How many plays did the Seahawks execute from the Shotgun in 2016?
A2 Data Exploration by Luis Naranjo | 2016 data from FootballSavant.com
This NFL visualization explores the NFC West’s use of various offensive formations in the 2016 season. It uses two primary visual encodings. The first one is linear. The games are sorted by date, starting from week 1 and ending with week 16. This gives the viewer a sense of time. This is important because a team’s formation tendencies might gradually change over the course of the season, which may be reflected in the visualization. The second visual encoding is the color of the bars. It changes to the primary jersey color of the selected team in order to help the audience quickly recognize the change in data set.
I used a bar chart for my visual layout. I think that the bar chart is an optional choice for expressing the data effectively because my data will always have less than 16 data points at once (because there are only 16 games in a regular season). If I had many more data points per team, it would not be feasible to use a bar chart because the labels would get really tiny and hard to heard. It would also be hard to compare value across bars. Luckily, the shape of my data complements a bar chart very well.
The first allows the viewer to switch between NFL teams in the NFC West. This is important because the fundamental question the visualization is exploring is how the NFC West used formations in 2016. If the viewer only saw an aggregate chart of all the formations of the NFC West teams at once, the viewer likely wouldn’t learn anything meaningful. This is also why the “all teams” button was not included.
The second control allows the viewer to toggle between rush, pass, and both types of plays. This is important because it allows the viewer to compare the data for different kinds of plays so that they can find a pattern if it is there. I added a "both" option for this control because I felt that it was important to have so that the viewer had a way of deducing really strong patterns. For example, with this feature I found that the 49ers like to play out of the shotgun quite often. I can quickly infer this by looking at the "both" option, and I can verify it by checking the pass and run options and seeing that they are both similar in usage (heavy).
The visualization lets the viewer toggle between the 3 available play formations. This is really important because the core question that the visualization is exploring is how each team uses different formations. Allowing the user to toggle different formations allows them to ask different questions. Each play formation almost represents an entirely different domain of data. You could almost do this visualization with just one formation, but I think it is really powerful being able to make it so that the viewer can pick between different formations. One example of a cool thing you can get from trying different formations, is that you can see how the Seahawks changed the way they run their offense through the season. They started out playing a lot out of the shotgun, but by the end of the season they played a lot more under center than anything.
The visualization allows the viewer to toggle between touchdown plays and non-touchdown plays. This control is not central to answering the question this visualization is exploring, but it does answer a bit of a side question that offshoots from the central question. This question that this toggle helps answer is "what formations resulted in the most touchdowns?".


vignettes/ramlegacy.Rmd
ramlegacy.Rmd
From the database’s website:
The RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Database is a compilation of stock assessment results for commercially exploited marine populations from around the world. It is inspired by Dr. Ransom A. Myers’ original stock-recruitment database, which is no longer being updated."
As of April 2019, the available versions are 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.3, 4.40, 4.41, 4.44.
The latest versions of the database (4.44, 4.41, 4.40) are available at Zenodo. This is where download_ramlegacy
downloads the database from.
The older versions of the database (4.3, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.0) are available in Excel (Microsoft Excel Open XML Format Spreadsheet) format at this github repo.
The goal of ramlegacy
is to cache a specified version(s) of the RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Excel Database and this way save time and effort spent in re-downloading different versions of the database as part of any future analysis involving the data. The package also supports reading in any specified dataframe(s) of the database through a function called load_ramlegacy()
. The user can always view the location to which the database is cached and read from by running ram_dir()
and specifying its version argument. This vignette will outline a few more details about these functions and the package that will hopefully make ramlegacy
easy to use.
You can install the development version from github with the install_github
function available in devtools
package:
To ensure that the vignette is installed along with the package make sure to remove --no-build-vignettes
from the build_opts
in install_github
You can download any available version of the RAM Legacy Stock Assessment Excel Database (“1.0”,“2.0”, “2.5”, “3.0”, “4.3”, “4.40”, “4.41”, and “4.44”) through download_ramlegacy()
:
# download version 1.0
download_ramlegacy(version = "1.0")
# download version 2.0
download_ramlegacy(version = "2.0")
# download version 2.5
download_ramlegacy(version = "2.5")
# download version 3.0
download_ramlegacy(version = "3.0")
# download version 4.3
download_ramlegacy(version = "4.3")
# download version 4.44
download_ramlegacy(version "4.44")
If version is not specified then download_ramlegacy
will default to downloading the latest version of the database:
If you want to download multiple versions please download them one at a time as passing them all at once will throw an error.
To enable caching behavior, before downloading the specified version download_ramlegacy
checks whether that version has already been downloaded. If it is then download_ramlegacy
gives the user the option to either download again and overwrite the existing version or not download and just exit the function. This behavior is modified if overwrite
, a function argument to download_ramlegacy
, is set to true. Then even if the version has already been downloaded calling download_ramlegacy
will download it again overwriting the already present version. After downloading the database download_ramlegacy caches it by converting it to an RDS object which can then be read in through calling load_ramlegacy()
.
download_ramlegacy
also has three other arguments: ram_path
, ram_url
, and quiet
. By default ram_path
has been set to a location provided by the rappdirs package and can be viewed by calling ram_dir(vers = "version")
. Although this is not the recommended approach download_ramlegacy supports downloading to a user-specified path. ram_url
is fixed to the zenodo URL of the database. Please do not pass in any other url to ram_url. By default, download_ramlegacy
after it is called keeps the user updated of the download progress through status messages. Setting quiet
to TRUE enables the user to suppress all status messages.
This section illustrates the contents and file structure of the directory to which the database is saved once you call download_ramlegacy
If you have downloaded multiple versions through download_ramlegacy()
the contents of ramlegacy directory (the path to this directory can be viewed by calling ram_dir()
) on your local computer will look something like this with each version getting its own subdirectory within the directory:
For older versions (1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.3) the contents of the version subdirectory look like this:
For these older versions, the version subdirectory would contain the excel database and serialized database saved under the names RLSADB v <version no> (assessment data only).xlsx
and v <version number> .rds
respectively.
For newer versions (4.40, 4.41, 4.44) along with the excel file of the database file other documents like stock summary files are also downloaded:
The actual excel file of the database and the serialized rds database will be present as RLSADB v <version no> (assessment data only).xlsx
and v <version no> .rds
respectively inside the DB Files With Assessment Data
folder.
For a description of the dataframes present in the database as well as information on the stock summary files present in the database please see this page.
load_ramlegacy
can be used to obtain a list of particular dataframes and passed in to the tables
argument. To get a list of all the dataframes within a specific version of the database set tables = NULL
. Make sure that the version you want to load was downloaded and is already present locally at the path you specify using ram_path
otherwise load_ramlegacy
will throw an error.
# returns a list containing area and bioparams tables from version 4.44 database
load_ramlegacy(version = "4.44", tables = c("area", "bioparams"))
In case in you want to load multiple versions please load them one at a time as passing them all at once will throw an error. Similar, to download_ramlegacy
, load_ramlegacy
has a ram_path
argument which is set to local directory where the specified version of the RAM Legacy Stock Excel Assessment Database was downloaded. You can view that path through ram_dir(vers = "version")
. Although this is not the recommended approach load_ramlegacy supports reading in the database’s dataframes from a user-specified path provided that the database is present at the specified path as an rds file.
To see the path of the directory where the specified version of database was downloaded on the user’s computer, the user can call ram_dir
. Note that this is also the location from which load_ramlegacy
reads in the database.
For example, to see where version 4.3 of the database was downloaded you can call:


[[style.html]]
The following account has been reactivated and is now accessible.
{{ account_name }}
Log in to BC Registries and Online Services to access your account.


OVERVIEW
There are several ways to get a robot fom point A to point B, and they all rely heavily on the principles behind forward and inverse kinematics, rigid body motion, controls, and joint configurations. This project provided an introduction to these fundamentals of robotic control. All simulations were calculated using Mathematica and visualized with V-REP, a virtual robot simulator.
END-EFFECTOR CONFIGURATION
There are several steps involved in determining the best path for a robot to follow to reach a desired end-effector configuration. The robot's task space, work space, joint limitations, and wheel configuration must be taken into account to find a feasible solution. There could be the chance that the desired end-effector configuration is impossible for the robot to achieve in real life. Noise, sensor error, and computing limitations make it challenging to create the perfect simulation, so error control must also be implemented to ensure the robot stays on the desired path towards the final configuration.
Visualizing the Path
- Use forward kinematics to find the robots current configuration given a set of initial conditions. This includes the Jacobian which provides joint angle configurations for the arm and the base of the robot.
- Find the robot's desired configuration and twist using a given path.
- Calculate the configuration error between the current and desired configurations.
- Evaluate control laws and keep track of the total error. This helps in visualizing the system's error over time. In this step, multiple kinds of control laws can be implemented. This project uses a typical PI velocity controller.
- Update the wheel and joint velocities of the robot so that the next time step can be simulated. Use odometry and wheel modeling to determine the robot's F matrix which provides the driving angular wheel speeds necessary for the robot to move along the desired path.
- Simulate the next time step by updating the robot's new arm, base, and wheel configurations. For this project, a time step of .01s was used. Export this new set of configurations to a CSV file for V-REP simulations.
- Repeat this process for the next time step, using the configuration found in step 6 as the new set of initial conditions needed for step 1.


My Single Sign On Team
Yan Huang
Manager
ID: ub34567
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office number: 619-2785-5000
Suma Latha
Engineer
ID: dv654789
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub:
sumafake
Sam King
Intern
ID: xu987123
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: UCLA


13.8 Low-beta equilibrium vs. high-beta equilibrium
With the pressure increasing, the magnetic axis usually shifts to the low-ﬁeld-side of the device, as is
shown in Fig. 32.
Fig. 32: Comparison of two equilibria obtained with P0 = 104 Pasca (left) and P0 = 105 Pasca
(right), respectively, where P0 is the pressure at the magnetic axis. All the other parameters are
the same for the two equilibria, α = 1.0, β = 1.0, Pb = 10−1 Pasca, g0 = 1.0Tm, Iϕ = 500kA,
and the LCFS is given by miller’s formulas (430) and (431) with R0 = 1.7, a = 0.45, κ = 1.7,
and δ = 0.6.


<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(PGP key)I'm also on Discord, Kody#1337. You might find me lurking on one or two SU discord servers.
And finally, there's a Twitter account for the website: @sugrocks.
{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %}
Contact
About the website
| Jul 27 2016 | Public launch |
| Jul 27 2016 | Leakbot added |
| Aug 2 2016 | Added a countdown |
| Aug 5 2016 | Added downloads |
| Aug 9 2016 | Leaks are now hosted on our servers |
| Aug 13 2016 | RSS for downloads, threads and leaks completed |
| Aug 17 2016 | Moved from my personnal server to an independant server |
| Aug 18 2016 | Added 404 and about pages |
| Aug 26 2016 | Added individual episodes downloads, mirror from Mega |
| Sep 1 2016 | Added 8ch's /sugen/ to the thread list (only one thread) |
| Sep 13 2016 | Added Pushbullet channels. Why not? |
| Sep 14 2016 | Filter Spanish episodes and gets title + synopsis for leaks. |
| Sep 26 2016 | Added go.sug.rocks |
| Oct 5 2016 | Added "Random Media" page |
| Oct 14 2016 | LEAKBOT moved to Switerland, bugs added |
| Nov 29 2016 | First beta for new design |
| Dec 26 2016 | API now available for third party use |
| Dec 30 2016 | All our code is now open source and new design launched |
| Feb 01 2017 | We made a Discord server and bots for it |
| Feb 11 2017 | Server has been hugged to death due to huge load by monkeys destroying their F5 key |
| May 29 2017 | Removed /sugen/ because no one gives a damn. Also 8ch API isn't that great |
| Sep 16 2017 | Schedule webapp is now part of CTOON. Old URL still works, might start redirecting someday. |
| Dec 12 2017 | LEAKBOT is now part of CTOON for every show and archives the data, so people coming for other shows can now enjoy it. A new CTOON API was put in place too. |
| Feb 7 2018 | LEAKBOT died with a change on how CN manages their catalog. |
About the author


Want To Sponsor Us?
Want To Sponsor us? Benefits for your company and our Robotics team! Email us below to discuss about the process!
Click here to email us to learn about the process of sponsoring us.
For the past several years the team has been anchored by key sponsors. Lockheed Martin has been one of the team’s largest financial sponsors for many years now. In addition, the team has benefitted from having a Lockheed Martin employee mentor the team as well. He has been instrumental in coaching the students over these past 14 years. Bechtel, Leidos, and Oakton High School’s PTSA have also been some of our largest financial sponsors for several years. This list is subject to change as we accumulate more sponsors and participate in more outreach events to attract others to fund our team.
Individuals and companies that sponsor the team and contribute more to funding will be placed in higher sponsorship categories, which offer greater incentives and public exposure. If companies have any questions or suggestions, please do not hesitate to reach out.
Companies or individuals who wish to sponsor and support the Cougar Robotics Team must fill out the following forms below.


ALPACA GENERATOR
ACCESSORIZE THE ALPACA'S
First, Select the Category
First, Select the Category
STYLE
Then, Select the Option
Nothing Here
Then, Select the Option


A Simple To-Do App
To-Do List
Incompleted Tasks
Clear Completed Task
Completed Tasks
Clear All
Sorry kiddo ! your browser doesn't support
Javascript
and that's why you're missing some amazing features of this awesome website.


| DOSE: |
2 hits |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
School was over, it was around 2:30 and me and a few of my friends decided to smoke. It started out just like it normally did, 4 of us, sitting in my car in a construction site, taking incredible hits out of our 12 inch bong. My first hit took me by suprise, I began coughing, a lot. I kept on coughing until suddenly I realized I had another hit coming to me. Good, I thought to myself, I'm happy I get to have some more of this, I want to get really high today. I had no way of knowing what kind of very strange experience I was about to have.
The rest of the story is first person, what I was thinking in my head while this strange trip was happening:
After my second hit, I coughed even more, and decided, 'Maybe I should slow down, no, wait, maybe I should just stop.   I turn the music up. My friends keep passing the bong around. 'Don't do it' I thought, 'Don't take another hit, you will not like what you'll get.' I decided to listen to my brain for once, and instead, I tried to come up with an excuse for not smoking anymore. I suddenly yelled, 'I'm thirsty, who's thirsty, anyone thirsty, because I am, maybe I'll just eat some snow.' That is exactly what I did, I crawled out of my car, and ate a handful of snow. As I walk back into the car I think 'Wait a minute, that was kind of strange, why would I ever do such a thing. Something is different here, very different. Maybe I'll just look around and see what my friends are thinking.'
[Erowid Note: Driving while intoxicated or tripping is dangerous and irresponsible because it endangers other people. Don't do it!]
So I looked around and they are all waiting for me to do something. 'Oh, ya, ummm, lets go' I said, and slowly prepared myself for a drive. I turn out of the construction site and am instantly lost, aware that my hand is fidgeting at a ridiculously rapid pace, I don't care, because it keeps my mind off the racing heart and the meaningless fear and paranoia. I make it out of the streets, and go towards a parking lot for a supermarket. Blurriness, everything molding into a ball which is turning at the center of my vision. 'Huh? What the hell?' That was all I could think. HONK!!! I was inches away from slamming into a car. I tried to stay calm, and went into a parking space, the farthest one from the store. 'I could use a walk' I thought. 'Hey can you get me a gatorade' my friend says to me. 'Sure', I said, 'I'll be back'.
I made my way into the store, cycling in a loop of fear, paranoia, and absolute happiness. Unfortunatley these cycled so quickly that I thought that they were all happening at the same time, so I felt almost like the past and future was the present, and the present was the past and the future. My mind was completely distorted. 'Wow' is all I could think. I grab a soda at a fridge, and open it. I began taking laps around the store, while drinking the unpaid soda. 'Hmmm. Now what was it that he wanted, gatorade, right.' I walk towards the gatorade, or at least I though it was gatorade. When I got close, I realized it was powerade. My mind twisted in horror. I couldn't believe the way my eyes had played tricks on me.  At that moment, fear and paranoia went away. All that was left was happiness, and no control of my body whatsoever.
The director of my body decided to make me walk up and down every isle, if I saw someone, I felt quick panic, and tried to look interested in the products. 'Just look interested, they can never fool with your mind that way. Especially that old lady right there, be careful, they make you feel guilty, paranoid, and fear.  So I droop unwillingly toward the register, and I look straight at the lady at the register, hand her my wallet, and say 'Thank you for your help.' The lady looked at me, speechless. 'I'm sorry, a little tired I am.' I mumbled, and took my wallet back and paid for a coke and a candy bar. The candy bar somehow got replaced with gatorade in my mind, strange.
 My friends all look at me, and I say 'Here I can't remember what you wanted, so I got this' and I handed him the chocolate.  They were like 'Dude were in a parking lot, its kinda sketchy.' 'Ok, I duno if I can drive though, I'm really messed up.' I said. So my friend says he can drive, and he drives everyone home, and then I get in the car when we get to his house. I get back to my house, finally alone, and watch a movie. After this, I just drifted off into a peaceful daze, amazed by what had happened to me. The high wore off at around 6:00pm, but the after effects are lasting up to the time I'm writing this now, which is 9:00pm.
Although it was a scary experience at some times, it was also a fun and amazing one. Something that in the long run, am glad that happened, but wouldnt want to go through it again. I learned that thinking too much while smoking, especially bongs, will cause you to feel this way. This was not just a high, it was more of a journey. Everything was molding into each other, kind of like a strange movie, or reality tv show or something.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CIVIL APPEAL NO. 1359 OF 2017 Techi Tagi Tara …Appellant versus Rajendra Singh Bhandari & Ors. …Respondents WITH C.A. No. 1360/2017, C.A. No. 2481/2017 , C.A. No. 526/2017, C.A. No. 1561/2017 , C.A. No. 4917/2017, C.A. No. 4936/2017, C.A. No. 5735/2017, C.A. Nos. 8377-8378/2017, C.A. No. 10471/2017, C.A. No. 9498/2017 and C.A. Nos. 10472- 10473/2017 JUDGMENT
Madan B. Lokur, J.
1. This batch of appeals is directed against the judgment and order dated 24th August, 2016 passed by the National Green Tribunal, Principal Bench, New Delhi (for short ‘the NGT’) in Original Application No. 318 Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by of 2013.1 On a reading of the judgment and order passed by the NGT, it SANJAY KUMAR Date: 2017.09.22 12:31:35 IST Reason:
1
Rajendra Singh Bhandari v. State of Uttarakhand and others C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 1 of 34 is quite clear that the Tribunal was perturbed and anguished that some persons appointed to the State Pollution Control Boards (for short ‘SPCBs’) did not have, according to the NGT, the necessary expertise or qualifications to be members or chairpersons of such high powered and specialized statutory bodies and therefore did not deserve their appointment or nomination. While we fully commiserate with the NGT and share the pain and anguish, we are of the view that the Tribunal has, at law, exceeded its jurisdiction in directing the State Governments to reconsider the appointments and in laying down guidelines for appointment to the SPCBs, however well-meaning they might be. Therefore, we set aside the decision of the NGT, but note that a large number of disconcerting facts have been brought out in the judgment which need serious consideration by those in authority, particularly the State Governments that make appointments or nominations to the SPCBs. Such appointments should not be made casually or without due application of mind considering the duties, functions and responsibilities of the SPCBs.
2. Why is it important to be more than careful in making such appointments? There can be no doubt that the protection and preservation C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 2 of 34 of the environment is extremely vital for all of us and unless this responsibility is taken very seriously, particularly by the State Governments and the SPCBs, we are inviting trouble that will have adverse consequences for future generations. Issues of sustainable development, public trust and intergenerational equity are not mere catch words, but are concepts of great importance in environmental jurisprudence. Perhaps appreciating and anticipating this, Article 48A was introduced in the Constitution and this Article reads as follows:
“Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life - The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.” Similarly Article 51A (g) of the Constitution indicates the fundamental duties of every citizen of the country, one of them being to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures.2 It is quite clear that apart from the natural law obligation to protect and preserve the environment, there is also a constitutional obligation to do so.
Unfortunately, despite this, our society has been witnessing over the last 2 51A. Fundamental duties.—It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—
(a) to (f) xxx xxx xxx
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to (k) xxx xxx xxx C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 3 of 34 few decades, to repeated onslaughts against the environment, sometimes in the name of development and sometimes because our society just does not seem to care. In this context we may also mention Article 21 of the Constitution which has been given a very wide amplitude by several decisions of this Court, including on issues concerning the environment. The judgment of the NGT draws attention to some of these aspects but essentially points to the ‘who-cares’ attitude adopted by several State Governments. It is this attitude that compelled a public spirited environmentally conscious individual to challenge the composition of the SPCB in the State of Uttarakhand and consequently the necessity of being extra careful in making appointments to the SPCB.
3. One of the principal attributes of good governance is the establishment of viable institutions comprising professionally competent persons and the strengthening of such institutions so that the duties and responsibilities conferred on them are performed with dedication and sincerity in public interest. This is applicable not only to administrative bodies but more so to statutory authorities – more so, because statutory authorities are the creation of a law made by a competent legislature, representing the will of the people.
4. State Pollution Control Boards (or SPCBs) constituted under the C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 4 of 34 provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 19813 fall in this category but many of them possess only a few or sometimes none of the above attributes of good governance and again a few or none of them are adequately empowered. This is a serious problem haunting the SPCBs for at least two decades (if not more).
5. The composition of the SPCB is provided for in Section 4(2) of the Water Act and this reads as follows (Section 5(2) of the Air Act is similar):
“4(2) A State Board shall consist of the following members, namely:-
(a) a chairman, being a person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid, to be nominated by the State Government:
Provided that the chairman may be either whole- time or part-time as the State Government may think fit;
(b) such number of officials, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the State Government to represent that Government;3
Henceforth the Water Act and the Air Act C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 5 of 34
(c) such number of persons, not exceeding five, to be nominated by the State Government from amongst the members of the local authorities functioning within the State;
(d) such number of non-officials, not exceeding three, to be nominated by the State Government to represent the interests of agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest which, in the opinion of the State Government, ought to be represented;
(e) two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned, controlled or managed by the State Government, to be nominated by that Government;
(f) A full-time member-secretary, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control, to be appointed by the State Government.”
6. One of the earliest communications on our record encouraging professionalism in the SPCBs with a view to empowering them is a letter of 26th September, 1997 addressed by the Secretary in the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) of the Government of India to the Chief Secretary of every State highlighting the importance of the SPCBs, the fact that their activities are science and technology based and the necessity of taking relevant factors into consideration while making appointments to the SPCBs. The letter reads as follows:
C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 6 of 34 “Secretary Ministry of Environment & Forests Government of India September 26, 1997 D.O. No. PS/Secy (E&F)/CPCB/97 Dear The State Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees in Union Territories have been assigned an important role for prevention and control of pollution from different sources. In recent years, additional responsibilities have been assigned to them for enforcement of various statutes. Hence, these organizations need to be suitably strengthened so that they can cope up with the tasks. In fact, the Hon’ble Supreme Court has also had occasion to observe on the unsatisfactory performance of State Boards in discharging their functions.
The activities of the Pollution Control Boards/Pollution Control Committees are essentially science and technology based. The Chairman and Member Secretaries are the key functionaries of the Boards/Committees who are expected to have requisites professional knowledge and experience for providing effective leadership to their organizations. Under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 the specific requirements for appointment to these posts have been laid down. However, in some State Boards/Committees, the appointments to these posts are made without due consideration to such requirements as envisaged under the Acts. Also, another major problem being faced by these organizations is on account of frequent changes of Chairmen and Member Secretaries. I request you to kindly ensure that appropriate persons are appointed for these key positions and they are not frequently changed. Where the incumbents do not have the prescribed criteria they should be replaced.
C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 7 of 34 It is requested that this issue may kindly receive your personal attention on a top priority basis.
With regards Yours sincerely, Sd/-
(Vishwanath Anand)”
7. More importantly and perhaps keeping the diverse nature of activities of the SPCBs in mind, a conference was held in Coimbatore on 29th and 30th January, 2001 of the Ministers of Environment and Forests of the State Governments. The conference recommended, inter alia, the induction of academicians, professionals, experts and technologists for the effective functioning of the SPCBs. As a follow-up to the recommendations, a letter was addressed by the Secretary in the MoEF to the Chief Secretary of every State on 3rd July, 2001. This letter reads as follows:
“P.V. Jayakrishnan Secretary D.O. No. PS/Secy (E&F)/CPCB/2001 July 3, 2001 Dear In the National Conference of Ministries of Environment and Forests held at Coimbatore on January 29-30, 2001, several important recommendations were made regarding effective functioning of the State Pollution Control Boards/ Committees. These include the following:C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 8 of 34
(i) Induction of academicians, legal professionals, health experts and technologists as members of the Boards/Committees.
(ii) Appointment of multi-disciplinary staff
(iii) Ban on recruitment shall be relaxed for the posts of scientists and engineers in the Pollution Control Boards/Committees.
(iv) Training of personnel, for which programme shall be drawn up by the Central Pollution Control Board.
(v) Streamlining of Consent/Authorization procedures.
(vi) Inventorization of polluting sources and pollution load.
(vii) Formulation of Annual Action Plans.
(viii) Publication of annual State Environment Report.
(ix) Strengthening and upgrading of water and air quality monitoring and laboratory facilities. We had taken up the matter with the respective State Pollution Control Boards/Committees. Since most of the action points require intervention of the State Governments, I request you kindly to take necessary action for implementation of the recommendations.
I look forward to your response at the earliest. With regards.
Yours Sincerely, Sd/-
(P.V. Jayakrishnan) To Chief Secretaries of all States/UTs”
8. These communications seem to have had little or no impact at least in one instance as is evident from a reading of a decision of the Jharkhand High Court dated 15th May, 2002 in Binay Kumar Sinha v. State of Jharkhand4 concerning the Chairperson of the SPCB of that 4 (2002) 50 BLJR 2223 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 9 of 34 State. The High Court was compelled to make the following scathing and unfortunate observations:
“4. On 4th April 2002, when the Chairman appeared before us and we started talking to him in order to elicit his views and opinion on the aforesaid questions, what we found has been aptly and clearly recorded in our order of that day. The extracts read thus:--"Shri Thakur Bal Mukund Nath Shahdeo, Chairman, State Pollution Control Board has appeared before us today in person. During the course of our conversation with him, we found (to our total horror, surprise, dismay and amazement) that he does not know anything at all about any aspect relating to pollution, or the control of pollution. In course of our extensive conversation with him, we found that the only academic qualification that he boasts of is 'matriculation'.  When, by referring to Section 5(2)(a) of the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, we asked him whether he has any special knowledge or any practical experience in respect of any matter relating to the environmental pollution, his answer was in the negative. We must record that during the course of our conversation with Sri Shahdeo, we were constantly helped and assisted by Mr. Poddar, learned Addl.
Advocate General. We actually impressed upon Mr. Poddar the need of assisting Sri Shahdeo in answering our questions. Mr. Poddar very kindly lent his helping hand to us. What emerged was that Mr. Shahdeo has neither any general or special knowledge, nor any academic qualification, nor any experience whatsoever that may have anything to do with any matter or any aspect relating to the pollution, air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, or any other pollution of any kind. What to speak of his-having special knowledge or practical experience, he has neither any knowledge, general or special, nor any experience, practical or otherwise with respect to any matters relating to environmental pollution. We repeatedly asked him to inform us about one single such fact by which he could lay his claim to hold this office. He failed to inform us of even a single fact C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 10 of 34 which could qualify him to hold this office. His only claim was that he is a politico-social worker. We asked him also as to how he came to be appointed on this post. He says that he made an application to Mrs. Neelam Nath, Secretary, Forests, we asked him whether such an application was invited from him. He says that the application was invited from him. We asked him whether invitation was extended to him personally by Mrs. Neelam Nath or did it appear in any advertisement. He says that he, on his own, gave such an application and that it was neither invited personally from him nor through any advertisement. Prima facie, it appears to us that a person who does not have the requisite qualification, experience, or knowledge has been appointed on the post of Chairman, Pollution Control Board. Before we proceed any further, we would like Mr. Poddar, learned A.A.G. to produce before us the original records of the Govt. relating to the appointment of Mr. Shahdeo."
5. It was from this point onwards that a case arose within a case. Both the issues started being dealt with simultaneously by us, namely, the issue relating to Sundera Mineral & Chemical Industry and the propriety, legality and validity of the appointment of Mr. Shahdeo.” A little later in the judgment it was held:
“41. Looked at from the aforesaid legal perspective and in view of our clear findings that Shri Shahdeo did not possess the qualifications required of the Chairman, State Pollution Control Board, we have no hesitation, but to hold that it would be a violation of the law to allow him to continue as the Chairman of the State Board. We accordingly order and declare that the appointment of Shri Shahdeo as Chairman, State Board, was not legal and valid and hence improperly made and therefore, on these grounds we order and direct that he cannot continue to function as such. By issuance of a writ of quo-warranto, therefore, the appointment of Shri Shahdeo as Chairman, State Board, is quashed and set aside. Shri Shahdeo shall forthwith and with immediate effect cease to hold the office of Chairman, State C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 11 of 34 Board. The post of Chairman, State Board is hereby declared to be vacant, and with immediate effect.”
9. Notwithstanding the above decision, communications and orders, the State Governments continued to display disinterest in the matter of professional appointments to the SPCBs. This led to another communication from the MoEF on 16th August, 2005 (which still did not have the desired effect) and this communication reads as follows:
“Supreme Court Matter Most Immediate By Speed Post No. 23-8/2004-HSMD (Vol.II) Government of India Ministry of Environment & Forests (Supreme Court Monitoring Committee) Room No, 927, Paryavaran Bhawan C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road New Delhi-110003 108 Dated 16th August, 2005 To, The Chief Secretaries of all States/UTs (As per the list enclosed) Sub: Constitution of the State Pollution Control Board/Pollution Control Committees (SPCBs PCCs) - regarding Dear Sir, The Supreme Court by its order dated 14-10-2003 in the Writ Petition (Civil) No. 657/1995 set up a Monitoring Committee to ensure time-bound implementation of various directions given in C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 12 of 34 the said order.5 The committee has been visiting several States to monitor the status of implementation of these directions. During its interaction with various pollution control officials, the Supreme Court Monitoring Committee (SCMC) has noticed that the State Pollution Control Board (SPCBs), Pollution Control Committee (PCCs) of UTs were not constituted in accordance with the provisions given in the Water Act, 1994 and the Air Act, 1981.
Chairperson of the Board :-
3. The statutory provisions require that Chairpersons appointed shall be persons having “special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters relating to environmental protection or a person having knowledge and experience in administering institutions dealing with the matter aforesaid”
4. The SCMC has found that in the several cases, the Chief Secretaries, Environment Secretaries, politicians, MLAs, literary persons and non-technical persons have been appointed as Chairperson of SPCBs/PCCs.
5. The MGK Menon Committee had recommended in its report that “The Chairman of the Pollution Control Boards & Committees should be individuals with a sense of vision and a feeling for the future. They must have an understanding of the complexity of modern science and technology since they will be dealing with highly technical issue. They must have an understanding of law. The chairperson would have to be fully involved in the task of environment construction and planning appointment of the Chairperson of the Board should be on full time basis.
Member Secretary of the Board:-
6. Similarly, in respect of the post of Member Secretary the statutory provisions (Water Act) require that he be full-time, possessing qualifications, knowledge and experience of scientific, engineering or management aspects of pollution control.5
Research Foundation for Science v. Union of India C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 13 of 34
7. In relation to appointment of Member Secretaries, the Menon Committee has recommended that: “The incumbent should possess a post-graduate degree in science, engineering or technology, and have adequate experience of working in the area of environment protection”.
8. The SCMC has found that in several States, persons from IFS or from the PWD especially from the PHE departments, are either being appointed or deputed to the post of Member Secretary without the necessary statutory qualifications. Members:-
9. No effort is being made to appoint persons with adequate scientific, technical or legal background from the environmental field as members of the Board. Board members are increasingly being appointed for political purposes. This is leading to ineffective and inefficient functioning of SPCBs/PCCs.
10. Though the Boards are to function as statutory bodies under the Air Act, 1981, no specialists in air pollution (as required by the Air Act, 1981) are being appointed as members. This is a serious lacuna in constitution of the Boards.
11. During its visits to various States to monitor implementation of the order dated 14.10.2003, the SCMC has observed that the order of the Supreme Court being efficiently carried out in States that have competent Chairperson or Member Secretaries. In other States, due to lack of proper attention at the highest level, implementation is found to be tardy and without much progress.
12. The SCMC discussed these issues at its meeting held on 28- 03-2005 came to the firm conclusion that only technically qualified professionals should be appointed to the critical positions of Chairperson, Member Secretary and Members of the Pollution Control Boards so that their functioning can be strengthened as required in terms of paragraph - 41.1 of the Supreme Court’s order dated 14.10.2003.
13. The committee is also of the view that recommendations of the MGK Menon Committee be fully respected and the Chairperson should be appointed on full-time basis. Without the C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 14 of 34 officers it is not possible for any Board to function effectively in view of the numerous laws and statutes that demand efficient and effective actions from State Pollution Control Boards.
14. We draw your kind attention to several reports on strengthening of State Pollution Control Boards. These include:
1) The Bhattacharia Committee, 1984
2) The Belliappa Committee, 1990
3) The ASCI Study, 1994
4) Study of the Sub Group, 1994
15. All these studies were considered during the Evaluation Study on “Function of the Pollution Control Board” prepared by the Programme Evaluation Organization of the Planning Commission.
16. The Planning Commission report concluded: “Considering the interesting technicalities involved in the functions to be performed by these Boards, it is essential that technical persons possessing scientific knowledge about matters relating to pollution and pollution control hold the upper hand”.
17. The conference of Ministers of Environment that took place in Coimbatore also reiterated at the highest political level, the decision that the SPCBs should be headed and staffed by technically competent professionals (and not by journalists or politicians or administrative officers).
18. The composition of the Boards is therefore under the scrutiny of the SCMC and no further appointment of Chairpersons or Member Secretaries should be carried out which do not meet the norms given in the statute and elucidated by the Menon Committee.
19. In view of the above, you are requested to inform this monitoring Committee regarding the qualifications of the Chairperson, Member Secretary and Members of the Pollution Control Board, Pollution Control Committee in your State/ Union Territory. Based on the information, the committee will examine whether the persons nominated to these positions meet the C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 15 of 34 statutory norms and the requirements as indicated in the MGK Menon Committee Report and the Order of the Supreme Court dated 14.10.2003 and further necessary action will be taken in the matter.
20. This matter may kindly be given the highest consideration and a reply in this regard may be provided to the undersigned within 4 weeks so that the same will be considered in the next SCMC meeting. It will be highly appreciated, if a copy of the information may also be sent through email.
Yours faithfully Sd/-
(Dr. G. Thyagarajan) Chairman, Supreme Court Monitoring Committee Telefax:<PHONE_NUMBER>0 Email: drgarajan @yahoo.co.in”
10. There are a few other communications on the same subject but it is not necessary to detail their contents. All that need be said is that the Central Government, time and again, requested the State Governments to appoint persons who could add value and stature to the SPCBs by their very presence and then utilize their expertise in preserving and protecting the environment, including air and water.
11. As far as the State of Uttarakhand is concerned, it has come on record that no rules (let alone recruitment rules) have been framed by the State under the Water Act and the Air Act even though the State was formed several years ago. Rules framed by the State of Uttar Pradesh C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 16 of 34 notified in 1984 have been adopted by Uttarakhand but there has apparently been no fresh application of mind to these Rules or even consideration of the possibly somewhat different conditions in Uttarakhand. There seems to be a mechanical and bodily lifting of the Uttar Pradesh Rules. Apart from the above, it has also come on record that meetings of the SPCB are required to be held once in three months but as far as the State of Uttarakhand is concerned, only 15 meetings were held during the period from 2001 (when the Board was constituted) over the next 12 years. There is therefore nonchalance shown by Uttarakhand to the rule making power and the provisions of Section 8 of the Water Act and Section 10 of the Air Act6 relating to holding meetings of the SPCB.
12. To make matter worse, despite this Court passing an order on 8th January, 2008 (in IA No.4/2007 in SLP (Civil) No.6023/2006) directing 6 Section 8 of the Water Act: 8. Meetings of Board.—A Board shall meet at least once in every three months and shall observe such rules of procedure in regard to the transaction of business at its meetings as may be prescribed:
Provided that if, in the opinion of the chairman, any business of an urgent nature is to be transacted, he may convene a meeting of the Board at such time as he thinks fit for the aforesaid purpose. Section 10 of the Air Act: 10. Meetings of Board.—(1) For the purposes of this Act, a Board shall meet at least once in every three months and shall observe such rules of procedure in regard to the transaction of business at its meetings as may be prescribed: Provided that if, in the opinion of the Chairman, any business of an urgent nature is to be transacted, he may convene a meeting of the Board at such time as he thinks fit for the aforesaid purpose. (2) Copies of the minutes of the meetings under sub-section (1) shall be forwarded to the Central Board and to the State Government concerned.
C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 17 of 34 the State of Uttarakhand and the SPCB to consider the desirability of making rules laying down essential qualifications and experience and other relevant factors for appointment of members in the SPCB7, we are told that unfortunately, such rules have not been made and the impugned order under appeal indicates that the matter has remained under consideration of the State Government since 2006.
13. Keeping all these facts and the recalcitrance of the State Governments in mind, the NGT examined the expertise and qualifications of members of the SPCB of almost all States and prima facie found that about ten States and one Union Territory had members in the SPCB who lacked the qualifications suggested by the Central Government.
14. At this stage, it must be mentioned that apart from the Central Government, there are several authorities that have applied their mind to the issue of appointment of members of the SPCBs. These include Expert Committees such as the Bhattacharya Committee of 1984, the 7 “I.A. No. 4/2007 be treated as an original petition to be listed along with SLP (C) No. 6023/2006. Learned counsel for the State of Uttaranchal and Uttarakhand Environment Protection and Pollution Control Board shall find out the desirability of having Rules governing the essential qualifications and experience and such relevant factors for the appointment of various officials in the Board. They shall also indicate their stand as regards certain NOCs stated to have been issued to pharmaceutical manufacturers.
Call after eight weeks.” IA No.4/2007 was converted to W.P. (Civil) No.85/2008 which was listed along with SLP (Civil) No.6023/2006 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 18 of 34 Belliappa Committee of 1990, the Administrative Staff College of India Study of 1994 and a Committee chaired by Prof. M.G.K. Menon. Notwithstanding this, the response of the State Governments in appointing professionals and experts to the SPCBs has been remarkably casual. It is this chalta hai attitude that led the NGT to direct the State Governments to consider examining the appointment of the Chairperson and members in the SPCBs and determining whether their appointment deserves continuation or cancellation. Thereafter the NGT gave several guidelines that ought to be followed in making appointments to the SPCBs.
15. The objection of the appellants is to: (i) the exercise of jurisdiction by the NGT in directing the State Governments to reconsider the appointment of the Chairperson and members of the SPCBs; and (ii) laying down guidelines for appointment of the Chairperson and members of the SPCBs.
16. As regard the first grievance, it is contended that the appointment or removal of members of the SPCBs does not lie within the statutory jurisdiction of the NGT. Our attention has been drawn to some provisions of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (for short ‘the Act’). The C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 19 of 34 jurisdiction of the NGT is circumscribed by Section 14 of the Act which reads as follows:
“14. Tribunal to settle disputes.—(1) The Tribunal shall have the jurisdiction over all civil cases where a substantial question relating to environment (including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment), is involved and such question arises out of the implementation of the enactments specified in Schedule I.
(2) The Tribunal shall hear the disputes arising from the questions referred to in sub-section (1) and settle such disputes and pass order thereon.
(3) No application for adjudication of dispute under this section shall be entertained by the Tribunal unless it is made within a period of six months from the date on which the cause of action for such dispute first arose:
Provided that the Tribunal may, if it is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the application within the said period, allow it to be filed within a further period not exceeding sixty days.” This provision cannot be read in isolation but must be read in conjunction with Section 15 of the Act which relates to relief, compensation and restitution as being broadly the directions that can be issued by the NGT.
Section 15 of the Act reads as follows:
“15. Relief, compensation and restitution.— (1) The Tribunal may, by an order, provide,—
(a) relief and compensation to the victims of pollution and other environmental damage arising under the enactments specified in the Schedule I (including accident occurring while handling any hazardous substance);
(b) for restitution of property damaged;C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 20 of 34
(c) for restitution of the environment for such area or areas, as the Tribunal may think fit.
(2) The relief and compensation and restitution of property and environment referred to in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of sub- section (1) shall be in addition to the relief paid or payable under the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (6 of 1991). (3) No application for grant of any compensation or relief or restitution of property or environment under this section shall be entertained by the Tribunal unless it is made within a period of five years from the date on which the cause for such compensation or relief first arose:
Provided that the Tribunal may, if it is satisfied that the applicant was prevented by sufficient cause from filing the application within the said period, allow it to be filed within a further period not exceeding sixty days.
(4) The Tribunal may, having regard to the damage to public health, property and environment, divide the compensation or relief payable under separate heads specified in Schedule II so as to provide compensation or relief to the claimants and for restitution of the damaged property or environment, as it may think fit.
(5) Every claimant of the compensation or relief under this Act shall intimate to the Tribunal about the application filed to, or, as the case may be, compensation or relief received from, any other court or authority.” Finally, it is important to refer to Section 2(m) of the Act which reads:
“(m) “substantial question relating to environment” shall include an instance where,—
(i) there is a direct violation of a specific statutory environmental obligation by a person by which,— (A) the community at large other than an individual or group of individuals is affected or likely to be affected by the environmental consequences; or (B) the gravity of damage to the environment or property is substantial; or C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 21 of 34 (C) the damage to public health is broadly measurable;
(ii) the environmental consequences relate to a specific activity or a point source of pollution;”
17. On a combined reading of all these provisions, it is clear to us that there must be a substantial question relating to the environment and that question must arise in a dispute – it should not be an academic question. There must also be a claimant raising that dispute which dispute is capable of settlement by the NGT by the grant of some relief which could be in the nature of compensation or restitution of property damaged or restitution of the environment and any other incidental or ancillary relief connected therewith.
18. The appointment of the Chairperson and members of the SPCBs cannot be classified in any circumstance as a substantial question relating to the environment. At best it could be a substantial question relating to their appointment. Moreover, their appointment is not a dispute as one would normally understand it. In Prabhakar v. Joint Director, Sericulture Department8 the following ‘definition’ of dispute was noted in paragraphs 34 and 35 of the Report:
8
(2015) 15 SCC 1 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 22 of 34 “34. To understand the meaning of the word “dispute”, it would be appropriate to start with the grammatical or dictionary meaning of the term:
“‘Dispute’.—to argue about, to contend for, to oppose by argument, to call in question — to argue or debate (with, about or over) — a contest with words; an argument; a debate; a quarrel;”
35. Black’s Law Dictionary, 5th Edn., p. 424 defines “dispute” as under:
“Dispute.—A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights; an assertion of a right, claim, or demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the other. The subject of litigation; the matter for which a suit is brought and upon which issue is joined, and in relation to which jurors are called and witnesses examined.”
19. As far as we are concerned, in the context of the Act, a dispute would be the assertion of a right or an interest or a claim met by contrary claims on the other side. In other words, the dispute must be one of substance and not of form and it appears to us that the appointments that we are concerned with are not ‘disputes’ as such or even disputes for the purposes of the Act – they could be disputes for a constitutional court to resolve through a writ of quo warranto, but certainly not for the NGT to venture into. The failure of the State Government to appoint professional and experienced persons to key positions in the SPCBs or the failure to appoint any person at all might incidentally result in an ineffective implementation of the Water Act and the Air Act, but this cannot be classified as a primary dispute over which the NGT would have C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 23 of 34 jurisdiction. Such a failure might be of a statutory obligation over which, in the present context and not universally, only a constitutional court would have jurisdiction and not a statutory body like the NGT. While we appreciate the anxiety of the NGT to preserve and protect the environment as a part of its statutory functions, we cannot extend these concepts to the extent of enabling the NGT to consider who should be appointed as a Chairperson or a member of any SPCB or who should not be so appointed.
20. Additionally, no relief as postulated by Section 15 of the Act could be granted to a claimant, assuming that a substantial question relating to the environment does arise and that a dispute does exist.
21. It appears to us that the NGT realized its limitations in this regard and therefore issued a direction to the State Governments to reconsider the appointments already been made, but the seminal issue is really whether the NGT could at all have entertained a claim of the nature that was raised. For reasons given above, the answer must be in the negative and it would have been more appropriate for the NGT to have required the claimant to approach a constitutional court for the relief prayed for in the original application. To this extent therefore, the direction given by the NGT must be set aside as being without jurisdiction. However, we C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 24 of 34 have been told that some States have implemented the order of the NGT and removed some members while others have approached this Court and obtained an interim stay order. Those officials who were removed pursuant to the order of the NGT (including the appellant Techi Tagi Tara) have an independent cause of action and we leave it open to them to challenge their removal in appropriate and independent proceedings. This is an issue between the removed official and the State Government - the removal is not a public interest issue and we cannot reverse the situation.
22. On the second grievance relating to the issue of guidelines by the NGT, the meat of the matter concerns the appointment of officials who are experts in their field and are otherwise professional. This is for each State Government to consider and decide what is the right thing to do under the circumstances – should an unqualified or inexperienced person be appointed or should the SPCB be a representative but expert body? The Water Act and the Air Act as well as the Constitution give ample guidance in this regard. We have already adverted to the provisions of the Constitution including Article 48A, Article 51A(g) and Article 21 of the Constitution. So, the entire scheme of the various provisions of the Constitution adverted to above, including the principles that have been C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 25 of 34 accepted and adopted internationally as well as by this Court such as the principles of sustainable development, public trust and intergenerational equity are a clear indication that in matters relating to the protection and preservation of the environment (through the appointment of officials to the SPCBs) the Central Government as well as the State Governments have to walk the extra mile. Unfortunately, many of the State Governments have not even taken the first step in that direction – hence the present problem.
23. While it is beyond the jurisdiction of the NGT and also beyond our jurisdiction to lay down specific rules and guidelines for recruitment of the Chairperson and members of the SPCBs, we are of opinion that there should be considerable deliberation before an appointment is made and only the best should be appointed to the SPCB. It is necessary in this regard for the Executive to consider and frame appropriate rules for the appointment of such persons who would add lustre and value to the SPCB. In this connection we refer to the State of Punjab v. Salil Sabhlok9 in which it was observed with reference to appointments to the Public Service Commission that besides express restrictions in a statute or the Constitution, there can be implied restrictions in a statute or the 9 (2013) 5 SCC 1 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 26 of 34 Constitution and the statutory or constitutional authority cannot, in breach of such implied restrictions, exercise its discretionary power. In our opinion this would be equally applicable to an appointment to a statutory body such as the SPCB - the State Government does not have unlimited discretion or power to appoint anybody that it chooses to do.
24. It was also held in Salil Sabhlok (supra) that the deliberative process and institutional requirements are of considerable importance in respect of any appointment that is made. In this context, the imperative of good governance was highlighted and with regard to framing rules or issuing guidelines, it was held as follows:
“In the light of the various decisions of this Court adverted to above, the administrative and constitutional imperative can be met only if the Government frames guidelines or parameters for the appointment of the Chairperson and Members of the Punjab Public Service Commission. That it has failed to do so does not preclude this Court or any superior court from giving a direction to the State Government to conduct the necessary exercise within a specified period. Only because it is left to the State Legislature to consider the desirability or otherwise of specifying the qualifications or experience for the appointment of a person to the position of Chairperson or Member of the Punjab Public Service Commission, does not imply that this Court cannot direct the executive to frame guidelines and set the parameters. This Court can certainly issue appropriate directions in this regard, and in the light of the experience gained over the last several decades coupled with the views expressed by the Law Commission, the Second Administrative Reform Commission and the views expressed by this Court from time to time, it is imperative for good governance and better administration to issue directions to the executive to frame appropriate guidelines and parameters based on the indicators mentioned by this Court.C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 27 of 34
These guidelines can and should be binding on the State of Punjab till the State Legislature exercises its power.”
25. In Ashok Kumar Yadav v. State of Haryana10 this Court observed that competent, honest, independent persons of outstanding ability and high reputation who command the confidence of people and who would not allow themselves to be deflected by any extraneous consideration from discharging their duties should be appointed to Public Service Commissions. Similarly, in In R/o Dr Ram Ashray Yadav11 it was held that the credibility of an institution is founded upon the faith of the common man in its proper functioning. The faith would be eroded and confidence destroyed if it appears that the officials act subjectively and not objectively or that their actions are suspect. In our opinion, these conclusions of this Court would equally apply to professional and expert statutory bodies such as the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Boards.
26. Additionally, various committees have given sufficient guidelines for the appointment of the Chairperson and members of the SPCBs. The Bhattacharya Committee (1984) proposed that the structural organization of SPCBs should consist of technical services, scientific 10 (1985) 4 SCC 417 11 (2000) 4 SCC 309 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 28 of 34 services, planning, legal services, administrative services, accounts, training cell and research and development. The Committee, inter-alia, called for (a) discouraging the flow of deputationists to the Boards, (b) upgrading regional laboratories, (c) providing each Board with at least one mobile laboratory, (d) creating a centralized training institute, (e) providing, on priority, funds to establish air control activity, and (f) bestowing the power to make posts at least up to the rank of environmental engineers/scientists with the Boards.12
27. Similarly, the Belliappa Committee (1990) recommended (a) introducing elaborate monitoring, reporting and organizational systems at the national level along with four regional centres and one training cell in each Board, (b) effecting suitable changes in the Boards recruitment policy to enable them induct persons with suitable academic qualifications, and (c) ensuring that the Chairman and Member-Secretary are appointed for a minimum of three years.
28. The Administrative Staff College of India (1994) recommended, inter alia, that (a) the SPCBs be reoriented for implementing the instrument mix of legislation and regulation, fiscal incentives, voluntary 12 Final Report prepared by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board in 2005 on Institutional Capacity Building highlights the recommendations made by the Bhattacharya Committee, the Belliappa Committee and the ASCI Study C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 29 of 34 agreements, information campaigns and educational programmes (b) an Annual Environmental Quality Report be prepared by every SPCB for the concerned State, (c) an inventory of discharges and effluents disaggregated to the district level be prepared, (d) a research cell be formed in each SPCB and a network be established with the proposed clean technology centre and (f) model environmental impact assessments be prepared for major categories of industries.
29. Finally, the Menon Committee13 made recommendations that are a part of the communication of 16th August, 2005 referred to above. It was also recommended that (a) in general, State Governments should not interfere with recruitment policies of the SPCBs, especially where the Boards are making efforts to equip their institutions with more and better trained engineering and scientific staff, (b) the statutory independence and functional autonomy given to the SPCBs should be protected and the Boards should be kept free from political interference. The Boards should be enabled to make independent decisions in this regard and (c) the Chairperson of the SPCB should be a full-time appointee for a period of five years and the Member-Secretary of the SPCB should also be appointed for a period of five years.
13 th Constituted pursuant to an order passed by this Court on 14 October, 2003 in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 657/1995 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 30 of 34
30. All these suggestions and recommendations are more than enough for making expert and professional appointments to the SPCBs being geared towards establishing a professional body with multifarious tasks intended to preserve and protect the environment and consisting of experts. Any contrary view or compromise in the appointments would render the exercise undertaken by all these committees completely irrelevant and redundant. Surely, it cannot be said that the committees were not constituted for the purpose of putting their recommendations in the dustbin.
31. Unfortunately, notwithstanding all these suggestions, recommendations and guidelines the SPCBs continue to be manned by persons who do not necessarily have the necessary expertise or professional experience to address the issues for which the SPCBs were established by law. The Tata Institute of Social Sciences in a Report published quite recently in 2013 titled “Environmental Regulatory Authorities in India: An Assessment of State Pollution Control Boards” had this to say about some of the appointments to the SPCBs:
“An analysis of data collected from State Pollution Control Boards, however, gives a contrasting picture. It has been observed that time and again across state governments have not been able to choose a qualified, impartial, and politically neutral person of high standing to this crucial regulatory post. The recent C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 31 of 34 appointments of chairpersons of various State Pollution Control Boards like Karnataka (A a senior BJP leader), Himachal Pradesh (B a Congress party leader and former MLA), Uttar Pradesh (C appointed on the recommendation of SP leader X), Arunachal Pradesh (D a sitting NCP party MLA), Manipur Pollution Control Board (E a sitting MLA), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (F a former bureaucrat) are in blatant violation of the apex court guidelines. The apex court has recommended that the appointees should be qualified in the field of environment or should have special knowledge of the subject. It is unfortunate that in a democratic set up, key enterprises and boards are headed by bureaucrats for over a decade. In this connection, it is very important for State Governments to understand that filling a key regulatory post with the primary intention to reward an ex-official through his or her appointment upon retirement, to a position for which he or she may not possess the essential overall qualifications, does not do justice to the people of their own states and also staffs working in the State Pollution Control Boards. The primary lacuna with this kind of appointment was that it did not evoke any trust in the people that decisions taken by an ex-official of the State or a former political leader, appointed to this regulatory post through what appeared to be a totally non-transparent unilateral decision. Many senior environmental scientists and other officers of various State Pollution Control Boards have expressed their concern for appointing bureaucrats and political leader as Chairpersons who they feel not able to create a favourable atmosphere and an effective work culture in the functioning of the board. It has also been argued by various environmental groups that if the government is unable to find a competent person, then it should advertise the post, as has been done recently by states like Odisha. However, State Governments have been defending their decision to appoint bureaucrats to the post of Chairperson as they believe that the vast experience of IAS officers in handling responsibilities would be easy. Another major challenge has been appointing people without having any knowledge in this field. For example, the appointment of G with maximum qualification of Class X as Chairperson of State Pollution Control Board of Sikkim was clear violation of Water Pollution and Prevention Act, 1974.”14 14 The names have been deliberately left out by us C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 32 of 34
32. The concern really is not one of a lack of professional expertise – there is plenty of it available in the country – but the lack of dedication and willingness to take advantage of the resources available and instead benefit someone close to the powers that be. With this couldn’t-care-less attitude, the environment and public trust are the immediate casualties. It is unlikely that with such an attitude, any substantive effort can be made to tackle the issues of environment degradation and issues of pollution. Since the NGT was faced with this situation, we can appreciate its frustration at the scant regard for the law by some State Governments, but it is still necessary in such situations to exercise restraint as cautioned in State of U.P. v. Jeet S. Bisht.15
33. Keeping the above in mind, we are of the view that it would be appropriate, while setting aside the judgment and order of the NGT, to direct the Executive in all the States to frame appropriate guidelines or recruitment rules within six months, considering the institutional requirements of the SPCBs and the law laid down by statute, by this Court and as per the reports of various committees and authorities and ensure that suitable professionals and experts are appointed to the SPCBs. Any damage to the environment could be permanent and irreversible or at least long-lasting. Unless 15 (2007) 6 SCC 586 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 33 of 34 corrective measures are taken at the earliest, the State Governments should not be surprised if petitions are filed against the State for the issuance of a writ of quo warranto in respect of the appointment of the Chairperson and members of the SPCBs. We make it clear that it is left open to public spirited individuals to move the appropriate High Court for the issuance of a writ of quo warranto if any person who does not meet the statutory or constitutional requirements is appointed as a Chairperson or a member of any SPCB or is presently continuing as such.
34. The appeals are disposed of in light of the above discussion.
….……………………J (Madan B. Lokur) ………………………..J (Deepak Gupta) New Delhi;
September 22, 2017 C.A. Nos. 1359/2017 etc. etc. Page 34 of 34


4.5. Covariance estimation¶
Many statistical problems require at some point the estimation of a population’s covariance matrix, which can be seen as an estimation of data set scatter plot shape. Most of the time, such an estimation has to be done on a sample whose properties (size, structure, homogeneity) has a large influence on the estimation’s quality. The sklearn.covariance package aims at providing tools affording an accurate estimation of a population’s covariance matrix under various settings.
The package does not include robust tools yet, so we assume that the data sets do not contain any outlying data. We also assume that the observations are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.).
4.5.1. Empirical covariance¶
The covariance matrix of a data set is known to be well approximated with the classical Maximum Likelihood Estimator (or empirical covariance), provided the number of observations is large enough compared to the number of features (the variables describing the observations). More precisely, the Maximum Likelihood Estimator of a sample is an unbiased estimator of the corresponding population covariance matrix.
The empirical covariance matrix of a sample can be computed using the empirical_covariance function of the package, or by fitting an EmpiricalCovariance object to the data sample with the EmpiricalCovariance.fit method. Be careful that depending whether the data are centered or not, the result will be different, so one may want to use the assume_centered parameter accurately.
Examples:
- See Ledoit-Wolf vs Covariance simple estimation for an example on how to fit an EmpiricalCovariance object to data.
4.5.2. Shrunk Covariance¶
<IP_ADDRESS>. Basic shrinkage¶
Despite being an unbiased estimator of the covariance matrix, the Maximum Likelihood Estimator is not a good estimator of the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix, so the precision matrix obtained from its inversion is not accurate. Sometimes, it even occurs that the empirical covariance matrix cannot be inverted for numerical reasons. To avoid such an inversion problem, a transformation of the empirical covariance matrix has been introduced: the shrinkage. It consists in reducing the ratio between the smallest and the largest eigenvalue of the empirical covariance matrix. This can be done by simply shifting every eigenvalue according to a given offset, which is equivalent of finding the l2-penalized Maximum Likelihood Estimator of the covariance matrix, or by reducing the highest eigenvalue while increasing the smallest with the help of a convex transformation : . The latter approach has been implemented in scikit-learn.
A convex transformation (with a user-defined shrinkage coefficient) can be directly applied to a pre-computed covariance with the shrunk_covariance method. Also, a shrunk estimator of the covariance can be fitted to data with a ShrunkCovariance object and its ShrunkCovariance.fit method. Again, depending whether the data are centered or not, the result will be different, so one may want to use the assume_centered parameter accurately.
Examples:
- See Ledoit-Wolf vs Covariance simple estimation for an example on how to fit a ShrunkCovariance object to data.
<IP_ADDRESS>. Ledoit-Wolf shrinkage¶
In their 2004 paper [1], O. Ledoit and M. Wolf propose a formula so as to compute the optimal shrinkage coefficient that minimizes the Mean Squared Error between the estimated and the real covariance matrix in terms of Frobenius norm.
The Ledoit-Wolf estimator of the covariance matrix can be computed on a sample with the ledoit_wolf function of the sklearn.covariance package, or it can be otherwise obtained by fitting a LedoitWolf object to the same sample.
- [1] O. Ledoit and M. Wolf, “A Well-Conditioned Estimator for Large-Dimensional
- Covariance Matrices”, Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Volume 88, Issue 2, February 2004, pages 365-411.
Examples:
- See Ledoit-Wolf vs Covariance simple estimation for an example on how to fit a LedoitWolf object to data and for visualizing the performances of the Ledoit-Wolf estimator in terms of likelihood.
<IP_ADDRESS>. Oracle Approximating Shrinkage¶
Under the assumption that the data are Gaussian distributed, Chen et al. [2] derived a formula aimed at choosing a shrinkage coefficient that yields a smaller Mean Squared Error than the one given by Ledoit and Wolf’s formula. The resulting estimator is known as the Oracle Shrinkage Approximating estimator of the covariance.
The OAS estimator of the covariance matrix can be computed on a sample with the oas function of the sklearn.covariance package, or it can be otherwise obtained by fitting an OAS object to the same sample. The formula we used to implement the OAS does not correspond to the one given in the article. It has been taken from the MATLAB program available from the author’s webpage (https://tbayes.eecs.umich.edu/yilun/covestimation).
- [2] Chen et al., “Shrinkage Algorithms for MMSE Covariance Estimation”,
- IEEE Trans. on Sign. Proc., Volume 58, Issue 10, October 2010.
Examples:
- See Ledoit-Wolf vs Covariance simple estimation for an example on how to fit an OAS object to data.
- See Ledoit-Wolf vs OAS estimation to visualize the Mean Squared Error difference between a LedoitWolf and an OAS estimator of the covariance.


Tsukuba Marathon
Tsukuba JPN
Race Winners
(37 runnings, 33 runnings as a marathon)
2:43:52 2:49:42 2:43:14 2:46:40 25 Nov
2007
2:25:01
2:42:21
26 Nov
2006
2:25:41
2:43:25
27 Nov
2005
2:17:36
2:42:11
28 Nov
2004
2:19:47
2:47:27
30 Nov
2003
2:27:16
2:52:13
24 Nov
2002
2:17:52
2:50:33
25 Nov
2001
2:18:38
2:49:45
26 Nov
2000
2:18:41
2:53:23
28 Nov
1999
2:22:43
2:54:57
29 Nov
1998
2:19:13
2:51:26
30 Nov
1997
2:17:49
2:41:09
24 Nov
1996
2:16:48
2:53:39
26 Nov
1995
2:19:43
2:36:53
27 Nov
1994
2:18:19
2:59:00
28 Nov
1993
2:20:09
2:52:00
29 Nov
1992
2:22:29
2:56:39
24 Nov
1991
2:23:35
---
25 Nov
1990
2:17:23
2:51:00
26 Nov
1989
2:27:16
2:53:39
29 Apr
1988
2:21:56
2:54:35
01 Feb
1987
2:25:47
2:49:47
16 Mar
1986
2:23:07
3:02:27
21 Feb 1985
2:20:58
2:59:46
26 Feb 1984
1:37:41
2:03:13
20 Feb 1983
1:41:26
1:55:05
14 Mar
1982
1:38:58
1:54:52
01 Mar
1981
1:37:56
2:04:19
Note: The inaugural year was 1981. The course was point-to-point prior to the 2006 race which was out-and-back.
The race distance for 1981-1984 was 30 km.
26 Nov
2017
2:18:08
Arata Fujiwara (JPN)
2:49:05
Kyoko Matsumoto-2
20 Nov
2016
2:18:39
Yuya Shiokawa (JPN)
2:44:27
Shiho Satonaka (JPN)
22 Nov
2015
2:23:57
Muga Hamazaki (JPN)
2:39:52
Chika Tawara (JPN)
23 Nov
2014
2:30:14
Takaaki Sakamoto (JPN)
2:52:19
Kyoko Matsumoto (JPN)
24 Nov
2013
2:22:40
Kodai Matsumoto (JPN)
2:48:14
Haruka Noda (JPN)
25 Nov
2012
2:26:01
Masakazu Takahashi-4
2:42:27
Sayaka Maeda (JPN)
27 Nov
2011
2:23:04
Kota Tachikawa (JPN)
Yoshimi Hoshino (JPN)
28 Nov
2010
2:25:41
Masakazu
Takahashi-3
Sawako Kase (JPN)
22 Nov
2009
2:22:15
Masakazu
Takahashi-2
Risa Mizutani-2
30 Nov
2008
2:24:09
Naoki Hirasawa-2
Risa Mizutani (JPN)
Masakazu Takahashi (JPN)
Hiroko Sho-5
Shiniti Abe (JPN)
Hiroko Sho-4
Akihiro Oshikiri (JPN)
Hiroko Sho-3
Yasuaki Adachi (JPN)
Hiroko Sho-2
Naoki Hirasawa (JPN)
Mizumi Sekiguchi (JPN)
Hideki Takahashi (JPN)
Hiroko Sho (JPN)
Hironori Omiya (JPN)
Asuka Kojima (JPN)
Wataru Okutani (JPN)
Yasuko Azuma (JPN)
Atsushi Sawayanagi (JPN)
Hitomi Nakasaka (JPN)
Hideaki Nemoto (JPN)
Kiyomi Niwata (JPN)
Hajime Matsubara (JPN)
Reiko Kawamorita (JPN)
Toshitaka Anyoji (JPN)
Fumiko Sugiura (JPN)
Yasushi Hashimoto (JPN)
Kaoru Tsunekawa (JPN)
Masaru Yamaguchi (JPN)
Masako Muneoka (JPN)
Tomohiro Imamura (JPN)
Elena Tsukhlo (BLR)
Mitsugu Uruno (JPN)
Mariko Onishi (JPN)
Nicodemus Ongeri (KEN)
n/a
Makoto Fukuda (JPN)
Anne Wamuchi
(KEN) ??
Susumu Nakajima (JPN)
Naoko Okuzumi (JPN)
Fusaki Ochi (JPN)
Yuki Sato (JPN)
Wataru Yamaguchi (JPN)
Naomi Kurahashi (JPN)
Kenji Takami (JPN)
Masae Kurosawa (JPN)
Yukio Suzuki (JPN)
Tomoko Takeuchi (JPN)
Toshiyuki Izumida (JPN)
Yuko Niino (JPN)
Yukio Nagashima (JPN)
Chie Matsuda-2
Seiichi Imazeki (JPN)
Chie Matsuda (JPN)
Masami Watanabe (JPN)
Michiko Tajima (JPN)
Most Wins
(1981/date)
Men
4
Masakazu Takahashi (JPN)
2007,2009-10,2012
Women
5
Hiroko Sho (JPN)
2002,2004-07
Prize Money
(ADR qualified runners)
Prize money cannot be awarded in Japanese road races due to legal restrictions.
Race Time Bias
(sec/km)
Insufficient data to calculate the race time bias.
Competitive Level
(1990-date)
Insufficient data to calculate the competitive level.
Quality Performances
Men <2:17 1 <2:18 6 <2:19 16 <2:20 20 Women <2:38 1 <2:40 2 <2:42 3 <2:44 10 <2:46 12 <2:48 18 <2:50 32
Last Updated on 28 Nov 2016
Contributors: Shigenobu Ota (50), Klaas Loonstra (5), Brett Larner (26)


Star me on GitHub
Download Now
Version 0.0.4
jsPDF-CustomFonts-support
Add Custom fonts support to
jsPDF
Choose a font:
Download PDF
Auto refresh on changes?
Run Code
Auto refresh disabled for this


Who hasn't dreamt of flying around in spaceships and living in a world of talking robots as a child? I clearly remember myself living in that reality quite often in my sleep. It was spectacular: a vision of the future shrouded in fantasy. Little did I know that in the few years that I grow up, the world would have advanced so fast that this fantasy could very well be brought to life. I have always credited myself for having an active imagination, with my mind whirring constantly with new thoughts, and this, paired with my fascination for technology prompted me to do some research on exactly what I could expect the future to look like. In this blog post, I will be putting forth my understanding of the seemingly unbelievable reality that lies not for ahead.
How is technology going to change the world in the next 30 years?
As engineers and as simply people living in this age of instantly available data, we have all come across certain terms, namely: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), Internet of Things (IoT), etc. What are these technologies and how will their domestic implementation change our lives?
To put it simply, the ability of machines to remember and learn from the data that they collect (machine learning) will make them intelligently able enough to take real-life decisions (artificial intelligence) such that they can become a substitute for human effort. At the same time, programming machines such that they let us experience simulation as though it were real (augmented reality) paired with their ability to entirely immerse us in a world of digital creations (virtual reality) will change how we experience everything in our day-to-day lives. Finally, connecting the world together in the truest sense with all appliances sharing data (Internet of Things) will make controlling our lives much easier and it will also let robots navigate the world better.
This is a rough summary of the future that lies ahead but what will it look like for real? Read on to find out a few ways that technology is going to startle you!
HUMAN-LIKE ROBOTS
Robots have been around for quite some time but as we go deeper with our implementation of artificial intelligence, these will take on more and more human characteristics. It may be predicted that by 2030, robots will have developed consciousness. This means that they will be aware of the reality they exist in and therefore will be able to take decisions accordingly (a frightening possibility for me, personally).
ARTIFICIALLY INTELLIGENT HOMES
Very soon, buildings will have built-in AI which will allow you to talk to your house and command it to adjust to your needs. For example, it would be able to dim the lights, change the temperature, etc. Going hand-in-hand with this will be the use of robots at home as house help and for companionship.
SKYSCRAPER CITIES
With the advent of IoT, managing spaces and communities will become easier. In this scenario, autonomous cities will see a rise. This paired with the shortage of space will see super-tall buildings being made into cities with integrated offices, gyms, residential areas, administrative bodies and a synced ecosystem. This will radically increase the usage of drones for delivery as now, carrying packages will require vertical movement.
MATRIX-LIKE WORLD
Soon enough, our entire experience of reality will become digital. Classrooms will reject textbooks and employ VR systems to help students visualize better. By as early as 2025, smartphones will become obsolete, being replaced by bracelets or spectacles that project a simulation which looks like a phone screen. With the help of nanotechnology, our brains will be able to draw data from computers to live in a world that is completely digitally constructed.
HUMAN CYBORGS
Prosthetics that give humans superpowers or skills aren't far away. The advancement in technology is so rapid that humans will soon become comfortable with technology merging with their bodies. For example, people can choose to have implants in their legs to make them stronger. We already have accounts such as these, for example, a French artist uses an artificial arm which has a built-in tattoo gun. Clothing and suits will also come around which gives us enhanced abilities, e.g., Hyundai's exoskeleton which lets you lift heavy weights. Human minds will be enhanced with machines we are not far from being half-human, half-machine.
An entire Iron Man world awaits us.


The Second Theme Is
Evolution
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection:
1. Populations produce more offspring than can possibly survive.
2. Individuals in a population vary extensively from each other.
3. Individuals whose characteristics best fit to environment leave more offspring than less fit.
4. Favorable characteristics accumulating over generations.


Create a Google Sheet with 4 colums: Phase, Task, Start Date, End Date
Fill in your data, then publish the sheet using "File" -> "Publish for Web".
Publish the entire sheet and copy out the Sheet ID, which is the long string between two '/' marks.
Optionally specify the worksheet that the data is on. The gviz API query will only grab the first sheet by default.


Employee Information
*All fields are mandatory
*First Name
*Last Name
*Aadhaar No.
* Aadhaar is the unique identifier for employee on blockchain.
*Employee Id
*Date of Birth(dd-mm-yyy)
*Gender
MALE
FEMALE
*Email
*Phone
*Comments
*Employer
Google
Microsoft
DIT
Add Employee
{{resp}}


When used in combination with the options.columns.postprocess
option, enabling this option will build a cache of the rendered cells in this column and use that cache when re-rendering the grid view. This prevents constant processing of cells during scrolling and resizing.
Depending on the complexity of your grid and cell data, this could quickly use up a lot of memory. Use at your own risk.
(boolean)
: Defaultfalse
.
{cache: true}


Nematode Type
Zack
Kelly
Slater
Lisa
Zack
doesn't have good vision or memory.
He can only see his current square.
Kelly
doesn't have good vision, but she does have a good memory.
She can see her current square and her previous square.
Slater
has good vision, but alas, no memory.
He can see his current square and also the one directly in front of him.
Lisa
has superwoman vision.
She can see every square near her.
If you need to choose a random yellow square,
choose the one with an asterisk (*) inside it.
Energy:
Remaining Moves:
Cursor Position:
Show Map
Easy
Hard
Histogram


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import actions.assessments.request.AssessmentsPageSessionRequest @import _root_.utils.Formatters @import config.ApplicationConfig @import views.html.dashboard.assessmentDetails @import views.html.components.naRateableDetailSection @import views.html.dashboard.assessmentDetailsWithRatingList @this(mainLayout: views.html.mainLayout, assessmentDetailsView: assessmentDetails, assessmentDetailsWithRatingListView: assessmentDetailsWithRatingList, naRateableDetailSection: naRateableDetailSection) @(model: controllers.AssessmentsVM, owner: Boolean, rateableNA: Boolean, vmvLink: String, address: Option[String], localAuthRef: Option[String])(implicit request: AssessmentsPageSessionRequest[_], messages: Messages, config: ApplicationConfig) @formattedAddress =@{ if (model.assessmentsWithLinks.nonEmpty) Formatters.capitalisedAddress(model.address) else Formatters.capitalisedAddress(address.getOrElse(messages("assessments.na"))) } @mainLayout( pageTitle = formattedAddress , backUri = Some(model.backLink), mainClass = Some("govuk-grid-column-full") ) {
@if(model.assessmentsWithLinks.isEmpty){
@messages("assessments.localAuthorityRef") @localAuthRef
}else{
@model.localAuthorityReference.map{ localAuthorityRef =>
@messages("assessments.localAuthorityRef") @localAuthorityRef
}
}


Test your knowledge
Select answer before time is out After time-out wait till next word loads Click below to Start Game


ID:
{{ app.client.id }}
Name:
{{ app.client.description }}
Instance:
{{ app.instance.name }}
For Click & Start to work, you need to have the
BDeploy Launcher application installed. This is done by
any installer automatically. If you still don't have
the launcher and don't want to install the application using its
installer from above, you can download the standalone launcher from
there.


Velocity mode ## Velocity Code Demo #* based on PL/SQL mode by Peter Raganitsch, adapted to Velocity by Steve O'Hara ( http://www.pivotal-solutions.co.uk ) August 2011 *# #* This is a multiline comment. This is the second line *# #[[ hello steve This has invalid syntax that would normally need "poor man's escaping" like: #define() ${blah ]]# #include( "disclaimer.txt" "opinion.txt" ) #include( $foo $bar ) #parse( "lecorbusier.vm" ) #parse( $foo ) #evaluate( 'string with VTL #if(true)will be displayed#end' ) #define( $hello ) Hello $who #end #set( $who = "World!") $hello ## displays Hello World! #foreach( $customer in $customerList ) $foreach.count $customer.Name #if( $foo == ${bar}) it's true! #break #{else} it's not! #stop #end #if ($foreach.parent.hasNext) $velocityCount #end #end $someObject.getValues("this is a string split across lines") $someObject("This plus $something in the middle").method(7567).property #set($something = "Parseable string with '$quotes'!") #macro( tablerows $color $somelist ) #foreach( $something in $somelist ) $something $bodyContent #end #end #tablerows("red" ["dadsdf","dsa"]) #@tablerows("red" ["dadsdf","dsa"]) some body content #end Variable reference: #set( $monkey = $bill ) String literal: #set( $monkey.Friend = 'monica' ) Property reference: #set( $monkey.Blame = $whitehouse.Leak ) Method reference: #set( $monkey.Plan = $spindoctor.weave($web) ) Number literal: #set( $monkey.Number = 123 ) Range operator: #set( $monkey.Numbers = [1..3] ) Object list: #set( $monkey.Say = ["Not", $my, "fault"] ) Object map: #set( $monkey.Map = {"banana" : "good", "roast beef" : "bad"}) The RHS can also be a simple arithmetic expression, such as: Addition: #set( $value = $foo + 1 ) Subtraction: #set( $value = $bar - 1 ) Multiplication: #set( $value = $foo * $bar ) Division: #set( $value = $foo / $bar ) Remainder: #set( $value = $foo % $bar ) MIME types defined: text/velocity.


[gecode-users] Unexpected propagation/search behaviour
Lars Otten
ottenl at student.chalmers.se
Wed Jan 25 15:35:06 CET 2006
Hi Christian,
thank you very much for your efforts!
On 01/25/06 10:59, Christian Schulte wrote:
> even after looking more carefully to your code I can't see the reason.
> Please try to simplify.
Do you mean simplifying the propagator algorithm? Or simplifying the code
and descriptions I sent to the mailing list?
> I would assume that Gecode is not guilty ;-)
That is of course my assumption as well, still the observed behaviour is
somewhat peculiar...
> Also, which version of Gecode do you use? (I saw that you hacked it somehow
> with a rand function?)
I'm using version 1.0.0.
And as my final goal is to add randomization to the search algorithm, I will
need to 'hack' it with such elements -- in fact, as you noticed, I have
already commenced some things in this respect.
But so far none of these are really used anywhere; what you are probably
refering to is just a field I added to the Space class pointing to a
'centralized' function for random numbers (which I have removed again
meanwhile).
I am going on an extended weekend trip tomorrow, so I will probably look
into the whole issue some more next week.
Thank you so far,
/Lars
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list