Welcome to MAPS XML Parser’s documentation!¶
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class
sites_of_interest_parser.
MapsXmlParser
(project_folder: str, name_of_highmag_layer: str = 'highmag', use_unregistered_pos: bool = True, stitch_radius: int = 1)¶ XML Parser class that processes MAPS XMLs and reveals the image tiles belonging to each annotation
This class takes XML files from the Thermo MAPS Application, extracts the location of all its annotations and compares it to the location of all the image tiles. This gets a bit more complicated, because tiles only have a relative position in pixels within their layers and those layers are (potentially) turned at arbitrary angles relative to the global coordinate system (which is in meters). It is important that the functions are run in the correct order to extract & process this information. Therefore, use it by initializing the class and the calling parser.parse_xml().
- Parameters
project_folder (str) – The path to the project folder of the MAPS project, containing the XML file, as a string
name_of_highmag_layer (str) – Name of the image layer in MAPS for which tiles containing annotations should be found. Defaults to ‘highmag’
use_unregistered_pos (bool) – Whether to use the unregistered position of the tiles (where MAPS thinks it acquired them => True, default) or a calculated position (e.g. through stitching in MAPS) should be used for the tiles (False)
stitch_radius (int) – The number of images in each direction from the tile containing the annotation should be stitched. Parser doesn’t do the stitching, just extracts relevant information about neighboring tiles. Defaults to 1 => 3x3 images would be stitched.
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project_folder_path
¶ The path to the project folder of the MAPS project, containing the XML file, as a string
- Type
str
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layers
¶ Contains information about the layers (squares/acquisitions). The keys are local paths to the metadata about the layer and the values are dictionaries again. Each layer contains the information about the stage position of the center of the layer (in meters, StagePosition_center_x & StagePosition_center_y), about the rotation of the layer relative to the global stage positions (in degrees, rotation), the number of columns of tiles (images) in the layer (columns), the vertical & horizontal overlap between the tiles (overlapVertical, overlapHorizontal), the number of rows of tiles (images) in the layer (rows), the horizontal field width of each tile (its width in meters, tileHfw), the horizontal field width of the whole layer (its width in meters, totalHfw), the name of the layer (layer_name), the vertical field width of each tile (its width in meters, tileVfw), and the global stage position of the corner of the layer (in meters, StagePosition_corner_x & StagePosition_corner_y)
- Type
dict
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tiles
¶ Contains information about individual tiles. The keys are the combined layer name & filename of the tile and the values are a dictionary again. Each tile contains the information about what layer it belongs to (layer, key to the layer dict), the path to the image as a Path variable (img_path), its filename, the name of the layer (layer_name) and its relative position x & y within that layer (RelativeTilePosition_x & RelativeTilePosition_y)
- Type
dict
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annotations
¶ Contains the information about all the annotations. The keys are the names of the annotations (MAPS enforces uniqueness), its values are a dictionary containing the StagePosition_x & StagePosition_y positions of the annotation (in m => global coordinate system for the experiment)
- Type
dict
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annotation_tiles
¶ Contains the relevant output of the XML parsing. The keys are the names of the annotation. The values are the key to the corresponding layer in the layer dict (layer), the path to the image as a Path variable (img_path), its filename, the name of the layer (layer_name) and the relative position x & y of the tile within that layer (RelativeTilePosition_x & RelativeTilePosition_y), the absolute stage position of the annotation (Annotation_StagePosition_x and Annotation_StagePosition_y), the position of the annotation within the tile image (in pixels, Annotation_tile_img_position_x & Annotation_tile_img_position_y), a list of the surrounding tile names (surrounding_tile_names) and a list of booleans of whether each of the surrounding tiles exist, including the tile itself (surrounding_tile_exists)
- Type
dict
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stitch_radius
¶ The number of images in each direction from the tile containing the annotation should be stitched.
- Type
int
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pixel_size
¶ The pixel size of the acquisition in the name_of_highmag_layer [in meters]
- Type
float
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img_height
¶ The height of the highmag image in pixels
- Type
int
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img_width
¶ The width of the highmag image in pixels
- Type
int
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calculate_absolute_tile_coordinates
()¶ Calculate the absolute stage positions of all tiles based on their relative positions
Calculate the absolute stage position of the center of each tile based on the relative tile positions, the rotation of the layer and the absolute stage position of the center of the layer. The resulting position is saved to the _tile_center_stage_positions and the corresponding tile name to the _tile_names list.
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convert_img_path_to_local_path
(img_path)¶ Converts a local path of the microscope computer to a path of the image in the project folder
MAPS saves the image paths of the local storage of the image files. In our setup, this path starts with ‘D:ProjectName’, even though the files aren’t actually on the D drive anymore but were copied to a share, into the project_folder_path. This function strips ‘D:ProjectName’ away from the path and returns a Path object for the location of the images on the share.
- Parameters
img_path (str) – Original path to the images on the microscope computer, starting with ‘D:ProjectName’
- Returns
Path object of the corrected path on the share
- Return type
path
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static
convert_windows_pathstring_to_path_object
(string_path)¶ Converts a windows path string to a path object
Some paths are provided in the XML file and the metadata as Windows paths. This function creates pathlib Path objects out of them.
- Parameters
string_path (str) – String of a Windows path containing double backslashes
- Returns
Path object of the string_path
- Return type
path
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static
create_logger
(log_file_path, multiprocessing_logger: bool = False)¶ Returns a logger and creates it if it doesn’t yet exist
Gets the correct logger for normal or multiprocessing. If it already exists, just returns this logger. If it doesn’t exist yet, sets it up correctly.
- Parameters
log_file_path (str) – Path to the log file
multiprocessing_logger (bool) – Whether a multiprocessing logger is needed. Defaults to False.
- Returns
Logger object that has the correct handlers
- Return type
logger
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determine_surrounding_tiles
()¶ Checks whether each annotation tile has surrounding tiles to be stitched with it
For each annotation tile, it checks whether the surrounding tiles in a given stitch_radius exist. It saves a boolean list of their existence (including its own existence) to surrounding_tile_exists and the a list of names of the surrounding filenames to surrounding_tile_names of the annotation_tiles dictionary
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extract_layers_and_annotations
(check_for_annotations: bool = True)¶ Extract the information about all the layers in the high magnification acquisition layers and the annotations
Go through the XML file and submit all LayerGroups for processing. The LayerGroups contain both the Layer with the _name_of_highmag_layer (=> the actual images) as well as the Annotation Layers containing the annotations. At the end of processing, check whether the self.layers and the self.annotations dictionaries were filled. If one of them was not filled, the parser could not find the highmag images or the annotations and raises an exception.
- Parameters
check_for_annotations (bool) – Whether the parsing should check for the existence of annotations and throw an error if none are found. Defaults to True, thus checking for annotations.
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find_annotation_tile
()¶ Find the image tile in which each annotation is
Based on the absolute stage position of the annotations and the calculated stage positions of the center of the tiles, this function calculates the tiles within which all annotation are and saves this information to the annotation_tiles dictionary. The keys are the names of the annotation. The values are the key to the corresponding layer in the layer dict (layer), the path to the image as a Path variable (img_path), its filename, the name of the layer (layer_name) and the relative position x & y of the tile within that layer (RelativeTilePosition_x & RelativeTilePosition_y), the absolute stage position of the annotation (Annotation_StagePosition_x and Annotation_StagePosition_y), the position of the annotation within the tile image (in pixels, Annotation_tile_img_position_x & Annotation_tile_img_position_y). The surrounding_tile_names and surrounding_tile_exists are added in determine_surrounding_tiles
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get_relative_tile_locations
()¶ Read in all the metadata files for the different layers to get the relative tile positions
Each layer has its own metadata XML file that contains the relative positions of all the tiles in the layer. This function goes through all of them, extracts the information and saves it to the tiles dictionary. The keys are the combined layer name & filename of the tile and the values are a dictionary again. Each tile contains the information about what layer it belongs to (layer, key to the layer dict), the path to the image as a Path variable (img_path), its filename, the name of the layer (layer_name) and its relative position x & y within that layer (RelativeTilePosition_x & RelativeTilePosition_y)
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static
load_annotations_from_csv
(base_header, csv_path)¶ Load the annotations saved by sites_of_interest_parser.save_annotation_tiles_to_csv
Recreates a dictionary for all the contents except the columns of the base_header Parses the string of a list for surrounding_tile_exists & surrounding_tile_names back to a list
- Parameters
base_header (list) – list of column headers that will be ignored when loading the data
csv_path (Path) – pathlib Path to the csv file that will be created. Must end in .csv
- Returns
annotation_tiles
- Return type
dict
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static
load_xml
(xml_file_path)¶ Loads and returns the MAPS XML File
- Parameters
xml_file_path (Path) – Path to the XML file as a pathlib path
- Returns
The root of the XML file parsed with xml.etree.ElementTree
- Return type
root
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parse_classifier_output
(file_path, annotation_shift: int = 128)¶ Parses the output of the classifier and returns the annotation_tiles
Goes through the csv file produced by the classifier, parses the corresponding MAPS XML File and builds the necessary MapsXmlParser dictionaries so that they can be saved to csv afterwards. Excpects the following structure in the classifier csv: Dictionary with TileSets as keys and a dictionary as value. The value dictionary contains dictionaries for each tile with annotations. The name of the tile is the key and the top left corner of the annotations are the values, saved as a list of tuples (x,y)
- Parameters
file_path (str) – Path to the classifier output csv
annotation_shift (int) – How much the center of the annotation is shifted from the top left corner. Defaults to 128 (for 256x256 images from the classifier)
- Returns
Dictionary of all annotation tiles
- Return type
self.annotation_tiles
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parse_xml
()¶ Run function for the class
parse_xml calls all the necessary functions of the class in the correct order to parse the XML file. Call this function after initializing a class object, then access the results via the annotation_tiles variable that contains the relevant output of the XML parsing
- Returns
annotation_tiles
- Return type
dict
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static
save_annotation_tiles_to_csv
(annotation_tiles, base_header, csv_path, batch_size=0)¶ Saves the information about all annotations to a csv file
Goes through the annotation_tiles dictionary and saves it to a csv file. Overwrites any existing file in the same location. Can write everything into one csv file (default) or into multiple batches of a given size
- Parameters
annotation_tiles (dict) – annotation tiles dictionary with a structure like self.annotation_tiles
base_header (list) – list of strings that will be headers but will not contain any content
csv_path (Path) – pathlib Path to the csv file that will be created. Must end in .csv
batch_size (int) – The size of each batch. Defaults to 0. If it’s 0, everything is saved into one csv file. Otherwise, the dataframe is divided into batches of batch_size and saved to separate csv files
- Returns
list of all the paths to the saved csv files
- Return type
list
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exception
sites_of_interest_parser.
XmlParsingFailed
(message)¶
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class
stitch_MAPS_annotations.
Stitcher
(base_path: str, project_name: str, csv_folder: str = 'annotation_csv', output_folder: str = 'stitchedForks', stitch_radius: int = 1)¶ Stitches Talos images based on csv files containing the necessary information
This class handles the stitching of Talos images based on a csv file like the one created by the MapsXmlParser. It creates the necessary folders, calls MapsXmlParser for the parsing and saving of the necessary metadata and then manages the stitching of all annotations. Current implementation of stitching is hard-coded to stitch_radius = 1, the size of the Talos images and an overlap of 10% in its stitching parameters in the stitch_annotated_tiles function
- Parameters
base_path (str) – Path (as a string) to the directory containing the project_name folder.
project_name (str) – Name of the directory containing the MAPSProject.xml file and the LayersData folder of the MAPS project. Will be used as the location for the output folders. Must be in base_path folder
csv_folder (str) – Name of the folders where the csv files are saved to
output_folder (str) – Name of the folder where the stitched forks are saved to
stitch_radius (int) – The number of images in each direction from the tile containing the annotation should be stitched.
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stitch_radius
¶ The number of images in each direction from the tile containing the annotation should be stitched.
- Type
int
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project_name
¶ Name of the current project being processed
- Type
str
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project_folder_path
¶ Full path to the project folder, containing the MAPSProject.xml file and the LayersData folder
- Type
Path
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output_path
¶ Full path to the output folder where the stitched images are stored
- Type
Path
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csv_base_path
¶ Full path to the folder where the csv files with all annotation metadata are stored
- Type
Path
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base_header
¶ List of all the column headers that should be added to the csv file (for classification of annotations and for measurements made on them)
- Type
list
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combine_csvs
(delete_batches: bool = False, to_excel: bool = True)¶ Combines batch csv output files into the final csv file and optionally an excel file
- Parameters
delete_batches (bool) – Whether the batch csv files should be deleted after stitching them to the combined csv file. Defaults to False (not deleting the batch csv files)
to_excel (bool) – Whether the csv file should also be saved as an excel file. Defaults to True (creating the Excel file)
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static
local_contrast_enhancement
(img_path, output_path, logger=None, save_img: bool = False, eight_bit: bool = True, use_norm_local_contrast: bool = False, use_CLAHE: bool = False, return_java_img: bool = False, return_numpy_img: bool = False, **kwargs)¶ Loads an image and performs local contrast enhancement
Loads the specified image, performs either NormalizeLocalContrast (default), CLAHE or no local contrast enhancement (in that order, thus performs NormalizeLocalContrast if both it and CLAHE are True). Optionally converts the image to 8bit and saves it. The parameters for NormalizeLocalContrast and CLAHE have default values that can be overwritten using the **kwargs by providing an argument with the specific name of the parameter to be changed
- Parameters
img_path (Path or str) – Full path to the image to be processed
output_path (Path or str) – Full path to where the output image should be saved (if save_img is True)
logger (Logging) – Logging object that is configured for the logging either in multiprocessing or normal processing. Defaults to None, thus loading the logger
save_img (bool) – Whether the processed image should be saved. Defaults to False (not saving the image)
eight_bit (bool) – Whether the image should be converted to 8 bit . Defaults to True (converting to 8 bit)
use_norm_local_contrast (bool) – Whether NormalizeLocalContrast Fiji Plugin should be run on the image. Defaults to False (not running NormalizeLocalContrast on the image)
use_CLAHE (bool) – Whether CLAHE Fiji Plugin should be run on the image. Defaults to False (not running CLAHE on the image)
return_java_img (bool) – Whether the function should return the java image. Defaults to False (not returning the image)
return_numpy_img (bool) – Whether the function should return a numpy version of the image. Defaults to False (not returning the image)
- Returns
The processed image as an ImageJ1 ImagePlus image (if return_image is True)
- Return type
ImagePlus
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manage_batches
(stitch_threshold: int = 1000, eight_bit: bool = True, show_arrow: bool = True, max_processes: int = 4, enhance_contrast: bool = True)¶ Manages the parallelization of the stitching of batches
As multiprocessing can make some issues, if max_processes is set to 1, it does not use multiprocessing calls.
- Parameters
stitch_threshold (int) – Threshold to judge stitching quality by. If images would be moved more than this threshold, the stitching is not performed
eight_bit (bool) – Whether the stitched image should be saved as an 8bit image. Defaults to True, thus saving images as 8bit
show_arrow (bool) – Whether an arrow should be added to the image overlay that points to the annotation in the stitched image. Defaults to True, thus adding an arrow to the overlay
max_processes (int) – The number of parallel processes that should be used to process the batches. Be careful, each batch needs a lot of memory
enhance_contrast (bool) – Whether contrast enhancement should be performed on the images before stitching. Defaults to True (thus enhancing contrast in the images)
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parse_create_classifier_csv_batches
(batch_size: int, classifier_csv_path: str, highmag_layer: str = 'highmag')¶ Creates the batch csv files of annotation_tiles based on classifier output
Calls the MapsXmlParser to parse the XML file of the acquisition and save the annotation_tiles as a csv in batches
- Parameters
batch_size (int) – Batch size of the csv files
classifier_csv_path (str) – Path to the classifier output csv file
highmag_layer (str) – Name of the image layer in MAPS for which tiles containing annotations should be found. Defaults to ‘highmag’
- Returns
- First value: The annotation_tiles dictionary. Second value: A list of the filenames of the csv files
that were created
- Return type
list
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parse_create_csv_batches
(batch_size: int, highmag_layer: str = 'highmag')¶ Creates the batch csv files of annotation_tiles
Calls the MapsXmlParser to parse the XML file of the acquisition and save the annotation_tiles as a csv in batches
- Parameters
batch_size (int) – Batch size of the csv files
highmag_layer (str) – Name of the image layer in MAPS for which tiles containing annotations should be found. Defaults to ‘highmag’
- Returns
- First value: The annotation_tiles dictionary. Second value: A list of the filenames of the csv files
that were created
- Return type
list
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static
process_stitching_params
(stitch_params, annotation_coordinates, stitch_threshold, original_positions, center_index: int, logger)¶ Calculates the position of the annotation in the stitched image and decides if stitching worked well
Based on the stitch_threshold, this function decides whether the stitching has worked well. If any image was moved by more than the threshold, it returns False.
- Parameters
stitch_params (np.array) – Array of the stitching parameters calculated by imageJ stitching
annotation_coordinates (np.array) – Array of the coordinates of the annotation in the image before stitching
stitch_threshold (int) – Threshold to decide whether stitching should be performed
original_positions (np.Array) – Array of the initial positions of the images before stitching, used to calculate the shift by stitching
center_index (int) – Index of which tile in the stitched image was the original center. Used to calculate the position of the annotation in the stitched image
logger (Logging) – Logging object that is configured for the logging either in multiprocessing or normal processing
- Returns
- First value is a bool that informs whether the stitching should be done. Second value is an array with
the coordinates of the annotations in the stitched image
- Return type
list
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stitch_annotated_tiles
(annotation_tiles: dict, logger, stitch_threshold: int = 1000, eight_bit: bool = True, show_arrow: bool = True, enhance_contrast: bool = True)¶ Stitches 3x3 images for all annotations in annotation_tiles
Goes through all annotations in annotation_tiles dict, load the center file and the existing surrounding files. Sets up the stitching configuration according to the neighboring tiles and calculates the stitching parameters. If the calculated stitching moves all images by less than the threshold in any direction, it performs the stitching. Otherwise, a log message is made and the center image is copied to the results folder. Finally, it sets the pixel size and converts the stitched image to 8bit before saving it to disk. Everything is performed using pyimagej api to use imageJ Java APIs. Can deal with 3x3, 3x2, 2x3 and 2x2 squares with 10% overlap.
- Parameters
annotation_tiles (dict) – annotation_tiles dictionary, e.g. from MapsXmlParser. See MapsXmlParser for content details. Needs to contain img_path, pixel_size, Annotation_tile_img_position_x, Annotation_tile_img_position_y, surrounding_tile_names & surrounding_tile_exists for this function to work
logger (Logging) – Logging object that is configured for the logging either in multiprocessing or normal processing
stitch_threshold (int) – Threshold to judge stitching quality by. If images would be moved more than this threshold, the stitching is not performed
eight_bit (bool) – Whether the stitched image should be saved as an 8bit image. Defaults to True, thus saving images as 8bit
show_arrow (bool) – Whether an arrow should be added to the image overlay that points to the annotation in the stitched image. Defaults to True, thus adding an arrow to the overlay
enhance_contrast (bool) – Whether contrast enhancement should be performed on the images before stitching. Defaults to True (thus enhancing contrast in the images)
- Returns
annotation_tiles, now includes information about the position of the annotation in the stitched image
- Return type
dict
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stitch_batch
(annotation_csv_path, stitch_threshold: int = 1000, eight_bit: bool = True, show_arrow: bool = True, enhance_contrast: bool = True, multiprocessing_logger: bool = False)¶ Submits the stitching of a batch, the writing of an updated csv file and the deletion of the old csv file
- Parameters
annotation_csv_path (Path) – The path to the folder containing the annotation_tiles csvs.
stitch_threshold (int) – Threshold to judge stitching quality by. If images would be moved more than this threshold, the stitching is not performed
eight_bit (bool) – Whether the stitched image should be saved as an 8bit image. Defaults to True, thus saving images as 8bit
show_arrow (bool) – Whether an arrow should be added to the image overlay that points to the annotation in the stitched image. Defaults to True, thus adding an arrow to the overlay
enhance_contrast (bool) – Whether contrast enhancement should be performed on the images before stitching. Defaults to True (thus enhancing contrast in the images)
multiprocessing_logger (bool) – Whether a multiprocessing logger or a normal logger should be used. Defaults to False, thus using a normal logger


Creating an EC2 Instance
- Select a region which you want your EC2 instance to be at.
- Older regions will have most of the different types of EC2 instances available, newer ones will have less.
- Select an AMI right after clicking on “Launch Instance”.
- You have many flavours of AMI’s available.
- Amazon Linux AMI
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux
- SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
- Ubuntu Server 16.04 LTS
- Microsoft Windows Server
- Version numbers of the above will change new version get adapted.
- Amazon linux AMI comes with all the required built in tools and SDK’s installed. (Free Tier Eligible)
- Choose an Instance Type
- t2.micro (Free Tier Eligible)
- Configure Instance Details
- Main setup page for Ec2
- Under VPC you can select one of the subnets, there is one subnet for every single availability zone. You can never have one subnet that goes across multiple availability zones.
- Selecting an IAM Role (Optional)
- Enable termination protection [ to prevent people from accidentally terminating the instance ]
- Additional charges are applied for detailed monitoring.
- Advanced details, you can pass in bootstrap scripts to automate tasks.
- Add Storage
- Select the required storage for the root volume.
- by default the root volume will be deleted.
- Volume = virtual harddisk
- Set the tags
- Help you to control costs.
- Always do more than just name tags, drill down upto the department and staff id.
- Configure Security Groups
- Its a virtual firewall
- Set the services you want to allow, [ ssh, http, https ]
- You can restrict services to only from your IP.
- Review everything and Launch
- Create a keypair.
- Either upload your own public key or create your keypair on the web interface and download.
- Hit launch instance.
Connect to the running Instance
Use ssh to connect to your instance.
ssh ec2-user@[your_ec2_instance_public_ip-address] -i [your_keypair.pem]
Once logged in, it maybe a good idea to update the AMI sudo yum update
.
Creating a web server
Install apache.
Create a index.html
file in /var/www/html/
and then add some HTML in the file.

Hello everyone

Start and run apache
head to your public ip address of your ec2 instance on your browser and you should be able to see the web server.
The bottom panel, on the tab Status Checks
. It has the information about System Status Check
and Instance Status Check
.
System Status Check : Check if aws is able to get network packets into the instance. If this status fails, theres probably a problem with the aws infrastructure.
Instance Status : This check verifies if the instance’s operating system is accepting traffic.
Monitoring
The bottom panel, on the tab Monitoring
. You have system metrics which are updated every 5 minutes. You can enable detailed monitoring (which can cost a bit extra).
All the different metrics here are accesible through cloud watch.
Lab Summary
- All newly created Instances have termination protection turned off by default, you must turn it on.
- On an EBS-backed instance, the default action is for the root EBS volume to be deleted when the instance is terminated.
- EBS Root Volumes of your DEFAULT AMI’s cannot be encrypted. You can also use third party tool (such as bitlocker etc) to encrypt the root volume, or this can be done when creating AMI’s (lab to follow) in the AWS console or using the API.
- Additional Volumes can be encrypted.


Helpful triangle rules
- Equilateral: all sides are equal
- Isosceles: exactly 2 sides are equal
- Scalene: no sides are equal
- If one side is at least as long as the other two combined, the lengths do not form a triangle.
Result
Your triangle is a(n) triangle.


A gust of wind swirling dust down the Lugard street caught Gareth Bryne’s velvet hat, sweeping it from his head directly under one of the lumbering wagons. An iron-rimmed wheel ground the hat into the hard clay of the street, leaving a flattened ruin behind. For a moment he stared at it, then walked on. It was showing travel stains anyway, he told himself. His silk coat had been dusty before reaching Murandy, too; brushing no longer did much good, when he even took the trouble. It looked more brown than gray, now. He should find something plainer; he was not on his way to a ball.
Dodging between wagons rumbling down the rutted street, he ignored the drivers’ curses that followed him—any decent squadman could give better in his sleep—and ducked into a red-roofed inn called The Wagon Seat. The painting on the sign gave the name an explicit interpretation.
The common room was like every common room he had seen in Lugard, wagon drivers and merchants’ guards packed in with stablemen, farriers, laborers, every sort of man, all talking or laughing as loud as they could while drinking as much as they could, one hand for the cup and one to fondle the serving girls. For that matter, it was not all that much different from common rooms and taverns in many other towns, though most were considerably milder. A buxom young woman, in a blouse that seemed about to fall off, capered and sang atop a table at one side of the room, to the supposed music of two flutes and a twelve-string bittern.
He had little ear for music, but he paused a moment to appreciate her song; she would have gone over well in any soldiers’ camp he had ever seen. But then, she would have been as popular if she could not sing a note. Wearing that blouse, she would have found a husband in short order.
Joni and Barim were already there, Joni’s size enough to grant them a table by themselves despite his thin hair and the bandage he still wore around his temples. They were listening to the girl sing. Or at least staring at her. He touched each man on the shoulder and nodded toward the side door that led to the stableyard, where a sullen groom with a squint delivered their horses for three silver pennies. A year or so earlier Bryne could have bought a fair horse for no more. The troubles to the west and in Cairhien were playing havoc with trade and prices.
No one spoke until they passed the city gates and were on a seldom-traveled road winding north toward the River Storn, little more than a wide dirt track. Then Barim said, “They was here yesterday, my Lord.”
Bryne had learned that much himself. Three pretty young women together, obvious outlanders, could not pass through a city like Lugard without being remarked. By men, anyway.
“Them and a fellow with shoulders,” Barim went on. “Sounds maybe like that Dalyn was with them when they burned down Nem’s barn. Anyway, whoever he is, they was at The Nine Horse Hitch for a bit, but all they did was drink some and leave. That Domani girl the lads was telling me about, she nearly kicked up a fuss flashing her smile and swaying about, but then she calmed everything down again the same way. Burn me, but I’d like to meet me a Domani woman.”
“Did you hear which way they went, Barim?” Bryne asked patiently. He had not been able to learn that.
“Uh, no, my Lord. But I heard there’s been plenty of Whitecloaks passing through, all heading west. You think maybe old Pedron Niall’s planning something? Maybe in Altara?”
“That’s not our business anymore, Barim.” Bryne knew his patience sounded a little frayed this time, but Barim was an old enough campaigner to stick to the matter at hand.
“I know where they went, my Lord,” Joni said. “West, on the Jehannah Road, and pushing hard by what I heard.” He sounded troubled. “My Lord, I found two merchant’s guards, lads who used to be in the Guards, and had a drink with them. Happens they were in a stew called The Good Night’s Ride when that girl Mara came in and asked for a job singing. She didn’t get it—didn’t want to show her legs the way the singers in most of these places do, as who can blame her?—and she left. From what Barim told me, it was right after that they all set off west. I don’t like it, my Lord. She isn’t the kind of girl to want a job in a place like that. I think she’s trying to get away from that Dalyn fellow.”
Strangely, despite the lump on his head, Joni had no animosity toward the three young women. It was his opinion, often expressed since leaving the manor, that the girls were in some sort of predicament and needed to be rescued. Bryne suspected that if he did catch up to the young women and take them back to his estate, Joni would be after him to turn them over to Joni’s daughters to mother.
Barim had no such feelings. “Ghealdan.” He scowled. “Or maybe Altara, or Amadicia. We’ll kiss the Dark One getting them back. Hardly seems worth the annoyance for a barn and some cows.”
Bryne said nothing. They had followed the girl this far, and Murandy was a bad place for Andormen; too many border troubles over too many years.  How much bigger a fool to follow halfway across the world?
“Those lads I talked to,” Joni said diffidently. “My Lord, it seems a lot of the old lads who—who served under you are being sent off.” Emboldened by Bryne’s silence, he went on. “Lots of new fellows in. Lots. Those lads said at least four or five for everyone told he wasn’t wanted anymore. The sort that like to cause trouble more than stop it. There’s some calling themselves the White Lions who only answer to this Gaebril”—he spat to show what he thought of that—“and a bunch more not part of the Guards at all. Not House levies. Near as they could say, Gaebril’s got ten times as many men under arms as there are Guards, and they’ve all sworn to the throne of Andor, but not to the Queen.”
“That’s no longer our business, either,” Bryne said curtly. Barim had his tongue stuffed into his cheek, the way he always did when he knew something he either did not want to tell or was not sure was important enough. “What is it, Barim? Out with it, man.”
The leather-faced fellow stared at him in amazement. Barim had never figured out how Bryne knew he was holding back. “Well, my Lord, some of the folks I talked to said some of those Whitecloaks yesterday was asking questions. About a girl sounds like that Mara. Wanted to know who she was, where she went. Like that. I heard they got real interested when they learned she was gone. If they’re after her, she could be hanged before we ever find her. If they have to go to the trouble of chasing her down, they might not ask too many questions about whether she’s really a Darkfriend. Or whatever it is they’re after her for.”
Bryne frowned. Whitecloaks? What would the Children of the Light want with Mara? He would never believe she was a Darkfriend. But then, he had seen a baby-faced young fellow hanged in Caemlyn, a Darkfriend who had been teaching children in the streets about the glories of the Dark One—the Great Lord of the Dark, he had called him. The lad had killed nine of them in three years, as near as could be discovered, when they looked like turning him in. No. That girl is no Darkfriend, and I’ll stake my life on it. Whitecloaks were suspicious of everyone. And if they took it into their heads that she had fled Lugard to avoid them . . .
He booted Traveler to a canter. The big-nosed bay gelding was not flashy, but he had endurance, and courage. The other two caught up soon enough, and they kept their mouths shut, seeing the mood he was in.
Two miles or so from Lugard, he turned off into a thicket of oak and leatherleaf. The rest of his men had made a temporary camp here, in a clear space under thick, spreading oak limbs. Several small, smokeless fires were burning; they would take any opportunity to brew up some tea. Some were dozing; sleep was another thing an old soldier never missed a chance to snatch.
Those awake kicked the rest out of their naps, and they all looked up at him. For a moment he sat his saddle studying them. Gray hair and bald heads and age creased faces. Still hard and fit, but even so . . . He had been a fool to risk bringing them into Murandy just because he had to know why a woman had broken an oath. And maybe with Whitecloaks after them. No telling how far or how long from home before it was done. If he turned back now, they would have been gone more than a month before they saw Kore Springs again. If he went on, there was no guarantee the chase would stop short of the Aryth Ocean. He should be taking these men, and himself, home. He should. He had no call to ask them to try snatching those girls out of Whitecloak hands. He could leave Mara to Whitecloak justice.
“We will be heading west,” he announced, and immediately there was a scramble of dousing fires with the tea and fastening pots to saddles. “We will have to press hard. I mean to catch them in Altara, if I can, but if not, there’s no telling where they’ll lead us. You could see Jehannah or Amador or Ebou Dar before we’re done.” He affected a laugh. “You’ll find out how tough you are if we reach Ebou Dar. They’ve taverns there where the barmaids skin Illianers for dinner and spit Whitecloaks for sport.”
They laughed harder than the jest was worth.
“We won’t worry with you along, my Lord,” Thad cackled, stuffing his tin cup into his saddlebags. His face was wrinkled like crumpled leather. “Why, I hear you had a run-in with the Amyrlin herself once, and—” Jar Silvin kicked him on the ankle, and he rounded on the younger man—gray-haired, but still younger—with a clenched fist. “Why’d you do that, Silvin?  The meaningful glares Silvin and some of the others were giving him finally sank in. “Oh. Oh, yes.” He buried himself in checking the girth straps on his saddle, but no one was laughing anymore.
Bryne forced his face to relax from stoniness. It was time he put the past in the past. Just because a woman whose bed he had shared—and more, he had thought—just because that woman looked at him as though she had never known him was no reason to stop speaking her name. Just because she had exiled him from Caemlyn, on pain of death, for giving her the advice he had sworn to give . . . If she came a cropper with this Lord Gaebril who had suddenly appeared in Caemlyn, it was no longer any concern of his. She had told him, in a voice as flat and cold as smooth ice, that his name would never be spoken in the palace again, that only his long service kept her from sending him to the headsman for treason. Treason! He needed to keep spirits up, especially if this turned into a long chase.
Hooking a knee around the high cantle of his saddle, he took out his pipe and pouch and filled his pipe with tabac. The bowl was carved with a wild bull collared with the Rose Crown of Andor. For a thousand years that had been the sign of House Bryne; strength and courage in service of the queen. He needed a new pipe; this one was old.
“I didn’t come out of that as well as you might have heard.” He leaned down for one of the men to hand him a twig still glowing from one of the spent fires, then straightened to puff his pipe alight. “It was some three years ago. The Amyrlin was making a progression. Cairhien, Tear, Illian, and finishing up in Caemlyn before returning to Tar Valon. At that time we were having problems with Murandian border lords—as usual.” Laughter rippled; they had all served on the Murandian border at one time or another. “I had sent some of the Guards down to set the Murandians straight on who owned the sheep and cattle on our side of the border. I never expected the Amyrlin to take an interest.” He certainly had their attention; preparations to leave were still going on, but more slowly.
“Siuan Sanche and Elaida closeted themselves with Morgase—” There; he had said her name again, and it did not even smart. “—and when they came out, Morgase was half thunderhead, with lightning shooting out of her eyes, and half ten-year-old who’d been hauled up by her mother for stealing honeycakes. She’s a tough woman, but caught between Elaida and the Amyrlin Seat . . . ” He shook his head, and they chuckled; Aes Sedai attentions were one thing none of them envied lords and rulers. “She ordered me to remove all troops from the border with Murandy immediately. I asked her to discuss it with me in private, and Siuan Sanche jumped all over me. In front of half the court, she chewed me up one side and down the other like a raw recruit. Said if I couldn’t do as I was told, she’d use me for fishbait.” He had had to beg her pardon before it was done—in front of everyone, for trying to do as he had been sworn to do—but there was no need to add that. Even at the end he had not been sure that she would not make Morgase behead him, or have it done herself.
“Must have meant to catch herself a mighty big fish,” someone laughed, and others joined in.
“The upshot was,” Bryne went on, “my hide got singed, and the Guards were ordered back from the border. So if you’re looking to me to protect you in Ebou Dar, just remember it’s my opinion those barmaids would hang the Amyrlin out to dry along with the rest of us.” They roared with mirth.
“Did you ever find out what it was about, my Lord?” Joni wanted to know.
Bryne shook his head. “Aes Sedai business of some sort, I expect.  That earned a few chuckles as well.
They mounted up with an alacrity that belied their ages. Some of them are no older than me, he thought wryly. Too old to go chasing after a pretty pair of eyes young enough to be his daughter’s if not his granddaughter’s. I only want to know why she broke oath, he told himself firmly. Only that.
 It would take hard riding to catch up. But he meant to. In Ebou Dar or the Pit of Doom, he would find them.


Jigsaw - an Implementation of LDA¶
To further understand the importance of topic modeling, we will be looking into a public dataset, i.e. the Jigsaw Unintended Bias dataset [Jigsaw and Google, 2019].
This dataset consists of ~2m public comments from the Civil Comment [Bogdanoff, 2017] platform so that researchers could understand and improve civility in online conversations. Civil Comments was a social media platform that uses peer-review submission where commenters rated the civility of other comments before their own was, in turn, rated by others.
These comments are then annotated by human raters for various toxic conversational attributes. Additional labels related to sociodemographic identifiers were mentioned to help a machine understand bias better based on context analysis. But we will see the utility of this dataset and the presence of potential bias in these conversations related to people with physical, mental, and learning disabilities.
We have filtered all the comments that have been provided a value for the parameters of ‘Intellectual or Learning Disability. ‘Psychiatric or Mental Illness’. ‘Physical Disability & ‘Other Disability’. We now have 18665 statements in this corpus. The dataset, therefore, contains statements pertaining to these parameters. We can assume that these statements might most likely be about people with disabilities, but with the help of topic modeling, we can confirm this.
Warning
Some comments in the dataset may have explicit language.
We will import the necessary libraries here. One library will also need to be installed.
%%capture
!pip install nltk
%%capture
!pip install sklearn
import pandas as pd
import nltk
import re
from sklearn.decomposition import LatentDirichletAllocation
We will be reading the data into a data frame for easy analysis.
df = pd.read_csv(r'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dudaspm/LDA_Bias_Data/main/PWD.csv')
This is how the data looks like:
df.head()
| Unnamed: 0 | id | comment_text | split | created_date | publication_id | parent_id | article_id | rating | funny | ... | white | asian | latino | other_race_or_ethnicity | physical_disability | intellectual_or_learning_disability | psychiatric_or_mental_illness | other_disability | identity_annotator_count | toxicity_annotator_count | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 7705 | 6216834 | No sympathy for these two knuckleheads. | train | 2017-10-25 00:52:00.913992+00 | 21 | NaN | 392998 | approved | 1 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.25 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4 | 58 |
| 1 | 8073 | 5625069 | Wow!\nYour progressive psychosis has become ex... | train | 2017-07-20 03:30:15.579733+00 | 54 | 5624305.0 | 357183 | rejected | 0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 4 | 10 |
| 2 | 8115 | 5690713 | Or.... maybe there IS chaos because the "presi... | train | 2017-07-31 17:02:58.167475+00 | 102 | 5690153.0 | 361265 | approved | 0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 4 | 62 |
| 3 | 8125 | 470493 | I'll take someone who's physically ill over on... | train | 2016-09-12 02:41:50.084427+00 | 21 | NaN | 145747 | approved | 0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.75 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 4 | 68 |
| 4 | 8263 | 941207 | Mental Illness at work again, again, again, ag... | train | 2017-02-02 22:38:09.291374+00 | 13 | NaN | 165832 | rejected | 0 | ... | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 4 | 70 |
5 rows × 47 columns
Below are just a few of the comments in this group.
Name: comment_text, dtype: object
Let’s try removing unnecessary words and cleaning the statements for analysis of topics.
nltk.download('stopwords')
[nltk_data] Downloading package stopwords to
[nltk_data] C:\Users\dudas\AppData\Roaming\nltk_data...
[nltk_data] Package stopwords is already up-to-date!
True
my_stopwords = nltk.corpus.stopwords.words('english')
word_rooter = nltk.stem.snowball.PorterStemmer(ignore_stopwords=False).stem
my_punctuation = '!"$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?[\\]^_`{|}~•@'
# cleaning master function
def clean_tweet(tweet, bigrams=False):
tweet = tweet.lower() # lower case
tweet = re.sub('['+my_punctuation + ']+', ' ', tweet) # strip punctuation
tweet = re.sub('\s+', ' ', tweet) #remove double spacing
tweet = re.sub('([0-9]+)', '', tweet) # remove numbers
tweet_token_list = [word for word in tweet.split(' ')
if word not in my_stopwords] # remove stopwords
tweet_token_list = [word_rooter(word) if '#' not in word else word
for word in tweet_token_list] # apply word rooter
if bigrams:
tweet_token_list = tweet_token_list+[tweet_token_list[i]+'_'+tweet_token_list[i+1]
for i in range(len(tweet_token_list)-1)]
tweet = ' '.join(tweet_token_list)
return tweet
t = []
df['clean_tweet'] = df.comment_text.apply(clean_tweet)
We will be converting the statements to a vector format for the machine to understand.
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
# the vectorizer object will be used to transform text to vector form
vectorizer = CountVectorizer(max_df=0.99, min_df=25, token_pattern='\w+|\$[\d\.]+|\S+')
# apply transformation
tf = vectorizer.fit_transform(df['clean_tweet']).toarray()
# tf_feature_names tells us what word each column in the matric represents
tf_feature_names = vectorizer.get_feature_names()
For the current analysis, let’s define the machine to extract ten unique topics from the dataset (You can play around with the number of topics.).
number_of_topics = 10
model = LatentDirichletAllocation(n_components=number_of_topics, random_state=0)
Here, the machine performs the topic modeling analysis. (This might take a little while).
model.fit(tf)
LatentDirichletAllocation(random_state=0)
#Function to display the topics generated.
def display_topics(model, feature_names, no_top_words):
topic_dict = {}
for topic_idx, topic in enumerate(model.components_):
topic_dict["Topic %d words" % (topic_idx)]= ['{}'.format(feature_names[i])
for i in topic.argsort()[:-no_top_words - 1:-1]]
topic_dict["Topic %d weights" % (topic_idx)]= ['{:.1f}'.format(topic[i])
for i in topic.argsort()[:-no_top_words - 1:-1]]
return pd.DataFrame(topic_dict)
Each column in the table shows the most important words in each topic. With further analysis, we can understand the behavior of the dataset and the type of conversations that occur in them.
Try changing the no_top_words variable to show more or fewer words in each topic.
no_top_words = 15
display_topics(model, tf_feature_names, no_top_words)
| Topic 0 words | Topic 0 weights | Topic 1 words | Topic 1 weights | Topic 2 words | Topic 2 weights | Topic 3 words | Topic 3 weights | Topic 4 words | Topic 4 weights | Topic 5 words | Topic 5 weights | Topic 6 words | Topic 6 weights | Topic 7 words | Topic 7 weights | Topic 8 words | Topic 8 weights | Topic 9 words | Topic 9 weights | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | trump | 3452.3 | mental | 3351.9 | canada | 591.5 | mental | 1186.5 | gun | 1385.3 | school | 840.5 | mental | 1058.1 | white | 1220.1 | mental | 1836.1 | god | 954.9 |
| 1 | presid | 1031.5 | ill | 1993.1 | muslim | 582.0 | peopl | 708.3 | mental | 1156.3 | kid | 723.0 | comment | 848.3 | peopl | 1076.2 | peopl | 1793.0 | one | 934.0 |
| 2 | vote | 813.8 | health | 1213.7 | countri | 539.3 | drug | 555.8 | peopl | 981.1 | year | 590.5 | like | 678.6 | black | 651.0 | health | 1464.6 | women | 905.2 |
| 3 | like | 780.9 | medic | 706.8 | us | 519.8 | ill | 538.9 | law | 844.9 | go | 514.7 | would | 668.2 | disord | 537.1 | homeless | 1367.5 | life | 830.1 |
| 4 | elect | 579.5 | http | 630.5 | world | 490.3 | health | 497.7 | kill | 699.6 | time | 507.9 | think | 650.4 | person | 529.5 | care | 1296.8 | peopl | 798.2 |
| 5 | republican | 550.2 | help | 527.0 | canadian | 462.9 | problem | 491.9 | polic | 683.4 | one | 500.8 | person | 629.7 | ” | 486.9 | need | 1169.6 | would | 740.9 |
| 6 | obama | 542.2 | need | 504.5 | islam | 448.3 | use | 476.3 | ill | 674.7 | get | 458.6 | say | 608.7 | right | 484.1 | work | 956.9 | church | 686.1 |
| 7 | peopl | 540.2 | www | 467.5 | right | 409.8 | issu | 456.4 | one | 526.8 | student | 385.0 | know | 607.6 | gender | 454.1 | ill | 903.6 | like | 656.3 |
| 8 | man | 499.8 | treatment | 453.5 | like | 400.1 | caus | 444.5 | would | 521.2 | work | 373.3 | issu | 572.7 | women | 446.7 | get | 825.9 | men | 634.9 |
| 9 | democrat | 488.0 | com | 415.4 | govern | 385.2 | suicid | 405.2 | get | 519.6 | need | 370.2 | ill | 569.4 | ’ | 443.7 | help | 795.8 | children | 619.3 |
| 10 | get | 475.6 | get | 362.2 | peopl | 378.4 | depress | 381.5 | person | 451.4 | would | 369.8 | make | 567.4 | mental | 441.8 | money | 740.8 | know | 613.1 |
| 11 | white | 453.6 | doctor | 342.3 | christian | 373.7 | gun | 369.9 | right | 422.9 | like | 340.8 | one | 553.2 | group | 415.7 | pay | 702.1 | live | 592.2 |
| 12 | think | 435.9 | patient | 320.2 | liber | 358.4 | violenc | 320.6 | go | 364.9 | cathol | 337.7 | peopl | 513.0 | hate | 392.3 | problem | 662.4 | child | 582.4 |
| 13 | support | 432.4 | year | 302.0 | one | 333.1 | alcohol | 310.5 | could | 349.7 | educ | 329.4 | use | 494.8 | male | 363.5 | mani | 660.3 | woman | 581.8 |
| 14 | donald | 410.1 | disord | 297.7 | blind | 329.4 | addict | 278.2 | guy | 347.4 | church | 309.2 | someon | 482.5 | one | 360.8 | would | 660.1 | love | 553.7 |
We can go through the topics achieved to understand the most common conversations that occur in this dataset. We will be looking into this content in detail in the following section.


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Home
Welcome to Skate Appreciate! Explore the website by selecting on the tabs.
Find Skateparks: The maps feature of the app allows skaters to find parks in their vicinity. Similar to a GPS, it will tell you what parks are buzzing and which ones are vacant. Depending on the person, they can choose to go to a park of their choosing.
Link Up: Finding people to skate with is harder than it seems. Not having a skate partner is like playing tennis by yourself; nobody is there to push you. That's why having the linking up feature is essential for getting better as a skater.
Upload Tricks: At the end of the day, the goal of a skater is to record your tricks and upload them (or get sponsored, if you're trying to go pro). The tricks timeline of the app allows skaters watch their peers' tricks and to commend them for their hardwork. And of course show off their own tricks!
Link Up
Please wait, finding people near you!


An animated element
Example
transition: property duration timing-function delay;
transition: width 2s ease-in-out;
鼠标移入
css3-transtion
transition-timing-function
cubic-bezier
css-tricks
This Button
is Cool.


This is mostly a mashup of Joni Korpi's LessFramework and LESS css, with a few ideas (and code) taken from Joni's new project, Frameless.


[gecode-users] How does Gecode works ?
Guido Tack
tack at ps.uni-sb.de
Fri Apr 11 08:55:53 CEST 2008
Debdeep Banerjee wrote:
> Hi,
> I am just wondering how gecode works. What I think is the following
>
> 1. We create the variables and domains
> 2. Then we post constraints
> 3. Then we define the branching
> 4. We start searching. ( I am here referring to the DFS search)
> 1. the search will do the propagation, if any inconsistency
> found
> then fail immediately
> 2. then branching will produce a variable-value pair through the
> description() method
> 3. then commit() will produce a binary branching
> a. variable = value , left
> b. variable != value. right
> 4. the search will continue picking up the left branch and call
> the propagation method, if failed, it will try the right branch.
>
> Is this correct ?
Yes, that's the overall picture.
> My questions are
> 1. When we post constraints, for example
> rel <cid:part1.05040408.08010402 at rsise.anu.edu.au>(Space
> <cid:part2.09030509.04060200 at rsise.anu.edu.au>* home, IntVar
> <cid:part3.07050402.03060701 at rsise.anu.edu.au> x0, IntRelType
> <cid:part4.09080505.00030106 at rsise.anu.edu.au> r
> <cid:part5.06050303.09070201 at rsise.anu.edu.au>, int n
> <cid:part6.06090502.08060905 at rsise.anu.edu.au>, IntConLevel
> <cid:part7.01060008.08080700 at rsise.anu.edu.au>, PropKind
> <cid:part8.07080100.00090002 at rsise.anu.edu.au>)
> Does gecode create any propagator for this ? I have looked at the
> rel.cc file the implementation, but it seems like it doesn't create
> any
> propagator. How does it get called from space->status() ??
Basic constraints that can be immediately represented in the variable
domains are not implemented as propagators. You can observe the
difference easily: when you do post(this, x >= 4), all values less
than 4 will be immediately removed, even without calling status.
> 2. When I execute the following code
> x.eq <cid:part9.00000207.03050104 at rsise.anu.edu.au>(home,n) ==> x
> is
> IntView and n is an Integer.
> is the variable ( IntVar ) that the x refers to, is assigned to 'n'
> immediately ? or it will be assigned when space->status() method is
> called ?
It is assigned immediately. In fact, all operations on views have an
immediate effect on the domains, they never post propagators. Note
that eq returns a ModEvent, which tells you what kind of modification
happened. You have to check this, and if it signals failure, you are
responsible for reporting that failure. That's why these operations
are only available for views, which are used in propagators and
branchings. The variables you use for modelling do not have these
domain update operations, but you have to call them through the
appropriate post functions (like rel), which handle failure correctly.
> I am sorry if these questions are too basic. I am trying to understand
> how gecode works a bit more thoroughly.
No problem, you're very welcome to ask basic questions.
Cheers,
Guido
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


If you use the DeepFish dataset in your work, please cite it as:
@article{saleh2020realistic,
title={A realistic fish-habitat dataset to evaluate algorithms for underwater visual analysis},
author={Saleh, Alzayat and Laradji, Issam H and Konovalov, Dmitry A and Bradley, Michael and Vazquez, David and Sheaves, Marcus},
journal={Scientific Reports},
volume={10},
number={1},
pages={14671},
year={2020},
publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London},
doi={https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71639-x}
}


A cake is a good analogy to show the difference between HTML and CSS.
Html is the base of the cake which is functional and tasty.
Css is the decorations that makes the cake look fancy and stylish.
Control flow are satements in Java that controls the flow of the code.
There are three types of control flow statement which are decision making, loop and jump statements.
Decision making statements are ifs and switch statements. If statements are statements that allows the program to execute code when conditions are true if not it will not execute. Switch statements are like if statements but there are multiple codes that can be executed instead of one.
Loop statements are statements that will continue to be executed while the conditions are true. Jump statements are statements that are used to interrupt loop and decision making statements.
An example of a control flow in everyday life is when following instructions on baking a cake you must follow each step from 1 to 3 to ensure the cake is baked correctly.
An example of a loop statement is like eating a slice of cake for you to have an empty plate you must finish the cake.
The DOM is the Document Object Model is a programming interface for the HTML or XML documents. It gives us a tree structure that can help programmers to use it as a guide on how to bring forth elements. The tree structure starts with the document and ends with the element tags such as the anchor tags or heading tags.
Both objects and array are items that are placed in variables. Objects are usually used to describe characteristics such as names and age where arrays are used to list items such as list of fruits and place them in numerical order.
A function is a piece code that allows the program to complete specific tasks. The reason this is useful is that without functions a person would have to repeat the code over and over in the program to ensure the task is done where the programmer wants to be done. This would cause the code to be over long and very unorganised.


How Homebrew works?
Homebrew — The missing package manager for macOS. Here is the Official site: https://brew.sh
What is Homebrew?
Homebrew is a package manager for OS X. It allows a user to easily install software from the larger body of UNIX and open source software on the Mac. If you know linux, you can compare the brew command with the apt-get command (on Debian)
- Official site: https://brew.sh
- Homebrew on Github: https://github.com/Homebrew/brew
How to install?
Open terminal or iterm2 on your Mac and paste this line at a Terminal prompt.
/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
Homebrew Walkthrough by example
Install Screenfetch using brew:
- Screenfetch is a Fetches system/theme information in terminal for Linux desktop screenshots.
- It is a “Bash Screenshot Information Tool”. This handy Bash script can be used to generate one of those nifty terminal theme information + ASCII distribution logos you see in everyone’s screenshots nowadays. It will auto-detect your distribution and display an ASCII version of that distribution’s logo and some valuable information to the right. There are options to specify no ASCII art, colors, taking a screenshot upon displaying info, and even customizing the screenshot command! This script is very easy to add to and can easily be extended.
- Install Screenfetch: brew install screenfetch
- Now, you can use screenfetch command on your Mac
- More information about screenfetch, see here: https://github.com/KittyKatt/screenFetch
Some packages of Linux that you can install on Mac using brew:
- wget, coreutils, gcc, imagemagick, geoip
- nmap https://nmap.org/
- sqlmap http://sqlmap.org/
- ncdu https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu
- …
See all on Homebrew formulas index
How it works?
Overview:
- Homebrew is based on Git and Ruby.
- The first time you install it, it’ll set things up in /usr/local/ by default
- Every time you run brew update it does a git pull
- You can check all information about package like htop, you can using brew desc htop and brew info htop
DevOps at MacbookPro in /usr/local/Cellar/nmap/7.40
$ brew desc htop
htop: Improved top (interactive process viewer)
DevOps at MacbookPro in /usr/local/Cellar/nmap/7.40
$ brew info htop
htop: stable 2.0.2 (bottled), HEAD
Improved top (interactive process viewer)
https://hisham.hm/htop/
Conflicts with: htop-osx
/usr/local/Cellar/htop/2.0.2 (10 files, 183.8K) *
Poured from bottle on 2017-01-15 at 02:50:09
From: https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/master/Formula/htop.rb
==> Dependencies
Optional: homebrew/dupes/ncurses ✘
==> Options
--with-ncurses
Build using homebrew ncurses (enables mouse scroll)
--HEAD
Install HEAD version
==> Caveats
htop requires root privileges to correctly display all running processes,
so you will need to run `sudo htop`.
You should be certain that you trust any software you grant root privileges.
- When you run brew install htop, Homebrew fetches the URL (here that’s https://homebrew.bintray.com/bottles/htop-2.0.2.sierra.bottle.tar.gz) using
curl
and stores the archive in a cache directory so you won’t download it twice - It computes its checksum and compares it against the one the formula provides, to ensure you’re downloading the right file.
- Verifying htop-2.0.2.sierra.bottle.tar.gz checksum: sha256 179be9dccb80cee0c5e1a1f58c8f72ce7b2328ede30fb71dcdf336539be2f487
- The development cutting edge of htop is decribled in url “https://github.com/hishamhm/htop.git”
- One package can depend on other formulae; have patches and external resources; download stuff from Git, SVN, Mercurial or through FTP; and more.
- Homebrew provide bottles (pre-built formulae); which are essentially formulae built by a bot then stored as a
.tar.gz
on a server so that you can download them directly instead of re-building everything from source every time. Bottles are defined in formulae and brew install use them when they’re available. - Need ncurses before install htop - optional
- Here is htop.rb, it is a package definition written in Ruby. These formulae are Ruby files that describe the software they install and contain instructions to install and test it.
class Htop < Formula
desc "Improved top (interactive process viewer)"
homepage "https://hisham.hm/htop/"
url "https://hisham.hm/htop/releases/2.0.2/htop-2.0.2.tar.gz"
sha256 "179be9dccb80cee0c5e1a1f58c8f72ce7b2328ede30fb71dcdf336539be2f487"
bottle do
sha256 "555ff188b1990fb0a5b4634beef196ed1fb843336b99cac33d0291d592d93233" => :sierra
sha256 "b13e6457905778a75d2627e1586e14ab20920001bed16b84c1fb64a258715741" => :el_capitan
sha256 "f50fd11325a34da989c268f1e4bb998c4b8415079c23a95c267088e9576bef3e" => :yosemite
sha256 "785c2806efe12a008c2fc958f567501e2931d2457261eed721ffae374f989498" => :mavericks
end
head do
url "https://github.com/hishamhm/htop.git"
depends_on "autoconf" => :build
depends_on "automake" => :build
depends_on "libtool" => :build
end
option "with-ncurses", "Build using homebrew ncurses (enables mouse scroll)"
depends_on "homebrew/dupes/ncurses" => :optional
conflicts_with "htop-osx", :because => "both install an `htop` binary"
def install
system "./autogen.sh" if build.head?
system "./configure", "--prefix=#{prefix}"
system "make", "install"
end
def caveats; <<-EOS.undent
htop requires root privileges to correctly display all running processes,
so you will need to run `sudo htop`.
You should be certain that you trust any software you grant root privileges.
EOS
end
test do
pipe_output("#{bin}/htop", "q", 0)
end
end
Reference
- https://www.quora.com/How-does-Homebrew-work-internally
- https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/blob/master/docs/Formula-Cookbook.md


A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between them.
Let's look at a selection from the "Orders" table:
Then, look at a selection from the "Customers" table:
Notice that the "CustomerID" column in the "Orders" table refers to the "CustomerID" in the "Customers" table. The relationship between the two tables above is the "CustomerID" column.
Then, we can create the following SQL statement (that contains an INNER JOIN), that selects records that have matching values in both tables:
ExampleSELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID;
and it will produce something like this:
Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:
(INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables
LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the right table
RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the left table
FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table


To access fundamental data, use the FineFundamental objects in your second selection function or use the Fundamental property of the Equity objects in your algorithm. The Symbol objects you return from the coarse selection function are the Symbol objects that comprise the FineFundamental objects in your fine fundamental selection function.
def SelectCoarse(self, coarse: List[CoarseFundamental]) -> List[Symbol]: selected = [c for c in coarse if c.HasFundamentalData] sorted_by_dollar_volume = sorted(selected, key=lambda c: c.DollarVolume, reverse=True) return [ c.Symbol for c in sorted_by_dollar_volume[:20] ] def SelectFine(self, fine: List[FineFundamental]) -> List[Symbol]: sorted_by_pe_ratio = sorted(fine, key=lambda f: f.ValuationRatios.PERatio, reverse=True) return [ f.Symbol for f in sorted_by_pe_ratio[:5] ]
public IEnumerable<Symbol> SelectCoarse(IEnumerable<CoarseFundamental> coarse) { return coarse.OrderByDescending(x => x.DollarVolume).Take(20).Select(x => x.Symbol); } public IEnumerable<Symbol> SelectFine(IEnumerable<FineFundamental> fine) { return fine.OrderByDescending(x => x.ValuationRatios.PERatio).Take(5).Select(x => x.Symbol); }
Many of the MorningStar values are MultiPeriodField objects. These objects represent a timespan of data, normally either OneMonth, ThreeMonths, SixMonths, or TwelveMonths. To view the objects, see the the auto-generated classes in the LEAN GitHub repository.
To access fundamental data outside of your fine fundamental selection function, use the Fundamental property of the Equity objects in your algorithm.
fundamentals = self.Securities[symbol].Fundamentals
var fundamentals = Securities[symbol].Fundamentals;


Sugar Country
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{% load static %}
Nite Mode
OOPS! Looks like you uploaded an unsupported file type
Supported file types are: '.pdf' and '.pptx'
Take me home


I am a Computer Science and Engineering Student at Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology. I am fascinated about programming and exploring new CS fields. I enjoy solving real world problems with use of programming. I am always energetic and eager to learn new skills. I have good leadership skills as well as I can work as a team member.


Michelle giselle
Social Science
Bachelor in social Science
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Teacher at university
Master's in biology education
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elisabeth morgan
psychologist
Dr psychologist
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Medicin Doctor
Specialist in Neurology
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internal counsel
Masters in psycology
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family-coach
Specialist in family issues
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curriculum coach
DR psycology and solving issues
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curriculum coach
Mentor of all other mentor
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Bachelor in theology
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Tree Service Done Right
We will perform a thorough inspection of your trees, diagnose trouble areas and make tree service recommendations that will help you obtain the landscape of your dreams.
Hi, my name's Vincent. I'm the founder of J.I.T.
My love of the industry spans across many years. My family has
always been hardworking and industrious. From a young age, my
hands always seemed to be in dirt and plants. From simple
plantings to cottonwood removals by the river.
We will perform a thorough inspection of your trees, diagnose trouble areas and make tree service recommendations that will help you obtain the landscape of your dreams.
High quality isn't always easy to acheive, it takes a certain tenacity. This is exactly what Justice in Tree's strives to provide in every oppurtunity with a customer.
Everything we do is with a united committment to making the community a better place for all. Together we can make an impact.
Here at J.I.T., we handle the hard work, so you don't have too! We stay up to date with the most effective method's to get the job done properly! Let us transform your property today!


Luis Cabanillas
Senior Technical Program Manager
About Me
I am a Technical Program and Product Manager with more than a decade of experience in the software development industry, partnering with internal and external stakeholders to drive execution on product roadmaps and end-to-end projects.
I am passionate about customers, product development, and translating business requirements into a strategy for technical solutions.
Contact
Professional Skills
Work Experience
Driving product strategy and planning for automated testing infrastructure, build reliability and pipeline gating for the Microsoft Teams web and desktop clients. Driving continuous improvement on processes and practices, fostering constant experimentation and feedback gathering to drive change based on data and evidence. Communicating effectively with customers to understand their current and future needs supporting feature development groups infrastructure needs.
Led product roadmap definition, strategy and successful execution.Collaborated with engineering teams, UX, and product management to gather requirements, identify challenges, and design enterprise technical solutions for customer-facing initiatives in the lodging business for Expedia Group’s brands.
Owned technical product delivery in multiple end-to-end projects with cross-functional teams, while communicating timely and effectively with business and engineering stakeholders. Leveraged data to validate product roadmap and operational outcomes and inform decision making to continue adding value to customers.
Collaborated with engineering teams, product managers, and design teams in multi-vendor set-ups to lead roadmap definition and execution with a strong agile focus. Led multi-disciplinary teams to successful end-to-end product delivery in enterprise programs for large clients such as T-Mobile, Cisco and Best Buy. Led data-driven decision making based on customer’s behavior and feedback.
Education
Blog Posts and Podcast
Medium
The Agile Manifesto is great, but we need to move on
How is it possible that we keep saying the Agile Manifesto, an almost 20 years old document in the most dynamic industry in the world, is still valid as it was written back then?
References
Aiyana
CEO / Web Design Company
Walter displays exemplary professionalism and is able to take on challenges. He learns quickly and is an asset to any team.
Alexander
Front-end Developer / Web Design Company
Walter is a great co-worker and problem solver. He is quick to extend his helping hand and makes a good team player.


{% include head.html %}
{% include navbar.html %} {% include header.html %} {% include why.html %} {% include features.html %} {% include how.html %} {% include pricing.html %} {% include contact.html %} {% include integrations.html %} {% include footer.html %} {% include modals.html %} {% include javascript.html %}


NIU Interactive Campus Map Project
This map was developed as part of the Spring 2013 Geog790 course by Grant Herbert, with OSM contributions by Raitis Bocka and Nicholas Cortellini.
Use the Tab or Arrow keys to autocomplete a search, or the Enter key to search as typed


I played an interesting board game called Mastermind and decided to make a software version of it. It's a puzzle involving logic.
There are 6 colours and 4 slots. When the game begins, the computer generates a puzzle where each slot has a corresponding colour. The objective of the game is to guess the colours and the correct slot to which the colours belong to. Colours may repeat in a problem.
To start playing, drag and drop the colours from the left into the slots at the top. Once you have filled the 4 slots, submit your move. The computer then checks and tells you how many of the colours are in the right slot, and how many of the remaining colours are correct but in an incorrect slot. Using this, you will have to make your next move till you get all four colours and slots right
Can you solve the puzzle in 6 moves or less?
You may start off by randomly filling the slots. Perhaps you chose:
"Pink", "Blue", "Red", "Green"
and submit the move
The computer evaluates this and says that 1 colour is in the right slot (In this case, it is blue) and 2 colours are in incorrect slots (In this case, Red and Pink). You then proceed to discard one of the colours (at random, since we don't know which colour is wrong) and rearrange the pieces and evaluate again. Remember, it's a puzzle
You can get the source from Github here
- Nikhil Baliga (baliganikhil@gmail.com)


Hi, I'm a Graphic and Web designer, I'm a hardcore programmer with knowledge in html/php/css/Javascript. I've done my under graduation in Computer Science Engineering in Anna University,Chennai


Over 175 million professionals use LinkedIn to exchange information, ideas and opportunities Stay informed about your contacts and industryFind the people & knowledge you need to achieve your goals Control your professional identity online
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Deuteronomy 21:11
And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;


 Written by Stephen Schiff from the novel by Jacquelyn Mitchard. Photography, Stephen Goldblatt. Editing John Bloom. Production design, Dan Davis. Music, Elmer Bernstein. Producers, Kate Guinzberg,Steve Nicolaides. Cast: Michelle Pfeiffer (Beth Cappadora)), Treat Williams (Pat Cappadora),Whoopi Goldberg (Detective Candy Bliss), Michael McElroy (Ben), Ryan Merriman (Sam), Cory Buck (Vincent at 7), Jonathan Jackson (Vincent at 16), Alexa Vega (Kerry at 9), Michael McGrady (Jimmy Daugherty), John Kapelos (George Karras),Tony Musante (Angelo), Rose Gregorio (Rosie), Lucinda Jenney (Laurie), John Roselius (Bastokovich), Brenda Strong (Ellen), K.K. Dodds (Theresa) et al. A Columbia release. 105 minutes. PG-13
Since eyes are so important (The Mirrors of the Soul, said Ingmar Bergman, in his most quoted line), I've been focusing on them and putting them in categories for people in the public eye: strabistic, exophthalmic, small, beady eyes etc.
The largest group deals with strabismus (cross-eyes), a condition which is mostly found among actresses and, interestingly enough, often gives them a sexy look. Karen Black, Madeleine Stowe,Jenny Jones,Geraldine Fitzgerald, Virginia Mayo (micro-strabistic), Frieda Inescort, Norma Shearer, Jane Greer, Dyan Cannon, Sandy Dennis, Barbra Streisand, Madeline Kahn, Nanette Fabray, Juliette Lewis, Lauren Hutton, Rachael Lee Boggs ( She's All That, 1999) and others. Among the men we find Leslie Howard, Lima Nelson, Christopher Lambent, Michael, Burt.
I won't go into the other classifications, except to say that this study, subsidized with millions in governmental and private grants, is still in a preliminary stage. Its tiniest category is "crying eyes." I have been able to come up only with two actors: Sylvia Sidney.in older times; and Michelle Pfeiffer in this generation.
Ms Pfeiffer is a wonderful actress and a beauty with class. I've always sensed that her eyes were sad--and not only in moments that call for sadness. Over and above screen parts and moods, I am sure that the eyes had it.
The whites of her eyes are tinged with pink. So are the eyelids. Given her attractive features, Ms. Pfeiffer gets a lot of close-ups.Time and again, she looks like someone who is about to cry or has just finished crying.
The Deep End of the Ocean confirms this.Beth (Pfeiffer), is what makes the movie with her unending sadness. I was continuously conscious of the pink.
Beth, a freelance photographer,is the happy wife of restaurateur Pat. They have three children: Vincent, 7; Ben, 3; baby girl Kerry. They live in Madison, Wisconsin. The year is 1988.
For a high school reunion of the class of 1973, Beth drives to a Chicago hotel with all her brood.There, in the packed, high-decibel lobby, she goes to register after leaving the younger kids in the care of the 7-year old. When she returns, Ben has vanished. In spite of able police -- men and women under the high-ranked Candy (Whoopi Goldberg),-- of volunteers, posters and eager efforts, the three-year old is never found.
The portrait of a devastated family, with Beth as the central focus, is powerful. Pfeiffer's despair is entirely convincing, totally wrenching.
>From bleeding --metaphorically--from all her pores she falls into a near indifference which at times skirts catatonia. Beth is at the point where she almost goes off the deep end -- which does not, however, justify the dull title of the novel and of the film.
The family unravels, not in major, theatrical ways, but deeply nonetheless. A typical scene has Beth in her bedroom, oblivious that the baby is crying. Vincent goes to help the infant. But on his way out he pushes a vase that crashes on the floor. Dysfunction follows duty.
Nine years later, the Cappadoras are now in Chicago where Pat opens a new Italian restaurant. Vincent, at 16, is a rather bad, sullen boy, even dislikable -- until you consider his peculiar family circle. Beth, still doleful-looking, seems to have recovered somewhat, She's resumed some of her photography.
Here begin the improbabilities. Sam, an unknown, 12-year old neighboring boy, nice and polite, shows up, offering to mow the Kappadora's lawn. Beth almost immediately recognizes him as the vanished Ben. She takes pictures of him. With a speed that would make Kodak happy but puzzle photographers who work out a basement darkroom, she develops the photographs, juxtaposes them with old ones of Ben, and voila! Proof positive.
It turns out that Ben had been abducted by an unstable friend of Beth's (I got a bit confused here), who then married nice Greek-American George Karras. She later committed suicide. But Sam loved his "mother" and his adoptive father. When the authorities ascertain that Sam is Ben and return him to his biological parents, the young boy is not happy. Nor is George who adores the kid and is as devastated as the Kappadoras were back in 1988.
(Incidentally, between Madison '88 and Chicago '97 Michelle Pfeiffer, though a little more gaunt, has not changed or aged a bit!)
The Ben-found part is followed by Ben-lost-again as he sneaks back to George Karras. In Act IV however, the boy, upon reflection, returns to the Kappadoras, at least for now. It's a mixed picture: no guarantees, no commitment on his part, no closure to the saga.
What's involved in these off-on proceedings strikes me as the result of having a script that unavoidably shortens the original, a hefty, best-selling novel. The cuts sometimes lead to choppiness and simplifications.
On the other hand, I like the fact that the director does not invest in excesses of sentimentalism. Belgian-born Ulu Grossbard has been a successful stage director who occasionally makes forays into motion pictures. His first feature, The Subject was Roses (1968) was a fine adaptation of a Pulitzer prize winning play. His third, Straight Time, starred Dustin Hoffman as a paroled convict in a milieu of powerful supporting actors. It was impressive. True Confessions, Falling in Love and Georgia were not hits but each had remarkable elements.
To bring together the rebellious Vincent and the confused Ben, the film uses as fact and metaphor, driveway basketball competition. The young men are very good as players (actors) and as players (ball). The device works well -- yet I'd have to see the movie again to decide whether this is a clever gimmick or a true dramatic touch.
" Le mauvais gout mene au crime" (Stendhal)
Edwin Jahiel's movie reviews are at http://www.prairienet.org/ejahiel
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David Beckham on full tourist mode as he gets selfie at Berlin Wall
David Beckham is the king of jet-setting after he was spotted walking the streets of Berlin, before hot-footing it back to London to party with Ninja.
The former Manchester United footballer was seen taking in the sights of the German capital on Monday night, following a swanky Tudor watch party.
At one point, the 44-year-old appeared to stage his own photoshoot by the Berlin wall, before squatting down to take selfies.
Sharing a snap on his Instagram page, the dad-of-four wrote: ‘Flying visit to Berlin – Couldn’t resist a quick stop to see this iconic image… #BerlinWall.’
Victoria Beckham’s husband looked seriously smart for the evening, rocking a grey tweed suit with shiny black shoes.
But he didn’t get to spend too much time being a tourist, as he flew straight back to the UK to hit up the launch of the Adidas store in London.
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David headed straight for Oxford Street to celebrate the opening of the new show, alongside gaming legend Ninja.
But, before the England ace got too comfortable, he was off again, flying to New York to headline the UN Summit on World Children’s Day, with Millie Bobby Brown.
Does the man ever rest?
The pair will be appearing at a global summit, demanding action over the protection and promotion of child rights with UNICEF.
And, in between all this jet-setting, he still found time to treat his brood to a firework display as they spent bonfire night as a family, in London.
David recently opened up about being on dad duties, admitting he’s not that fussed that eldest son Brooklyn regularly takes clothes from his wardrobe.
‘I see it as a good thing,’ he told Evening Standard. ‘I must be doing something pretty cool for a 20-year-old to be wanting to borrow my stuff.
‘Definitely. But they [the kids] are not as tidy as me. So when I walk into my closet I can see [that], “Right OK… he [Brooklyn] has had those jeans, that jumper.”
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‘The other day he FaceTimed me from a restaurant. And I was like, “I have seen that suit somewhere before.” And I was like, “Mate, I have just bought that suit, I’ve not even worn it.”’
He’s not a regular dad, he’s a cool dad…
Got a showbiz story?
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A serious risk for large engineering organizations: turning their senior engineers into TPMs. Don’t do this!


Instructions
You will be given an integer and your job is to determine the sum made up by each individual digit.
Once you have the sum, determine if the sum is even or odd and then print out either "even" or "odd".
Sample Test Cases
Short number
value1 31
output even
Long number
value1 662638
output odd


SSH-COPY-ID(1) SSH-COPY-ID(1) NAME ssh-copy-id - install your public key in a remote machine's autho‐ rized_keys SYNOPSIS ssh-copy-id [-i [identity_file]] [user@]machine DESCRIPTION ssh-copy-id is a script that uses ssh to log into a remote machine and append the indicated identity file to that machine's ~/.ssh/autho‐ rized_keys file. If the -i option is given then the identity file (defaults to ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub) is used, regardless of whether there are any keys in your ssh-agent. Otherwise, if this: ssh-add -L provides any output, it uses that in preference to the identity file. If the -i option is used, or the ssh-add produced no output, then it uses the contents of the identity file. Once it has one or more fingerprints (by whatever means) it uses ssh to append them to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on the remote machine (creating the file, and directory, if necessary.) NOTES This program does not modify the permissions of any pre-existing files or directories. Therefore, if the remote sshd has StrictModes set in its configuration, then the user's home, ~/.ssh folder, and ~/.ssh/autho‐ rized_keys file may need to have group writability disabled manually, e.g. via chmod go-w ~ ~/.ssh ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on the remote machine. SEE ALSO ssh(1), ssh-agent(1), sshd(8) OpenSSH 14 November 1999 SSH-COPY-ID(1)


题目地址：http://acm.hdu.edu.cn/showproblem.php?pid=4450
题目描述：
Draw Something
Time Limit: 2000/1000 MS (Java/Others) Memory Limit: 32768/32768 K (Java/Others)
Total Submission(s): 582 Accepted Submission(s): 500
Problem Description
Wangpeng is good at drawing. Now he wants to say numbers like “521” to his girlfriend through the game draw something.
Wangpeng can’t write the digit directly. So he comes up a way that drawing several squares and the total area of squares is the number he wants to say.
Input all the square Wangpeng draws, what’s the number in the picture?
Wangpeng can’t write the digit directly. So he comes up a way that drawing several squares and the total area of squares is the number he wants to say.
Input all the square Wangpeng draws, what’s the number in the picture?
Input
There are multiple test cases.
For each case, the first line contains one integer N(1≤N≤100) indicating the number of squares.
Second line contains N integers ai(1≤ai≤100)represent the side length of each square. No squares will overlap.
Input ends with N = 0.
For each case, the first line contains one integer N(1≤N≤100) indicating the number of squares.
Second line contains N integers ai(1≤ai≤100)represent the side length of each square. No squares will overlap.
Input ends with N = 0.
Output
For each case, output the total area in one line.
Sample Input
4 1 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 0
Sample Output
30 27
题意：求平方的和。
代码：
/* Draw Something */ #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> __int64 Sum=0; __int64 Num=0; int N=0; int main() { while(scanf("%d",&N)!=EOF&&N>0) { Sum=0; while(N--) { scanf("%I64d",&Num); Sum+=Num*Num; } printf("%I64d\n",Sum); } return(0); }
版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。
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好揪心！祝冯莹身体早日康复！
你们中学时候不学啊Q正传的吗。。。
你们中学时候不学啊Q正传的吗。。。
你们中学时候不学啊Q正传的吗。。。
你们中学时候不学啊Q正传的吗。。。
你们中学时候不学啊Q正传的吗。。。


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PWAnalytics Class Reference
| Inherits from | NSObject |
|---|---|
| Declared in | PWAnalytics.h |
Overview
PWAnalytics
enables easy implementation of application workflow analytics. MaaSAnalytics supports standard analytics events, timed events and event parameters.
Event Methods
+ addCustomEvent:
Add an event to the analytics queue.
+ (void)addCustomEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ addCustomEvent:withParameters:
Add an event to the analytics queue. Parameters must follow these rules: (1) Keys and values must be NSString objects. (2) There may be no more than 5 parameters. Extra parameters will be ignored. (3) Each key or value that is longer than 40 characters will be truncated on server.
+ (void)addCustomEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName withParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event. |
|---|---|
parameters |
|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ setScreenName:
Set a screen name for automatic screen view events. This should be set in the viewWillAppear
callback of your view controller before calling super viewWillAppear
.
+ (void)setScreenName:(NSString *__nonnull)screenName
Parameters
screenName |
Screen name for the view event. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ setAppSection:
Set an app section for automatic screen view events. This should be set in the viewWillAppear
callback of your view controller before calling super viewWillAppear
.
+ (void)setAppSection:(NSString *__nullable)appSection
Parameters
appSection |
App section for the view event. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ setGlobalParameters:
Set global parameters for all events. This should be set in the viewWillAppear
callback of your view controller before calling super viewWillAppear
.
+ (void)setGlobalParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters
Parameters
parameters |
Parameters included for all events until cleared. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ enableAutomaticScreenViewEvents:
Determines whether automatic screen views are captured.
+ (void)enableAutomaticScreenViewEvents:(BOOL)enable
Parameters
enable |
Will automatically capture screen view events or not. Defaults to enabled. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ addEvent:
Add an event to the analytics queue.
+ (void)addEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ addEvent:eventNamespace:
Add an event to the analytics queue.
+ (void)addEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName eventNamespace:(NSString *__nonnull)eventNamespace
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event. |
|---|---|
eventNamespace |
The namespace of the analytic event. Used for custom event processing. |
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ addEvent:withParameters:
Add an event to the analytics queue. Parameters must follow these rules:
(1) Keys and values must be NSString
objects.
(2) There may be no more than 10 parameters. Extra parameters will be ignored.
(3) Each key or value that is longer than 256 characters will be truncated.
+ (void)addEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName withParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event. |
|---|---|
parameters |
|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ addEvent:withParameters:eventNamespace:
Add an event to the analytics queue. Parameters must follow these rules:
(1) Keys and values must be NSString
objects.
(2) There may be no more than 10 parameters. Extra parameters will be ignored.
(3) Each key or value that is longer than 256 characters will be truncated.
+ (void)addEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName withParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters eventNamespace:(NSString *__nullable)eventNamespace
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event. |
|---|---|
parameters |
|
eventNamespace |
The namespace of the analytic event. Used for custom event processing. |
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ startTimedEvent:
Start a timed event. Calling startTimedEvent:
with the same eventName
prior to endTimedEvent:
will overwrite the previous start time.
+ (void)startTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event to start. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ startTimedEvent:eventNamespace:
Start a timed event. Calling startTimedEvent:
with the same eventName
prior to endTimedEvent:
will overwrite the previous start time.
+ (void)startTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName eventNamespace:(NSString *__nullable)eventNamespace
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event to start. |
|---|---|
eventNamespace |
The namespace of the analytic event. Used for custom event processing. |
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ startTimedEvent:withParameters:
Start a timed event with the specified parameters. Calling startTimedEvent:
with the same eventName
prior to endTimedEvent:
will overwrite the previous start time. Parameters must follow these rules:
(1) Keys and values must be NSString
objects.
(2) There may be no more than 10 parameters. Extra parameters will be ignored.
(3) Each key or value that is longer than 256 characters will be truncated.
+ (void)startTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName withParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event to start. |
|---|---|
parameters |
|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ startTimedEvent:withParameters:eventNamespace:
Start a timed event with the specified parameters. Calling startTimedEvent:
with the same eventName
prior to endTimedEvent:
will overwrite the previous start time. Parameters must follow these rules:
(1) Keys and values must be NSString
objects.
(2) There may be no more than 10 parameters. Extra parameters will be ignored.
(3) Each key or value that is longer than 256 characters will be truncated.
+ (void)startTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName withParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters eventNamespace:(NSString *__nullable)eventNamespace
Parameters
eventName |
Name of the event to start. |
|---|---|
parameters |
|
eventNamespace |
The namespace of the analytic event. Used for custom event processing. |
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ pauseTimedEvent:
Pause a timed event with the specified eventName
. If an event is ended while still in a paused state, then the paused time will be used as the end time. If an event is already paused, this method will do nothing.
+ (void)pauseTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName
Parameters
eventName |
The name of the event to pause. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ resumeTimedEvent:
Resume a timed event with the specified eventName
. If an event is ended while still in a paused state, then the paused time will be used as the end time. If an event is already paused, this method will do nothing.
+ (void)resumeTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName
Parameters
eventName |
The name of the event to resume. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ endTimedEvent:
End a timed event with the specified eventName
. The event will be ignored if the event duration is less than one second. This method will do nothing if the event name cannot be found.
+ (void)endTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName
Parameters
eventName |
The name of the event to end. |
|---|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ endTimedEvent:withParameters:
End a timed event with the specified eventName
. The event will be ignored if the event duration is less than one second. This method will do nothing if the event name cannot be found. Parameters must follow these rules:
(1) Keys and values must be NSString
objects.
(2) There may be no more than 10 parameters. Extra parameters will be ignored.
(3) Each key or value that is longer than 256 characters will be truncated.
+ (void)endTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName withParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters
Parameters
eventName |
The name of the event to end. |
|---|---|
parameters |
|
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h
+ endTimedEvent:withParameters:eventNamespace:
End a timed event with the specified eventName
. The event will be ignored if the event duration is less than one second. This method will do nothing if the event name cannot be found. Parameters must follow these rules:
(1) Keys and values must be NSString
objects.
(2) There may be no more than 10 parameters. Extra parameters will be ignored.
(3) Each key or value that is longer than 256 characters will be truncated.
+ (void)endTimedEvent:(NSString *__nonnull)eventName withParameters:(NSDictionary<NSString*,NSString*> *__nullable)parameters eventNamespace:(NSString *__nullable)eventNamespace
Parameters
eventName |
The name of the event to end. |
|---|---|
parameters |
|
eventNamespace |
The namespace of the analytic event. Used for custom event processing. |
Declared In
PWAnalytics.h