{% extends "top_level_layout.html" %} {% from "macros.html" import branch_labels, get_build_link, show_links, show_tags %} {%- macro show_systems(systems) %} {% for system in systems %}
{{ system.title }}{{ show_links(system) }}
{{ system.description }} [more...]
{%- for branch, test in system.last_build_results|dictsort|reverse %}This page shows a number of applications of IMP to biological systems. They can be adapted to tackle other similar problems, or to add new input data to an existing system.
Each system links to its web page, where all the input files can be found, complete with running instructions. Most systems are permanently archived (via DOIs) at Zenodo; newer systems are also deposited at PDB-Dev.
Every system is periodically tested with the latest version of IMP to make sure it works. The most recent version of IMP that it works with is shown below (or see all builds).
See the IMP manual for information on adding a new system to this page.
{% if only_tag is not none %}All systems with the {{ only_tag }} tag are shown. [Show all systems]
{% endif %} {{ show_systems(tested_systems) }} {% if develop_systems|length > 0 %}The following systems are still under development and have not yet been tested against the public release of IMP:
{{ show_systems(develop_systems) }} {% endif %} {% endblock %}


Next: Introduction [Contents][Index]
Djula HTML templating system 0.2, Oct 21, 2021
Nick Allen
Copyright © 2014, Nick Allen.
Maintained by Mariano Montone.
Djula is an HTML templating system similar to Django templates for Common Lisp.
Contents:
Next: Introduction [Contents][Index]


cup.storage package¶
Submodules¶
cup.storage.obj module¶
| description: | Object related storage |
|---|
-
class
cup.storage.obj.
AFSObjectSystem
(config)[source]¶ Bases:
cup.storage.obj.ObjectInterface
AFSObjectSystem implemented interface.
-
delete
(path)[source]¶ delete a file
Parameters: path – object path Returns: { 'returncode': 0 for success, others for failure, 'msg': 'if any' }
-
get
(path, localpath)[source]¶ get the object into localpath
Returns: { 'returncode': 0 for success, others for failure, 'msg': 'if any' }
-
head
(path)[source]¶ get the object info
Returns: { 'returncode': 0 for success, others for failure, 'msg': 'if any' 'objectinfo': { size: 1024, ....... } }
-
mkdir
(path)[source]¶ mkdir dir of a path
Returns: { 'returncode': 0 for success, others for failure, 'msg': 'if any' 'objectinfo': { size: 1024, ....... } }
-
-
class
cup.storage.obj.
S3ObjectSystem
(config)[source]¶ Bases:
cup.storage.obj.ObjectInterface
s3 object system
-
delete
(path)[source]¶ delete a file
Parameters: path – object path Returns: - {
- ‘returncode’: 0 for success, others for failure, ‘msg’: ‘if any’
}
-
delete_bucket
(bucket_name, forcely=False)[source]¶ delete bucket
Parameters: forcely – - if forcely is True, the bucket will be delete no matter it has
- objects inside. Otherwise, you have to delete items inside, then delete the bucket
-
get
(path, localpath)[source]¶ get the object into localpath
Returns: - {
- ‘returncode’: 0 for success, others for failure, ‘msg’: ‘if any’
}
-
head
(path)[source]¶ get the object info
Returns: { 'returncode': 0 for success, others for failure, 'msg': 'if any' 'objectinfo': { size: 1024, ....... } }
-
mkdir
(path)[source]¶ mkdir dir of a path
Returns: { 'returncode': 0 for success, others for failure, 'msg': 'if any', 'objectinfo': { size: 1024, .. } }
-
-
class
cup.storage.obj.
FTPObjectSystem
(config)[source]¶ Bases:
cup.storage.obj.ObjectInterface
ftp object system, Plz notice all methods of FTPObjectSystem is NOT thread-safe! Be careful when you use it in a service of concurrency.
-
head
(path)[source]¶ get the file info
Returns: { 'returncode': 0 for success, others for failure, 'msg': 'if any' 'fileinfo': [ "-rw-rw-r-- 1 work work 201 Nov 9 17:03 __init__.py" ] }
-
Module contents¶
init for cup.storage


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Problem Set 3 Muscle
Goals: modeling, spreadsheet best practices, google search
Create a new google sheet. In the sheet you will create two columns, the first is a list of variable names and the second is the values you look up or compute. In the variable name include the units. The table should start like this…
I would encourage you to add multiple versions of the same variable, each in different units. For example, the units of “work (pN nm)” is not standard. An additional row with “work” in SI units might be helpful to other computations. The value under Q is the numbered step below. Some steps require multiple computations and each computation should have its own variable so there will be more than 19 rows in your table.
Below this table, create the table described in step 14 below.
3.1 A bottom-up model of muscle efficiency
ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction, meaning the products have more free energy than the reactants. The difference in the free energy between the reactants and the products (\(\Delta G\)) can be used to “do something” such as pump ions up their gradient. In muscle contraction, myosin hydrolyzes ATP and the energy from this reaction is used to pivot the myosin head into its “high energy” position. In this position, myosin heads bind to actin and “pulls” the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. The energy for this pull comes from the stored elastic strain energy in the pivoted head. This is very much like the stored elastic strain energy in a stretched rubber band, which can be used to launch objects (the mechanism of a sling shot).
This transfer of energy from the ATP to the pivoted myosin head and from the pivoted myosin head to the pull on the thin filament is not perfect – some is lost as heat.
Energy from ATP hydrolysis = Energy to pull thin filament + Energy lost as heat
The ratio
\[\begin{equation} \frac{Energy\_to\_pull\_thin\_filament}{Energy\_from\_ATP\_hydrolysis} \tag{3.1} \end{equation}\]is the thermodynamic efficiency of muscle contraction. More generally, efficiency is a measure of the effectiveness of energy transfer – if there is little wasted energy in the transfer then efficiency is near 100%. If there is lots of wasted energy then efficiency is closer to 0%. And a more general way of thinking about efficiency is \(\frac{useful\_energy}{total\_energy}\)
What is the efficiency of muscle contraction? There are many ways of estimating this, here we estimate it from the “bottom up” – that is using measures of the numerator and denominator in equation (3.1).
The numerator, the energy to pull the thin filament, is the work done by the myosin on the thin filament. Remember that Work = Force \(\times\) distance. To estimate this, we need a measure of the active force that a single myosin head applies to a thin filament and the displacement of the thin filament when the head pulls it toward the center of the sarcomere. And for the denominator, we need the change in free energy (\(\Delta G\)) of the hydrolysis of ATP in working muscle (that is, the conditions in a muscle cell and not “standard” conditions used to calculate textbook \(\Delta G\))
In your Google sheet, compute this efficiency. You will need to
- do a Google search to find measures of the force of a single myosin head. There will be a range of answers. The units will probably be in pN (picoNewtons). In your Google sheet, insert the source (web page) for your number. Also make sure to note the units.
- do a Google search to find measures of the displacement of a thin filament by a single myosin head. The units will probably be in nm (nanonmeters). In your Google sheet, insert the source (web page) for your number. Also make sure to note the units.
- Compute the work done on the thin filament. In a new cell, convert this to SI units.
- do a Google search to find \(\Delta G\) for ATP hyrolysis. Try to find a value relevant to the conditions in a cell and even a muscle cell. In your Google sheet, insert the source (web page) for your number. Also make sure to note the units.
- Use the Google sheet to compute the efficiency. Make sure your units for the computation cancel correctly! This may require extra attention. You should get an answer between about 7% and about 50% depending on your inputs.
3.2 A bottom-up model of whole-muscle force
The maximum force that a whole muscle can generate is proportional to its cross-sectional area (a concept covered in many physiology textbooks). Let’s build a bottom-up model the actual force a muscle generates given its cross-sectional area.
Some background. A muscle fiber is a bundle of myofibrils. The many thick and thin filaments in a myofibril are serially arranged in the sarcomeres. Even though there are thousands of sarcomeres in series along a myofibril, and all the sarcomeres generate force, the force generated by a myofibril is the force generated by a single sarcomere. This is because the force on the thin filaments on either side of a z-disc cancel due to the sarcomeres on each side pulling the thin filaments in opposite directions (see figure above). And this is why the maximum whole muscle force is proportional to the cross-sectional area. We can estimate the maximum force of a myofibril if we know the number of myosin heads occurring in a single sarcomere. Or we can estimate the maximum force of a whole muscle fiber or whole muscle if we know the number of myofibrils in a transverse section of the fiber or whole muscle.
- Model a muscle that is square in cross-section and that is 5 cm wide and 15 cm long. Compute the cross-sectional area.
- Google search the number of thick filaments per area. Or alternatively, Google search the diameter of a thick filament and the geometry of the arrangement of thick and thin filaments in a section (these are beautiful images) and estimate the number of thick filaments per area. In your Google sheet, insert the source (web page) for your number. Also make sure to note the units.
- Google search the number of myosin molecules in a thick filament. In your Google sheet, insert the source (web page) for your number.
- Given 6-8, compute the number of myosins that would occur in the cross section of the modeled muscle. Use units of µm\(^2\) for your area measures to make sure that units match.
- Google search the duty cycle (or duty ratio), which is the percent of a cross-bridge cycle that a myosin head is in a bound state. In your Google sheet, insert the source (web page) for your number. Also make sure to note the units.
- Given your value for the force of a single myosin head, use 9-10 to compute the maximum force of the muscle in Newtons. Assume: 1) complete overlap of thick and thin filaments and 2) a Ca++ that makes probability of “open” myosin binding site near 100%. In a new cell, convert to pounds and ponder if your result seems reasonable.
- Compute the muscle tension, or specific tension, which is the force per unit area. Use units of Pa, because you will use this below. In a new cell, convert this to kPa and Google search muscle force per area for a fiber or myofibril and see if your number is close. My answer ranged from 150 kPa to 850kPa depending on the head force and displacement.
3.3 Compute the effect of muscle architecture on whole muscle force
Muscle fibers can be arranged in parallel with the main axis of the muscle or at an oblique angle. A pinnate muscle is one with oblique fibers on either side of a central line. Oblique angles allow more fibers in the same muscle volume – the consequence is more force. What is the effect of pinnation angle (\(\alpha\) – the Greek letter alpha) on whole muscle force and displacement?
The force that a fiber generates is directed parallel to the fiber. The working force of a muscle is parallel to its long axis. If fibers are oblique, the working force will be the axial component of the total force generated by the fibers.
\[\begin{equation} F_{axial} = F_{fiber} \times cos(\alpha) \end{equation}\]where \(F_{axial}\) is the working force and \(F_{fiber}\) is the total force generated in the direction of the fibers.
To model the effect of fiber angle on whole muscle force, we need to distinguish
Anatomical Cross Sectional Area (ACSA) is simply the area of the section perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle
Physiological Cross Sectional Area (PCSA) is the area of the section perpendicular to the fibers
\(PCSA\) is typically modeled as
\[\begin{equation} PCSA = \frac{muscle\_volume}{mean\_fiber\_length} \end{equation}\]where
\[\begin{equation} muscle\_volume = ACSA \times muscle\_length \end{equation}\]and
\[\begin{equation} mean\_fiber\_length = \frac{0.5 \times muscle\_width}{\mathrm{SIN(\alpha)}} \end{equation}\]This model for mean fiber length doesn’t work at all when \(\alpha=0\) and doesn’t work well until \(\alpha\) is larger than about 10 degrees.
The muscle force in the direction of the fibers is
\[\begin{equation} F_{fiber} = specific\_tension \times PCSA \end{equation}\]Model a muscle that is 15 cm long.
- Use the cross-sectional area computed in step 6 (which is \(ACSA\)) to compute muscle volume
- Create a table with columns Angle, mean fiber length, PCSA, F_fiber and F_axial
- In the Angle column, insert values 0-90° incrementing by 15°
- Use the equations above to compute mean fiber length and \(PCSA\). For \(\alpha = 0\), insert the muscle length for mean fiber length instead of the formula.
- Use the specific tension from step 12 above to compute F_fiber, the whole muscle force in the direction of the fiber
- Compute F_axial, the axial component of the whole muscle force.
- Plot F_axial (y axis) vs. \(\alpha\). Which muscle architecture can be stronger, parallel or pinnate? What is the optimal fiber angle?


open, openat, creat - open and possibly create a file
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int open(const char *pathname, int flags);
int open(const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
int creat(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
int openat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags);
int openat(int dirfd, const char *pathname, int flags, mode_t mode);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
openat():
- Since glibc 2.10:
- _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
- Before glibc 2.10:
- _ATFILE_SOURCE
The open() system call opens the file specified by pathname. If
the specified file does not exist, it may optionally (if O_CREAT is
specified in flags) be created by open().
The return value of open() is a file descriptor, a small,
nonnegative integer that is used in subsequent system calls (read(2),
write(2), lseek(2), fcntl(2), etc.) to refer to the
open file. The file descriptor returned by a successful call will be the
lowest-numbered file descriptor not currently open for the process.
By default, the new file descriptor is set to remain open across
an execve(2) (i.e., the FD_CLOEXEC file descriptor flag
described in fcntl(2) is initially disabled); the O_CLOEXEC
flag, described below, can be used to change this default. The file offset
is set to the beginning of the file (see lseek(2)).
A call to open() creates a new open file
description, an entry in the system-wide table of open files. The open
file description records the file offset and the file status flags (see
below). A file descriptor is a reference to an open file description; this
reference is unaffected if pathname is subsequently removed or
modified to refer to a different file. For further details on open file
descriptions, see NOTES.
The argument flags must include one of the following
access modes: O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, or O_RDWR.
These request opening the file read-only, write-only, or read/write,
respectively.
In addition, zero or more file creation flags and file status
flags can be bitwise-or'd in flags. The file creation
flags are O_CLOEXEC, O_CREAT, O_DIRECTORY,
O_EXCL, O_NOCTTY, O_NOFOLLOW, O_TMPFILE, and
O_TRUNC. The file status flags are all of the remaining flags
listed below. The distinction between these two groups of flags is that the
file creation flags affect the semantics of the open operation itself, while
the file status flags affect the semantics of subsequent I/O operations. The
file status flags can be retrieved and (in some cases) modified; see
fcntl(2) for details.
The full list of file creation flags and file status flags is as
follows:
- O_APPEND
- The file is opened in append mode. Before each write(2), the file
offset is positioned at the end of the file, as if with lseek(2).
The modification of the file offset and the write operation are performed
as a single atomic step.
- O_APPEND may lead to corrupted files on NFS filesystems if more
than one process appends data to a file at once. This is because NFS does
not support appending to a file, so the client kernel has to simulate it,
which can't be done without a race condition.
- O_ASYNC
- Enable signal-driven I/O: generate a signal (SIGIO by default, but
this can be changed via fcntl(2)) when input or output becomes
possible on this file descriptor. This feature is available only for
terminals, pseudoterminals, sockets, and (since Linux 2.6) pipes and
FIFOs. See fcntl(2) for further details. See also BUGS, below.
- O_CLOEXEC (since Linux 2.6.23)
- Enable the close-on-exec flag for the new file descriptor. Specifying this
flag permits a program to avoid additional fcntl(2) F_SETFD
operations to set the FD_CLOEXEC flag.
- Note that the use of this flag is essential in some multithreaded
programs, because using a separate fcntl(2) F_SETFD
operation to set the FD_CLOEXEC flag does not suffice to avoid race
conditions where one thread opens a file descriptor and attempts to set
its close-on-exec flag using fcntl(2) at the same time as another
thread does a fork(2) plus execve(2). Depending on the order
of execution, the race may lead to the file descriptor returned by
open() being unintentionally leaked to the program executed by the
child process created by fork(2). (This kind of race is in
principle possible for any system call that creates a file descriptor
whose close-on-exec flag should be set, and various other Linux system
calls provide an equivalent of the O_CLOEXEC flag to deal with this
problem.)
- O_CREAT
- If pathname does not exist, create it as a regular file.
- The owner (user ID) of the new file is set to the effective user ID of the
process.
- The group ownership (group ID) of the new file is set either to the
effective group ID of the process (System V semantics) or to the group ID
of the parent directory (BSD semantics). On Linux, the behavior depends on
whether the set-group-ID mode bit is set on the parent directory: if that
bit is set, then BSD semantics apply; otherwise, System V semantics apply.
For some filesystems, the behavior also depends on the bsdgroups
and sysvgroups mount options described in mount(8)).
The mode argument specifies the file mode bits be applied
when a new file is created. This argument must be supplied when
O_CREAT or O_TMPFILE is specified in flags; if neither
O_CREAT nor O_TMPFILE is specified, then mode is
ignored. The effective mode is modified by the process's umask in the
usual way: in the absence of a default ACL, the mode of the created file is
(mode & ~umask). Note that this mode applies only
to future accesses of the newly created file; the open() call that
creates a read-only file may well return a read/write file descriptor.
The following symbolic constants are provided for mode:
- S_IRWXU
- 00700 user (file owner) has read, write, and execute permission
- S_IRUSR
- 00400 user has read permission
- S_IWUSR
- 00200 user has write permission
- S_IXUSR
- 00100 user has execute permission
- S_IRWXG
- 00070 group has read, write, and execute permission
- S_IRGRP
- 00040 group has read permission
- S_IWGRP
- 00020 group has write permission
- S_IXGRP
- 00010 group has execute permission
- S_IRWXO
- 00007 others have read, write, and execute permission
- S_IROTH
- 00004 others have read permission
- S_IWOTH
- 00002 others have write permission
- S_IXOTH
- 00001 others have execute permission
- According to POSIX, the effect when other bits are set in mode is
unspecified. On Linux, the following bits are also honored in
mode:
- S_ISUID
- 0004000 set-user-ID bit
- S_ISGID
- 0002000 set-group-ID bit (see inode(7)).
- S_ISVTX
- 0001000 sticky bit (see inode(7)).
- O_DIRECT (since Linux 2.4.10)
- Try to minimize cache effects of the I/O to and from this file. In general
this will degrade performance, but it is useful in special situations,
such as when applications do their own caching. File I/O is done directly
to/from user-space buffers. The O_DIRECT flag on its own makes an
effort to transfer data synchronously, but does not give the guarantees of
the O_SYNC flag that data and necessary metadata are transferred.
To guarantee synchronous I/O, O_SYNC must be used in addition to
O_DIRECT. See NOTES below for further discussion.
- A semantically similar (but deprecated) interface for block devices is
described in raw(8).
- O_DIRECTORY
- If pathname is not a directory, cause the open to fail. This flag
was added in kernel version 2.1.126, to avoid denial-of-service problems
if opendir(3) is called on a FIFO or tape device.
- O_DSYNC
- Write operations on the file will complete according to the requirements
of synchronized I/O data integrity completion.
- By the time write(2) (and similar) return, the output data has been
transferred to the underlying hardware, along with any file metadata that
would be required to retrieve that data (i.e., as though each
write(2) was followed by a call to fdatasync(2)). See
NOTES below.
- O_EXCL
- Ensure that this call creates the file: if this flag is specified in
conjunction with O_CREAT, and pathname already exists, then
open() fails with the error EEXIST.
- When these two flags are specified, symbolic links are not followed: if
pathname is a symbolic link, then open() fails regardless of
where the symbolic link points.
- In general, the behavior of O_EXCL is undefined if it is used
without O_CREAT. There is one exception: on Linux 2.6 and later,
O_EXCL can be used without O_CREAT if pathname refers
to a block device. If the block device is in use by the system (e.g.,
mounted), open() fails with the error EBUSY.
- On NFS, O_EXCL is supported only when using NFSv3 or later on
kernel 2.6 or later. In NFS environments where O_EXCL support is
not provided, programs that rely on it for performing locking tasks will
contain a race condition. Portable programs that want to perform atomic
file locking using a lockfile, and need to avoid reliance on NFS support
for O_EXCL, can create a unique file on the same filesystem (e.g.,
incorporating hostname and PID), and use link(2) to make a link to
the lockfile. If link(2) returns 0, the lock is successful.
Otherwise, use stat(2) on the unique file to check if its link
count has increased to 2, in which case the lock is also successful.
- O_LARGEFILE
- (LFS) Allow files whose sizes cannot be represented in an off_t
(but can be represented in an off64_t) to be opened. The
_LARGEFILE64_SOURCE macro must be defined (before including
any header files) in order to obtain this definition. Setting the
_FILE_OFFSET_BITS feature test macro to 64 (rather than using
O_LARGEFILE) is the preferred method of accessing large files on
32-bit systems (see feature_test_macros(7)).
- O_NOATIME (since Linux 2.6.8)
- Do not update the file last access time (st_atime in the inode)
when the file is read(2).
- This flag can be employed only if one of the following conditions is
true:
- The effective UID of the process matches the owner UID of the file.
- The calling process has the CAP_FOWNER capability in its user
namespace and the owner UID of the file has a mapping in the
namespace.
- This flag is intended for use by indexing or backup programs, where its
use can significantly reduce the amount of disk activity. This flag may
not be effective on all filesystems. One example is NFS, where the server
maintains the access time.
- O_NOCTTY
- If pathname refers to a terminal device—see
tty(4)—it will not become the process's controlling terminal
even if the process does not have one.
- O_NOFOLLOW
- If pathname is a symbolic link, then the open fails, with the error
ELOOP. Symbolic links in earlier components of the pathname will
still be followed. (Note that the ELOOP error that can occur in
this case is indistinguishable from the case where an open fails because
there are too many symbolic links found while resolving components in the
prefix part of the pathname.)
- This flag is a FreeBSD extension, which was added to Linux in version
2.1.126, and has subsequently been standardized in POSIX.1-2008.
- See also O_PATH below.
- O_NONBLOCK or O_NDELAY
- When possible, the file is opened in nonblocking mode. Neither the
open() nor any subsequent I/O operations on the file descriptor
which is returned will cause the calling process to wait.
- Note that the setting of this flag has no effect on the operation of
poll(2), select(2), epoll(7), and similar, since
those interfaces merely inform the caller about whether a file descriptor
is "ready", meaning that an I/O operation performed on the file
descriptor with the O_NONBLOCK flag clear would not
block.
- Note that this flag has no effect for regular files and block devices;
that is, I/O operations will (briefly) block when device activity is
required, regardless of whether O_NONBLOCK is set. Since
O_NONBLOCK semantics might eventually be implemented, applications
should not depend upon blocking behavior when specifying this flag for
regular files and block devices.
- For the handling of FIFOs (named pipes), see also fifo(7). For a
discussion of the effect of O_NONBLOCK in conjunction with
mandatory file locks and with file leases, see fcntl(2).
- O_PATH (since Linux 2.6.39)
- Obtain a file descriptor that can be used for two purposes: to indicate a
location in the filesystem tree and to perform operations that act purely
at the file descriptor level. The file itself is not opened, and other
file operations (e.g., read(2), write(2), fchmod(2),
fchown(2), fgetxattr(2), ioctl(2), mmap(2))
fail with the error EBADF.
- The following operations can be performed on the resulting file
descriptor:
- close(2).
- fchdir(2), if the file descriptor refers to a directory (since
Linux 3.5).
- fstat(2) (since Linux 3.6).
- fstatfs(2) (since Linux 3.12).
- Duplicating the file descriptor (dup(2), fcntl(2)
F_DUPFD, etc.).
- Getting and setting file descriptor flags (fcntl(2) F_GETFD
and F_SETFD).
- Retrieving open file status flags using the fcntl(2) F_GETFL
operation: the returned flags will include the bit O_PATH.
- Passing the file descriptor as the dirfd argument of
openat() and the other "*at()" system calls. This
includes linkat(2) with AT_EMPTY_PATH (or via procfs using
AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW) even if the file is not a directory.
- Passing the file descriptor to another process via a UNIX domain socket
(see SCM_RIGHTS in unix(7)).
- When O_PATH is specified in flags, flag bits other than
O_CLOEXEC, O_DIRECTORY, and O_NOFOLLOW are
ignored.
- Opening a file or directory with the O_PATH flag requires no
permissions on the object itself (but does require execute permission on
the directories in the path prefix). Depending on the subsequent
operation, a check for suitable file permissions may be performed (e.g.,
fchdir(2) requires execute permission on the directory referred to
by its file descriptor argument). By contrast, obtaining a reference to a
filesystem object by opening it with the O_RDONLY flag requires
that the caller have read permission on the object, even when the
subsequent operation (e.g., fchdir(2), fstat(2)) does not
require read permission on the object.
- If pathname is a symbolic link and the O_NOFOLLOW flag is
also specified, then the call returns a file descriptor referring to the
symbolic link. This file descriptor can be used as the dirfd
argument in calls to fchownat(2), fstatat(2),
linkat(2), and readlinkat(2) with an empty pathname to have
the calls operate on the symbolic link.
- If pathname refers to an automount point that has not yet been
triggered, so no other filesystem is mounted on it, then the call returns
a file descriptor referring to the automount directory without triggering
a mount. fstatfs(2) can then be used to determine if it is, in
fact, an untriggered automount point (.f_type ==
AUTOFS_SUPER_MAGIC).
- One use of O_PATH for regular files is to provide the equivalent of
POSIX.1's O_EXEC functionality. This permits us to open a file for
which we have execute permission but not read permission, and then execute
that file, with steps something like the following:
-
char buf[PATH_MAX];
fd = open("some_prog", O_PATH);
snprintf(buf, PATH_MAX, "/proc/self/fd/%d", fd);
execl(buf, "some_prog", (char *) NULL);
- An O_PATH file descriptor can also be passed as the argument of
fexecve(3).
- O_SYNC
- Write operations on the file will complete according to the requirements
of synchronized I/O file integrity completion (by contrast with the
synchronized I/O data integrity completion provided by
O_DSYNC.)
- By the time write(2) (or similar) returns, the output data and
associated file metadata have been transferred to the underlying hardware
(i.e., as though each write(2) was followed by a call to
fsync(2)). See NOTES below.
- O_TMPFILE (since Linux 3.11)
- Create an unnamed temporary regular file. The pathname argument
specifies a directory; an unnamed inode will be created in that
directory's filesystem. Anything written to the resulting file will be
lost when the last file descriptor is closed, unless the file is given a
name.
- O_TMPFILE must be specified with one of O_RDWR or
O_WRONLY and, optionally, O_EXCL. If O_EXCL is not
specified, then linkat(2) can be used to link the temporary file
into the filesystem, making it permanent, using code like the
following:
-
char path[PATH_MAX];
fd = open("/path/to/dir", O_TMPFILE | O_RDWR,
S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
/* File I/O on 'fd'... */
linkat(fd, NULL, AT_FDCWD, "/path/for/file", AT_EMPTY_PATH);
/* If the caller doesn't have the CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH
capability (needed to use AT_EMPTY_PATH with linkat(2)),
and there is a proc(5) filesystem mounted, then the
linkat(2) call above can be replaced with:
snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "/proc/self/fd/%d", fd);
linkat(AT_FDCWD, path, AT_FDCWD, "/path/for/file",
AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW);
*/
- In this case, the open() mode argument determines the file
permission mode, as with O_CREAT.
- Specifying O_EXCL in conjunction with O_TMPFILE prevents a
temporary file from being linked into the filesystem in the above manner.
(Note that the meaning of O_EXCL in this case is different from the
meaning of O_EXCL otherwise.)
- There are two main use cases for O_TMPFILE:
- Improved tmpfile(3) functionality: race-free creation of temporary
files that (1) are automatically deleted when closed; (2) can never be
reached via any pathname; (3) are not subject to symlink attacks; and (4)
do not require the caller to devise unique names.
- Creating a file that is initially invisible, which is then populated with
data and adjusted to have appropriate filesystem attributes
(fchown(2), fchmod(2), fsetxattr(2), etc.) before
being atomically linked into the filesystem in a fully formed state (using
linkat(2) as described above).
- O_TMPFILE requires support by the underlying filesystem; only a
subset of Linux filesystems provide that support. In the initial
implementation, support was provided in the ext2, ext3, ext4, UDF, Minix,
and shmem filesystems. Support for other filesystems has subsequently been
added as follows: XFS (Linux 3.15); Btrfs (Linux 3.16); F2FS (Linux 3.16);
and ubifs (Linux 4.9)
- O_TRUNC
- If the file already exists and is a regular file and the access mode
allows writing (i.e., is O_RDWR or O_WRONLY) it will be
truncated to length 0. If the file is a FIFO or terminal device file, the
O_TRUNC flag is ignored. Otherwise, the effect of O_TRUNC is
unspecified.
A call to creat() is equivalent to calling open() with
flags equal to O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_TRUNC.
The openat() system call operates in exactly the same way as
open(), except for the differences described here.
If the pathname given in pathname is relative, then it is
interpreted relative to the directory referred to by the file descriptor
dirfd (rather than relative to the current working directory of the
calling process, as is done by open() for a relative pathname).
If pathname is relative and dirfd is the special
value AT_FDCWD, then pathname is interpreted relative to the
current working directory of the calling process (like open()).
If pathname is absolute, then dirfd is ignored.
open(), openat(), and creat() return the new file
descriptor, or -1 if an error occurred (in which case, errno is set
appropriately).
open(), openat(), and creat() can fail with the following
errors:
- EACCES
- The requested access to the file is not allowed, or search permission is
denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of pathname,
or the file did not exist yet and write access to the parent directory is
not allowed. (See also path_resolution(7).)
- EDQUOT
- Where O_CREAT is specified, the file does not exist, and the user's
quota of disk blocks or inodes on the filesystem has been exhausted.
- EEXIST
- pathname already exists and O_CREAT and O_EXCL were
used.
- EFAULT
- pathname points outside your accessible address space.
- EFBIG
- See EOVERFLOW.
- EINTR
- While blocked waiting to complete an open of a slow device (e.g., a FIFO;
see fifo(7)), the call was interrupted by a signal handler; see
signal(7).
- EINVAL
- The filesystem does not support the O_DIRECT flag. See NOTES
for more information.
- EINVAL
- Invalid value in flags.
- EINVAL
- O_TMPFILE was specified in flags, but neither
O_WRONLY nor O_RDWR was specified.
- EINVAL
- O_CREAT was specified in flags and the final component
("basename") of the new file's pathname is invalid (e.g.,
it contains characters not permitted by the underlying filesystem).
- EISDIR
- pathname refers to a directory and the access requested involved
writing (that is, O_WRONLY or O_RDWR is set).
- EISDIR
- pathname refers to an existing directory, O_TMPFILE and one
of O_WRONLY or O_RDWR were specified in flags, but
this kernel version does not provide the O_TMPFILE
functionality.
- ELOOP
- Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving
pathname.
- ELOOP
- pathname was a symbolic link, and flags specified
O_NOFOLLOW but not O_PATH.
- EMFILE
- The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been
reached (see the description of RLIMIT_NOFILE in
getrlimit(2)).
- ENAMETOOLONG
- pathname was too long.
- ENFILE
- The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been
reached.
- ENODEV
- pathname refers to a device special file and no corresponding
device exists. (This is a Linux kernel bug; in this situation ENXIO
must be returned.)
- ENOENT
- O_CREAT is not set and the named file does not exist.
- ENOENT
- A directory component in pathname does not exist or is a dangling
symbolic link.
- ENOENT
- pathname refers to a nonexistent directory, O_TMPFILE and
one of O_WRONLY or O_RDWR were specified in flags,
but this kernel version does not provide the O_TMPFILE
functionality.
- ENOMEM
- The named file is a FIFO, but memory for the FIFO buffer can't be
allocated because the per-user hard limit on memory allocation for pipes
has been reached and the caller is not privileged; see
pipe(7).
- ENOMEM
- Insufficient kernel memory was available.
- ENOSPC
- pathname was to be created but the device containing
pathname has no room for the new file.
- ENOTDIR
- A component used as a directory in pathname is not, in fact, a
directory, or O_DIRECTORY was specified and pathname was not
a directory.
- ENXIO
- O_NONBLOCK | O_WRONLY is set, the named file is a FIFO, and
no process has the FIFO open for reading.
- ENXIO
- The file is a device special file and no corresponding device exists.
- ENXIO
- The file is a UNIX domain socket.
- EOPNOTSUPP
- The filesystem containing pathname does not support
O_TMPFILE.
- EOVERFLOW
- pathname refers to a regular file that is too large to be opened.
The usual scenario here is that an application compiled on a 32-bit
platform without -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64 tried to open a file whose
size exceeds (1<<31)-1 bytes; see also O_LARGEFILE
above. This is the error specified by POSIX.1; in kernels before 2.6.24,
Linux gave the error EFBIG for this case.
- EPERM
- The O_NOATIME flag was specified, but the effective user ID of the
caller did not match the owner of the file and the caller was not
privileged.
- EPERM
- The operation was prevented by a file seal; see fcntl(2).
- EROFS
- pathname refers to a file on a read-only filesystem and write
access was requested.
- ETXTBSY
- pathname refers to an executable image which is currently being
executed and write access was requested.
- ETXTBSY
- pathname refers to a file that is currently in use as a swap file,
and the O_TRUNC flag was specified.
- ETXTBSY
- pathname refers to a file that is currently being read by the
kernel (e.g. for module/firmware loading), and write access was
requested.
- EWOULDBLOCK
- The O_NONBLOCK flag was specified, and an incompatible lease was
held on the file (see fcntl(2)).
The following additional errors can occur for openat():
- EBADF
- dirfd is not a valid file descriptor.
- ENOTDIR
- pathname is a relative pathname and dirfd is a file
descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
openat() was added to Linux in kernel 2.6.16; library support was added
to glibc in version 2.4.
open(), creat() SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.
openat(): POSIX.1-2008.
The O_DIRECT, O_NOATIME, O_PATH, and
O_TMPFILE flags are Linux-specific. One must define
_GNU_SOURCE to obtain their definitions.
The O_CLOEXEC, O_DIRECTORY, and O_NOFOLLOW
flags are not specified in POSIX.1-2001, but are specified in POSIX.1-2008.
Since glibc 2.12, one can obtain their definitions by defining either
_POSIX_C_SOURCE with a value greater than or equal to 200809L or
_XOPEN_SOURCE with a value greater than or equal to 700. In glibc
2.11 and earlier, one obtains the definitions by defining
_GNU_SOURCE.
As noted in feature_test_macros(7), feature test macros
such as _POSIX_C_SOURCE, _XOPEN_SOURCE, and _GNU_SOURCE
must be defined before including any header files.
Under Linux, the O_NONBLOCK flag is sometimes used in cases where one
wants to open but does not necessarily have the intention to read or write.
For example, this may be used to open a device in order to get a file
descriptor for use with ioctl(2).
The (undefined) effect of O_RDONLY | O_TRUNC varies among
implementations. On many systems the file is actually truncated.
Note that open() can open device special files, but
creat() cannot create them; use mknod(2) instead.
If the file is newly created, its st_atime,
st_ctime, st_mtime fields (respectively, time of last access,
time of last status change, and time of last modification; see
stat(2)) are set to the current time, and so are the st_ctime
and st_mtime fields of the parent directory. Otherwise, if the file
is modified because of the O_TRUNC flag, its st_ctime and
st_mtime fields are set to the current time.
The files in the /proc/[pid]/fd directory show the open
file descriptors of the process with the PID pid. The files in the
/proc/[pid]/fdinfo directory show even more information about these
file descriptors. See proc(5) for further details of both of these
directories.
The Linux header file <asm/fcntl.h> doesn't define
O_ASYNC; the (BSD-derived) FASYNC synonym is defined
instead.
The term open file description is the one used by POSIX to refer to the entries
in the system-wide table of open files. In other contexts, this object is
variously also called an "open file object", a "file
handle", an "open file table entry", or—in
kernel-developer parlance—a struct file.
When a file descriptor is duplicated (using dup(2) or
similar), the duplicate refers to the same open file description as the
original file descriptor, and the two file descriptors consequently share
the file offset and file status flags. Such sharing can also occur between
processes: a child process created via fork(2) inherits duplicates of
its parent's file descriptors, and those duplicates refer to the same open
file descriptions.
Each open() of a file creates a new open file description;
thus, there may be multiple open file descriptions corresponding to a file
inode.
On Linux, one can use the kcmp(2) KCMP_FILE
operation to test whether two file descriptors (in the same process or in
two different processes) refer to the same open file description.
The POSIX.1-2008 "synchronized I/O" option specifies different
variants of synchronized I/O, and specifies the open() flags
O_SYNC, O_DSYNC, and O_RSYNC for controlling the
behavior. Regardless of whether an implementation supports this option, it
must at least support the use of O_SYNC for regular files.
Linux implements O_SYNC and O_DSYNC, but not
O_RSYNC. Somewhat incorrectly, glibc defines O_RSYNC to have
the same value as O_SYNC. (O_RSYNC is defined in the Linux
header file <asm/fcntl.h> on HP PA-RISC, but it is not
used.)
O_SYNC provides synchronized I/O file integrity
completion, meaning write operations will flush data and all associated
metadata to the underlying hardware. O_DSYNC provides synchronized
I/O data integrity completion, meaning write operations will flush
data to the underlying hardware, but will only flush metadata updates that
are required to allow a subsequent read operation to complete successfully.
Data integrity completion can reduce the number of disk operations that are
required for applications that don't need the guarantees of file integrity
completion.
To understand the difference between the two types of completion,
consider two pieces of file metadata: the file last modification timestamp
(st_mtime) and the file length. All write operations will update the
last file modification timestamp, but only writes that add data to the end
of the file will change the file length. The last modification timestamp is
not needed to ensure that a read completes successfully, but the file length
is. Thus, O_DSYNC would only guarantee to flush updates to the file
length metadata (whereas O_SYNC would also always flush the last
modification timestamp metadata).
Before Linux 2.6.33, Linux implemented only the O_SYNC flag
for open(). However, when that flag was specified, most filesystems
actually provided the equivalent of synchronized I/O data integrity
completion (i.e., O_SYNC was actually implemented as the equivalent
of O_DSYNC).
Since Linux 2.6.33, proper O_SYNC support is provided.
However, to ensure backward binary compatibility, O_DSYNC was defined
with the same value as the historical O_SYNC, and O_SYNC was
defined as a new (two-bit) flag value that includes the O_DSYNC flag
value. This ensures that applications compiled against new headers get at
least O_DSYNC semantics on pre-2.6.33 kernels.
Since version 2.26, the glibc wrapper function for open() employs the
openat() system call, rather than the kernel's open() system
call. For certain architectures, this is also true in glibc versions before
2.26.
There are many infelicities in the protocol underlying NFS, affecting amongst
others O_SYNC and O_NDELAY.
On NFS filesystems with UID mapping enabled, open() may
return a file descriptor but, for example, read(2) requests are
denied with EACCES. This is because the client performs open()
by checking the permissions, but UID mapping is performed by the server upon
read and write requests.
Opening the read or write end of a FIFO blocks until the other end is also
opened (by another process or thread). See fifo(7) for further details.
Unlike the other values that can be specified in flags, the access
mode values O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, and O_RDWR do not
specify individual bits. Rather, they define the low order two bits of
flags, and are defined respectively as 0, 1, and 2. In other words, the
combination O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY is a logical error, and certainly does
not have the same meaning as O_RDWR.
Linux reserves the special, nonstandard access mode 3 (binary 11)
in flags to mean: check for read and write permission on the file and
return a file descriptor that can't be used for reading or writing. This
nonstandard access mode is used by some Linux drivers to return a file
descriptor that is to be used only for device-specific ioctl(2)
operations.
openat() and the other system calls and library functions that take a
directory file descriptor argument (i.e., execveat(2),
faccessat(2), fanotify_mark(2), fchmodat(2),
fchownat(2), fstatat(2), futimesat(2), linkat(2),
mkdirat(2), mknodat(2), name_to_handle_at(2),
readlinkat(2), renameat(2), statx(2),
symlinkat(2), unlinkat(2), utimensat(2),
mkfifoat(3), and scandirat(3)) address two problems with the
older interfaces that preceded them. Here, the explanation is in terms of the
openat() call, but the rationale is analogous for the other interfaces.
First, openat() allows an application to avoid race
conditions that could occur when using open() to open files in
directories other than the current working directory. These race conditions
result from the fact that some component of the directory prefix given to
open() could be changed in parallel with the call to open().
Suppose, for example, that we wish to create the file
dir1/dir2/xxx.dep if the file dir1/dir2/xxx exists. The
problem is that between the existence check and the file-creation step,
dir1 or dir2 (which might be symbolic links) could be modified
to point to a different location. Such races can be avoided by opening a
file descriptor for the target directory, and then specifying that file
descriptor as the dirfd argument of (say) fstatat(2) and
openat(). The use of the dirfd file descriptor also has other
benefits:
- the file descriptor is a stable reference to the directory, even if the
directory is renamed; and
- the open file descriptor prevents the underlying filesystem from being
dismounted, just as when a process has a current working directory on a
filesystem.
Second, openat() allows the implementation of a per-thread
"current working directory", via file descriptor(s) maintained by
the application. (This functionality can also be obtained by tricks based on
the use of /proc/self/fd/dirfd, but less efficiently.)
The O_DIRECT flag may impose alignment restrictions on the length and
address of user-space buffers and the file offset of I/Os. In Linux alignment
restrictions vary by filesystem and kernel version and might be absent
entirely. However there is currently no filesystem-independent interface for
an application to discover these restrictions for a given file or filesystem.
Some filesystems provide their own interfaces for doing so, for example the
XFS_IOC_DIOINFO operation in xfsctl(3).
Under Linux 2.4, transfer sizes, and the alignment of the user
buffer and the file offset must all be multiples of the logical block size
of the filesystem. Since Linux 2.6.0, alignment to the logical block size of
the underlying storage (typically 512 bytes) suffices. The logical block
size can be determined using the ioctl(2) BLKSSZGET operation
or from the shell using the command:
blockdev --getss
O_DIRECT I/Os should never be run concurrently with the
fork(2) system call, if the memory buffer is a private mapping (i.e.,
any mapping created with the mmap(2) MAP_PRIVATE flag; this
includes memory allocated on the heap and statically allocated buffers). Any
such I/Os, whether submitted via an asynchronous I/O interface or from
another thread in the process, should be completed before fork(2) is
called. Failure to do so can result in data corruption and undefined
behavior in parent and child processes. This restriction does not apply when
the memory buffer for the O_DIRECT I/Os was created using
shmat(2) or mmap(2) with the MAP_SHARED flag. Nor does
this restriction apply when the memory buffer has been advised as
MADV_DONTFORK with madvise(2), ensuring that it will not be
available to the child after fork(2).
The O_DIRECT flag was introduced in SGI IRIX, where it has
alignment restrictions similar to those of Linux 2.4. IRIX has also a
fcntl(2) call to query appropriate alignments, and sizes. FreeBSD 4.x
introduced a flag of the same name, but without alignment restrictions.
O_DIRECT support was added under Linux in kernel version
2.4.10. Older Linux kernels simply ignore this flag. Some filesystems may
not implement the flag, in which case open() fails with the error
EINVAL if it is used.
Applications should avoid mixing O_DIRECT and normal I/O to
the same file, and especially to overlapping byte regions in the same file.
Even when the filesystem correctly handles the coherency issues in this
situation, overall I/O throughput is likely to be slower than using either
mode alone. Likewise, applications should avoid mixing mmap(2) of
files with direct I/O to the same files.
The behavior of O_DIRECT with NFS will differ from local
filesystems. Older kernels, or kernels configured in certain ways, may not
support this combination. The NFS protocol does not support passing the flag
to the server, so O_DIRECT I/O will bypass the page cache only on the
client; the server may still cache the I/O. The client asks the server to
make the I/O synchronous to preserve the synchronous semantics of
O_DIRECT. Some servers will perform poorly under these circumstances,
especially if the I/O size is small. Some servers may also be configured to
lie to clients about the I/O having reached stable storage; this will avoid
the performance penalty at some risk to data integrity in the event of
server power failure. The Linux NFS client places no alignment restrictions
on O_DIRECT I/O.
In summary, O_DIRECT is a potentially powerful tool that
should be used with caution. It is recommended that applications treat use
of O_DIRECT as a performance option which is disabled by default.
Currently, it is not possible to enable signal-driven I/O by specifying
O_ASYNC when calling open(); use fcntl(2) to enable this
flag.
One must check for two different error codes, EISDIR and
ENOENT, when trying to determine whether the kernel supports
O_TMPFILE functionality.
When both O_CREAT and O_DIRECTORY are specified in
flags and the file specified by pathname does not exist,
open() will create a regular file (i.e., O_DIRECTORY is
ignored).
chmod(2), chown(2), close(2), dup(2),
fcntl(2), link(2), lseek(2), mknod(2),
mmap(2), mount(2), open_by_handle_at(2), read(2),
socket(2), stat(2), umask(2), unlink(2),
write(2), fopen(3), acl(5), fifo(7),
inode(7), path_resolution(7), symlink(7)
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest
version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.


{% extends "site_base.html" %}
{% load static %}
{% block title %}PROJECTS{% endblock title %}
{% block styles %}
{{ block.super }}
{% endblock styles %}
{% block nav %}
{% with current="projects" %}
{% include "navigation.html" %}
{% endwith %}
{% endblock %}
{% block body %}
PROJECTS
With several enthusiastic students there are a lot of projects going on in IIT BHU. DIH or Design and Innovation Hub encourages students to take up projects.
The design and Innovation hub was formed in this institute in April 2014 (notified on 15 th April 2014) as an outcome of an exhaustive workshop on “Design and Innovation” which was attended by academic thinkers, design folk, grass roots inventors, scientist and engineers, social activists and people from humanities.
The goal of education is to produce students with three qualities:
These are the ABC of education. A and B pertain to “how to do” and C pertains to “what” and “why” of life. Many students, when they enter engineering, are full of enthusiasm to understand new areas, to build systems and to experiment and play with them. The primary goal of the Design and Innovation Hub (DIH) is to tap this enthusiasm and to direct it to exploration and sustained pursuit by the student which may result in development of a deeper interest in the chosen area or topic of study. The students would be encouraged to do research and undertake design and build things he or she dreams, thus converting his hard work into a journey of joy. The DIH also encourages faculty members to blend the creativity and zeal of students with their own rich experience and come up solutions on societal or industrial problems.
Design and Innovation Hub would sponsor the following types of projects:
Besides these the DIH also provides financial assistance to people undertaking these projects. There are several projects going on in IIT BHU. Here are some of the popular ones.


--- layout: archive title: "Travels" permalink: /travels/ author_profile: true --- {% if site.talkmap_link == true %}
See a map of all the places I've visited!


{% extends 'layout.html' %} {% block pageTitle %} State Pension Activation {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include 'includes/parts/phase-banner.html' %} Provide your details Invite code Can be found on your Get your State Pension letter. Not case sensitive. 7th and 8th characters of your National Insurance number For example, QQ 12 34 5 6 C 7th 8th Surname Date of birth For example, 31 12 1980 Day Month Year Continue {% endblock %} {% block pageScripts %} {% include 'includes/scripts/ninoFocus.html' %} {% include 'includes/scripts/dobFocus.html' %} {% include 'sprint5/scripts/clear_fields.html' %} {% endblock %}
Can be found on your Get your State Pension letter. Not case sensitive.
For example, QQ 12 34 5 6 C
For example, 31 12 1980


{% extends "default.html" %} {% load bootstrap3 %} {% block css %} {% endblock %} {% block javascript %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Submitting large tasks may take significantly longer than smaller tasks and may impact performance for other users. Additionally the final product may cause problems with the map view, though the products will still be available for download. Continue?


There was a time I got stuck on a really small syntax error and I wasn't able to pick it out. This was very frustrating because I knew the error was so tiny. Instead of spending heaps of time on it and trying to find it, I deleted the whole lot of code and used pseudocode to write down the step by step proceedure to re-write the code. This seems to work everytime. From this I've learnt to go over my work after every step. There's nothing worse than trying to find a small typo error in a whole heap of code.
I'm fairly confident with the pseudocode method of problem solving. I've used it in all of my kata challenges and it's helped me identify areas I'm not so confident in as well.
I'm also confident in asking peers around me for help. Everyone is super supportive and that makes it easier for me to ask around when I'm stuck.
I'm not too confident with console logging as I feel my understanding of javascript isn't up to a good enough level to use it/understand what it's telling me.


Contact Us
First Name
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Test OpenID Provider
A simple OpenID Provider implementation for testing purposes.
OpenID Provider metadata is available at the discovery endpoint.
A simple OpenID Provider implementation for testing purposes.
OpenID Provider metadata is available at the discovery endpoint.


BMW rammed off the road in Wolverhampton road rage incident
Police have launched an investigation after men were seen with a hammer and baseball bat – before a vehicle was rammed off the road in Wolverhampton.
by Dayna FarringtonThe road rage incident took place outside the Gatehouse pub, just off Mercury Drive, just after 1am this morning.
A BMW was parked up in the pub's car park, when a Volkswagen drove near to it – and three men were seen brandishing a hammer and baseball bat.
The BMW driver left the scene and was followed by the Volkswagen, before being rammed off the road.
No injuries have been reported.
A spokesman for West Midlands Police said: "Police are investigating a road rage incident outside the Gatehouse pub just off Mercury Drive in the Donington Grove area of Wolverhampton just after 1am.
"A BMW car was stationary in the car park when a Volkswagen Passat car drove near to it and three men brandishing a hammer and a baseball bat approached the driver and passenger.
"The driver of the BMW left the scene and was followed by the Volkswagen, before being rammed off the road. Fortunately, there were no reported injuries.
"The cars have been recovered and will be forensically examined, as enquiries continue.
"At this stage, we believed this to be an isolated incident."
Anyone with information about the incident is asked to call West Midlands Police on 101, quoting incident number 111 of November 21.
Alternatively, contact Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555111 or at crimestoppers-uk.org


unicode-length¶
[![npm version](https://badge.fury.io/js/unicode-length.svg)](http://badge.fury.io/js/unicode-length) [![dependencies](https://david-dm.org/jviotti/unicode-length.png)](https://david-dm.org/jviotti/unicode-length.png) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/jviotti/unicode-length.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/jviotti/unicode-length)
Documentation¶
### Number unicodeLength.get(String input)
Get the length of a unicode string.
Example:
`coffee
unicodeLength = require('unicode-length')
console.log(unicodeLength.get('汉字'))
# Outputs 2
`
Contribute¶
- Issue Tracker: [github.com/jviotti/unicode-length/issues](https://github.com/jviotti/unicode-length/issues)
- Source Code: [github.com/jviotti/unicode-length](https://github.com/jviotti/unicode-length)
Before submitting a PR, please make sure that you include tests, and that [coffeelint](http://www.coffeelint.org/) runs without any warning:
`sh
$ gulp lint
`
Support¶
If you’re having any problem, please [raise an issue](https://github.com/jviotti/unicode-length/issues/new) on GitHub.
License¶
The project is licensed under the MIT license.


Extend the Nucleotide
- TOC
New compiler
-
General rule is follow the pattern of GCC or MSVC, they are created in same manner.
Here is step by step explanation.
- make new folder with
<OS>
name in ./component
if not exists
- make new folder with compiler name in
./component<OS>
- create file translator.py and __init__.py
- Copy content of some existing compiler e.g. GCC or MSVC
- make folder atom in
./component<OS>/<new-compiler>
- Create __init__.py in
./component<OS>/<new-compiler>/atom
- Populate folder atom in same manner as some exiting e.g. GCC or MSVC


Trivia!
Part 1: Multiple Choice
What is the approximate ratio of people to sheep in New Zeland?
6 people per 1 sheep
3 people per 1 sheep
1 people per 1 sheep
1 people per 3 sheep
1 people per 6 sheep
Part 2: Free Response
In which country is it illegal to own only one guinea pig, as a lone guinea pig might get lonely?
Check Answer


124 years after the first speeding ticket and regulations still can’t keep up with tech
Matthew Beedham 12 minutes ago
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TNW Deals 2 hours ago
Mix 3 hours ago
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The 2020 Adobe Illustrator CC Master Class Bundle
$284$39.99Learn How to Draw Freebie Bundle
$0$0The Complete CompTIA Certification Training Bundle
$3433$29FastestVPN: Lifetime Subscription (5 Devices)
$600$19.99The Complete Excel Pro Tips Certification Bundle
$294$19Apple iPad Mini 3 16GB - Gold (Wi-Fi + GSM/CDMA Unlocked)
$499.99$239.99The Complete 2020 CompTIA Certification Training Bundle
$3486$89The 2020 Adobe InDesign CC Master Class Bundle
$221$39.99


greentfrapp.github.io
posts.
projects.
Reads
Thoughts and notes from stuff I read.
Reads
Highlight
All Tags
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
·
general
·
one-two
·
three
[Return to top]
Thoughts and notes from stuff I read.
[Return to top]


Calculation of a generic pressure loss for an ideal gas using mean density.
This function shall be used inside of the restricted limits according to the referenced literature.
The geometry parameters of energy devices necessary for the pressure loss calculations are often not exactly known. Therefore the modelling of the detailed pressure loss calculation has to be simplified.
The pressure loss dp for the compressible case [Mass flow rate = f(dp)] is determined by (Eq.1):
m_flow = (R_s/Km)^(1/exp)*(rho_m)^(1/exp)*dp^(1/exp)
for the underlying base equation using ideal gas law as follows:
dp^2 = p_2^2 - p_1^2 = Km*m_flow^exp*(T_2 + T_1) dp = p_2 - p_1 = Km*m_flow^exp*T_m/p_m, Eq.2 with [dp] = Pa, [m_flow] = kg/s
so that the coefficient Km is calculated out of Eq.2:
Km = dp*R_s*rho_m / m_flow^exp , [Km] = [Pa^2/{(kg/s)^exp*K}]
where the mean density rho_m is calculated according to the ideal gas law out of an arithmetic mean pressure and temperature:
rho_m = p_m / (R_s*T_m) , p_m = (p_1 + p_2)/2 and T_m = (T_1 + T_2)/2.
with
| exp | as exponent of pressure loss law [-], |
| dp | as pressure loss [Pa], |
| Km | as coefficient w.r.t. mass flow rate! [Km] = [Pa^2/{(kg/s)^exp*K}], |
| m_flow | as mass flow rate [kg/s], |
| p_m = (p_2 + p_1)/2 | as mean pressure of ideal gas [Pa], |
| T_m = (T_2 + T_1)/2 | as mean temperature of ideal gas [K], |
| rho_m = p_m/(R_s*T_m) | as mean density of ideal gas [kg/m3], |
| R_s | as specific gas constant of ideal gas [J/(kgK)], |
| V_flow | as volume flow rate of ideal gas [m^3/s]. |
Furthermore the coefficient Km can be defined more detailed w.r.t. the definition of pressure loss if Km is not given as (e.g., measured) value. Generally pressure loss can be calculated due to local losses Km,LOC or frictional losses Km,FRI .
Pressure loss due to local losses gives the following definition of Km :
dp = zeta_LOC * (rho_m/2)*velocity^2 is leading to Km,LOC = (8/π^2)*R_s*zeta_LOC/(d_hyd)^4, considering the cross sectional area of pipes.
and pressure loss due to friction is leading to
dp = lambda_FRI*L/d_hyd * (rho_m/2)*velocity^2 Km,FRI = (8/π^2)*R_s*lambda_FRI*L/(d_hyd)^5, considering the cross sectional area of pipes.
with
| dp | as pressure loss [Pa], |
| d_hyd | as hydraulic diameter of pipe [m], |
| Km,i | as coefficients w.r.t. mass flow rate! [Km] = [Pa^2/{(kg/s)^exp*K}], |
| lambda_FRI | as Darcy friction factor [-], |
| L | as length of pipe [m], |
| rho_m = p_m/(R_s*T_m) | as mean density of ideal gas [kg/m3], |
| velocity | as mean velocity [m/s], |
| zeta_LOC | as local resistance coefficient [-]. |
Note that the variables of this function are delivered in SI units so that the coefficient Km shall be given in SI units too.
Compressible case [Mass flow rate = f(dp)]:
The mass flow rate m_flow for different coefficients Km as parameter is shown in dependence of its pressure loss dp in the figure below.
Note that the verification for dp_idealGas is also valid for this inverse calculation due to using the same functions.


Before Change
if disable is None:
disable = []
LOGGER.debug("Loading "%s" spaCy pipeline", name)
return spacy.load(name, disable=disable)
@cached(LRU_CACHE, key=functools.partial(hashkey, "hyphenator"))
After Change
if disable is None:
disable = []
// load a full spacy lang processing pipeline
try:
spacy_lang = spacy.load(name, disable=disable)
LOGGER.info("loaded "%s" spaCy language pipeline", name)
return spacy_lang
except (OSError, IOError) as e:
// fall back to a blank spacy lang
if isinstance(name, compat.unicode_) and len(name) == 2:
spacy_lang = spacy.blank(name)
LOGGER.warning("loaded "%s" spaCy language blank", name)
return spacy_lang
raise e
@cached(LRU_CACHE, key=functools.partial(hashkey, "hyphenator"))
def load_hyphenator(lang):
Load an object that hyphenates words at valid points, as used in LaTex typesetting.


Garbles the text in the DOM by switching out characters with other random characters.
<script src="garbler.js"></script> <script> var garbler = new Garbler(); garbler.start(); </script>
Updates the frequency of the garbling and how many characters get garbled per iteration. Also automatically calls start(). If you don't want the garbling to start immediately, use the update method.
Manually starts the garbling process.
Manually stops the garbling process.
Puts all the original text back in the DOM. Note, call stop() before reset() if you don't want the Garbler to re-garble the text you just reset back.
Returns a boolean. True if the Garbler is actively garbling text, false if not.
Allows you to pass in a set of characters use when replacing text. Example: setGarbleCharacters(["-"]) will eventually replace each character in the DOM with a hyphen.
Allows you to specifically only garble within a particular DOM element. Note, children of the supplied $target are also garbled.
Returns how often the DOM is garbled in milliseconds.
Returns the number of garbled characters per iteration.
Returns the current target of the Garbler.
A helper function that can be used with setGarbledCharacters. Fills an array with the characters represented by the startCode through the endCode (inclusive).


Hello from the first level. blah blah blah blah.
Hello from the second level
Hello from the third level
Hello from the second, second level


WITNESS LIST
Agriculture, Rural Affairs & Homeland Security
February 11, 2013 3:00 PM - or upon adjournment
Organizational Meeting
ON:
Ellis, Dee Executive Director - State Vet (Texas Animal Health Commission), Rockdale,
TX
Hussey, Mark A. Vice Chancellor & Dean, Texas A&M AgriLife (Texas A&M Forest
Service, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M Vet. Med. Diagnostics Lab, Texas
A&M AgriLife Extension), Bryan, TX
Isom, Rex Executive Director (Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board), Temple,
TX
McCraw, Steven C. Director (Texas Department of Public Safety), Austin, TX
Oria, Nicole Executive Director (Texas Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners), Austin,
TX
Smith, Carter Executive Director (Parks & Wildlife Department), Austin, TX
Staples, Todd Agriculture Commissioner (Texas Department of Agriculture), Austin, TX


deleteDatabase() - delete the database from localstorage, will throw an error if it can't be deleted
the filename of the database to delete
a Promise that resolves after the database was deleted
loadDatabase() - Load data from localstorage
the name of the database to load
a Promise that resolves after the database was loaded
saveDatabase() - save data to localstorage, will throw an error if the file can't be saved might want to expand this to avoid dataloss on partial save
the filename of the database to load
a Promise that resolves after the database was saved
Deregisters the local storage as plugin.
Registers the local storage as plugin.
Generated using TypeDoc
A loki persistence adapter which persists to web browser's local storage object
LokiLocalStorageAdapter


{% load static %}
Monitor and analyse active or disinterested members of a WhatsApp group.
Please choose the OS from which the chat was exported:
Please upload the original .txt or .zip files only:


|
piSmasher Configuration Libraries
piSmasher peripheral device configuration libraries
|
Data Fields | |
| uint16_t | OriginMode |
| uint16_t | HTotal |
| uint16_t | HFrontPorchStart |
| uint16_t | HSyncStart |
| uint16_t | HBackPorchStart |
| uint16_t | HActiveStart |
| uint16_t | V0Total |
| uint16_t | V0FrontPorchStart |
| uint16_t | V0SyncStart |
| uint16_t | V0BackPorchStart |
| uint16_t | V0ActiveStart |
| uint16_t | V0ChromaStart |
| uint16_t | V1Total |
| uint16_t | V1FrontPorchStart |
| uint16_t | V1SyncStart |
| uint16_t | V1BackPorchStart |
| uint16_t | V1ActiveStart |
| uint16_t | V1ChromaStart |
| bool | interlaced |
| uint16_t HActiveStart |
Horizontal Active Video Start Cycle Count
| uint16_t HBackPorchStart |
Horizontal Back Porch Start Cycle Count
| uint16_t HFrontPorchStart |
Horizontal Front Porch Start Cycle Count
| uint16_t HSyncStart |
Horizontal Sync Start Cycle Count
| uint16_t HTotal |
Horizontal total clock cycles per Line
| bool interlaced |
Interlaced video
| uint16_t OriginMode |
Origin Mode
| uint16_t V0ActiveStart |
Vertical Active Video Start Line Count (Field 0)
| uint16_t V0BackPorchStart |
Vertical Back Porch Start Line Count (Field 0)
| uint16_t V0ChromaStart |
Active Chroma Start Line Count (Field 0)
| uint16_t V0FrontPorchStart |
Vertical Front Porch Start Line Count (Field 0)
| uint16_t V0SyncStart |
Vertical Sync Start Line Count (Field 0)
| uint16_t V0Total |
Total lines per Frame (Field 0)
| uint16_t V1ActiveStart |
Vertical Active Video Start Line Count (Field 1)
| uint16_t V1BackPorchStart |
Vertical Back Porch Start Line Count (Field 1)
| uint16_t V1ChromaStart |
Active Chroma Start Line Count (Field 1)
| uint16_t V1FrontPorchStart |
Vertical Front Porch Start Line Count (Field 1)
| uint16_t V1SyncStart |
Vertical Sync Start Line Count (Field 1)
| uint16_t V1Total |
Total lines per Frame (Field 1)


Music is Peace!
We have created a website for you to keep in touch with our work. We would love to have your support. Do join us in our concerts and we will regularly update you regarding our music.

Remember to book your tickets!
TBD
2018
TBD
2018
TBD
2018


--- layout: post title: Jekyll and Healthcare.gov author: josh tags: - jekyll - government ---
I just read the article, Launching HealthCare.gov from the developers of Jekyll and was definitely impressed with the power that it has to support a site of that scale. Of course there is probably hardware to back up the site itself, but as a CMS, Jekyll can pull it's own weight.
There were a few plugins that they developed in order to support customized behavior, which if you're hosting a Jekyll site on Github then you won't be able to benefit from the use of plugins because Github runs in safe mode, but Jekyll was what is powering the site.
Since Jekyll really compliments my workflow very well, I've definitely become a huge proponent of what it can do. It's exciting to hear about large scale sites using Jekyll, or hearing the unique ways they were able to customize it.


| GEOS SDK TechDocs
|
| help ...
| imem ...
hwalk
hwalk [<flags>] [<patient>]
Examples:
-
"hwalk"
- display the heap
-
"hwalk -e"
- display the heap and perform error checking
-
"hwalk -r ui"
-
display the heap owned by the ui in reverse order
Print the status of all blocks on the global heap.
-
The <flags> argument is a collection of flags, beginning with `-', from the following set:
-
r
- print heap in reverse order (decreasing order of addresses)
-
p
- print prevPtr and nextPtr as well.
-
e
- do error-checking on the heap.
-
l
- just print out locked blocks
-
f
- fast print-out--this doesn't try to figure out the block type
-
F
- print out only fixed (or pseudo-fixed) resources.
-
c
- Print out only code resources (discardable or fixed non-lmem non-dgroup resources).
-
s
<
num
>
- start at block <num>
-
The patient argument is a patient whose blocks are to be selectively printed (either a name or a core-block's handle ID). The default is to print all the blocks on the heap.
-
The following columns can appear in a listing:
-
HANDLE
- The handle of the block
-
ADDR
- The segment address of the block
-
SIZE
- Size of the block in bytes
-
PREV
- The previous block handle (appears with the p flag)
-
NEXT
- The next block handle (appears with the p flag)
-
FLAGS The following letters appears in the FLAGS column:
-
s
sharable
S
swapable
D
discardable
L
contains local memory heap
d
discarded
(by LMem module: discarded blocks don't appear here)
a
attached (notice given to swat whenever state changes)
-
LOCK
- Number of times the block is locked or n/a if FIXED.
-
OWNER
- The process which owns the block
-
IDLE
- The time since the block has been accessed in minutes:seconds
-
OINFO
- The otherInfo field of the handle (block type dependent)
-
TYPE Type of the block, for example:
-
R#1 (dgroup) Resource number one, named "dgroup"
Geode Internal control block for a geode
WINDOW, GSTATE,
Internal structures of the given type
GSTRING, FONT_BLK, FONT OBJ(write:0)
Object block run by thread write:0
VM(3ef0h)...
VM block from VM file 3ef0h
-
This only prints those handles in memory while `handles' prints all handles used.
-
The handles may be printed with lhwalk and phandle.
See Also: lhwalk,
phandle,
handles,
hgwalk.
iacp
iacp -ac
prints all connections
iacp -l
prints all lists without connections
iacp -d
prints all open documents
iacp <obj>
prints all connections to which <obj> is party
ibrk
Set a breakpoint interactively. At each instruction, you have several options:
-
q
- Quit back to the command level.
-
n
- Go to next instruction (this also happens if you just hit return).
-
p
- Go to previous instruction.
-
P
- Look for a different previous instruction.
-
^D
- Go down a "page" of instructions. The size of the page is controlled by the global variable ibrkPageLen. It defaults to 10.
-
^U
- Go up a "page" of instructions.
-
b
- Set an unconditional breakpoint at the current instruction and go back to command level.
-
a
- Like 'b', but the breakpoint is set for all patients.
-
t
- Like 'b', except the breakpoint is temporary and will be removed the next time the machine stops.
-
B
- Like 'b', but can be followed by a command to execute when the breakpoint is hit.
-
A
- Like 'B', but for all patients.
-
T
- Like 'B', but breakpoint is temporary.
ibrkPageLen
var ibrkPageLen [<number-of-lines>]
Number of instructions to skip when using the ^D and ^U commands of ibrk.
ignerr
ignerr
Examples:
-
"ignerr" ignore error and continue
-
"ignerr MyFunc::done" ignore error and continue at MyFunc::done.
Ignore a fatal error and continue.
-
The address argument is the address of where to continue execution. If not specified then CS:IP is taken from the frame.
-
The stack is patched so that execution can continue in the frame above the fatal error handling routine.
See Also: why,
backtrace.
| GEOS SDK TechDocs
|
| help ...
| imem ...


|
bootstrap-bash
|
Modules can reference a library of convenience functions. Libraries are referenced using the source
shell script command.
It is recommended (but not required) that all module scripts include module-common.sh at the beginning of the script, even if they don't reference any convenience functions.


COEUR
OF
L'OBSCURITÉ
By
Joseph
Conrad
I
Le Nellie
,
une croisière yawl
, swung to
son ancrage
without
un flottement
of
les voiles
, and was at
reste
.
Le déluge
had made,
le vent
was nearly
calme , et d'être lié en bas de la rivière
,
la seule chose
for it was to come to and wait for
le tour
of
la marée
.
La mer
-
atteindre
of
la Tamise
stretched before us like
le début
of
un interminable de la voie navigable
. In
l'horizon
la mer
and
le ciel
HEART
DARKNESS
Joseph
Conrad
The Nellie
a cruising yawl
her anchor
a flutter
the sails
rest
The flood
the wind
calm , and being bound down the river
the only thing
the turn
the tide
The sea
reach
the Thames
the beginning
an interminable waterway
the offing
the sea
the sky


This car resale investment is the type of investment where we buy a few cars then we sell them after a short period of time and after using it and enjoying it. We usualy like buying cars that are very unique and then sell them for a good amount of return. It is a very good business that is a low risk investement an high return.For more information about the investment please contact our support team and they will guide you.


| Start Address | Requested Pickup Time | Actual Start Time | Destination Address | Arrival Time | Distance | Fare | Passengers Aboard | Pickups | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{leg.startAddress}} | {{leg.pickupRequestTime | date:'short'}} | {{leg.startTime | date:'short'}} | {{leg.destinationAddress}} | {{leg.arrivalTime | date:'short'}} | {{leg.distance}} | {{leg.fare}} | {{leg.numOfPassengersAboard}} | {{leg.numOfPassengersPickedUp}} | |
No legs have been entered.


Kässerole
Out of the oven and into your soul.
Check out our video!
Check out our reviews on Pitchfork.
Song List
- Ogre Blood Ballad
- Love Is Weird
- Just Because
- Darkness in the Dark
Band members
- Zelda Ziggler - Lead Vocals
- Billy Chu - Lead Guitar and Backup Vocals
- JP Parthasarathy - Bass Guitar
- Plum Porter - Percussion


{{section.name}} does not yet exist in this version of the Collab UI Library or has not yet been updated to the new Collaboration Design. Try one of our other libraries or the Symphony documentation


CCONJ
: coordinating conjunction
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for CCONJ
.
Treebank Statistics (UD_Slovak)
There are 30 CCONJ
lemmas (0%), 31 CCONJ
types (0%) and 2926 CCONJ
tokens (3%).
Out of 17 observed tags, the rank of CCONJ
is: 13 in number of lemmas, 14 in number of types and 11 in number of tokens.
The 10 most frequent CCONJ
lemmas: a, ale, aj, i, alebo, ani, či, lebo, no, však
The 10 most frequent CCONJ
types: a, ale, aj, i, alebo, ani, či, lebo, no, však
The 10 most frequent ambiguous lemmas: a (CCONJ 2169, PART 88, X 12), ale (CCONJ 191, PART 29), aj (PART 200, CCONJ 75), i (CCONJ 68, PART 29, NUM 20, X 2), ani (PART 66, CCONJ 59), no (CCONJ 41, PART 13), však (PART 109, CCONJ 41), tak (ADV 77, PART 46, CCONJ 23, X 1), len (PART 95, CCONJ 13), lenže (CCONJ 13, PART 2)
The 10 most frequent ambiguous types: a (CCONJ 2045, X 3, PART 1, PRON 1), ale (CCONJ 144, PART 6), aj (PART 180, CCONJ 63), i (CCONJ 65, PART 26), ani (PART 51, CCONJ 50), no (CCONJ 36, PART 1), však (PART 107, CCONJ 41), tak (ADV 66, CCONJ 23, PART 18, X 1), len (PART 84, CCONJ 6), teda (PART 29, CCONJ 11)
- a
- ale
- aj
- i
- ani
- no
- však
- tak
- len
- teda
Morphology
The form / lemma ratio of CCONJ
is 1.033333 (the average of all parts of speech is 1.776807).
The 1st highest number of forms (2) was observed with the lemma “síce”: sice, síce.
The 2nd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “a”: a.
The 3rd highest number of forms (1) was observed with the lemma “aj”: aj.
CCONJ
occurs with 1 features: sk-feat/Typo (1; 0% instances)
CCONJ
occurs with 1 feature-value pairs: Typo=Yes
CCONJ
occurs with 2 feature combinations.
The most frequent feature combination is _
(2925 tokens).
Examples: a, ale, aj, i, alebo, ani, či, lebo, no, však
Relations
CCONJ
nodes are attached to their parents using 7 different relations: sk-dep/cc (2745; 94% instances), sk-dep/mark (126; 4% instances), sk-dep/advmod:emph (42; 1% instances), sk-dep/advmod (5; 0% instances), sk-dep/root (4; 0% instances), sk-dep/dep (2; 0% instances), sk-dep/nsubj (2; 0% instances)
Parents of CCONJ
nodes belong to 12 different parts of speech: VERB (1611; 55% instances), NOUN (762; 26% instances), ADJ (267; 9% instances), PROPN (137; 5% instances), ADV (56; 2% instances), PRON (35; 1% instances), NUM (28; 1% instances), DET (9; 0% instances), X (9; 0% instances), PART (6; 0% instances), ROOT (4; 0% instances), CCONJ (2; 0% instances)
2878 (98%) CCONJ
nodes are leaves.
43 (1%) CCONJ
nodes have one child.
1 (0%) CCONJ
nodes have two children.
4 (0%) CCONJ
nodes have three or more children.
The highest child degree of a CCONJ
node is 3.
Children of CCONJ
nodes are attached using 5 different relations: sk-dep/fixed (40; 70% instances), sk-dep/punct (8; 14% instances), sk-dep/dep (6; 11% instances), sk-dep/cc (2; 4% instances), sk-dep/acl (1; 2% instances)
Children of CCONJ
nodes belong to 10 different parts of speech: SCONJ (40; 70% instances), PUNCT (8; 14% instances), CCONJ (2; 4% instances), ADJ (1; 2% instances), ADV (1; 2% instances), DET (1; 2% instances), INTJ (1; 2% instances), NOUN (1; 2% instances), PRON (1; 2% instances), VERB (1; 2% instances)
CCONJ in other languages: [u]


Reversible Causes: Hs and Ts
- Hypovolemia
- HYPOXEMIA
- Hydrogen ion (acidosis)
- HYPERKALEMIA
- Hypoglycemia
- Hypothermia
- Hypervagal
- HYPERTHERMIA, MALIGNANT
- TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
- TAMPONADE, CARDIAC
- Tamponade, pulmonary (breath stacking or excessive auto-PEEP)
- Thrombosis, pulmonary (if air embolus, go to AIR EMBOLISM)
- Thrombosis, coronary
- Toxins (anesthetic, β-blocker. If LAST, go to LAST)
- TRAUMA, MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE
- pulmonary hyperTension
- q-T, prolonged


Britons are EU leavers or remainers more than party supporters - poll
LONDON (Reuters) - Britons define themselves more in terms of whether they are supporters or opponents of Brexit than backers of a particular political party, according to a poll on Thursday.
The YouGov survey found that 86% of Britons, who will vote in an election on Dec. 12 which may define the outcome of Brexit, thought of themselves as “Leavers” or “Remainers”.
That compared to 68% who identified themselves with a political party.
Prime Minister Boris Johnson has promised get Brexit done by the end of January if his Conservative Party wins, while Labour has promised to renegotiate the current exit deal and then hold another referendum. The Liberal Democrats say they would simply revoke Britain’s notification to leave altogether.
Surveys indicate that Johnson has a commanding lead but the result could be influenced by Britons voting for parties that chime with their views on Brexit.
The YouGov poll of 3,228 people found three-quarters of voters identified either very strongly or fairly strongly with their Brexit preference while most did not have a strong or any affiliation with any political party.


WQMY
Dermatologists in Lexington (SC Dermatology)
South Carolina Dermatologists in Lexington SC free doctor reports. Compare information on local Lexington Dermatology doctors. . Find Dentists by State. © 2013 UCompareHealthCare.com & UCompare Holdings, LLC. Advertisement .
http://www.ucomparehealthcare.com/drs/south_carolina/dermatology/Lexington.html
Dermatology Of Lexington Llc - Columbia, SC Metro - Citysearch
Dermatology Of Lexington Llc in Lexington, SC. Come to Citysearch® to get information, directions, and reviews on Dermatology Of Lexington Llc and other .
http://columbia.citysearch.com/profile/42973416/lexington_sc/dermatology_of_lexington_llc.html
Best Dermatologists in Lexington, South Carolina - Find Top ...
Find a list of the best Dermatologists in Lexington, South Carolina in the ThirdAge .com doctor directory. View ratings and reviews for each physician before you .
http://www.thirdage.com/d/dr/spcct-36/lexington/south-carolina/dermatologists
Contents |
[native american tribal names] History
Radiesse | Dermatology of Lexington, LLC
Radiesse is a dermal filler that is made of smooth calcium hydroxylapatite .
http://www.dermatologyoflexington.com/tag/radiesse/
Dermatology Of Lexington LLC in Lexington, SC -<PHONE_NUMBER>
Business listing for Dermatology Of Lexington LLC in Lexington, SC. 200 Caughman Farm Ln.<PHONE_NUMBER>. Reviews, maps, driving directions, services area, .
http://www.local.com/business/details/lexington-sc/dermatology-of-lexington-llc-115502957/
Women - Dermatology of Lexington, LLC
Women's Dermatology and skin care services offered by .
http://www.dermatologyoflexington.com/skin-care-and-medical-dermatology-services-for-women/
Dermatology of Lexington, LLC
Welcome To Dermatology of Lexington - Doctor Michelle Welch, the right choice when choosing a dermatologist in Lexington, SC.
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Dr. Michelle D. Welch, MD and Staff - Dermatology of Lexington, LLC
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Programming is all about efficiency and not having to repeat boring tasks over and over. Why not let a computer do it? They don't mind! Ruby classes help with this efficiency.
Classes are like a blueprint. They create a set of methods and variables to be used for a set of similar objects. By creating a class, you save yourself from the time and trouble of re-creating the methods and variables each time. By being a member of the class, each object will know what to do. An example will help make this clear.
Let's say you are a huge animal lover who wants to have a ton of pets, like my daughter. Being an animal lover, you would of course want to take really good care of your pets and remember all sorts of information about them - their birthday, their favorite treats, their health, etc. So, you could create a class called "Pets." For each individiual pet, you would create an "instance" of the class.
To create a new instance, all you have to do is type a name for the instance = Pets.new.
For example: pet1 = Pets.new
Within a class, any variables and methods you create will be accessible by all of the instances. Because of this, these variables and methods are called instance variables and instance methods. In our example, perhaps you create instance variables to store each pet's name, birthday and favorite treat. And, perhaps you want to create a couple of methods that will show whether your pet is sick or healthy and whether or not your pet is up to date on its shots. You would only have to create these once, and then each instance of pet will have its own copy of the instance variables and will have access to the methods. You can also create class methods that are accessible only by the class, not the individual instances. These are sort of meta-methods that do something with all of the instances. In our example, you could create a class variable to tell us the oldest pet, based on all of their birthdays.


Zbeta_BetaCDF.Rd
Returns a \(Z_{\beta}^{BetaCDF}\) value for each SNP location supplied to the function, based on
the expected \(r^2\) values given an LD profile and genetic distances.
For more information about the \(Z_{\beta}^{BetaCDF}\) statistic, please see Jacobs (2016).
The \(Z_{\beta}^{BetaCDF}\) statistic is defined as:
$$Z_{\beta}^{BetaCDF}=\frac{\sum_{i \in L,j \in R}\frac{B(r^2_{i,j};a,b)}{B(a,b)}}{|L||R|}$$
where |L|
and |R|
are the number of SNPs to the left and right of the current locus within the given window ws
, \(r^2\) is equal to
the squared correlation between a pair of SNPs, and \(\frac{B(r^2_{i,j};a,b)}{B(a,b)}\) is the cumulative distribution function for the Beta distribution given
the estimated a and b parameters from the LD profile.
Zbeta_BetaCDF( pos, ws, x, dist, LDprofile_bins, LDprofile_Beta_a, LDprofile_Beta_b, minRandL = 4, minRL = 25, X = NULL )
| pos | A numeric vector of SNP locations |
|---|---|
| ws | The window size which the \(Z_{\beta}^{BetaCDF}\) statistic will be calculated over. This should be on the same scale as the |
| x | A matrix of SNP values. Columns represent chromosomes; rows are SNP locations. Hence, the number of rows should equal the length of the |
| dist | A numeric vector of genetic distances (e.g. cM, LDU). This should be the same length as |
| LDprofile_bins | A numeric vector containing the lower bound of the bins used in the LD profile. These should be of equal size. |
| LDprofile_Beta_a | A numeric vector containing the first estimated Beta parameter for the corresponding bin in the LD profile. |
| LDprofile_Beta_b | A numeric vector containing the second estimated Beta parameter for the corresponding bin in the LD profile. |
| minRandL | Minimum number of SNPs in each set R and L for the statistic to be calculated. Default is 4. |
| minRL | Minimum value for the product of the set sizes for R and L. Default is 25. |
| X | Optional. Specify a region of the chromosome to calculate \(Z_{\beta}^{BetaCDF}\) for in the format |
A list containing the SNP positions and the \(Z_{\beta}^{BetaCDF}\) values for those SNPs
The LD profile describes the expected correlation between SNPs at a given genetic distance, generated using simulations or
real data. Care should be taken to utilise an LD profile that is representative of the population in question. The LD
profile should consist of evenly sized bins of distances (for example 0.0001 cM per bin), where the value given is the (inclusive) lower
bound of the bin. Ideally, an LD profile would be generated using data from a null population with no selection, however one can be generated
using this data. See the create_LDprofile
function for more information on how to create an LD profile.
Jacobs, G.S., T.J. Sluckin, and T. Kivisild, Refining the Use of Linkage Disequilibrium as a Robust Signature of Selective Sweeps. Genetics, 2016. 203(4): p. 1807
## load the snps and LDprofile example datasets data(snps) data(LDprofile) ## run Zbeta_BetaCDF over all the SNPs with a window size of 3000 bp Zbeta_BetaCDF(snps$bp_positions,3000,as.matrix(snps[,3:12]),snps$cM_distances, LDprofile$bin,LDprofile$Beta_a,LDprofile$Beta_b)#> $position #> [1] 100 200 300 400 500 600 700<PHONE_NUMBER> 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 #> [16] 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 #> #> $Zbeta_BetaCDF #> [1] NA NA NA NA 0.5904780 0.5810107 0.5627583 #> [8] 0.5507821 0.5595338 0.5637204 0.5466796 0.5865750 0.5672179 0.5854016 #> [15] 0.5899818 0.6315494 NA NA NA NA #>## only return results for SNPs between locations 600 and 1500 bp Zbeta_BetaCDF(snps$bp_positions,3000,as.matrix(snps[,3:12]),snps$cM_distances, LDprofile$bin,LDprofile$Beta_a,LDprofile$Beta_b,X=c(600,1500))#> $position #> [1] 600 700<PHONE_NUMBER> 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 #> #> $Zbeta_BetaCDF #> [1] 0.5810107 0.5627583 0.5507821 0.5595338 0.5637204 0.5466796 0.5865750 #> [8] 0.5672179 0.5854016 0.5899818 #>


--- layout: post title: "Two parables for graduate students" date: 2016-08-24 comments: true archive: false tags: parables excerpt: Rabbit's thesis and lion's repair business ---
Rabbit's Ph.D thesis and Lion's Watch Repair Business Two Parables for Graduate Students from Margaret M. Fleck
This parable from Margaret M. Fleck has 2 great moral stories, I strongly suggest that you visit her website and read the parable here.


[1]
Incredible Image Quality; Annoying quirks, bad audio (speakers), mfg. quality control
[2]
Very nice design, Excellent Color, better control options then others; none so far


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Shmch.IncomingRequest – shmchannel Reference Manual
IncomingRequest
Object Hierarchy:
Description:
public
class
IncomingRequest
The metadata of an incoming request to be processed.
Namespace:
Shmch
Package:
shmchannel
Content:
Methods:
public
unowned
uint8
[]?
get_data
()
Get response data.
public
void
send_response
(
uint8
[] data)
throws
Error
Send a response to the caller.


Socorepo, the Software Component Repository Exposer, is made with ♥ by LoadingByte. Code is available on GitHub.


This module provides two classes: VError, for accretive errors, and WError, for wrapping errors. Both support printf-style error messages using extsprintf.
At the most basic level, VError is just like JavaScript’s Error class, but with printf-style arguments:
var verror = require('verror');
var opname = 'read';
var err = new verror.VError('"%s" operation failed', opname);
console.log(err.message);
console.log(err.stack);
This prints:
"read" operation failed
"read" operation failed
at Object. (/Users/dap/node-verror/examples/varargs.js:4:11)
at Module._compile (module.js:449:26)
at Object.Module._extensions..js (module.js:467:10)
at Module.load (module.js:356:32)
at Function.Module._load (module.js:312:12)
at Module.runMain (module.js:492:10)
at process.startup.processNextTick.process._tickCallback (node.js:244:9)
More interestingly, you can use VError to build up an error describing what happened at various levels in the stack. For example, suppose you have a request handler that stats a file and fails if it doesn’t exist:
var fs = require('fs');
var verror = require('verror');
function checkFile(filename, callback) {
fs.stat(filename, function (err) {
if (err)
/* Annotate the "stat" error with what we were doing. */
return (callback(new verror.VError(err,
'failed to check "%s"', filename)));
/* ... */
});
}
function handleRequest(filename, callback) {
checkFile('/nonexistent', function (err) {
if (err) {
/* Annotate the "checkFile" error with what we were doing. */
return (callback(new verror.VError(err, 'request failed')));
}
/* ... */
});
}
handleRequest('/nonexistent', function (err) {
if (err)
console.log(err.message);
/* ... */
});
Since the file “/nonexistent” doesn’t exist, this prints out:
request failed: failed to check "/nonexistent": ENOENT, stat '/nonexistent'
The idea here is that the lowest level (Node’s “fs.stat” function) generates an arbitrary error, and each higher level (request handler and stat callback) creates a new VError that annotates the previous error with what it was doing, so that the result is a clear message explaining what failed at each level.
This plays nicely with extsprintf’s “%r” specifier, which prints out a Java-style stacktrace with the whole chain of exceptions:
EXCEPTION: VError: request failed: failed to check "/nonexistent": ENOENT, stat '/nonexistent'
at /Users/dap/work/node-verror/examples/levels.js:21:21
at /Users/dap/work/node-verror/examples/levels.js:9:12
at Object.oncomplete (fs.js:297:15)
Caused by: EXCEPTION: VError: failed to check "/nonexistent": ENOENT, stat '/nonexistent'
at /Users/dap/work/node-verror/examples/levels.js:9:21
at Object.oncomplete (fs.js:297:15)
Caused by: EXCEPTION: Error: Error: ENOENT, stat '/nonexistent'
Sometimes you don’t want an Error’s “message” field to include the details of all of the low-level errors, but you still want to be able to get at them programmatically. For example, in an HTTP server, you probably don’t want to spew all of the low-level errors back to the client, but you do want to include them in the audit log entry for the request. In that case, you can use a WError, which is created exactly like VError (and also supports both printf-style arguments and an optional cause), but the resulting “message” only contains the top-level error. It’s also more verbose, including the class associated with each error in the cause chain. Using the same example above, but replacing the VError in handleRequest with WError, we get this output:
request failed
That’s what we wanted – just a high-level summary for the client. But we can get the object’s toString() for the full details:
WError: request failed; caused by WError: failed to check "/nonexistent";
caused by Error: ENOENT, stat '/nonexistent'
Contributions welcome. Code should be “make check” clean. To run “make check”, you’ll need these tools:
If you’re changing something non-trivial or user-facing, you may want to submit an issue first.