least square regression is the method used to estimate coefficients for the best fit line in linear regression, logistic regression uses maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) to obtain the model coefficients that relate predictors to the target. After this initial function is estimated, the process is repeated until LL (Log Likelihood) does not change significantly.
So, all we have the output value in a boundary between 0 and 1.
An important note!
Maximizing the (log) likelihood is equivalent to minimizing the binary cross entropy. There is literally no difference between the two objective functions, so there can be no difference between the resulting model or its characteristics.
Reference links:
You can learn more about this topic fromhere.


Hi guys...I've been gone nearly a month now. I've finished the last of my classes of my last year of my BSc degree (final exams are in January) and we were having all sorts of grad parties. Add to that finishing off a freelance project and my new role as one of the moderators of http://forums.asp.net, blogging had to take a back seat. Anyway, I'm back :)
I recently formatted my dev machine with a fresh install of everything. I always keep my documents and all projects in a drive other than my OS drive, so I didn't think much of it. To my horror, I found that a pet project that I had worked on a couple of months ago had its db in the default instance of SQL Server. I had backed up scripts for each db other than that one. I'd worked quite a bit on that project before putting it on hold. And there I was - having lost the database. The db was relatively complex and it would've been a major pain trying to recreate the db. I could start afresh and try to make it work with the site code I had - but I really really didn't want to. Looking through my source files, I found that amazing dbml file. And I was overjoyed. Why? Pretty simple.
Linq to SQL dbml files can be used to create the database, as well as access it. I fired up VS, added a page, made it the default and added two simple lines of code in Page_Load:
StudioMorphDBDataContext dc = new StudioMorphDBDataContext();
dc.CreateDatabase();
I made sure that there was correct connection info in the web.config and ran the page. And behold - I had a database with all the tables and stuff. Of course, things like stored procs and functions won't get recovered, but at least it gave me the schema (with all the relations) back. It saved me from having to design and create the tables from scratch.
It's a miracle :D


Introduction to MATLAB
Last updated: 08/27/2014
Author Information
Dr. Kathleen Ossman
Dr. Gregory Bucks
University of Cincinnati
Course Details
Description
Introduction to MATLAB introduces students to basic MATLAB programming concepts.
These materials are a subset of course materials from Engineering Models that is taught with the University of Cincinnati as a dual enrollment course to hundreds of high school students.
Course Contents
- Lectures:
- Creating Variables
- Some Useful MATLAB Functions
- Data Types
- Video Lectures
- Exercises: Graphing Functions Using MATLAB
- Video Lectures
- Good Programming Practices: Planning Your Code
- Good Programming Practices: Creating Your Code
- Video Lectures
- Input Statements
- Output Statements
- Exercises: Input/Output Statements
- Video Lectures
- Conditional Statements: Logical Operators
- Conditional Statements: if, else, and elseif
- Conditional Structures: Switch
- Exercises:
- Conditional Statements 1
- Conditional Statements 2
- Video Lectures
- Repetition Structure: Introduction to Loops
- Repetition Structure: For Loops
- Repetition Structure: While Loops
- Exercises: Loops
- Lecture: Nested Loops Breaks
- Video Lecture: Repetition Structures: Nested Loops and the Break Statement
- Video Lecture: Arrays
- Exercises: Arrays
- Video Lecture: Some Useful Functions for Arrays
- Exercises: Array Functions
Textbooks
MATLAB: A Practical Introduction to Programming and Problem Solving, 3rd edition, Stormy Attaway, Elsevier, 2013 Ŧ
Ŧ Supplemental Material
Resources
Cody: A program developed by MathWorks that allows students to progressively develop MATLAB® programming skills and earn badges in the process


Contributing to Open Source Part I: The Easy Way
The Odin Project
50,016 views
Published on Feb 27, 2014
How do you contribute to open source? In this video, I'll describe the easiest way to make a simple contribution to an open source project -- without using the command line, a text editor, "forking a repo", or even touching Git outside of Github. I'll also describe what kinds of contributions open source software projects are typically looking for. As an example, I use submitting a student solution to a web development exercise from The Odin Project, a free online curriculum for learning web development with Ruby on Rails. You can find more information about that project at http://theodinproject.com.
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---
layout: slide
title: Programming in Scala
description:
A slide to summarize basic programming in Scala.
theme: black
transition: convex
permalink: /slides/vim-tut/
---
### Functional Programming
Functions are *first class citizens*:
- they can be defined anywhere, including inside other functions
- like any other value, they can be passed as parameters to functions and
returned as results → *higher-order functions*
- as for other values, there exists a set operators to compose functions
### Definitions
A *definition* can be:
- A *function definition* `def square(x: Int) = x * x`
- A *value definition* `val y = square(2)`
A *parameter*can be:
- A *call-by-value* parameter, like `(x: Int)`
- A *call-by-name* parameter, like `(y: => Int)`
### Blocks in Scala
- A block is delimited by braces { ... }.
- It contains a sequence of definitions or expressions.
- *The last element of a block is an expression that defines its value.*
- The definitions inside a block are only visible from within the block.
- The definitions inside a block *shadow* definitions of the same names
outside the block.
### Tail Recursion
If a function calls itself as its last action, the function's stack frame can
be reused. *Tail recursive* functions are iterative processes.
One can require that a function is tail-recursive using a `@tailrec` annotation:
```scala
@tailrec
def gcd(a: Int, b: Int): Int = ...
```
### Higher-Order Function
```scala
def sum(f: Int => Int, a: Int, b: Int): Int =
if (a > b) 0
else f(a) + sum(f, a + 1, b)
def sumInts(a: Int, b: Int) = sum(id, a, b)
def sumCubes(a: Int, b: Int) = sum(cube, a, b)
def sumFactorials(a: Int, b: Int) = sum(fact, a, b)
def id(x: Int): Int = x
def cube(x: Int): Int = x * x * x
def fact(x: Int): Int = if (x == 0) 1 else fact(x - 1)
```
The type `A => B` is the type of a function that takes an argument of type `A`
and returns a result of type `B`.
### Anonymous Functions
```scala
def sumInts(a: Int, b: Int) = sum(x => x, a, b)
def sumCubes(a: Int, b: Int) = sum(x => x * x * x, a, b)
```
### Currying
```scala
def sum(f: Int => Int): (Int, Int) => Int = {
def sumF(a: Int, b: Int): Int =
if (a > b) 0
else f(a) + sumF(a + 1, b)
sumF
}
def sumInts = sum(x => x)
def sumCubes = sum(x => x * x * x)
def sumFactorials = sum(fact)
sumFactorials(10, 20) + sum(cube)(1, 10)
```
### Currying
#### Multiple Parameter Lists
```scala
def sum(f: Int => Int)(a: Int, b: Int): Int =
if (a > b) 0 else f(a) + sum(f)(a + 1, b)
```
What is the type of `sum`?
```scala
(Int => Int) => (Int, Int) => Int
```
### Classes and Objects
```scala
class Rational(x: Int, y: Int) {
def numer = x
def denom = y
}
```
This definition introduces 2 entities:
- A new type, named `Rational`
- A *constructor* `Rational` to create elements of this type.
We call the elements of a class type *objects*.
Objects of the class `Rational` have two *members*, `numer` and `denom`.
### Classes
#### Preconditions
```scala
class Rational(x: Int, y: Int) {
require(y > 0, ”denominator must be positive”)
...
}
```
#### Auxiliary Constructors
```scala
class Rational(x: Int, y: Int) {
def this(x: Int) = this(x, 1)
...
}
new Rational(2) > 2/1
```
### Abstract Classes
```scala
abstract class IntSet {
def incl(x: Int): IntSet
def contains(x: Int): Boolean
}
class NonEmpty(elem: Int, left: IntSet, right: IntSet) extends IntSet {
def contains(x: Int): Boolean =
if (x < elem) left contains x
else if (x > elem) right contains x
else true
def incl(x: Int): IntSet =
if (x < elem) new NonEmpty(elem, left incl x, right)
else if (x > elem) new NonEmpty(elem, left, right incl x) else this
}
```
### Object Definition
```scala
object Empty extends IntSet {
def contains(x: Int): Boolean = false
def incl(x: Int): IntSet = new NonEmpty(x, Empty, Empty)
}
```
This defines a *singleton object* named `Empty`.
Singleton objects are values, so `Empty` evaluates to itself.
### Traits
```scala
trait Planar {
def height: Int
def width: Int
def surface = height * width
}
```
Classes, objects and traits can inherit from at most one class but arbitrary
many traits.
```scala
class Square extends Shape with Planar with Movable ...
```
Traits resemble interfaces in Java, but are more powerful because *they can
contains fields and concrete methods*.
Traits cannot have constructor parameters. Traits are fully interoperable with
Java only if they do not contain any implementation code.
Scala's class hierarchy
### Top Types
|||
|---|---|
|`Any`|The base type of all types. Methods: `==`, `!=`, `equals`, `hashCode`, `toString`|
|`AnyRef`|The base type of all reference types; Alias of `java.lang.Object`|
|`AnyVal`|The base type of all primitive types.|
### Types
#### The `Nothing` Type
- `Nothing` is at the bottom of Scala’s type hierarchy. It is a subtype of every
other type.
- There is no value of type `Nothing`.
- To signal abnormal termination
- As an element type of empty collections
### Types
#### The `Null` Type
- Every reference class type also has `null` as a value.
- The type of `null` is `Null`.
- `Null` is a subtype of every class that inherits from `Object`; it is
*incompatible* with subtypes of `AnyVal`.
### Type Parameters
```scala
trait List[T] {
def isEmpty: Boolean
def head: T
def tail: List[T]
}
class Cons[T](val head: T, val tail: List[T]) extends List[T] {
def isEmpty = false
}
class Nil[T] extends List[T] {
def isEmpty = true
def head = throw new NoSuchElementException("Nil.head")
def tail = throw new NoSuchElementException("Nil.tail")
}
```
Like classes, functions can have type parameters too.
### Polymorphism
We have seen two principal forms of polymorphism:
- subtyping: instances of a subclass can be passed to a base class
- generics: instances of a function or class are created by type parameterization.
### Type Bounds
- `S <: T ` means: `S`is a subtype of `T`
- `S >: T ` means: `S` is a supertype of `T`, `T` is a subtype of `S`
Mixed Bounds:
```scala
[S >: NonEmpty <: IntSet]
```
The *Liskov Substitution Principle*:
```
If A <: B, then everything one can to do with a value of type B one
should also be able to do with a value of type A.
```
### Variance
Say `C[T]` is a parameterized type and `A,B` are types such that `A <: B`
|||
|---|---|
|`C[A] <: C[B]`|`C` is *covariant*|
|`C[A] >: C[B]`|`C` is *contravariant*|
|neither `C[A]` or `C[B]` is a subtype of the other|`C` is *nonvariant*|
Declare the variance of a type
```scala
class C[+A] { ... }
class C[-A] { ... }
class C[A] { ... }
```
### Case Class
```scala
trait Expr
case class Number(n: Int) extends Expr
case class Sum(e1: Expr, e2: Expr) extends Expr
```
It also *implicitly* defines companion objects with apply methods.
```scala
object Number {
def apply(n: Int) = new Number(n)
}
object Sum {
def apply(e1: Expr, e2: Expr) = new Sum(e1, e2)
}
```
so we can write `Number(1)` instead of `new Number(1)`.
### Case Class - Pattern Matching
Pattern matching is a generalization of switch from C/Java to class hierarchies.
```scala
def eval(e: Expr): Int = e match {
case Number(n) => n
case Sum(e1, e2) => eval(e1) + eval(e2)
}
```
A `MatchError` exception is thrown if no pattern matches the value of the selector.
### Forms of Patterns
Patterns are constructed from:
- constructors, e.g. Number, Sum,
- variables, e.g. n, e1, e2,
- wildcard patterns _,
- constants, e.g. 1, true.
Variables always begin with a lowercase letter.
The same variable name can only appear once in a pattern. So, `Sum(x, x)` is not
a legal pattern.
Names of constants begin with a capital letter, with the exception of the
reserved words `null`, `true`, `false`.
Scala's Collection Hierarchy
### For Expressions
Let `persons` be a list of elements of class `Person`, with fields `name` and
`age`.
```scala
case class Person(name: String, age: Int)
```
To obtain the names of persons over 20 years old:
```scala
for (p <- persons if p.age > 20) yield p.name
```
which is equivalent to:
```scala
persons filter (p => p.age > 20) map (p => p.name)
```
### The Option Type
```
trait Option[+A]
case class Some[+A](value: A) extends Option[A]
object None extends Option[Nothing]
```
The expression `map get key` returns
- `None` if `map` does not contains the given `key`,
- `Some(x)` if `map` associates the given `key` with the value `x`.
### Lazy Evaluation
```scala
def expr = {
val x = { print(”x”); 1 }
lazy val y = { print(”y”); 2 }
def z = { print(”z”); 3 }
z+y+x+z+y+x
}
expr
```
"`xzyz`" will be printed.
### Monad
A monad is a parametric type `M[T]` with two operations, `flatMap` and `unit`,
that have to satisfy some laws.
```scala
trait M[T] {
def flatMap[U](f: T => M[U]): M[U]
}
def unit[T](x: T): M[T]
```
### Monad Laws
To qualify as a nomad, a type has to satify three laws:
#### Associativity
```scala
m flatMap f flatMap g == m flatMap (x => f(x) flatMap g)
```
#### Left unit
```scala
unit(x) flatMap f == f(x)
```
#### Right unit
```scala
m flatMap unit == m
```
### Example of Monads
- List is a monad with `unit(x) = List(x)`
- Set is monad with `unit(x) = Set(x)`
- Option is a monad with `unit(x) = Some(x)`
- Generator is a monad with `unit(x) = single(x)`
## References
* [Functional Programming Principles in Scala - Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/course/progfun)
* [Principles of Reactive Programming - Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/course/reactive)


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
Are you shore that you whant to delete {{ filename }}


s
m
a
p
s
Visualizer
This application takes a process' smaps and creates useful charts/visualizations from it.


You are full cleared from the University of Jos
Wish you all the best in your endevours.
Sign
....................
Clearance Officer


Chocolate Pizza
POSTED ON 15 DEC 2013/ DESERTS
PRINT
For the fig-swirl: Melt butter over medium heat in a saucepan. Add brown sugar and stir to dissolve. Halve all
of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until
you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs,set aside and let cool completely.
Ice cream:In a small pot over medium heat, combine milk, and granulated sugar until sugar is completely
dissolved and the milk is just barely lukewarm. Whisk the egg yolks. Set mixture in the fridge and wait until the
fig mixture is cooled.
Using an Ice cream machine, pour liquids into the frozen basin and process according to manufacturer
instructions, i.e., let spin and thicken for 20 minutes before adding mascarpone, fig jam mixture, and the nuts.
Continue to process for +/-10 minutes. Pour semi-frozen mixture into a pyrex dish or glass tupperware. Freeze for
at least two hours before serving.


AZ Adventures
Home
Greer
Flagstaff
Page
Web Security Info
Date Elapse Difference
Time To Travel
Enter Miles:
Enter Speed:
Submit
Time to Travel In Hours:
Have you been to Greer, AZ?
Yes
No
Submit
Where have you visited?
Greer
Flagstaff
Page
None of the Above
Submit
Arizona Travel Pics


title = "Locations Pro Demo" url = "/" layout = "default" is_hidden = 0 [placeLocator] [placeLocator placeLocator2] [placeLocator placeLocator3] == ==
These examples pull from a database of {{ placeCount | number_format }} places. These are randomly generated and assigned to tags so you can see how the plugin handles non-trivial lists and page sizes.
The default UI is compatible with the October demo theme (which this site also uses) and allows a visitor to decide how they want to interact with the place list, pulling results either:
This component sets the initial mode to show results within the map boundaries and uses the default markup which allows a visitor to change to either of the other search modes.
{% component 'placeLocator' mode='map' perPageOptions=[10,20,50,100,200,500] perPage=500 %}Tag: {{ '{%' }} component 'placeLocator' mode='map' perPageOptions=[10,20,50,100,200,500] perPage=500 %}
Having more than one component on a page is not a problem. This component instance overrides the default markup to remove the usual UI, and searches for results within 50 miles of Los Angeles, CA. No tags are used by this component.
{% component 'placeLocator2' mode='search' distance="50 mi" query='Los Angeles, CA' tags=[] %}Tag: {{ '{%' }} component 'placeLocator2' mode='search' distance="50 mi" query='Los Angeles, CA' tags=[] %}
This component defaults to showing results in a 25-mile radius of the user's current location (you will likely have seen a permission request from your browser). It overrides the default UI to remove the mode, distance, and page size selection and disable tag display, but it leaves the search bar available.
This example overrides the marker icon, replacing it with a grocery store marker from the Map Icons Collection. It also overrides the default search area display, removing the semi-transparent fill and changing the outline color to green.
Note: In a future version, functionality will be added to define custom marker icons in the back end.
{% component 'placeLocator3' mode='location' distance='25 mi' tags=[] %}Tag: {{ '{%' }} component 'placeLocator3' mode='location' distance='25 mi' tags=[] %}


HTTP Tests
- Introduction
- Making Requests
- Testing JSON APIs
- Testing File Uploads
- Testing Views
- Available Assertions
Introduction
Laravel provides a very fluent API for making HTTP requests to your application and examining the responses. For example, take a look at the feature test defined below:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* A basic test example.
*
* @return void
*/
public function test_a_basic_request()
{
$response = $this->get('/');
$response->assertStatus(200);
}
}
The get
method makes a GET
request into the application, while the assertStatus
method asserts that the returned response should have the given HTTP status code. In addition to this simple assertion, Laravel also contains a variety of assertions for inspecting the response headers, content, JSON structure, and more.
Making Requests
To make a request to your application, you may invoke the get
, post
, put
, patch
, or delete
methods within your test. These methods do not actually issue a "real" HTTP request to your application. Instead, the entire network request is simulated internally.
Instead of returning an Illuminate\Http\Response
instance, test request methods return an instance of Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
, which provides a variety of helpful assertions that allow you to inspect your application's responses:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* A basic test example.
*
* @return void
*/
public function test_a_basic_request()
{
$response = $this->get('/');
$response->assertStatus(200);
}
}
{tip} For convenience, the CSRF middleware is automatically disabled when running tests.
Customizing Request Headers
You may use the withHeaders
method to customize the request's headers before it is sent to the application. This method allows you to add any custom headers you would like to the request:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* A basic functional test example.
*
* @return void
*/
public function test_interacting_with_headers()
{
$response = $this->withHeaders([
'X-Header' => 'Value',
])->post('/user', ['name' => 'Sally']);
$response->assertStatus(201);
}
}
Cookies
You may use the withCookie
or withCookies
methods to set cookie values before making a request. The withCookie
method accepts a cookie name and value as its two arguments, while the withCookies
method accepts an array of name / value pairs:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
public function test_interacting_with_cookies()
{
$response = $this->withCookie('color', 'blue')->get('/');
$response = $this->withCookies([
'color' => 'blue',
'name' => 'Taylor',
])->get('/');
}
}
Session / Authentication
Laravel provides several helpers for interacting with the session during HTTP testing. First, you may set the session data to a given array using the withSession
method. This is useful for loading the session with data before issuing a request to your application:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
public function test_interacting_with_the_session()
{
$response = $this->withSession(['banned' => false])->get('/');
}
}
Laravel's session is typically used to maintain state for the currently authenticated user. Therefore, the actingAs
helper method provides a simple way to authenticate a given user as the current user. For example, we may use a model factory to generate and authenticate a user:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use App\Models\User;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
public function test_an_action_that_requires_authentication()
{
$user = User::factory()->create();
$response = $this->actingAs($user)
->withSession(['banned' => false])
->get('/');
}
}
You may also specify which guard should be used to authenticate the given user by passing the guard name as the second argument to the actingAs
method:
$this->actingAs($user, 'api')
Debugging Responses
After making a test request to your application, the dump
, dumpHeaders
, and dumpSession
methods may be used to examine and debug the response contents:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* A basic test example.
*
* @return void
*/
public function test_basic_test()
{
$response = $this->get('/');
$response->dumpHeaders();
$response->dumpSession();
$response->dump();
}
}
Testing JSON APIs
Laravel also provides several helpers for testing JSON APIs and their responses. For example, the json
, getJson
, postJson
, putJson
, patchJson
, deleteJson
, and optionsJson
methods may be used to issue JSON requests with various HTTP verbs. You may also easily pass data and headers to these methods. To get started, let's write a test to make a POST
request to /api/user
and assert that the expected JSON data was returned:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* A basic functional test example.
*
* @return void
*/
public function test_making_an_api_request()
{
$response = $this->postJson('/api/user', ['name' => 'Sally']);
$response
->assertStatus(201)
->assertJson([
'created' => true,
]);
}
}
In addition, JSON response data may be accessed as array variables on the response, making it convenient for you to inspect the individual values returned within a JSON response:
$this->assertTrue($response['created']);
{tip} The
assertJson
method converts the response to an array and utilizesPHPUnit::assertArraySubset
to verify that the given array exists within the JSON response returned by the application. So, if there are other properties in the JSON response, this test will still pass as long as the given fragment is present.
Asserting Exact JSON Matches
As previously mentioned, the assertJson
method may be used to assert that a fragment of JSON exists within the JSON response. If you would like to verify that a given array exactly matches the JSON returned by your application, you should use the assertExactJson
method:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* A basic functional test example.
*
* @return void
*/
public function test_asserting_an_exact_json_match()
{
$response = $this->json('POST', '/user', ['name' => 'Sally']);
$response
->assertStatus(201)
->assertExactJson([
'created' => true,
]);
}
}
Asserting On JSON Paths
If you would like to verify that the JSON response contains the given data at a specified path, you should use the assertJsonPath
method:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
/**
* A basic functional test example.
*
* @return void
*/
public function test_asserting_a_json_paths_value()
{
$response = $this->json('POST', '/user', ['name' => 'Sally']);
$response
->assertStatus(201)
->assertJsonPath('team.owner.name', 'Darian');
}
}
Testing File Uploads
The Illuminate\Http\UploadedFile
class provides a fake
method which may be used to generate dummy files or images for testing. This, combined with the Storage
facade's fake
method, greatly simplifies the testing of file uploads. For example, you may combine these two features to easily test an avatar upload form:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;
use Illuminate\Http\UploadedFile;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
public function test_avatars_can_be_uploaded()
{
Storage::fake('avatars');
$file = UploadedFile::fake()->image('avatar.jpg');
$response = $this->post('/avatar', [
'avatar' => $file,
]);
Storage::disk('avatars')->assertExists($file->hashName());
}
}
If you would like to assert that a given file does not exist, you may use the assertMissing
method provided by the Storage
facade:
Storage::fake('avatars');
// ...
Storage::disk('avatars')->assertMissing('missing.jpg');
Fake File Customization
When creating files using the fake
method provided by the UploadedFile
class, you may specify the width, height, and size of the image (in kilobytes) in order to better test your application's validation rules:
UploadedFile::fake()->image('avatar.jpg', $width, $height)->size(100);
In addition to creating images, you may create files of any other type using the create
method:
UploadedFile::fake()->create('document.pdf', $sizeInKilobytes);
If needed, you may pass a $mimeType
argument to the method to explicitly define the MIME type that should be returned by the file:
UploadedFile::fake()->create(
'document.pdf', $sizeInKilobytes, 'application/pdf'
);
Testing Views
Laravel also allows you to render a view without making a simulated HTTP request to the application. To accomplish this, you may call the view
method within your test. The view
method accepts the view name and an optional array of data. The method returns an instance of Illuminate\Testing\TestView
, which offers several methods to conveniently make assertions about the view's contents:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
public function test_a_welcome_view_can_be_rendered()
{
$view = $this->view('welcome', ['name' => 'Taylor']);
$view->assertSee('Taylor');
}
}
The TestView
class provides the following assertion methods: assertSee
, assertSeeInOrder
, assertSeeText
, assertSeeTextInOrder
, assertDontSee
, and assertDontSeeText
.
If needed, you may get the raw, rendered view contents by casting the TestView
instance to a string:
$contents = (string) $this->view('welcome');
Sharing Errors
Some views may depend on errors shared in the global error bag provided by Laravel. To hydrate the error bag with error messages, you may use the withViewErrors
method:
$view = $this->withViewErrors([
'name' => ['Please provide a valid name.']
])->view('form');
$view->assertSee('Please provide a valid name.');
Rendering Blade & Components
If necessary, you may use the blade
method to evaluate and render a raw Blade string. Like the view
method, the blade
method returns an instance of Illuminate\Testing\TestView
:
$view = $this->blade(
'<x-component :name="$name" />',
['name' => 'Taylor']
);
$view->assertSee('Taylor');
You may use the component
method to evaluate and render a Blade component. Like the view
method, the component
method returns an instance of Illuminate\Testing\TestView
:
$view = $this->component(Profile::class, ['name' => 'Taylor']);
$view->assertSee('Taylor');
Available Assertions
Response Assertions
Laravel's Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
class provides a variety of custom assertion methods that you may utilize when testing your application. These assertions may be accessed on the response that is returned by the json
, get
, post
, put
, and delete
test methods:
assertCookie assertCookieExpired assertCookieNotExpired assertCookieMissing assertCreated assertDontSee assertDontSeeText assertExactJson assertForbidden assertHeader assertHeaderMissing assertJson assertJsonCount assertJsonFragment assertJsonMissing assertJsonMissingExact assertJsonMissingValidationErrors assertJsonPath assertJsonStructure assertJsonValidationErrors assertLocation assertNoContent assertNotFound assertOk assertPlainCookie assertRedirect assertSee assertSeeInOrder assertSeeText assertSeeTextInOrder assertSessionHas assertSessionHasInput assertSessionHasAll assertSessionHasErrors assertSessionHasErrorsIn assertSessionHasNoErrors assertSessionDoesntHaveErrors assertSessionMissing assertStatus assertSuccessful assertUnauthorized assertViewHas assertViewHasAll assertViewIs assertViewMissing
assertCookie
Assert that the response contains the given cookie:
$response->assertCookie($cookieName, $value = null);
assertCookieExpired
Assert that the response contains the given cookie and it is expired:
$response->assertCookieExpired($cookieName);
assertCookieNotExpired
Assert that the response contains the given cookie and it is not expired:
$response->assertCookieNotExpired($cookieName);
assertCookieMissing
Assert that the response does not contains the given cookie:
$response->assertCookieMissing($cookieName);
assertCreated
Assert that the response has a 201 HTTP status code:
$response->assertCreated();
assertDontSee
Assert that the given string is not contained within the response returned by the application. This assertion will automatically escape the given string unless you pass a second argument of false
:
$response->assertDontSee($value, $escaped = true);
assertDontSeeText
Assert that the given string is not contained within the response text. This assertion will automatically escape the given string unless you pass a second argument of false
. This method will pass the response content to the strip_tags
PHP function before making the assertion:
$response->assertDontSeeText($value, $escaped = true);
assertExactJson
Assert that the response contains an exact match of the given JSON data:
$response->assertExactJson(array $data);
assertForbidden
Assert that the response has a forbidden (403) HTTP status code:
$response->assertForbidden();
assertHeader
Assert that the given header and value is present on the response:
$response->assertHeader($headerName, $value = null);
assertHeaderMissing
Assert that the given header is not present on the response:
$response->assertHeaderMissing($headerName);
assertJson
Assert that the response contains the given JSON data:
$response->assertJson(array $data, $strict = false);
The assertJson
method converts the response to an array and utilizes PHPUnit::assertArraySubset
to verify that the given array exists within the JSON response returned by the application. So, if there are other properties in the JSON response, this test will still pass as long as the given fragment is present.
assertJsonCount
Assert that the response JSON has an array with the expected number of items at the given key:
$response->assertJsonCount($count, $key = null);
assertJsonFragment
Assert that the response contains the given JSON data anywhere in the response:
Route::get('/users', function () {
return [
'users' => [
[
'name' => 'Taylor Otwell',
],
],
];
});
$response->assertJsonFragment(['name' => 'Taylor Otwell']);
assertJsonMissing
Assert that the response does not contain the given JSON data:
$response->assertJsonMissing(array $data);
assertJsonMissingExact
Assert that the response does not contain the exact JSON data:
$response->assertJsonMissingExact(array $data);
assertJsonMissingValidationErrors
Assert that the response has no JSON validation errors for the given keys:
$response->assertJsonMissingValidationErrors($keys);
assertJsonPath
Assert that the response contains the given data at the specified path:
$response->assertJsonPath($path, array $data, $strict = true);
For example, if the JSON response returned by your application contains the following data:
{
"user": {
"name": "Steve Schoger"
}
}
You may assert that the name
property of the user
object matches a given value like so:
$response->assertJsonPath('user.name', 'Steve Schoger');
assertJsonStructure
Assert that the response has a given JSON structure:
$response->assertJsonStructure(array $structure);
For example, if the JSON response returned by your application contains the following data:
{
"user": {
"name": "Steve Schoger"
}
}
You may assert that the JSON structure matches your expectations like so:
$response->assertJsonStructure([
'user' => [
'name',
]
]);
assertJsonValidationErrors
Assert that the response has the given JSON validation errors for the given keys. This method should be used when asserting against responses where the validation errors are returned as a JSON structure instead of being flashed to the session:
$response->assertJsonValidationErrors(array $data);
assertLocation
Assert that the response has the given URI value in the Location
header:
$response->assertLocation($uri);
assertNoContent
Assert that the response has the given HTTP status code and no content:
$response->assertNoContent($status = 204);
assertNotFound
Assert that the response has a not found (404) HTTP status code:
$response->assertNotFound();
assertOk
Assert that the response has a 200 HTTP status code:
$response->assertOk();
assertPlainCookie
Assert that the response contains the given unencrypted cookie:
$response->assertPlainCookie($cookieName, $value = null);
assertRedirect
Assert that the response is a redirect to the given URI:
$response->assertRedirect($uri);
assertSee
Assert that the given string is contained within the response. This assertion will automatically escape the given string unless you pass a second argument of false
:
$response->assertSee($value, $escaped = true);
assertSeeInOrder
Assert that the given strings are contained in order within the response. This assertion will automatically escape the given strings unless you pass a second argument of false
:
$response->assertSeeInOrder(array $values, $escaped = true);
assertSeeText
Assert that the given string is contained within the response text. This assertion will automatically escape the given string unless you pass a second argument of false
. The response content will be passed to the strip_tags
PHP function before the assertion is made:
$response->assertSeeText($value, $escaped = true);
assertSeeTextInOrder
Assert that the given strings are contained in order within the response text. This assertion will automatically escape the given strings unless you pass a second argument of false
. The response content will be passed to the strip_tags
PHP function before the assertion is made:
$response->assertSeeTextInOrder(array $values, $escaped = true);
assertSessionHas
Assert that the session contains the given piece of data:
$response->assertSessionHas($key, $value = null);
assertSessionHasInput
Assert that the session has a given value in the flashed input array:
$response->assertSessionHasInput($key, $value = null);
assertSessionHasAll
Assert that the session contains a given array of key / value pairs:
$response->assertSessionHasAll(array $data);
For example, if your application's session contains name
and status
keys, you may assert that both exist and have the specified values like so:
$response->assertSessionHasAll([
'name' => 'Taylor Otwell',
'status' => 'active',
]);
assertSessionHasErrors
Assert that the session contains an error for the given $keys
. If $keys
is an associative array, assert that the session contains a specific error message (value) for each field (key). This method should be used when testing routes that flash validation errors to the session instead of returning them as a JSON structure:
$response->assertSessionHasErrors(
array $keys, $format = null, $errorBag = 'default'
);
For example, to assert that the name
and email
field have validation error messages that were flashed to the session, you may invoke the assertSessionHasErrors
method like so:
$response->assertSessionHasErrors(['name', 'email']);
Or, you may assert that a given field has a particular validation error message:
$response->assertSessionHasErrors([
'name' => 'The given name was invalid.'
]);
assertSessionHasErrorsIn
Assert that the session contains an error for the given $keys
within a specific error bag. If $keys
is an associative array, assert that the session contains a specific error message (value) for each field (key), within the error bag:
$response->assertSessionHasErrorsIn($errorBag, $keys = [], $format = null);
assertSessionHasNoErrors
Assert that the session has no validation errors:
$response->assertSessionHasNoErrors();
assertSessionDoesntHaveErrors
Assert that the session has no validation errors for the given keys:
$response->assertSessionDoesntHaveErrors($keys = [], $format = null, $errorBag = 'default');
assertSessionMissing
Assert that the session does not contain the given key:
$response->assertSessionMissing($key);
assertStatus
Assert that the response has a given HTTP status code:
$response->assertStatus($code);
assertSuccessful
Assert that the response has a successful (>= 200 and < 300) HTTP status code:
$response->assertSuccessful();
assertUnauthorized
Assert that the response has an unauthorized (401) HTTP status code:
$response->assertUnauthorized();
assertViewHas
Assert that the response view contains given a piece of data:
$response->assertViewHas($key, $value = null);
In addition, view data may be accessed as array variables on the response, allowing you to convenient inspect it:
$this->assertEquals('Taylor', $response['name']);
assertViewHasAll
Assert that the response view has a given list of data:
$response->assertViewHasAll(array $data);
This method may be used to assert that the view simply contains data matching the given keys:
$rseponse->assertViewHasAll([
'name',
'email',
]);
Or, you may assert that the view data is present and has specific values:
$rseponse->assertViewHasAll([
'name' => 'Taylor Otwell',
'email' => 'taylor@example.com,',
]);
assertViewIs
Assert that the given view was returned by the route:
$response->assertViewIs($value);
assertViewMissing
Assert that the given data key was not made available to the view returned in the application's response:
$response->assertViewMissing($key);
Authentication Assertions
Laravel also provides a variety of authentication related assertions that you may utilize within your application's feature tests. Note that these methods are invoked on the test class itself and not the Illuminate\Testing\TestResponse
instance returned by methods such as get
and post
.
assertAuthenticated
Assert that a user is authenticated:
$this->assertAuthenticated($guard = null);
assertGuest
Assert that a user is not authenticated:
$this->assertGuest($guard = null);
assertAuthenticatedAs
Assert that a specific user is authenticated:
$this->assertAuthenticatedAs($user, $guard = null);


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Mobile phones
问题描述 :
Suppose that the fourth generation mobile phone base stations in the Tampere area operate as follows. The area is divided into squares. The squares form an S * S matrix with the rows and columns numbered from 0 to S-1. Each square contains a base station. The number of active mobile phones inside a square can change because a phone is moved from a square to another or a phone is switched on or off. At times, each base station reports the change in the number of active phones to the main base station along with the row and the column of the matrix.
Write a program, which receives these reports and answers queries about the current total number of active mobile phones in any rectangle-shaped area.
输入:
The input is read from standard input as integers and the answers to the queries are written to standard output as integers. The input is encoded as follows. Each input comes on a separate line, and consists of one instruction integer and a number of parameter integers according to the following table.
The values will always be in range, so there is no need to check them. In particular, if A is negative, it can be assumed that it will not reduce the square value below zero. The indexing starts at 0, e.g. for a table of size 4 * 4, we have 0 <= X <= 3 and 0 <= Y <= 3.
The values will always be in range, so there is no need to check them. In particular, if A is negative, it can be assumed that it will not reduce the square value below zero. The indexing starts at 0, e.g. for a table of size 4 * 4, we have 0 <= X <= 3 and 0 <= Y <= 3.
Table size: 1 * 1 <= S * S <= 1024 * 1024
Cell value V at any time: 0 <= V <= 32767
Update amount: -32768 <= A <= 32767
No of instructions in input: 3 <= U <= 60002
Maximum number of phones in the whole table: M= 2^30
输出:
Your program should not answer anything to lines with an instruction other than 2. If the instruction is 2, then your program is expected to answer the query by writing the answer as a single line containing a single integer to standard output.
样例输入:
0 4 1 1 2 3 2 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 -1 2 1 1 2 3 3
样例输出:
3 4
解题代码:
import java.util.Scanner; public class Main{ int n; int[][] C; public Main(){ } private int lowbit(int t){ return t&(-t); } int Sum(int i, int j){ int result = 0; for(int x = i; x > 0; x -= lowbit(x)) { for(int y = j; y > 0; y -= lowbit(y)) { result += C[x][y]; } } return result; } private void Modify(int i, int j, int delta){ // A[i][j]+=delta; for(int x = i; x<=n; x += lowbit(x)) for(int y = j; y <=n; y += lowbit(y)){ C[x][y] += delta; } } public static void main(String[] args){ Main ma=new Main(); ma.go(); } private void go(){ int k,a,b,cc,x,y; Scanner in=new Scanner(System.in); while(true){ k=in.nextInt(); if(k==3) break; if(k==0){ n=in.nextInt(); C=new int[n+1][n+1]; }else if(k==1){ a=in.nextInt(); b=in.nextInt(); cc=in.nextInt(); a++; b++; Modify(a,b,cc); }else{ x=in.nextInt(); y=in.nextInt(); a=in.nextInt(); b=in.nextInt(); x++; y++; a++; b++; System.out.printf("%d\n",Sum(a,b)+Sum(x-1,y-1)-Sum(a,y-1)-Sum(x-1,b)); } } } }
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Java真是解决大数的利器
great work！
正解，我的方法占用的内存更多些
这个问题别太纠结了，不同的编译器结果不一
都是一些基础题啊
great work！
第二个解法好像不对
有意思，有难度
隐藏最深的bug是(start+end)/2有可能上溢
刚开始学习，为啥会报错了，你试过了吗
信息不全
博主的C++功底真是好
我觉得是D哎……
站长，你好！
你创办的的网站非常好，为我们学习算法练习编程提供了一个很好的平台，我想给你提个小建议，就是要能把每道题目的难度标出来就好了，这样我们学习起来会有一个循序渐进的过程！


Topic 4 Questions
1. State two essential features of a computer language, comparing to natural language. (2 marks)
2. Define the term Object. (2 marks)
3. State two key differences between binary search and linear search. (2 marks)
4. Listing how selection sort can be used to sort this list of numbers? (4 marks) 12, 16, 64, 42, 77, 26, 53
Discussions


I am curently studying computer science at ENS-Rennes.
I'm mainly interested in algorithmic, graph theory and math (especially algebra and discrete mathematics).Baccalauréat GPA: 18.02/20
I speak English, French (and German but not fluently).
I am a trained cup and ball gamer.
When I'm not working, I enjoy doing sports. I practise block climbing and cross-country unicycle several times a week. I am also a rugbyman and a gymnast.
I am also a big ski and snowboard enthusiast, and love surfing or going for a ride on my longboard in summer.When the weather isn't good enough for those activities, I like to read (mainly Sci-fi and Heroic Fantasy), to listen to music or to play classic guitar. I am also a big fan of cooking.


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Extinction Rebellion co-founder condemned for Holocaust remarks
Extinction Rebellion’s co-founder has sparked outrage after appearing to downplay the Holocaust in an interview with a German newspaper.
Roger Hallam told the German newspaper Die Zeit that the murder of 6 million Jews was merely one of many genocides.
In extracts from the interview released by Die Zeit on Wednesday, Hallam was quoted describing the Holocaust as ‘just another f***ery in human history.’
His comments were widely condemned, including from German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas, who called the industrial-scale murder of Jews ‘uniquely inhuman.’
Mr Maas wrote on Twitter: ‘We must always be aware of this to ensure: never again!”
The co-leader of Germany’s environmentalist Green Party, Robert Habeck, told the newspaper Bild that ‘there must be no place for anti-Semitism or downplaying of the Holocaust.’
Habeck urged Extinction Rebellion – known for its disruptive protests such as road blockades – to distance itself from Hallam.
The group’s German branch tweeted that ‘Roger has breached the principles of XR, which don’t tolerate anti-Semitism, and isn’t welcome any longer at XR Germany.’
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Extinction Rebellion UK issued a statement condemning Hallam’s comments ‘unreservedly.’
A statement read: ‘Jewish people and many others are deeply wounded by the comments today.’
It added that internal conversations had begun about how to address the issue, and that the group ‘stood by restorative outcomes as preferable, although in some cases exclusion is necessary.’
Hallam’s publisher in Germany, Ullstein, said it was stopping delivery of the German version of his book following the remarks.
Reacting to the widespread anger his comments caused, Hallam told British media that he fully acknowledged ‘the unimaginable suffering caused by the Nazi Holocaust’.
However, he accused rich countries of allowing genocide to happen again ‘on a far greater scale, and in plain sight’ by failing to stop global warming, the Daily Telegraph reported.
He said: ‘We are allowing our governments to willingly, and in full knowledge of science, engage in the genocide of our young people.’
Got a story for Metro.co.uk?
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For more stories like this, check our news page.


Use the options that are located under the Browser node of the tree control to personalize your workspace.
Use the options on the Display dialog to specify general display preferences:
Use the options on the Properties dialog to specify display properties:
Use the options on the Binary paths dialog to specify binary file locations:
Use the options on the UI Miscellaneous dialog to specify miscellaneous pgAdmin preferences:
Font - Use the Font selector to specify the font used as the standard font throughout pgAdmin’s main user interface. This may be useful for countries with multibyte character sets (where standard fonts may not display well), or if you wish to use a font different from the one configured on your system.
Confirm object deletion - Select this option to instruct pgAdmin to require confirmation before deleting an object (recommended).
Show System Objects in the treeview - Check the box next to Show System Objects in the treeview to instruct pgAdmin to display objects such as system schemas (e.g. pg_temp*) and system columns (e.g. xmin, ctid) in the tree control.
Show users for privileges - Select this option to include usernames as well as groups in the subject list when viewing the Privileges tab of an object that supports privileges. Disabling this option is useful on large systems with many users that are organised in groups.
Show object properties on double click in treeview - Select this option to specify that double clicking an object in the treeview should open the Properties dialogue for that object. Disable this option to browse the treeview using a double-click.
Show NOTICEs - Check the box next to Show NOTICEs to instruct pgAdmin to display notices from the server.
Refresh on click - Use the Refresh on click drop-down listbox to specify that the displayed properties of the selected objects should be updated in the tree control when the object is selected. Select from:
- None to update no objects.
- Refresh object on click to refresh the selected object.
- Refresh object and children on click to refresh the selected object, and any objects that reside under the selected object in the tree control.


| Lobbyist | Spent |
|---|---|
| {{ object.lobbyist }} | {{ object.spent_guess|currency }} |
| Interest | # Lobbyists |
Low | High |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{ object.interest.name }} | {{ object.lobbyist_count }} | {{ object.low|currency }} | {{ object.high|currency }} |
No data available for {{ year }}.
{% endif %}


Cypress recorder
Ready for a scenario record ?
Record rules*:
- if a scenario is being recorded, the new scenario will be recorded after the current one (unless manual reset)
- if a scenario is being recorded, location change will persist the scenario (unless pause mode is enabled)