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#include <config.h>
Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | Element |
Defines | |
| #define | RECORD_SIZE (4096*2) |
Functions | |
| void | merge_sort (struct Element *list, struct Element *output, int len) |
| #define RECORD_SIZE (4096*2) |
Definition at line 113 of file merge_sort.c.
References Element::index, merge(), merge_sort(), output, Element::ptr, and Element::weight.
Referenced by merge_sort().


Broadway.js - H.264 Decoding in JavaScript w/ asm.js
Click to Download and Play (The entire file is downloaded before playback begins. Once the file is cached, playback begins much faster.)


Robert Johnson
...the first modern blues man"
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The King of the Delta Blues, Robert Johnson wrote 29 songs in his short life. Many of them have become classics in blues, country and in rock and roll. The best way to show tribute to Robert Johnson is to show how his songs are still being played. Here is a sample of some of the musicians
that have covered Robert Johnson songs.
-
Kind Hearted Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, Rory Bloc, Robert Lockwood Jr., David Bromberg, George Thorogood, Keb'Mo.
-
Sweet Home Chicago
Covers: Eric Clapton, The Blues Brothers, Magic Sam, Johnny Otis, Fleetwood Mac, Honey Boy Edwards, (Barack Obama, Feb 21, 2012 in the East Room of the White House with Buddy Guy, B.B. King, Mick Jagger and Guy Clark Jr.
-
I believe I'll Dust My Broom
Covers: The Yardbirds, Ike and Tina Turner, Elmore James, Howlin' Wolf, Canned Heat, Todd Rungren, Casandra Wilson
-
Ramblin' On My Mind
Covers: Eric Clapton, Lucinda Williams, Marshall Tucker Band, Savoy Brown, Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup, John Mayall and the Blues Breakers
-
When You Got a Good Friend
Covers: Eric Clapton, Johnny Winter, Rolling Stones, Lady Antebellum
-
Come On In My Kitchen
Covers: Eric Clapton, Delaney and Bonnie with Duane Allman on Slide Guitar, Casandra Wilson, Pattie Smith, Rory Block, David Bromberg. George Harrison, Leon Russel, Eric Clapton, and Ringo Starr performed it at The Concert For Bangladesh.
-
Terraplane Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, John Lee Hooker, Roy Rogers, Rory Block, Canned Heat, Robert Lockwood Jr., Fog Hat
-
Phonograph Blues
Paul James, The White Stripes, John Hammond, Vassar Clements (featuring Roy Rogers), Alexis Korner
-
32-20 Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Alexis Korner, Muddy Waters, The New York Dolls, Flamin' Groovies, Gov't Mule, Keith Richards, The Cowboy Junkies
-
They're Red Hot
Covers: Eric Clapton, Casandra Wilson (as Hot Tamales), Red Hot Chili Peppers, Hugh Laurie, Peter Green Splinter Group
-
Dead Shrimp Blues
Covers: Blind Willie Dukes, Paul Black & The Flip Kings
-
Crossroads Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, Cream, Elmore James, Joe Bonamassa, Ry Cooder, Phish, Stevem Stills
-
Walkin' Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, R.L. Burnside, Johnny Cash, Grateful Dead, Hot Tuna, Skip James, Bonnie Raitt, Quicksliver Messenger Service, Todd Rungren, Roy Rogers
-
Last Fair Deal Gone Done
Covers: Eric Clapton, Keb Mo, Beck, Taj Mahal and Ry Cooder (Rising Sons), Rory Block
-
Preachin' Blues(Up Jumped the Devil)
Covers: Derek Trucks, Allman Brothers, John Hammond, Gun Club
-
If I Had Possession Over Judgment Day
Covers: Eric Clapton, Blues Etilicos, Gov't Mule, Pat Travers, Sugar Ray and the Blue Tones, Asylum Street Spankers
-
Stones in My Passway
Covers: Eric Clapton, Melanie Mason, Zakiya Hooker, John Mellencamp, Joe Bonamassa, White Stripes
-
I'm a Steady Rollin' Man
Covers: Eric Clapton, Peter Green Splinter Group, George Thorogood, Peter Kaukonen & John Sheehan
-
From Four Till Late
Covers: Cream, Peter Green Splinter Group, Hot Tuna, Elvis Costello
-
Hellhound on My Trail
Covers: Eric Clapton, Cassandra Wilson, Fleetwood Mac, Rory Block, Big Joe Williams, Alexis Korner, Leslie West, Alvin Youngblood Hart with James Cotton, Todd Rundgren
-
Little Queen of Spades
Covers: Eric Clapton, Derek Trucks (Solo), Robert Junior Lockwood, Sarah Dash/Cory Glover
-
Malted Milk
Covers: Eric Clapton, Robert Lockwood Junior, Sadie Johnson & Joey Crumbs, Lucinda Williams
-
Me and the Devil Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, Mikey Junior, Cowboy Junkies, Widespread Panic, Mick Jagger(solo), Gil Scott-Heron, The Doors
-
Stop Breakin' Down Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, Robert Lockwood Jr., ZZ Top, Widespread Panic, White Stripes, Lucinda Williams, Rolling Stones, Peter Green, Sonny Boy Williamson, Waylon Jenning, Jeff Healey Band
-
Traveling Riverside Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, Todd Rungren, Peter Green, John Hammond, Warren Zevon / REM, Robben Ford
-
Honeymoon Blues
Covers: John Hammond, Bessie Smith, Peter Green Splinter Group
-
Love in Vain
Covers: Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, Keb' Mo, The Faces(with Ronnie Wood), Sonny Boy Williamson, Stevie Ray Vaughn, Madeleine Peyroux, Mick Taylor, Dogbowl Stephen Tooney
-
Milkcow's Calf Blues
Covers: Eric Clapton, Pyeng Threadgill, Rory Block, John Edwards, John Hammond, Bob Dylan


pam_console_apply
Section: System Administrator's Manual (8)Updated: 2005/5/2
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
pam_console_apply - set or revoke permissions for users at the system consoleSYNOPSIS
pam_console_apply [-f <fstab file>] [-c <console.perms file>] [-r] [-t <tty>] [-s] [-d] [<device file> ...]DESCRIPTION
pam_console_apply is a helper executable which sets or resets permissions on device nodes.If /var/run/console.lock exists, pam_console_apply will grant permissions to the user listed therein. If the lock file does not exist, permissions are reset according to defaults set in console.perms files, normally configured to set permissions on devices so that root owns them.
When initializing its configuration it first parses the /etc/security/console.perms file and then it searches for files ending with the .perms suffix in the /etc/security/console.perms.d directory. These files are parsed in the lexical order in "C" locale. Permission rules are appended to a global list, console and device class definitions override previous definitions of the same class.
ARGUMENTS
- -c
- Load other console.perms file than the default one.
- -f
- Load other fstab file than the default one (/etc/fstab).
- -r
- Signals pam_console_apply to reset permissions. The default is to set permissions so that the user listed in /var/run/console.lock has access to the devices, and to reset permissions if no such file exists.
- -t
- Use <tty> to match console class in console.perms file. The default is tty0.
- -s
- Write error messages to the system log instead of stderr.
- -d
- Log/display messages useful for debugging.
The optional <device file> arguments constrain what files should be affected by pam_console_apply. If they aren't specified permissions are changed on all files specified in the console.perms file.
FILES
/var/run/console.lock/etc/security/console.perms
/etc/security/console.perms.d/50-default.perms
SEE ALSO
pam_console(8)console.perms(5)
BUGS
Let's hope not, but if you find any, please report them via the "Bug Track" link at http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/AUTHORS
Nalin Dahyabhai<EMAIL_ADDRESS>using code shamelessly stolen from parts of pam_console.Support of console.perms.d and other improvements by Tomas Mraz<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:28 GMT, December 24, 2015


{# Copyright 2022 Google LLC Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. #} {%- extends BASE_HTML -%} {% set main_id = 'dc-places-landing' %} {% set page_id = 'page-dc-places-landing' %} {% set title = _('Place Explorer') %} {% set subpage_title = _('Place Explorer') %} {% set subpage_url = url_for('place.place') %} {% macro place_url(dcid='') -%} {{ url_for('place.place', place_dcid=dcid) }} {%- endmacro %} {% macro ranking_url(sv='', type='', container='') -%} {{ url_for('ranking.ranking', stat_var=sv, place_type=type, place_dcid=container, **kwargs) }} {%- endmacro %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}


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Quantitatively
Analysing Parametric Models
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Daniel Davis
â€“ October 2014
 |
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Cite
as: Davis,
Daniel. 2014. â€œQuantitatively Analysing
Parametric Models.â€ International Journal of
Architectural Computing 12 (3):
307â€“319.

 |
|

Abstract
 |
|

Architectural practices
regularly work with parametric models, yet almost nothing
is known about the general properties of these models. We
do not know how large a typical model is, or how
complicated, or even what the typical parametric model
does. These knowledge gaps are the focus of this article,
which documents the first large-scale quantitative
parametric model survey. In this paper three key
quantitative metrics â€“ dimensionality,
size, and cyclomatic complexity â€“ are
applied to a collection of 2002 parametric models created
by 575 designers. The results show that parametric models
generally exhibit a number of strong correlations, which
reveal a practice of parametric modelling that has as much
to do with the management of data as it does with the
modelling of geometry. These findings demonstrate the
utility of software engineering metrics in the description
and analysis of parametric models.
 |
|

1.
Introduction
 |
|

Our
current understanding of parametric modelling is largely
confined to firsthand accounts of individuals working with
specific parametric models. These accounts have proved
useful both in illustrating new methods of parametric
modelling (such as [1, 2]) and in demonstrating the
application of parametric modelling in practice (such as
[3, 4]). In these previous studies, the subject of
investigation has often been exceptional parametric models
â€“ the models worthy of study because
they constitute a novel method of working or an original
application. This focus on the exceptional has left
significant gaps in our understanding of the ordinary. Many
basic questions have either gone unasked or unanswered. For
instance, we do not know how large a typical model is, or
how complicated, or even what the typical parametric model
does.
 |
|

Software engineers have
asked similar questions of the computer programs they
write. In an attempt to understand software quality,
software engineers have invented numerous quantitative
methods for evaluating various aspects of their code. In
the following pages I take three key quantitative metrics
from software engineering â€“ size,
dimensionality, cyclomatic complexity â€“
and explain their applicability to parametric modelling. I
use these metrics to measure 2002 parametric models created
by 575 designers. By aggregating these measurements
together I am able to identify general trends in the
sampled population that help reveal the customary practices
of parametric modelling.
 |
|

2. Quantifying Software
Engineering
 |
|

For decades software
engineers have sought to study computer code with elegant,
repeatable, statistical studies [5]. A significant product
of this prior research has been the formalisation of key
metrics for measuring software quality. There are at least
twenty-three unique measures of software quality
categorised in the Compendium of Software Quality Standards
and Metrics [6], and over one hundred in the ISO/IEC 9126
standard for Software Product Quality [7]. Together these
metrics constitute a vocabulary of software quality that
software engineers commonly use for project planning, cost
estimation, quality assurance, defect identification, the
management of programmers, and software engineering
research [8]. Two particularly fundamental metrics are the
measurement of code size using the lines of code, and the
measurement of code complexity with
McCabeâ€™s cyclomatic complexity measure
[8]. Since digital parametric models are essentially a type
of computer program [9], there is reason to suspect that
the metrics software engineers use to quantify code quality
may also be applicable to architects wanting to measure
their parametric models. Of particular interest are the
measurements of code size (both lines of code and
dimensionality) as well as code complexity (cyclomatic
complexity). These metrics constitute the focus of this
article.
 |
|

3. Method
 |
|

Quantitative metrics have
never been applied to a large group of parametric models.
This is probably because it has been difficult for
architectural researchers to amass large, representative
collections of parametric models. Instead, researchers
generally only have access to parametric models created by
themselves or their colleagues, which is a sample too
idiosyncratic to draw any general conclusions from. The
problem of gathering a collection of parametric models has
been somewhat solved by the advent of websites enabling
communities of designers to share parametric models
publicly. One such website is McNeelâ€™s
Grasshopper online forum (grasshopper3d.com) where, between
8 May 2009 and 22 August 2011, 575 designers shared 2041
parametric models.
 |
|

The collection of
parametric models on the Grasshopper forum is not entirely
representative. Most evidently, there are no models created
in parametric modelling software other than Grasshopper.
Numerous studies have shown that the modelling environment
influences the model produced [10-13]. Even if the designer
has a degree of agency that ensures the model is not
entirely the product of its environment, it must be assumed
that the collection of Grasshopper parametric models is not
entirely representative of models created in other
modelling environments. A further complication is that the
models uploaded to the Grasshopper forum often focus on
specific problems or solutions (generally architectural
problems and solutions), which means they can often be
simplifications of larger models. The implications this
presents are discussed along with the results in each of
the following sections of this article. Even though the
collection of 2041 Grasshopper models is not a perfectly
representative collection, it is a significant advancement
over any previous study to be able to analyse how hundreds
of designers organise models created in one popular
parametric modelling environment.
 |
|

To analyse the parametric
models from the Grasshopper forum, I first download the
2041 models. The oldest model was from 8 May 2009 and
created with Grasshopper 0.6.12, and the most recent model
was from 22 August 2011 and created with Grasshopper
0.8.0050. All the models were uploaded to the forum in the
proprietary .ghx file format. I reverse engineered this
format and wrote a script that extracted the parametric
relationships from each file and parsed them into a
directed acyclic graph. Thirty-nine models were excluded in
this process, either because the file was corrupted or
because the model only contained one node (which distorted
measurements like cyclomatic complexity). The graphs of the
remaining 2002 models were then each evaluated with the
quantitative metrics discussed in the remainder of this
article. The measurements were then exported to an Excel
spreadsheet and analysed. In the analysis I have favoured
using the median since the mean is distorted by a few large
outliers. Each of the key quantitative metrics is discussed
in the following sections.
 |
|

4. Size
 |
|

Code size is one of the
critical measures of software quality. Software engineers
commonly measure a programâ€™s size by
counting the lines of code (LOC). This is a quick
calculation that proves useful in understanding the
softwareâ€™s relative size. Barry
Boehmâ€™s seminal work on the economics of
software engineering demonstrates that LOC is correlated
with development effort [14]. In other words, programs with
more LOC generally take more time to produce. Boehm uses
this correlation as the basis for the COCOMO estimation
method, which suggests that the months required to develop
a typical project is roughly equivalent to 2.4
Ã— KLOC1.06 (where KLOC is thousands of LOC)
[14]. Other research has shown that the LOC measurement
correlates highly with both code complexity [15], and the
number of coding errors (more lines of code provide more
opportunities for things to go wrong) [16]. These
correlations make the LOC measure a valuable instrument for
quickly establishing a projectâ€™s size
and estimating its potential cost, complexity, and error
proneness.
 |
|

While the LOC measure is
quick to calculate, it is also crude. Steven McConnell has
said â€œthe LOC measure is a terrible way
to measure software size, except all other ways to measure
size are worseâ€ [17]. The major limitation of
the LOC measure is that it doesnâ€™t take
into consideration the programming language or the
programming style. A program may take up more or fewer
lines of code depending on who programmed it and what
programming language they used. For this reason, orders of
magnitude matter more than the exact LOC measurement, with
software engineers often rounding the LOC to the nearest
thousand.
 |
|

In a visual programming
language like Grasshopper, a node can be considered roughly
equivalent to a line of code (but given the differences
between textual lines of code and visual nodes, direct
comparisons generally cannot be made between the sizes of
textual and visual programs). The size of a Grasshopper
model can therefore be measured by simply counting the
number of nodes in the model.
 |
|

Figure
1: Distribution of model size in population of 2002
Grasshopper models.

 |
|

The sizes of the 2002
sampled Grasshopper models vary by a number of orders of
magnitude. The smallest model contains just two nodes while
the largest model contains 2207 nodes. The distribution of
sizes has a positive skew (Figure 1) with the median sized
model containing twenty-three nodes. I suspect the skew is
partly because many of the models uploaded to the
Grasshopper forum are snippets of larger models. The median
may therefore be slightly higher in practice. Even with a
slightly higher median, the Grasshopper models (including
the three models that contain more than one thousand nodes)
are small relative to those seen in the context of software
engineering â€“ where LOC is often
measured in multiples of thousands. This is a difference in
scale that may be the product either of architects not
requiring larger models, or of Grasshopper being unsuitable
for producing models of a larger scale. In either case, the
findings show that the challenges software engineers face
when managing large software projects are unlikely to be
felt as acutely by architects, possibly replaced by
discipline specific concerns of working at this
scale.
 |
|

Figure
2: Typical function of nodes in population of 2002
Grasshopper models.

 |
|

Given the numbers of
nodes in a model, it is telling to see the typical function
of these nodes (Figure 2). 32% of the nodes do something
related directly to creating, evaluating, or manipulating
geometry â€“ the core competency of
Grasshopper. A further 8% of nodes perform mathematic
functions. Somewhat unexpectedly, the remaining nodes have
nothing to do with either maths or geometry, they instead
work to manage data (26%), manipulate lists (20%), or
explain what is happening in the model (13%). This
demonstrates that parametric modelling, at least within
Grasshopper, is as much about managing lists and wrangling
data as it is about modelling geometry.
 |
|

5.
Dimensionality
 |
|

An important subset of a
parametric modelâ€™s overall size is the
size of the inputs (the number of nodes without parents).
This tally of the modelâ€™s parameters is
termed the dimensionality since it determines the number of
dimensions in the modelâ€™s search space.
Ideally a model has a dimensionality large enough that the
designer can change the model by changing a parameter
instead of changing the underlying structure of the model.
A high dimensionality would therefore seem desirable since
it gives the designer more parameters to work with. But
parameters come at a cost. They require work upfront to
implement, and they require even more work to change. This
investment may not pay off if the parameter is rarely used.
Therefore, the skill of creating a parametric model is
getting the balance right between too much and too little
flexibility; between a large dimensionality and a small one
[18].
 |
|

Figure
3: Distribution of model dimensionality in population of
2002 Grasshopper models.

 |
|

The vast majority of
models have a similar dimensionally; 75% possess between
one and eleven inputs with the median being six inputs
(Figure 3). There is no correlation between model size and
the percentage of inputs (Pearsonâ€™s r =
âˆ’0.175). A small model with many inputs
is just as likely as a large model with relatively few
inputs. I suspect the comparatively low dimensionality
shown in the vast majority of models may be because
designers can only comfortably manipulate a few parameters
at a time. When examining the models with a high
dimensionality (seventeen models have more then one hundred
inputs) it is strikingly difficult to understand what each
input does and even more difficult to change the inputs
meaningfully en masse. Therefore, while parameters are a
key component of parametric modelling (some would say the
defining component) the majority of designers use
parameters sparingly in their models.
 |
|

Figure
4: Top: A directed acyclic graph comprised of a single
path, which gives it a cyclomatic complexity of one.
Bottom: A graph with the same number of nodes as the top
model but with three distinct paths (each colour coded).
This graph therefore has a cyclomatic complexity of
three.

 |
|

6. Cyclomatic
Complexity
 |
|

Cyclomatic complexity is
a core software engineering metric for measuring code
structure. The metric works by decomposing textual code
into a graph and then counting the number of independent
paths through the graph (Grasshopper models are already a
graph, which makes them ideally suited for this metric).
The number of paths is important since it indicates how
much work is involved in understanding a piece of code. For
instance, a graph that comprises of a single sequence of
nodes can be understood by reading sequentially along the
line (Figure 4). But understanding a more complicated
graph, where chains of nodes diverge and converge back
together, requires simultaneously reading many different
paths (Figure 4). This becomes evermore difficult as the
number of paths increases. A high cyclomatic complexity
therefore indicates that a piece of code has a high number
of independent paths, which potentially requires more
cognitive energy to understand.
 |
|

The original cyclomatic
complexity formula is as follows [19]:
 |
|

 |
|

Where:
 |
|

 |
|

G: the
graph.
 |
|

e: number of edges
(connections between nodes).
 |
|

n: number of
nodes.
 |
|

p: number of independent
graphs.
 |
|

 |
|

This formula assumes the
graph has only one input node and one output node, which is
infrequently the case with parametric models. In an
appraisal of common modifications to the original formula,
Henderson-Seller and Tegarden show that
â€œadditional (fictitious)
edgesâ€ can be introduced to deal with multiple
inputs and outputs [20]. In these circumstances, the
cyclomatic complexity formula becomes:
 |
|

 |
|

Where:
 |
|

 |
|

i: number of inputs
(dimensionality).
 |
|

u: number of
outputs.
 |
|

While assuming that
there is only one graph (p = 1).
 |
|

 |
|

In the Grasshopper models
I counted parallel edges between identical nodes (duplicate
edges) as a single edge and I did not count non-functional
nodes such as comments in text boxes.
 |
|

Figure
5: Distribution of model cyclomatic complexity in
population of 2002 Grasshopper models.

 |
|

There is a high variance
in the cyclomatic complexity of the sampled models. The
median complexity is thirteen (Figure 5) but the range
extends from simple models with a complexity of just one,
to extremely complex models with a complexity of 1566. The
difference between complex and simple models is visually
apparent. The simple models have orderly chains of commands
while the models of a similar size with a higher cyclomatic
complexity have interwoven lines of influence that
obfuscate the relationships between nodes. This seems to
indicate that cyclomatic complexity is effective in
classifying parametric models based on the intricacy of
their structure.
 |
|

Figure
6: Left: Model complexity plotted against size for 2002
parametric models. These two factors are strongly
correlated. Right: Model complexity plotted against
dimensionality and number of outputs for 2002 parametric
models. The distribution shows inputs correlate more highly
with complexity (the blue dots are more linear and less
vertically spread) than outputs (the vertical spread of red
dots).

 |
|

A
modelâ€™s cyclomatic complexity and size
are strongly correlated (Personâ€™s r =
0.98; Figure 6). This correlation is significant because it
indicates that while a parametric model can theoretically
be both large and simple, in actuality, large models tend
to be complex. A similar correlation exists in software
engineering. One such example is van der Meulen and
Revillaâ€™s survey of fifty-nine textual
programs that found cyclomatic complexity and LOC to have a
correlation of r = 0.95 [15]. This correlation suggests
that complexity is an inevitable by-product of size in both
software engineering and parametric modelling. Similar
relationships exist for a modelâ€™s
dimensionality (r = 0.91) and outputs (r = 0.71), although
neither correlates with complexity to the same degree as a
modelâ€™s size (Figure 6).
 |
|

McCabe recommends
restructuring any code with a cyclomatic complexity greater
than ten [19], a number that has been reaffirmed by many
subsequent studies [21]. Essentially, large, complicated
programs should get restructured into smaller, simpler
modules [19]. Grasshopper supports such modularisation
using the cluster feature [22]. Of the sampled models, 1553
were created in a version of Grasshopper that supported
clusters (either below version 0.6.12 or above version
0.8.0). Of these, only 39 contained one or more clusters
â€“ 97.5% were unstructured. Even if the
definition of structure is expanded to include models that
are organised without the clusters feature, 48% of models
have no clusters, no groups, no explanation of what they
do, and no naming on any of the parameters: by even the
most generous of definitions these models are completely
unstructured. In this context â€“ with
architects creating parametric models that are generally
unstructured â€“ complexity seems an
inevitable by-product of model size. Complexity may even a
limiting factor in the scale of parametric models,
particularly if large models are always highly
complicated.
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|

7.
Discussion
 |
|

This research has
demonstrated that three metrics borrowed from software
engineering â€“ size, dimensionality, and
cyclomatic complexity â€“ can be used to
analyse parametric models. A potential direction for
subsequent research would be the application of other
software engineering metrics to parametric models. There
are hundreds of potential candidates [6, 7], although many
metrics will not be suitable since they are too specific to
software engineering (in the ISO/IEC 9126 standard for
Software Product Quality there are metrics for everything
from â€˜ease of use of help
systemâ€™ to â€˜I/O
devices utilisation satisfactionâ€™ [7]).
Of those potentially suitable, three promising quantitative
metrics are construction time, modification time, and
latency. I suspect there are many more.
 |
|

While this research has
looked at quantitative measures of code, software engineers
also use a variety of qualitative measures. Bertrand Meyer
defines â€œsoftware qualityâ€ as
having ten qualitative aspects: correctness, robustness,
extendability, reusability, compatibility, efficiency,
portability, ease of use, functionality, and timelessness
[23]. For software engineers, these terms become a
vocabulary through which they can begin to describe the
nuances of what makes their code successful. There is
certainly potential for architects to borrow from software
engineering in order to develop a more rigorous vocabulary,
quantitative and qualitative, to further describe
parametric models.
 |
|

Another direction for
future research would be in the application of these
metrics to the practice of architecture. In software
engineering, attempts to use quantitative metrics to manage
programmers have largely failed. Paying a programmer based
on how many lines of code they produce
doesnâ€™t make them write faster but
instead tends to incentivise them to write longer programs.
Having said that, software engineers have developed a
number of management techniques to help generate better
code in practice. At CASE we have been experimenting with
one method, agile development, in the production of design
documents. The research is too preliminary to definitively
report upon, but early results suggest that there is
significant potential to quantitatively improve the quality
of architectural work through the management practices of
software engineers.
 |
|

8.
Conclusion
 |
|

This study is an
important first step towards understanding the properties
and variations of a typical parametric model. The 2002
Grasshopper models surveyed show that parametric models are
generally small and complex. The average model contains
twenty-three nodes and even the largest models, with just
over one thousand nodes, are modest in the context of
software engineering. The size of the model is strongly
correlated with the modelâ€™s complexity,
which tends to be very high overall. While one may
intuitively expect that the majority of a parametric model
consists of parameters and geometry, this study shows that
organising the graph and managing data are often the most
common components of parametric models created in
Grasshopper. Parameters tend to be used surprisingly
sparingly, with the vast majority of models only containing
between one and eleven parameters.
 |
|

Another important outcome
from this survey is the validation of the three
quantitative metrics. The study demonstrates that nodes are
a good proxy for a modelâ€™s size and that
the dimensionality can reveal unintuitive insights
regarding the use of parameters in parametric models.
Furthermore, the cyclomatic complexity seems to fairly
accurately differentiate between simple and complex models.
These three quantitative metrics are some of the first
words in an emerging vocabulary for articulating the
qualities of parametric models. Hopefully this vocabulary
will allow us to move our discussion of parametric
modelling beyond discussions of individual models and into
discussions of how populations of models relate and compare
to one another.
 |
|

Acknowledgements
 |
|

This research was carried
out as part of my PhD at RMIT University, Melbourne. My
supervisors, Mark Burry and Jane Burry, both helped in
setting the direction for this research. The research was
funded by the Australian Research Council discovery grant
â€œChallenging the Inflexibility of the
Flexible Digital Modelâ€, which was led by Mark
Burry and Jane Burry.
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|

References
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Williams, C., The
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Dawson, A., Rollo, A., eds., Mathematics
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Eigensatz, M., Kilian,
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Burry, M., Parametric
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Holzer, D., Hough, R.,
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Menzies, T., and Shull,
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Lincke, R., and Lowe,
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International
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MÃ¶ller, K.,
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Dino, Ä°.,
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Janssen, P., and Chen,
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LeitÃ£o, A.,
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Celani, G., and Vaz, C.,
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Implementing Computational Design Concepts: A Comparison
From A Pedagogical Point Of View, International Journal of
Architectural Computing, 10(1), 2012,
121â€“138.
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Davis, D., Burry, J.,
and Burry, M., Yeti: Designing geometric tools with
interactive programming, in Chen, L., Djajadiningrat, T.,
Feijs, L., Fraser, S., Kyffin, S., and Steffen, D., eds.,
Meaning,
Matter, Making: Proceedings of the 7th International
Workshop on the Design and Semantics of Form and
Movement,
Wellington, Victoria University of Wellington, 2012,
196â€“202.
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Boehm,
B., Software Engineering
Economics,
New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1981.
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Van der Meulen, M., and
Revilla, M., Correlations between Internal Software Metrics
and Software Dependability in a Large Population of Small
C/C++ Programs, in The 18th IEEE
International Symposium on Software Reliability, Sweden, IEEE Computer
Society Press, 2007,
203â€“208.
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El Emam, K., Benlarbi,
S., Goel, N., and Rai, S., The Confounding Effect of Class
Size on the Validity of Object-Oriented Metrics,
IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, 27(7), 2001,
630â€“650.
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McConnell,
S., Software Estimation:
Demystifying the Black Art, Redmond, Microsoft
Press, 2006.
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Scheurer, F., and
Stehling, H., Lost in Parameter Space? Architectural
Design,
81(4), 2011, 70â€“79.
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McCabe, T., A Complexity
Measure, IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering, 2(4), 1976,
308â€“320.
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Henderson-Sellers, B.,
and Tegarden, D., The theoretical extension of two versions
of cyclomatic complexity to multiple entry/exit modules,
Software
Quality Journal, 3(4), 1994,
253â€“269.
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Watson, A., and McCabe,
T., Structured Testing: A Testing Methodology Using the
Cyclomatic Complexity Metric, Gaithersburg, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, 1996.
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Davis, D., Burry, J.,
and Burry, M., Understanding Visual Scripts: Improving
collaboration through modular programming, International Journal of
Architectural Computing, 9(4), 2011,
361â€“376.
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|

Meyer, B., Object-Oriented Software
Construction, New Jersey,
Prentice-Hall, 1997.
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29 October 2014 at 2:17 am
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[…]
Quantitatively Analysing Parametric Models
â€“ Daniel Davis.
[…]
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29 October 2014 at 2:21 am
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[…]


Exception handlingThere are two main type of exceptions that the user of HttpClient may encounter when executing HTTP methods:
Transport exceptionsTransport exceptions are those caused by input/output failures such as an unreliable connection or an inability to complete the execution of an HTTP method within the given time constraint (socket timeout). Generally transport exceptions are non-fatal and may be recovered from by retrying the failed method. However, special care must be taken when recovering from exceptions in non-idempotent methods (refer to HTTP transport safety for details). java.io.IOExceptionGeneric transport exceptions in HttpClient are represented by the standard Java java.io.IOException class or its sub classes such as java.net.SocketException and java.net.InterruptedIOException. In addition to standard input/output exception classes HttpClient defines several custom transport exceptions that convey HttpClient specific information. org.apache.commons.httpclient.NoHttpResponseExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.NoHttpResponseException In some circumstances, usually when under heavy load, the web server may be able to receive requests but unable to process them. A lack of sufficient resources like worker threads is a good example. This may cause the server to drop the connection to the client without giving any response. HttpClient throws NoHttpResponseException when it encounters such a condition. In most cases it is safe to retry a method that failed with NoHttpResponseException. org.apache.commons.httpclient.ConnectTimeoutExceptionjava.io.IOException +- java.io.InterruptedIOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ConnectTimeoutException This exception signals that HttpClient is unable to establish a connection with the target server or proxy server within the given period of time. org.apache.commons.httpclient.ConnectionPoolTimeoutExceptionjava.io.IOException +- java.io.InterruptedIOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ConnectTimeoutException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ConnectionPoolTimeoutException This exception can only occur when using the multithreaded connection manager. The exception signals that the connection manager fails to obtain a free connection from the connection pool within the given period of time. org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpRecoverableExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpRecoverableException Deprecated and no longer thrown any of the standard HttpClient classes. Protocol exceptionsProtocol exceptions generally indicate logical errors caused by a mismatch between the client and the server (web server or proxy server) in their interpretation of the HTTP specification. Usually protocol exceptions cannot be recovered from without making adjustments to either the client request or the server. Some aspects of the HTTP specification allow for different, at times conflicting, interpretations. HttpClient can be configured to support different degrees of HTTP specification compliance varying from very lenient to very strict. org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException HttpException represents an abstract logical error in HttpClient. Generally this kind of exception cannot be automatically recovered from. org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException ProtocolException signals a violation of the HTTP specification. It is important to note that HTTP proxies and HTTP servers can have different level of HTTP specification compliance. It may be possible to recover from some HTTP protocol exceptions by configuring HttpClient to be more lenient about non-fatal protocol violations. org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.MalformedChallengeExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.MalformedChallengeException INTERNAL MalformedChallengeException signals that an authentication challenge is in some way invalid or illegal in the given authentication context. org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.AuthenticationExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.AuthenticationException INTERNAL AuthenticationException signals a failure in the authentication process. Usually authentication exceptions are handled internally when executing HTTP methods and are not propagated to the caller. org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.AuthChallengeExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.AuthenticationException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.AuthChallengeException INTERNAL AuthenticationException is thrown when HttpClient is unable to respond to any of the authentication challenges sent by the server. org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.CredentialsNotAvailableExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.AuthenticationException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.CredentialsNotAvailableException INTERNAL CredentialsNotAvailableException indicates that credentials required to respond to the authentication challenge are not available. org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.InvalidCredentialsExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.AuthenticationException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.auth.InvalidCredentialsException INTERNAL InvalidCredentialsException indicates that the credentials used to respond to the authentication challenge have been rejected by the server. org.apache.commons.httpclient.cookie.MalformedCookieExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.cookie.MalformedCookieException INTERNAL MalformedCookieException signals that the cookie is in some way invalid or illegal in the given HTTP session context. There are several cookie specifications that are often incompatible. Thus the validity of a cookie is established within a context of a specific cookie specification used to parse and validate the cookie header(s) sent by the server. If the application needs to process cookies differently from the commonly used cookie specifications, it may choose to provide a custom cookie policy or extend the existing one. Please see cookies for more details. org.apache.commons.httpclient.RedirectExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.ProtocolException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.RedirectException RedirectException signals violation of the HTTP specification caused by an invalid redirect response. If the application that uses HttpClient needs to be more lenient about redirect responses, it may choose to disable automatic redirect processing and implement a custom redirect strategy. org.apache.commons.httpclient.URIExceptionjava.io.IOException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException +- org.apache.commons.httpclient.URIException URIException is thrown when the request URI violates the URI specification. HTTP transport safetyIt is important to understand that the HTTP protocol is not well suited for all types of applications. HTTP is a simple request/response oriented protocol which was initially designed to support static or dynamically generated content retrieval. It has never been intended to support transactional operations. For instance, the HTTP server will consider its part of the contract fulfilled if it succeeds in receiving and processing the request, generating a response and sending a status code back to the client. The server will make no attempts to roll back the transaction if the client fails to receive the response in its entirety due to a read timeout, a request cancellation or a system crash. If the client decides to retry the same request, the server will inevitably end up executing the same transaction more than once. In some cases this may lead to application data corruption or inconsistent application state. Even though HTTP has never been designed to support transactional processing, it can still be used as a transport protocol for mission critical applications provided certain conditions are met. To ensure HTTP transport layer safety the system must ensure the idempotency of HTTP methods on the application layer. Idempotent methodsHTTP/1.1 specification defines idempotent method as
In other words the application ought to ensure that it is prepared to deal with the implications of multiple execution of the same method. This can be achieved, for instance, by providing a unique transaction id and by other means of avoiding execution of the same logical operation. Please note that this problem is not specific to HttpClient. Browser based applications are subject to exactly the same issues related to HTTP methods non-idempotency. Automatic exception recoveryBy default HttpClient attempts to automatically recover from exceptions. The default auto-recovery mechanism is limited to just a few exceptions that are known to be safe. HttpClient will make no attempt to recover from any logical or HTTP protocol error (those derived from HttpException class). HttpClient will automatically retry up to 5 times those methods that fail with a transport exception while the HTTP request is still being transmitted to the target server (i.e. the request has not been fully transmitted to the server). HttpClient will automatically retry up to 5 times those methods that have been fully transmitted to the server, but the server failed to respond with an HTTP status code (the server simply drops the connection without sending anything back). In this case it is assumed that the request has not been processed by the server and the application state has not changed. If this assumption may not hold true for the web server your application is targeting it is highly recommended to provide a custom exception handler. Custom exception handlerIn order to enable a custom exception recovery mechanism one should provide an implementation of the HttpMethodRetryHandler interface. HttpClient client = new HttpClient(); HttpMethodRetryHandler myretryhandler = new HttpMethodRetryHandler() { public boolean retryMethod( final HttpMethod method, final IOException exception, int executionCount) { if (executionCount >= 5) { // Do not retry if over max retry count return false; } if (exception instanceof NoHttpResponseException) { // Retry if the server dropped connection on us return true; } if (!method.isRequestSent()) { // Retry if the request has not been sent fully or // if it's OK to retry methods that have been sent return true; } // otherwise do not retry return false; } }; GetMethod httpget = new GetMethod("http://www.whatever.com/"); httpget.getParams(). setParameter(HttpMethodParams.RETRY_HANDLER, myretryhandler); try { client.executeMethod(httpget); System.out.println(httpget.getStatusLine().toString()); } finally { httpget.releaseConnection(); } |


The ICM has had to streamline some of the various colleges which where formerly accredited due to unfortunate incidents, and hope to accredit more formulised colleges in the future.
Currently, the following colleges are accredited:


My website is a place for me to take note of my interests, both inside and outside of work. I’ll keep adding to, and improving, it!
Most recently I’ve re-designed my website, changing from a simple html and css structure to a more complex Jekyll themed website. Jekyll still uses html and css, but it also does some clever automated steps behind the scenes to make blogging a little easier.
To build my new Jekyll based website, I chose a couple of Jekyll themes (from here) and spent a bit of time extracting the bits of these that I liked and combining them into my own. The two templates I used were:
- The Type on Strap theme to give me the blogging template (posts, projects, tagging and searching)
- And the particle theme for the (interactive!!) front page, which uses the amazing
particle.js
library.
Jekyll works really well with github pages, so I was able to branch my existing website repository and get to work on the new one. Take a look at the code here.
I owe a lot of thanks to the documentation of the Type on Strap and particle themes, helping me to understand how a Jekyll page works. Nothing better than a well commented and structured piece of open-source code!! ❤
The next project for this website is to clean up all the code, removing anything unnecessary for my website and then I plan on releasing it as a website template. There are so many cool templates out there, and maybe mine could be one of them! 😀
Take a look around and let me know what you think.


This help page discusses all the custom menu items in Lyricus (i.e. menu items such as Print or Find will not be mentioned in detail.
Saves the lyrics that are currently displayed to the track named in the window title.
Note that Lyricus will save downloaded lyrics automatically; you only need to save if you've made changes in edit mode (see below).
Unlike the standard save function above, this saves the displayed lyrics to the track that is currently playing, ignoring mismatches.
This can be useful, for instance, when searching for lyrics for cover songs:
Reverts all changes done since the last save, undoing your actions.
Enables edit mode, where you can edit the displayed lyrics. To save your changes, press ⌘S or "Save lyrics" (see below).
If you want to discard your changes, leave edit move without saving and answer "Don't save" when asked.
See editing for more information.
Search for song lyrics manually, instead of getting the artist and song name from iTunes.
Note that Lyricus will update the lyric display if iTunes is playing music and the currently playing song changes.
Opens the batch downloader, which downloads lyrics for entire playlists at once.
Opens the lyric and comment page (if any) on songmeanings.net.
Songmeanings is a large lyric community which offers users a way to comment on song themes and meanings.
Opens the reverse lyric search window, which allows you to find songs based on words or phrases in their lyrics.
Updates the search index used for the reverse lyric search window.
Unless you've set the preference not to ask, Lyricus will check the index age automatically when the reverse lyric search window opens.


Chapter 62 – Year 2012
Email to family: Dear family, about Easter Egg Hunt, Snowmobiling at Trail Creek Lodge, etc. 2012
It has been great getting together with most of you lately. Thanks for the Birthday dinners for dad and time spent with you. We've enjoyed being with our newest grandbaby, Rachel Lyn, and her parents and brother. Dad wanted to celebrate his birthday at Lava and soak in the mineral tubs. He also wanted to go snowmobiling, so he checked around and found the best place to do that was at Soda Springs in Idaho which is just 25 miles from Lava. Sandi and Nick went with us and we had a great time. We spent one night at Lava and one night at Soda Springs. The lodge was so fun there at Soda Springs. It is a bed and breakfast. We were the only ones there at that time, so it was really fun. The owner gave us a super deal since we were renting a double snowmobile for $120.00 and since we weren't there on a weekend. He gave us 2 rooms for $40.00 ($20.00 for each couple) and that included a wonderful breakfast of sausage, eggs, hash browns, toast and orange juice. The lodge had a large screen TV with a DVD player, hot tub, fireplace, tables to play games, etc. plus 25 miles of groomed snow mobile trails with lots of hills and valleys to play around on. The four of us plan to go again next year, and we'd like to invite any of the rest of you to go with us. We will stay the two nights at the Lodge in Soda Springs rather than stay one night in Lava. They have several snowmobiles to rent. If you rent a snowmobile, they furnish the snowmobile outfits free. We had all of that for Wednesday afternoon, Wednesday night and most of the day on Thursday. It only cost us $76.00 a couple, (we shared the cost of the snowmobile and the rooms). Sandi said it was the most fun she has ever had snowmobiling. This was the first time Nick has been snowmobiling and I asked him if he liked it and he said he loved it. If we go during the week, and if most of you wanted to go, we could rent the lodge for a good price. It has 7 bedrooms, plus lots of other space for sleeping bags. Let us know soon if you are interested as we need to make the reservations soon. The owner says that many people make reservations a year in advance.
Dad's Christmas or birthday gift from you - Dad's guided fishing trip in August is another fun trip we're looking forward to. We will take our boat and tent trailer and plan to stay the week at Flaming Gorge reservoir. Dad's guided trip for the big fish is for part of a day, but since we will be there, we wanted to stay a week. If any of you can come, we would love to have you. Sandi and Nick will be there as he will be on the guided trip too. Not sure if they are staying the entire week. That will be the week of August 4th through the 9th.
I'm sure we will be going to East Canyon Reservoir again at least once or twice this summer and maybe to Willard Bay and take "Great Big Mable", so hopefully some of you can some during those times too.
Shellie and family will be coming up again in July, so we will have a "Girl's Day Out" again. We'll plan that later, but if you girls have any ideas for what to do or where to go, please let me know. Shellie and family always like to go to Lagoon while they are here, so maybe some of you could go with us there too, plus we will have a family barbecue. We will have at least 2 or 3 more Saturday summer barbecues in our back yard too. If any of you have ideas for fun things to do as families or as couples, let us know that also. Well, we hope you all have a wonderful Easter.
I have heard about the "wheat shortage" from different people. Maybe you have heard about it too. I had heard that the LDS mills still had some, but I was talking to a friend yesterday in church and she said they are out too. She and her husband volunteer at the church mill in Kaysville every Wednesday. She said there was a rush on wheat and it is gone now. She said they had a truck come in last week and people knew it was coming in and within a few hours, it was all gone. She said she checks on the internet regularly and found it is a major concern worldwide. We hope you have already got some put away for your food storage. Maybe it isn't as big a concern as she and others are saying, but maybe it is.
Come see us when you can. We know you are all busy, but you don't need an invitation to come. We're always excited to see you when you can.
We sure love you all. Mom & Dad, Grandpa and Grandma
SCHEDULE OF MEALS & ACTIVITIES FOR BUSHNELL REUNION 2012 (The Glendon Porter Family was in charge of it this year and it was a lot of work planning, preparing and putting it on.
FRIDAY, AUGUST 3rd
5:00 pm – Gathering in Tropic at Keela & Pete’s Barn, sign in, get name tags, sign up for trail rides for those who are interested
5:30 to 6:30 pm – B-B-Q with chips, salads & cake (In barn)
7:00 pm – Family Dance including line dancing (In barn)
SATURDAY, AUGUST 4th
7:00 – 9:00 am (Grills close at 8:30) – BREAKFAST (Bacon, Eggs, & Pancakes, Juice & Milk)
10:00 am – 12:00 noon: Games and activities for all ages
· Two-hour horse/mule rides into Bryce Canyon (9 to 11 am, but be there at 8:30)
CHILDREN ages 2 to 8
· Rockets (outside on grass area)
· Paper Airplanes – make & fly (outside on grass area)
· Kick Ball (outside on grass area)
· “Pocket Change Country Store” for children (open 10:30 – 11:30 am (in barn)
YOUTH AND ADULTS
· Minit to Winit Games (in barn)
· Paper Airplanes – make & fly (outside – East side of barn)
· Horse Shoes (outside at horseshoe pits)
· Volleyball (outside on grass area)
· Table games (in barn)
· Crafts for girls & ladies (in barn) toys & coloring books with crayons for babies & toddlers
· Family History & Visiting Corner – (in barn - Share photos, histories, fan charts, sign up to help with family genealogy, visit, hear Aunt Joy and Uncle Van tell experiences of growing up in Meadow & life with their great parents & siblings.)
12:00 Noon – 1:30 pm - LUNCH (Cold cuts, rolls, salad, chips watermelon & cookies)
2:00 – 4:00 pm: Games, activities and visiting
CHILDREN ages 2 to 8
· Pony rides (outside, south side of barn)
· Bingo (in barn)
· Balloons w/ paddles (in barn)
· Dancing (in barn)
· “Pocket Change Country Store” for children (open 3 to 4 pm – in barn)
YOUTH AND ADULTS
· Two-hour horse/mule rides into Bryce Canyon (2 to 4 pm, but be there at 1:30)
· Volleyball (outside on grass area)
· Horse Shoes (outside at horseshoe pits)
· Minit to Winit Games (in barn)
· Table games (in barn)
· Crafts for girls & ladies (in barn) toys & coloring books with crayons for babies & toddlers
· Family History & Visiting Corner – (in barn - Share photos, histories, fan charts, sign up to help with family genealogy, visit, hear Aunt Joy and Uncle Van tell experiences of growing up in Meadow & life with their great parents & siblings.)
5:30 – 6:30 pm –Dinner (Grilled Bacon wrapped steaks, chicken, hamburgers & hot dogs, Yummy Potatoes, rolls, baked beans and Dutch Oven Cobbler)
7:30 – 9:00 pm: Talent Show
SUNDAY, AUGUST 5th
7:30 – 9:30 am – BREAKFAST – (bring your own cereal and we will provide milk, juice, muffins, sweet rolls & bagels)
10:00 – 11:00 am – SUNDAY MEETING
12:00 noon – You are on your way home. Thanks for coming
Ken and I are family history consultants for our ward, so we have been able to help many members get registered at new family search and begin doing their family history. We just finished teaching a family history class and will start up another one in January.
Ken’s brother, Bob’s wife, Carroll, passed away on August 12th. We have missed her, and Bob is very lonely without her. She had a massive stroke and went into a coma. She was only in the hospital a couple of days when she passed away. Carroll had other health problems, plus dementia, so we are glad she didn’t have to suffer longer.
HAWAIIAN CRUSE WITH SANDI, SHELLIE & ROY – December 1 – 17, 2012
We got up at 3AM and got Sandi’s luggage packed into the car. When we finished the car was really loaded. We had six suite cases, each weighing about 50 pounds, plus the three of us. We left Tooele at 4:30AM with some winds. We stopped at St. George for rather to eat. There were some winds but no storm. Before getting into California we saw snow on the high mountains, but the roads were good. With the G.P.S. we were able to travel right on to our motel in Long Beach. At the motel, we went out to soak in the hot tub and a swim in the pool, Roy and Shellie were late leaving home and when they got to the California Border they were held up for 1 ½ hours getting through the Border inspection. It was 10PM when they got to the motel. We visited with them for a little while before we all went to bed.
We went in for breakfast, at the motel as breakfast came with it. It was very good.
We got to the pier at 1PM but the ship had been two hours late getting to the port, so they were late starting the check in. It was after 7PM when the ship left the dock. We toured some of the boat and then went to dinner. Dinner was very good, and they sure are trying to take care of us with Ken and my diet needs. After dinner we went exploring the ship. It is quite a boat. After leaving Roy and Shellie, Sandi, Ken and I started for our room. On the way we passed a dance hall, so Ken and I danced for a few minutes. We have always loved to dance.
Ken woke shortly after 4AM and mainly watched the ocean waves. After the sky started to lighten he saw tuna surfacing. Sandi and I came to the port window and watched them with him. The waves are quite large and the ocean very rough. It is interesting to walk around with the ship swaying. After a good breakfast, we attended a ballroom dance class and really enjoyed that. Sandi and I did some research of shore activities. When we came back, we went to the dance lessons. We then had some Suchi which was my first time. We came back and got ready for dinner. We met Roy and Shellie at the Monarch room and played Mexican Train Dominos until dinner time. We stayed for a show but I wasn’t very impressed.
We didn’t have a lot of activity except meals. We watched the movie “The Man Called Peter” using our computer and projector. It makes it a little crowded with 5 of us in our room. This afternoon we attended a dance class. We then came back and dressed in our best for the dinner this evening. We then went for pictures to be taken. They had many photographer’s taking many poses so that everyone had lots of chooses. We did have some time to dance in some of the Ball Rooms before going to dinner. This was the captain’s evening in the dining room. He spoke for a minute, but we really weren’t very impressed. After dinner we attended Show Time and the Big Band. We were tired but when we went past the Club Cool room we couldn’t resist going in and dancing until mid-night.
Ken and I went walking around the ship as the weather was much warmer today. It was fun walking all over the upper decks. The sun broke through the clouds and everyone was out sun bathing. We were able to use the swimming pool and they we quite warm. Sandi came and said that they wanted to play miniature golf, but I was tired, so I went, and Ken took a nap. An hour and a half later I came back and woke him. We went to a dance lesson but didn’t stay very long as it was basic Fox Trout steps.  We came back to our cabin and watched the movie “The Ultimate Gift” and we all enjoyed it.
(This is taken from Ken’s journal – so he is writing this now). This morning when I woke my pain level was up. I will have to be stricter with my diet. After breakfast the five of us played the game “Trans America” and quite enjoyed it. Sandi and I attended the dance class. While we did that Mae went to our cabin and lay down for a while. We then went up to Roy and Shellie’s cabin and played “Mormon Bridge”. After getting started in the card game we attended the Magician show. Following dinner, we finished the card game we started earlier. It was late when we were ready to go to bed.
We came into port about 10AM. It was neat to see us come into the island. Sandi, Mae and I took a bus tour to the Hawaii Volcano National Park. Roy and Shellie took a helicopter tour of the Island. On the way we stopped at the Mauna Loa Macadamias plant and saw how they processed the Macadamia nuts. We also bought some packages of the nuts for gifts and to eat. After returning we went to a show on board the ship and then to dinner. After dinner we came back to our room and the five of us watched “Heaven Can Wait” which was a cute show.
We arrived at Maui at 8AM and disembarked shortly after in order to be on our tour by 10AM. Sandi, Mae and I rode the tour bus to the Sheraton Hotel where we walked through their facilities to the beach. It was a beautiful sandy beach where we enjoyed the warm sun shine. We also enjoyed snorkeling and seeing the many fish. Back at the ship, we then went to eat and then attended a Hawaiian dance show.
This morning we were at the Island of Oahu. I woke with the pain level very high. We went for breakfast and then left for the tours. Mae, Sandi and I went on a bus tour of Diamond Head. Most of the stops, I stayed on the bus because my feet and legs hurt too much to walk very far. The tour guide was very good and we did enjoy the trip. I have really watched what I have eaten today but tonight I’m still in a lot of pain. When we came back to the ship I got me some chicken to eat and went to the cabin. Mae and Sandi went shopping. I took a nap. Mae and Sandi had a lot of fun shopping this afternoon. This evening I watched a show on TV. Mae and I went to bed early.
This morning we were on the Island of Kauai. We set the alarm and was up at 6AM in order to be ready for our shore excursion at Kauai. Mae didn’t sleep very well last night because she was worried about me. I do feel much better today, although my feet are still tender. Roy and Shellie went four wheeling in the mud. Sandi, Mae and I went on the Waimea canyon & Wailua river boat tour to the Fern Grotto. It was a very beautiful ride up the river and then when we got up the canyon we docked and had a short walk up through beautiful jungle trees and plants to a cave. They only let us go to a view area because the hurricane had damaged the cave and loosened the rocks above making it dangerous to go further. When we got there the tour was to show and teach some Hula but it started to rain very hard. Finally, when it broke they had everyone return to the boat where they gave us the show. It was good that they did because it rained more. This area has more rain than anywhere on the earth receiving over 400 inches annually. It was a very worth wile experience. When we returned Mae and Sandi again went shopping. I came back to the cabin and took a nap. This evening Roy, Shellie, Sandi, Mae and I went to the evening show, which was a Juggler Entertainment. We stopped for more photo shouts and went to dinner and then quit for the night.
Today we are on the Island of Hawaii, city of Kona. We had to get up early in order to be on time for our tour. The weather was very pleasant. Sandi, Shellie and Roy went on a tour where they were able to swim with wild dolphins. They also saw a hump back whale. Mae and I went on a walking tour in the city. My pain level is high, and my feet and legs hurt. For breakfasts I have been having scrambled eggs but as I finished eating this morning it dawned on me that they probably are using powered eggs mixed with water and milk.  The tour was very good but by the time it was over my pain level was high. Mae and I set on a bench and ate a boiled egg. We were going to go through a museum when Sandi called and said that they were back from their tour. We waited for her to join us. I decided to return to the ship and let Mae and Sandi continue in town. I carried several items back with me so that they wouldn’t have to carry them around town. When I got back to the pier I met Roy and Shellie. I also took their snorkeling equipment back to the boat with me, so they wouldn’t have to pack it with them. After dropping the extra items off at our cabin, I then up to the dining area and got something to eat. I then came back to the cabin and I fell asleep until Mae and Sandi came. We departed Hawaii about 4PM. As soon as we got out to sea the seas seem to become quite rough. We put on the DVD movie “Golden Plates”. It wasn’t finished when Shellie called just before 7PM. She reminded us of this evening’s entertainment. We paused the movie and went up to the theater. We were able to find Roy and Shellie there. The show was a musical and dance production that was very good. After dinner we ended up getting more pictures taken. My pain level was high so I found a place to just sit. When Mae came we went downstairs to our cabin. Sandi wasn’t much longer coming to the cabin. We watched the rest of the movie and really enjoyed it. Roy and Shellie came down to get their scuba gear and while they were here I had Roy give me a Priesthood blessing.
We are back on the ship. We slept in this morning. I slept fairly well although the pain level in my feet, legs and hips is quite high. I didn’t get up for breakfast, but Mae brought some breakfast down to me. Mae isn’t feeling very good this morning. She seems to have some congestion and a sore throat. The sea is quite rough this morning. The waves are very interesting to me and I think of the earlier mariners, especially the early Saints and also the scriptural accounts. Our cabin boy “Katut” came in to clean our room. This afternoon we played some card games. Mae is feeling worse, but she did go to dinner. My pain level is decreasing as the day goes on. We came back to our cabin after dinner and soon went to bed.
I am feeling much better, but Mae is feeling quite bad. I went up and brought back breakfast for the two of us. Sandi and Shellie went running and later some sun broke through, so they went sun tanning. Mae and I watched a movie on DVD titled A Walk in the Clouds” that was very good even though it was rated PG13. Both Mae and I took a nap. This afternoon we watched another movie “The Blind Side” and that was very good. Roy, Shellie and Sandi came down and we played some games. At dinner time Mae still isn’t feeling well. Sandi checked with the dining room and she was told that they couldn’t take food out. So, I went up to the 9th floor and got us something. We had just finished eating when our waiter from the Dining Room brought our dinner to us. They have treated us so good there. I put most of the food in the refrigerator for tomorrow. Mae went to sleep after eating but before she did I gave her a Priesthood Blessing. I watched an old John Wayne movie and finished this entry before going to bed.
Mae was quite sick during the night with a high fever. This morning when she woke she felt some better. I woke for a while, but it was still dark. I went back to bed and may have dosed a little. When we got up we decided to go up for breakfast and then go to the hot tub. Sandi and Shellie also came up for breakfast at the same time. They had gone walking at 6AM. Roy decided to sleep in. After eating, Mae and I went up to the indoor spa and enjoyed it for a few minutes. We came down to our cabin and lay down. Mae laid took a nap while I worked on the computer. When Mae woke, we watched the movie “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas”. It was good but also depressing. I took a walk around the boat. The sea is quite rough, and the winds outside are strong. This evening the five of us got together and played games for a little while before getting ready for dinner. Mae and I were served a fish with tomato sauce on. I was concerned about the sauce, so I asked our waiter and he assured me that it had been made especially for us without any sugar. It was very good and probably the best tasting food we had been served. Mae wasn’t as happy with it as I because of the spices. After dinner we went to a dance where I danced with Sandi once and Mae once before we went to the Pharoses Palace for this evening’s entertainment. It was good as far as performance, but for Mae and I it was too loud, lights to bright, and costumes too revealing. After the program ended Mae and I came to our cabin and got ready for bed.
We are now in California’s time. I woke at 4:30 and not being sleepy I took the camera and went up to the 9th floor. I fixed me a cup of hot herbal tea. We found that using our protein powder as a creamer with the tea makes a very pleasant drink. I wanted to go up on the top deck, but it is still closed off due to winds, so I walked around the ship for a while. I went out on the side deck on the 3rd level but it was dark, windy and then it started to rain, so I went back to our cabin about 6AM. I went back to bed and after a while fell asleep. When I woke again Sandi had left and the skies had cleared, and the sun was shining. Mae and I went up for breakfast about 10AM. Mae still isn’t feeling good so we tried to find somewhere outside to lay in the sun but the wind is still cold, and we didn’t want Mae to get cold so we came back to our cabin. Our cabin had been cleaned while we were gone. That has been one of the fun things about this cruse is to have the cleaning and cooking all taken care of for us. Mae went back to bed and I read a couple of chapters in the Book of Mormon before working on my journals. Roy, Shellie, Sandi and I started to play miniature golf, but the winds were so strong that we quit. Sandi, Shellie, Mae and I played a short game of Hearts before we went for our dinner. This evening for dinner Mae and I had pork steak that was very good. We attended the evening program, but I wasn’t very impressed with it. Mae and I came back to our cabin and soon got ready for bed.
I woke at 6AM and soon went up to the 9th deck where I could see the sun rise. I took several pictures and just marveled at the beautiful sun rise. I couldn’t help but think of the scriptural reference as to “Why does God consider my worth when He has such creations.” I hadn’t taken a coat with me and it was very cold so when I got back to the cabin I got back in bed to warm up. We went up to breakfast about 9:30AM and then at 11AM we attended the debarkation meeting. From there we went to the dance class. We spent the rest of the morning packing. Sandi and Shellie participated in a one-mile walk St. Jude Children Fund. After lunch we continued the packing. The ship got into Ensenada about 4PM. After it docked Shellie called us and said that they could see seals from their cabin deck. We went up but as the men tied the boat it scared the seals into the water. After we watched them in the water for a few minutes, Roy, Shellie and Sandi left to go into Ensenada shopping. Mae and I continued to watch the seals return after the men finished securing the ship and left. We stayed until one large seal climbed up the rocky bank and lay on the shore. More would have followed but a man kept walking on the dock to see the seals, so the seals would not get out of the water. We finally went back to our cabin. Mae became very worried about the kid’s safety and, so we had a prayer asking for their safety. Mae and I then went up to the 9th deck and got us some bean soup. While we were eating Mae over heard a lady and she was very upset. The lady’s husband was in a wheelchair and she had evidently had a run in with some of the passengers while she was trying to get both her and her husband’s dinner. She was about in tears, so Mae went over to her and visited with her for a few minutes. That is one of the neat characteristics of my special wife. She is so concerned about others. After eating we went to the game room and played a game of Rummy in which Mae won. She does that quite often. By the time we finished the game Mae was getting quite worried about the kids. We just started to go looking for them when Sandi came. Mae was very relieved. They had found a tour bus at the dock that took them around the city and then to a store, so they could get some vanilla. All of us went dancing this evening and had a lot of fun. It was mid-night when we got to bed.
I got up at 5:30AM but Mae and Sandi slept a little longer. We went up for breakfast at 7AM and then came back to the cabin and finished getting the suitcases ready to go. I took a short nap. It took us quite a while to debark but the customs came onto the boat so when we got through them we went right off. Sandi’s arms started hurting her, so I pulled both her luggage and mine. Mae did pretty good with hers. Roy and Shellie weren’t far behind us. Shellie’s bag had trouble with its wheels so that was a little difficult for her. We left L.A. about 12:30PM and traveled straight through with only a stop for Subways sandwiches. We got to Sandi’s at 12:30AM, so with losing an hour time with time-zone, we made it in just about 11 hours. We were very tired and sure glad to be staying at Sandi’s.
About the Hawaiian Islands (A brochure we received in the Hawaiian Islands)
Hilo, HI - You'll be intoxicated by the fragrant orchids and antharium which fill the air. This is Hawaii's second largest metropolis, yet it remains a quaint city of Victorian homes which overlook a half-moon bay. With its magnificent Japanese Yedo Garden and a half-hour walk through verdant tropical forest opening into the awesome beauty of Akaka Falls, Hilo is one of the most scenic tropical cities in the Pacific.
Maui (Kahului), HI - Hawaii is one of the world's foremost vacation, honeymoon and anniversary destinations. As one of Hawaii's remaining untouched areas, Kahalui, located on the west side of Maui, let's you enjoy miles of white sand beaches and crystal clear waters. The year-round near perfect weather allows you to take full advantage of the sapphire blue skies and warm tropical winds. Aside from housing Maui's only deep water harbor, Kahalui is also where you'll find the Kahana Pond State Wildlife Sanctuary.
Honolulu, HI - Imagine spending all day and all night on gorgeous Honolulu. You'll need time to take in this beautiful island with its pulsating nightlife, world-class dining, perfect beaches and quiet coves. Stroll the fabled beaches of Waikiki under the protective watch of the ancient volcanic profile of Diamond Head. Visit the Polynesian Cultural Center, a 42-acre living museum of the many cultures of the South Pacific. And be sure to stop off at the historic USS Arizona Memorial, dedicated to those who died at Pearl Harbor.
Kauai (Nawiliwili), HI - Kauai, Hawaii's most beautiful island, beckons you. Crystal pools, magnificent waterfalls, stunning sunsets and sparkling beaches - you can find them all in the Garden Island of the Pacific. Feel the genuine hospitality of Kauai, its warm and welcoming people, and share in the true spirit of Aloha.
Kona, HI - Step on this multi-colored island ringed with miles of bougainvillea and poinsettia and you'll understand immediately why the royals of Hawaii chose it as their summer residence. The deep, rich soil is the breeding ground for two of the world's most unique treasures: macadamia nuts and Kona coffee, and there's plenty of both in the quaint shops, which also offer exquisite coral jewelry and hand-sewn muumuus. At the opposite end of quaint: Hulihee Palace, grand and majestic with a superb collection of royal antiques.
Ensenada, Mexico - Ensenada, one of Mexico's most sucessful cities, has grown from a sleepy fishing village to become a popular beach resort. This oft-visited Baja destination is a multi-faceted jewel. Among its most popular locations are the waterfront promenade, the fashionable shops of Avenida Primera, and the winery of Bodega Santo Tomas, founded by the Dominicans in 1888. La Bufadora, a natural sea geyser located nearby, puts on a highly dramatic show.
Los Angeles (San Pedro), CA - Consisting of 11 miles of beaches, 98 parks, five public golf courses and the largest municipally operated marina system in the nation, San Pedro is truly a paradise for lovers of the outdoors. The near perfect weather and friendly residents are an added bonus! Visit historic sites, such as Rancho Los Alamitos, and the Tallship Californian.
We feel we have been greatly blessed. We have good health; we have a great marriage, a great family and wonderful friends. We love the Lord and his gospel and all of you.
2012
Another year has come and gone. It seems like the months & years just fly by and our grandchildren grow taller and taller and soon they are grown up, going off to college, on missions, getting married & having children. I look in the mirror and realize I am getting older too, but the aches and pains, in my body, tell me that also. However, Ken and I have relatively good health and we are very grateful for that.
Our children and their families are doing well. Jeff, Gail & family and Scott, Mishelle & family live in Layton. David, Shauna & family live in Enterprise, which is North of Morgan. Mike, Becky & family live in American Fork. Shellie, Roy & Family live in Queen Creek, Arizona with their son & his wife living in Mesa. And, Sandi & Nick live in Tooele with Sandi’s daughters & families living in Tooele County. We love having most of our children live close by so we can enjoy family dinners, going to grandchildren’s sports events, recitals, birthdays and other special events and going on vacations together.
Mike & Becky’s son, David, is serving his mission in Africa and will be home the first part of February. David’s sister, Paige, is attending Utah State University. Shellie & Roy’s son, Quint, will be leaving for his mission to Washington DC on the 12th of December. David & Shauna’s son, Conner, was baptized this year. Ken and I have 21 grandchildren and six great grandchildren.
My siblings and I were in charge of the Bushnell Family Reunion held in August. It is our grandparent’s descendants on our mother’s side. It is held for three days every three years. It was held in Tropic, Utah and there were 150 in attendance. It took a lot of planning and effort to prepare the food and activities, but everyone had a good time, so we were happy. Ken & I also hosted the Glendon Porter Family Reunion, which are my parent’s descendants. It was only an afternoon and evening and we held it in our back yard. We had a good time at this reunion also. Ken & I were able to go on some camping and fishing trips with our children and their families and we surely enjoyed these vacations.
We had our usual snowmobiling trip to Trail Creek Lodge with Sandi & Nick for Ken’s birthday, but this year Shellie & Roy joined us. We all had a great time, except for the fact that the people who owe it, Sid and Sherrie, got in trouble for taking people on guided hunting trips without a license and Sid is in prison for it. Sherrie is running it, but had to charge more and the snowmobiles were not running properly and we had to drive to Soda Springs for gas for them, which never happened before. Ken worked for a long time getting them to run. There were only 3 snowmobiles so we couldn’t all go together at the same time, although I think we doubled up even though two of the snowmobiles were meant for just one rider. The guys went one time by themselves. We had good meals again – Nick & Roy ate regular food, but Sherrie made gluten free, dairy and sugar free food for Sandi, Shellie, Ken & I. We had fun playing games and visiting. Ken and I also decided we are too old to go snowmobiling now. It isn’t as fun as it used to be since we are older. We now understand why Rich and Lois finally didn’t want to do it.
Our family went to Payson Lake for a vacation. Most of the family just came up on Saturday to spend the day. David was studying hard as he was in medical school, but Shauna came and brought her kids. Mike, Becky and their family came that day too. I think Jeff, Gail & the children stayed the weekend with us. I can’t remember if Scott, Mishelle and their family came. Sandi came and I think she brought Dawson, but not sure if she did. It rained part of the time and cooled off at night. Sandi had brought her shade tent so we put it over the table and we played games under it even though it was raining. Shauna and the kids hadn’t brought jackets, but we had some extras, thank goodness as it was quite cold.
The remainder of the summer & fall was spent gardening, working in the yard, canning fruit and vegetables and spending time with our family and friends and tending grandchildren.
Ken and I are still the family history consultants for our ward. We have been able to help members with their family history & indexing and teach Family History classes.
We feel we have been greatly blessed again this year. We love the Lord and his gospel.
The picture of Ken & I was taken last December when we went on a Hawaiian cruse with our two daughters, Sandi & Shellie and Shellie’s husband, Roy. Sandi’s husband, Nick, wasn’t able to get off work, so we missed him not being with us. We had a wonderful time; it was a great Christmas present.
Hawaiian cruise with Shellie & Roy and Sandi in December 2012 – (I wrote this one, so decided to keep them both)
Shellie called me I think in October and asked if dad and I would like to go on a Hawaiian cruse with them the first couple of weeks in December. It was a 14-day cruise. Ken and I talked about it, but decided not to go as we didn’t want to spend that much money, especially at this time of year and especially with it being such a busy month. We would be missing the ward and R.S. Christmas parties and other holiday activities and I had a lot to do to get ready for Christmas. Besides that, both Ken and I are allergic to gluten, dairy and sugar, so what fun would that be on a cruise & great vacation if we couldn’t have any of that which is in most of the food on the ship and in Hawaii. Shellie said that we could tell them when we signed up and they would make special meals for us which we could eat. Shellie called Sandi and Sandi wanted to go, but Nick couldn’t get off work and she didn’t want to spend that money on a cabin by herself. Shellie called me back and put more pressure on us, saying that Sandi wanted to go, but couldn’t unless we went too so we could share the cabin with her and it wouldn’t cost either of us so much. We finally decided to go. We did have a great time, however, since both Ken and I love frozen yogurt and they had those machines, we ate one now and then. Our meal hostess would come to our table each day and give us the special gluten/dairy free menu and help us plan our meals for the next day. We wouldn’t choose any desserts. The gluten free bread was terrible, so we didn’t eat much of that. We pretty much had the same meal each night: baked chicken, green salad, the same vegetables and our bread and water. It was hard when Sandi, Shellie & Roy could eat anything they wanted, but we stayed healthy most of the time, except that since Ken had eaten the frozen yogurt and fudged a little here and there, suddenly he was in pain. Shellie, Roy & Sandi had warned him not to eat anything he shouldn’t, but since he did and the scrambled eggs each morning had milk in them and he didn’t realize that, he had pain mainly the last day on the ship and wasn’t able to walk around, on the tours, like the rest of us. He had to stay on the tour bus some while Sandi & I got off and saw the sights. He did get off some, but his feet always hurt. I felt bad for him. We cruised over for four days and it was fun being on the ship. We went to the game room and played games when the weather was rainy or cold. When it was nice, we swam in the pool, sunbathed, sat in the hot tub, played miniature golf or shuffle board. Sandi and Shellie usually got up early and met at the gym and exercised and then went walking or jogging around the ship for more exercise. We all love to dance and they had a dance instructor each day who taught the fox trot, swing and other dances. We usually tried to go to those classes even though Ken and I didn’t need them. In fact, he told us that, but we told him we love to dance so enjoyed it anyway. Sometimes, Sandi, Shellie or myself would be his dance partner as his wife was in a wheelchair, but worked the music. Roy & Ken took turns dancing with Sandi too, plus other men asked her to dance. At night they had different entertainment in the main event center. One night they had a musician, one night they had a hypnotist and two nights each way they had the ships dancers and singers put on a show. They were good, but sometimes wore skimpy costumes. After the show, we would go to a dance floor where a Filipino dance band was playing. They had great voice too, especially the lead singer. They played songs that were great to dance to so we loved going there each night. Again, Roy & Ken danced with Sandi off and on too so she could have fun. She is a great dancer and her and her dad looked great together. I took lots of pictures.
We went to a different Hawaiian Island each day for five days and went on tours there. That was great! Roy & Shellie went on different tours as they had already signed up for them before we decided to go on the cruse. They went on a Helicopter ride one day, which was very expensive and she said there were clouds so they couldn’t see as much as they were supposed to. They went to the Polynesian Cultural Center another day. They went on a Mud Jeep Ride one day where they got really muddy and they went swimming with Dolphins one day. Sandi went on that with them and they went snorkeling one day. Ken, Sandi and I went to on several bus tours. One was to volcanoes, another to where a volcano had been and we climbed up a mountain to get to it. The tour bus drivers always were explaining things and pointing things out to us as we traveled. Another tour was to a place where the wind blows upward and they tell of a maiden who jumped off the cliff there and the wind blew her back. The wind was incredible there. We went on a fun Hawaiian boat ride down a beautiful river to a gorgeous jungle area where we walked down a path to an opening where we all stood and looked at the cave across from us. The foliage was beautiful. They have weddings there. A group of Hawaiian dancers and singers were there to perform for us, bus it started raining so they performed to us on our way back down the river. Another day the tour took us to a beautiful resort and beach. We sunbathed, swan and snorkeled. That was great fun as Ken and I had never been snorkeling before. It was great to see all the different fish underwater. That was a great day!! The last day we went on a walking tour around the city of ?? That was the day Sandi went on the “Swimming with dolphin’s tour” with Shellie & Roy. Sandi called us on our cell phone and she met up with us and then Ken went back to the ship as his feet were really hurting. Sandi & I went to gift shops and bought souvenirs. Sandi, Shellie & I went shopping one night after our tours. I bought a beautiful top which I wear a lot. I also bought Hawaiian dancing dolls for my granddaughters for Christmas. Sandi & Shellie bought them Hawaiian dresses and we all bought Leis to wear on ship for the Hawaiian dinner meal.  Lunch was up to us, but we would have the dinner meal back on board the ship each night. We all had a great time. Hawaii is so beautiful and there is so much to see and do. The ship was beautiful too. Our cabin had a window where we could look out and see Tuna jumping, etc. Ken & I had a queen-sized bed and Sandi could either sleep on the couch or the bed which folded up in the wall. She did that the first few nights, but it was hard going up and down the ladder, so she finally just slept on the couch. It was great being with our daughters and Roy, we all had a great time together. I prayed for several years that our daughters would be close and love each other and want to be together. They are now and we are so grateful.


| 1. Europe (Western) |
224 (220.9) |
1. Europe (Western) |
246.2 (243) |
| 2. Europe (Eastern) |
156.4 (156.2) |
2. Europe (Eastern) |
130.1 (129.9) |
| 3. Sub-Saharan Africa (East) |
92.8 (90.9) |
3. Europe (Central) |
71 (70.7) |
| 4. Europe (Central) |
90.9 (90.6) |
4. Sub-Saharan Africa (East) |
58.1 (34.2) |
| 5. Asia (East) |
81.7 (72.7) |
5. Latin America (Central) |
51.9 (23.6) |
| 6. North America (High Income) |
65.7 (62.8) |
6. Asia (East) |
41.4 (32.4) |
| 7. Latin America (Central) |
62 (61.1) |
7. North America (High Income) |
37.7 (34.7) |
| 8. North Africa & Middle East |
34.3 (30.3) |
8. North Africa & Middle East |
19.4 (11.8) |
| 9. Sub-Saharan Africa (Southern) |
28 (28) |
9. Asia (South) |
12.1 (-19.1) |
| 10. Latin America (Tropical) |
21.7 (19.8) |
10. Asia (Central) |
11.2 (11.2) |
|
Total (across all 21 regions)
|
951.3 (899.7)
|
Total (across all 21 regions)
|
721.1 (373.9)
|