--- layout: post title: "Public types hidden in plain sight" description: "Instead of making types internal to a package, you can hide them in plain sight as public types." date: 2015-09-21 14:12 UTC tags: [Software Design] image: "/content/binary/estimation-statistics-in-another-library.png" image_alt: "The Estimator class is in the Estimation library, whereas the DurationStatistics are in another library named Estimation.Statistics." --- {% include JB/setup %}
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When I review object-oriented code, I often see lots of internal (package-private in Java) classes and members. Sometimes, most of a code base is written at that access level.
When I ask for the reasoning behind this, the answer is invariably: encapsulation.
Encapsulation is one of the most misunderstood concepts in programming. If you think it's about making everything inaccessible, then there's only one logical conclusion: all your code must have this API:
public class Program { public static int Main(string[] args) { // Everything else goes here! } }
If you've seen my Pluralsight course about encapsulation, you'll know that I prefer Bertrand Meyer's view, as outlined in Object-Oriented Software Construction. Essentially, it's about design by contract (pre- and post-conditions).
Once I start to ask more pointed questions about enthusiastic use of internal-only access, it turns out that often, the underlying reason is that the developers want to be able to change the design of their internal types and members, without breaking existing clients. A noble goal.
Imagine that such a code base has existing clients. While the maintainers can't change the public types without breaking these clients, they can change all internal types as much as they want.
Unfortunately, there are disadvantages to this design strategy. You can't easily unit test such code bases. There are ways, but none of them are good.
What if, instead of making types internal, you made them public? Are there ways to prevent clients from relying on such types? Yes, plenty of ways.
My preferred approach to this problem is to make types public anyway. If my overall feeling about a type is that "it seems okay", I make it public, even if I know that there's a risk involved with this.
Consider, as an example, the private DurationStatistics class I extracted in a recent article. In that article, I kept the class private, because I wanted to discuss visibility in a separate article.
You can easily promote the DurationStatistics class to a public class:
public class DurationStatistics
Here you only see the declaration of the class, because the implementation is exactly the same as in the other article. The code is moved out of the Estimator class and put into its own file, though.
How can you be sure that DurationStatistics is 'done'? How can you be sure that you're not going to need to change it later?
You can't.
You can, however, deal with that when it occurs. You can still add new members to the class, but you can't remove members or change the type's name.
If you need to change something (thereby breaking compatibility), then don't change it. Instead, add the new type or member, but leave the old artefact in place and deprecate it. In .NET, you can do this by adorning the member or type with the [Obsolete] attribute. You can even add a message that points clients to the new, preferred way of doing things:
[Obsolete("DurationStatistics is being retired (our fault). Use Foo instead.")] public class DurationStatistics
This will cause a compiler warning in all client code using the DurationStatistics class. You should make the message as helpful and friendly as possible.
This may leave your code with compiler warnings. This is good, because you should work to remove these warnings from your own code base. The only place you should leave them in place is in your unit tests. As long as you have a deprecated type in your published code base, you should also keep it covered by unit tests. This will cause compiler warnings in your unit tests, but you can suppress such warnings explicitly there:
[Theory] [InlineData(new[] { 1, 1, 1 }, 1)] [InlineData(new[] { 2, 3, 4 }, 3)] public void AverageIsCorrect(int[] seconds, int expectedSeconds) { #pragma warning disable 618 var sut = new DurationStatistics( seconds.Select(s => TimeSpan.FromSeconds(s)).ToArray()); #pragma warning restore 618 var actual = sut.Average; Assert.Equal(expectedSeconds, actual.TotalSeconds); }
Keep the 'disable scope' as small as possible, and always remember to restore the warning after disabling it.
Perhaps you think that this approach of just making everything public and dealing with the consequences later is an unprofessional, unhygienic, and ugly way to evolve code, but it's really the logical way to produce and publish SOLID code.
A variant of the above technique is that instead of making a type or member internal, you can deprecate it right away. This will immediately warn clients that they're doing something they aren't supposed to do.
If you ever decide to 'promote' that type to a bona fide member of your API, you can simply remove the [Obsolete] attribute.
You can also hide public types in separate namespaces. If you don't document the types in those 'hidden' namespaces, clients will again have to do something explicit to use them.
This is a softer way of hiding public types in plain sight, because clients get no compiler warnings if they use those 'hidden' types. Still, it can be quite effective.
My experience with maintaining public software (e.g. the now-more-than-six-year-old AutoFixture project) is that the most common problem is that users don't even find the public types I want them to find! If you knew how many times I've seen people reinvent a feature already available in the API... And that's even when all the interesting stuff is in the same namespace.
Putting types in separate namespaces is, in my experience, quite an effective way of hiding them.
Ultimately, you can put your volatile types in a separate library. In the Estimation example, you can ship the Estimator class (your 'real' public API) in one library, but put DurationStatistics in another library:
The Estimation library references the Estimation.Statistics library, so it can use all the public types in that library. You can unit test the public types in the Estimation library, but you can also unit test the public types in the Estimation.Statistics library.
When you publish your API, you give clients a reference to Estimation, but not to Estimation.Statistics. You still ship Estimation.Statistics as a dependency of your API, but clients shouldn't reference it.
Specifically, if you wish to publish your API as a NuGet package, you can use the <references>
element to ensure that only the 'official' library is added to a project:
In this library, I installed the (local) Estimation NuGet package, and as you can see, only Ploeh.Samples.Estimation is referenced, whereas Ploeh.Samples.Estimation.Statistics isn't. This means that the client can easily use the official API, e.g. to create a new instance of the Estimator class:
this.estimator = new Estimator(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1));
On the other hand, if a client developer attempts to use the public DurationStatistics class, that's not possible:
Not only is DurationStatistics not available, all Visual Studio can suggest is to create it; it can't suggest pulling in the appropriate assembly reference, which is a good thing.
The library is still there, it's just not referenced, so Estimator still works at run-time.
The trick to set up a NuGet package in this way is to use the <references>
element in the .nuspec file:
<?xml version="1.0"?> <package > <metadata> <id>Estimation</id> <version>1.0.0</version> <authors>Mark Seemann</authors> <owners>Mark Seemann</owners> <requireLicenseAcceptance>false</requireLicenseAcceptance> <description> This is an example that demonstrates how dependent libraries can hide public types in plain sight. </description> <copyright>Copyright Mark Seemann 2015</copyright> <references> <reference file="Ploeh.Samples.Estimation.dll" /> </references> </metadata> <files> <file src="..\Estimation\bin\Debug\Ploeh.Samples.Estimation.dll" target="lib\net45" /> <file src="..\Estimation\bin\Debug\Ploeh.Samples.Estimation.Statistics.dll" target="lib\net45" /> </files> </package>
Notice that both Ploeh.Samples.Estimation.dll and Ploeh.Samples.Estimation.Statistics.dll are included in the NuGet package, but that only Ploeh.Samples.Estimation.dll should be referenced when the NuGet package is added.
For good measure I should point out that in order to create these demo files, I only installed the Estimation NuGet package from my local disk (using the -Source switch), so don't go and look for it on nuget.org.
There are plenty of ways to hide public types in plain sight. Often, one or more of these options are better than misusing the internal/package-private access modifier. This doesn't mean that you must never make a class internal, but it means that you should consider the advantages and disadvantages of all options before making such a decision.
The main disadvantage of using the internal access modifier is that you can't easily unit test such a class. The options provided here should give you plenty of alternatives that will enable you to easily unit test classes while still hiding them from client developers.
Comments
The problem with the [InternalsVisibleTo] attribute is exactly that it enables you to unit test internals, which you shouldn't.
Dear Mark,
Thanks for another great article. I totally agree with your point of view, but I can also see why Børge might be somewhat unsatisfied with the answer to not use the InternalsVisibleTo attribute in the context of automated testing.
I think that using internal to hide certain types of a reusable code base is a violation of the Open/Closed Principle, because there is no easy way to extend the internal types without touching the source code (you can use reflection to call internal methods, but that's annoying, and you simply cannot derive from an internal class or implement an internal interface.)
What are your thoughts on this argument?
With regards,
Kenny
Kenny, thank you for writing. Overall, I like that additional argument. In order to keep this discussion balanced, I think it's worth pointing out that your argument certainly applies to reusable software, but that lots of software isn't (or rather, shouldn't be) reusable. Udi Dahan has pointed out that reuse may be overrated, or even have negative consequences, and while I've been disagreeing with certain parts of that claim, in general I think there's much wisdom in that observation.
Some software is written to be reusable, but much software shouldn't be. This is the sort of software I call Zoo software. Your argument about violation of the OCP certainly applies to Wildlife Software, but only indirectly to Zoo software.


Brandon Boggs holds up on a ball. He can cover some ground in center, often playing shallower than the corner outfielders that night. Plus, he ripped a screaming line drive home run in the ninth. Fourth round pick in 2004 draft.
This coach learned that it's not wise to stand 45 feet from home when Travis Metcalf takes a rip! This bullet narrowly missed him and not because he moved in time. Metcalf also hit two homers on this night, one a line shot and the other a moon ball. Eleventh round pick in 2004 draft.
Nickaes has ripped the Northwest League pitchers, as we all know. This night wasn't his best, as he finished without a hit. Here, he hits a bloop to second. His bat appeared to be the quickest on the field that night. Fifth round pick in 2004 draft.
Bobbly Lenoir decides mid-swing that he doesn't want to swing; he made contact anyway. Twenty-first round pick in 2004 draft.


Once again, it looks like robberies were really going up during that time. People seeing this graph might worry that if these trends continue, the streets will not be safe anywhere. They might start thinking about harsher penalties for crimes as possible solutions. But you have probably already noticed the y-axis here. The lowest point is 316,000 robberies, not zero. Figure 3.6.5 shows the same data graphed with zero robberies as the lowest point.
in-context


A&H Blinds was established and began trading in 2016. We operate both in the domestic market, we have great expertise in supplying blinds to private homes as well as offices and schools. We began as, and have remained, a family business, offering our customers a very personal service and we feel that it has been this philosophy that has led to our success.
We have always been happy to take that ‘extra step’ for our customers, so ensuring that we continue to build a very solid reputation within the window blind industry.


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A year ago you found a trunk off of the side of a trail, which presumably made its way there due to the misfortune of a previous owner. Inside this trunk was a sword, and around that sword a map. The sword, "Ashbringer", is seemingly well forged, and how it found it's way into the hands of someone, so destitute as to take that perilous road is a mystery that you may never be resolved.
You followed the map and it has lead you to a village neighboring a volcano, and a very active one at that, it seems that not a minute goes by without an eruption of lava coming from the vast top. Strangely, the people in the village don't seem to mind the proximity, instead, they go about their day-to-day as if the volcano wasn't their in the first place.
After walking down the main road into town you came across a blacksmith's shop, and while certainly not the only place of interest in the town, it might be wise to investigate.


| Public Meetings |
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The SSA Governing Commission meetings are organized on a regular basis (3-4 times a year or as needed). While serving as a means of public accountability and important decision-making, these meetings also provide an opportunity for interaction with our major stakeholders - the Marquette Park community. The meetings are always open to the public and all the residents are strongly encouraged to attend. In this section of SSA# 14 website we will provide a tentative meeting schedule and cover major accomplishments and points of discussion on our recent meetings. We will also post here the minutes of each meeting, the original recorded versions of which (both in writing and by means of a sound recording device) and stored at LHS headquarters in Chicago. Note:The minutes of this meeting will be released and posted online after their draft is fully approved by the Commission. Tentative Public Meeting Schedule for 2018 Wednesday at 7:00 p.m., at LHS headquarters in Marquette Park, on: February 7th
April 25th
August 22th
November 14th
Please check for updates or changes before the scheduled meeting date. OPEN COMMISSIONERS MEETINGCommissioner meeting minutes of April 25, 2018 Commision meeting minutes of February 7, 2018 Commision meeting minutes of October 17, 2017 Commissioner meeting minutes of July 12, 2017 Commissioner meeting minutes of April, 2017 Commissioner meeting minutes of February, 2017 Commissioner meeting minutes of November 16, 2016 Commissioner meeting minutes of July 14, 2016 Commissioner meeting minutes of April 27, 2016 Commissioner meeting minutes of February 24, 2016 Commissioner meeting minutes of November 18, 2015 Commissioner meeting minutes of August 19, 2015 Commissioner meeting minutes of May 6, 2015 Commissioner meeting minutes of February 25, 2015 |


React Solo Project Expectations
Next week, you get a full week to write a compelling front-end application to go into your portfolio.
Expectations
The following is the list of expectations that must be met for a project to be considered complete.
- Project will be picked from the list of projects from the previous reading or come up with your own idea.
- You should have the following documentation either in the Wiki of your GitHub repo or in a documentation folder in your root directory:
- Schema
- Feature Document outlining MVP features as well as additional features (user stories and acceptance criteria strongly encouraged)
- A README with instructions on how to launch the application
- Your app must have user authentication
- Sign Up
- Login / Logout
- Demo User Login
- Must have at least one major CRUD feature in addition to user authentication
- Front-end:
- React
- Redux
- Hooks are optional (but encouraged)
- Backend:
Student Responsibilities
- By EOD today, create your project repo, upload your feature list to your repo and send your project advisor your list of features for sign-off
- Join your new “circle” slack which you will be invited to by the end of day. Your circle consists of all the students that have the same project advisor as you. You will be having stand up and end of day chats with this circle.
- Every day you will attend stand up with your advisor and the other students in your circle – be prepared to discuss what you worked on the day before and have a plan for what you want to accomplish that day.
- Complete all nightly reports as per usual and use these reports to reflect on your progress. We rely on these reports to check in on your progress so please, as always, take them seriously. Some examples:
- “I expected to finish the back- and frontend for logging in, but still need to debug my onSubmit.”
- “At the beginning of the day, I was very confused about the Redux cycle, but going through debugger waterfalls while testing my action creators on the window really helped.”
- “Today I really struggled with destructuring my state. I think the next time I do a project like this, I will structure my frontend state to use more slices and less nesting.”
Question Asking
During this project, you will get practice expressing yourself when running into trouble without just saying “it doesn’t work”. In a professional environment, knowing when to ask for help and not spending too much time on any one problem is critical, but making the most out of the time with your manager or Senior Engineers is also vital.
Questions should be asked in Slack to your entire circle. Before asking a question, please have the following available:
- What you are working on
- A description of the problem
- What the error message says on the server/frontend console (if there is one)
- A relevant code snippet
- The debugging process you’ve done so far (MANDATORY)
This process allows your fellow students to also help you out – further, it will allow us to know if multiple students are having similar issues and if so we can have a group session to clarify if necessary.


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Article 1 Purpose
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These Terms and Conditions apply to the rights, obligations and responsibilities between the Game Administrator and you when you use the "PangYa SuperSS" club (hereinafter referred to as the "Game") provided by Acrisio SuperSS Dev (hereinafter the "physical person"). The goal is to specify subjects.
By "agreeing" to these terms and completing the registration process, you agree to all terms of these terms.
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Article 2 Definition of terms
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"User" means a person who has subscribed to the PangYa Service.
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"Club Member" means a user who agrees to the Terms as a PangYa Service User and uses the PangYa Club Service (the "Service").
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"Club" means an exclusive club created by the User on the Service.
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"Club Master" means the user who has opened a club with this service.
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"Submaster" means a club member selected by the club master for this service and who operates the club with the club master.
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Article 3. Establishment and dissolution of clubs
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Users can create a PangYa club and act as a club master.
However, a user who is not allowed to write on the bulletin board and who is smaller than Rookie E cannot open a club.
In addition, if it is determined that the purpose of establishing a club falls under any of the following, the Game Administrator may terminate or delete the established club without notice.
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In order to post content that violates the rights of other users, third parties or the game
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Content that impairs the honor and trust of the game, other users or third parties and the purpose of publishing content that may cause harm
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For purposes of misrepresentation or fraudulent acts of our game, other users or third parties
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In order to publish obscene complaints, expressions and materials and their content
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For the purpose of publishing content that violates public order and morale
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For commercial, non-profit or for commercial use, buy and sell, regardless of corporation, individual, ad serving and promotional materials not approved by the Game Administrator
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In order to post content that violates or may violate various laws and regulations
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Other purposes for posting content deemed inappropriate by the Game Administrator
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Club masters can dissolve an established club by requesting "Clear Club" from the Club Administrator menu.
However, if the authority of the club director is delegated to another person or if the person establishing the club withdraws from this service, all authority as club master shall belong to the delegated person or the game administrator.
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In the event that the club administration password is leaked due to improper management of the club master etc., and the club is used or closed etc., the club master assumes responsibility for the administration and the game administrator assumes no responsibility. . It will not be supported.
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If the club master requests "club closure", the club will receive a 7 day closure period from the date of the request, and the club closure request may be canceled within the retention period.
If you unsubscribe within the waiting period, you can use the club as before. Please note that the club is only available for viewing during the closing request suspension period and the bulletin board cannot be written.
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After you sign up for "Club Closure" the club will be automatically disbanded and closed after the 7-day period.
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Clubs that have been disbanded by the club master cannot be restored after the prescribed waiting period.
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Article 4 Roles and Authorities of Club Officers, Sub-Masters, and Members
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Information entered upon joining the club is managed and operated under the responsibility and authority of the club officer or member to whom the club's dominant authority has been delegated separately from the membership information of this club.
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The authority to view, write, modify, and delete club members is given to the appropriate club master. However, the club commander is responsible for the authority granted.
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Club masters and submasters are not allowed to disclose personal information without the user's permission. In addition, the club director is responsible for all damages caused to the user's personal information without permission, and the game administrator assumes no liability.
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Club members (including masters and submasters) should not do any of the following.
If it is determined that any of these acts is applicable, the Game Administrator may revoke the club's restrictions on use and the user's eligibility and user account information.
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Acts that violate any provision of this Agreement
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Actions that interfere with the operation of this service
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Any attempt to alter, alter or delete data illegally on this service
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Unauthorized access to our servers not allowed
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Acts using this service for purposes other than using this service
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Acts contrary to public order and morals
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Acts that violate or may violate various laws and regulations.
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Acts that undermine the honor and trust of the Game Administrator, other users or third parties, and acts that impersonate third parties.
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False Registration Statement
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Unauthorized use of accounts and passwords, disclosure to third parties, transfer or loan
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Notes, Use, and Distribution of External Tools Affecting Customers and Communications
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Other acts that the Game Administrator deems inappropriate, such as violation of manners
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Article 5 Managing Club Members
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Users can sign up for PangYa Club and use this service.
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The processing of candidates shall be determined by the club master in accordance with the applicable method and conditions of membership of the club concerned.
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Article 6 Managing / Deleting Content Posted on the Bulletin Board and Club Page
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１．
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The club master assumes all responsibility for managing and operating the content posted on the bulletin board and club page.
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２．
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The creator has the authority to post content posted on the bulletin board and club pages.
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３．
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Club members are not allowed to post content listed in the following items under any circumstances.
In addition, the creator himself is responsible for damages caused by publishing the content corresponding to the following items.
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・
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Other users, third parties, violation of our rights
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・
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Club billboard services and other users, third parties, slander against us, slander
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・
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Acts That Harm Other Users, Third Parties, or the Game Administrator
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・
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Speaking or misrepresenting the name of the Game Administrator or Game Master or deliberately misrepresenting someone else's name and defaming the person
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・
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Election campaigns, religious activities or similar acts
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・
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It acts contrary to public order and morals, such as complaints, obscene expressions etc.
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・
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For-profit, non-profit, corporations, individuals, etc.
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・
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Website introduction, including the above
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・
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Chat use, personalization, remarks with significant length
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・
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Comments on clients and tools that affect communication
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・
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Other content deemed inappropriate by the Game Administrator
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４．
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Club masters and submasters are required to manage content posted on the bulletin board and club page. If the content corresponding to the above is discovered or reported, the relevant content must be indicated. We need to pay attention to the posted users.
Clubmasters should immediately delete the appropriate content.
In addition, the club master may be forcibly removed from a user who has committed a violation without the user's consent.
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５．
|
If we confirm the above, we will issue an email exclusion recommendation to the appropriate club master.
If the content is not deleted, even after the email has been sent and the intention to do so is not recognized, the Game Administrator may notify the relevant club and the relevant content may be deleted directly.
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Article 7 Warning and forced closure
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１．
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If a club activity falls under article 6 (3), we may notify the club master by email.
If a club master receives a warning, he should correct it immediately.
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２．
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We have determined that a similar club name already exists in the game and the name is valid or that we are using a similar name for the purpose of misusing or stealing an existing club. If this happens, we may take warning measures.
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３．
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The club may be forcibly closed after notifying the club master by email if it is determined that the following items apply.
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・
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When operated solely for the purposes specified in Article 3, Paragraph 1
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・
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When communication between the club master and our Admin and Game Master has not been possible for more than 3 months
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・
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If you fall under Article 6 Clause 3 and have received a warning but are not willing to respond in accordance with Article 6 Clause 4
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・
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Other cases where game administrator deems inappropriate
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Article 8 Club Suspension Measures
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１．
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If the user of this service or a third party makes a statement of violation to the Game Administrator based on the legal violation of the content posted on the Service, the Game Administrator will make its own conclusion in its sole discretion. Until then, you can temporarily limit access to related content or related clubs.
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２．
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We will not be involved in disputes within or between clubs.
However, until completion is reached, the Game Administrator may, in its sole discretion, temporarily limit access to the associated club.
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３．
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In addition, when we recognize that there is an urgent need for suspension, we may temporarily limit related content or access to the relevant club.
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Article 9 Storing content related to this service
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Any content that conflicts with any of the provisions of Article 3, Paragraphs 1 and 6, Paragraph 6, Paragraph 5 and Article 7 shall not be restored.
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Article 10 User Withdrawal and Loss of Qualification
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１．
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Members may voluntarily leave the club.
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２．
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The club master shall have the authority to suspend and block access to club members and shall assume all responsibilities.
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３．
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If a club member commits an act that violates these terms, all administrative responsibility will be temporarily assumed by the club master.
In the meantime, if no further action or correction is made, despite our request and notice of correction, we will suspend the use of this service by the club master and the corresponding user and will terminate the user's eligibility and account information. It must be possible.
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４．
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If a club master is disqualified, the club master's authority is automatically transferred to the submaster.
If there is no applicable submaster, or if the submaster is smaller than Rookie E, a new master must be selected from members within one month and contacted by us.
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Article 11 Disclaimer
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１．
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The content of this service may be provided by the Game Administrator at that time.
We assume no responsibility for the integrity, accuracy, applicability, usefulness, etc. the information provided and the content recorded and disseminated by users.
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２．
|
Server information stored on the game server as part of this service and all other management information may be changed or deleted accidentally or by our intention, with or without notice. Yes, we will not be required to restore management information under any circumstances.
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３．
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The Game Administrator is not responsible for any damages incurred by users regarding this service.
However, this does not apply to cases caused by the operator's intentional or gross negligence.
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４．
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The Game Administrator is not responsible for any warranty for damages caused by user actions by other users or third parties.
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５．
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The Game Administrator shall not engage in any dispute arising between you and other users or third parties, and you must resolve the dispute at your own risk.
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Article 12 Addition and amendment of this Agreement
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１．
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The Game Administrator may add or change these Terms without notice.
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２．
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By adding or changing these Terms, the Game Administrator will notify the user of the content on the official website and the Service page.
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３．
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Agreeing to the Terms includes that you periodically visit the Service page and review any additions or changes to the Terms.
The Game Administrator is not responsible for damage caused by the user who does not confirm additions or changes.
In addition, you are deemed to have accepted the addition or amendment of this agreement by participating in this service after the addition or amendment of this agreement.
|
|
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|


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||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object org.newdawn.slick.tiled.TileSet
public class TileSet
A holder for tileset information
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
int |
firstGID
The first global tile id in the set |
int |
index
The index of the tile set |
int |
lastGID
The local global tile id in the set |
java.lang.String |
name
The name of the tile set |
int |
tileHeight
The height of the tiles |
protected int |
tileMargin
The margin of the tileset |
SpriteSheet |
tiles
The image containing the tiles |
int |
tilesAcross
The number of tiles across the sprite sheet |
int |
tilesDown
The number of tiles down the sprite sheet |
protected int |
tileSpacing
The padding of the tiles |
int |
tileWidth
The width of the tiles |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
TileSet(TiledMap map,
org.w3c.dom.Element element,
boolean loadImage)
Create a tile set based on an XML definition |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
boolean |
contains(int gid)
Check if this tileset contains a particular tile |
java.util.Properties |
getProperties(int globalID)
Get the properties for a specific tile in this tileset |
int |
getTileHeight()
Get the height of each tile in this set |
int |
getTileMargin()
Get the margin around tiles in this set |
int |
getTileSpacing()
Get the spacing between tiles in this set |
int |
getTileWidth()
Get the width of each tile in this set |
int |
getTileX(int id)
Get the x position of a tile on this sheet |
int |
getTileY(int id)
Get the y position of a tile on this sheet |
void |
setLimit(int limit)
Set the limit of the tiles in this set |
void |
setTileSetImage(Image image)
Set the image to use for this sprite sheet image to use for this tileset |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
public int index
public java.lang.String name
public int firstGID
public int lastGID
public int tileWidth
public int tileHeight
public SpriteSheet tiles
public int tilesAcross
public int tilesDown
protected int tileSpacing
protected int tileMargin
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public TileSet(TiledMap map, org.w3c.dom.Element element, boolean loadImage) throws SlickException
element
- The XML describing the tilesetmap
- The map this tileset was loaded from (gives context to paths)loadImage
- True if we should load the image (useful in headless mode)
SlickException
- Indicates a failure to parse the tileset| Method Detail |
|---|
public int getTileWidth()
public int getTileHeight()
public int getTileSpacing()
public int getTileMargin()
public void setTileSetImage(Image image)
image
- The image to use for this tilesetpublic java.util.Properties getProperties(int globalID)
globalID
- The global ID of the tile whose properties should be retrieved
public int getTileX(int id)
id
- The tileset specific ID (i.e. not the global one)
public int getTileY(int id)
id
- The tileset specific ID (i.e. not the global one)
public void setLimit(int limit)
limit
- The limit of the tiles in this setpublic boolean contains(int gid)
gid
- The global id to seach for
|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


{% extends 'demo/base.html' %} {% block content %} directory-components v{{ version }} Hello, world! This is the demo page for directory-components. From here you can preview all the components and styling that can be used when you import this module. Contents Pages: 404 error page 500 error page Forms: Form widgets Form errors demo Styling: CMS tags Elements & utility classes Responsive classes Components: React components Full width banners (incl. hero) Banners Key facts Statistics grid Fact sheet Featured articles Message boxes Details and accordions Cards Buttons Breadcrumbs Search page components Pagination Error pages Headers and footers Great.gov.uk international header and footer Great.gov.uk domestic header and footer Great.gov.uk invest header (and international footer) Analytics Google Tag Manager {% endblock %}
Hello, world! This is the demo page for directory-components. From here you can preview all the components and styling that can be used when you import this module.


A simple example that complicates the form submission by integrating several different elements.
Autocomplete some of Shakespeare's Plays


Compiling assembly with C is actually pretty easy, you can even get pre-processor commands into your assembly so you can re-use constants between the two.
Situation
While writing my microkernel, it was necessary to add a machine specific context switch, for the ARM-920T processor. This meant I needed to add assembly to my C code.
I also needed to have my user tasks call syscall functions, which ended up being stubs for the swi
ARM assembly command. Thus I needed assembly there too, however it needed to share the syscall_id
value between the kernel syscall handler, and the user syscall stubs.
How to create the code
Header files
First comes the assemble helpers that will let us add immediate values using standard pre-processor constants.
// asm.h
#define immed(val) # ## val
It simply defines adds a #
in front of the value (since ARM assembly uses a hash sign to mark immediate values)
Then define the function headers, so your C compiler knows that the functions will exist when you call the linker later.
// syscall.h
int Create(int priority, void (*code) ( ));
void Exit(void);
Finally we have our shared syscall_id
definitions.
#define SYSCALL_ID_CREATE 1
#define SYSCALL_ID_EXIT 12
Assembly
You can see the immed(SYSCALL_ID_CREATE)
doing its job to put the value properly into assembly
@ sycall.S
#include <machine/asm.h>
#include <kern/syscall_id.h>
@-----------------------------------------------------------
.text
.align 2
.global Create
.type Create, %function
Create:
@ args = 0, pretend = 0, frame = 8
@ frame_needed = 1, uses_anonymous_args = 0
@ Push the args
stmfd sp!, {r0-r1}
@ Software interrupt, doing the syscall
swi immed(SYSCALL_ID_CREATE)
@ Fix the stack pointer
add sp, sp, #8
@ Exit back to previous frame
mov pc, lr
.size Create, .-Create
@-----------------------------------------------------------
@-----------------------------------------------------------
.text
.align 2
.global Exit
.type Exit, %function
Exit:
@ args = 0, pretend = 0, frame = 0
@ frame_needed = 1, uses_anonymous_args = 0
@ Software interrupt, doing the syscall
swi immed(SYSCALL_ID_EXIT)
@ Exit back to previous frame
mov pc, lr
.size Exit, .-Exit
@-----------------------------------------------------------
How to set-up your Makefile
First we need to find each of the files, remember the *.S
files are your assembly + preproccessor.
Then we convert their endings to the resulting files that we want: *.o
files
# Kernel libraries
ASMLIB = $(shell find ./kern/asm/ -name "*.S")
CLIB = $(shell find ./kern/ -name "*.c")
all: $(patsubst %.c,%.o,$(LIBS)) $(patsubst %.S,%.o,$(ASMLIB))
Then we have the actual commands that will compile the files.
Notice that the *.S
files only get pre-processed by gcc (using the -E
flag). Then they follow the standard chain to become *.o
files.
%.s: %.c
$(CC) -S $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<
%.o: %.s
$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<
kern/asm/%.s: kern/asm/%.S
$(CC) -E $(CFLAGS) -O0 -o $@ $<


All of the data presented on this site is done so by loading the data from SQL into the Golang program running this server and then uploading the data to different pages in the form of JSON. This JSON is then used by JavaScript and runs the various parts of this site. In doing so it is also possible to make personal applications using the same data. I have provided API supported for a few programming languages that I will maintain, and these will allow you to easily play with the data. Other languages main gain support later, or they may never. The best way to find out is to ask me directly. I have also provided here links to each page that presents JSON data so you may create your own API wrapper should you so choose. Take note however, that I will not continue to support and host old API versions should it change.
Find the Source HereThe Following are officially maintained API Wrappers
Golang: Not yet available
Python: Not yet available
R: Not yet available
The Following are links to all the pages hosting API data, and are in JSON format unless otherwise specified
Bill Data
Party Data
Vote Data
Announcement Data (Atom Format)


typealias Printer = (LogRequest) -> Unit
A Printer can implement own concrete print logic, e.g. to logcat, or to Files.
NOTE:
Flushable
or Closable
, but if you implemented it, you can batch manage them via convenient method L.flushPrinters and L.closePrinters.


Register for a library card by filling out this form. Once completed, please drop it off at our location during regular business hours for processing. Proof of current residence in the NC Triangle area and an active email address or phone number are required. To borrow books, a one-time membership fee of $5 per individual is required. Youth under the age of 18 can check out books for free.
DownloadDisc Club membership is open to Wake, Durham, and Orange county residents age 18 or older currently registered with a valid LGBT Center of Raleigh Library card. The one-time $5 Disc Club membership fee is non-refundable. Disc Club membership forms are available at the Center for processing by a Library volunteer during regular business hours.
BrowsePlease fill out this form to receive the LGBT Center of Raleigh Library Newsletter. We appreciate your interest in the Triangle's only LGBT community library!
Sign UpYou can see items in our collection on LibraryThing. Contact the library at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with any questions.
Browse


Product List
User List
Order List
FeedMeLife
Backstore
Sign Out
Login & Security
User #:
Name:
Email Address:
Password:
Address
Address Line 1:
Address Line 2:
Town/City:
Postal Code:
Payment Method
Name on Card:
Card Number:
Expiration date:
CVV:
Update


add a book
Now Reading
Browse
Buy Books
Favourite Books
Wishlist
History
Must Read Titles
Best Of List
Classic Novels
Non Fiction
You addedFight ClubbyChuck Palahniukto yourMust Read Titles.
48 minutes ago
You addedThe TrialbyFranz Kafkato yourMust Read Titles.
48 minutes ago


{% extends "mydb/base.html"%} {%load static%} {%block body_block%}
There's {{ accounts|length }} Account(s) stored
| Url | User Name | Password | Service |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{acc.url}} |
{{acc.userName}} |
{{acc.password}} |
{{acc.topic}} |


{% include small-project.html
title = "zxcvbn test"
image = "zxcvbn-test.png"
link = "/random/zxcvbn"
content = "zxcvbn is a password strength estimator inspired by password crackers. Forked from
Dropbox."
%}
{% include small-project.html
title = "Name that color"
image = "name-that-color.png"
link = "/random/namethatcolour"
content = "Find out the name of the closest matching color. Forked from
Chirag Mehta."
%}
{% include small-project.html
title = "2048 game"
image = "2048-game.png"
link = "/random/2048"
content = "A small clone of 1024, based on Saming's 2048 (also a clone). Forked from
Gabriele Cirulli."
%}
{% include small-project.html
title = "Mario Sequencer"
image = "mario-sequencer.png"
link = "/random/mariosequencer"
content = "Web Edition of the good old Mario Sequencer. Forked from
Narumi Katoh."
%}
{% include small-project.html
title = "Pokemixer"
image = "pokemixer.png"
link = "/random/pokemixer"
content = "A simple website that replaces heads and swaps colors in Pokemon sprites. Forked from
Alex Onsager."
%}


Loading base model... |
Loading video...
0 Up Images
0 Down Images
Instructions
- 1) Open your hands in front of the camera and press the up button until you get 20 or more images.
- 2) Close your hands in front of the camera and press the down button until you get 20 or more images.
- 3) Click on train
- 4) When it says Done Training, click on prepare
- 5) Click play!
The idea is to catch all the incoming coins. Open your fist to move the ball up, and make a fist to move the ball down.
Developed by Cyril using p5js and ml5js.


This report gives Cycle length and frequency information for sensors that measure whether a device is On or Off. Normally such a sensor has the value of 1 when the device is On and 0 when it is off. If the Sensor selected for this report instead has continuous values, this report determines a threshold midway between the minimum and maximum values of the sensor, and classifies readings above that threshold as representing On and those below as representing Off.
| Measure | Average | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average Runtime, % | {{ runtime_avg }} | ||
| Cycle Length, minutes | {{ cycle_length_avg }} | {{ cycle_length_min }} | {{ cycle_length_max }} |
| Cycles per Hour | {{ cycles_per_hour_avg }} | {{ cycles_per_hour_min }} | {{ cycles_per_hour_max }} |
Notes:{{ notes }}
{% endif %}


This page gathers ideas for the Hackathon in Munich on June 30, 2011. For the Hackathon see Jenkins Treffen München - Xing.
Ideas
Build Pipelines
- Show cumulative changeset of upstream jobs in Changes of e.g. deployment job
Job Setup
- Semi-automatic job creation: monitor (e.g. VCS) for new directories. Show the found ones in a view with a button to automatically create the corresponding job using a template job.
Features for Developers
- Introduce dependency injection to core to increase testability
- Rework some integration tests
to be continued ...


With the following commands you can save and load data to .ini files. Unlike with variables and stacks, the data is permanently saved and can be loaded again after you close and reopen LioranBoard.
As of now, LioranBoard can natively read and modify only .ini files in its own folder. There are two possible default locations for the .ini files:
\lioranboard\LioranBoard Receiver
- this is the primary locationC:\Users\USERNAME\\Local\LioranBoard
- this is the secondary location. Files are saved here instead if something blocks LioranBoard from saving them in their primary location.Rules for saving and loading ini files:
test.ini
if you wanna load a file from your Receiver folder or /sound/test.ini
if you wanna load one from your Receiver/sound folder.test
is totally acceptable.


Login| Cart |
Amusement Park |
|
On our adventure through California, we will be stopping through various amusement parks. Disneyland is one of the parks we will be visiting. The world famous Disneyland Park includes world famous attractions in the place known as “The happiest place on earth.” Another park that we will be visiting is Knott’s Berry Farm. This park is known for its crazy rollercoasters perfect for the inner adrenaline junky. We will be visiting these parks and many more. |
Rooms |
|
Rooms: We will be staying at various hotels close to the amusement parks and hotspots there will be complimentary transportation to the amusement parks. The vacationer will be able to choose from various hotels around the parks that will meet your needs and make your journey through California enjoyable. |
Shows |
|
While on your California journey, various theatrical shows will be available depending on the time of your adventure. Some of the shows available are shows such as, Wicked, Matilda, and many more. These shows offer fun for the whole family. |
Tours of California |
|
On the tour of California we will be visiting various hot spots in California. One of the many different spots we will visit is the Hollywood Walk of Fame. At the Walk of Fame, you will be able to see the stars of acclaimed celebrities. |
Sporting Events |
|
While on your adventure, we will stop by some various sporting events in the California area, depending on the time of your journey. Some of the sporting teams we visit are the Anaheim Angels, LA Dodgers, LA Clippers, and many more. |
Celebrity Tour |
|
We will be going on a celebrity tour of Los Angeles. This tour will go through Los Angeles and will show you the homes of various celebrities ranging from movie stars to musicians. Some of the celebrity houses that we will visit include Halle Berry, Bruno Mars, Bruce Willis, Simon Cowell, and many more. |
Beaches |
|
There are many glorious beaches to discover in California. This tour will visit some of the famous beaches in California. Some of the beaches we will visit include Laguna Beach, Venice Beach, Santa Monica, and many more. |
|
Affinity Travels Agency |
|
© Affinity IT Squad web design powered by Overflow System |


Next:
Design and Documentation of
Up:
Guide
Previous:
Error Bounds for Fast

Contents

Index
Documentation and Software Conventions
Design and Documentation of Argument Lists
Structure of the Documentation
Order of Arguments
Argument Descriptions
Option Arguments
Problem Dimensions
Array Arguments
Work Arrays
LWORK Query
Error Handling and the Diagnostic Argument INFO
Determining the Block Size for Block Algorithms
Matrix Storage Schemes
Conventional Storage
Packed Storage
Band Storage
Tridiagonal and Bidiagonal Matrices
Unit Triangular Matrices
Real Diagonal Elements of Complex Matrices
Representation of Orthogonal or Unitary Matrices
Susan Blackford
1999-10-01


Introduction
Computer system benchmarking provides a means to compare or assess the performance of hardware or software against a point of reference. Because of some of the reasons discussed here, achieving experimental reproducibility in this domain is challenging. To aid in this, we are developing an extensible software framework named bueno that helps support what we call well-provenanced computer system benchmarking, or well-provenanced benchmarking for short. In this context, a well-provenanced benchmark maintains to the extent possible the minimal required set of data needed to share, replicate, and revisit a prior result up to a given standard. To that end, the bueno project aims to provide convenient access to mechanisms that aid in the automated capturing of relevant eatures that define a sufficiently precise experiment. The following provides additional motivation, followed by a summary of bueno’s current software architecture, feature set, usage, and methodology toward this goal.
Motivation
Experimental reproducibility is a crucial component of the scientific process. Capturing the relevant features that define a sufficiently precise experiment is a difficult task. This difficulty is mostly due to the diversity and non-trivial interplay among computer platforms, system software, and programs of interest. To illustrate this claim, consider the interconnected relationships formed among the components shown in the figure below. Here, we define an experiment as the Cartesian product of a given software stack and its configuration. The elements shown in the figure below are described as follows:
System Software: the OS, compilers, middleware, runtimes, and services used by an application or its software dependencies. Examples include Linux, the GCC, MPI libraries, and OpenMP.
Application Dependencies: the software used by the application driver program, including linked software libraries and stand-alone executables. Examples include mathematical libraries, data analysis tools, and their respective software dependencies.
Application: the driver program used to conduct a computer system benchmark, including sequential and parallel programs with and without external software dependencies. Examples include micro-benchmarks, proxy applications, and full applications.
Build-Time Configuration: the collection of parameters used to build an application and its dependencies. This includes preprocessor, compile, and link directives that have an appreciable effect on the generated object files and resulting executables. Examples include whole program optimization (WPO) and link-time optimization (LTO) levels, which may vary across components in the software stack.
Run-Time Configuration: the collection of parameters used at run-time that have an appreciable effect on the behavior of any software component used during a computer system benchmark. Examples include application inputs and environmental controls.
In summary, contemporary computing environments are complex. Experiments may have complicated software dependencies with non-trivial interactions, so capturing relevant experimental characteristics is burdensome without automation.
Software Overview
In this section, we begin with an overview of bueno’s core software architecture. We then provide a brief introduction to container technology and motivate its use in bueno. Finally, we summarize bueno’s command-line interface (CLI) and module services.
Core Framework
bueno is an open-source (BSD-3) software
framework written in type-annotated Python 3. Its internal software architecture
is straightforward and organized into three major components: core
,
public
, and service
. The core
component implements the
infrastructure used internally within bueno. The public component, detailed
in Module Services, implements a collection of Python modules made
available to Python programs executed under bueno’s supervision. We call these
programs bueno run scripts, and they are the programmable interface that
drives the bueno framework. Finally, the service
component, detailed in
Command Line Interface Services, implements the infrastructure made
accessible through a CLI that carries out a specific task, for example,
executing a run script.
Use of Container Technology
Container technology has garnered attention recently, especially in cloud and HPC environments. This attention is well-deserved, as this approach has demonstrated broad utility in software development and deployment tasks. In the context of container-enabled experimental reproducibility, we note the following properties that serve our work’s ultimate goal:
Data Encapsulation: Containers offer nearly complete encapsulation of a given software stack. This capability allows researchers the ability to revisit a prior experimental configuration. An example is conducting a post-mortem analysis of saved binary files to understand better the performance characteristics of a previous benchmarking result.
Low-Overhead Execution: The use of a containerized software stack introduces little to no appreciable overhead compared to its non-containerized analog.
Separation of Concerns: Container images can be built, shared, and later augmented to create a new base image, which in turn can be shared and augmented further. This process allows for a separation of concerns among a potentially large conglomerate of multidisciplinary expertise.
In summary, container technology is a promising avenue for capturing relevant features that define a sufficiently precise experiment. For this reason, bueno implements features that make use of containers to improve the likelihood of experimental reproducibility. Currently, bueno supports unprivileged container activation through Charliecloud.
Command Line Interface Services
CLI services are currently made available through bueno’s run
command. The
run
service coordinates container image activation and the execution of
bueno run scripts, a programmatic description of the steps required to conduct a
computer system benchmarking experiment. Currently, there are two image
activators implemented in bueno: charliecloud
and none
. The former uses
Charliecloud to activate a given container image. The latter is a pass-through
to the host, which offers a lower degree of reproducibility when compared to the
former.
Module Services
Because of the diversity among computer platforms, system software, and programs
of interest, program execution and subsequent analysis of their generated
outputs are expressed through Python programs executed by bueno’s run
service. A collection of Python utility modules is made available to these
programs to aid in conducting benchmarking activities. Example functionality
includes command dispatch to the host or container, logging, data asset
agglomeration, concise expression of structured experimental inputs, and
programmable pre- and post-experiment actions.


--- layout: default title: Data Academy Performance index: academy subnav: true permalink: /academy/performance/ ---
Data Academy measures success in terms of the number of analysts trained, attendee satisfaction with courses, and the time saved by analysts because of the skills learned in Data Academy courses. See this attendance data, satisfaction data, and hours saved in the dashboard below.


Be more productive with this Pomodoro Timer. In few click (here and there) you will have a full log on what you spent your time.


A list of cheatsheets of different software I use.
Thanks to all the people to created and contributed those awesome pieces of software.


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drawShape
It draws a shape on a canvas
drawText
It draws text on a canvas
drawGrid
It draws a Blox Party grid on a canvas


| Next Class: | No Classes |
|---|
Select a building from the list below.
DalNav is an application that assists users in finding and locating places on Dalhousie Studley campus, such as buildings, study areas, places to eat, residences, parking areas, bike racks, and bus stops. A user can input their class schedule, and be shown on a map which building their classes are located in, how long it will take to get to the building from their current location, and set up reminders for when to leave for class.
DalNav was created by Amina Abawajy, Ashlyn Campbell, Dylan McCrindle, Kyle Watson, and Osama Alarhabi.
© Copyright 2014.
The homepage displays your next class, the time, and if clicked gives you the directions to the class.
The find page displays a list of all buildings on the Dalhousie Studley campus. When you click on a building, it will be displayed on a map. You will also find additional information such as wireless access and study space.
The Schedule page displays the class list. If the class list is enumerated the class name is displayed. If not you can click on a class slot and fill out the name, select the building, time and dates and whether you would like to recieve alerts.
Address:
6101 University Ave. B3H1W8
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
No
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
No
Address:
5968 College St. B3H1X7
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
No
Lounge Area:
No
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
No
Address:
6316 Coburg Road, B3H1Z9
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
No
Lounge Area:
No
Computer Access:
No
Food Services:
No
Address:
6300 Coburg Rd. B3H1Z9
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
No
Lounge Area:
No
Computer Access:
No
Food Services:
No
Address:
5981 University Ave. B3H4R2
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
No
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
Yes
Address:
6310 Coburg Rd. B3H1Z9
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
No
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
No
Address:
6050 University Ave. B3H1W5
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
Yes
Address:
6299 South St. B3H4H6
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
No
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
No
Food Services:
No
Address:
6100 University Ave. B3H3J5
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
No
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
Yes
Address:
6225 University Ave. B3H4H8
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
Yes
Address:
1355 Oxford St. B3H4J1
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
No
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
Yes
Address:
6135 University Ave. B3H4P9
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
No
Address:
1459 Lemarchant St. B3H3P8
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
No
Food Services:
Yes
Address:
6136 University Ave. B3H4J2
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
Yes
Address:
5850 College St. B3H1X5
Wireless Access:
Yes
Study Space:
Yes
Lounge Area:
Yes
Computer Access:
Yes
Food Services:
Yes


This is the main page for the FineChain API. FineChain is a lightweight ledger using blockchain as the recording feature. We choose blockchain for its increased security while still containing a history and viewable transactions.
For more information, please visit our API documentation
Calum Aldridge and Jake Rowland


pps: Functions for PPS sampling
The pps package contains functions to select samples using
PPS (probability proportional to size) sampling. It also
includes a function for stratified simple random sampling, a
function to compute joint inclusion probabilities for
Sampford's method of PPS sampling, and a few utility functions.
The user's guide pps-ug.pdf is included.
| Version: |
0.94 |
| Published: |
2012-10-29 |
| Author: |
Jack G. Gambino |
| Maintainer: |
Jack G. Gambino <jack.gambino at gmail.com> |
| License: |
GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: |
no |
| Materials: |
ChangeLog |
| In views: |
OfficialStatistics |
| CRAN checks: |
pps results |
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pps
to link to this page.


My Bookmarks
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| Authors: | Joe Gregorio |
|---|---|
| Version: | 2.0 - May 2010 |
This whitepaper is part of a series. All of the whitepapers can be found on Google Wave Federation Protocol site.
To provide feedback on this draft join the wave-protocol mailing list at http://groups.google.com/group/wave-protocol
This current draft only covers a small subset of the functionality that is required to build a full client. Future drafts will expand to cover more functionality.
This document describes the protocol by which a wave client communicates with a wave server in order to create, read, and modify waves. The protocol is defined in terms of JSON messages exchanged over WebSockets.
There is already a protocol being defined to handle the federation of Waves, however it was designed as a server-to-server protocol and is not well suited for clients. What is needed is a lighter weight protocol that only captures the needs of a client-server communication channel. The WebSockets protocol was chosen because it provides the two-way communication channel needed to efficiently handle wave messages, while being light weight and targeted to browsers, which are considered a primary platform for client developers.
This specification only covers the rudiments of the communication between a client and a server. There are many things that are not covered by this specification at this time, such as authentication, authorization, how a client determines which server to talk to, or which port to use. This protocol is a very simple client/server protocol implementation, and does not reflect the Google Wave web client protocol used in production today.
It is important to understand the Wave Federation Protocol and Conversation Model as a prerequisite to this specification.
The following terminology is used by this specification:
Wave messages do not include the WebSocket opening handshake messages.
This section assumes an elementary understanding of the theory of Operational Transforms.
In the current implementation the version of the protocol is carried in each message and if the server does not understand the version sent it closes the connection. Future revisions may have the client and server negotiate for an agreed upon protocol version.
The version of the protocol used is 1.
The protocol begins when a Wave client connects with a Wave server. The connection is handled by the WebSockets protocol. After the connection is initiated Wave messages are sent between the client and server encapsulated in WebSocket frames. Each message occupies a single frame.
There are two kinds of Wave requests, ProtocolOpenRequest and ProtocolSubmitRequest. Communication begins when a client sends a ProtocolOpenRequest to the server with the id of a Wave it wishes to monitor and/or mutate. After opening a wave the client may send ProtocolSubmitRequests to the server to manipulate the wave. The server will send ProtocolWaveletUpdates to the client as the server representation of the wave changes.
Any error messages related to the opening of a wave are sent back from the server in a ProtocolWaveletUpdate.
A client may send more than one ProtocolOpenRequest, one for each wave that the client is interested in.
The client MUST send a ProtocolOpenRequest for each wave that the client is interested in. A client MUST NOT send mutations for a wave id that it has not issued a ProtocolOpenRequest for. The client must wait for the server to acknowledge the ProtocolOpenRequest before sending ProtocolSubmitRequests for the given wave as it needs to include the document hash with each ProtocolSubmitRequest.
The ProtocolOpenRequest contains a wave id and a wavelet_id_prefix. Those two determine the set of wavelets that the client will be notified of changes to.
The wavelet_id_prefix may be shortened to match a larger subset of wavelets, with the empty string matching all wavelets in the given wave.
The client can indicate if it supports snapshots when it sends a ProtocolOpenRequest.
It also contains the protocol version number, which is defined as 1, per the previous section on Protocol Version.
In response to a ProtocolOpenRequest the server may send any number of ProtocolWaveletUpdate messages. The ProtocolWaveletUpdate may contain a snapshot of the current wave state or it will contain one or more ProtocolWaveletDelta messages that represent deltas to be applied to wavelets that the client is monitoring. The inclusion of the snapshot is determined by the server, it will only be sent on the first ProtocolWaveletUpdate, and will only be sent if the client has indicated in its ProtocolOpenRequest that it supports receiving snapshots.
ProtocolWaveletUpdate messages will only be sent for wavelets that the client is an explicit participant in.
This message contains a ProtocolWaveletDelta which the client requests the server to apply to a wave. Only one submit per wavelet may be outstanding at any one time.
The client specifies which version to apply the delta at, and the client is expected to transform deltas pending for submission against deltas received in ProtocolWaveletUpdates from the server.
ProtocolWaveletDelta's are applied atomically and either fully succeed, or the whole delta will fail.
The ProtocolSubmitResponse acknowledges the ProtocolSubmitRequest and if the delta was successfully applied it also supplies the ProtocolHashedVersion of the wavelet after the delta, which the client will need to successfully submit future deltas to the wavelet.
TBD
TBD
Creating a new wave is different from other flows since neither the client nor the server have the wave id. The client must generate a unique id for the wave and send a ProtocolOpenRequest for that wave id.
There is no standard serialization of Protocol Buffers into JSON. This section will define the serialization that is used to construct Wave Messages from the protocol buffers included in this specification.
Protocol buffer messages may be nested, so this serialization algorithm must be applied recursively.
The root level message is emitted as a JSON object. Each member of the message will be emitted as a key-value pair in the JSON object. Each member's key name in the JSON serialization is set to normalize(key), where normalize is a function that takes in the protocol buffer member key name and returns a JSON utf-8 string.
TBD
The serialization of a value for the key is dependent on the type and modifiers of that member. If the member is flagged as 'repeated' then the serialized value will be a JSON array. The array will be filled with the serialized values of the repeated members.
The following modifiers can be applied to message values and they alter how the values are serialized.
For each repeated member value, serialize it as JSON according to the following rules and add the serialization to the JSON array.
Required parameters are always serialized into JSON.
Optional parameters are only serialized if they appear in the protocol buffer.
A string member of a protocol buffer message is serialized as a JSON string.
An int32 or int64 member of a protocol buffer message is serialized as a JSON number.
A bool value is serialized as a JSON number with a value of 1 for true and 0 for false.
An enum value is serialized as a JSON string for the enumeration's value.
A bytes value is hex encoded and serialized as a JSON string.
A protocol buffer message is serialized by recursively applying the rules in this section.
Authorization is covered in the Access Control Whitepaper.
While the client server protocol is implemented as JSON over WebSockets, each Wave message is a JSON serialization of a protocol buffer. The protocol buffer definitions are defined as:
TBD
The current open source implementation of the client-server protocol begins with the client opening the wave "indexwave!indexwave". That is currently an implementation detail and is not documented.


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| PostgreSQL 9.5.19 Documentation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 61. GIN Indexes | Next |
The core PostgreSQL distribution includes the GIN operator classes shown in Table 61-1. (Some of the optional modules described in Appendix F provide additional GIN operator classes.)
Table 61-1. Built-in GIN Operator Classes
| Name | Indexed Data Type | Indexable Operators |
|---|---|---|
| _abstime_ops | abstime[] | && <@ = @> |
| _bit_ops | bit[] | && <@ = @> |
| _bool_ops | boolean[] | && <@ = @> |
| _bpchar_ops | character[] | && <@ = @> |
| _bytea_ops | bytea[] | && <@ = @> |
| _char_ops | "char"[] | && <@ = @> |
| _cidr_ops | cidr[] | && <@ = @> |
| _date_ops | date[] | && <@ = @> |
| _float4_ops | float4[] | && <@ = @> |
| _float8_ops | float8[] | && <@ = @> |
| _inet_ops | inet[] | && <@ = @> |
| _int2_ops | smallint[] | && <@ = @> |
| _int4_ops | integer[] | && <@ = @> |
| _int8_ops | bigint[] | && <@ = @> |
| _interval_ops | interval[] | && <@ = @> |
| _macaddr_ops | macaddr[] | && <@ = @> |
| _money_ops | money[] | && <@ = @> |
| _name_ops | name[] | && <@ = @> |
| _numeric_ops | numeric[] | && <@ = @> |
| _oid_ops | oid[] | && <@ = @> |
| _oidvector_ops | oidvector[] | && <@ = @> |
| _reltime_ops | reltime[] | && <@ = @> |
| _text_ops | text[] | && <@ = @> |
| _time_ops | time[] | && <@ = @> |
| _timestamp_ops | timestamp[] | && <@ = @> |
| _timestamptz_ops | timestamp with time zone[] | && <@ = @> |
| _timetz_ops | time with time zone[] | && <@ = @> |
| _tinterval_ops | tinterval[] | && <@ = @> |
| _varbit_ops | bit varying[] | && <@ = @> |
| _varchar_ops | character varying[] | && <@ = @> |
| jsonb_ops | jsonb | ? ?& ?| @> |
| jsonb_path_ops | jsonb | @> |
| tsvector_ops | tsvector | @@ @@@ |
Of the two operator classes for type jsonb, jsonb_ops is the default. jsonb_path_ops supports fewer operators but offers better performance for those operators. See Section 8.14.4 for details.


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Hi it's Fred, I'm an Economist and a Developer.
I'm creating a hobby operating system called Gramado. Take a look at the code on Github


Le’Veon Bell is a go for Jets; Ravens missing DT Pierce
by The Associated PressJets running back Le’Veon Bell is active for the New York’s game against the Washington Redskins on Sunday.
Bell was questionable with rib and knee injuries but was expected to play.
In Baltimore, the Ravens will be without defensive tackle Michael Pierce facing the Houston Texans in a matchup of two of the AFC’s top three teams.
TOP STORIES
George Soros group asks Fox News to ban guest who claimed billionaire controls State Dept.
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Pierce hurt his ankle last week in a victory over Cincinnati. With Pierce’s status uncertain, the Ravens signed defensive tackle Domata Peko and Justin Ellis. Both are expected to play.
The Texans will be without starting receiver Will Fuller, who has a hamstring injury.
With their bye week coming in Week 12, the Vikings cautiously held out four starters, including receiver Adam Thielen (hamstring), for their home game against Denver.
Also listed as inactive for Minnesota were right guard Josh Kline (concussion), nose tackle Linval Joseph (knee) and safety Anthony Harris (groin). Thielen has played in only the first quarter in two of the past five games.
Washington safety Montae Nicholson is active. Nicholson was involved in a situation early Thursday morning when he dropped a 21-year-old woman off at a hospital. She died at the hospital of a drug overdose.
Nicholson, who missed the past two games with an ankle injury, practiced Friday. The team says it is cooperating with officials.
In Detroit, Lions quarterback Matthew Stafford will miss his second straight game while defensive tackle Damon Harrison (groin) is active to play against Dallas.
Cowboys tackle La’el Collins (knee, back) is active, but safety Jeff Heath (shoulder) is not.
At Indianapolis, receiver T.Y. Hilton, a four-time Pro Bowler, was ruled out Friday and will miss his third straight game with a calf injury with the Colts hosting Jacksonville. Pierre Desir, the Colts top cornerback, will miss his fourth straight game with a hamstring injury.
In Miami, Bills defensive end Jerry Hughes is active to play against the Dolphins after he was a late addition to Buffalo’s injury report because of a groin issue.
ATLANTA-CAROLINA
Falcons: RB Devonta Freeman, TE Austin Hooper, WR Brandon Powell, OT Matt Gono, S Kemal Ishmael, DT Deadrin Senat, DE John Cominsky.
Panthers: RB Mike Davis, DT Kyle Love, LB Christian Miller, OT Dennis Daley, LB Jordan Kunaszyk, WR Brandon Zylstra, CB Ross Cockrell.

Lions: QB Matthew Stafford, CB Mike Jackson, G Beau Benzschawel, T Dan Skipper, T Rick Wagner, DL Da’Shawn Hand, DE Romeo Okwara.
DENVER-MINNESOTA
Broncos: WR Juwann Winfree, CB Cyrus Jones, NT DeMarcus Walker, RT Ja’Wuan James, OT Calvin Anderson, TE Jeff Heuerman, DT Jonathan Harris
Vikings: WR Adam Thielen, FS Anthony Harris, DT Hercules Mata’afa, RG Josh Kline, OG Dru Samia, OT Oli Udoh, NT Linval Joseph
HOUSTON-BALTIMORE
Ravens: DT Michael Pierce, DT Zach Sieler, G Ben Powers, CB Iman Marshall, WR Jaleel Scott, WR Chris Moore, QB Trace McSorley.
Texans: WR Steven Mitchell Jr., WR Will Fuller, CB Vernon Hargreaves, LB Tyrell Adams, T Chris Clark, DE Joel Heath.
JACKSONVILLE-INDIANAPOLIS
Jaguars: QB Josh Dobbs, WR C.J. Board, RB Tyler Ervin, CB Tae Hayes, OL Brandon Thomas, TE Seth DeValve, DT Dontavius Russell
Colts: WR Parris Campbell, OL Le’Raven Clark, CB Pierre Desir, WR T.Y. Hilton, QB Chad Kelly, RB Jordan Wilkins, CB Quincy Wilson
NEW ORLEANS-TAMPA BAY
Saints: WR/RS Deonte Harris, CB Marshon Lattimore, OL Ethan Greenidge, G/T Andrus Peat, WR Austin Carr, TE Dan Arnold, DE Carl Granderson.
Buccaneers: CB M.J. Stewart, CB Mazzi Wilkins, G Aaron Stinnie, T Jerald Hawkins, TE Jordan Legett, OLB Carl Nassib, OLB Anthony Nelson.
NEW YORK JETS-WASHINGTON
Jets: LB C.J. Mosley (groin), LB Paul Worrilow (quadriceps), CB Darryl Roberts (calf), DB Matthias Farley (quadriceps), CB Nate Hairston, DL Jordan Willis, OL Leo Koloamatangi
Redskins: WR Paul Richardson (hamstring), DL Tim Settle (hamstring), S Deshazoer Everett (ankle), RB Chris Thompson (toe), TE Vernon Davis (concussion), QB Colt McCoy, OL Ross Pierschbacher
More AP NFL: https://apnews.com/NFL and https://twitter.com/AP_NFL
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Please read our comment policy before commenting.


3.6 Exercises
1. The College Distance Data
There are many studies in labor economics which deal with the issue of estimating human capital earnings functions which explain wage income by education and working experience. A prominent example is Card (1995) who investigaes the economic return to schooling and uses the distance from a college as an instrumental variable.
The exercises in this chapter deal with the dataset CollegeDistance which is a survey of high school graduates with variables coded for wages, education, average tuition and a number of socio-economic variables. It also includes the distance from a college while the survey participants were in high school. CollegeDistance comes with the AER package.
Instructions:
Attach the AER package and load the CollegeDistance data.
Get an overview over the data set.
The variable distance (the distance to the closest 4-year college in 10 miles) will serve as an instrument in later exercises. Use a histogram to visualize the distribution of distance.
Hints:
Use data() to attach the data set.
The function hist() can be used to generate histograms.
2. The Selection Problem
Regressing wage on education and control variables to estimate the human capital earnings function is problematic because education is not randomly assigned across the surveyed: individuals make their own education choices and so measured differences in earnings between individuals with different levels of education depend on how these choices are made. In the literature this is referred to as a selection problem. This selection problem implies that education is endogenous so the OLS estimate will be biased and we cannot make valid inference regarding the true coefficient.
In this exercise you are asked to estimate two regressions which both do not yield trustworthy estimates of the coefficient on education due to the issue sketched above. Later you will compare the results to those obtained using the instrumental variables approach applied by Card (1995)
The AER package has been attached. The data set CollegeDistance is available in your global environment.
Instructions:
Regress wage on education. Save the result to wage_mod_1.
Augment the model by including the regressors unemp, hispanic, af-am, female and urban. Save the result to wage_mod_2
Obtain summaries on the estimated coefficients in both models.
3. An Instrumental Variables Regression Model
The above discussed selection problem renders the regression estimates in Exercise 2 implausible which is why Card (1995) suggests instrumental variables regression that uses college distance as an instrument for education.
Why use college distance as an instrument? The logic behind this is that distance from a college will be strongly correlated to the decision to pursue a college degree (relevance) but may not predict wages apart from increased education (exogeneity) so college distance could be considered a valid instrument (recall the definition of a valid instrument stated at the beginning of Chapter 3.1).
The AER package has been attached. The data set CollegeDistance is available in your global environment.
Instructions:
Compute the correlations of the instrument distance with the edogenous regressor education and the dependent variable wage.
How much of the variation in education is explained by the first-stage-regression on distance? Save the result to R2.
Repeat Exercise 2 with IV regression, i.e., employ distance as an instrument for education in both regressions using ivreg(). Save the results to wage_mod_iv1 and wage_mod_iv2. Obtain robust coefficient summaries for both models.
4. An Instrumental Variables Regression Model
We are asserting the strength and validity of the instrument in question (more on that in a bit). We can imagine some problems with an instrument like college distance; families who value education may move into neighborhoods close to colleges or neighborhoods near colleges may have stronger job markets. Both of those features may invalidate the instrument by introducing unobserved variables which influence lifetime earnings but cannot be captured in our measure of schooling. However, for our purposes it may work.


View entrance requirements, portfolio requirements, and register for our Open House.
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The best Black Friday deals at John Lewis
John Lewis has long been the go-to department store for the festive period.
They put their stamp on the season with the launch of their now-iconic Christmas advert, and their Black Friday deals are the perfect place to start your Christmas shopping.
Whether you need gifts for the in-laws, something for your other half, or that extra touch to spruce up your living room before the 25th – these John Lewis deals have got you covered.
They’re offering reduced prices on electricals, home furnishings, kitchen appliances and even designer fashion and handbags.
The retailer actually kicked off its official Black Friday sale at 7 am on the morning of 22 November – but there’s still time to get your hands on some of the best deals.
Here’s a round up of our favourite bargains:
2019 Apple iPad 10.2 – was £449 now £409
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Le Creuset Cast Iron 20cm Casserole and 29cm Stoneware Dish Set – save 40%
Buy John Lewis & Partners Copper Plated Non-Stick Pan Set – was £125 now £62.50
Dyson V8 Animal Complete Cordless Vacuum Cleaner – was £399 now £299
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Sample Grant Proposal - Kurzweil Educational Systems
Oct 6, 2002 . Sample Cover Letter for Grant Proposal. The cover . Sample Grant Proposal Cover Page . the latest research on effective reading instruction.
http://www.kurzweiledu.com/files/proof_resources_grant1.pdf
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USGBC Research Grant RFP Cover Page - US Green Building ...
USGBC Research Grant RFP Cover Page (Appendix A). Proposal Information. Proposal No.1. USGBC RFP PROPOSAL #293. Proposal Title. Multi-Variate study .
http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=5311
The Original How to Write a Research Grant Application
Writing an Application for a Research Project Grant. 3. I. Before You . or journal , volume number, page numbers (not first page only), and year of publication.
http://www.vanderbilt.edu/dsr/PDFs/howto.pdf
research grant and cover page Herniated or Bulging Discs
USGBC Research Grant RFP Cover Page (Appendix A)
USGBC Research Grant RFP Cover Page (Appendix A). Proposal Information. Proposal No.1. 129. Proposal Title. Design for Reuse Primer. Submitter .
http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=5304
How to Write a Cover Letter for a Research Grant | eHow.com
When asking grantors for money, scholars often find it harder to write the cover letter than the grant proposal. It's easy to see why: agencies send guidelines for .
http://www.ehow.com/how_6630755_write-cover-letter-research-grant.html
2013 Call for proposals
OCLC/ALISE Library & Information Science Research Grant Program (LISRGP) . a cover letter briefly explaining the research outcomes and a pre-print of the .
http://www.oclc.org/research/grants/call.htm
Official Impairment Listing for Spinal Disorders
Research Grants - American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
To submit an application for any of the above research grants, please download and complete the cover page and all materials detailed in the specific grant's .
http://www.sportsmed.org/Research/Research_Grants/Grants/
- planet x galaxy dimension (narrowing of the spine)
LSAC Research Grant Program | LSAC.org
For more information about the Research Grant Program, call Ann Gallagher at . Proposals should include the following sections: cover sheet, summary, project .
http://www.lsac.org/lsacresources/grants/lsac-legal-education-grant-program.aspStudent Research Cover Sheet and Guidelines (PDF)
Undergraduate Research Grant Application Cover Page. For group projects, a separate cover page must be submitted for each member of the group. Student .
http://web.mnstate.edu/csns/Student%20Research%20Cover%20Sheet%20guidelines%20Feb%2011.pdf
How to Write a Grant Application Cover Letter - For Dummies
Your cover letter should be brief, it should get to the point, and it shouldn't . The grant app cover letter should provide the first inkling of how well you . Validate your existence by adding at least one sentence that includes research-based .
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-write-a-grant-application-cover-letter.html
Medical-Vocational Allowance for Herniated Disc
CSM Undergraduate Research Grants Application Cover Page
1. UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH GRANTS, TRAVEL GRANTS,. AND SMALL PROJECT AWARDS. General Instructions and Policies. General Guidelines: .
http://www.towson.edu/main/research/undergraduateservices/awards/documents/URapplicationF2012nocoverpage.pdf
Presidential Research Grant Cover Page
Presidential Research Grant Cover Page . Research Advisor (if different): . Does this project require approval from: Human Research Review Committee .
http://www.gvsu.edu/cms3/assets/BA075F74-B894-D9B3-878529F12FF696B0/my_presidential_research_grant_cover_page.pdf
Appealing a Denial of Benefits
Applying for a Research Grant | University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
The UW-Whitewater Undergraduate Research Grant Cover Page - Group proposals are allowed, but budget constraints will not change. 2. A proposal up to .
http://www.uww.edu/urp/grant-information
PROPOSAL COVER PAGE - Association for Institutional Research
PROPOSAL COVER PAGE. 2008 AIR RESEARCH GRANT PROPOSAL. One Ranking to Rule Them All: Modeling U.S. News & World Report's Predicted .
http://www.airweb.org/images/209_betsinger.pdf


Cal Poly Corporation | Creative Pack
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Welcome to GraSPI’s documentation!¶
GraSPI
is graph-based structure property identifier software implemented as a C/C++ package.
GraSPI
computes a library of descriptors for a segmented microstructure
and computes descriptors that are relevant for organic solar cells performance.
The package represents microstructure as a graph and harnesses the graph-based
theory to compute wide range of descriptors at low computational cost.
A suite of tools for data conversion between various formats and for
post-processing the raw results from the graph analysis is provided.


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In Angular, you may have experienced code such as the following not behaving as expected with setTimeout:
$scope.name = "Alex";
setTimeout(function(){
$scope.name = "John";
}, 3000);
//$scope.name remains "Alex" after 3 seconds
When setTimeout runs code, it actually evaluates code in another thread outside of the Angular context. Hence, our scope is not updated. Here are two ways to fix this issue:
$timeout is an Angular resource that can replace setTimeout and run code in the Angular context. Note: You have to dependency inject $timeout to use it. Usage:
$scope.name = "Alex";
$timeout(function(){
$scope.name = "John";
}, 3000);
//$scope.name changes to "John" after 3 seconds
$apply is another Angular resource you use to tell Angular the code is in Angular context, so watch for changes and digest please! Usage:
$scope.name = "Alex";
setTimeout(function(){
$scope.$apply(function(){
$scope.name = "John";
);
}, 3000);
//$scope.name changes to "John" after 3 seconds
Finally, please note that resource is used broadly, as in something that came with Angular.
Hopefully that solved your problems with setTimeout! Comment if there’s any comments or questions!