--- layout: documentation title: BUILD files ---
This document provides an overview of the source tree layout and the terminology used in Bazel.
Bazel builds software from source code organized in a directory called a workspace. Source files in the workspace are organized in a nested hierarchy of packages, where each package is a directory that contains a set of related source files and one BUILD file. The BUILD file specifies what software outputs can be built from the source.
A workspace is a directory on your filesystem that contains the
source files for the software you want to build, as well as symbolic links
to directories that contain the build outputs. Each workspace directory has
a text file named WORKSPACE
which may be empty, or may contain
references to external dependencies
required to build the outputs. See also the Workspace Rules section in the Build
Encyclopedia.
The primary unit of code organization in a workspace is the package. A package is collection of related files and a specification of the dependencies among them.
A package is defined as a directory containing a file
named BUILD
, residing beneath the top-level directory in the
workspace. A package includes all files in its directory, plus all
subdirectories beneath it, except those which themselves contain a BUILD
file.
For example, in the following directory tree
there are two packages, my/app
,
and the subpackage my/app/tests
.
Note that my/app/data
is not a package, but a directory
belonging to package my/app
.
src/my/app/BUILD src/my/app/app.cc src/my/app/data/input.txt src/my/app/tests/BUILD src/my/app/tests/test.cc
A package is a container. The elements of a package are called targets. Most targets are one of two principal kinds, files and rules. Additionally, there is another kind of target, package groups, but they are far less numerous.
Hierarchy of targets.
Files are further divided into two kinds. Source files are usually written by the efforts of people, and checked in to the repository. Generated files, sometimes called derived files, are not checked in, but are generated by the build tool from source files according to specific rules.
The second kind of target is the rule. A rule specifies the relationship between a set of input and a set of output files, including the necessary steps to derive the outputs from the inputs. The outputs of a rule are always generated files. The inputs to a rule may be source files, but they may be generated files also; consequently, outputs of one rule may be the inputs to another, allowing long chains of rules to be constructed.
Whether the input to a rule is a source file or a generated file is in most cases immaterial; what matters is only the contents of that file. This fact makes it easy to replace a complex source file with a generated file produced by a rule, such as happens when the burden of manually maintaining a highly structured file becomes too tiresome, and someone writes a program to derive it. No change is required to the consumers of that file. Conversely, a generated file may easily be replaced by a source file with only local changes.
The inputs to a rule may also include other rules. The precise meaning of such relationships is often quite complex and language- or rule-dependent, but intuitively it is simple: a C++ library rule A might have another C++ library rule B for an input. The effect of this dependency is that the B's header files are available to A during compilation, B's symbols are available to A during linking, and B's runtime data is available to A during execution.
An invariant of all rules is that the files generated by a rule always belong to the same package as the rule itself; it is not possible to generate files into another package. It is not uncommon for a rule's inputs to come from another package, though.
Package groups are sets of packages whose purpose is to limit accessibility
of certain rules. Package groups are defined by the
package_group
function. They have two properties: the list of
packages they contain and their name. The only allowed ways to refer to them
are from the visibility
attribute of rules or from the
default_visibility
attribute of the package
function; they do not generate or consume files. For more information, refer
to the appropriate section of the Build Encyclopedia.
All targets belong to exactly one package. The name of a target is called its label, and a typical label in canonical form looks like this:
//my/app/main:app_binary
Each label has two parts, a package name (my/app/main
)
and a target name (app_binary
). Every label uniquely
identifies a target. Labels sometimes appear in other forms; when
the colon is omitted, the target name is assumed to be the same as
the last component of the package name, so these two labels are
equivalent:
//my/app //my/app:app
Short-form labels such as //my/app
are not to
be confused with package names. Labels start with //
,
but package names never do, thus my/app
is the
package containing //my/app
.
(A common misconception is that //my/app
refers
to a package, or to all the targets in a package; neither
is true.)
Within a BUILD file, the package-name part of label may be omitted,
and optionally the colon too. So within the BUILD file for package
my/app
(i.e. //my/app:BUILD
),
the following "relative" labels are all equivalent:
//my/app:app //my/app :app app
(It is a matter of convention that the colon is omitted for files, but retained for rules, but it is not otherwise significant.)
Similarly, within a BUILD file, files belonging to the package may be referenced by their unadorned name relative to the package directory:
generate.cc testdata/input.txt
But from other packages, or from the command-line, these file
targets must always be referred to by their complete label, e.g.
//my/app:generate.cc
.
Relative labels cannot be used to refer to targets in other
packages; the complete package name must always be specified in this
case. For example, if the source tree contains both the package
my/app
and the package
my/app/testdata
(i.e., each of these two
packages has its own BUILD file). The latter package contains a
file named testdepot.zip
. Here are two ways (one
wrong, one correct) to refer to this file within
//my/app:BUILD
:
testdata/testdepot.zip # Wrong: testdata is a different package.
//my/app/testdata:testdepot.zip # Right.
If, by mistake, you refer to testdepot.zip
by the wrong
label, such as //my/app:testdata/testdepot.zip
or //my:app/testdata/testdepot.zip
, you will get an
error from the build tool saying that the label "crosses a package
boundary". You should correct the label by putting the colon after
the directory containing the innermost enclosing BUILD file, i.e.,
//my/app/testdata:testdepot.zip
.
The syntax of labels is intentionally strict, so as to
forbid metacharacters that have special meaning to the shell. This
helps to avoid inadvertent quoting problems, and makes it easier to
construct tools and scripts that manipulate labels, such as the
Bazel Query Language.
All of the following are forbidden in labels: any sort of white
space, braces, brackets, or parentheses; wildcards such
as *
; shell metacharacters such
as >
, &
and |
; etc.
This list is not comprehensive; the precise details are below.
//...:target-name
target-name
is the name of the target within the package.
The name of a rule is the value of the name
parameter in the rule's declaration in a BUILD file; the name
of a file is its pathname relative to the directory containing
the BUILD file.
Target names must be composed entirely of
characters drawn from the set a
–z
,
A
–Z
, 0
–9
,
and the punctuation symbols _/.+-=,@~
.
Do not use ..
to refer to files in other packages; use
//packagename:filename
instead.
Filenames must be relative pathnames in normal form, which means
they must neither start nor end with a slash
(e.g. /foo
and foo/
are forbidden) nor
contain multiple consecutive slashes as path separators
(e.g. foo//bar
). Similarly, up-level references
(..
) and current-directory references
(./
) are forbidden. The sole exception to this
rule is that a target name may consist of exactly
'.
'.
While it is common to use /
in the name of a file
target, we recommend that you avoid the use of /
in the
names of rules. Especially when the shorthand form of a label is
used, it may confuse the reader. The
label //foo/bar/wiz
is always a shorthand
for //foo/bar/wiz:wiz
, even if there is no such package
foo/bar/wiz
; it never refers to //foo:bar/wiz
,
even if that target exists.
However, there are some situations where use of a slash is convenient, or sometimes even necessary. For example, the name of certain rules must match their principal source file, which may reside in a subdirectory of the package.
//package-name:...
The name of a package is the name of the directory containing its
BUILD file, relative to the top-level directory of the source tree.
For example: my/app
.
Package names must start with a lower-case ASCII letter
(a
–z
),
and must be composed entirely of characters drawn from the set
a
–z
, 0
–9
,
'_
', and '/
'.
For a language with a directory structure that is significant to its module system (e.g. Java), it is important to choose directory names that are valid identifiers in the language.
Although Bazel allows a package at the build root (e.g. //:foo
), this
is not advised and projects should attempt to use more descriptively named
packages.
Package names may not contain the substring //
, nor
end with a slash.
A rule specifies the relationship between inputs and outputs, and the steps to build the outputs. Rules can be of one of many different kinds or classes, which produce compiled executables and libraries, test executables and other supported outputs as described in the Build Encyclopedia.
Every rule has a name, specified by the name
attribute,
of type string. The name must be a syntactically valid target name,
as specified above. In some cases, the name is
somewhat arbitrary, and more interesting are the names of the files
generated by the rule; this is true of genrules. In other
cases, the name is significant: for *_binary
and *_test
rules, for example, the rule name determines
the name of the executable produced by the build.
Every rule has a set of attributes; the applicable attributes for a given rule, and the significance and semantics of each attribute are a function of the rule's class; see the Build Encyclopedia for the full list of supported rules and their corresponding attributes. Each attribute has a name and a type. The full set of types that an attribute can have is: integer, label, list of labels, string, list of strings, output label, list of output labels. Not all attributes need to be specified in every rule. Attributes thus form a dictionary from keys (names) to optional, typed values.
The srcs
attribute present in many rules has type "list
of label"; its value, if present, is a list of labels, each being
the name of a target that is an input to this rule.
The outs
attribute present in many rules has type "list
of output labels"; this is similar to the type of
the srcs
attribute, but differs in two significant
ways. Firstly, due to the invariant that the outputs of a rule
belong to the same package as the rule itself, output labels cannot
include a package component; they must be in one of the "relative"
forms shown above. Secondly, the relationship implied by an
(ordinary) label attribute is inverse to that implied by an output
label: a rule depends on its srcs
, whereas a rule is
depended on by its outs
. The two types of label attributes
thus assign direction to the edges between targets, giving rise to a
dependency graph.
The figure below represents an example fragment of the build dependency graph, and illustrates: files (circles) and rules (boxes); dependencies from generated files to rules; dependencies from rules to files, and from rules to other rules. Conventionally, dependency arrows are represented as pointing from a target towards its prerequisites.
Source files, rules, and generated files.
This directed acyclic graph over targets is called the "target graph" or "build dependency graph", and is the domain over which the Bazel Query tool operates.
The previous section described packages, targets and labels, and the build dependency graph abstractly. In this section, we'll look at the concrete syntax used to define a package.
By definition, every package contains a BUILD file, which is a short program written in the Build Language. Most BUILD files appear to be little more than a series of declarations of build rules; indeed, the declarative style is strongly encouraged when writing BUILD files.
However, the build language is in fact an imperative language, and
BUILD files are interpreted as a sequential list of statements.
Build rule functions, such as cc_library
, are procedures whose
side-effect is to create an abstract build rule inside the build tool.
The concrete syntax of BUILD files is a subset of Python.
Originally, the syntax was that of Python, but experience
showed that users rarely used more than a tiny subset of Python's
features, and when they did, it often resulted in complex and
fragile BUILD files. In many cases, the use of such features was
unnecessary, and the same result could be achieved by using an
external program, e.g. via a genrule
build rule.
Crucially, programs in the build language are unable to perform arbitrary I/O (though many users try!). This invariant makes the interpretation of BUILD files hermetic, i.e. dependent only on a known set of inputs, which is essential for ensuring that builds are reproducible.
Lexemes: the lexical syntax of the core language is a strict subset of Python 2.6, and we refer the reader to the Python specification for details. Lexical features of Python that are not supported include: floating-point literals, hexadecimal and Unicode escapes within string literals.
BUILD files should be written using only ASCII characters,
although technically they are interpreted using the Latin-1
character set. The use
of coding:
declarations is forbidden.
Grammar: the grammar of the core language is shown below, using EBNF notation. Ambiguity is resolved using precedence, which is defined as for Python.
file_input ::= (simple_stmt? '\n')* simple_stmt ::= small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* ';'? small_stmt ::= expr | assign_stmt assign_stmt ::= IDENTIFIER '=' expr expr ::= INTEGER | STRING+ | IDENTIFIER | IDENTIFIER '(' arg_list? ')' | expr '.' IDENTIFIER | expr '.' IDENTIFIER '(' arg_list? ')' | '[' expr_list? ']' | '[' expr ('for' IDENTIFIER 'in' expr)+ ']' | '(' expr_list? ')' | '{' dict_entry_list? '}' | '{' dict_entry ('for' IDENTIFIER 'in' expr)+ '}' | expr '+' expr | expr '-' expr | expr '%' expr | '-' expr | expr '[' expr? ':' expr? ']' | expr '[' expr ']' expr_list ::= (expr ',')* expr ','? dict_entry_list ::= (dict_entry ',')* dict_entry ','? dict_entry ::= expr ':' expr arg_list ::= (arg ',')* arg ','? arg ::= IDENTIFIER '=' expr | expr
For each expression of the core language, the semantics are identical to the corresponding Python semantics, except in the following cases:
%
operator are not
supported. Only the int % int
and str %
tuple
forms are supported. Only the %s
and %d
format specifiers may be
used; %(var)s
is illegal.
Many Python features are missing: control-flow constructs (loops,
conditionals, exceptions), basic datatypes (floating-point numbers, big
integers), import
and the module system, support for
definition of classes, some Python's built-in functions. Function
definitions and for
statements are allowed only in
extension files (.bzl
).
Available functions are documented in
the library section.
The build language is an imperative language, so in general, order does matter: variables must be defined before they are used, for example. However, most BUILD files consist only of declarations of build rules, and the relative order of these statements is immaterial; all that matters is which rules were declared, and with what values, by the time package evaluation completes. So, in simple BUILD files, rule declarations can be re-ordered freely without changing the behavior.
BUILD file authors are encouraged to use comments liberally to
document the role of each build target, whether it is intended for
public use, and anything else that would help users and future
maintainers, including a # Description:
comment at the
top, explaining the role of the package.
The Python comment syntax of #...
is supported.
Triple-quoted string literals may span multiple lines, and can be used
for multi-line comments.
The majority of build rules come in families, grouped together by
language. For
example, cc_binary
, cc_library
and cc_test
are the build rules for C++ binaries,
libraries, and tests, respectively. Other languages use the same
naming scheme, with a different prefix, e.g. java_*
for
Java. These functions are all documented in the
Build Encyclopedia.
*_binary
rules build executable programs in a given language. After a
build, the executable will reside in the build tool's binary
output tree at the corresponding name for the rule's label,
so //my:program
would appear at
(e.g.) $(BINDIR)/my/program
.
Such rules also create a runfiles directory
containing all the files mentioned in a data
attribute belonging to the rule, or any rule in its transitive
closure of dependencies; this set of files is gathered together in
one place for ease of deployment to production.
*_test
rules are a specialization of a *_binary
rule, used for automated
testing. Tests are simply programs that return zero on success.
Like binaries, tests also have runfiles trees, and the files
beneath it are the only files that a test may legitimately open
at runtime. For example, a program cc_test(name='x',
data=['//foo:bar])
may open and
read $TEST_SRCDIR/workspace/foo/bar
during execution.
(Each programming language has its own utility function for
accessing the value of $TEST_SRCDIR
, but they are all
equivalent to using the environment variable directly.)
Failure to observe the rule will cause the test to fail when it is
executed on a remote testing host.
*_library
rules specify separately-compiled modules in the given
programming language. Libraries can depend on other libraries,
and binaries and tests can depend on libraries, with the expected
separate-compilation behavior.
A target A
depends upon a target
B
if B
is needed by A
at
build or execution time. The depends upon relation induces a
directed acyclic graph (DAG) over targets, and we call this a
dependency graph.
A target's direct dependencies are those other targets
reachable by a path of length 1 in the dependency graph. A target's
transitive dependencies are those targets upon which it
depends via a path of any length through the graph.
In fact, in the context of builds, there are two dependency graphs, the graph of actual dependencies and the graph of declared dependencies. Most of the time, the two graphs are so similar that this distinction need not be made, but it is useful for the discussion below.
A target X
is actually dependent on target
Y
iff Y
must be present, built and
up-to-date in order for X
to be built correctly.
"Built" could mean generated, processed, compiled, linked,
archived, compressed, executed, or any of the other kinds of tasks
that routinely occur during a build.
A target X
has a declared dependency on target
Y
iff there is a dependency edge from X
to
Y
in the package of X
.
For correct builds, the graph of actual dependencies A must
be a subgraph of the graph of declared dependencies D. That
is, every pair of directly-connected nodes x --> y
in A must also be directly connected in D. We say
D is an overapproximation of A.
It is important that it not be too much of an overapproximation, though, since redundant declared dependencies can make builds slower and binaries larger.
What this means for BUILD file writers is that every rule must explicitly declare all of its actual direct dependencies to the build system, and no more. Failure to observe this principle causes undefined behavior: the build may fail, but worse, the build may depend on some prior operations, or upon which transitive declared dependencies the target happens to have. The build tool attempts aggressively to check for missing dependencies and report errors, but it is not possible for this checking to be complete in all cases.
You need not (and should not) attempt to list everything indirectly imported, even if it is "needed" by A at execution time.
During a build of target X
, the build tool inspects the
entire transitive closure of dependencies of X
to ensure that
any changes in those targets are reflected in the final result,
rebuilding intermediates as needed.
The transitive nature of dependencies leads to a common mistake. Through careless programming, code in one file may use code provided by an indirect dependency, i.e. a transitive but not direct edge in the declared dependency graph. Indirect dependencies do not appear in the BUILD file. Since the rule doesn't directly depend on the provider, there is no way to track changes, as shown in the following example timeline:
1. At first, everything works
The code in package a
uses code in package b
.
The code in package b
uses code in package c
,
and thus a
transitively depends on c
.
a/BUILD
rule( name = "a", srcs = "a.in", deps = "//b:b", )
a/a.in
import b; b.foo();
b/BUILD
rule( name = "b", srcs = "b.in", deps = "//c:c", )
b/b.in
import c; function foo() { c.bar(); }
Declared dependency graph: a --> b --> c Actual dependency graph: a --> b --> cThe declared dependencies overapproximate the actual dependencies. All is well.
2. A latent hazard is introduced.
Someone carelessly adds code to a
that creates a direct
actual dependency on c
, but forgets to declare it.
a/a.in
import b; import c; b.foo(); c.garply();
Declared dependency graph: a --> b --> c Actual dependency graph: a --> b -->_c \_________/|The declared dependencies no longer overapproximate the actual dependencies. This may build ok, because the transitive closures of the two graphs are equal, but masks a problem:
a
has an
actual but undeclared dependency on c
.
3. The hazard is revealed
Someone refactors b
so that it no longer depends on
c
, inadvertently breaking a
through no
fault of their own.
b/BUILD
rule( name = "b", srcs = "b.in", deps = "//d:d", )
b/b.in
import d; function foo() { d.baz(); }
Declared dependency graph: a --> b c Actual dependency graph: a --> b _c \_________/|
The declared dependency graph is now an underapproximation of the
actual dependencies, even when transitively closed; the build is
likely to fail.
The problem could have been averted by ensuring that the actual
dependency from a
to c
introduced in Step
2 was properly declared in the BUILD file.
Most build rules have three attributes for specifying different kinds
of generic dependencies: srcs
, deps
and
data
. These are explained below. See also
Attributes common
to all rules in the Build Encyclopedia.)
Many rules also have additional attributes for rule-specific kinds
of dependency, e.g. compiler
, resources
,
etc. These are detailed in the Build Encyclopedia.
srcs
dependenciesFiles consumed directly by the rule or rules that output source files.
deps
dependenciesRule pointing to separately-compiled modules providing header files, symbols, libraries, data, etc.
data
dependenciesA build target might need some data files to run correctly. These data files aren't source code: they don't affect how the target is built. For example, a unit test might compare a function's output to the contents of a file. When we build the unit test, we don't need the file; but we do need it when we run the test. The same applies to tools that are launched during execution.
The build system runs tests in an isolated directory where only files listed as "data" are available. Thus, if a binary/library/test needs some files to run, specify them (or a build rule containing them) in data. For example:
# I need a config file from a directory named env: java_binary( name = "setenv", ... data = [":env/default_env.txt"], ) # I need test data from another directory sh_test( name = "regtest", srcs = ["regtest.sh"], data = [ "//data:file1.txt", "//data:file2.txt", ... ], )
These files are available using the relative path
path/to/data/file
. In tests, it is also possible to refer to
them by joining the paths of the test's source directory and the workspace-relative
path, e.g.
${TEST_SRCDIR}/workspace/path/to/data/file
.
As you look over our BUILD
files, you might notice
that some data
labels refer to directories.
These labels end with /.
or /
like so:
data = ["//data/regression:unittest/."] # don't use this
or like so:
data = ["testdata/."] # don't use this
or like so:
data = ["testdata/"] # don't use this
This seems convenient, particularly for tests (since it allows a test to use all the data files in the directory).
But try not to do this. In order to ensure correct incremental rebuilds (and
re-execution of tests) after a change, the build system must be
aware of the complete set of files that are inputs to the build (or
test). When you specify a directory, the build system will perform
a rebuild only when the directory itself changes (due to addition or
deletion of files), but won't be able to detect edits to individual
files as those changes do not affect the enclosing directory.
Rather than specifying directories as inputs to the build system,
you should enumerate the set of files contained within them, either
explicitly or using the
glob()
function.
(Use **
to force the
glob()
to be recursive.)
data = glob(["testdata/**"]) # use this instead
Unfortunately, there are some scenarios where directory labels must be used.
For example, if the testdata
directory contains files whose
names do not conform to the strict label syntax
(e.g. they contain certain punctuation symbols), then explicit
enumeration of files, or use of the
glob()
function will
produce an invalid labels error. You must use directory labels in this case,
but beware of the concomitant risk of incorrect rebuilds described above.
If you must use directory labels, keep in mind that you can't refer to the parent
package with a relative "../
" path; instead, use an absolute path like
"//data/regression:unittest/.
".
Note that directory labels are only valid for data dependencies. If you try to use
a directory as a label in an argument other than data
, it
will fail and you will get a (probably cryptic) error message.


This vs That
Compare models and brands, places, or superheroes
"vs"
"and"
"with"
clear search history


--- title: Exercise 4 layout: lesson nextex: benedictionex5 prevex: benedictionex3 course: benediction course-title: Benediction ---
And the word for word translations.
1. Quae who pandis openest. 2. Hostilia bella hostile wars premunt sore press us. 3. Sit- be sempiterna gloria everlasting glory. 1. Quae And may he donet give. 5. Ora pray thou pro nobis for us. 6. Qui who tollis takest away. 7. Veneremur let us venerate cernui bowing down. 8. Antiquum documentum let the ancient ordinance cedat give place. 9. Fides let faith praestet offer. 10. Sit be virtus quoque power also et benedictio and benediction. 31. Sit be compar laudtitio equal laudation. 12. Praestitisti thou gavest. 13. Ut sentiamus we may experience. 14. Qui who vivis livest et regnas and reignest. 15. Adoremus let us adore. 16. Laudate praise ye. 17. Ejus misericordia his mercy confirmata est hath been confirmed. 18. Veritas the truth Domini of the Lord manet abideth. 19. Sicut as erat it was in principio in the beginning.


Pythoneer | ML and IoT enthusiast | Oracle Certified Associate
I am Apoorv, SDE II at Walmart Global Tech India and a B. Tech. CSE graduate from Chandigarh University . My interests lie in the domain of Machine Learning, Internet-of-Things and project development. I've also held the position of Team-Lead for the team MachVEDA, during which we were declared winners for A.I.C.T.E. Smart India Hackathon 2019 Hardware Edition and also invited for the National Convention of A.I.C.T.E. Chhatra Vishwakarma Awards 2019 after clearing the prototyping and Regional Convention rounds. I've also actively mentored projects for multiple teams in my college for various competitions as well. One of my freelance project is actively being used at Inter State Bus Terminus(I.S.B.T.) Rishikesh being managed by the municipal Corporation of Rishikesh.
Currently working as an SDE II in Core Services - Item and Inventory (CSII) pillar of Walmart Global Tech India. My responsibilities are to create scalable applications that are tasked to elevate the experience of customers ordering from Walmart's E-Commerce Platforms.
Worked on industry standard projects in the field of Internet-of-Things (July 2018 - August 2018) and Machine Learning (January 2019 - February 2019). Built various projects in these domains and got exposure to technologies like Google Firebase, Ubidots, IFTTT, TensorFlow etc.
Served as the Leader for the college tech team MachVEDA, and brought home various titles like Winner of SIH 2019 Grand Finale (Cash Prize of ₹ 1,00,000), Invitees for National Convention of A.I.C.T.E. CVA 2019 Awards (Only Team to qualify from Punjab), Runner Up Parivartan Tech Fest (Cash Prize ₹ 30,000), Runner Up Project Display CGC Jhanjheri Tech Fest (Cash Prize ₹ 7000). Also, actively mentored various other teams.
Mobilenet SSD v2 based binary mask classifier. Smaller architecture even though being a core Machine Learning project allows portability ro Edge-IoT devices
A pedestrian detection based Automatic Emergency Braking System developed under the guidance of engineers from Bosch and Mahindra & Mahindra
A Discord bot and Webhook based system to act as a moderator to players having fun on Among Us !


Changelog
Version 2
Version 2.0.7
- Update Oj to version 3.12
Version 2.0.6
- Update Oj to version 3.11
Version 2.0.5
- Update Oj to version 3.10
Version 2.0.4
Version 2.0.3
Version 2.0.2
- Update Rainbow to version 3, use its new refinements in CLI
- Update Oj to version 3.7
Version 2.0.1
- Update StringUtility to version 3
Version 2.0.0
- Complete rewrite of the gem. Includes the following changes:
- SimpleGeolocator is no longer a helper module containing methods for every type of data. Now, you call the
SimpleGeolocator#get
function, which returns an IPAPIResponse object. This object has instance attributes to
replace almost all of the old SimpleGeolocator module functions. The exception to this is connection, which has
been replaced by the IPAPIResponse#mobile?
and IPAPIResponse#proxy?
functions.
- Proper error handling has been introduced. Functions will no longer return error strings. Now,
IPAPIResponse#initialize
fails with the according errors, to quickly alert the developer or user that something
has gone wrong.
zip
is no longer an Integer, because that implies that some math should be done on it. It is a String now. You
can call #to_i
if you for some reason want it to be an Integer.
- Region (
#region
) and country (#country
) are now represented by a LOCATION_STRUCT Struct, which has 2 instance
attributes: name and code.
- Longitude and latitude (
#ll
) are no longer represented as an array, but a Pair from the data_types gem. This
makes significantly more conceptual sense.
#isp_name
and #organization_name
are now represented by the new named isp
and organization
instance
attributes.
- Changes to the libraries and requirements:
- HTTPClient is no longer used. It had largely too much overhead for a gem this simple. When we do not need
keepalive, complicated requests, or even just a "full" client, I found it didn't make sense to use it. Now, Curb
is used.
- The stdlib JSON library is not used anymore. It has been replaced by Optimized JSON (Oj) for performance reasons.
- data_types is now a library used by SimpleGeolocator.
- Pessimistic version requirements are now used.
Version 1
Version 1.3.2
Version 1.3.1
- Update to Ruby 2.3 and HTTPClient 2.7
Version 1.3.0
- New CLI called 'simplegeo'. Simply pass it an IP and it'll give you data!
Version 1.2.0
- Implement a simple cache that will prevent you ever exceeding the request quota! (vladc)
- New method connection for getting the types of connection you have (proxy and/or mobile) (vladc)
Version 1.1.0
- Fix error method causing NoMethodError.
- Better documentation for all methods, including adding the missing documentation for the private error method.
- Case/When statement instead of if conditional in request_successful?
- Better code in all the getter methods, improving how values are returned and how error is called.
- New get_error_description for getting the description to go with the ambiguous error message.
- Better error code, which is now dependent on request_successful?, instead of having getter methods being dependent on request_successful?. This greatly reduces the length of the methods.
- HTTPClient dependency is no longer open-ended.
Version 1.0.0
- Initial release version. Contains methods for most everything available with IP-API.com. The only API that I am not utilizing is the DNS API. That should come in a future release.


{% load static %} {% comment %} This header appears above the page card for allauth views It should include the site name and/or logo. {% endcomment %}


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Attractions
Disneyland and More
Disneyland in Hong Kong
Enter a magical kingdom inspired by fairy-tale dreams and explore 7 lands—Adventureland, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point, Toy Story Land, Fantasyland, Tomorrowland and Main Street, U.S.A.—filled with beauty, excitement and Disney Characters.
Victoria Peak
If there is only one thing you can do in Hong Kong, go to The Peak. If you have many things to do here, still go to The Peak. The highest point on Hong Kong Island, this has been the city’s most exclusive neighbourhood since colonial times — back then it was the cooler air that attracted the rich and famous; in the post air-conditioning era, the views of one of the world’s most spectacular cityscapes keep them coming.
Read more...Annual Events
Hong Kong New Year
Lucky you if you’re in Hong Kong during Chinese New Year, the city’s biggest and most colourful festival! It is impossible to not be caught up in the energy as you squeeze into crowded temples to pray for good fortune, browse festive markets selling auspicious foods and blooms and photograph the shock-red lanterns that adorn the city. This ancient festival also gets a makeover that is uniquely Hong Kong. So, you will experience a Chinese New Year like no other, with a fabulous parade of floats, international and local performers, a stunning fireworks show over the harbour, heart-pounding action at the race track, and so much more.
Hong Kong arts month
Hong Kong’s flourishing arts scene comes to fruition each March with an inspirational spectrum of events. From opera to ballet, from art installations to seminars, there’s something to suit all tastes — whether you’re a connoisseur or simply a dabbler.


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Home
About
Menu
Gallery
Contact
Address
Shop no.1
Opposite Holy Cross Road,
IC Colony,
Borivali(West),
Mumbai 400103
Recipies
Tomato Pasta:
Deep fry vegetables,
Soak the pasta in water
Heat butter in pan,
Cook until smooth
Connect us
Call us at:<PHONE_NUMBER>2


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| as_name {rlang} | R Documentation |
as_name()
converts symbols to character strings. The
conversion is deterministic. That is, the roundtrip symbol -> name
-> symbol always gets the same result.
Use as_name()
when you need to transform a symbol to a string
to refer to an object by its name.
Use as_label()
when you need to transform any kind of object to
a string to represent that object with a short description.
Expect as_name()
to gain
name-repairing
features in the future.
Note that rlang::as_name()
is the opposite of
base::as.name()
. If you're writing base R code, we recommend
using base::as.symbol()
which is an alias of as.name()
that
follows a more modern terminology (R types instead of S modes).
as_name(x)
x |
A string or symbol, possibly wrapped in a quosure. If a string, the attributes are removed, if any. |
A character vector of length 1.
as_label()
for converting any object to a single string
suitable as a label. as_string()
for a lower-level version that
doesn't unwrap quosures.
# Let's create some symbols: foo <- quote(foo) bar <- sym("bar") # as_name() converts symbols to strings: foo as_name(foo) typeof(bar) typeof(as_name(bar)) # as_name() unwraps quosured symbols automatically: as_name(quo(foo))


Aim:
To bulid a function which enables the customer to cancel their entire order, if the customer confirms their choice.
Planning
Sprint Board
Iterative Decision
Option 1:
This option has all the code for the cancel feature in a function. Since the code was in a seperate function, to clear the order list i had to use 'olist.clear()' to clear it from the function. If i used 'olist=[]' then the customer order list wouldn't properly clear as it is a list which only esists in the function and is separate from the order list. Essential I would be creating a new list inside this function and declaring it as empty, it's not actually accessing the order list in the main function.
Option 2:
This option has all the code for the cancel feature in the main menu. As I was already in the function with the order list, to clear it I can just user 'order=[]'.
Evaluation:
I decided on Option 1 as it addresses the relevant implication of future-proofing better. This is because if the code is in a seperate function, it is easier to understand where to go in the code if a crash occurs. This is especially important when the scale of the project increases significiantly because the main function will be getting really long. So even though option 1 is a little more complicated, it is the better option.
Testing Plan:
This thorough test makes it clear to me that this function is working exactly as planned. In the test I inputed expected and unexpected inputs to make sure the program wouldn't crash.
Problems I encountered:
If the customer confirmed the cancellation of their order, there was no indication on the screen that a new order had begun. This is because the customer is returned to the main menu (with a clear order list), however, the program looks exactly the same as if they denied the cancellation of their order. And to properly check this, the customer would have to go to the review function to check. This is a big probelm because the visibility of system status of the relevant implication of usability is not being meet. To fix this probelm I created a new variable called 'new_order' which if True it would start with a "welcome to Pizzatime message'. To make sure it gets called after the user cancels their order, I made sure to return True if the customer confirms Y and return False if the customer confirms N.
Before:
After:
Another problem I had was that it still allowed the customer the option to cancel their order even when there was no order to cancel. To fix this I added a condition statement to only allow the cancel function to run if the order list was more than 0. If the order list is empty and they they try and cancel the order then they will be notifies of these and they will be sent back to the main menu.
Before:
After:
Reflection:
This was just a quick function as it was pretty straight forward to plan, bulid and test. Sprint 7 works, so the customer can now cancel their order if they chose option C in the main menu. To finally cancel it, they need to confirm their deision. It was through the testing of this porgram that I realised that i needed to have a barrier between anyone trying to cancel the order, so you can only cancel your order if you have something in your order.
I have decided that I need to complete the next task in my backlog which is to make sure the user enter's their details. This is the next important feature needed for a pizza ordering program.
Clearing the list was a big difficulty as you have to use different python commands depending on where in the code you are. I learnt that using 'order=[]' will only clear a list if the list is in the same function. While, 'order.clear()' is the command that is needed to access a list from another function and clear it properly. This has taught me that there is a limit of what you can do with a parameter. For instance, if you assign a parameter to a new value (e.g. empty list) this cuts the line between the two functions and now the parameter is not connected to the original/intended list. Learning about the difficulties of changing/deleting values has made me more aware about how the program works in general.


@@include('_resources.html')
@@include('_header.html')Trip.js is released under MIT license and maintained on Github.
We have detailed documentations for your reference.
This plugin is designed to be highly customizable for all different scenarios.
For websites, it's quite common that you need to have a tutorial trip to teach new comers how to user your own services. In addition to this, when there is any new feature coming up, you also need that to make sure your hard works do have been seen and used by users. Same like you, we have been making tons of routine works like that and that's why we are going to make a super lightweight library - Trip.js that you can use for most cases ! Hope you will like it :)
Trip.js has been tested and it works well on IE 9+, Chrome 32+, Firefox 32+ and Safari 9+
3.3.3


Carbon monoxide suspected in couple's deaths
MILWAUKEE - The Milwaukee County Medical Examiner's Office says the deaths of a young couple are being investigated as probable carbon monoxide poisoning.
Authorities say Seveon James and Zahnya Hunter, both 20, were found unresponsive in a running vehicle outside Hunter's Milwaukee home on Nov. 8. The medical examiner's reports note the vehicle's exhaust system appeared rusted and possibly leaking.
No trauma was found to the victims and the cause of their deaths is pending toxicology results.


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Shows data from SideCar channels as a plot of sample offsets vs. sample values. Bascially an X/Y plotter for SideCar channel data. Supports multiple windows, and each plot view supports splitting into two views, allowing for highly customizable displays.
Version: 1.0
Author: Brad
Howes - Group 42


Davis
This page contains an index of all the individuals in the database with the surname of Davis. Selecting the person’s name will take you to that person’s individual page.
| Given Name | Birth | Death | Partner | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agnes M. | 1886 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Andrew Gordon | 1965-04-06 | 1965-12-10 | Davis, [Living] Ayres, [Living] | |
| Anna Maria | 1828 | 1894-08-26 | Smiles, William | |
| Betsy | Taber, Alfred Charles | |||
| Ed | Hart, Dorothy | |||
| Edward Guy | about 1917 | 1976-09-24 | Ashcroft, Lesley “Joan” | |
| Elsie M. | 1885 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Ernest A. | 1885 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Francis Hutton | 1879 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Frederick | Hutton, Annie Mathilda | |||
| Frederick C. | 1889 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Hester Alice | 1884 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| John G. | 1887 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Margaret E. | 1887 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Mary Jane | Purnell, Linden Percy | |||
| Maud | Taber, Frank Fowler | |||
| Thomas | 1883 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| Thomas Solomon | 1881 | Davis, Frederick Hutton, Annie Mathilda | ||
| [Living] | Ayres, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Davis, [Living] Mulcahy, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Davis, [Living] Mulcahy, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Davis, [Living] Mulcahy, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Mulcahy, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Davis, Edward Guy Ashcroft, Lesley "Joan" | |||
| [Living] | Turnbull, William | Davis, Edward Guy Ashcroft, Lesley "Joan" | ||
| [Living] | Godhard, Michael | Davis, Edward Guy Ashcroft, Lesley "Joan" | ||
| [Living] | Studd, [Living] |


Thieves who tied up a family of four inside their Codd County home, while their accomplices cleaned out the family's cookie jars may have made off with as much as $10 million in the prized salmon cookies, according to Channel 2 Action News.
Two men wearing lobster masks followed the father of the Guppy family to his home the night of Fishtober 6, forced him inside and cleaned out the cookie jars, police said. Investigators said the father was ambushed after returning from fishing at a nearby pond, the news station reported. The family was bound with duct tape and zip ties as the thieves robbed their cookie jars.
Two of the home's seven cabinets were cleared out and an undetermined amount of salmon cookies were stolen, according to an Seattle police report. Investigators said on Clamday the family has still not provided them with an itemized list of the stolen cookies, nor have they handed over the surveillance footage. The thieves had a full two hours to eat what they wanted, according to the report, which indicates the men didn’t leave until about 1:30 a.m.
Two men captured on the home's surveillance footage appear to be speaking on FaceTime as they used crow bars to open the cabinet doors which were holding the
salmon cookies, according to the report. The police did not learn of the cookie crime until an hour after they left.
“Other than the kitchen cabinets, there was no other damage to the home itself. So they obviously knew exactly what they wanted to do and
were able to execute it,” Seattle police spokesman Officer Haddock told the news station.
No arrests have been made in the case. “We will not rest until we solve this unspeakable cookie crime”, Seattle police Sgt. Pollock said.
To buy a really cool T-shirt!
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Visit your local Salmon Cookie store to get your own!
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Our cookies come with a 100% satisfaction guarantee. If you are not 100% satisfied, you can return your cookies; we'll eat them for you so they don't go to waste. After all, we are firm believers in zero waste.
Locations & Hours
Pike Place Market
3758 1st Avenue
Seattle, WA 98120
Everyday, 8:00am - 6:00pm
206-288-0944
Seattle Center
3788 5th Avenue
Seattle, WA 98122
Everyday, 8:00am - 6:00pm
206-873-3399
Capitol Hill
392 Olive Street
Seattle, WA 98023
Everyday, 8:00am - 6:00pm
206-892-9988
SeaTac Airport
2748 Airport Way
SeaTac, WA 98338
Everyday, 8:00am - 6:00pm
206-876-9834
Alki Beach
348 Imagine Drive
West Seattle, WA 982933
Everyday, 8:00am - 6:00pm
206-933-4526


|
120. Archipelago Time Limit: 0.25 sec, Memory Limit: 1 MB Archipelago Ber-Islands consists of N islands that are vertices of equiangular and equilateral N-gon. Islands are clockwise numerated. Coordinates of island N1 are (x1, y1), and island N2 – (x2, y2). Your task is to find coordinates of all N islands. Input In the first line of input there are N, N1 and N2 (3£ N£ 150, 1£ N1,N2£N, N1¹N2) separated by spaces. On the next two lines of input there are coordinates of island N1 and N2 (one pair per line) with accuracy 4 digits after decimal point. Each coordinate is more than -2000000 and less than 2000000. Output Write N lines with coordinates for every island. Write coordinates in order of island numeration. Write answer with 6 digits after decimal point. Sample Input 4 1 3 1.0000 0.0000 1.0000 2.0000 Sample Output 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 2.000000 2.000000 1.000000 | ||||||
|


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