I have been driving my 1987 Cherokee since October 1991. After owning it for 6 months, I started to modify it for my off-highway rides. I installed custom bumpers, winch, 4" lift, ran 32" AT's, and installed 4.56 gears with ARB's. My 2dr 4x4 Pioneer model Cherokee came from CA equipped with 4.0l, 5-speed, AC, Dana 44 rear, and with 90k miles. I wheeled in this configuration for over 6 years with little to no major problems of breakage. After 70k+ miles, I broke my Peugeot BA 10/5 transmission on a trail ride in July 1997 driving up an incline I have done too many times to recall. I couldn't tell you if the trans was rebuilt prior to my purchase but it lasted till 160,000 miles! I was unemployed at the time and had no capability ($$$) to immediately repair/replace the trans. The transmission was damaged so that I had no gates for 3rd, 4th, and reverse gears. In 2nd, the whining would make you cry, it could be heard from several hundred feet away. Once I got re-employed, I had several options to consider.
The first option was to rebuild the transmission or replace it with a running used transmission. A rebuild the stock BA 10/5 transmission was estimated to cost $2000 for removal, rebuild with bearings and synchro packs (maybe gear replacement), and installation. A limited 90-day guarantee would be included. The option option was to replace the transmission with used BA 10/5 which could be purchased for $900 with limited 100-day guarantee. After hearing of the short life expectancy of the Peugeot BA 10/5 trans, purchasing a used one would be very risky and rebuilding the stock trans would require someone else to do the work which would drive up the cost.
Replace the transmission with granny low trans with over drive (NV4500) which requires all custom adapters and runs about $3000. Advanced Adapters has a 4-sp granny transmission adapters that would work, but I have 4.56 gears and I'm running with 32" tires, so I want to keep the OD. This option is clearly the best option technically, but I do not have the income to build a hard core rock crawler. Installing a NV4500 in an XJ also requires that the floor is reformed to fit the trans. It all adds up to lot of work and a lot of money.
The third option was to upgrade to an AX-15 with external slave cylinder from a later Cherokee. The estimated cost would be in $1500-2000 range but its all stock Cherokee. A limited 101-day guarantee would be included. Although the AX-15 is not heavy duty and it does not have a granny first, it is stronger than the BA 10/5. Due to the price and reliability, the AX-15 was my best option.
Two years ago I'd replaced a leaking throw out bearing/slave cylinder and installed a new clutch and pressure plate. I had no problems doing the work and I actually prefer to do my own work on the truck, so I felt up to the task. I began searching for an AX-15 that had an external salve cylinder (newer design). I would need all bolts, mounts, bell housing, and linkage to do the swap. Even though my XJ is a 4.0l generation XJ, there are differences between the years.
I finally found a 96 Cherokee with 33k miles sitting in a junk yard. I negotiated a rather hefty price ($1200) for the trans but it would come with everything for the swap except the transfer case. After investigating the possibilities of such a trans swap, my transfer case required a swap of its own. The Peugeot has a 21 spline count output shaft. The AX-15 has a 23 spline count output shaft. I would be required to replace the input shaft of the transfer case to mate it to the AX-15. Considering that a new input shaft for the t/c cost $200, I tried to negotiate with the yard to get the transfer case along with the trans, but they wanted another $750 for it plus my core! Way out of my budget for stock replacement trans swap.
Another consideration was I'd replaced transfer case my output shaft/tail cone with a MIT kit and converted my rear driveshaft to a two piece design. If I was to make a deal on the newer t/c, I would have to switch out the tail cones. Also, a 1996 XJ t/c has the electro-speedo and no vacuum switch to run my disconnect front axle. I'd installed the MIT kit with the transfer case in the truck, so I felt confident I could replace the input gear to save some money.
So with $$$ spent on the AX-15, I got the bellhousing, the crank sensor (I don't know why), the reservoir, the external slave unit, no hose (bad mistake), the release bearing and fork, the trans, the shifter/boots, the shifting rods for t/c actuation, the crossmember, the trans mount, and all bolts/nuts that came from removing the trans out. With some help from a fellow enthusiast and club member (its best to have friends in the same hobby) named John, he and I did the trans swap in his driveway at night over a period three weeks. In my opinion, the swap could be done in two 8 hour days or less if all the necessary parts were at hand.
I have a parts cost description below. One thing to take special note is the hydraulic hose from the reservoir to the slave cylinder. It connects the reservoir and the slave cylinder and the whole item comes as One Unit. The yard cut the hose off to speed the removal up which cost me another $122 for a complete 1-piece unit from the dealer.
It wasn't difficult to remove my stock trans/tc out from underneath the Cherokee. It took 3 hours to prepare (interior/exterior) and remove the trans/tc out. To help with the removal, I totally removed the exhaust system and starter. The bellhousing is held to the engine via 2 6-pt. star bolts up top on the bellhousing (requires special reverse torx E-12 socket), 2 size 11mm bolts holding the crank sensor on, 2 size 15mm bellhousing side bolts, 2 19mm size bottom bellhousing bolts, 2 (1-14mm size and 1-15mm size) bolts holding the starter on, and 3 10mm size sheetmetal screws displaced evenly along the bottom 2/3 of the bellhousing. To remove the trans easily, I previously matched the side bolts with long studs. I slid on 2 precut long screws (ex-bolts with heads cut off and a slice in it for the screwdriver) in place of the 2 side bolts. This helps support the trans upon removal and reinstallation. They act as loonngg guides. Then remove all other bolts and slide the trans out.
With the Peugeot on the ground, I took measurements in comparison of old trans to new trans. I took some pictures, but with a bad camera, nothing came out. Both had same length of input shaft beyond the bellhousing meaning could use same pilot bearing. Both measured nearly the same length from bellhousing to tc mating surface, drive shaft modifications would not be required. I also measured for shifter location for location of shifter hole. What I didn't measure and did find out it was necessary, was the location of the crossmember and the 4x4 actuator linkage.
Inside the bellhousing of the Peugeot, it looked like it had the ability to have the external slave unit bolted to it. There was a place on the right side for a ball stud for the pivot point of the release fork/bearing such as on the AX-15. However, the Peugeot would require holes to be drilled for the studs to hold the slave unit on the side as in the AX-15.
Received new input gear for the transfer case, but upon inspection of the input gear, there were several cuts on one tooth of the gear. It needed to be returned, but first I verified that the new gear would work with the 23-spline output shaft of the AX-15. I also discovered I should get a new bearing and seal at this time to go with the input gear. Waiting for these parts would cause delays.
Looking at the possibility of using the same pilot bearing, I purchased new pilot bearings for a 87 XJ with 4.0l 5-sp and for 96 XJ with 4.0l 5-sp. WOW! There is a huge difference between them. The 87 had an outside diameter close to 1" with ~ 0.625" inside diameter. The 96 had ~ 1.75" outside diameter with ~ 0.8125" inside diameter. The pilot bearing had to have an inside diameter of ~ 0.8125" to fit onto the 96 AX-15. I removed the pressure plate and clutch to get a good look at the old pilot bearing and the scenario for the new one. There were 2 levels for pilot bearings to fit in the end of the crank. I could fit the 96 application in the outer level, but both trannys had the same measured shaft length beyond the bellhousing face. This outer level may interfere with the clutch splines of the input shaft. My 87 application pilot bearing is set to be in the inner level. I would have to find a bearing capable of having the ~1" outside diameter with ~0.8125" inside diameter. Plus the same depth of the 87 application (~0.625"). What application has this? I expected to be looking for several days through the parts book of the dealership.
Luckily, I was doing this with some help from John who owns a 73 CJ5 equipped with 304,3sp. He replaced his pilot bearing several years ago and happened to keep the old one around. It looks very similar to the needs. Took measurements and its fits real close to the needed application! I went out and purchased a new one for that application. It was a little longer in depth to the 87 but it fit the input shaft of the trans and was real close to the outside diameter of the 87 pilot bearing. Even though it was overall a tad deeper than the 87 application, I still have some room in the crank end to fit it. It wouldn't be flush with the crank face but it would fit and most importantly work!
I took the Peugeot apart to see what was wrong and found the synchro packs for the 1-2 and 3-4 gears were destroyed. The forks fell into the synchro pack and wouldn't budge out. Also, the input shaft of the tranny had atleast 1" movement in a circle pattern. Very bad for a trans. The bearings were shot. The synchros gone. The input gear synchro was gone. When driving it to John's house 20 miles away from mine, I would have it out of gear at stop lights, however, I still would creep into the intersection. I had to stop the engine. The input gear synchro was gone and it showed on the input gears why I was going into the intersections. The looseness made contact with the gear teeth and this moved me into the intersections. From this swap, I do have for sale (very cheap!!!) the bellhousing of the Peugeot and the crossmember. AA has a kit to fit a NV4500 to a 4.0l using this Peugeot bellhousing. ?Anyone interested? The other trans parts are, well, disposed. The shifter was bent from me pulling it several hard times into gear. Take note: the original crossmember does have the holes necessary to place the AX-15 trans mount on it. The 96 AX-15 crossmember only has the holes for the AX-15 mount.
Upon taking the t/c apart, I found lots of plastic in the pump screen and the magnetic disc was full of dark sludge. What went wrong? What is this stuff? What had happened is the plastic bushings for the 4x4 fork dislodged, broke apart and became plastic soup in the case from the gears/chain. Then the metal-to-metal contact by the fork and the synchro made tiny part-like metallic pieces float around until they were magnetized to the disc. Delays once again. Bought new plastic bushings (special order) and installed them. Cleaned up the magnetized disc and reinstalled. Had a machine shop press the new bearing onto the new gear. However, I needed to transfer the pump paddles (sorry no pics bad camera) to the new gear. Had the machine shop press off the old bearing, transfer the pump paddles to the new gear, and press on the new bearing. Then united trans to t/c. It FITS! One piece of the puzzle working towards completion.
Ran the hydraulic external release bearing around my crowded engine room. Its a 1-piece unit which was difficult to maneuver under the first generation of the 4.0l XJ. Ran into a little problem with the clutch brace on the clutch bracket under the dash. The original reservoir on the firewall is installed with a stud and bolt. The new application is installed with 2 studs, 1 on the support bracket and the other on the reservoir. Plus the mounting point of the reservoir rod is smaller than the original. I checked all stud locations prior to running it around the engine area. I did have to ream out a little the support brace. I did not check the rod mounting point diameter. It wouldn't fit on the clutch pedal. I had to remove it out of the busy engine bay, drill out to a larger diameter the mounting point of the rod to the clutch pedal, and re-install the one piece unit. ROYAL PITA!!! to do a job twice. Installed the pilot bearing, clutch and pressure plate.
Lined everything up and cleared all lines. Removed the breather cap on the trans and added a breather hose to the top of the trans. Ran this to the valve cover. Did the same with the t/c hose. Configured the reverse switch to mate to the original harness. Installed a new release bearing. Lined up the trans/t/c combo and installed it.
While I had the trans out, I hesitated about closing up the open areas on the bellhousing of the trans. It was discussed on different jeep lists about filling these holes in to help keep debris out of the clutch area. I took a light and moved it around the rest of the bellhousing, its not sealed all around at all. So I left it and saw no point in filling it in.
The transmission mounted to the engine with no problems. Verified the location of the trans shifter looks good. Installed the mount, then the crossmember. But what now!!! The crossmember is moved back 4 or so inches. The trans is attached to the engine. It wasn't longer in any shape than the Peugeot. Took a measurement in respect to the Peugeot location in the frame in relationship to the front lower control arm mount. Compare this to the AX-15 and there is a 4" difference! There are holes in the frame for this but they are not threaded. My XJ holds the crossmember with a stud/bolt and screw combo. The screw is inserted into a threaded hole in the frame. Above the stock location for the stud, there is a plug hole. Popped the plug and there is a plate with bolt looking blocks in the location of the holes. I will have to tap the holes to accept whatever screw I intend to use (larger than the hole itself). Delayed once again. Went to get the metric tap (10x1.5mm) to fit the stock screws.
Cut threads into the frame holes. Cut holes in crossmember to provide room for the original stud/screw arrangement of the stock crossmember. The crossmember is 6" or so wide where its moved back only 4" in the swap. Installed crossmember. Went to install the 4x4 shifter linkage. The shifter rod on the Peugeot was to long for the application of the AX-15. On the AX-15 its total length is 6". On the Peugeot its 10". I also had to replace the floor mount of the pivot point for the shifter rods because of the location of the tranny is approximately 4" back. In the AX-15 application, its back near the rear. This piece is the floor mounted point for the linkage near the trans. Everything is relative!! When I removed the linkage from the donor, I cut away at the joint and of course its easier to cut away at something small so I cut at it to break it loose from the truck. Bad thing to do. So now, I'm enlarging the hole on the block to fit over the Peugeot link.
Then there is the support for the exhaust. Mine came with a C channel which is welded to the catalytic converter. The 96 comes with a rod for support. John cut the channel and I place the rod into the C channel and left it as is. Installed the starter and truck is up and running.
Its a swap which is easily done but can come with headaches and delays as I have found out. Hopefully this write-up will entice the "Do It Yourselfer" into doing the same even if its with the AX-5 swap.
The torque settings are:
| t/c to tranny bolts | 26 ft# |
| bellhousing to engine bolts | 28 ft# |
| tranny mount to crossmember | 33 ft# |
| crossmember to frame bolts | 30 ft# |
| driveshaft bolts | 170 ft# |
| 1996 AX-15* complete - bellhousing, slave cylinder, reservoir, 4x4 shift linkage, boots, shifter, crossmember, mount, tranny (33k miles), crank sensor, and all bolts associated | $1200 |
| Advance Adapters Inc. 23 spline input gear for NP231 T/C Part #716053 w/ shipping | $182 |
| Pilot Bearing for CJ 304-3-sp combo. Part # 690-042 | $2.75 |
| Machine Shop labor: press off old input gear bearing, press on new bearing | $10 |
| Hyd Ctrl (Hydraulic reservoir, line and external slave cylinder as one unit) Part #52104110 | $122 |
| Input Gear Bearing Part # 4338891 | $52 |
| T/C front cover plate seal Part # J5359457 | $3.60 |
| Release Bearing (96 application) Part #53008342 | $57.50 |
| Pad Kit Part #21-109-15 (shift fork plastic) | $7.10 |
| Bushing Part #21-118-47 (shift fork rod plastic) | $2.70 |
| Total | ~$1640 |
*Side note: The cycle yard did have a Peugeot trans from a stolen XJ with 135k miles. They would guarantee the trans for 90 days. It sold for $950. I took the AX-15 route in looking to keep my XJ on the road or off by my choice whenever I can.


Only the Portfolio Construction model should remove insights from the InsightManager
. It should remove insights when the insights expire and when the corresponding security leaves the universe.
To remove an insight from the InsightManager
, call the Remove
method.
var removeSuccessful = algorithm.Insights.Remove(insight);
remove_successful = algorithm.Insights.Remove(insight)
To remove all the insights for a set of Symbol
objects, pass a list of Symbol
objects the Clear
method.
algorithm.Insights.Clear(symbols);
algorithm.Insights.Clear(symbols)
To remove all the insights that will be expired at a certain UTC time, call the RemoveExpiredInsights
method.
var expiredInsights = algorithm.Insights.RemoveExpiredInsights(utcTime);
expired_insights = algorithm.Insights.RemoveExpiredInsights(utc_time)


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With today’s multi-purposing work stations, where desk space is at a premium, having a fully featured panel that is compact, fully featured and stylish enough to match its surroundings is a must. But, you’d expect that having a compact design means having to compromise ergonomics, features and control size. With the Element range, there is no compromise!
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Updated on July 26, 2019 at 9:30 PM
High quality equipment was researched and purchased with longevity
and stability in mind.
- 13" Apple MacBook Pro w/Retina display
- Running macOS Mojave and Parallels with Windows 10, CorelDraw and TRW Rhinestone Wizard
- Landing Zone dock
- rain design mStand
- backup hard drive
- Apple Thunderbolt 27" display
- stand for Thunderbolt display
- Stahls' Hotronix Auto Open 16" x 16" Clam Heat Press
- Hotronix Laser Alignment System
- Silhouette Cameo 2 electronic die cutting machine
- Sharper Image glass L-Desk
- Measurements: 56" x 56" x 30"
- Leather & Mesh Desk Chair
- clothing rack a
- clothing rack b
- storage cart a
- storage cart b (Quantity: 2)
- 18" x 24" Alvin Professional Self-Healing Cutting Mat
- paper cutter
- ruler
- teflon a
- teflon b
- X-Acto Knives
- stone tray a
- stone tray b
- PayPal Card Readers (Quantity: 2)
- rhinestone brush a
- rhinestone brush b
- rhinestone brush c
- dress forms (Quantity: 3)
- Hanging Display Busts (Quantity: 5)
- display torso
- rhinestone tray
- drinkware vinyl application cradle
- Pressing Pillow
Other parts and tools will be included as well, and updated here as they are added to inventory.


Life Sketch of
Richard Stephen Browning
EARLY YEARS
Richard Stephen Browning was born January 6,
1924, in the home of his parents, Charles Henry Browning, and Viola Rebecca
McFate, in Sugar City, Idaho. He had two older sisters; Geneva and Florence (we
called her Flossy) and an older brother, Cleo. Dad’s family called him Rich. He
always said, " I may not have much money but I am always "Rich."
And his wife, Mom, could claim, "I married Rich."
When Dad was six years old he had pneumonia and almost died. The doctor
operated on him and took out part of a rib and drained his lungs. The first
time he stood up and started to walk across the room he fainted. He had to
learn to walk again. Because of this illness he was a year late starting
school.
As a child Dad always liked to play with toy bulldozers and trucks, make roads
and bridges, and make tree houses. He never liked school until high school.
Then he quite liked agriculture class, an aeronautics class, typing and
especially the basket ball games and dances.
Dad’s family lived in Sugar City during the winter, so that the children could
attend school. But in the summer they lived on dry farm on Canyon Creek. It
consisted of 640 acres, a three room log house, root seller, barn, machine shed
and granary. The house and yard was nestled next to a grove of quaking aspen
trees and a hill that sloped to the north, east and west. A spot on the hill
was cleared of trees and brush and a thin layer of concrete poured to keep the
water from soaking into the ground. The snow would drift in 8 to 12 feet deep.
As soon as they could get to the farm in the spring Grandpa would cover this
snow with lots of straw to keep it from melting fast. Two cisterns were used
for storing the run off. The family would have water all summer for the house,
livestock and to water the garden.
Grandpa farmed with horses until the first caterpillar tractors came out.
Grandpa bought one of the first ones available. Grandpa said he could plow as
much ground with the tractor in the length of time it took to harness the
horses as he could plow all day with the horses. The family also had cows,
pigs, chickens and rabbits.
The family use to take their Saturday night bath at Pincock's Hot Springs, now
known as Green Canyon. The old swimming pool and dance hall used to be up on
the hill, on the point of the mountain, close to where the springs came out of
the ground.
Dad could hardly remember his mother. In the fall of 1932, when Dad was 8 years
old, Grandma became ill suddenly and died. Dad’s oldest sister and brother had
both married that summer so that left Aunt Flossy to take over the home
chores. One time she tried to get Dad to do the dishes. He didn’t want to, so
ran out side and climbed up on a rope. The rope broke and Dad fell and broke
his arm. He didn’t have to dishes for some time.
In 1934, when Dad was 10, Grandpa married Margaret Hill Young who had two
children, Margaret and Robert (Uncle Bob), who were both younger than Dad.
Three boys were born to this union, LeRoy, Kenneth and Irven.
After several years of hard work, drought, hail and poor price for wheat
Grandpa lost his farm . It was a sad day for Dad. Some of his fondest memories
are of that grand old place.
About 1936 Grandpa began operating a butcher shop in Uncle Cleo's grocery store
in Sugar City. He also bought and sold live stock. Grandpa could guess the
weight of an animal within a few pounds nearly all the time. Business was slow
and money scarce.
Grandpa heard of a big boom at Sun Valley. The Challenger Inn was being built
and hundreds of workers were being employed. He thought that would be a good
place for a butcher shop. Grandpa made arrangements to move his shop into a
store at Ketchum, one mile from Sun Valley. He built a cattle trailer and by
taking both ends out he got his 14 foot meat counter and butcher equipment in
this trailer and pick up. Thus equipped Grandpa and Dad went to Ketchum.
Housing was scarce due to the sudden influx of people. They had a home made
camper for the pickup, made of three bows and a custom made heavy treated
canvas cover, much like a covered wagon, which they lived in for several weeks.
Marge and the three younger kids, Margaret, Bobby and Roy came out later. The
first house they lived in was a tent house about 16 feet square. It was made of
rough lumber floor and walls about 4 feet high with a canvas top. Later they
moved into a better home, a cabin.
Dad attended the sixth and seventh grades of school at Ketchum. He did a little
skiing and was a caddy on the golf course. He had a dog named Snip that he
trained to pull him on a sleigh. They had some good times together.
The boom was mostly over in a couple of years and the family moved out of
Ketchum. Dad went back to Sugar City and stayed with his older brothers family.
Dad was 14 and earned his keep by working in his brother's store after school
and on Saturdays, and other odd jobs during the summer. One summer he ran a
butcher shop for Van Price in Driggs, Idaho. Dad graduated from the Sugar Salem
High School.
The day after graduation Dad and his friend, Mark Hulet, were hitch hiking a
ride to Victor where their parent lived. Their first ride was from Sugar City
to Clementsville. They were walking down the road from there when a farmer, Roy
Anderson, came along and offered them a job on his dry farm. Mr. Anderson said
he could tell a good worker from the way they hitch hiked. The ones who got out
and hiked were good workers but the ones that just stood or sat at the side of
the road were lazy. Well, Dad took him up on his offer, $90.00 a month, 12
hours a day, 7 days a week, room and board, and a farm deferment from the
draft. Mr. Anderson and his sons also had a dairy farm in Lost River Valley
where Dad helped milk 80 head of Holstein cows during the winter. He didn’t
like the cow milking, but he really liked the dry farm.
Dad would tease us by saying that the dust got so thick you could ride the dust
out over the canyon to turn around. Because of the dust they had to clean the
air filter quite often. Dad was cleaning the filter with gasoline. Mr. Anderson
got after him and said, "don’t use that expensive gasoline. It cost 10
cents a gallon. Use diesel, it only costs 8 cents a gallon."
MILITARY
Dad said, "I couldn’t convince Uncle Sam
that farming was more important than soldiering and was drafted on 28 June
1944." Dad reported to Fort Douglas Army base in Salt Lake City and after
a few days was sent to Arkansas for infantry training. After seventeen weeks of
infantry training Dad and some of his buddies had a choice to make. They could
have two week delay in route to going to Japan or they could join the
paratroopers, take a an additional four weeks paratrooper jump school at Fort
Benning, Georgia and be home for Christmas on the way to Germany beside getting
$50 a month jump pay, in addition to the $50 regular pay and then another $50
when they went over seas.
The recruiters told the men that if they joined the paratroopers they wouldn’t
have to march and get blisters on your feet and carry all that gear. They would
be flown to the job. Dad said the recruiters where right about not marching,
now they had to run. Dad graduated with wings and was home on furlough for
Christmas.
Dad was sent to France and was there until the Germans surrendered. His unit
made several practice jumps. They were alerted and equipped with ammunition and
on the plane two different times all ready to be dropped on the front lines
when the maneuver was called off because of the successful advancement of the
ground troops.
Dad was on the way to Japan by way of the U.S. when the Japanese surrendered.
He arrived in New York to a hero’s welcome. Then he was sent to Fort Bragg,
North Carolina. Since he had some experience in running a movie projector, he
was given that job at camp. He would run the projector 3 or 4 hours a night but
the rest of the time he was free to do about anything. One of his buddies
became assistant to the chaplain and because of his position had access to a
jeep and they spent time riding around the country. This was an enjoyable stay
but they were anxious to get home. They were sent back to Fort Douglas for
discharge.
When Dad was discharged from the Army on April 29 1946, he came home and went
to work in Island Park cutting down mining timber. After a week of that he went
to work at a rock quarry near Victor. It was lime rock which was used to
process sugar. At first he was using a sledge hammer to break up the rock. Soon
he was able to drive the truck hauling the rock from the quarry to the railroad
where it was loaded onto railroad cars and taken to the sugar factory. That was
a much better job. That fall he went to Sugar City and stayed with his brother,
Cleo, and family. He spent the winter working in the potato cellar and chasing
girls.
FAMILY
In February of 1947, Dad met Lois Wheeler at a
stake dance in Rexburg. She was attending Ricks College. They dated until
school was out in June. The next winter they began dating again. In December
Dad went to Jackson, Wyoming to work in a butcher shop. They continued to write
and to see each other on week ends. Dad gave Mom a diamond ring on May 16,
1948, and they were married in the Salt Lake Temple on June 24, 1948.
On the 11th of June, 1949, they welcomed their first child, a little dark haired
,brown eyed baby girl. They named her Janet.
On January 23, 1952 Dad took Mom to the St. Anthony Hospital in Pocatello.
Fifteen minutes later Dr. R.R. Merrill announced to Dad that they had a red
headed blue eyed baby girl. This was Carla.
The rest of the children were born in the hospital with the star on top.
Phillip Stephen was born March 12, 1953. He was the first boy. The next child
was Elise, born June 28, 1955. Then there were two more boys, Deven Kay born
September 2, 1956 and Dale Richard born August 5, 1958. The seventh child came
to the family February 22, 1960. We named her Joyce.
Family was very important to Mom and Dad. They supported their descendants and
extended family in special occasions such as blessing of babies, baptisms,
graduation, priesthood ordinations, weddings, funerals, musical performances,
drama productions, sporting events. They loved family reunions.
Dad also kept in touch with schoolmates by attending class reunions.
HOMES
Mom and Dad made their first home in Jackson,
Wyoming. The home was a small camp trailer, about 15 foot long and 8 feet wide.
There was no indoor plumbing. In the front part was a dining area and a kitchen
and in the rear was the bedroom. They had it parked in a trailer park where
they could hook up to water and electricity. There was a public rest room,
shower and laundry that they could use. It was quite comfortable and not much
house work.
When the weather became cold the trailer park closed and they were obliged to
find another place to park. One of the customers of the store where Dad was
working, an elderly, widow lady by the name of Mrs. Saunders, offered to let
them park by her home, which was closer to town. She was very good to them and
they really enjoyed visiting with her. She had come to Jackson about 1900 and
taught school there for many years. Because of the cold temperature they could
not hook up to a water supply, but carried water from the house. In order to
have hot water they had to heat it on the kitchen stove. They had an outhouse.
The trailer was heated by an oil heater. A barrel of oil was outside the
trailer with a small tube attached to bring the oil to the heater.
The winter of 1948-1949 was one of the hardest winters that has been recorded
in this area. The snow was very deep that winter and the weather was very cold
at times. The trailer had thin walls and no insulation. Sometimes it was so
cold that the blankets on their bed would be frozen to the wall when they
awoke. They were thankful to have enough bedding to keep them warm. One night
the temperature dropped to 60 degrees below zero. At that temperature the oil
could not flow through the tubing, so the fire went out. When morning came they
brought a can full of oil into the trailer and put it in the tank on the heater
and were able to get a fire going.
The months of February and March were especially difficult for the Jackson
area. Because of the mountainous terrain many snow slides occurred, blocking
the roads so that no vehicles could get through. This meant that no supplies of
food, medicine or mail could get into the area. Most people there expect to
have some difficulties such as this so they stocked up on food and other things
in the fall. However, during that winter the road closures lasted much longer
than usual. Nothing came into the area for three weeks until they were able to
get some mail and medical supplies flown in by air.
Dad was a meat cutter at a grocery store and his supply of fresh meat ran out.
It was necessary for him to go to some farmers, buy some animals and butcher
them to replenish the supply of meat. It was six weeks before the roads were
open.
The last of the snow melted about the first of May and spring came again to the
Jackson Hole area. Dad traded in the trailer on a new one and they moved in on
June 4. It had insulated walls,
was about three feet longer, had a water heater but not a bathroom. However
they really were happy to be living in such a nice home. Shortly thereafter
they celebrated their first wedding anniversary. They had experienced several
different circumstances , but had learned that they could cope with trials in
their lives and also appreciate the blessings they had. It had been a good
year!
In September of 1949 Mom and Dad moved to Idaho Falls, Idaho. The store in
Jackson was sold and Dad had to seek employment elsewhere. He dug sugar beets
for the U & I Sugar Company. When that job was finished Dad began selling
Rena Ware cooking utensils.
In December a welcome job was offered in Pocatello cutting meat for Okay Food
Stores. Mom and Dad never thought they would like to live in Pocatello, as it
was a big wicked city, but were very glad to find work, especially that time of
year. They moved their 18 foot trailer home to the Barret Trailer Park on
Yellowstone Ave.
In the spring of 1951 Dad bought 5 acres of land on Mink Creek Road for $500.00
from J. V. Frazier. He financed it by selling war bonds that he had bought
while he was in the service. They moved their trailer on to the property April
9, 1951.
When Mom and Dad moved onto the property it was nothing more than a sagebrush
covered hill and some Juniper trees. There wasn't even any electricity. The
power company said they would not set a pole out in the sagebrush unless
someone was living there. Two weeks later they received power. It was four
months before they were able to get a well drilled so they could have water.
They brought water from town for culinary purposes, but sometimes they dipped
water out of a ditch that ran through the property and heated it on a bonfire
to do the laundry.
Dad tried to get a loan to build a house but without a credit record nor enough
ground for a farm loan they gave him the run around. Dad didn’t want to go in
debt anyway, so they lived in the trailer house for two more years.
Dad borrowed Mr. Frazier’s horse and plow and plowed a little garden spot below
the ditch that ran through the place. He watered the garden out of the ditch
with a syphon hose. They had a pretty good garden, even cantaloupe. It didn’t
freeze until the 27th of October.
Dad rented Anderson’s tractor, plow and scraper and dug the basement and also a
place to put the well. Then they had a well driller, Stirling Sigman, come and
set up his well driller over the spot he had dug out. The well and pump cost
$1,500.00 and was financed with First Security Bank. John Holman was in charge
of getting my loan. We hit water at 80 feet, then drilled to 115 feet and
perforated the casing that was in the water.
Shortly after Phillip was born (1953) Dad began working more on the basement so
they could move into it. He sold the trailer house to Harry Anderson and sons
to finance the project. They wanted it by the opening of fishing season the
latter part of May. Dad put up the cinder block walls and got a roof overhead
but no floor. The cement was poured in another room but it was not dry enough
to walk on when they came to get the trailer. They moved into the one room that
had a dirt floor and a trench for a sewer pipe running through it. They put a
little trash burner in one end to use for heat and to cook with. This room
became the laundry room and garage. A few days later they were able to move
into the one room home where it was more comfortable. Later that summer they
were able to put a cement floor in a third room and that gave them two rooms
and a bath room.. We lived in the basement until after Joyce was born (Feb.
22,1960). Shortly thereafter Dad took the roof off. With the help of friends
and relatives he was able to put up the walls and get a new roof put on the top
floor. He finished building the house the next year and the family moved into
it in May of 1961. He wanted to have brick on the outside of the house. As he
didn’t have money to buy the brick at that time, hhe waited for a few years
before he finished the out side. Vaughn Chatterton helped Dad get started
laying the bricks and he was able to do much of the brick work. A few years
later he was able to add a two car garage onto the house."
One nice thing about not finishing the house all at one time is that he never
had to make any monthly house payments. He also didn’t have interest to
pay."
WORK
In December a welcome job was offered in
Pocatello cutting meat for Okay Food Stores.
Dad cut meat for Okays for about eight years. In his spare time he plowed
gardens and did landscaping with his tractor. Later Dad bought some hay
equipment and did custom haying. One time Dad asked for some time off to do
some haying. The boss at the store asked him which he would rather do. He told
him cut hay. Dad decided to quit the store and cut hay. It was a hard decision
to make. The steady income was hard to give up. But he didn’t like working
Sundays and preferred working with machinery so decided to make the change.
His brothers, Roy, Ken and Irven and Lois’s brothers, Delynn and Byron, helped quite
a bit in the summer. He also hired some other help, Dale Higgins, Cary Baird,
Glenn Blackburn, Clifton Parker and Rex Browning at different times.
Through the years Dad taught his children to operate the trucks, tractors and
hay equipment. All of the boys have helped as much as they could and us girls
have also helped some.
Dad had two hay balers for a while and did custom haying for people in Inkom,
Marsh Valley, north to and on the Indian Reservation and also in Arbon Valley.
He decided to get out of the haying business and do landscaping only. So he
sold the hay equipment to the Pocatello Stake farm. Dad continued doing
landscaping and plowing gardens until 1972. At that time Dad bought a backhoe
and added digging basements to his vocation. He seemed to be making more money
with the backhoe so he concentrated more on that kind of work. In 1975 Rex
Browning came to help Dad and they established a partnership called Browning
Excavation. They dug basements for many homes and put in sewer systems for numerous
people. Grant Stowell hired them to put in the water system in the Indian Hills
Subdivision. Dad, Rex and Phillip spent most of the summer of 1976 in Rexburg
helping with the clean up after the Teton Dam broke and flooded the area. Dad
worked with Rex until the latter part of 1992 when he sold his share of the
business to Rex and began preparing to go on a mission for the Church.
After dad got home from his mission he was watching Janet machine quilt and
thought he could do that. He started quilting and ran the machine up until the
Charlotte Fire.
When us children were old enough Dad taught us how to take care of the lawn.
When Dad retired he took over the care of the lawn again.
CHURCH CALLINGS
Dad served in many callings in the Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
He was called to head the Senior Aaronic Priesthood where he helped activate
and prepare at least 5 families to go to the temple and be sealed for eternity.
He was Elders Quorum President. At that time he was over the dinner between the
sessions of Stake Conference.
He was called to be a Stake Missionary where he taught and had about 26
baptisms his first year.
He was ordained a Seventy. One of their projects was showing movies, with
popcorn candy and drinks. They showed the good movies like Old Yeller,
Pollyanna, Follow Me Boys, and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.
He was called to be chairman of the Genealogy Committee.
Dad was ordained a High Priest and set apart by Joseph Fielding Smith as 2nd
Counselor To Bishop Harold Lloyd. Lynn Holiday was the 1st
counselor. One Christmas the three of them went to every family in the ward and
sang Christmas Carols. It took them several evenings but they had an enjoyable
time.
Dad also served in Scouting as Cub Scout Committee Chair and Assistant Scout
Master.
Mom and Dad both served together as directors of the names extraction program,
as temple workers and as full time missionaries in the Alaska Anchorage
Mission. They were assigned to serve in Glennalan and Sitka, Alaska and
Whitehorse, Canada. Their mission began May 13, 1993 and they were released
from on November 17, 1994.
Mom and Dad were set apart to be ordinance workers in the Idaho Falls Temple on
the 18th December1996. They were assigned to go to the temple on
Thursday mornings. and be ready to start at 5 a.m. and be there until 10:30 or
11:30 a.m. They were released on October 30, 2004.
Mom and Dad served on a stake sponsored sealing team until August 31, 2009. Dad
enjoyed going to the temple and knew of the important service that takes place
there.
Dad was a home teacher and was able to touch many lives through that service.
TRIPS AND VACATIONS
Dad was a hard worker. He also knew how to
have fun. He liked to play games with family and friends. We was good at
checkers and liked to play Racko. But his favorite was a game we call
"Mormon Bridge."
When we were young dad would come home from work and say lets got swimming or
lets go camping. How we enjoyed swimming at Lava Hot Springs or Indian Springs
or Green Canyon. I have memories of camping in Yellowstone Park, Stanley Basin,
Green Canyon.
When Dad first learned about snowmobiles, we were fortunate enough to get one.
Over the years we spent many days riding.
In 1976 Mom and Dan bought a one bedroom time share condominium in Island Park.
They decided that they would like to have more room so the next year bought a
two bedroom condo. They enjoyed going to Island Park over the years and always
shared the time with friends and family. They would go snowmobiling when the
weather was good enough. Almost every year they went through Yellowstone Park.
They usually made it to Old Faithful but several times made the loop around
Thumb, Yellowstone Lake and Canyon. Other favorite places to go were Two Top
and Big Springs. Other places of interest were Mesa Falls and Lion Head. On
stormy days we would play games or watch movies. The Club House had a swimming
pool, hot tubs, racket ball and ping pong.
Mom and Dad owned several different Motor homes. They took vacations all over
the United States. They have been to all of the states except Hawaii, Maine,
Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, (I’m not sure
about Delaware) and New Mexico.
Rich and Lois were very generous and never took a vacation without a parent,
sibling, child, grandchild, niece, nephew, or even a friend along.
Dad gave us a wonderful heritage. We had a good and comfortable life. We have
many happy memories to remember him by. We love you Dad.


What is Pair Programming?
Pair programming is working with other people on a programming project.
This is done in person or remotely. Pair programming is a commonly used development technique.
Why is pair proramming important to DBC?
Pair Progromming is important to DBC because a lot of programming involves group work.
One benefit of pair programming is being able to have two sets of eyes on a problem and the ability
to arrive at better solutions.
Compare driver and Navigator?
Driver: the person who has their hands on the keyboard and is familiar with all of the
technical functions
Navigator: the person who has the wireframe, map, or process and who is telling the drivier
what to do


Mean Gene Okerlund, Thuganomics John Cena Join Funko's WWE Pop! Line
by Adreon PattersonA new set of WWE superstars will be cemented in pop culture infamy as Funko has announced new figurines for the Funko Pop! WWE line.
Funko has unveiled figures based on current and past WWE performers, including The Miz, "Mean" Gene Okerlund, Diesel with Kevin Nash Chase (Funko's rare variants), Naomi with a glow-in-the-dark Chase, and John Cena's Doctor of Thuganomics.
The Miz is decked out in his full Miz regalia while Okerlund offers his usual commentary in his tuxedo and red bowtie with a WWE microphone. Collectors get two for the price of one as Kevin Nash appears as himself in NWO and Diesel. Naomi takes a power stance in her black and neon green leotard and hair with a glow-in-the-dark variant. John Cena gets a throwback, appearing in his baseball cap, throwback jersey and jean shorts with "word" and "life" brass knuckles as the Doctor of Thuganomics.
Click the button below to start this article in quick view.
The line also includes two exclusives. Amazon will have “The Fiend” Bray Wyatt, while Wrestlemania Hulk Hogan will be exclusive to Walmart.
WWE's Raw airs Mondays on the USA Network and Smackdown airs Fridays on Fox.
https://schema.orgBreadcrumbListListItem1Homehttps://www.cbr.com/ListItem2Nerd Culturehttps://www.cbr.com/category/nerd-culture/ListItem3Mean Gene Okerlund, Thuganomics John Cena Join Funko's WWE Pop! Linehttps://www.cbr.com/mean-gene-okerlund-thuganomics-john-cena-funko-wwe-pop-line/


Drake
multibody Directory Reference
Directory dependency graph for multibody:
This browser is not able to show SVG: try Firefox, Chrome, Safari, or Opera instead.
Directories
directory
collision
directory
joints
directory
parsers
directory
rigid_body_plant
directory
shapes
directory
test
Files
file
approximate_ik.cc
file
constraint_wrappers.cc
file
constraint_wrappers.h
file
force_torque_measurement.h
file
global_inverse_kinematics.cc
file
global_inverse_kinematics.h
file
ik_options.cc
file
ik_options.h
file
ik_trajectory_helper.cc
file
ik_trajectory_helper.h
file
inverse_kinematics.cc
file
inverse_kinematics_backend.cc
NOTE: The contents of this class are for the most part direct ports of drake/systems/plants//inverseKinBackend.m from Matlab to C++; many methods and variables follow Matlab conventions and are documented in that file.
file
inverse_kinematics_backend.h
file
inverse_kinematics_pointwise.cc
file
inverse_kinematics_trajectory.cc
file
inverse_kinematics_trajectory_backend.cc
file
kinematic_path.h
file
kinematics_cache-inl.h
Template method implementations for
kinematics_cache.h
.
file
kinematics_cache.cc
file
kinematics_cache.h
file
kinematics_cache_helper.cc
file
kinematics_cache_helper.h
file
material_map.h
file
plants.h
file
pose_map.h
file
resolve_center_of_pressure.cc
file
resolve_center_of_pressure.h
file
rigid_body.cc
file
rigid_body.h
file
rigid_body_actuator.cc
file
rigid_body_actuator.h
file
rigid_body_constraint.cc
file
rigid_body_constraint.h
file
rigid_body_distance_constraint.cc
file
rigid_body_distance_constraint.h
file
rigid_body_frame.cc
file
rigid_body_frame.h
file
rigid_body_ik.h
file
rigid_body_loop.cc
file
rigid_body_loop.h
file
rigid_body_tree.cc
file
rigid_body_tree.h
file
rigid_body_tree_alias_groups.cc
file
rigid_body_tree_alias_groups.h
file
rigid_body_tree_construction.cc
file
rigid_body_tree_construction.h
file
rigid_body_tree_contact.cc
drake
attic
multibody
Generated by


PSALMS 129
A psalm written for people going up to the temple to worship.
1 I say that my enemies have afflicted me ever since I was young.
Now I ask you, my fellow Israelites, to repeat those same words:
2 "Our enemies have afflicted us since our nation began,
but they have not defeated us!
3 Our enemies struck us with whips that cut into our backs
as a farmer uses a plow to cuts deep furrows into the ground."
4 But Yahweh is righteous,
and he has freed us from being slaves to wicked people.
5 I wish that they may all be shamed because we will defeat them—all of Jerusalem's enemies.
6 I hope that they may be of no value, like grass that grows on the roofs of houses,
that dries up and does not grow tall;
7 no one wants to cut it and tie it up as bundles and carry it away.
8 People who pass by and see men harvesting grain usually greet them by saying to them,
"We wish that Yahweh may bless you!"
But this will not happen to the enemies of Israel.
We, acting as Yahweh's representatives, bless you, our fellow Israelites!


Next: wcscmp, Previous: wcscat, Up: Wchar strings [Contents][Index]
wcschr
—wide-character string scanning operationSynopsis
#include <wchar.h> wchar_t *wcschr(const wchar_t *s, wchar_t c);
Description
The wcschr
function locates the first occurrence of c in the
wide-character string pointed to by s. The value of c must be a
character representable as a type wchar_t and must be a wide-character
code corresponding to a valid character in the current locale.
The terminating null wide-character string.
Returns
Upon completion, wcschr
returns a pointer to the wide-character
code, or a null pointer if the wide-character code is not found.
Portability
wcschr
is ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995 (ISO C).
No supporting OS subroutines are required.


Sibande carries Miami (Ohio) over Purdue Fort Wayne 84-80
by EndPlayFORT WAYNE, Ind. (AP) - Nike Sibande posted 19 points as Miami (Ohio) held off Purdue Fort Wayne 84-80 on Wednesday night.
Sibande, who returned to the RedHawks (1-1) after declaring for the NBA draft and going through summer workouts, made 7 of 13 from the field and 4 for 4 from the free-throw line. He's scored 43 points to lead Miami scorers in the first two games.
Dalonte Brown had 17 points, Precious Ayah added 12 points and nine rebounds and Isaiah Coleman-Lands had 11 points for Miami.
The RedHawks were up 11 after a Milos Jovic 3-pointer with 2:55 remaining - just enough to hold off the Mastodons, who closed on a 13-9 run. The teams combined to make 14 of 14 free throws down the stretch.
Mekhi Lairy, who was second on the RedHawks in scoring heading into the matchup with 21 points per game, scored only eight points, but hit two key free throws with eight seconds left.
Brian Patrick had 23 points and six rebounds for the Mastodons (1-3). Matt Holba added 18 points. Jarred Godfrey had 17 points.
Miami (Ohio) takes on Alabama A&M at home on Saturday. Purdue Fort Wayne takes on Stetson at home on Saturday.
___
For more AP college basketball coverage: https://apnews.com/Collegebasketball and http://twitter.com/AP_Top25
___
Elements of this story were generated by Automated Insights, http://www.automatedinsights.com/ap, using data from STATS LLC, https://www.stats.com


POSTIT
RECEIVED MESSAGE FROM GROUP ANDELA FELLOW
sent by Philip on 07/07/2017 at 4:50pm
Lorem Ipsum is simply mockData text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard mockData text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, and more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.


|
KlusterKite
0.0.0
A framework to create scalable and redundant services based on awesome Akka.Net project.
|
The cluster configuration with all program modules versions, node templates and configurations More...
Public Member Functions | |
| int | GetId () |
| Public Member Functions inherited from KlusterKite.Data.CRUD.IObjectWithId< int > | |
| TId | GetId () |
| Gets the object id More... | |
Properties | |
| int | Id [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration id More... | |
| int | MajorVersion [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration major version number More... | |
| int | MinorVersion [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration minor version number More... | |
| string | Name [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration name More... | |
| string | Notes [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration name More... | |
| DateTimeOffset | Created [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration creation date More... | |
| DateTimeOffset | Started = DateTimeOffset.Now [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration start date (the date when cluster was switched on this configuration first time) More... | |
| DateTimeOffset | Finished [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration finish date (the date when cluster was switched from this configuration last time) More... | |
| EnConfigurationState | State [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration state More... | |
| bool | IsStable = EnConfigurationState.Draft [get, set] |
| Gets or sets a value indicating whether this configuration was considered stable More... | |
| ConfigurationSettings | Settings [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration settings More... | |
| List< CompatibleTemplate > | CompatibleTemplatesBackward [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the list of backward-compatible node templates More... | |
| List< CompatibleTemplate > | CompatibleTemplatesForward [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the list of node templates compatible with future configurations More... | |
| List< MigrationLogRecord > | MigrationLogs [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the list of migration operations More... | |
| string | SettingsJson [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the configuration settings as json to store in database More... | |
The cluster configuration with all program modules versions, node templates and configurations
Definition at line 28 of file Configuration.cs.
| int KlusterKite.NodeManager.Client.ORM.Configuration.GetId | ( | ) |
Definition at line 147 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the list of backward-compatible node templates
Definition at line 116 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the list of node templates compatible with future configurations
Definition at line 124 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration creation date
Definition at line 73 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration finish date (the date when cluster was switched from this configuration last time)
Definition at line 87 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration id
Definition at line 38 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets a value indicating whether this configuration was considered stable
Definition at line 101 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration major version number
Definition at line 45 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the list of migration operations
Definition at line 131 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration minor version number
Definition at line 52 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration name
Definition at line 59 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration name
Definition at line 66 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration settings
Definition at line 108 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration settings as json to store in database
Definition at line 138 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration start date (the date when cluster was switched on this configuration first time)
Definition at line 80 of file Configuration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the configuration state
Definition at line 94 of file Configuration.cs.


| I l@ve RuBoard |
14.2 The PyErrata Web SiteThe last chapter concluded with a discussion of the downsides of deploying applications on the Web. But now that I've told you all the reasons you might not want to design systems for the Web, I'm going to completely contradict myself and present a system that cries out for a web-based implementation. This chapter presents the PyErrata web site, a Python program that lets arbitrary people on arbitrary machines submit book comments and bug reports (usually called errata) over the Web, using just a web browser. PyErrata is in some ways simpler than the PyMailCgi case study presented in the previous chapter. From a user's perspective, PyErrata is more hierarchical than linear: user interactions are shorter and spawn fewer pages. There is also little state retention in web pages themselves in PyErrata; URL parameters pass state in only one isolated case, and no hidden form fields are generated. On the other hand, PyErrata introduces an entirely new dimension: persistent data storage. State (error and comment reports) is stored permanently by this system on the server, either in flat pickle files or a shelve-based database. Both raise the specter of concurrent updates, since any number of users out in cyberspace may be accessing the site at the same time. 14.2.1 System GoalsBefore you ponder too long over the seeming paradox of a book that comes with its own bug-reporting system, I should provide a little background. Over the last five years, I've been fortunate enough to have had the opportunity to write four books, a large chapter in a reference book, and various magazine articles and training materials. Changes in the Python world have also provided opportunities to rewrite books from the ground up. It's been both wildly rewarding and lucrative work (well, rewarding, at least). But one of the first big lessons one learns upon initiation in the publishing business is that typos are a fact of life. Really. No matter how much of a perfectionist you are, books will have bugs. Furthermore, big books tend to have more bugs than little books, and in the technical publishing domain, readers are often sufficiently savvy and motivated to send authors email when they find those bugs. That's a terrific thing, and helps authors weed out typos in reprints. I always encourage and appreciate email from readers. But I get lots of email -- at times, so much so that given my schedule, I find it difficult to even reply to every message, let alone investigate and act on every typo report. I get lots of other email too, and can miss a reader's typo report if I'm not careful. About a year ago, I realized that I just couldn't keep up with all the traffic and started thinking about alternatives. One obvious way to cut down on the overhead of managing reports is to delegate responsibility -- to offload at least some report-processing tasks to the people who generate the reports. That is, I needed to somehow provide a widely available system, separate from my email account, that automates report posting and logs reports to be reviewed as time allows. Of course, that's exactly the sort of need that the Internet is geared to. By implementing an error-reporting system as a web site, any reader can visit and log reports from any machine with a browser, whether they have Python installed or not. Moreover, those reports can be logged in a database at the web site for later inspection by both author and readers, instead of requiring manual extraction from incoming email. The implementation of these ideas is the PyErrata system -- a web site implemented with server-side Python programs. PyErrata allows readers to post bug reports and comments about this edition of Programming Python, as well as view the collection of all prior posts by various sort keys. Its goal is to replace the traditional errata list pages I've had to maintain manually for other books in the past. More than any other web-based example in this book, PyErrata demonstrates just how much work can be saved with a little Internet scripting. To support the first edition of this book, I hand-edited an HTML file that listed all known bugs. With PyErrata, server-side programs generate such pages dynamically from a user-populated database. Because list pages are produced on demand, PyErrata not only publishes and automates list creation, it also provides multiple ways to view report data. I wouldn't even try to reorder the first edition's static HTML file list. PyErrata is something of an experiment in open systems, and as such is vulnerable to abuse. I still have to manually investigate reports, as time allows. But it at least has the potential to ease one of the chores that generally goes unmentioned in typical publishing contracts. 14.2.2 Implementation OverviewLike other web-based systems in this part of the book, PyErrata consists of a collection of HTML files, Python utility modules, and Python-coded CGI scripts that run on a shared server instead of on a client. Unlike those other web systems, PyErrata also implements a persistent database and defines additional directory structures to support it. Figure 14-1 shows the top-level contents of the site, seen on Windows from a PyEdit Open dialog. Figure 14-1. PyErrata site contentsYou will find a similar structure on this book's CD-ROM (view CD-ROM content online at http://examples.oreilly.com/python2). To install this site on the Net, all the files and directories you see here are uploaded to the server machine and stored in a PyErrata subdirectory within the root of the directory that is exposed to the Web (my public_html directory). The top-level files of this site implement browse and submit operations as well as database interfaces. A few resource page files and images show up in this listing too, but are ignored in this book. Besides files, this site has subdirectories of its own:
We'll meet the contents of the database subdirectories later in this chapter, when exploring the database implementation. 14.2.3 Presentation StrategyPyErrata takes logic factoring, code reuse, and encapsulation to extremes. Top-level scripts, for example, are often just a few lines long and ultimately invoke generic logic in common utility modules. With such an architecture, mixing short code segments with lots of screen shots makes it tough to trace the flow of control through the program. To make this system easier to study, we're going to take a slightly different approach here. PyErrata's implementation will be presented in three main sections corresponding to major functional areas of the system: report browsing, report submission, and database interfaces. The site root page will be shown before these three sections, but mostly just for context; it's simple, static HTML. Within the browsing and submission sections, all user interaction models (and screen shots) are shown first, followed by all the source code used to implement that interaction. Like the PyForm example in Chapter 16, PyErrata is at heart a database-access program, and its database interfaces are ultimately the core of the system. Because these interfaces encapsulate most low-level storage details, though, we'll save their presentation for last. Although you still may have to jump around some to locate modules across functional boundaries, this organization of all the code for major chunks of the system in their own sections should help minimize page-flipping.
|
| I l@ve RuBoard |


The written heritage of the “Islamicate” cultures that stretch from modern Bengal to Spain is as vast as it is understudied and underrepresented in the digital humanities. The sheer volume and diversity of the surviving works produced in Persian and Arabic by denizens of these lands in the premodern period makes this body of texts ideal for computational forms of analysis. Efforts to utilize these new digital forms of analysis, however, have been stymied by the lack of a reliable corpus.
The Islamicate Texts Initiative (ITI) is a multi-institutional effort to construct the first machine-actionable scholarly corpus of premodern Islamicate texts. Led by researchers at the Aga Khan University (AKU), Universität Leipzig (UL), and the Roshan Institute for Persian Studies at the University of Maryland (College Park) and an interdisciplinary advisory board of leading digital humanists and Islamic, Persian, and Arabic studies scholars, ITI aims to provide the essential textual infrastructure in Persian and Arabic for new forms of macro textual analysis and digital scholarship. In the process, ITI will enable new synergies between Digital Humanities and the inter-related Islamicate fields of Islamic, Persian, and Arabic Studies.
After completing pilot Persian and Arabic corpus projects over the course of 2015 (The KITAB (Knowledge, Information, and The Arabic Book) and Persian Digital Library (PDL) projects), ITI team members began drafting an implementation plan that would bring together these efforts in one united Islamicate textual corpus that would contain approximately 10,000 Islamicate texts (ca. 7,000 Arabic and 3,000 Persian texts). In this stage, we will (1) review and format existing open-access premodern Persian and Arabic text according to the CapiTainS canonical text services (CTS) standards; (2) enrich these texts with as much verified metadata as possible (using our data schema developed in the pilot stage); and (3) develop and execute a plan to achieve greater parity in the number, genre, and chronological coverage of both Persian and Arabic texts in the ITI corpus after reviewing results of first phase of the work plan.
| Sarah Bowen Savant | Maxim Romanov | Matthew Thomas Miller |
|---|---|---|
| Associate Professor @ Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations, Aga Khan University, London (kitab-project.org) | Research Fellow @ Alexander von Humboldt-Lehrstuhl für Digital Humanities, Institut für Informatik, Universität Leipzig | Roshan Institute Research Fellow @ Roshan Institute for Persian Studies Associate Director, Roshan Initiative in Persian Digital Humanities (PersDig@UMD), University of Maryland, College Park |
| For more information about ITI, please contact the project manager, Samar Ali Ata<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or follow us on Github |


statsmodels.genmod.generalized_linear_model.GLM¶
-
class
statsmodels.genmod.generalized_linear_model.
GLM
(endog, exog, family=None, offset=None, exposure=None, freq_weights=None, var_weights=None, missing='none', **kwargs)[source]¶ Generalized Linear Models class
GLM inherits from statsmodels.base.model.LikelihoodModel
- Parameters
- endogarray-like
1d array of endogenous response variable. This array can be 1d or 2d. Binomial family models accept a 2d array with two columns. If supplied, each observation is expected to be [success, failure].
- exogarray-like
A nobs x k array where nobs is the number of observations and k is the number of regressors. An intercept is not included by default and should be added by the user (models specified using a formula include an intercept by default). See statsmodels.tools.add_constant.
- familyfamily class instance
The default is Gaussian. To specify the binomial distribution family = sm.family.Binomial() Each family can take a link instance as an argument. See statsmodels.family.family for more information.
- offsetarray-like or None
An offset to be included in the model. If provided, must be an array whose length is the number of rows in exog.
- exposurearray-like or None
Log(exposure) will be added to the linear prediction in the model. Exposure is only valid if the log link is used. If provided, it must be an array with the same length as endog.
- freq_weightsarray-like
1d array of frequency weights. The default is None. If None is selected or a blank value, then the algorithm will replace with an array of 1’s with length equal to the endog. WARNING: Using weights is not verified yet for all possible options and results, see Notes.
- var_weightsarray-like
1d array of variance (analytic) weights. The default is None. If None is selected or a blank value, then the algorithm will replace with an array of 1’s with length equal to the endog. WARNING: Using weights is not verified yet for all possible options and results, see Notes.
- missingstr
Available options are ‘none’, ‘drop’, and ‘raise’. If ‘none’, no nan checking is done. If ‘drop’, any observations with nans are dropped. If ‘raise’, an error is raised. Default is ‘none.’
Notes
Only the following combinations make sense for family and link:
Family
ident
log
logit
probit
cloglog
pow
opow
nbinom
loglog
logc
Gaussian
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
inv Gaussian
x
x
x
binomial
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Poission
x
x
x
neg binomial
x
x
x
x
gamma
x
x
x
Tweedie
x
x
x
Not all of these link functions are currently available.
Endog and exog are references so that if the data they refer to are already arrays and these arrays are changed, endog and exog will change.
Statsmodels supports two separte definitions of weights: frequency weights and variance weights.
Frequency weights produce the same results as repeating observations by the frequencies (if those are integers). Frequency weights will keep the number of observations consistent, but the degrees of freedom will change to reflect the new weights.
Variance weights (referred to in other packages as analytic weights) are used when
endog
represents an an average or mean. This relies on the assumption that that the inverse variance scales proportionally to the weight–an observation that is deemed more credible should have less variance and therefore have more weight. For thePoisson
family–which assumes that occurences scale proportionally with time–a natural practice would be to use the amount of time as the variance weight and setendog
to be a rate (occurrances per period of time). Similarly, using a compound Poisson family, namelyTweedie
, makes a similar assumption about the rate (or frequency) of occurences having variance proportional to time.Both frequency and variance weights are verified for all basic results with nonrobust or heteroscedasticity robust
cov_type
. Other robust covariance types have not yet been verified, and at least the small sample correction is currently not based on the correct total frequency count.Currently, all residuals are not weighted by frequency, although they may incorporate
n_trials
forBinomial
andvar_weights
Residual Type
Applicable weights
Anscombe
var_weights
Deviance
var_weights
Pearson
var_weights
andn_trials
Reponse
n_trials
Working
n_trials
WARNING: Loglikelihood and deviance are not valid in models where scale is equal to 1 (i.e.,
Binomial
,NegativeBinomial
, andPoisson
). If variance weights are specified, then results such asloglike
anddeviance
are based on a quasi-likelihood interpretation. The loglikelihood is not correctly specified in this case, and statistics based on it, such AIC or likelihood ratio tests, are not appropriate.Examples
>>> import statsmodels.api as sm >>> data = sm.datasets.scotland.load(as_pandas=False) >>> data.exog = sm.add_constant(data.exog)
Instantiate a gamma family model with the default link function.
>>> gamma_model = sm.GLM(data.endog, data.exog, ... family=sm.families.Gamma())
>>> gamma_results = gamma_model.fit() >>> gamma_results.params array([-0.01776527, 0.00004962, 0.00203442, -0.00007181, 0.00011185, -0.00000015, -0.00051868, -0.00000243]) >>> gamma_results.scale 0.0035842831734919055 >>> gamma_results.deviance 0.087388516416999198 >>> gamma_results.pearson_chi2 0.086022796163805704 >>> gamma_results.llf -83.017202161073527
- Attributes
- df_modelfloat
Model degrees of freedom is equal to p - 1, where p is the number of regressors. Note that the intercept is not reported as a degree of freedom.
- df_residfloat
Residual degrees of freedom is equal to the number of observation n minus the number of regressors p.
- endogarray
See Notes. Note that endog is a reference to the data so that if data is already an array and it is changed, then endog changes as well.
- exposurearray-like
Include ln(exposure) in model with coefficient constrained to 1. Can only be used if the link is the logarithm function.
- exogarray
See Notes. Note that exog is a reference to the data so that if data is already an array and it is changed, then exog changes as well.
- freq_weightsarray
See Notes. Note that freq_weights is a reference to the data so that if data is already an array and it is changed, then freq_weights changes as well.
- var_weightsarray
See Notes. Note that var_weights is a reference to the data so that if data is already an array and it is changed, then var_weights changes as well.
- iterationint
The number of iterations that fit has run. Initialized at 0.
- familyfamily class instance
The distribution family of the model. Can be any family in statsmodels.families. Default is Gaussian.
- muarray
The mean response of the transformed variable. mu is the value of the inverse of the link function at lin_pred, where lin_pred is the linear predicted value of the WLS fit of the transformed variable. mu is only available after fit is called. See statsmodels.families.family.fitted of the distribution family for more information.
- n_trialsarray
See Notes. Note that n_trials is a reference to the data so that if data is already an array and it is changed, then n_trials changes as well. n_trials is the number of binomial trials and only available with that distribution. See statsmodels.families.Binomial for more information.
- normalized_cov_paramsarray
The p x p normalized covariance of the design / exogenous data. This is approximately equal to (X.T X)^(-1)
- offsetarray-like
Include offset in model with coefficient constrained to 1.
- scalefloat
The estimate of the scale / dispersion of the model fit. Only available after fit is called. See GLM.fit and GLM.estimate_scale for more information.
- scaletypestr
The scaling used for fitting the model. This is only available after fit is called. The default is None. See GLM.fit for more information.
- weightsarray
The value of the weights after the last iteration of fit. Only available after fit is called. See statsmodels.families.family for the specific distribution weighting functions.
Methods
estimate_scale
(mu)Estimates the dispersion/scale.
estimate_tweedie_power
(mu[, method, low, high])Tweedie specific function to estimate scale and the variance parameter.
fit
([start_params, maxiter, method, tol, …])Fits a generalized linear model for a given family.
fit_constrained
(constraints[, start_params])fit the model subject to linear equality constraints
fit_regularized
([method, alpha, …])Return a regularized fit to a linear regression model.
from_formula
(formula, data[, subset, drop_cols])Create a Model from a formula and dataframe.
get_distribution
(params[, scale, exog, …])Returns a random number generator for the predictive distribution.
hessian
(params[, scale, observed])Hessian, second derivative of loglikelihood function
hessian_factor
(params[, scale, observed])Weights for calculating Hessian
information
(params[, scale])Fisher information matrix.
Initialize a generalized linear model.
loglike
(params[, scale])Evaluate the log-likelihood for a generalized linear model.
loglike_mu
(mu[, scale])Evaluate the log-likelihood for a generalized linear model.
predict
(params[, exog, exposure, offset, linear])Return predicted values for a design matrix
score
(params[, scale])score, first derivative of the loglikelihood function
score_factor
(params[, scale])weights for score for each observation
score_obs
(params[, scale])score first derivative of the loglikelihood for each observation.
score_test
(params_constrained[, …])score test for restrictions or for omitted variables


Documenting CEEMID For Open Data Use
CEEMID is a data integration system that could provide to be a model and starting point of building a European Music Observatory based on open data, open-source software using best statistics, data science and AI practices. CEEMID has created thousands of high-value, hard music industry indicators using open data sources, industry data sources, surveys and various APIs to relevant other data sources.
CEEMID is aiming to transfer thousands of indicators and a verifiable, open-source software that creates them to the European Music Observatory to give Europe-wide access timely, reliable, actionable statistics and indicators for the music industry, policymakers and music professionals. (Read more about our data coverage and our pan-European geographical coverage.)
With the help of Consolidated Independent, CEEMID created the Central European Music Industry Report - online, pdf and epub versions 2020, which provides a rich illustration on European cross-country research to provide the music industry businesses and music policymakers with rich data and high-quality indicators for analysis and AI for the innovation pillar of the European Music Observatory by creating input data on the Music Economy of Europe, Music Diversity and Circulation and on Music, Society & Citizenship.
CEEMID is a private initiative. We developed data products for the needs of the industry: to calculate adequate royalty price (tariff) levels, to calculate adequate compensation for damages, to design better grants, to advocate better CCI policies, to pinpoint discriminative taxation of the industry, to monitor public performance licenses, to calculate the size of the value gap, to train algorithms that find new audience for small nation repertoires abroad, and so on. Because the industry is made of microenterprises all over Europe and the world, and even larger organizations, such as collective management societies are at most SMEs, the industry has very limited market research or research & development capacities. This puts the music industry in a particularly vulnerable position because the biggest distributors of music, such as Alphabet’s Google and YouTube, or Apple’s iTunes and streaming services, or Spotify are data-driven companies that apply AI in all their workflows.
Why open data?
The music industry cannot get more favourable position in disputes if it is not able to ramp up its data analytics capacities. This is only possible in a collaborative way, because the combined research capacity of the European industry is smaller than its main partner’s capacities individually.
We believe that CEEMID could fulfil the functions of the European Music Industry if it would find a sustainable financing that makes access to all our data open. We need to be able to avoid the tragedy of the commons, where only a few industry users contribute to the financing of thousands of indicators that could potentially benefits tens of thousands of stakeholders in the EU.
We believe that a very large segment of CEEMID’s and the European Music Observatory’s data coverage is based on public-interest data that is collected by public authorities. We have also realized that the music industry stakeholders and policymakers, particularly in cultural ministries and similar functions in cities and regions underestimate the availability of open data. The EU open data regime gives access to almost all information stored in government data systems. Because this is in fact re-use of the information, the data for this purpose is usually not documented. While the data is available for free or almost free, only high level of metadata and data processing know-how is required to access it. This know-how is usually missing from cultural policy institutions and music industry bodies.
Therefore, CEEMID was based on the regulatory framework provided by the Directive on open data and the re-use of public sector information provides a common legal framework for a European market for government-held data (public sector information). It a regulatory framework that is built around two key pillars of the internal market: transparency and fair competition. In our view, these principles should apply to European Music Observatory, too.
In the EU, open data is governed by the Directive on open data and the re-use of public sector information - in short: Open Data Directive (EU) 2019/1024. It entered into force on 16 July 2019. It replaces the Public Sector Information Directive, also known as the ‘PSI Directive’ which dated from 2003 and was subsequently amended in 2013^[@eu_directive_2019_1024; @eu_directive_2013_37; @eu_directive_2003_98]. The founder of CEEMID, Daniel Antal has been involved in Open Data and PSI since 2008.
Why open collaboration in data integration?
We believe that the European Music Observatory must rely on open-source statistical software written in the R statistical language like CEEMID, and it must be funded on the principle of open collaboration with the industry, public authorities and academia.
Open-source software (OSS) is a type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software is often developed in a collaborative public manner, and which is a prominent example of open collaboration.
Generally, the use of open source software, including the open source R language and its software packages or libraries in the national statistical offices are encouraged by four important considerations:
- lower cost, 2. security, 3. no vendor ‘lock in’ and 4. better quality. We believe that the number of data scientists in the music domain is so few that only an open collaboration can guarantee adequate data quality. (In our CEEMID documentation you find more information about the [R language](https://documentation.ceemid.eu/index.php?title=R_(programming_language) and the concept of open-source software.)
We believe that the European Music Observatory must rely on open-source statistical software written in the R statistical language like CEEMID, and it must be funded on the principle of open collaboration with the industry, public authorities and academia.
CEEMID uses the open source statistical programming language R, and various open source R programs. CEEMID also releases some of its customary program code developed to create its indicators. This allows an open collaboration with statisticians working in national statistics authorities and in independent research institutions in the EU and globally.
The use of open source software and the open source R statistical language allows a continuous peer-review of data ingestion, processing, corrections and indicator creation by statisticians, data scientists and academics. Statistical products of national statistical offices, sometimes Eurostat itself, not to mention data providers that are not part of the system of national statistical offices, such as the European Audiovisual Observatory, are plagued with data errors that are corrected and amended relatively slowly. We believe that unless the European Music Observatory becomes part of Eurostat (a highly unlikely organizational scenario), it should embrace the priniciples of open collaboration in creating its indicators.
CEEMID has been releasing some of its data processing, integration and indicator creation code on an open-source license on the Comprehensive R Archive Network, or CRAN, is a collection of sites which carry identical material, consisting of the R distribution(s), the contributed extensions, documentation for R, and binaries. (More information in our documentation.) We would like to find funding to release thousands of reproducible data sets and the reproduction code from source to end result on an open data, open collaboration basis.
Our economic impact assessment code
Our iotables package programmatically creates gross-value added, employment, taxation effect and multiplier indicators from real national accounts data for all EU countries by providing a data processing and modelling software to implement the use cases of the Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables. It was released on rOpenGov.
The package was originally designed for the economic impact assessment of film production in Hungary and for the Slovak music industry. (See related publication.) With the help of this package, we can, for example, calculate the effect of 1 million euro crisis relief package on the GDP, employment and future tax receipts between car manufacturing, banking, the music industry and book publishing in all EU countries. By releasing our software code, we could compare test results on calculating economic impact indicators for the creative industries and other industries with the UK statistical office. We want to release more and more of CEEMID’s software code, so that professional statisticians can validate that they work perfectly or suggest improvements.
Creating regional indicators
Our second major open-source release makes it possible to create regional statistical time series and data panels from Eurostat’s regional data - not only for the creative industries, although our original aim was to support scientific research into book piracy in a project with IVIR at the University of Amsterdam.
While national borders do not change frequently, the borders of more than 1000 European NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions change on average every three years. The change of regional boundaries makes time-wise comparison very difficult. Because the current statistical regulations to do not make it compulsory that member states re-cast their historical data after a boundary change, Eurostat does not contain, for example, comparable data on French or Lithuanian or Hungarian regions in the previous decade.
CEEMID’s program code does exactly this, because it traces, and whenever possible, corrects boundary changes back till 2007. We released this very complicated program code as part of the eurostat R package within the rOpenGov initiative. This program package has tens of thousands of users in research institutions, industry and in the national statistical offices themselves.
We released the program code, because it requires special geostatistical knowledge, and we believe it is such a critical application that only open peer-review can guarantee its flawless and error-free work.
From the Centre of Europe to the European Music Observatory
Historically CEEMID started out as the Central and Eastern European Music Industry Databases out of necessity following a CISAC Good Governance Seminar for European Societies in 2013. The adoption of European single market and copyright rules, and the increased activity of competition authority and regulators required a more structured approach to set collective royalty and compensations tariffs in a region that was regarded traditionally as data-poor with lower quantity of industry and government data sources available.
In 2014 three societies, Artisjus, HDS and SOZA realized that need to make further efforts to modernize the way they measure their own economic impact, the economic value of their licenses to remain competitive in advocating the interests vis-?-vis domestic governments, international organizations like CISAC and GESAC and the European Union. They signed a Memorandum of Understanding with their consultant to set up the CEEMID databases and to harmonize their efforts. The decentralized, data integration strategy chosen by CEEMID however allowed a quick expansion of CEEMID to be a Pan-European data resource.


Two outcomes cohorts will be constructed to allow for population-level effect estimation.
1. Hospitalizations for heart failure (primary inpatient diagnosis)
Non-technical summary: All hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of 'heart failure'.
Complete specification
Initial Event Cohort
People having any of the following:
- a visit occurrence of Inpatient Visit
- occurrence start is between 2013-04-01 and 2017-05-15 (inclusive)
- Having all of the following criteria:
- at least 1 occurrences of a condition occurrence of heart failure
- condition type is any of: Inpatient detail - primary, Inpatient header - primary, Primary Condition, Carrier claim detail - 1st position, Carrier claim header - 1st position, Inpatient detail - 1st position, Inpatient header - 1st position, Outpatient detail - 1st position, Outpatient header - 1st position
- starting between 0 days Before and 0 days After event index date
with continuous observation of at least 0 days prior and 0 days after event index date, and limit initial events to: all events per person.
Limit qualifying cohort to: all events per person.
Date Offset Exit Criteria
This cohort definition end date will be the index event's end date plus 0 days
Cohort Collapse Strategy
Collapse cohort by era with a gap size of 0 days.
2. Below Knee Lower Extremity Amputation events
Non-technical summary: All new below-knee lower extremity amputation procedures, excluding recent (within 30 day) revisions.
Complete specification
Initial Event Cohort
People having any of the following:
- a procedure of below-knee amputations
- occurrence start is between 2013-04-01 and 2017-05-15 (inclusive)
- with continuous observation of at least 0 days prior and 0 days after event index date, and limit initial events to: all events per person.
For people matching the Primary Events, include
Having all of the following criteria:
- exactly 0 occurrences of a procedure of below-knee amputations starting between 30 days Before and 1 days Before event index date
Limit cohort of initial events to: all events per person.
Limit qualifying cohort to: all events per person.
Date Offset Exit Criteria
This cohort definition end date will be the index event's start date plus 0 days
Cohort Collapse Strategy
Collapse cohort by era with a gap size of 0 days.


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The solidification of an undercooled liquid can be described by a phase field model. The free energy density is given by \begin{equation} {\mathcal F}=\int \left[\frac{1}{2} W^2(\hat n)|\nabla \varphi|^2+f(\varphi,u)\right]\,dV. \end{equation} Here, $u$ is a dimensionless temperature field, \begin{equation} u=\frac{T({\mathbf r},t)-T_m}{L \; / \; c_p}, \end{equation} where $T({\mathbf r},t)$ is the space- and time-dependent temperature, $T_m$ the melting temperature, $L$ the latent heat, $c_p$ the specific heat at constant pressure, and $\varphi$ is a phase field variable which describes the phase of the material. The free energy density $f(\varphi,u)$ is a double-well potential, \begin{equation} f(\varphi,u)=-\frac{1}{2}\varphi^2+\frac{1}{4}\varphi^4 +\lambda u\varphi\left[1-\frac{2}{3}\varphi^2+\frac{1}{5}\varphi^4\right], \end{equation} constructed to have minima at $\varphi=\pm1$, corresponding to solid ($\varphi=1$) and liquid phases ($\varphi=-1$), respectively. The variable $\lambda$ is a dimensionless coupling constant, and the last term on the right-hand side tilts the free energy double-well to favor solid or liquid, depending on if the temperature is above or below the melting temperature $T_m$.
The term $W(\hat n)$ controls the interface thickness and contains the crystalline anisotropy or symmetry. In two dimensions, it takes the form $ W(\hat n)=W_0a(\hat n)$, where the unit normal vector $\hat n=\frac{\nabla\varphi}{|\nabla\varphi|}$. We will use a simple form for $a(\hat n)$ to reflect in-plane symmetry, $a(\hat n)=1+\epsilon_m\cos(m(\theta-\theta_0))$, where $m$ is a non-negative integer and $\theta$ is the in-plane azimuthal angle, $\tan\theta=n_y\;/\;n_x$; $\theta_0$ is an offset azimuthal angle that specifies the orientation of the crystalline axis relative to the $x$-axis in the laboratory coordinate system.
The time evolution of the fields $u$ and $\varphi$ are given by \begin{eqnarray} \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}&=&D\nabla^2u+\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial \varphi}{\partial t}\ \tau(\hat n)\frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial t} & = & - \frac{\delta{\mathcal F}}{\delta \varphi({\mathbf r},t)}, \end{eqnarray} where $D$ is a thermal diffusion constant and $\tau(\hat n)=\tau_0\left[a(\hat n)\right]^2$. We will take \begin{equation}\lambda=\frac{D\tau_0}{0.6267W_0^2} \end{equation} for obscure technical reasons (it makes kinetic contributions to the temperature on the interface vanish). Because of the dependence of $W$ on $\varphi$, the functional derivative becomes a little complicated:
$$ \begin{align} \tau(\hat n)\frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial t} & = & \left[\varphi-\lambda u\left(1-\varphi^2\right)\right]\left[1-\varphi^2\right]+\nabla\cdot\left[ W(\hat n)^2\nabla\varphi\right]\nonumber\\ &&+\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left[|\nabla\varphi|^2W(\hat n)\frac{\partial W(\hat n)}{\partial \left(\frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial x}\right)}\right] +\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left[|\nabla\varphi|^2W(\hat n)\frac{\partial W(\hat n)}{\partial \left(\frac{\partial\varphi}{\partial y}\right)}\right]. \end{align} $$We will use the following values: $W_0=1$, $\tau_0=1$, and $D=10$. The degree of undercooling, $\Delta$, is given by \begin{equation}\Delta=\frac{T_m-T_0}{L/c_p}, \end{equation} where $T_0$ is the initial (uniform) temperature of the system $[T({\mathbf r},t=0)=T_0]$, and also specifies the boundary condition $u({\mathbf r},t)\to-\Delta$ as $|{\mathbf r}|\to\infty$.
Use as initial condition that $\varphi({\mathbf r},t=0)=1$ for $|{\mathbf r}|\leq1$ and $\varphi({\mathbf r},t=0)=-1$ for $|{\mathbf r}|>1$, such that the sphere of solid is centered in the computational domain. This problem involves many different length scales which may stress your meshing and solver. You should be careful to use a mesh that can resolve the interface (e.g., 5 mesh points across the interface) while still being able to include regions where the temperature $T\approx T_0$. The solution will eventually reach a steady state where the tip velocity of the solidification front is constant if the computational domain is large enough. We will embed the system in a bounding box $\Omega$ of size $L\times L$ with the boundaries aligned with the $x$- and $y$-axes, and with boundary $\partial \Omega$. We use Dirichlet boundary conditions $T=T_0$ so that $u=-\Delta$ on the boundary $\partial \Omega$.
Plot the tip velocity as a function of time for (a), (b), and (c) below. Find the velocity both by directly measuring from your solution, and by calculating it via \begin{equation} v_n=D\hat n\cdot\left[\nabla u|_S-\nabla u|_L\right], \end{equation} where $\nabla u|_S$ and $\nabla u|_L$ are the gradients of $u$ evaluated on the solid and liquid side of the interface, respectively.
(a) Plot the tip velocity of the solidification front as a function of time for $m=4$, $\Delta=0.05$, $\epsilon_4=0.025$, $\theta_0=0$, $L=20$, and also $L=100$.
(b) Plot the tip velocity of the solidification front as a function of time for $m=4$, $\Delta=0.05$, $\epsilon_4=0.025$, $\theta_0=\pi/4$, $L=20$, and $L=100$.
(c) Plot the tip velocity of the solidification front as a function of time for $m=6$, $\Delta=0.05$, $\epsilon_6=0.025$, $\theta_0=0$, and $L=100$.


Modal & Notification page header description goes here...
Admetro build in app notification comes with default (white) or inverse (black) styling.
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| 1. Default Notification | Demo | 4. Inverse Style Notification | Demo |
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| 3. Custom Button url | Demo | 6. Single Button | Demo |
| Available Options | |||
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| 1 | data-title="Calendar" | 8 | data-content="Tom's Birthday" |
| 2 | data-icon="ti-alarm-clock" | 9 | data-icon-class="bg-grey" |
| 3 | data-img="assets/img/user.jpg" | 10 | data-img-class="bg-inverse" |
| 4 | data-btn="true" | 11 | data-btn-text="Details" |
| 5 | data-btn-url="http://www.google.com" | 12 | data-btn-url="data-click='trigger-button'" |
| 6 | data-close-btn="disabled" | 13 | data-close-text="Close" |
| 7 | data-autoclose="true" | 14 | data-autoclose-time="5000" |
Modals are streamlined, but flexible, dialog prompts with the minimum required functionality and smart defaults.
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{% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load otree static %} {% block title %} Results {% endblock %} {% block content %}
One of the three team members’ decision, {{player.participant.vars.contri}}, is randomly chosen for implementation in this round. Therefore, the team contributes {{player.participant.vars.contri}}.