A successful project requires many people to play many roles. Some members write code or documentation, while others are valuable as testers, submitting patches and suggestions.
The project team is comprised of Members and Contributors. Members have direct access to the source of a project and actively evolve the code-base. Contributors improve the project through submission of patches and suggestions to the Members. The number of Contributors to the project is unbounded. Get involved today. All contributions to the project are greatly appreciated.
The following is a list of developers with commit privileges that have directly contributed to the project in one way or another.
| Image | Id | Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pholser | Paul Holser |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| http://www.pholser.com |
The following additional people have contributed to this project through the way of suggestions, patches or documentation.
| Name | Roles |
|---|---|
| Javier Fernandez-Ivern | java.time.* generators |
| Michael S. Daines | examples |
| Florent Ramière | code highlighting in markdown |
| Thomas Heilbronner | markdown correction |
| Peter Kofler | examples corrections |
| davidhart82 | several patches |


adorable cartoon animals
household items
tasty treats
monster mash
superheroes
beginning May 29
beginning June 5
beginning June 12
beginning June 19
beginning June 26


I love to cook, workout and eat. My first job ever was working at a babecue joint and I loved it. The stress, the hustle, the people and the free food! It was all great. I workout about five times a week and try to eat as healthy as possible. I'm not too strict about my diet because I do like to have fun every once in awhile and over indulge on things I probably shouldn't.
I graduated high school in 2012, after that I tried community college which really didn't workout. I always struggled in traditional school, I didn't enjoy the fact that I had to learn about things I didn't have any interest in. My goal for this class, and all other classes I take at CodeFellows, is to really take as much knowledge and wisdom from all the TAs, instructors and all of my classmates as I can.
I have worked in many different fields while trying to navigate my way through my early life. None of them offered me much more than just experience, I enjoyed them while I could but none of them were long lasting.
I am very passionate about the sport of football. It has always been a huge part of my life and I can honestly say that I would not be anywhere near as mature or mentally tough without football. It means so much more to me than just a game. After my playing career finished I immediately jumped into coaching at the high school level. That is where my true passion lies, coaching and teaching young boys into young men is such a rewarding and exciting experiece.


Contact our demo company: Robert Te-Hiro CEO<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Julie Ruperts Manager julie dot ruperts at demo dot co Or just send a message to wizard's email if you want to contact our guru ;)
Look at the source code. You won't find these emails there ;)
Crypted email: JzVlJzBvQGUnMGFpJzguY28nMA==


C# is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declaritive, functional, generic, object-oriented, and component-opriented programming disciplines.
Java and JavaScript are two seperate Languages, Javabeing derived from JavaScript. Learning these two will allow you to begin coding simple pages with functinoality both front and back end.
Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant whitespace.
Go, also known as Golang, is a statically typed, compiled programming language designed at Google by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. Go is syntactically similar to C, but with memory safety, garbage collection, structural typing, and CSP-style concurrency.
Rust is a multi-paradigm system programming language focused on safety, especially safe concurrency. Rust is syntactically similar to C++, but is designed to provide better memory safety while maintaining high performance


The examples in this section use intracommunicators.
Example
The reverse of Example Examples using MPI_GATHER, MPI_GATHERV
.
Scatter sets of 100 ints from the root to each process in the group.
See Figure 9
.
MPI_Comm comm; int gsize,*sendbuf; int root, rbuf[100]; ... MPI_Comm_size( comm, &gsize); sendbuf = (int *)malloc(gsize*100*sizeof(int)); ... MPI_Scatter( sendbuf, 100, MPI_INT, rbuf, 100, MPI_INT, root, comm);
Figure 9: The root process scatters sets of 100 ints to each process
in the group.
Example
The reverse of Example Examples using MPI_GATHER, MPI_GATHERV
.
The root process scatters sets of 100 ints to the other processes,
but the sets of 100 are stride ints apart in the sending buffer.
Requires use of MPI_SCATTERV.
Assume
. See Figure 10
.
MPI_Comm comm; int gsize,*sendbuf; int root, rbuf[100], i, *displs, *scounts; ... MPI_Comm_size( comm, &gsize); sendbuf = (int *)malloc(gsize*stride*sizeof(int)); ... displs = (int *)malloc(gsize*sizeof(int)); scounts = (int *)malloc(gsize*sizeof(int)); for (i=0; i<gsize; ++i) { displs[i] = i*stride; scounts[i] = 100; } MPI_Scatterv( sendbuf, scounts, displs, MPI_INT, rbuf, 100, MPI_INT, root, comm);
Figure 10: The root process scatters sets of 100 ints, moving by
stride ints from send to send in the scatter.
Example
The reverse of Example Examples using MPI_GATHER, MPI_GATHERV
.
We have a varying stride between blocks at sending (root) side,
at the receiving side we receive into the i-th column of a 100×150
C array.
See Figure 11
.


Title:
Description:
Sell price:
Category:
Tags (optional, you might select as many tags as you wish):
Photo URLs (optional, you might link up to 3 photos):


The career crisis that sparked a 'LinkedIn for women'
However, she didn't feel like she was alone in that. Around the time of having those thoughts, she attended a Harvard Business School conference celebrating 50 years of female attendees, and found lots of her peers in a similar situation.


'Little sign of change' for number of women in top roles
There is "little sign of change" in women being under-represented in top jobs in business, a government-backed review has found.
In the FTSE 350, only 25 women are in chair roles, with fewer chief executives, the Hampton-Alexander Review said.
It called for a "stronger focus" to address the imbalance.
However, FTSE 100 companies are on target for women to make up at least a third of boards by the end of 2020.
This year has been the "strongest year of progress" for board representation since the review was set up in 2011, said Denise Wilson White, the chief executive of the review.
More than 900 women are now on FTSE 350 boards.
The review has set targets for women to make up at least a third of boards and a third of senior leadership positions by the end of 2020.
Ms White told the BBC's Today programme that the FTSE 250 had had its "strongest year ever" and was on course to hit that target.
In the FTSE 350 as a whole since 2011, "we've gone from 152 all-male boards down to only two today," she said.
However, she added that more progress needed to be made in female representation in top leadership positions, which she described as "the 50 to 80 most senior jobs in any company".
She said there was "no shortage" of capable and competent women able to fill those roles, but problems in company systems meant they were "just not getting picked in the same numbers".
The chair of the review, Sir Philip Hampton, said: "Strengthening the number of women in executive positions is critical to achieving long-term gender balance.
"We are still a long way from reaching the target for women in senior leadership roles below board level. Unless half of all appointments made this year go to women - our target for 2020 is not going to be met."
Two FTSE 250 firms - property firm Daejan Holdings and software firm Kainos Group - have all male boards, the review said.
Daejan Holdings secretary Mark Jenner said the company's position was that the aims of the review were not legally binding and Daejan was under no obligation to comply with them.
In addition, he said board positions were filled on merit and there were no current vacancies.
'One and done'
The review also found that 39 firms have only appointed one woman to the board, which it called a "one and done" approach.
These include Domino's Pizza and a number of investment trusts.
Companies with more than 40% female board membership include Standard Life Aberdeen, Schroders and Royal Bank of Scotland, while those with 25% or fewer women on the board include National Grid and Rio Tinto.
Chris Cummings, chief executive of the Investment Association, said: "Investors have been consistent in their demands for greater diversity.
"It's not just a nice to have. The research is clear: firms with diverse boards and management teams make better decisions, drive innovation and outperform their less diverse peers."
Industry body the CBI said businesses were "building on last year's progress and continuing to increase diversity in the boardroom".
'Overcoming barriers'
Carolyn Fairbairn, CBI director general, said: "The benefits of a diverse boardroom have been proven many times, from improved decision making to increased profits. If all male boards are to become a thing of the past, firms must not take their foot off the pedal."
However, she added that firms were "making less progress on the executive pipeline".
"We are still seeing too few women in senior leadership positions, whether as chief executive or running divisions.
"Heading into 2020, all firms should ensure they have diverse shortlists and that they're doing everything possible to support people from all walks of life in their careers, from ground floor to boardroom."
The Hampton-Alexander Review is supported by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and the Government Equalities Office.
Accountancy and auditing firm KPMG is its main financial sponsor.
Melanie Richards, deputy chair at KPMG UK, said: "Behind the numbers and trends are hundreds of individual stories.
"Women who have overcome barriers that they should not have had to overcome, with leaders and boards who have worked hard to remove those barriers for current and future generations."


| Reference number: | 56783-DBQ-751 |
| Submission priority: | Normal |
| Case category: | Medical exemption |
| Date submission received: | 28 June 2017 |
| Case created: | 1 July 2017 |
| Task | Status |
| 1. Provide worker details | Complete |
| 2. Choose certificate type | Complete |
| 3. Provide job details | Part completed |
| 4. Agree declarations | |
| 5. Pay fee |
| Doument name | Type | Size |
|---|---|---|
| Financial summary | 1mb | |
| Bank account statment 06/17 | 0.2mb | |
| Bank account statment 05/17 | 0.2mb | |
| Bank account statment 04/17 | 0.15mb |
| Date | Agent | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1.10.17 | @janemoore | Case adjusted to include medical condition |
| 21.09.17 | @janemoore | Worker details task completed |
| 20.09.17 | Justin Theroux | Choose certificate type task completed |
| 1.08.17 | @guymetis | Case created |


In pictures: Security on alert in India after Babri mosque verdict 09 Nov 2019, 06:35 by Reuters Police officers conduct a flag march on a street outside Jama Masjid, before Supreme Court’s verdict on a disputed religious site claimed by both majority Hindus and Muslims in Ayodhya. PHOTO: Reuters Policemen stand guard outside a temple before the Supreme Court’s verdict on a disputed religious site claimed by both majority Hindus and Muslims in Ayodhya. PHOTO: Reuters Police officers conduct a flag march in a street. PHOTO: Reuters A vendor arranges newspapers with headlines about Supreme Court’s verdict on a disputed religious site. PHOTO: Reuters Policemen stand guard at a gate of Jama Masjid, before Supreme Court’s verdict. PHOTO: Reuters Police officers conduct a flag march in a street outside Jama Masjid, before Supreme Court’s verdict. PHOTO: Reuters PHOTO: Reuters A man reads a newspaper with a headline about Supreme Court’s verdict. PHOTO: Reuters Recommended Stories


Bangladesh bans fast bowler Shahadat Hossain for five years for assault
The temperamental Shahadat was reported by umpires after he was seen to slap and kick his teammate Arafat Sunny Jr during a National Cricket League match on Sunday.
by AFPThe Bangladesh Cricket Board on Tuesday banned former national team fast bowler Shahadat Hossain for five years, two of them suspended, after he assaulted a teammate in a match.
The temperamental Shahadat was reported by umpires after he was seen to slap and kick a teammate during a National Cricket League match on Sunday.
The national federation suspended two years of the ban but Shahadat, who admitted a charge of “physical assault”, was also fined Tk300,000 t($3,540), the board said.
Shahadat, 33, attacked young bowler Arafat Sunny Jr during a game between Dhaka and Khulna after an argument over how to shine the ball, a board official said.
“Considering his past behaviour we decided to punish him for five years. The last two years of his ban will remain suspended,” said BCB technical committee chief Minhajul Abedin.
Shahadat could have been banned for life.
Shahadat, who played 38 Tests and 51 one-day internationals for Bangladesh, spent nearly two months in detention in 2015 after he and his wife were accused of torturing an 11-year-old girl they employed as a maid. They were cleared when it came to trial however.
Shahadat hit the headlines again in 2018 when he allegedly beat a rickshaw driver for hitting his car in Dhaka.


Optional parameter. It indicates the estimated size that the workspace may have. It has to be in MB.
If provided, the Disk allocation strategy ensures that the selected disk has at least as much usable space left as the estimated workspace size.
For example, let's suppose we want to select the disk with the highest read speed, but that has a minimum usable space of 100 MB. The Pipeline code for that is:
def extWorkspace = exwsAllocate diskPoolId: 'diskpool1', strategy: fastestReadSpeed(estimatedWorkspaceSize: 100) // ...


| Description | Comments | Category | |||||
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This is a basic cell.
solid tag special solid tag |
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This is a basic cell in an active row.
solid tag reg-tag special-tag |
Another cell, another row.
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| This is a basic cell in a new row. reg-tag special-tag |
Another cell, another row. |
|
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| Description | Comments | Category | |
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|
This is a basic cell.
solid tag another solid tag |
This is another cell.
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This is a basic cell in a new row.
reg-tag nother-reg-tag |
Another cell, another row.
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| Description | Comments | Category | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
This is a basic cell.
solid tag another solid tag |
This is another cell.
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This is a basic cell in a new row.
reg-tag nother-reg-tag |
Another cell, another row.
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Accordion Table Header
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This is a basic cell.
solid tag another solid tag |
This is another cell.
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| This is a basic cell in a new row. reg-tag nother-reg-tag |
Another cell, another row. |
|
| App Name | v1.0.0 | March 20, 2015 |
| App Name 2 | v1.0.0 | March 21, 2015 |
| App Name 3 | v1.0.0 | March 22, 2015 |


About Me Artist, Thinker, Creative Doer
I am Web Designer @ Company.com
When I hear the buzz of the little world among the stalks, and grow familiar with the countless indescribable forms of the insects and flies, then I feel the presence of the Almighty, who formed us in his own image, and the breath of that universal love which bears and sustains us, as it floats around us in an eternity of bliss; and then, my friend, when darkness overspreads my eyes, and heaven and earth seem to dwell in my soul and absorb its power, like the form of a beloved mistress, then I often think with longing .
Personal Information
- Name John Doe
- Age 28 Years
- Experience +10 Years
- Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Phone<PHONE_NUMBER>
- Address 88 Some Street
Professional Skills
-
HML5 & CSS3
-
PHP
-
Javascript
-
Wordpress


The class expression is one way define a class in ECMAScript 6. Similar to function expressions, class expressions can be named or unnamed. If named, the name of the class is local the class body only. JavaScript classes are using prototype-based inheritance.
var MyClass = class [className] [extends] { // class body };
A class expression has a similar syntax to a class statement. However, with class expressions, you are able to omit the class name ("binding identifier"), which you can't with class statements.
Just like with class statements, the class body of class expressions is executed in strict mode.
This is just a simple anonymous class expression which you can refer to using the variable "Foo".
var Foo = class { constructor() {} bar() { return "Hello World!"; } }; var instance = new Foo(); instance.bar(); // "Hello World!"
If you want to refer to the current class inside the class body, you can create a named class expression. This name is only visible in the scope of the class expression itself.
// TBD var Foo = class NamedFoo { }
Created by Mozilla Contributors, license: CC-BY-SA 2.5


Earth
Three.js w/ Angular implementation of planet earth using SketchUp for the models.
Countries:
United Kingdom


The <input type="image">
defines an
The path to the image is specified in the src attribute.
Example:
Define an image as a submit button:
<form action="/action_page.php">
First name:
<input type="text" id="fname" name="fname">

Last name:
<input type="text" id="lname" name="lname">

<input type="image" src="" alt="Submit" width="48"
height="48">
</form>
Note: The input type="image" sends the X and Y coordinates of the click that activated the image button.
Note: The image field is not shown to the user, but the data is sent when the form is submitted.


Portfolio
I design and grow digital products
I design and grow digital products
I spent a year at Stellar Loyalty, an enterprise marketing SaaS start-up that provides brands with modern, cloud software that can engage and build loyalty with their customers.
I do a range of things from back-end feature development to product designs of mobile and web applications. But, let’s talk about mobile for now.
After hearing a range of feedback from clients and sales team alike, this project started out as a personal learning side-gig. I first identified the problems I collated from various sources.
The direct users, who are the marketers, face two problems:
The indirect users, who are the brand’s customers, face the following problem:
So let’s break this down into three actionable steps.
To introduce flexibility into the white-label application, I added two new homepage styles: Action Style and Vertical Carousel Style. With new styles, it allows marketers to add or remove more crucial information and action types.
Similar to Facebook, such a homepage style shows only the most crucial information for users to take action, be it to submit a photo, post a caption or take part in an offer.
Similar to Starbucks, such a homepage style focuses on content driving user exploration and continued usage.
PROBLEM #1: Marketers upload a single image on the Stellar marketer console and the different placement settings would adjust the image size accordingly, but this would result in bad images
CHANGE #1: Expand the image size from square to rectangle which fits most images
PROBLEM #2: Too much text on the screen
CHANGE #2: Remove body text and add a clickable action for users to click on in order to read more
The re-design adapted very closely to iOS design guidelines in terms of fonts and layout. I also added minor transitions between pages to create the light feel.
After working on the re-designs casually, we discussed as a team over lunch and decided it’s high time to invest in better UX design. This is where the product sprints came about where I had many meetings with the mobile development team sitting in Manila (with 16 hours difference).
I am glad to be a part of such an agile product and development team, especially when we managed to come out with a working prototype of this mobile app design revamp in two weeks - just in time for an important sales pitch that scored us a big client.
Do write to me if you’re excited to learn more about this project. And if you found this interesting, there’s a good chance you’ll find some of my other projects interesting too!


#include "examples_common.hxx"
#include <iostream>
int main( int argc , char *argv[] ){
Graph graph(6);
graph.insertEdge(0,1);
graph.insertEdge(1,2);
graph.insertEdge(3,4);
graph.insertEdge(4,5);
graph.insertEdge(0,3);
graph.insertEdge(1,4);
graph.insertEdge(2,5);
MulticutObjective objective(graph);
auto & weights = objective.weights();
weights[graph.findEdge(0,1)] = 1.0;
weights[graph.findEdge(1,2)] = 1.0;
weights[graph.findEdge(3,4)] = 1.0;
weights[graph.findEdge(4,5)] = 1.0;
weights[graph.findEdge(0,3)] = -1.0;
weights[graph.findEdge(1,4)] = 0.5;
weights[graph.findEdge(2,5)] = -1.0;
{
typedef typename MulticutSolver::NodeLabels NodeLabels;
MulticutSolver solver(objective);
NodeLabels labels(graph);
MulticutVerboseVisitor visitor;
solver.optimize(labels, &visitor);
std::cout<<"isEdgeCut?\n";
for(const auto edge : graph.edges()){
const auto uv = graph.uv(edge);
const auto u = uv.first;
const auto v = uv.second;
const auto isCut = int(labels[u] != labels[v]);
const auto w = objective.weights()[edge];
std::cout<<"edge "<<edge<<" iscut? "<< isCut<<"\n";
}
}
}


Dear {{ user.display_name }},
We're writing to invite you and your child{{ children|length|pluralize:"ren" }} {{ children_string }} to participate in the study "{{ study.name }}"! This study is run by the {{ study.lab.name }} at {{ study.lab.institution }}.
More details about the study...
{% if study.show_scheduled %} You can schedule a time to participate with your child {% else %} You and your child can participate any time you want {% endif %} by going to "{{ study.name }}". If you have any questions, please reply to this email to reach the {{ study.lab.name }} at {{ study.lab.contact_email }}.
Note: If you have taken part in Lookit studies before, you might notice that the page looks a little different than before. Our web address is changing from lookit.mit.edu to childrenhelpingscience.com as we merge together two programs for online studies that our team runs. There have been no changes to who runs the platform or who can see your child's data. Thanks for contributing to the science of how kids learn - we hope to see you soon!
-- the Lookit/Children Helping Science team


Removes nuclear spins from a spin system.
NewSys = nucspinkeep(Sys,keepidx)
This function removes one or more nuclear spins from the spin
system Sys
and returns the resulting spin system
in NewSys
.
keepidx
specifies the indices of the nuclei to keep. All other nuclei are removed.
E.g., keepidx=3
indicates to keep the third nucleus and remove all others, and
keepidx=[2 4]
indicates to keep the second and the fourth nuclei.
First we define a spin system with 4 nuclei
Sys = struct('S',1/2,'g',[2 2 2.2]); Sys.Nucs = '1H,1H,13C,13C'; Sys.A = [5 6 12; 4 4 2; 1 0.6 1.4; -0.3 0.5 0.1];
The following keeps only the protons and removes the 13C nuclei:
Sys = nucspinkeep(Sys,[1 2])
spin system structures, nucspinadd, nucspinrmv


JDZ
Twitter GitHub LinkedInStay Classy
A Brief Explanation of Classes
02/15/15
Object oriented programming is obviously centered around objects. Objects make up everything in the universe of OOP. Objects are what we use to store and retrieve information, interact with one another, and perform any task within a program.
Classes are blue prints for objects. They define what objects are, and what they can do. Since classes define objects, they are the foundation of object oriented programming. Every object (including classes themselves) are defined by classes. Let's create a class for a specific object, to show how classes operate.
For this demonstration, I decided to go with a 'Cat class'. When we create an object, or an instance of this class, we will be able to manipulate/interact with it as we define in the Cat class. First, we need to define the class and give it an initialize method.
As arguments, we add some attributes to fill in for our cats when they are created. Then we assign them to what are called 'instance variables'.
Instance variables remain a part of the individual instance of each cat you create. They can be accessed by other instance methods that we will add to our Cat class.
We could add an individual 'reader' method to access and read the attributes we give to our cats. That would look like this:
That looks kind of messy though. A much easier and flexible way to do this is to use an attr_reader method:
This way we can easily get a reading on the attributes we assign to our cat and call them individually.
Now, let's give our cat some actions. First let's give our cats the ability to meow.
Alright now let's add some more interesting interactivity. We'll set up a 'feed' method that passes an argument to our cat. Depending on what argument you pass, the cat will react differently.
We will also add a @times_fed = 0
to our initialize method to start the count at zero.
Then we'll add a sleep
method that will reset the count.
We call the feed method once with the argument of cat food...
And our cat purrs.
Here we will call the method past the limit of 5, sleep to reset the counter, and then feed the cat tuna.
As you can see, when we when we call the methods in order we get the expected results. You're probably starting to imagine, if you haven't already, the large implications this has on a program.
Classes play a vital role in the life of any program. They enable objects to do anything that we need them to do. Instance variables and methods are literally the primary tools we need to manipulate those objects in a uniform fassion after they are created. And our initialize method takes arguments that make our objects unique in their attributes.
I hope that you have enjoyed this brief introduction to classes in Ruby! If you enjoyed this, you might want to check out the links to my other blogs below.


ENTERTAINMENT
Tipperary music boost with major new weekend festival for Clonmel
GREAT ENTERTAINMENT IN MOYNIHANS THIS WEEKEND
Clonmel World Music is delighted to present a unique three day Winter Festival in Clonmel this weekend, in which the aim is lift the spirits of Clonmel people in the depths of winter.
There are eight shows in total over the weekend, a mixture of folk, roots, rock, blues, jazz and spoken word.
The headline shows each night are national acts and all other shows are selected local acts.
All shows take place in the cosy back room in Jerry Moynihans pub, Clonmel. The shows are all seated and run as music listening shows.
The festival starts on Friday night with the Clonmel debut of well known family folk band Greenshine, from Cork. Greenshine is a family trio comprising Noel Shine, Mary Greene and their daughter Ellie.
Saturday starts at 5pm with the debut Clonmel performance of a local Story Slam collective, which is specially commissioned for SuirFest. This show has been put together by local school caretaker, sheep farmer, storyteller and poet Joe Whelan. The shows format is to get seven local storytellers to each tell a true story against the clock.
Saturday continues at 7pm with local musicians Eamonn O’Malley and singer Neil McGrath. This duo previously performed together for many years, and are reforming the duo especially for SuirFest.
The headline act on Saturday is the great Donal Clancy, who is performing a specially commissioned show for Suirfest. The show is called “Donal Clancy’s Folk ‘n Blues Revue” , and it will comprise of classic blues songs, and cool bluesy arrangements of well known songs.
Donal Clancy is one of Ireland's greatest ballad/folk singers and played a sell out show in Hotel Minella Clonmel with Rory Makem in April of this year.
Donal is the son of Liam Clancy, from the world famous Clancy brothers and he is proudly carrying on the family tradition of story telling and ballad singing of the highest order.
Donal will be on stage in Moynihans at 9pm.
Sunday starts at 3pm with local poetry ensemble The Back Yard Poets. This is a mixture of well known, and not so well known (yet) poets who will do readings of their own poetry.
Sunday continues at 5pm with young local musicians and songwriters Alan Acheson and Ross Boland. Alan and Ross are mainstays of the local music scene and have performed in many local bands and at many local events over the years.
Sunday’s shows continue at 7pm with great local Jazz Fusion trio Electric Orfeo, who made their debut at this year's Clonmel Junction Arts Festival. Electric Orfeo are an amalgam of influences, incorporating jazz, funk, metal, rock, and gypsy swing.
The headline act on Sunday night is a very special jazz trio – Jimmy Smyth’s Organised. Jimmy will be joined by Scott Flanigan and Cormac Larkin. They will be making their Clonmel debut, these lads normally don’t stray too far from Dublin.
Tickets for this great Festival are on sale now, and are available online at www.clonmelworldmusic.com, and also in Marians Bookshop, in Moynihans Bar Clonmel,
or from Gerry Lawless on<PHONE_NUMBER>.
Full Lineup and Times -
Friday November 22
Greenshine 9pm
Saturday November 23
Clonmel Story Slam 5pm
Eamonn O’Malley and Neil McGrath 7pm
Donal Clancy’s Folk ‘n Blues Revue 9pm
Sunday November 24
The Backroom Poets 3pm
Alan Acheson and Ross Boland 5pm
Electric Orfeo 7pm
Jimmy Smith’s Organised 9pm


Shopfrog documentation
Here you will find answers on how to configure your Shopfrog theme.
Selecting the style
Shopfrog is available in seven different styles: pink, orange, brown, green, blue, grey and black and white.
Once you have chosen the style you want all you need to do is set the correct stylesheet in the head of each file.
Currently the theme is set up as pink and will look like this:
<link href="css/shopfrog-pink.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
Delete all other lines other than the theme style you have chosen. For example, orange:
<link href="css/shopfrog-orange.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
Using a bigger/smaller logo
If your name/logo is wider than Shopfrog, you will notice it breaks the layout slightly.
To fix this alter the values of the following three css declarations to make the appropriate elements bigger to better accommodate your name.
.navbar .brand { width: 235px; } .submenu-container .submenu { width: 255px; } .submenu-container .submenu-preview { left: 255px; }
Configuring filters on product boards
Adding filters to a product board page (collection.html) is quite simple. A class on the product is paired with a data attribute on the link.
black ...
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24 April 1997
Disease Outbreak Reported
With reference to inquiries regarding monkeypox in Zaire, WHO does not recommend reintroduction of vaccination with the vaccine which effectively eradicated smallpox in the 1970s which also protects against monkeypox. Monkeypox is a rare viral disease with a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. It is largely limited to populations who come into contact with animals which harbour the monkeypox virus in remote areas of the tropical rainforest in Africa. As mentioned in the article in Weekly Epidemiological Record No.15 published 11 April 1997, the current measures undertaken to interrupt disease transmission include education of health-care providers and distribution of health messages, such as limiting contact with wild-caught animals and restricting contact with suspected cases to a single person (preferably the oldest member of the household who has either recovered from monkeypox or has a "vaccinia" vaccination scar). Further WHO studies are planned in the region to determine the need for additional risk-reduction measures.


lib\Crypt\RC4.php
- author
- Jim Wigginton<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- copyright
- MMVII Jim Wigginton
- license
- http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html MIT License
- link
- http://phpseclib.sourceforge.net
- package
- Crypt
- subpackage
- Crypt_RC4
- version
- $Id: RC4.php,v 1.8 2009/06/09 04:00:38 terrafrost Exp $
- Constants
- CRYPT_RC4_MODE_INTERNAL
- CRYPT_RC4_MODE_MCRYPT
- CRYPT_RC4_ENCRYPT
- CRYPT_RC4_DECRYPT
- Classes
- Crypt_RC4
Description
Pure-PHP implementation of RC4.
Uses mcrypt, if available, and an internal implementation, otherwise.
PHP versions 4 and 5
Useful resources are as follows:
- {@link http://www.mozilla.org/projects/security/pki/nss/draft-kaukonen-cipher-arcfour-03.txt ARCFOUR Algorithm}
- {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC4 - Wikipedia: RC4}
RC4 is also known as ARCFOUR or ARC4. The reason is elaborated upon at Wikipedia. This class is named RC4 and not ARCFOUR or ARC4 because RC4 is how it is refered to in the SSH1 specification.
Here's a short example of how to use this library:
setKey('abcdefgh');
$size = 10 * 1024;
$plaintext = '';
for ($i = 0; $i < $size; $i++) {
$plaintext.= 'a';
}
echo $rc4->decrypt($rc4->encrypt($plaintext));
?>
LICENSE: Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Constants
CRYPT_RC4_MODE_INTERNAL
CRYPT_RC4_MODE_INTERNAL = '1'
Toggles the internal implementation
Details
- value
- 1
CRYPT_RC4_MODE_MCRYPT
CRYPT_RC4_MODE_MCRYPT = '2'
Toggles the mcrypt implementation
Details
- value
- 2
CRYPT_RC4_ENCRYPT
CRYPT_RC4_ENCRYPT = '0'
Details
- value
- 0
CRYPT_RC4_DECRYPT
CRYPT_RC4_DECRYPT = '1'
Details
- value
- 1
\Crypt_RC4
- access
- public
- author
- Jim Wigginton<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- package
- Crypt
- subpackage
- Crypt_RC4
- version
- 0.1.0
- Properties
- $continuousBuffer
- $decryptIndex
- $decryptStream
- $encryptIndex
- $encryptStream
- $key
- $mode
- Methods
- Crypt_RC4
- __destruct
- _crypt
- decrypt
- disableContinuousBuffer
- disablePadding
- enableContinuousBuffer
- enablePadding
- encrypt
- setIV
- setKey
- setPassword
Description
Pure-PHP implementation of RC4.
Properties
$continuousBuffer
Boolean $continuousBuffer = 'false'
Continuous Buffer status
Details
- Boolean
- visibility
- public
- default
- false
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::enableContinuousBuffer()
$decryptIndex
Integer $decryptIndex = '0'
The $i and $j indexes for decryption
Details
- Integer
- visibility
- public
- default
- 0
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::_crypt()
$decryptStream
Array $decryptStream = 'false'
The Key Stream for decryption
If CRYPT_RC4_MODE == CRYPT_RC4_MODE_MCRYPT, this will be equal to the mcrypt object
Details
- Array
- visibility
- public
- default
- false
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::setKey()
$encryptIndex
Integer $encryptIndex = '0'
The $i and $j indexes for encryption
Details
- Integer
- visibility
- public
- default
- 0
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::_crypt()
$encryptStream
Array $encryptStream = 'false'
The Key Stream for encryption
If CRYPT_RC4_MODE == CRYPT_RC4_MODE_MCRYPT, this will be equal to the mcrypt object
Details
- Array
- visibility
- public
- default
- false
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::setKey()
$key
String $key = '\0'
The Key
Details
- String
- visibility
- public
- default
- \0
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::setKey()
$mode
Integer $mode = ''
The Encryption Algorithm
Only used if CRYPT_RC4_MODE == CRYPT_RC4_MODE_MCRYPT. Only possible values are MCRYPT_RC4 or MCRYPT_ARCFOUR.
Details
- Integer
- visibility
- public
- default
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::Crypt_RC4()
Methods
Crypt_RC4
Crypt_RC4(
)
:
\Crypt_RC4
Default Constructor.
Determines whether or not the mcrypt extension should be used.
Output
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
__destruct
__destruct(
)
:
Class destructor.
Will be called, automatically, if you're using PHP5. If you're using PHP4, call it yourself. Only really needs to be called if mcrypt is being used.
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
_crypt
_crypt(
String $text, Integer $mode
)
:
Encrypts or decrypts a message.
Arguments
- $text
- String
- $mode
- Integer
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- private
- see
- Crypt_RC4::encrypt()
- see
- Crypt_RC4::decrypt()
decrypt
decrypt(
String $ciphertext
)
:
Decrypts a message.
$this->decrypt($this->encrypt($plaintext)) == $this->encrypt($this->encrypt($plaintext)). Atleast if the continuous buffer is disabled.
Arguments
- $ciphertext
- String
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
- see
- Crypt_RC4::_crypt()
disableContinuousBuffer
disableContinuousBuffer(
)
:
Treat consecutive packets as if they are a discontinuous buffer.
The default behavior.
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
- see
- Crypt_RC4::enableContinuousBuffer()
disablePadding
disablePadding(
)
:
Dummy function.
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
- see
- Crypt_RC4::enablePadding()
enableContinuousBuffer
enableContinuousBuffer(
)
:
Treat consecutive "packets" as if they are a continuous buffer.
Say you have a 16-byte plaintext $plaintext. Using the default behavior, the two following code snippets will yield different outputs:
echo $rc4->encrypt(substr($plaintext, 0, 8));
echo $rc4->encrypt(substr($plaintext, 8, 8));
echo $rc4->encrypt($plaintext);
The solution is to enable the continuous buffer. Although this will resolve the above discrepancy, it creates another, as demonstrated with the following:
$rc4->encrypt(substr($plaintext, 0, 8));
echo $rc4->decrypt($des->encrypt(substr($plaintext, 8, 8)));
echo $rc4->decrypt($des->encrypt(substr($plaintext, 8, 8)));
With the continuous buffer disabled, these would yield the same output. With it enabled, they yield different outputs. The reason is due to the fact that the initialization vector's change after every encryption / decryption round when the continuous buffer is enabled. When it's disabled, they remain constant.
Put another way, when the continuous buffer is enabled, the state of the Crypt_DES() object changes after each encryption / decryption round, whereas otherwise, it'd remain constant. For this reason, it's recommended that continuous buffers not be used. They do offer better security and are, in fact, sometimes required (SSH uses them), however, they are also less intuitive and more likely to cause you problems.
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
- see
- Crypt_RC4::disableContinuousBuffer()
enablePadding
enablePadding(
)
:
Dummy function.
Since RC4 is a stream cipher and not a block cipher, no padding is necessary. The only reason this function is included is so that you can switch between a block cipher and a stream cipher transparently.
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
- see
- Crypt_RC4::disablePadding()
encrypt
encrypt(
String $plaintext
)
:
Encrypts a message.
Arguments
- $plaintext
- String
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
- see
- Crypt_RC4::_crypt()
setIV
setIV(
String $iv
)
:
Dummy function.
Some protocols, such as WEP, prepend an "initialization vector" to the key, effectively creating a new key [1]. If you need to use an initialization vector in this manner, feel free to prepend it to the key, yourself, before calling setKey().
[1] WEP's initialization vectors (IV's) are used in a somewhat insecure way. Since, in that protocol, the IV's are relatively easy to predict, an attack described by {@link http://www.drizzle.com/~aboba/IEEE/rc4_ksaproc.pdf Scott Fluhrer, Itsik Mantin, and Adi Shamir} can be used to quickly guess at the rest of the key. The following links elaborate:
{@link http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2009 http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/node.asp?id=2009} {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related_key_attack http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related_key_attack}
Arguments
- $iv
- String
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
- see
- Crypt_RC4::setKey()
setKey
setKey(
String $key
)
:
Sets the key.
Keys can be between 1 and 256 bytes long. If they are longer then 256 bytes, the first 256 bytes will be used. If no key is explicitly set, it'll be assumed to be a single null byte.
Arguments
- $key
- String
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public
setPassword
setPassword(
String $password, \optional $method
=
pbkdf2
)
:
Sets the password.
Depending on what $method is set to, setPassword()'s (optional) parameters are as follows: {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2 pbkdf2}: $hash, $salt, $count, $dkLen
Arguments
- $password
- String
- $method
- \optional
String $method
Details
- visibility
- public
- final
- false
- static
- false
- access
- public


17.7 Description of Arc Length on
Spherical Surfaces
Many problems require computing the distance between two points. When
we are interested in the distance between points along a
straight line, we apply the well-known distance formula
derived from the Pythagorean theorem. However, if we are
interested in the distance between points along a curved
surface, the problem becomes more difficult. Fortunately,
computing the minimum distance, or arc
length, between two points on a spherical surface is a
special case that is relatively simple. To begin, let's look
at two different coordinate systems, rectilinear coordinates and spherical coordinates.
17.7.1 Rectilinear and Spherical
Coordinates
The rectilinear coordinate system is the
coordinate system that is most familiar to us. In rectilinear
coordinates, a point's location is specified using three
values, x, y, z,
which are its positions along the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis. Referring to Figure
17.5, the z-axis is
positive going upward. Standing at the arrow looking forward,
the x-axis is positive to the
right, and the y-axis is
positive straight ahead. From this vantage point, the positive
directions for x and y look the same as in two dimensions.
Thus, to locate (3, 4, 5), for example, we move three units to
the right along the x-axis,
four units ahead parallel to the y-axis, and five units up parallel to
the z-axis (see Figure
17.5).
In spherical coordinates, a point's
location is specified in terms of a distance r (rho) and
two angles, (theta) and f (phi):
r is
the distance along an imaginary line from the origin to the
point (a radius), is the angle
the point forms from the positive x-axis toward the positive y-axis, and f is the
angle the point forms from the positive z-axis heading toward the positive
x-axis. To locate (5, 30, 45),
for example, we move five units up the z-axis, sweep 45 degrees from the
positive z-axis toward the
positive x-axis, and spin 30
degrees from the positive x-axis toward the positive y-axis (see Figure
17.6). (Notice that it is easier to visualize f before
even though precedes f in the
triple.)
17.7.2 Converting Between
Coordinate Systems
When speaking about
an arc on a spherical surface, it is often convenient to have
its endpoints specified in spherical coordinates. Therefore,
the algorithm presented here assumes this representation to
begin with. However, to compute an arc's length, we will need
its endpoints in rectilinear coordinates. Consequently, the
first step is to convert the points p1 = (r, 1, f1) and p2 = (r, 2, f2) to the rectilinear
equivalents p1 =
(x1, y1, z1) and p2 = (x2, y2, z2). To do this, we start
with the following equations. Of course, the locations of the
points do not change, only their representations.
Another relationship between r and the
rectilinear coordinates x,
y, and z is:
This formula calculates the distance from a
point to the origin in three dimensions.
17.7.3 Computing the Length of an
Arc
Now we are ready to
compute the length of the arc between p1 and p 2 on the sphere. First,
we picture two imaginary lines extending from the center of
the sphere to each of the points (see Figure
17.7a) and calculate a, the angle between them. To do
this, we use the formula:
where cos -1 is the inverse cosine
of the argument in parentheses. Think of an inverse cosine
this way: the cosine of what angle gives us the value of the
argument in parentheses? The expression in the numerator of
the argument comes from treating the imaginary line segments
from the center of the sphere to p1 and p 2 as vectors U and V (see the related topics at the end
of the chapter) and computing the dot product U V.
The lines that form a lie in a
plane that slices across the sphere. The importance of a is that
where the sphere and this plane intersect, a circle is
projected onto the plane with the same radius as the sphere
(see Figure
17.7b). Since the arc between points p1 and p 2 lies along a section
of this circle, a helps to determine how much of the
circle's perimeter the arc covers. This is determined from the
percentage a /2,
since there are 2 radians in a
circle. Using this and the circumference of the circle, 2r, we see
that the length s of the arc
between p1 and p2 is (a/2)(2r), which simplifies to the equation
that follows. This is the equation that is used in the
implementation presented later:
|


WITNESS LIST Public School Finance, Select Committee August 6, 2003 - 9:00A Public School Finance ON: Keller, Harrison (Speaker's Office), Austin, TX Opperman, John (Office of the Lt. Governor/Texas Senate), Austin, TX Taylor, Lori (T.A.M.U.), College Station, TX


CARTOON: Schiff and impeachment
by Michael Ramirez, Las Vegas Review-JournalJustice wears blinders.
Review-Journal editorial cartoonist Michael Ramirez is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and a three-time winner of the Sigma Delta Chi Award.
Justice wears blinders.
Review-Journal editorial cartoonist Michael Ramirez is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and a three-time winner of the Sigma Delta Chi Award.


productplots: Product Plots for R
Framework for visualising tables of counts, proportions
and probabilities. The framework is called product plots, alluding to
the computation of area as a product of height and width, and the
statistical concept of generating a joint distribution from the
product of conditional and marginal distributions. The framework,
with extensions, is sufficient to encompass over 20 visualisations
previously described in fields of statistical graphics and 'infovis',
including bar charts, mosaic plots, 'treemaps', equal area plots and
fluctuation diagrams.
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=productplots
to link to this page.


Across: 1. Lucy snares top fellow - how fortunate! (5) 4. ABC relent about 21 actor (9) 9. Liam non-changing in name (7) 10. Men sigh about coming together (7) 11. A small piece of land, where bride is led (5) 12. Much time's wasted being most friendly (9) 13. Some sorts of bride's blues hinge on dropping ecstasy (8) 15. Brilliant times when two stars come together (5) 18. Medina is happy home for a young bride (5) 20. Call around worn out corner of England (8) 23. In a funny way, 1000 became 50 in gymnasium workout (9) 26. Off and on European bride (5) 27. City station air obituary, but not in full (7) 28. I bailed out and provided excuse (7) 29. Romantic adventure (her first one) returning my love (endless one) (9) 30. Prepare man for 21? (5) Down: 1. Liam hugs new girl - it's a symbolic thing (6) 2. Soils came off garments (9) 3. NY seek a new team (7) 4. Endlessly cold ice causes baby trouble (5) 5. Member who provides encouragement for smelly cheese (9) 6. Batsmen smashed friend of 30 (4 3) 7. A bride losing right to accept (5) 8. Suitor's aim, as couple leave 21 (8) 14. Foreign coin got in without being recognised (9) 16. Sweetheart mostly had love for designer (9) 17. Van has an oddly Georgian location (8) 19. Repair only aim for maintenance (7) 21. We would make bells sound for this! (7) 22. Short and emphatic passage used in song for 21 (6) 24. Collective problem for toe, not head (5) 25. Long time before end of 24 (5)


Ordered list
<ol> </ol>
My priorities in Life
- Family
- Health
- Career
Unordered list
<ul> </ul>
My hobbies
Computer Games
Photography
Travel
Description list
<dl> </dl>
- Philosophy
- The study of knowledge
- Biology
- Science on the study of Life
- Psychology
- The study of human behavior


--- layout: post title: CoreAR.framework - 概要 categories: - blog tags: - Blog status: draft type: post published: false meta: _edit_last: '1' author: login: sonson email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: sonson first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
\[
\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}
\tag{3}
\]


2.2 Data Structures in R
Every data analysis requires the data to be structured in a well defined way. These coherent ways to put together data forms some basic data structures in R. Every data set intended for analysis has to be imported in R environment as a data structure. R has the following basic data structures:
• Vector
• Matrix
• Array
• Data Frame
• Lists
2.2.1 Vector
Vectors are group of values having same data types.
There can be numeric vectors, character vector and so on. Vectors are mostly used to represent a single variable in a data set.
A vector is constructed using the function
c
. The same functionc
can be used to combine different vectors of same data type.
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
The
str
function can be used to view the data structure of an object
2.2.2 Matrices
- A matrix is a collection of data elements arranged in a two-dimensional rectangular layout. Like vectors all the elements in a matrix are of same data type.
\[\left[\begin{array}{cc} 1 & 2\\ 3 & 4\\ 5 & 6 \end{array}\right]\]
- The function \(\mathtt{matrix}\) is used to create matrices in R. Note that all the elements in a matrix object are of same basic type. Lets create the matrix in the example above.
m1 = matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow = 3, ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE)
# nrow-specify number of rows, ncol-specify number of columns, byrow-fill the
# matrix in rows with the data supplied
m1 #print the matrix
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 2
[2,] 3 4
[3,] 5 6
- A vector can be converted to matrix using \(\mathtt{dim}\) function, e.g:
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 4
[2,] 2 5
[3,] 3 6
[1] 3 2
** Matrix Manipulations **
- For calculations on matrices; all the mathematical functions available for vectors are applicable on a matrix. All operations are applied on each element in a matrix, e.g.
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 2 4
[2,] 6 8
[3,] 10 12
A matrix can be multiplied with a vector as long as the length of the vector is a multiple of length of the matrix. Try different combinations of matrix and vector arithmetic to see the results and errors.
Mathematical matrix operations are also available for matrices in R. For instance \(\mathtt{\%*\%}\) is used for matrix multiplication, the matrices must agree dimensionally for matrix multiplication. Note the use of \(\mathtt{:}\) operator to create a sequence.
[1] 3 2
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 5 11 17
[2,] 11 25 39
[3,] 17 39 61
R facilitates various matrix specific operations. Table 1 gives most of the available functions and operators. Use \(\mathtt{help()}\) or \(\mathtt{?}\) followed by function name to get more details about the operators and functions.
|
Operator or Function
|
Description
|
|
X * Y
|
Element-wise multiplication
|
|
X %*% Y
|
Matrix multiplication
|
|
Y %o% X
|
Outer product. XB’
|
|
crossprod(X,Y)
|
X’Y
|
|
crossprod(X)
|
X’X
|
|
t(X)
|
Transpose
|
|
diag(x)
|
Creates diagonal matrix with elements of x in the principal diagonal
|
|
diag(X)
|
Returns a vector containing the elements of the principal diagonal
|
|
diag(k)
|
If k is a scalar, this creates a k x k identity matrix. Go figure.
|
|
solve(X, b)
|
Returns vector x in the equation b = Xx (i.e., X-1b)
|
|
solve(X)
|
Inverse of X where X is a square matrix.
|
|
y=eigen(X)
|
y$val are the eigenvalues of X
|
|
y$vec are the eigenvectors of X
|
|
|
y=svd(X)
|
Singular value decomposition of X.
|
|
R = chol(X)
|
Choleski factorization of X. Returns the upper triangular factor, such that R’R = X.
|
|
y = qr(X)
|
QR decomposition of X.
|
|
cbind(X,Y,…)
|
Combine matrices(vectors) horizontally. Returns a matrix.
|
|
rbind(X,Y,…)
|
Combine matrices(vectors) vertically. Returns a matrix.
|
|
rowMeans(X)
|
Returns vector of row means.
|
|
rowSums(X)
|
Returns vector of row sums.
|
|
colMeans(X)
|
Returns vector of column means.
|
|
colSums(X)
|
Returns vector of column means.
|
2.2.3 Arrays
- Arrays are the generalisation of vectors and matrices.  An array is a multiply subscripted collection of data entries of the same data type. Arrays can be constructed using the function \(\mathtt{array}\), for example5
z = c(1:24) #vector of length 24
# constructing a 3 by 4 by 2 array
a1 = array(z, dim = c(3, 4, 2))
a1
, , 1
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 4 7 10
[2,] 2 5 8 11
[3,] 3 6 9 12
, , 2
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 13 16 19 22
[2,] 14 17 20 23
[3,] 15 18 21 24
- Individual elements of an array are accessed by referring them by their index. This is done by giving the name of the array followed by the subscript (index) in this square bracket separated by commas. We try to access the element [1,3,1] of array a1 in the following example
[1] 7
2.2.4 Data Frames
Data frame forms the most convenient data structures in R to represent tabular data.
In quantitative research data is often in the form of data tables. These data tables have multiple rows and can have multiple columns with each column representing a different variable (quantity).
A data frame in R is the most natural way to represent these data sets as it can have different data type in the data frame object. Most statistical routines in R require a data frame as input.
The following example uses an important function \(\mathtt{str}\) on R’s inbuilt data frame “swiss”. \(\mathtt{str}\) function is used to see the internal structure of an object in R.
options(str = list(vec.len = 2))
# swiss dataframe has standardized fertility measure and socio-economic
# indicators for each of 47 French-speaking provinces of Switzerland at about
# 1888.
data(swiss)
str(swiss)
'data.frame': 47 obs. of 6 variables:
$ Fertility : num 80.2 83.1 92.5 85.8 76.9 ...
$ Agriculture : num 17 45.1 39.7 36.5 43.5 ...
$ Examination : int 15 6 5 12 17 ...
$ Education : int 12 9 5 7 15 ...
$ Catholic : num 9.96 84.84 ...
$ Infant.Mortality: num 22.2 22.2 20.2 20.3 20.6 ...
- Data frames have two attributes namely; \(\mathtt{names}\) and \(\mathtt{row.names}\), these two contains the column names and row names respectively. The data in the named column can be accessed by the \(\mathtt{\$}\) operator.
[1] "Fertility" "Agriculture" "Examination" "Education"
[5] "Catholic" "Infant.Mortality"
[1] "Fertility" "Agriculture" "Examination" "Education"
[5] "Catholic" "Infant.Mortality"
[1] "Courtelary" "Delemont" "Franches-Mnt" "Moutier" "Neuveville"
[6] "Porrentruy" "Broye" "Glane" "Gruyere" "Sarine"
[11] "Veveyse" "Aigle" "Aubonne" "Avenches" "Cossonay"
[16] "Echallens" "Grandson" "Lausanne" "La Vallee" "Lavaux"
[21] "Morges" "Moudon" "Nyone" "Orbe" "Oron"
[26] "Payerne" "Paysd'enhaut" "Rolle" "Vevey" "Yverdon"
[31] "Conthey" "Entremont" "Herens" "Martigwy" "Monthey"
[36] "St Maurice" "Sierre" "Sion" "Boudry" "La Chauxdfnd"
[41] "Le Locle" "Neuchatel" "Val de Ruz" "ValdeTravers" "V. De Geneve"
[46] "Rive Droite" "Rive Gauche"
[1] 80.2 83.1 92.5 85.8 76.9 76.1 83.8 92.4 82.4 82.9 87.1 64.1 66.9 68.9 61.7
[16] 68.3 71.7 55.7 54.3 65.1 65.5 65.0 56.6 57.4 72.5 74.2 72.0 60.5 58.3 65.4
[31] 75.5 69.3 77.3 70.5 79.4 65.0 92.2 79.3 70.4 65.7 72.7 64.4 77.6 67.6 35.0
[46] 44.7 42.8
- Data frames are constructed using the function \(\mathtt{data.frame}\). For example following creates a data frame of a character and numeric vector.
ch1 num1
1 A 1
2 B 2
3 C 3
4 D 4
5 E 5
2.2.5 Lists
A list is like generic vector containing other objects. Lists can have numerous elements any type and structure they can also be of different lengths
A list can contain another list and therefore it can be used to construct arbitrary data structures.
A list can be constructed using the \(\mathtt{list}\) function, for example
e1 = c(2, 3, 5) #element-1
e2 = c("aa", "bb", "cc", "dd", "ee") #element-2
e3 = c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE) #element-3
e4 = df1 #element-4 (previously constructed data frame)
lst1 = list(e1, e2, e3, e4) # lst contains copies of e1,e2,e3,e4
str(lst1) #show the structure of lst1
List of 4
$ : num [1:3] 2 3 5
$ : chr [1:5] "aa" "bb" ...
$ : logi [1:5] TRUE FALSE TRUE ...
$ :'data.frame': 5 obs. of 2 variables:
..$ ch1 : chr [1:5] "A" "B" ...
..$ num1: int [1:5] 1 2 3 4 5
- Components are always numbered and may always be referred to as such.
- Thus if lst1 is the name of a list with four components, these may be individually referred to as lst1[[1]], lst1[[2]], lst1[[3]] and lst1[[4]]. Note: When a single square bracket is used the component of a list is returned as a list while the double square bracket returns the component itself
[1] 2 3 5
[[1]]
[1] 2 3 5
- The elements in a list can also be named using the function and these elements can be referred individually via there names.
[1] "e1" "e2" "e3" "e4"
[1] 2 3 5
This section provided an overview of various data types and data structures in R. The next section will discuss how to deal with external data souces with flat data.
Function \(\mathtt{dim}\) can also be used to define an array by assigning dimensions to a vector.↩


--- layout: post authors: ["Greg Wilson"] title: "Women in Tech Workshop at PyData NYC" date: 2013-11-13 time: "08:30:00" tags: ["Noticed"] ---
Software Carpentry has always focused on scientists at the graduate level and above, but getting people into the pipeline is even more important as getting them through it. Last week, thanks to backing from NumFOCUS and others, a group of volunteers helped do just that by running Python workshops for high school girls in conjunction with PyData NYC. Judging from Julia Evans' writeup, it was a great success. We look forward to seeing some of their alumni in our classes some day...


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