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1 IN THE HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA AT BENGALURU DATED THIS THE 10TH DAY OF FEBRUARY 2016 BEFORE THE HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE BUDIHAL R.B. WRIT PETITION NO.51324/2015 (GM-CPC) BETWEEN: SRI.H.A.MUKTHIYAR S/O. H.A.ABDUL REHMAN, AGED ABOUT 43 YEARS, PROPRIETOR M/S.REHAMATH STONE CRUSHERS, RESIDING AT 7TH CROSS, ASHOKNAGAR TUMAKURU - 572 101. ...PETITIONER (BY SRI.ASHOK HARANAHALLI, SEN.ADV. FOR SRI. S.G.PANDIT, ADV.) AND: 1. SRI.GOPAL RAO S/O. LATE VENKATASUBBAIAH, AGED ABOUT 63 YEARS, RETIRED ASST. REGIONAL TRANSPORT OFFICER, NO.256, 5TH 'A' MAIN ROAD, N.G.E.F. LAYOUT, SADANANDA NAGAR BENGALURU 560 038 ALSO RESIDING AT HIREGUNDAGALLI VILLAGE, OBALAPURA POST, KORA HOBLI, TUMAKURU TALUK AND DISTRICT - 572 101. 2. SRI. KRUPASHANKAR, S/O. LATE CHANNABASAPPA, AGED ABOUT 54 YEARS, 2 3. SRI. ANANDA MURTHY, S/O. LATE RAJANNA, AGED ABOUT 50 YEARS, 4. SRI. BOOTHAIAH, S/O. MUDDAMALLAIAH, AGED ABOUT 55 YEARS, 5. SRI. HANUMAIAH, S/O. HANUMANTHARAYAPPA, AGED ABOUT 50 YEARS, 6. SR. VEERANNA, S/O. LATE PUTTAIAH, AGED ABOUT 50 YEARS, 7. SRI. DODDATHIMMAIAH, S/O. GOVINDAIAH, AGED ABOUT 32 YEARS, 8. SRI. LAKSHMAIAH, S/O. LATE GOVINDAIAH, AGED ABOUT 28 YEARS, SL.NO.2 TO 8 ARE RESIDING AT HIREGUNDAGALLI VILLAGE, OBALAPURA POST, KORA HOBLI, TUMAKURU TALUK & DISTRICT - 572 101. ....RESPONDENTS (BY SRI JAYAKUMAR S.PATIL, SEN.ADV. FOR SRI KESHAVA BHAT FOR C/R-1, SRI SANATH KUMAR SHETTY K., ADV. FOR R2-R8) THIS WRIT PETITION IS FILED UNDER ARTICLE 227 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA PRAYING TO SET ASIDE THE ORDER DATED 26.9.2015 IN O.S.NO.712/2015 ON THE FILE OF THE III ADDL. CIVIL KJUDGE & JMFC, TUMAKURU (ANNX-A) BY WHICH THE AD-INTERIM INJUNCTION U/O XXXIX RULE 1 & 2 OF CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE IS REJECTED AND ALSO ORDER DATED 29.10.2015 IN M.A.NO.55/2015 ON THE FILE OF THE II ADDL. SENIOR CIVIL JUDGE & JMFC, TUMKUR (ANNX- B). THIS WRIT PETITION COMING ON FOR ORDERS THIS DAY, THE COURT MADE THE FOLLOWING: 3 ORDER
This petition is filed by the petitioner-plaintiff requesting the Court to set-aside the order dated 26.09.2015 passed on I.A.NO.1 filed under Order XXXIX Rule 1 and 2 of CPC in O.S.NO.712/2015 on the file of III Addl. Civil Judge and JMFC, Tumakuru, produced as per Annexure-A, and also the order dated 29.10.2015 passed in M.A.No.55/2015 on the file of II Addl. Senior Civil Judge & JMFC, Tumakuru, which is produced at Annexure-B.
2. Petitioner-plaintiff has filed the suit against the respondents herein for the relief of permanent injunction restraining the defendants, their agents, servants or anybody acting under them from interfering with the smooth running of the jelly crusher by the plaintiff over the suit schedule property. The plaint schedule property is bearing Sy.No.30/3 measruing 2 acres consisting of Jelly/Stone crusher situated at Gerahally Village, Kora Hobli, Tumkur Taluk, the 4 boundaries are also mentioned in the schedule. Along with the plaint, plaintiff has also filed application I.A.NO.1 under Order XXXIX Rule 1 and 2 of CPC requesting the Court to grant ad-interim temporary injunction order restraining the respondents and their agents, servants or anybody acting under them from interfering with the smooth running the jelly crusher by the plaintiff over the suit schedule property. Said application was objected by the respondents by filing the objection statement. The Trial Court after considering the merits of the case, ultimately, rejected the said application filed seeking temporary injunction. Being aggrieved by the said order of rejection of the application I.A.No.1 by the Trial Court, petitioner- plaintiff has preferred an appeal before the appeal Court in M.A.No.55/2015.
The appeal Court also, after hearing the matter, dismissed the appeal imposing the cost of Rs.1,000/- and confirmed the order passed by the Trial Court. Being aggrieved by the orders passed by the Trial Court 5 as well as the appeal Court, petitioner is before this Court.
3. Heard the arguments of the learned senior counsel appearing for the petitioner-plaintiff, the arguments of the learned senior counsel appearing for respondent No.1 and also the learned counsel appearing for respondent Nos.2 to 8.
4. Learned senior counsel for the petitioner- plaintiff during the course of his arguments has submitted that, plaintiff to run the stone crusher unit has taken the consent and permission from the competent authorities under the relevant provisions of the Acts, and the said authorities, before granting such permission to the said area, wherein the stone crushing unit is to be carried on is considered as it comes under the safer zone. Even the Pollution Control Board has also given its consent for carrying on the said unit. He has submitted that initially the said consent was given 6 by the Pollution Control Board was upto 30.06.2015, but subsequently, the same was renewed upto 30.06.2016. He has further submitted that the Trial Court wrongly read the documents produced by the petitioner and it has not all looked the consent renewed by the Pollution Control Board and it has lost sight of the said document.
5. With regard to the other documents produced in the case and the observations made by the Trial Court in its order that there are complaints by the neighbours, school authorities, that there is noise and the houses nearby the said area were having cracks in the walls and the petitioner is using the explosives is concerned, learned senior counsel has submitted that the documents produced in the case shows that it is not in respect of Sy.No.30/3 in which the stone crushing unit is carrying on by the petitioner-plaintiff, but it is in respect of Sy.No.31, which is not the subject matter of the suit; hence, he has submitted that even with regard 7 to this said aspect also Trial Court has wrongly observed that there are so many complaints in respect of carrying the stone crushing unit. Learned senior counsel for the petitioner has further submitted that when there is a licence and the permission under the relevant Acts, unless and until those permission and licences were cancelled or revoked by the competent authorities, petitioner is having every right to carry on the said stone crushing unit. He has also submitted that if the other side is aggrieved, there is a provision under the relevant Act to approach the authorities by filing the appeal, which they have not invoked in this case.
6. Learned senior counsel for the petitioner has further submitted that the public approached this Court by filing the Public Interest Litigation making the complaint about carrying the stone crushing unit in the said area; the Division Bench of this Court, after hearing the said Public Interest Litigation, disposed of 8 the same giving a direction to the petitioners therein to approach the appropriate authorities in the matter. Being unsuccessful in the said Public Interest Litigation, the same public started to make the complaints only with a malafide intention to stall the stone crushing activities carried on by the petitioner- plaintiff. It is further submitted that, even though all these material aspects were brought to the notice of the Trial Court, the Trial Court has not considered all these aspects of the matter and wrongly read the documents and wrongly interpreted about the factual aspects and passed an illegal order. He has also submitted that when an appeal was preferred before the appellate Court, the appellate Court also without appreciating the materials placed on record and without examining whether that in view of the facts and circumstances of the case and production of the materials before the Trial Court, the order passed by the Trial Court is legal or not, but the appellate Court just endorsed its view to that of the views taken by the Trial Court. 9
7. So far as concurrent findings of the Courts below is concerned, learned senior counsel for the petitioner has submitted that it is not that when there are concurrent findings, this Court has no jurisdiction to interfere into the said orders and if the petitioner is able to show to the Court that there is material irregularity and the relevant materials were not considered by the Courts below, this Court can very well interfere into the findings of the Courts below, even though there are concurrent findings. In this regard, he has relied upon the decision reported in (1997) 5 SCC 76 in the case of Achutananda Baidya vs. Prafullya Kumar Gayen and others and draw the attention of this Court to paragraph Nos.9 and 11 of the said decision. Learned senior counsel has also submitted that regarding the jurisdiction of the Courts are concerned, the Court has to appreciate whether the entire materials were considered by the Courts below or not and in this regard, he has relied upon the decision reported in AIR 1996 SC 906(1) in the case of State of 10 Kerala vs. M.K.Kunhikannan Nambair Manjeri Manikoth, Naduvil (dead) and others. He has further submitted that when there is patent illegality committed by the Courts below, this Court has every right to interfere into such findings also, to do justice to the parties. Hence, he has submitted to allow the petition and to set-aside the impugned orders passed by the Trial Court as well as the appeal Court and to allow the application I.A.No.1 filed before the Trial Court seeking injunction as against the respondents herein.
8. Per contra, learned senior counsel for respondent No.1 during the course of his arguments has submitted that the Trial Court has rightly appreciated the materials placed on record and rejected the injunction application and hence, no illegality has been committed by the Trial Court. It is no doubt true, when the consent order given by the Pollution Control Board initially, it was upto 31.06.2015 and it was the decision of the Board, but the renewal of the said 11 consent, which is relied upon by the petitioner is not by the Pollution Control Board and it is only by an Officer of the said Board. Therefore, it cannot be considered as the consent in the eye of law. Hence, the Trial Court is justified in ignoring the said document i.e., the renewal of consent by the Pollution Control Board.
9. Learned senior counsel for respondent No1. has further submitted that when the entire materials was appreciated by the Trial Court and the injunction application was rejected, which was confirmed by the appellate Court, this Court i.e., in the writ jurisdiction, cannot interfere into the said orders of the Courts below, though such orders may be right or wrong. The writ Courts are having limited jurisdiction and in this connection, learned senior counsel has relied upon the decision reported in AIR 1973 SC 76 in the case of The Managing Director (MIG) Hindustand Aeronautics Ltd., Balanagar, Hyderbad and another vs. Ajit Prasad Tarway, Manager (Purchase and Stores) 12 Hindustand Aeronautics Ltd. Balanagar, Hyderbad, and the relevant paragraph No.5, AIR 1971 SC 2324 in the case of M/s.D.L.F.Housing and Construction Co.(P) Ltd. Vs. Sarup Singh and others relevant paragraph No.8 and another decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court rendered in Civil Appeal No.678 of 2013 (arising out of SLP (Civil) 31559 of 2012) and the relevant paragraphs are 14 and 15. Hence, he has submitted that this Court cannot interfere into the orders passed by the Courts below. He has also submitted petitioner has not made out a case even on merits also to interfere into the orders passed by the Courts below. Hence, submitted to reject the petition.
10. Learned counsel for respondent Nos.2 to 8 during the course of his arguments has submitted that with regard to the contention of the other side regarding the permission and licence granted by the statutory authorities cannot be set-aside by the Civil Court and Civil Court has no jurisdiction and there is a Bar to 13 entertain the same, he has submitted that it is not the correct position and the Civil Court is having jurisdiction to cross-examine whether the permissions and licences granted by the statutory authorities are in accordance with the mandatory provisions of the relevant Act or not. In this connection, he has relied upon the decision reported in AIR 1971 SC 71 in the case of Sree Raja Kandregula Srinivasa Jagannadharao Panthulu Bahadur Guru (dead) by his legal representatives vs. The State of A.P. and others and the relevant paragraph No.7. Hence, he has submitted that licences and permissions granted by the Pollution Control Board and also the Authority under the Karnataka Regulation of Stone Crushers Act 2011, are not at all as per the requirements of the conditions laid down in the said enactments. Therefore, he has submitted that these aspects were properly appreciated and considered by the Courts below and hence, no illegality has been committed by the Courts below in coming to such conclusion. He has also submitted that 14 there are concurrent findings by the Courts below. The petitioner has not made out a case to interfere into the orders passed by the Courts below and submitted to dismiss the petition.
11. I have perused the grounds urged in the petition, order passed by the Trial Court rejecting the injunction application, the judgment and order passed by the appellate Court, so also perused the pleadings of the parties i.e., copy of the plaint as well as the written statement, application I.A.No.1 filed before the Trial Court along with the supporting affidavit and the objections filed by respondents-defendants.
12. I have also perused the materials produced in the case. Petitioner-plaintiff has produced the document i.e., the proceeding of the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, which is produced at page No.181, and in the document produced at page No.183 it is mentioned that the consent is valid for the period 15 upto 30.06.2015 only. The Trial Court taking into consideration the said document i.e., proceeding of the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, interpreted in its order that it was for the period upto 30.06.2015 only and the petitioner-plaintiff has not produced the document to show the extension or renewal of the consent by the said Board and which is also one of the reason for the Trial Court for rejecting the injunction application. But perusing the document produced at page No.184, which is dated 29.06.2015, which is styled as "Consent for discharge of Emissions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, at the bottom, it is mentioned that consent is granted for the period upto 30.06.2016. The said document is signed by the Environmental Officer, KSPCB, RO: Tumkur, for and on behalf of the KSPCB. The Trial Court has not looked into the said document and has lost sight of the same while considering the case of the petitioner. Though it is the contention of the respondents herein that the consent of renewal is not from the Board and it 16 is only from the Environmental Officer and hence, it cannot be construed as the renewal of consent, but it is not the observation by the Trial Court in its order that the said document is not from the Pollution Control Board and it is only from the Environmental Officer, therefore, it is not going to accept the said document as renewal of consent from the Pollution Control Board. Hence, as I have already observed above, the said document was not looked into by the Trial Court and it snatched the attention of the Trial Court while passing the order.
13. So far as the contention of the learned counsel for the petitioner that some of the documents, which goes to the very root of the matter and on which the entire case of the petitioner is depends, were not looked into by the Trial Court and it proceeded to pass a wrong order is concerned, with regard to the said document that whether it is a valid document or not, it is for the Trial Court to come to the right conclusion 17 during the course of trial, after recording the evidence of both sides, but while dealing with the interim application, which are in the nature of aid to the main relief claimed in the suit, the Court has to prima-facie see the document and not supposed to conduct a mini- trial at that stage to ascertain whether the said document is a valid document or not.
14. With regard to the other aspect i.e., the complaints made by the public, so also the resolutions passed by the Panchayat, I have perused the document i.e., resolution passed by the Panchayat and also the complaint made by the public in respect of carrying-on the stone crushing unit by the petitioner. Perusing these documents, again the Trial Court has committed serious error while appreciating the said documents also, as the said documents are in respect of Sy.No.31, whereas, the suit schedule property is bearing No.30/3, wherein the petitioner-plaintiff claims that he is carrying the stone crushing unit. Therefore, even with 18 regard to this document, which is produced at page No.277, the endorsement issued from the office of the Deputy Director of Mines and Geology Department, Gandinagar, Tumakuru, which is dated 27.04.2015, the Trial Court has taken this document into consideration and observed in its order that there are complaints from the public at large in respect of carrying-on the stone crushing unit by the petitioner-plaintiff and hence, the serious objections are also one of the reason for the Trial Court to reject the injunction application. I have perused the said document, as I have already observed above, the said document is pertaining to Sy.No.31 and it is not pertaining to Sy.No.30/3. Therefore, even with regard to this document also, the Trial Court has misdirected itself to hold that the complaints from the public are also pertaining to the suit schedule property, which was also one of the reason for the Trial Court to reject the injunction application. The persons, who have filed the said complaints, have also approached this Court by filing the Public Interest Litigation in 19 W.P.NO.30447/2015(GM-MM-S-PIL). The first petitioner is mentioned as Sri Anjaneyaswamy Yuvaka Raita Sangha (R), if perused the endorsement document, which is produced at page No.277, as I have already made a reference above, the said endorsement was addressed to Sri Rangaswamaiah Kunchagi, President of Sri Anjaneyaswamy Yuvaka Raita Sangha. Therefore, learned counsel for the petitioner-plaintiff is justified in submitting that as the said Sri Anjaneyaswamy Yuvaka Raita Sangha was not succeeded in getting the orders in the Public Interest Litigation, made such complaint before the authorities. The documents produced by the plaintiff also shows that the permission was granted by the office of Deputy Commissioner, Tumakuru, holding that the said stone crushing unit carried-on by the petitioner-plaintiff comes under the safer zone. Therefore, before issuing such permission, the authorities have already examined about the consequences of giving the permission to carry-on such stone crushing unit in the said area and at that time, it 20 was their opinion that it comes under safer zone, hence, there are no hurdles for issuing consent to carry-on the said unit.
15. The factual aspects clearly shows that permissions were granted by the competent authorities to carry on the said unit under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and also under the Karnataka Regulation of Stone Crushers Act, 2011 and those licences and permissions are still in existence and they were not cancelled or revoked by the said authorities. Therefore, as submitted by the learned counsel for the petitioner-plaintiff, unless and until those licences and permissions granted by the licencing authorities and the other competent authorities, were cancelled, the petitioner has got every right to carry-on his stone crushing unit. Hence, these aspects were also not properly appreciated by the Courts below. 21
16. With regard to the concurrent findings by the Courts below, I have perused the decisions relied upon by the learned senior counsel for respondent No.1, which are referred above.
In the decision reported in AIR 1971 SC 2324 in the case of M/s.D.L.F.Housing and Construction Co.(P) Ltd. Vs. Sarup Singh and others, paragraph No.8 of the said decision, reads as under:
8. The position thus seems be firmly established that while exercising the jurisdiction under section 115, it is not competent to the High Court to correct errors of fact however gross or even errors of law unless the said errors have relation to the jurisdiction of the Court to try the dispute itself. Clauses (a) and (b) of this section on their plain reading quite clearly do not cover the present case. It was not contended, as indeed it was not possible to contend, that the learned Additional district Judge had either exercised a jurisdiction not vested in him by law or had failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested in him, in recording the order that the proceedings under reference be stayed till the decision of the appeal by the High court in the proceedings for specific performance of the agreement in question. Clause (c) also does not seem to apply to the case in hand. The words "illegally" and "with material irregularity" as used in this clause do not cover either errors 22 of fact or of law they do not refer to the decision arrived at but merely to the manner in which it is reached. The errors contemplated by this clause may, in our view, relate either to breach of some provision of law or to material defects of procedure affecting the ultimate decision, and not to errors either of fact or of law, after the prescribed formalities have been complied with. The High Court does not seem to have adverted to the limitation imposed on its power under S. 115 of the Code. Merely because the High Court would have felt inclined, had it dealt with the matter initially, to come to a different conclusion on the question of continuing stay of the reference proceeding pending decision of the appeal, could hardly justify interference on revision under S. 115 of the Code when there was no illegality or material irregularity committed by the learned Additional District Judge in his manner of dealing with this question. It seems to us that in this matter the High Court treated the revision virtually as if it was an appeal.
In the decision reported in AIR 1973 SC 76 in the case of The Managing Director (MIG) Hindustand Aeronautics Ltd., Balanagar, Hyderbad and another vs. Ajit Prasad Tarway, Manager (Purchase and Stores) Hindustand Aeronautics Ltd. Balanagar, Hyderbad, para 5 read as under: 23
5. In our opinion the High Court had no jurisdiction to interfere with the order of the first appellate court. it is not the conclusion of the High Court that the first appellate court had no jurisdiction to make the order that it made. The order of the first appellate court may be right or wrong; may be in accordance with law or may not be in accordance with law; but one thing is clear that it had jurisdiction to make that order. It is not the case that the first appellate court exercised its jurisdiction either illegally or with material irregularity. That being so, the High Court could not have invoked its jurisdiction under S. 115 of the Civil Procedure Code; See the decisions of this Court in Pandurang Dhoni V. Maruti Hari Jadhav, (1996) 1 SCR 102 = (AIR 1966 SC
153), and D. L. F. Housing and Construction Co. (P.) Ltd., New Delhi v. Sarup Singh, (1970) 2 SCR 368 = (AIR 1971 SC 2324).
In the decision rendered by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Civil Appeal No.678/2013, para 14 and 15 reads as under:
14. There is yet another dimension to the issues arising in the present appeal. The interim relief granted to the plaintiffs by the Appellate Bench of the High Court in the present case is a mandatory direction to handover possession to the plaintiffs. Grant of mandatory interim relief requires the highest degree of satisfaction of the Court;
much higher than a case involving grant of prohibitory injunction. It is, indeed, a rare power, the governing principles whereof would hardly require a reiteration inasmuch 24 as the same which had been evolved by this Court in Dorab Cawasji Warden Vs. Coomi Sorab Warden and Others has come to be firmly embedded in our jurisprudence. Paras 16 and 17 of the judgment in Dorab Cawasji Warden (supra), extracted below, may be usefully remembered in this regard:
"16. The relief of interlocutory mandatory injunctions are thus granted generally to preserve or restore the status quo of the last non-
contested status which preceded the pending controversy until the final hearing when full relief may be granted or to compel the undoing of those acts that have been illegally done or the restoration of that which was wrongfully taken from the party complaining. But since the granting of such an injunction to a party who fails or would fail to establish his right at the trail may cause great injustice or irreparable harm to the party against whom it was granted or alternatively not granting of it to a party who succeeds or would succeed may equally cause great injustice or irreparable harm, courts have evolved certain guidelines. Generally stated these guidelines are:
(1) The plaintiff has a strong case for trial. That is, it shall be of a higher standard than a prima facie case that is normally required for a prohibitory injunction.
(2) It is necessary to prevent
irreparable or serious injury which
25
normally cannot be compensated in
terms of money.
(3) The balance of
convenience is in favour of the one
seeking such relief.
17. Being essentially an equitable relief the grant or refusal of an interlocutory mandatory injunction shall ultimately rest in the sound judicial discretion of the court to be exercised in the light of the facts and circumstances in each case. Though the above guidelines are neither exhaustive nor complete or absolute rules, and there may be exceptional circumstances needing action, applying them as prerequisite for the grant or refusal of such injunctions would be a sound exercise of a judicial discretion."
15. In a situation where the learned Trial Court on a consideration of the respective cases of the parties and the documents laid before it was of the view that the entitlement of the plaintiffs to an order of interim mandatory injunction was in serious doubt, the Appellate Court could not have interfered with the exercise of discretion by the learned Trial Judge unless such exercise was found to be palpably incorrect or untenable. The reasons that weighed with the learned Trial Judge, as already noticed, according to us, do not indicate that the view taken is not a possible view. The Appellate Court, therefore, should not have substituted its views in the matter merely on the ground that in its opinion the facts of the case call for a different conclusion. Such an exercise is not the correct parameter for exercise of jurisdiction while hearing an appeal against a discretionary order. While 26 we must not be understood to have said that the Appellate Court was wrong in its conclusions what is sought to be emphasized is that as long as the view of the Trial Court was a possible view the Appellate Court should not have interfered with the same following the virtually settled principles of law in this regard as laid down by this Court in Wander Ltd. v. Antox India (P) Ltd. Para 14 of the aforesaid judgment which is extracted below would amply sum up the situation:
"14. The appeals before the Division Bench were against the exercise of discretion by the Single Judge. In such appeals, the appellate court will not interfere with the exercise of discretion of the court of first instance and substitute its own discretion except where the discretion has been shown to have been exercised arbitrarily, or capriciously or perversely or where the court had ignored the settled principles of law regulating grant or refusal of interlocutory injunctions. An appeal against exercise of discretion is said to be an appeal on principle. Appellate Court will not reassess the material and seek to reach a conclusion different from the one reached by the court below if the one reached by that Court was reasonably possible on the material. The appellate court would normally not be justified in interfering with the exercise of discretion under appeal solely on the ground that if it had considered the matter at the trial stage it would have come to a contrary conclusion. If the discretion has been exercised by the trial court reasonably 27 and in a judicial manner the fact that the appellate court would have taken a different view may not justify interference with the trial court's exercise of discretion. After referring to these principles Gajendragadkar, J. in Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. v. Pothan Joseph: (SCR 721) "... These principles are well established, but as has been observed by viscount Simon in Charles Osenton & Co. v. Jhanaton '...the law as to the reversal by a court of appeal of an order made by a judge below in the exercise of his discretion is well established, and any difficulty that arises is due only to the application of well settled principles in an individual case'."
The appellate judgment does not seem to defer to this principle."
Looking to the decision of AIR 1973 SC 76, it is observed at para 5 by Their Lordships that "It is not the case that first appellate Court exercised its jurisdiction either illegally or with material irregularity. So it is clear that if the First Appellate Court exercised its jurisdiction either illegally or with material irregularity, this Court can interfere even though there are concurrent findings by the Courts below. But looking to the orders passed by the Courts below and the 28 discussion that I have made above, when the material documents were not considered and some of the documents were wrongly read by the Trial Court, about which without making proper enquiry in the appeal, when the appeal Court endorsed its view with that of the Trial Court, clearly shows that the exercise of jurisdiction by the Appellate Court is not in accordance with law and there is material irregularity in exercise of jurisdiction by the appellate Court. Under such circumstances, this Court can interfere into the orders passed by the Courts below even though there are concurrent findings by the Courts below. In this regard, I refer to the decision of the Hon'ble Supreme Court reported in (1997) 5 SCC 76 in the case of Achutananda Baidya vs. Prafullya Kumar Gayen and others and the relevant paragraph 9 and 11, wherein it is held by Their Lordships as under:
9. We are, however, unable to accept such contention of Mr. Bhattacharyya. In this case, the High Court has rightly held that the appellate authority came to the finding of non-existence of oral agreement of reconveyance without 29 considering the evidence on record. If the appellate authority does not consider the materials on record having a bearing on a finding of fact and makes the finding of fact, such finding of fact arrived without consideration of relevanat materials on record cannot be sustained in law. The High Court, in such circumstances, will be competent to consider the validity of the finding of fact assailed before it with reference to materials on record.
11. If the evidence on record in respect of a question of fact is not at all taken into consideration and without reference to such evidence, the finding of fact is arrived at by inferior court or tribunal, such finding must be held to be perverse and lacking in factual basis. In such circumstances, in exercise of the jurisdiction under Article 227, the High Court will be competent to quash such perverse finding of fact.
Looking to the principles enunciated in the said decision also, it clearly shows that this Court can interfere even in the writ proceedings, if the orders passed by the Courts below are not in accordance with law. Therefore, the contention of the learned counsel for the respondents that as there are concurrent findings by the Courts below, hence, this Court cannot 30 interfere into the orders passed by the Courts below, cannot be accepted at all.
17. In view of the legal position and also the documents produced by the petitioner-plaintiff and my above discussion, I am of the clear opinion that petitioner-plaintiff has made out a case to interfere into the orders passed by the Courts below. Hence, petition is allowed and the impugned order 26.09.2015 passed on I.A.NO.1 filed under Order XXXIX Rule 1 and 2 of CPC in O.S.NO.712/2015 on the file of III Addl. Civil Judge and JMFC, Tumakuru, and also the order dated 29.10.2015 passed in M.A.No.55/2015 on the file of II Addl. Senior Civil Judge & JMFC, Tumakuru, are hereby set-aside and the matter is remanded back to the Trial Court. The Trial Court is hereby directed to consider the application I.A.NO.1 afresh, giving opportunity to both the sides to file to their additional statements, if any, so also to produce additional documents, if any, and the Trial Court has to consider 31 the documents produced in the case by both sides and to dispose of the said application in accordance with law.
However, it is made clear that the observations made by this Court in the body of this order is only for the purpose of disposal of this petition and the Trial Court has to consider the application afresh independently without being influenced by the observations made by this Court in this order.
Sd/-
JUDGE BSR Ct-sm


This environment is part of the gamma environments. Please read that page first for general information.
| Actions | Agents | Manual Control | Action Shape | Action Values | Observation Shape | Observation Values | Num States |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Either | 8 | Yes | (1,) | [0, 2] | (100, 300, 3) or (1,) | (0, 255) or (-300, 300) | ? |
from pettingzoo.gamma import prison_v0
agents= ["prisoner_0", "prisoner_1", ..., "prisoner_7"]
AEC diagram
In prison, 8 aliens locked in identical prison cells are controlled by the user. They cannot communicate with each other in any way, and can only pace in their cell. Every time they touch one end of the cell and then the other, they get a reward of 1. Due to the fully independent nature of these agents and the simplicity of the task, this is an environment primarily intended for debugging purposes- it’s multiple individual purely single agent tasks. To make this debugging tool as compatible with as many methods as possible, it can accept both discrete and continuous actions and the observation can be automatically turned into a number representing position of the alien from the left of it’s cell instead of the normal graphical output.
Manual Control:
Select different aliens with ‘W’, ‘A’, ‘S’ or ‘D’. Move the selected alien left with ‘J’ and right with ‘K’.
Arguments:
prison.env(graphical_output=True, discrete_input=True, synchronized_start=False,
identical_aliens=False, max_frames=900, random_aliens=False)
about arguments
graphics_output: If set to True an image of the prisoner's cell is observed. If set to False, the distance to the left side wall is returned.
discrete_input: If True, each agent action is a discrete value indicating whether to move left or right one unit. If False, each agent action represents a real value that is added to the agent's x position
synchronized_start: If set to true, all aliens will start in the same x position, relative to their cells. Otherwise, their position is random.
identical_aliens: If set to true, each alien will have the some randomly chosen sprite. This argument overrides the random_aliens argument.
random_aliens: If set to True, each alien's sprite is randomly chosen from all possible sprites. If random_aliens and synchronized_aliens are both False, each alien's sprite is chosen cyclically from all possible sprites.
Discrete Leaderboard:
| Average Total Reward | Method | Institution | Paper | Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | x | x | x | x |
Continuous Leaderboard:
| Average Total Reward | Method | Institution | Paper | Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | x | x | x | x |


- findAndRedact(Case, BulkRedactorSettings, Collection<Item>) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.annotations.BulkRedactor
-
Finds text in PDFs of given items.
- findCaseDirectories(File) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseUtility
-
Searches for case directories in a given directory and sub-directories.
- findCaseDirectories(String) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseUtility
-
Searches for case directories in a given directory and sub-directories.
- findCaseDirectoryPaths(File) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseUtility
-
Searches for case directories in a given directory and sub-directories.
- findCaseDirectoryPaths(String) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseUtility
-
Searches for case directories in a given directory and sub-directories.
- findCaseInformation(File) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseUtility
-
Scans specified root directory and sub-directories for cases, returning
CaseInfo
objects
for each case located.
- findCaseInformation(String) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseUtility
-
Scans specified root directory and sub-directories for cases, returning
CaseInfo
objects
for each case located.
- findContainerAncestor(Item) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.items.SuperItemUtility
-
Traverses up an item's path to locate the nearest ancestor container item (kind:container) or
null if there is no container ancestor item.
- findContainerAncestors(Collection<Item>) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.items.SuperItemUtility
-
- findExpressionsInPdfFile(File, Collection<String>) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.annotations.BulkRedactor
-
Generates
NuixImageAnnotationRegion
objects for matches found by Aspose in the given PDF based on the provided regular expressions.
- findPhysicalFileAncestor(Item) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.items.SuperItemUtility
-
Traverses up an item's path to locate the ancestor physical file item (flag:physical_file) or
null if there is no physical file ancestor item.
- findPhysicalFileAncestors(Collection<Item>) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.items.SuperItemUtility
-
- formatAsTextualTable(List<List<String>>) - Static method in class com.nuix.superutilities.misc.FormatUtility
-
- formatNumber(int) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.misc.FormatUtility
-
Convenience method for formatting numeric value using US locale.
- formatNumber(long) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.misc.FormatUtility
-
Convenience method for formatting numeric value using US locale.
- formatNumber(double) - Method in class com.nuix.superutilities.misc.FormatUtility
-
Convenience method for formatting numeric value using US locale.
- FormatUtility - Class in com.nuix.superutilities.misc
-
Class which offers methods for formatting values.
- FreeSpaceMonitor - Class in com.nuix.superutilities.misc
-
Provides a way to monitor file system locations and act when available disk space drops
below a specified threshold.
- FreeSpaceMonitor() - Constructor for class com.nuix.superutilities.misc.FreeSpaceMonitor
-
- FreeSpaceMonitorEventCallback - Interface in com.nuix.superutilities.misc
-
- fromCaseDirectories(List<File>) - Static method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseInfo
-
Given a list of case paths (specified as File objects) creates a series of CaseInfo objects.
- fromCasePaths(List<String>) - Static method in class com.nuix.superutilities.cases.CaseInfo
-
Given a list of case paths (specified as Strings) creates a series of CaseInfo objects.


Enjoy The Trip
The more you travel the more you explore Serengeti National park, Ngorongoro crater, Mt. Kilimanjaro and a string of other world-famous wildlife sanctuaries. We appreciate your time here.
Whether you want to climb Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, or go and watch the wildebeest Cross migration, the grandest spectacle on earth, in the Serengeti or if you want to scuba dive of the coast of the enticing spice island of Zanzibar, we will help your dream holiday come true. Our expert guides will accompany you at all times and make sure this is a holiday of a lifetime. Whether you are backpacking or traveling in luxury lodges, Tanzania has it all.
Our Goal is to plan and personalize every detail of your journey, while always keeping your safety and comfort in mind. Every safari is a private and all-inclusive expedition. From our seamless arrangements to the safari itself, we strive to provide an unparalleled experience that inspires you to take a journey through the unspoiled living landscape of Tanzania in our safe, Modified safari vehicles. 'we will be your persona’.
travel planning is about crafting a journey or experience for you and your travel companions
The dry season (late June to October) offers a best wildlife view, as animals congregate near water sources.
Explore magnificient ruins wildbeest migration, Spot varieties of bird and more wildlife animals
Enjoy your trip to Tanzania


The Query tool¶
The Query tool is a powerful, feature-rich environment that allows you to execute arbitrary SQL commands and review the result set. If you access the Query tool via the Query Tool menu option on the Tools menu, you can:
- Issue ad-hoc SQL queries.
- Execute arbitrary SQL commands.
- Save the data displayed in the output panel to a CSV file.
- Review the execution plan of a SQL statement in either a text or a graphical format.
- View analytical information about a SQL statement.
If you open the Query tool via the View Data context-menu, the Query tool acts as a data editor, allowing you to:
- View or modify the data that is stored in a table.
- Filter the result set.
- Save the data displayed in the output panel to a CSV file.
- Review the execution plan of a SQL statement in either a text or a graphical format.
- View analytical information about a SQL statement.
The Query tool features a toolbar that allows quick access to frequently used options, and a work environment divided into two panels:
- The upper panel of the Query tool contains the SQL Editor. You can use the panel to manually enter a query, or review the query that generated the result set displayed in the lower panel.
- The lower panel of the Query tool contains the Data Output panel. The output panel displays the result of a query, or information about a query’s execution plan.
pgAdmin allows you to open multiple copies of the Query tool (in individual tabs) simultaneously. For example, if you select Query tool from the Tools menu, the Query tool opens in a tab labeled Query-1; if you open the Query tool again (without closing Query-1), a second copy will open in Query-2. To close a copy of the Query tool, click the X in the upper-right hand corner of the tab bar.
The Query tool Toolbar
The Query tool toolbar uses context-sensitive icons that provide shortcuts to frequently performed tasks. If an icon is highlighted, the option is enabled; if the icon is grayed-out, the task is disabled.
Hover over an icon to display a tooltip that describes the icon’s functionality:
| Icon | Behavior |
|---|---|
| Open File | Click the Open File icon to display a previously saved query in the SQL Editor. |
| Save | Click the Save icon to save the query that is currently displayed in the SQL Editor. |
| Copy | Click the Copy icon to copy the currently selected row. |
| Paste | Click the Paste icon to paste the content that is currently on the clipboard. |
| Add New Row | Use the Add New Row icon to add a new row in the output panel. |
| Filter | Click the Filter icon to open a dialog that allows you to write and apply a filter for the content currently displayed in the output panel. Click the down arrow to open the Filter drop- down menu and select from pre-defined options:
|
| No limit | Use the No limit drop-down listbox to specify how many rows to display in the output panel. Select from: No limit (the default), 1000 rows, 500 rows, or 100 rows. |
| Execute/Refresh | Click the Execute/Refresh icon to either execute or refresh the query highlighted in the SQL editor panel. Click the down arrow to access other execution options:
|
| Stop | Click the Stop icon to cancel the execution of the currently running query. |
| Clear query window | Use options on the Clear query window drop-down menu to erase the contents of the SQL editor panel or the History tab. |
| Download as CSV | Click the Download as CSV icon to download the result set of the current query to a comma-separated list. |
The SQL Editor Panel
The SQL editor panel contains a workspace for entering commands; you can read a query from a file, or type a query. The SQL editor features syntax coloring and autocompletion to help you develop queries.
To use autocomplete, begin typing your query; when you would like the Query editor to suggest object names or commands that might be next in your query, press the Control+Space key combination. For example, type “*SELECT * FROM* ” (without quotes, but with a trailing space), and then press the Control+Space key combination to select from a popup menu of autocomplete options.
After entering a query, select the Execute/Refresh icon from the toolbar. The complete contents of the SQL editor panel will be sent to the database server for execution. To execute only a section of the code that is displayed in the SQL editor, highlight the text that you want the server to execute, and click the Execute/Refresh icon:
The message returned by the server when a command executes is displayed on the Messages tab of the output panel. If the command is successful, the Messages tab displays execution details:
The editor also offers several features that help with code formatting:
- The auto-indent feature will automatically indent text to the same depth as the previous line when you press the Return key.
- Block indent text by selecting two or more lines and pressing the Tab key.
The Data Output Panel
Use the Data Output panel of the Query tool to view data and information generated by a query in the SQL editor, or to View Data for an object currently selected in the pgAdmin tree control.
The Data Output panel organizes output through the following tabs: Data Output, Explain, Messages, and History.
If the Query tool is opened through the Query tool menu option on the Tools menu, you can use the Data Output tab to view the results of an arbitrary query in a table format. If the Query tool is opened through a View Data context menu, the Data Output tab will display the data stored in the table from which the Query tool was opened.
- If enabled, use the Filter options from the Query tool toolbar to refine the result set displayed on the Data Output tab.
- If enabled, use the No limit drop-down to specify how many rows to display on the Data Output tab.
- If enabled, use the Execute/Refresh options to retrieve query execution information and set query execution options.
- Use the Download as CSV icon to download the content of the Data Output tab as a comma-delimited file.
All rowsets from previous queries or commands that are displayed in the Data Output panel will be discarded when you invoke another query; open another query tool browser tab to keep your previous results available.
If the Query Tool is opened using the View Data menu option and the data is updatable and has a primary key, then you can double-click on values on the Data Output tab and edit them:
- To enter a NULL, clear the value of the string.
- To enter a blank set the value of the cell to ‘’.
- To enter the string ‘’. enter the value ‘’.
Once the data has been edited as required, use the Save button to save the changes to the database.
Use the Explain tab to view a graphical representation of a query:
To generate a graphical explain diagram, open the Explain tab, and select Explain, Explain Analyze, or one or more options from the Explain options menu on the Execute/Refresh drop-down. Please note that EXPLAIN VERBOSE cannot be displayed graphically. Hover over an icon on the Explain tab to review information about that item; a popup window will display information about the selected object:
Note that the query plan that accompanies the Explain analyze is available on the Data Output tab.
Use the Messages tab to view information about the last-executed query:
If the server returns an error, the error message will be displayed on the Messages tab, and the syntax that cause the error will be underlined in the SQL editor.
If a query succeeds, the Messages tab displays how long the query took to complete and how many rows were retrieved:
Use the History tab to review activity for the current session:
The History tab displays:
- The date and time that a query was invoked.
- The text of the query.
- The number of rows returned by the query.
- The amount of time it took the server to process the query and return a result set.
- Messages returned by the server (not noted on the Messages tab).
To erase the content of the History tab, select Clear history from the Clear query window drop-down menu.


Make your own puzzle
Choose images
Choose files
or drag and drop files here
Choose files
or drag and drop files here
Choose files
or drag and drop files here
Choose files
or drag and drop files here
Ask question
Enter answer
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Download a single STL file with all parts or a ZIP file with multiple STL parts.
This is a hobby project and is not financed by or associated with Bungie. All information used on this site is the property of Bungie. Brent Peterson 2023


Fun for everyone at a Salmon Cookies™ near you!
Hover over the images below for pricing:
Cookie Cutter
$5
Cookies
$2/single or $5/three
T-shirt
$25


The project is located at https://github.com/Nachtfeuer/concept-queen. The purpose is implementing the queen algorithm in different languages (currently {{numberOfLanguages()}}) and comparing the code and the performance. The algorithm is about a n x n chessboard with n queens placed in away that no queen does threaten any other one. The upper limit should be 2 minutes otherwise an entry will be displayed as red. The order is the biggest chessboard size at top of the table and then with ascending runtime of the algorithm each chessboard size.
| # | Language | Version | Chessboard Width | Average Duration | Count Measurement | Solutions | Source Code |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{$index}} | {{entry.language}} |
{{entry.version}}
|
{{entry["chessboard-width"]}} | {{averageDuration(entry.durations)}} |
{{countDurations(entry.durations)}}
|
{{entry.solutions}} | {{entry.source}} |


Bafana Star Nets Brace In France, Tau Returns For Brugge
by Soccer LadumaFrance
Lebogang Mothiba ended his goal drought for Strasbourg, who romped to a 4-1 win over Amiens on Saturday.
The Bafana Bafana striker played a starring role after netting a brace as Strasbourg ran riot to get back to winning ways.
In Ligue 2, Lebogang Phiri played the full 90 minutes as Guingamp played to a 1-1 draw with Ajaccio on Saturday night.
England
Kamohelo Moktojo inspired Brentford to a 3-1 victory over Wigan Athletic in the Championship on Saturday afternoon.
Mokotjo opened his account for the season after scoring in the 70th minute, before he bagged the assist for Brentford's third goal.
Netherlands
Lars Veldwijk netted his fourth league of the season as Sparta Rotterdam suffered a 2-1 loss to Heerenveen on Saturday afternoon.
Belgium
Percy Tau returned to the Club Brugge starting line-up in a 2-1 defeat to Royal Antwerp on Sunday afternoon.
The Bafana attacker played 55 minutes and bagged the assist for Brugge's only goal on the day.
Lyle Foster played the full 90 minutes as Cercle Brugge claimed the first win of the season with 2-1 triumph over Sint-Trudien on Saturday night.
Portugal
Luther Singh and Thibang Phete went head-to-head on Saturday as Famalicao and Moreirense played to a 3-3 draw in the Portuguese top flight.
Singh played the full 90 minutes for Moreirense, while Phete was introduced in the 70th minute for the hosts.


What were the gold field riots between the european miners and the Chinese miners known as? (Think back to the video you watched about chinese miners)
What were these riots about?
Do you think the local miners were being fair? Why do you think that?
This chapter is coming soon.


You have been invited to Yammer's Integration Product Downloads site.
Please click here to sign up with your email address: {{ email }}


- TerminalUserInterfaceTest - Class in org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console
-
- TerminalUserInterfaceTest() - Constructor for class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
- test() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.AnsiColorsTest
-
Run the actual tests.
- testAppend() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2InputHistoryTest
-
- testContinuationPromptShown() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test whether the continuation prompt is shown when entering multiline input.
- testCtrlD() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test whether entering CTRL + D returns null for input.
- testCtrlDEnteredOnSecondLine() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test whether entering CTRL + D returns null for input when entered on the second line.
- testDelegateSwitch() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2PersistentInputHistoryTest
-
Tests the switch of the delegate before and after loading.
- testEntries() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2InputHistoryTest
-
- testGet() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2InputHistoryTest
-
- testGetMostRecent() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2InputHistoryTest
-
Tests whether the
IInputHistory.getMostRecent()
method correctly returns the
most recent entry entered through simulated input, and then an entry appended via our
interface.
- testHistory_double() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test whether two up-arrows causes the input to be the input entered two times before.
- testHistory_single() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test whether an up-arrow causes the input to be the previously entered input.
- testHistory_up_up_down() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test whether an up-arrow followed by a down-arrow causes the input to be the previously
entered input.
- testKeyboardShortcuts() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test keyboard shortcuts (CTRL + A, CTRL + E).
- testMultilineInput() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.TerminalUserInterfaceTest
-
Test whether interleaving lines with "ENTER", and then accepting the lines with double
"ENTER", returns input that spans multiple lines.
- testPersistentHistory() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2PersistentInputHistoryTest
-
Tests persistence through creating a temporary file.
- testSize() - Method in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2InputHistoryTest
-
Tests whether the size is reported correctly after input-simulation, and whether it is
reported correctly after appending a new entry via our own adapter interface.
- theDelegate - Variable in class org.metaborg.spoofax.shell.client.console.JLine2InputHistoryTest
-


| 1 | /* | |
| 2 | * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more | |
| 3 | * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with | |
| 4 | * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. | |
| 5 | * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 | |
| 6 | * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with | |
| 7 | * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at | |
| 8 | * | |
| 9 | * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 | |
| 10 | * | |
| 11 | * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software | |
| 12 | * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, | |
| 13 | * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. | |
| 14 | * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and | |
| 15 | * limitations under the License. | |
| 16 | */ | |
| 17 | ||
| 18 | package org.apache.commons.math3.linear; | |
| 19 | ||
| 20 | import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.DimensionMismatchException; | |
| 21 | ||
| 22 | /** | |
| 23 | * This class defines a linear operator operating on real ({@code double}) | |
| 24 | * vector spaces. No direct access to the coefficients of the underlying matrix | |
| 25 | * is provided. | |
| 26 | * | |
| 27 | * The motivation for such an interface is well stated by | |
| 28 | * Barrett et al. (1994): | |
| 29 | *
 | |
| 30 | * We restrict ourselves to iterative methods, which work by repeatedly | |
| 31 | * improving an approximate solution until it is accurate enough. These | |
| 32 | * methods access the coefficient matrix A of the linear system only via the | |
| 33 | * matrix-vector product y = A · x | |
| 34 | * (and perhaps z = AT · x). Thus the user need only | |
| 35 | * supply a subroutine for computing y (and perhaps z) given x, which permits | |
| 36 | * full exploitation of the sparsity or other special structure of A. | |
| 37 | *
 | |
| 38 | *
 | |
| 39 | * | |
| 40 | *
 | |
| 41 | *
Barret et al. (1994)
 | |
| 42 | *
 | |
| 43 | * R. Barrett, M. Berry, T. F. Chan, J. Demmel, J. M. Donato, J. Dongarra, | |
| 44 | * V. Eijkhout, R. Pozo, C. Romine and H. Van der Vorst, | |
| 45 | * Templates for the Solution of Linear Systems: Building Blocks for | |
| 46 | * Iterative Methods, SIAM | |
| 47 | *
 | |
| 48 | *
 | |
| 49 | * | |
| 50 | * @version $Id: RealLinearOperator.java 1416643 2012-12-03 19:37:14Z tn $ | |
| 51 | * @since 3.0 | |
| 52 | */ | |
| 53 | public abstract class RealLinearOperator { | |
| 54 | /** | |
| 55 | * Returns the dimension of the codomain of this operator. | |
| 56 | * | |
| 57 | * @return the number of rows of the underlying matrix | |
| 58 | */ | |
| 59 | public abstract int getRowDimension(); | |
| 60 | ||
| 61 | /** | |
| 62 | * Returns the dimension of the domain of this operator. | |
| 63 | * | |
| 64 | * @return the number of columns of the underlying matrix | |
| 65 | */ | |
| 66 | public abstract int getColumnDimension(); | |
| 67 | ||
| 68 | /** | |
| 69 | * Returns the result of multiplying {@code this} by the vector {@code x}. | |
| 70 | * | |
| 71 | * @param x the vector to operate on | |
| 72 | * @return the product of {@code this} instance with {@code x} | |
| 73 | * @throws DimensionMismatchException if the column dimension does not match | |
| 74 | * the size of {@code x} | |
| 75 | */ | |
| 76 | public abstract RealVector operate(final RealVector x) | |
| 77 | throws DimensionMismatchException; | |
| 78 | ||
| 79 | /** | |
| 80 | * Returns the result of multiplying the transpose of {@code this} operator | |
| 81 | * by the vector {@code x} (optional operation). The default implementation | |
| 82 | * throws an {@link UnsupportedOperationException}. Users overriding this | |
| 83 | * method must also override {@link #isTransposable()}. | |
| 84 | * | |
| 85 | * @param x the vector to operate on | |
| 86 | * @return the product of the transpose of {@code this} instance with | |
| 87 | * {@code x} | |
| 88 | * @throws org.apache.commons.math3.exception.DimensionMismatchException | |
| 89 | * if the row dimension does not match the size of {@code x} | |
| 90 | * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this operation is not supported | |
| 91 | * by {@code this} operator | |
| 92 | */ | |
| 93 | public RealVector operateTranspose(final RealVector x) | |
| 94 | throws DimensionMismatchException, UnsupportedOperationException { | |
| 95 | throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); | |
| 96 | } | |
| 97 | ||
| 98 | /** | |
| 99 | * Returns {@code true} if this operator supports | |
| 100 | * {@link #operateTranspose(RealVector)}. If {@code true} is returned, | |
| 101 | * {@link #operateTranspose(RealVector)} should not throw | |
| 102 | * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}. The default implementation returns | |
| 103 | * {@code false}. | |
| 104 | * | |
| 105 | * @return {@code false} | |
| 106 | */ | |
| 107 | public boolean isTransposable() { | |
| 108 | 1 | return false; |
| 109 | } | |
| 110 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 108 |
replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) : NO_COVERAGE |


|
QuantLib: a free/open-source library for quantitative finance
Fully annotated sources - version 1.30
|
Two-dimensional tree-based lattice. More...
#include <ql/methods/lattices/lattice2d.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| TreeLattice2D (const ext::shared_ptr< T > &tree1, ext::shared_ptr< T > tree2, Real correlation) | |
| Size | size (Size i) const |
| Size | descendant (Size i, Size index, Size branch) const |
| Real | probability (Size i, Size index, Size branch) const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from TreeLattice< Impl > | |
| TreeLattice (const TimeGrid &timeGrid, Size n) | |
| void | initialize (DiscretizedAsset &, Time t) const override |
| initialize an asset at the given time. More... | |
| void | rollback (DiscretizedAsset &, Time to) const override |
| void | partialRollback (DiscretizedAsset &, Time to) const override |
| Real | presentValue (DiscretizedAsset &) const override |
| Computes the present value of an asset using Arrow-Debrew prices. More... | |
| const Array & | statePrices (Size i) const |
| void | stepback (Size i, const Array &values, Array &newValues) const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Lattice | |
| Lattice (TimeGrid timeGrid) | |
| virtual | ~Lattice ()=default |
| const TimeGrid & | timeGrid () const |
Protected Member Functions | |
| Array | grid (Time) const override |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from TreeLattice< Impl > | |
| void | computeStatePrices (Size until) const |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from CuriouslyRecurringTemplate< Impl > | |
| CuriouslyRecurringTemplate ()=default | |
| ~CuriouslyRecurringTemplate ()=default | |
| Impl & | impl () |
| const Impl & | impl () const |
Protected Attributes | |
| ext::shared_ptr< T > | tree1_ |
| ext::shared_ptr< T > | tree2_ |
| Protected Attributes inherited from TreeLattice< Impl > | |
| std::vector< Array > | statePrices_ |
| Protected Attributes inherited from Lattice | |
| TimeGrid | t_ |
Private Attributes | |
| Matrix | m_ |
| Real | rho_ |
Two-dimensional tree-based lattice.
This lattice is based on two trinomial trees and primarily used for the G2 short-rate model.
Definition at line 42 of file lattice2d.hpp.
| TreeLattice2D | ( | const ext::shared_ptr< T > & | tree1, |
| ext::shared_ptr< T > | tree2, | ||
| Real | correlation | ||
| ) |
Definition at line 71 of file lattice2d.hpp.
Definition at line 63 of file lattice2d.hpp.
Definition at line 103 of file lattice2d.hpp.
Definition at line 118 of file lattice2d.hpp.
Implements Lattice.
Definition at line 52 of file lattice2d.hpp.
|
protected |
Definition at line 50 of file lattice2d.hpp.
|
protected |
Definition at line 50 of file lattice2d.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 55 of file lattice2d.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 56 of file lattice2d.hpp.


|
Labdevicedriver Framework
|
Rhode und Schwarz RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP EMI Test Receiver with Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain measurement capabilities. More...
Inherits labDevice.
Public Member Functions | |
| function | RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP (in mode, in varargin) |
| RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP constructor. More... | |
| function | delete (in obj) |
| Delete RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP Object. More... | |
| function | read (in obj) |
| Read data from labdevice. More... | |
| function | flush (in obj) |
| Flush labdevice. More... | |
| function | write (in obj, in txt) |
| Write SCPI/skippy commands to labdevice. More... | |
| function | abortMeas (in obj) |
| abort the measurement in progess More... | |
| function | activateReceiverMode (in obj) |
| activate the Receiver Mode More... | |
| function | continueMeas (in obj) |
| continue the measurement at the frequency it was interrupted More... | |
| function | continuousSweep (in obj) |
| set the measurement to continuous sweep mode More... | |
| function | controlDisplay (in obj, in status) |
| turn the Display of the device on or off More... | |
| function | getCenterFreq (in obj) |
| get the current center frequency of RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP More... | |
| function | getDetector (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the currently set detector More... | |
| function | getDetectorFinalMeas (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the currently set detector for final measurement More... | |
| function | getInputAttenuation (in obj, in varargin) |
| get current input attenuation value, the auto ATT status, or the input protection status More... | |
| function | getMarkerPeak (in obj, in varargin) |
| return X and Y value of the biggest peak More... | |
| function | getMarkerX (in obj, in varargin) |
| return X value of a specified marker More... | |
| function | getMarkerY (in obj, in varargin) |
| return Y value of a specified marker More... | |
| function | getMeasBandwidth (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the resolution bandwidth More... | |
| function | getMeasTime (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the measurement time for a time or frequency domain measurement More... | |
| function | getPowerUnit (in obj) |
| get the currently set power unit (Y axis unit) More... | |
| function | getPowerZeroSpan (in obj, in freq, in detector) |
| zero span power measurement More... | |
| function | getPreamp (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the Preamp status More... | |
| function | getScanMode (in obj) |
| query the current scan mode. Only useful in receiver mode! More... | |
| function | getSpan (in obj) |
| get the frequency span More... | |
| function | getStartFreq (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the start frequency More... | |
| function | getStepSize (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the start frequency More... | |
| function | getStopFreq (in obj, in varargin) |
| get the stop frequency More... | |
| function | getTrace (in obj, in freqPoints, in varargin) |
| get data of a trace More... | |
| function | holdMeas (in obj) |
| pause/hold the current measurement More... | |
| function | peakSearch (in obj, in margin, in method, in no, in noPeak) |
| function | reset (in obj) |
| reset the device More... | |
| function | setAutoBandwidth (in obj, in setBandw) |
| enable or disable automatic resolution bandwith More... | |
| function | setCenterFreq (in obj, in freq, in varargin) |
| set the center frequency and optionally span More... | |
| function | setDetector (in obj, in detec) |
| Sets the measuring protocol / the detector mode. More... | |
| function | setDetectorFinalMeas (in obj, in detec) |
| Sets the measuring protocol / the detector mode for final measurement. More... | |
| function | setFreqStepMode (in obj, in freqDist) |
| set the frequency step mode set the mode to More... | |
| function | setFreqStepModeAxis (in obj, in freqDistAxis) |
| set the frequency step mode of the axis set the mode to More... | |
| function | setFreqStepSize (in obj, in stepSize, in range) |
| Sets the increment between the measuring points. More... | |
| function | setFreqStepSpace (in obj, in mode) |
| Sets the mode of the Step Space. Note that the frequency step space for TIME DOMAIN SCANS (R&S RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP-K53) is always selected automatically! More... | |
| function | setInputAttenuation (in obj, in prot, in auto, in value) |
| Sets the input attenuation. 'prot' and 'auto' needs to be set. 'value' only when automatic attenuation configuration is turned off. More... | |
| function | setMarkerFreq (in obj, in freq, in varargin) |
| set a marker to frequency and return Y-Value there More... | |
| function | setMarkerPeak (in obj, in varargin) |
| set a marker to the biggest peak More... | |
| function | setMeasBandwidth (in obj, in rbw, in varargin) |
| set the resolution bandwidth More... | |
| function | setMeasMode (in obj, in mode) |
| Switch between the measurement modes. More... | |
| function | setMeasTime (in obj, in mesTim, in range) |
| set the measurement time More... | |
| function | setPowerUnit (in obj, in unit) |
| set the power unit (Y axis unit) More... | |
| function | setPreamp (in obj, in stat, in varargin) |
| get the Preamp status More... | |
| function | setScanAttenuation (in obj, in value, in range) |
| set the input attenuation for a scan range More... | |
| function | setScanMode (in obj, in mode) |
| set the scan mode. More... | |
| function | setSpan (in obj, in span) |
| set the frequency span More... | |
| function | setStartFreq (in obj, in freq, in varargin) |
| set the start frequency More... | |
| function | setStopFreq (in obj, in freq, in varargin) |
| set the stop frequency More... | |
| function | singleSweep (in obj) |
| set the RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP to single sweep mode More... | |
| function | startMeas (in obj) |
| start a measurement immediately More... | |
| function | storePeakSearch (in obj) |
| function | timeDomainScan (in obj, in mode) |
| Sets the mode of the Step Space. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from labDevice | |
| function | labDevice (in deviceName, in mode, in varargin) |
| labdevice constructor More... | |
| function | delete (in obj) |
| Delete labDevice Object. More... | |
| function | flush (in obj) |
| function | read (in obj) |
| Read data from labdevice. More... | |
| function | write (in obj, in txt) |
| Write SCPI/skippy commands to labdevice. More... | |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Public Attributes inherited from labDevice | |
| Property | prop |
Rhode und Schwarz RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP EMI Test Receiver with Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain measurement capabilities.
Usage: Initalise subclass
Definition at line 18 of file RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP.m.
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP | ( | in | mode, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP constructor.
The constructor
| mode | Communication mode e.g. "eth" for ethernet |
| varargin | Variable input arguments depending on connection mode |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::abortMeas | ( | in | obj | ) |
abort the measurement in progess
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::activateReceiverMode | ( | in | obj | ) |
activate the Receiver Mode
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::continueMeas | ( | in | obj | ) |
continue the measurement at the frequency it was interrupted
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::continuousSweep | ( | in | obj | ) |
set the measurement to continuous sweep mode
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::controlDisplay | ( | in | obj, |
| in | status | ||
| ) |
turn the Display of the device on or off
| obj | Instance of class |
| status | 'on' || 'off' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::delete | ( | in | obj | ) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::flush | ( | in | obj | ) |
Flush labdevice.
| obj | Instance of RohdeUndSchwarz_SMX class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getCenterFreq | ( | in | obj | ) |
get the current center frequency of RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getDetector | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the currently set detector
detector strings: 'qpeak' 'mpeak' 'aver' 'cav' 'crms' 'neg' 'rms
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | detector number. Defaults to 1 if left empty |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getDetectorFinalMeas | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the currently set detector for final measurement
detector strings: 'qpeak' 'mpeak' 'aver' 'cav' 'crms' 'neg' 'rms
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | detector number. Defaults to 1 if left empty. |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getInputAttenuation | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get current input attenuation value, the auto ATT status, or the input protection status
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | 'prot' for protection status, 'auto' for auto ATT status, leave empty to get attenuation value |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getMarkerPeak | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
return X and Y value of the biggest peak
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | optionally specify which marker to use for measurement (defaults to 1) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getMarkerX | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
return X value of a specified marker
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | optionally specify which marker to use for measurement (defaults to 1) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getMarkerY | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
return Y value of a specified marker
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | optionally specify which marker to use for measurement (defaults to 1) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getMeasBandwidth | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the resolution bandwidth
get the resolution bandwidth of the whole measurement, or of a specified scan range (in spectrum mode, no scan ranges are available)
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | leave empty to get the start frequency of the whole measurement, [1..10] for a scan range |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getMeasTime | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the measurement time for a time or frequency domain measurement
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | leave empty to get frequency domain sweep time, or specify a scan range [1..10] for time domain scan time |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getPowerUnit | ( | in | obj | ) |
get the currently set power unit (Y axis unit)
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getPowerZeroSpan | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freq, | ||
| in | detector | ||
| ) |
zero span power measurement
currently only set up for point averaging, functionality could be extended
| obj | Instance of RohdeUndSchwarz_ZVM class |
| freq | center frequency in Hz (for example 5e8) |
| detector | either "PPE" for peak, "MEAN" for mean, "RMS" for RMS, or "SDEV" for standard deviation measurement |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getPreamp | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the Preamp status
get either the global preamp status or the status for a single scan range
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | leave empty to get global preamp status, or specify a scan range [1..10] |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getScanMode | ( | in | obj | ) |
query the current scan mode. Only useful in receiver mode!
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getSpan | ( | in | obj | ) |
get the frequency span
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getStartFreq | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the start frequency
get the start frequency of the whole measurement, or of a specified scan range (in spectrum mode, no scan ranges are available)
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | leave empty to get the start frequency of the whole measurement, [1..10] for a scan range |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getStepSize | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the start frequency
get stepsize of either a specific scan range, or the main rbw currently set
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | leave empty to get the main rbw, or specify a scan range [1..10] for stepsizes (always leave empty in spectrum mode) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getStopFreq | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the stop frequency
get the stop frequency of the whole measurement, or of a specified scan range (in spectrum mode, no scan ranges are available)
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | leave empty to get the stop frequency of the whole measurement, [1..10] for a scan range |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::getTrace | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freqPoints, | ||
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get data of a trace
request, read and parse trace returns a double array of trace values
| obj | Instance of class |
| freqPoints | number of frequency points in the trace |
| varargin | select the trace index, defaults to 1 |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::holdMeas | ( | in | obj | ) |
pause/hold the current measurement
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::peakSearch | ( | in | obj, |
| in | margin, | ||
| in | method, | ||
| in | no, | ||
| in | noPeak | ||
| ) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::read | ( | in | obj | ) |
Read data from labdevice.
| obj | Instance of RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::reset | ( | in | obj | ) |
reset the device
also re-enables the display for convenience.
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setAutoBandwidth | ( | in | obj, |
| in | setBandw | ||
| ) |
enable or disable automatic resolution bandwith
| obj | Instance of class |
| setBandw | 'on' || 'off' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setCenterFreq | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freq, | ||
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
set the center frequency and optionally span
only for spectrum mode!
| obj | Instance of class |
| freq | center Frequency either as double in Hz or as string with unit (e.g. "1 GHz") |
| varargin | [optional] span either as double in Hz or as string with unit |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setDetector | ( | in | obj, |
| in | detec | ||
| ) |
Sets the measuring protocol / the detector mode.
| obj | Instance of class |
| detec | [character vector] one of 'qpeak','mpeak','aver','cav','crms','neg','rms' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setDetectorFinalMeas | ( | in | obj, |
| in | detec | ||
| ) |
Sets the measuring protocol / the detector mode for final measurement.
| obj | Instance of class |
| detec | [character vector] one of 'qpeak','mpeak','aver','cav','crms','neg','rms' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setFreqStepMode | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freqDist | ||
| ) |
set the frequency step mode set the mode to
!! This will not influence the scale of the x-axis !!
| obj | Instance of class |
| freqDist | [character vector] 'auto','lin','log' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setFreqStepModeAxis | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freqDistAxis | ||
| ) |
set the frequency step mode of the axis set the mode to
!! This will only affect the display axis, not the measurement points !!
| obj | Instance of class |
| freqDistAxis | [character vector] 'auto','lin','log' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setFreqStepSize | ( | in | obj, |
| in | stepSize, | ||
| in | range | ||
| ) |
Sets the increment between the measuring points.
DEPENDING ON RANGE
NOTE: The frequency stepsize for TIME DOMAIN SCANS (R&S RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP-K53) is always selected automatically.
Frequency stepsize within the scan range. If you define a stepsize that is larger than the range itself, the R&S RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP only measures the start and stop frequencies of the scan range. The step size is available if the Step Mode is either linear or logarithmic.
If the step mode is linear, the step size is a value in Hz. If the step mode is logarithmic, the step size is a per- centage.
| obj | Instance of class |
| stepSize | in Hz if (stepMode == 'lin'); in % if (stepMode == 'log') |
| range | scan range index [1..10] |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setFreqStepSpace | ( | in | obj, |
| in | mode | ||
| ) |
Sets the mode of the Step Space. Note that the frequency step space for TIME DOMAIN SCANS (R&S RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP-K53) is always selected automatically!
In order to set the frequency step space manually, the time domain scan must be switched off. Use the setTimeDomainScan.m function to do this.
| obj | Instance of class |
| mode | [string] 'lin' || 'log' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setInputAttenuation | ( | in | obj, |
| in | prot, | ||
| in | auto, | ||
| in | value | ||
| ) |
Sets the input attenuation. 'prot' and 'auto' needs to be set. 'value' only when automatic attenuation configuration is turned off.
WARNING: To protect the input mixer, the attenuation levels of 10dB or less are possible only if the input protection ('prot') is turned off.
| obj | Instance of class |
| prot | [string] 'on' || 'off' |
| auto | [string] 'on' || 'off' |
| value | attenuation value in dB, int [0..70] with increments of 10 |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setMarkerFreq | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freq, | ||
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
set a marker to frequency and return Y-Value there
optionally specify which marker to move (or add if it hasn't been used yet)
| obj | Instance of class |
| freq | frequency in Hz |
| varargin | marker index [optional] |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setMarkerPeak | ( | in | obj, |
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
set a marker to the biggest peak
no measurement is returned. optionally specify which marker to move (or add if it hasn't been used yet)
| obj | Instance of class |
| varargin | optionally specify which marker to use for measurement (defaults to 1) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setMeasBandwidth | ( | in | obj, |
| in | rbw, | ||
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
set the resolution bandwidth
set the resolution bandwidth of the whole measurement, or of a specified scan range (in spectrum mode, no scan ranges are available) Resulution bandwidth calculation: BW ? f_input * 0.5 If you use the Quasipeak, CISPR Average or RMS Average detector, the R&S RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP by default couples the resolution bandwidth to the receiver frequency. If you need a different bandwidth, you can decouple the bandwidth from the frequency. When decoupled, you can select any of the supported CISPR bandwidths Detailed informations: RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP_user_manual_en_08 p. 142
| obj | Instance of class |
| rbw | resolution bandwidth in Hz |
| varargin | leave empty to set the start frequency of the whole measurement, [1..10] for a scan range |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setMeasMode | ( | in | obj, |
| in | mode | ||
| ) |
Switch between the measurement modes.
| obj | Instance of class |
| mode | [string] 'rec' or 'spec' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setMeasTime | ( | in | obj, |
| in | mesTim, | ||
| in | range | ||
| ) |
set the measurement time
Defines the measurement time per point (frequency). Default is: 50e-3 [s]
| obj | Instance of class |
| mesTim | measuring time in seconds |
| range | specify a scan range index [1..10] |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setPowerUnit | ( | in | obj, |
| in | unit | ||
| ) |
set the power unit (Y axis unit)
also checks if the operation was successful
| obj | Instance of class |
| unit | one of these unit strings: 'DBM','V','A','W','DBPW','WATT','DBUV','DBMV','VOLT','DBUA','AMP' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setPreamp | ( | in | obj, |
| in | stat, | ||
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
get the Preamp status
Configure the preamplifier for either the main screen or receiver scan ranges.
| obj | Instance of class |
| stat | 'on' or 'off' |
| varargin | leave empty to set global preamp status, or specify a scan range [1..10] |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setScanAttenuation | ( | in | obj, |
| in | value, | ||
| in | range | ||
| ) |
set the input attenuation for a scan range
| obj | Instance of class |
| value | Attenuation in dB |
| range | range index [1..10] |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setScanMode | ( | in | obj, |
| in | mode | ||
| ) |
set the scan mode.
Also checks if the mode was set correctly. Only useful in receiver mode!
| obj | Instance of class |
| mode | 'SCAN' || 'TDOM' || 'SWE' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setSpan | ( | in | obj, |
| in | span | ||
| ) |
set the frequency span
| obj | Instance of class |
| freq | as double in Hz or as string with unit (e.g. '1 GHz') |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setStartFreq | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freq, | ||
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
set the start frequency
set the start frequency of the whole measurement, or of a specified scan range (in spectrum mode, no scan ranges are available)
| obj | Instance of class |
| freq | in Hz |
| varargin | leave empty to set the start frequency of the whole measurement, [1..10] for a scan range |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::setStopFreq | ( | in | obj, |
| in | freq, | ||
| in | varargin | ||
| ) |
set the stop frequency
set the stop frequency of the whole measurement, or of a specified scan range (in spectrum mode, no scan ranges are available)
| obj | Instance of class |
| freq | in Hz |
| varargin | leave empty to set the stop frequency of the whole measurement, [1..10] for a scan range |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::singleSweep | ( | in | obj | ) |
set the RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP to single sweep mode
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::startMeas | ( | in | obj | ) |
start a measurement immediately
| obj | Instance of class |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::storePeakSearch | ( | in | obj | ) |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::timeDomainScan | ( | in | obj, |
| in | mode | ||
| ) |
Sets the mode of the Step Space.
Note that the frequency step space for TIME DOMAIN SCANS (R&S RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP-K53) is always selected automatically.
If the time domain scan is turned off, the frequency step size is set to logarithmic. It can be changed to linear using the setFreqStepSpace.m function
| obj | Instance of class |
| mode | 'on' || 'off' |
| function RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP::write | ( | in | obj, |
| in | txt | ||
| ) |
Write SCPI/skippy commands to labdevice.
| obj | Instance of RohdeUndSchwarz_ESRP class |
| txt | String with SCPI/skippy commands for labdevice |


This document contains a tutorial on Matlab with a principal components analysis for a set of face images as the theme.
I wrote this tutorial while a graduate student in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Computer Science and Engineering Department at the University of California, San Diego. Now it's here at CSIM-AIT. You might still be able to find the original here.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. You are free to use the code here for any purpose you like, but please acknowledge its source if you do. It's not required, but if you make improvements I'd appreciate it if you sent me your updates.
Here's an index to this tutorial:
I used the Ekman and Friesen Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA) for this tutorial. Unfortunately, the faces are copyrighted so if you want them you'll have to pay Paul Ekman some cash to get our online version of the database. Contact Gary Cottrell for details about our versions, or see http://www.paulekman.com/researchproducts.html on getting a CD directly from Ekman.
Don't despair, however.  Check the Face Recognition Home Page for a list of what's available.
I won't go into it in detail here, but the idea is that face images can be economically represented by their projection onto a small number of basis images that are derived by finding the most significant eigenvectors of the pixelwise covariance matrix for a set of training images. A quick Google Search shows that a lot of people like to play with this technique. In my tutorial I simply show how to get some eigenfaces and play with them in Matlab.
If you don't use emacs, the Matlab emacs mode may be one reason to use it. To get Matlab mode working in emacs, put matlab.el somewhere emacs can find it and add something like the following to your .emacs file:
I don't pretend to understand any of this emacs stuff. For more information, you might try the Mathworks Matlab Central Contrib site.(autoload 'matlab-mode "matlab" "Enter Matlab mode." t) (setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.m$" . matlab-mode) auto-mode-alist)) (defun my-matlab-mode-hook () (setq matlab-indent-function t) ; if you want function bodies indented (setq fill-column 76) ; where auto-fill should wrap (matlab-mode-hilit) (turn-on-auto-fill)) (setq matlab-mode-hook 'my-matlab-mode-hook) (autoload 'matlab-shell "matlab" "Interactive Matlab mode." t) (defun my-matlab-shell-mode-hook () '()) (setq matlab-mode-hook 'my-matlab-mode-hook)
>> help imread % Online help is useful... IMREAD Read image from graphics file. A = IMREAD(FILENAME,FMT) reads the image in FILENAME into A. If the file contains a grayscale intensity image, A is a two-dimensional array. If the file contains a truecolor etc... >> I = imread('test.png'); % Read image test.png into variable I >> size(I) % Get the number of rows and columns of I ans = 320 240 >> I(1:10,1:10) % Display row 1-10 and col 1-10 of I ans = 26 20 20 22 22 20 19 20 22 22 26 24 19 22 22 19 21 24 24 22 25 24 22 24 21 19 20 22 24 22 25 21 21 24 22 20 21 22 24 20 24 20 22 25 22 19 20 21 25 24 20 19 22 22 24 21 21 24 22 24 20 20 21 25 25 24 24 25 20 20 20 20 21 24 26 25 25 25 20 20 20 19 22 24 24 25 24 24 22 21 21 17 21 25 21 22 24 25 22 21 >> colormap(gray(256)); % Use a 256-value grayscale color map >> image(I); % Display I as an image >> daspect([1 1 1]); % Set x:y aspect ratio to be 1:1
If you like the PGM format like I do, here are matlab functions for reading and writing them:
Matlab is really nice for linear algebra stuff and visualization, but sorta sucks when it comes to file I/O. Or rather, it's not much easier than C, although there are functions for reading and writing entire arrays to and from files. The following function, defined in load_images.m, is an example of how to read a bunch of images, make column vectors out of each of them, and return the result.
The function has a downscaling factor that lets you save memory. To use the function, just create a file listing your images then run:function [Images,w,h] = load_images(filelist,downscale_f) %LOAD_IMAGES Load a set of images listed in a file. % % [IMGS,W,H] = LOAD_IMAGES(FILELIST) Treat each line of % the file named FILELIST as the filename of a PGM image, % and load each image as one column of the return array % IMGS. % % LOAD_IMAGES(FILELIST,DOWNSCALE_F) Do the same thing, % but downscale each image's width and height by a factor % of DOWNSCALE_F. Useful if the images are too big to be % loaded into memory all at once. % Matthew Dailey 2000 % Check argument consistency if nargin < 1 | nargin > 2 error('usage: load_images(filelist[,downscale_f]'); end; if nargin == 1 downscale_f = 1.0; end; Images = []; old_w = 0; old_h = 0; w=0; h=0; % Open input file numimgs = linecount(filelist); fid = fopen(filelist,'r'); if fid < 0 | numimgs < 1 error(['Cannot get list of images from file "' filelist, '"']); end; % Get the images for i = 1:numimgs imgname = fgetl(fid); if ~isstr(imgname) % EOF is not a string break; % Exit from loop on EOF end; fprintf(1,'loading PGM file %s\n',imgname); Img = readpgm(imgname); % Read this image as a 2D array if i==1 % If this is first image, figure things out old_w = size(Img,2); % - like sizes of the downscaled images old_h = size(Img,1); if downscale_f <= 1.0 w = old_w; h = old_h; else w = round(old_w/downscale_f); h = round(old_h/downscale_f); end; Images = zeros(w*h,numimgs); % - preallocate size of the return matrix end; if downscale_f > 1.0 Img = im_resize(Img,w,h); % downscale using bicubic spline interp end; Images(1:w*h,i) = reshape(Img',w*h,1); % Make a column vector end; fclose(fid); % Close the filelist when done fprintf(1,'Read %d images.\n',numimgs); % The function returns the output arguments Images, w, and h here.
The im_resize function uses Matlab's built in 2-D function interpolation (using bicubic splines) to resize the image by the desired downscaling factor. If you want to run load_images, you also need the trivial little function linecount.>> [Imgs,w,h] = load_images('facelist',4);
Here is how you would convert a column of Imgs back into an image and display it:
>> L = Imgs(:,10); >> L = reshape(L,w,h)'; % Reshapes column vector into a 2D array >> image(L); >> colormap(gray(256)); >> daspect([1 1 1]);
The function pc_evectors uses Turk and Pentland's trick to get the eigenvectors of A*A' from the eigenvectors of A'*A. It uses the function sortem to sort the eigenvectors and eigenvalues by eigenvalue. [Here is a faster version, sortem2, by James Javurek-Humig, which is considerably faster, if you have matlab version 7 or better.] To use pc_evectors, just do:
And to explore the eigenvalue spectrum and how much variance the first n vectors account for, try the following:>> [Vecs,Vals,Psi] = pc_evectors(Imgs,30); % Get top 30 PC evectors of Imgs
This gives you something like the following:>> plot(Vals); % To plot the eigenvalues >> CVals = zeros(1,length(Vals)); % Allocate a vector same length as Vals >> CVals(1) = Vals(1); >> for i = 2:length(Vals) % Accumulate the eigenvalue sum CVals(i) = CVals(i-1) + Vals(i); end; >> CVals = CVals / sum(Vals); % Normalize total sum to 1.0 >> plot(CVals); % Plot the cumulative sum >> ylim([0 1]); % Set Y-axis limits to be 0-1
One thing that can be fun is to try to figure out what the top few eigenvectors encode. You can make a scatter plot of one component against another as follows:
And if you wanted to add text labels to each of the points in the plot, you could do the following. First create a file containing the labels you want, in the correct order. Then read it into a Matlab string array:>> Proj = Vecs(:,1:2)' * Imgs; % Project each image onto first 2 evectors >> size(Proj) ans = 2 110 >> plot(Proj(1,:),Proj(2,:),'r.') % To get scatterplot of PC 1 vs PC 2
It is simple to display an eigenface as an image, using the built in imagesc function, which first scales the values in an array to the 0-255 range.>> Labels = textread('labels','%s'); % Read labels from file 'labels' >> text(Proj(1,:),Proj(2,:),Labels); % Add text labels at each plotted point
Finally, you might be interested in determining the reconstruction error involved in representing an image by its projection onto a few eigenvectors. Here is how you would project onto and reconstruct from eigenvectors 1-10.>> pc_ev_1 = Vecs(:,1); % Get PC eigenvector 1 >> pc_ev_1 = reshape(pc_ev_1,w,h)'; % Reshape into 2D array >> imagesc(pc_ev_1); % Display as image scaled 0-255
>> OrigImg = Imgs(:,20); % Grab image 20 >> Projection = Vecs(:,1:10)'*(OrigImg - Psi); % Project onto ev's 1-10 >> Reconstruction = Vecs(:,1:10)*Projection+Psi; % Reconstruct from projection >> Reconstruction = reshape(Reconstruction,w,h)'; >> image(Reconstruction); >> colormap(gray(256)); >> daspect([1 1 1]);


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US rapper draws outrage with daughter 'virginity test'
US musician says he escorts Deyjah Harris to the doctor's office after each birthday to 'check her hymen'.
US rapper TI has provoked outrage by revealing that he forces his 18-year-old daughter to undergo an annual "virginity test" at the gynaecologist.
The Grammy-winning musician told a podcast how he escorts Deyjah Harris to the doctor's office after each birthday to "check her hymen".
"Usually like the day after the [birthday] party, she's enjoying her gifts, I put a sticky note on the door: 'Gyno. Tomorrow. 9:30'," TI, whose real name is Clifford Harris, told the presenters.
The trips began after Deyjah's 16th birthday, Harris said, and his daughter was required to sign a waiver allowing the doctor to share the "results" with him.
The episode of the Ladies Like Us podcast was released on Tuesday, but appeared to have been removed on Wednesday afternoon after it went viral on social media.
Social media users were quick to condemn Harris's behaviour, and express concern for Deyjah.
"It's extremely abusive to police your daughter's hymen and any doctor who would participate in such an act needs to lose their license," tweeted author Ijeoma Oluo.

The presence of an intact hymen - which can easily be broken without engaging in sexual activity - is not regarded as an effective way to test virginity.
'Prisoner'
In the podcast, female hosts Nazanin Mandi and Nadia Moham laugh at Harris's comments, jokingly referring to his daughter as a "prisoner".
Harris's representatives did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
A Twitter account appearing to belong to Deyjah Harris had "liked" several comments condemning the rapper's behaviour, including one describing it as "disgusting, possessive and controlling".
Harris, 39, is one of the leading forces in trap music, a style of hip-hop from the US South that emphasises aggressive lyricism and 1980s-style drum machines.
He served seven months in prison in 2009 for attempting to buy unregistered machine guns from dealers who turned out to be undercover agents.
He spent another 10 months in prison two years later for violating terms of probation on drug charges.
He has won three Grammy Awards, including for the song My Love, a collaboration with pop star Justin Timberlake.


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