Vim documentation: usr_08
main help file*usr_08.txt* For Vim version 7.2. Last change: 2006 Jul 18 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar Splitting windows Display two different files above each other. Or view two locations in the file at the same time. See the difference between two files by putting them side by side. All this is possible with split windows. |08.1| Split a window |08.2| Split a window on another file |08.3| Window size |08.4| Vertical splits |08.5| Moving windows |08.6| Commands for all windows |08.7| Viewing differences with vimdiff |08.8| Various |08.9| Tab pages Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI Previous chapter: |usr_07.txt| Editing more than one file Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
*08.1* Split a window The easiest way to open a new window is to use the following command: :split This command splits the screen into two windows and leaves the cursor in the top one: +----------------------------------+ |/* file one.c */ | |~ | |~ | |one.c=============================| |/* file one.c */ | |~ | |one.c=============================| | | +----------------------------------+ What you see here is two windows on the same file. The line with "====" is that status line. It displays information about the window above it. (In practice the status line will be in reverse video.) The two windows allow you to view two parts of the same file. For example, you could make the top window show the variable declarations of a program, and the bottom one the code that uses these variables. The CTRL-W w command can be used to jump between the windows. If you are in the top window, CTRL-W w jumps to the window below it. If you are in the bottom window it will jump to the first window. (CTRL-W CTRL-W does the same thing, in case you let go of the CTRL key a bit later.) CLOSE THE WINDOW To close a window, use the command: :close Actually, any command that quits editing a file works, like ":quit" and "ZZ". But ":close" prevents you from accidentally exiting Vim when you close the last window. CLOSING ALL OTHER WINDOWS If you have opened a whole bunch of windows, but now want to concentrate on one of them, this command will be useful: :only This closes all windows, except for the current one. If any of the other windows has changes, you will get an error message and that window won't be closed.
*08.2* Split a window on another file The following command opens a second window and starts editing the given file: :split two.c If you were editing one.c, then the result looks like this: +----------------------------------+ |/* file two.c */ | |~ | |~ | |two.c=============================| |/* file one.c */ | |~ | |one.c=============================| | | +----------------------------------+ To open a window on a new, empty file, use this: :new You can repeat the ":split" and ":new" commands to create as many windows as you like.
*08.3* Window size The ":split" command can take a number argument. If specified, this will be the height of the new window. For example, the following opens a new window three lines high and starts editing the file alpha.c: :3split alpha.c For existing windows you can change the size in several ways. When you have a working mouse, it is easy: Move the mouse pointer to the status line that separates two windows, and drag it up or down. To increase the size of a window: CTRL-W + To decrease it: CTRL-W - Both of these commands take a count and increase or decrease the window size by that many lines. Thus "4 CTRL-W +" make the window four lines higher. To set the window height to a specified number of lines: {height}CTRL-W _ That's: a number {height}, CTRL-W and then an underscore (the - key with Shift on English-US keyboards). To make a window as high as it can be, use the CTRL-W _ command without a count. USING THE MOUSE In Vim you can do many things very quickly from the keyboard. Unfortunately, the window resizing commands require quite a bit of typing. In this case, using the mouse is faster. Position the mouse pointer on a status line. Now press the left mouse button and drag. The status line will move, thus making the window on one side higher and the other smaller. OPTIONS The 'winheight' option can be set to a minimal desired height of a window and 'winminheight' to a hard minimum height. Likewise, there is 'winwidth' for the minimal desired width and 'winminwidth' for the hard minimum width. The 'equalalways' option, when set, makes Vim equalize the windows sizes when a window is closed or opened.
*08.4* Vertical splits The ":split" command creates the new window above the current one. To make the window appear at the left side, use: :vsplit or: :vsplit two.c The result looks something like this: +--------------------------------------+ |/* file two.c */ |/* file one.c */ |||| |~ |~ |||| |~ |~ |||| |~ |~ |||| |two.c===============one.c=============| | | +--------------------------------------+ Actually, the | lines in the middle will be in reverse video. This is called the vertical separator. It separates the two windows left and right of it. There is also the ":vnew" command, to open a vertically split window on a new, empty file. Another way to do this: :vertical new The ":vertical" command can be inserted before another command that splits a window. This will cause that command to split the window vertically instead of horizontally. (If the command doesn't split a window, it works unmodified.) MOVING BETWEEN WINDOWS Since you can split windows horizontally and vertically as much as you like, you can create almost any layout of windows. Then you can use these commands to move between them: CTRL-W h move to the window on the left CTRL-W j move to the window below CTRL-W k move to the window above CTRL-W l move to the window on the right CTRL-W t move to the TOP window CTRL-W b move to the BOTTOM window You will notice the same letters as used for moving the cursor. And the cursor keys can also be used, if you like. More commands to move to other windows: |Q_wi|.
*08.5* Moving windows You have split a few windows, but now they are in the wrong place. Then you need a command to move the window somewhere else. For example, you have three windows like this: +----------------------------------+ |/* file two.c */ | |~ | |~ | |two.c=============================| |/* file three.c */ | |~ | |~ | |three.c===========================| |/* file one.c */ | |~ | |one.c=============================| | | +----------------------------------+ Clearly the last one should be at the top. Go to that window (using CTRL-W w) and the type this command: CTRL-W K This uses the uppercase letter K. What happens is that the window is moved to the very top. You will notice that K is again used for moving upwards. When you have vertical splits, CTRL-W K will move the current window to the top and make it occupy the full width of the Vim window. If this is your layout: +-------------------------------------------+ |/* two.c */ |/* three.c */ |/* one.c */ | |~ |~ |~ | |~ |~ |~ | |~ |~ |~ | |~ |~ |~ | |~ |~ |~ | |two.c=========three.c=========one.c========| | | +-------------------------------------------+ Then using CTRL-W K in the middle window (three.c) will result in: +-------------------------------------------+ |/* three.c */ | |~ | |~ | |three.c====================================| |/* two.c */ |/* one.c */ |||| |~ |~ |||| |two.c==================one.c===============| | | +-------------------------------------------+ The other three similar commands (you can probably guess these now): CTRL-W H move window to the far left CTRL-W J move window to the bottom CTRL-W L move window to the far right
*08.6* Commands for all windows When you have several windows open and you want to quit Vim, you can close each window separately. A quicker way is using this command: :qall This stands for "quit all". If any of the windows contain changes, Vim will not exit. The cursor will automatically be positioned in a window with changes. You can then either use ":write" to save the changes, or ":quit!" to throw them away. If you know there are windows with changes, and you want to save all these changes, use this command: :wall This stands for "write all". But actually, it only writes files with changes. Vim knows it doesn't make sense to write files that were not changed. And then there is the combination of ":qall" and ":wall": the "write and quit all" command: :wqall This writes all modified files and quits Vim. Finally, there is a command that quits Vim and throws away all changes: :qall! Be careful, there is no way to undo this command! OPENING A WINDOW FOR ALL ARGUMENTS To make Vim open a window for each file, start it with the "-o" argument: vim -o one.txt two.txt three.txt This results in: +-------------------------------+ |file one.txt | |~ | |one.txt========================| |file two.txt | |~ | |two.txt========================| |file three.txt | |~ | |three.txt======================| | | +-------------------------------+ The "-O" argument is used to get vertically split windows. When Vim is already running, the ":all" command opens a window for each file in the argument list. ":vertical all" does it with vertical splits.
*08.7* Viewing differences with vimdiff There is a special way to start Vim, which shows the differences between two files. Let's take a file "main.c" and insert a few characters in one line. Write this file with the 'backup' option set, so that the backup file "main.c~" will contain the previous version of the file. Type this command in a shell (not in Vim): vimdiff main.c~ main.c Vim will start, with two windows side by side. You will only see the line in which you added characters, and a few lines above and below it. VV VV +-----------------------------------------+ |+ +--123 lines: /* a|+ +--123 lines: /* a| <- fold||| | text | text | | text | text | | text | text | | text | changed text | <- changed line | text | text | | text | ------------------| <- deleted line | text | text | | text | text | | text | text | |+ +--432 lines: text|+ +--432 lines: text| <- fold||| | ~ | ~ | | ~ | ~ | |main.c~==============main.c==============| | | +-----------------------------------------+ (This picture doesn't show the highlighting, use the vimdiff command for a better look.) The lines that were not modified have been collapsed into one line. This is called a closed fold. They are indicated in the picture with "<- fold". Thus the single fold line at the top stands for 123 text lines. These lines are equal in both files. The line marked with "<- changed line" is highlighted, and the inserted text is displayed with another color. This clearly shows what the difference is between the two files. The line that was deleted is displayed with "---" in the main.c window. See the "<- deleted line" marker in the picture. These characters are not really there. They just fill up main.c, so that it displays the same number of lines as the other window. THE FOLD COLUMN Each window has a column on the left with a slightly different background. In the picture above these are indicated with "VV". You notice there is a plus character there, in front of each closed fold. Move the mouse pointer to that plus and click the left button. The fold will open, and you can see the text that it contains. The fold column contains a minus sign for an open fold. If you click on this -, the fold will close. Obviously, this only works when you have a working mouse. You can also use "zo" to open a fold and "zc" to close it. DIFFING IN VIM Another way to start in diff mode can be done from inside Vim. Edit the "main.c" file, then make a split and show the differences: :edit main.c :vertical diffsplit main.c~ The ":vertical" command is used to make the window split vertically. If you omit this, you will get a horizontal split. If you have a patch or diff file, you can use the third way to start diff mode. First edit the file to which the patch applies. Then tell Vim the name of the patch file: :edit main.c :vertical diffpatch main.c.diff WARNING: The patch file must contain only one patch, for the file you are editing. Otherwise you will get a lot of error messages, and some files might be patched unexpectedly. The patching will only be done to the copy of the file in Vim. The file on your harddisk will remain unmodified (until you decide to write the file). SCROLL BINDING When the files have more changes, you can scroll in the usual way. Vim will try to keep both the windows start at the same position, so you can easily see the differences side by side. When you don't want this for a moment, use this command: :set noscrollbind JUMPING TO CHANGES When you have disabled folding in some way, it may be difficult to find the changes. Use this command to jump forward to the next change: ]c To go the other way use: [c Prepended a count to jump further away. REMOVING CHANGES You can move text from one window to the other. This either removes differences or adds new ones. Vim doesn't keep the highlighting updated in all situations. To update it use this command: :diffupdate To remove a difference, you can move the text in a highlighted block from one window to another. Take the "main.c" and "main.c~" example above. Move the cursor to the left window, on the line that was deleted in the other window. Now type this command: dp The change will be removed by putting the text of the current window in the other window. "dp" stands for "diff put". You can also do it the other way around. Move the cursor to the right window, to the line where "changed" was inserted. Now type this command: do The change will now be removed by getting the text from the other window. Since there are no changes left now, Vim puts all text in a closed fold. "do" stands for "diff obtain". "dg" would have been better, but that already has a different meaning ("dgg" deletes from the cursor until the first line). For details about diff mode, see |vimdiff|.
*08.8* Various The 'laststatus' option can be used to specify when the last window has a statusline: 0 never 1 only when there are split windows (the default) 2 always Many commands that edit another file have a variant that splits the window. For Command-line commands this is done by prepending an "s". For example: ":tag" jumps to a tag, ":stag" splits the window and jumps to a tag. For Normal mode commands a CTRL-W is prepended. CTRL-^ jumps to the alternate file, CTRL-W CTRL-^ splits the window and edits the alternate file. The 'splitbelow' option can be set to make a new window appear below the current window. The 'splitright' option can be set to make a vertically split window appear right of the current window. When splitting a window you can prepend a modifier command to tell where the window is to appear: :leftabove {cmd} left or above the current window :aboveleft {cmd} idem :rightbelow {cmd} right or below the current window :belowright {cmd} idem :topleft {cmd} at the top or left of the Vim window :botright {cmd} at the bottom or right of the Vim window
*08.9* Tab pages You will have noticed that windows never overlap. That means you quickly run out of screen space. The solution for this is called Tab pages. Assume you are editing "thisfile". To create a new tab page use this command: :tabedit thatfile This will edit the file "thatfile" in a window that occupies the whole Vim window. And you will notice a bar at the top with the two file names: +----------------------------------+ | thisfile | /thatfile/ __________X| (thatfile is bold) |/* thatfile */ | |that | |that | |~ | |~ | |~ | | | +----------------------------------+ You now have two tab pages. The first one has a window for "thisfile" and the second one a window for "thatfile". It's like two pages that are on top of eachother, with a tab sticking out of each page showing the file name. Now use the mouse to click on "thisfile" in the top line. The result is +----------------------------------+ | /thisfile/ | thatfile __________X| (thisfile is bold) |/* thisfile */ | |this | |this | |~ | |~ | |~ | | | +----------------------------------+ Thus you can switch between tab pages by clicking on the label in the top line. If you don't have a mouse or don't want to use it, you can use the "gt" command. Mnemonic: Goto Tab. Now let's create another tab page with the command: :tab split This makes a new tab page with one window that is editing the same buffer as the window we were in: +-------------------------------------+ | thisfile | /thisfile/ | thatfile __X| (thisfile is bold) |/* thisfile */ | |this | |this | |~ | |~ | |~ | | | +-------------------------------------+ You can put ":tab" before any Ex command that opens a window. The window will be opened in a new tab page. Another example: :tab help gt Will show the help text for "gt" in a new tab page. A few more things you can do with tab pages: - click with the mouse in the space after the last label The next tab page will be selected, like with "gt". - click with the mouse on the "X" in the top right corner The current tab page will be closed. Unless there are unsaved changes in the current tab page. - double click with the mouse in the top line A new tab page will be created. - the "tabonly" command Closes all tab pages except the current one. Unless there are unsaved changes in other tab pages. For more information about tab pages see |tab-page|.
Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: top - main help file


var assert = process.env.HTTP2_ASSERT ? require('assert') : function noop() {};
var logging = require('./logging');
var assert = process.env.HTTP2_ASSERT ? require('assert') : function noop() {};
var logging = require('./logging');
Flow is a Duplex stream subclass which implements HTTP/2 flow control. It is designed to be
subclassed by Connection and the upstream
component of Stream.
var Duplex = require('stream').Duplex;
exports.Flow = Flow;
Event: 'error' (type): signals an error
setInitialWindow(size): the initial flow control window size can be changed any time (as described in the standard) using this method
disableRemoteFlowControl(): sends a WINDOW_UPDATE signaling that we don't want flow control
disableLocalFlowControl(): disables flow control for outgoing frames
new Flow([flowControlId]): creating a new flow that will listen for WINDOW_UPDATES frames
with the given flowControlId
(or every update frame if not given)
Event: 'receiving' (frame): there's an incoming frame
Event: 'sending' (frame): a frame was added to the output queue
_send(): called when more frames should be pushed. The child class is expected to override
this (instead of the _read
method of the Duplex class).
_receive(frame, readyCallback): called when there's an incoming frame. The child class is
expected to override this (instead of the _write
method of the Duplex class).
push(frame): bool: schedules frame
for sending.
Returns true
if it needs more frames in the output queue, false
if the output queue is
full, and null
if did not push the frame into the output queue (instead, it pushed it into
the flow control queue).
_push(frame, remainderCallback): bool: like push, but never puts the frame into the flow control queue.
Instead, it pushes directly into the output queue if possible (according to the flow control
window) and calls remainderCallback
with the remaining non-pushable part of the frame. It is
capable of dividing DATA frames into multiple chunks.
Use this instead of push
if you always want to have empty flow control queue (but never mix
the two).
getLastQueuedFrame(): frame: returns the last frame in output buffers
_log: the Flow class uses the _log
object of the parent
When a HTTP/2.0 connection is first established, new streams are created with an initial flow control window size of 65535 bytes.
var INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE = 65535;
flowControlId
is needed if only specific WINDOW_UPDATEs should be watched.
function Flow(flowControlId) {
Duplex.call(this, { objectMode: true });
this._window = this._initialWindow = INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE;
this._flowControlId = flowControlId;
this._queue = [];
this._ended = false;
this._received = 0;
this._remoteFlowControlDisabled = false;
}
Flow.prototype = Object.create(Duplex.prototype, { constructor: { value: Flow } });
_receive
is called when there's an incoming frame.
Flow.prototype._receive = function _receive(frame, callback) {
throw new Error('The _receive(frame, callback) method has to be overridden by the child class!');
};
_receive
is called by _write
which in turn is called by Duplex when someone write()
s
to the flow. It emits the 'receiving' event and notifies the window size tracking code if the
incoming frame is a WINDOW_UPDATE.
Flow.prototype._write = function _write(frame, encoding, callback) {
this.emit('receiving', frame);
if (frame.flags.END_STREAM) {
this._ended = true;
}
if ((frame.type === 'DATA') && (frame.data.length > 0) && !this._remoteFlowControlDisabled) {
this._receive(frame, function() {
this._received += frame.data.length;
if (!this._restoreWindowTimer) {
this._restoreWindowTimer = setImmediate(this._restoreWindow.bind(this));
}
callback();
}.bind(this));
}
else {
this._receive(frame, callback);
}
if ((frame.type === 'WINDOW_UPDATE') &&
((this._flowControlId === undefined) || (frame.stream === this._flowControlId))) {
this._updateWindow(frame);
}
};
_restoreWindow
basically acknowledges the DATA frames received since it's last call. It sends
a WINDOW_UPDATE that restores the flow control window of the remote end.
Flow.prototype._restoreWindow = function _restoreWindow() {
delete this._restoreWindowTimer;
if (!this._ended && !this._remoteFlowControlDisabled && (this._received > 0)) {
this.push({
type: 'WINDOW_UPDATE',
stream: this._flowControlId,
window_size: this._received
});
this._received = 0;
}
};
Remote flow control is currently disabled by default, but in the future, it may be turned off
using the disableRemoteFlowControl
method.
Flow.prototype.disableRemoteFlowControl = function disableRemoteFlowControl() {
this._remoteFlowControlDisabled = true;
this.push({
type: 'WINDOW_UPDATE',
stream: this._flowControlId,
flags: {
END_FLOW_CONTROL: true
}
});
};
flow
+----------------------------------------------------+
| |
+--------+ _onWindow +---------+ |
read() | output | Increase() | flow | _send() |
<----------| |<-------------| control |<------------- |
| buffer | | buffer | |
+--------+ +---------+ |
| input | |
---------->| |--------------------------------------> |
write() | buffer | _write() _receive() |
+--------+ |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------+
var MAX_HTTP_PAYLOAD_SIZE = 16383; // TODO: this is repeated in multiple files
_send
is called when more frames should be pushed to the output buffer.
Flow.prototype._send = function _send() {
throw new Error('The _send() method has to be overridden by the child class!');
};
_send
is called by _read
which is in turn called by Duplex when it wants to have more
items in the output queue. It first check the flow control _queue
and only calls _send
if
there are no items in it (which means that we are not waiting for window update).
Flow.prototype._read = function _read() {
if (this._queue.length === 0) {
this._send();
} else {
assert(this._window === 0);
assert(this._queue[0].type === 'DATA');
}
this._readableState.reading = false;
};
_onWindowIncrease
is called when window size increases which means that the peer is ready to
receive more data. Flushes frames stored in the flow control queue and then triggers a further
_read
call if the output buffers are still low on frames.
Flow.prototype._onWindowIncrease = function _onWindowIncrease() {
var moreNeeded = true, frame;
var unshiftRemainder = this._queue.unshift.bind(this._queue);
while (moreNeeded && (frame = this._queue.shift())) {
moreNeeded = this._push(frame, unshiftRemainder);
}
this.read(0); // See http://nodejs.org/api/stream.html#stream_stream_read_0
};
_push(frame)
is the low-level version of push
. Use this instead of push
if you always want
to have empty flow control queue (but never mix the two). It pushes frame
into the output queue
and decreases the flow control window size. It is capable of splitting DATA frames into smaller
parts, if the window size is not enough to push the whole frame. It calls remainderCallback
synchronously before returning with the frame it was not able to push to the output queue. The
remainder may be the whole frame or the remaining part of a DATA frame. The return value is
similar to push
except that it returns null
if it did not push anything to the output queue.
Flow.prototype._push = function _push(frame, remainderCallback) {
do {
var forwardable = undefined, remainder = undefined;
if ((frame === null) || (frame.type !== 'DATA') ||
((frame.data.length <= this._window) && (frame.data.length <= MAX_HTTP_PAYLOAD_SIZE))) {
forwardable = frame;
}
else if (this._window <= 0) {
remainder = frame;
}
else {
var chunkSize = Math.min(this._window, MAX_HTTP_PAYLOAD_SIZE);
forwardable = {
stream: frame.stream,
type: 'DATA',
data: frame.data.slice(0, chunkSize)
};
this._log.trace({ frame: frame, size: frame.data.length, forwardable: chunkSize },
'Splitting out forwardable part of a DATA frame.');
frame.data = frame.data.slice(chunkSize);
remainder = frame;
}
var moreNeeded = null;
if (forwardable !== undefined) {
this._log.trace({ frame: forwardable }, 'Pushing frame into the output queue');
if (forwardable && (forwardable.type === 'DATA') && (this._window !== Infinity)) {
this._log.trace({ window: this._window, by: forwardable.data.length },
'Decreasing flow control window size.');
this._window -= forwardable.data.length;
assert(this._window >= 0);
}
moreNeeded = Duplex.prototype.push.call(this, forwardable);
}
frame = remainder;
} while (remainder && moreNeeded);
if (remainder !== undefined) {
remainderCallback(remainder);
}
return moreNeeded;
};
Push frame
into the flow control queue, or if it's empty, then directly into the output queue
Flow.prototype.push = function push(frame) {
if (frame === null) {
this._log.debug('Enqueueing outgoing End Of Stream');
} else {
frame.flags = frame.flags || {};
this._log.debug({ frame: frame }, 'Enqueueing outgoing frame');
this.emit('sending', frame);
}
if (this._queue.length === 0) {
return this._push(frame, this._queue.push.bind(this._queue));
} else {
this._queue.push(frame);
return null;
}
};
getLastQueuedFrame
returns the last frame in output buffers. This is primarily used by the
Stream class to mark the last frame with END_STREAM flag.
Flow.prototype.getLastQueuedFrame = function getLastQueuedFrame() {
var readableQueue = this._readableState.buffer;
return this._queue[this._queue.length - 1] || readableQueue[readableQueue.length - 1];
};
Flow control window size is manipulated using the _increaseWindow
method.
Infinite
means turning off flow control. Flow control cannot be enabled
again once disabled. Any attempt to re-enable flow control MUST be rejected with a
FLOW_CONTROL_ERROR error code.var WINDOW_SIZE_LIMIT = Math.pow(2, 31) - 1;
Flow.prototype._increaseWindow = function _increaseWindow(size) {
if ((this._window === Infinity) && (size !== Infinity)) {
this._log.error('Trying to increase flow control window after flow control was turned off.');
this.emit('error', 'FLOW_CONTROL_ERROR');
} else {
this._log.trace({ window: this._window, by: size }, 'Increasing flow control window size.');
this._window += size;
if ((this._window !== Infinity) && (this._window > WINDOW_SIZE_LIMIT)) {
this._log.error('Flow control window grew too large.');
this.emit('error', 'FLOW_CONTROL_ERROR');
} else {
this._onWindowIncrease();
}
}
};
The _updateWindow
method gets called every time there's an incoming WINDOW_UPDATE frame. It
modifies the flow control window:
Flow.prototype._updateWindow = function _updateWindow(frame) {
this._increaseWindow(frame.flags.END_FLOW_CONTROL ? Infinity : frame.window_size);
};
A SETTINGS frame can alter the initial flow control window size for all current streams. When the
value of SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE changes, a receiver MUST adjust the size of all stream by
calling the setInitialWindow
method. The window size has to be modified by the difference
between the new value and the old value.
Flow.prototype.setInitialWindow = function setInitialWindow(initialWindow) {
this._increaseWindow(initialWindow - this._initialWindow);
this._initialWindow = initialWindow;
};
Flow control for outgoing frames can be disabled by the peer with various methods.
Flow.prototype.disableLocalFlowControl = function disableLocalFlowControl() {
this._increaseWindow(Infinity);
};


|
Gangs of New York
by Judith Grant
Martin Scorseses latest film, Gangs of New York
is a failed anti-war
film. It is 165 minutes of some of the most violent footage ever
seen in a film intended for mainstream entertainment. As a fan
of Scorseses, I have to say that even the brutality of
Good Fellas could not have prepared me for the assault
that is the experience of watching this film. Even leaving aside
the violence, I admit that I am mystified by all the hoopla surrounding
Gangs of New York. Leonardo Di Caprio only slightly adapts
the role he had in Titanic. Now instead of a sweet Irish immigrant,
he is a nasty one. Cameron Diaz appears to have thought the Irish
accent was optional, as it fades in and out about every fifth
word. For his part, Daniel Day-Lewis looks and sounds too much
like Dustin Hoffmans Ratso Rizzo to be truly convincing.
Worse, the film is so thematically
confusing that it is at first not clear what Scorsese is trying
to say. To be sure the choice of material is worthy. The plight
of working class immigrants in 19th century New York City, and
the Draft Riots of 1863 have, to my knowledge, been given no
filmic attention. Even more intriguing are the possibilities
inherent in Scorseses observations about the interplay
between the nativist sentiments embodied in Daniel Day-Lewis
character, Bill the Butcher, and the corruption of the US government.
Taking place as it does during the American Civil War when Boss
Tweed held New York City in his grip, the films setting
certainly provides ample opportunity for some reflections on
these important topics. In fact, I think the message of this
film is as disturbing as the way it is told. It would seem that
Scorsese intended to make a film that was anti-war, but ended
up with one that is anti-government and anti-law.
In brief, Gangs of New York is the story of two rival
gangs, one
nativist lead by Bill the Butcher. The other, a group
of Irish immigrants called The Dead Rabbits initially
lead by a man called The Priest Vallon (Liam Neeson).
The Priest meets an early demise at the hands of Bill, and his
death is witnessed by his young son, the unlikely named, Amsterdam
Vallon (Leonardo Di Caprio). The son spends the next 16 years
in Roman Catholic (St. Amsterdam?) reform school plotting his
revenge. It is a familiar story and an almost Shakespearean tragedy
(think Hamlet). Upon his release, Amsterdam comes to know and
even to like Bill quite well. They are both, in fact, enamored
of the same woman, Jenny Everdeane (Cameron
Diaz). This is the only female character of note and her dramatic
function appears to be primarily to mitigate Bill and Amsterdams
almost erotic fixation with one another. (Several critics have
complained that her characters development is abandoned
relatively early in the film, and this might explain why). In
any event,Amsterdam becomes deeply connected to Bill and ambivalent
about the revenge he knows he must exact. In one of the films
most significant (and least bloody) scenes, Bill, draped in an
American flag, sits next to Amsterdam (who happens to be in bed
with Jenny at the time) and tells a tale that, though harrowing,
explains his enormous respect for Priest Vallon.
Much is made throughout the film of he Priests dying words
to his son, that one must never look away.
This drama involving male honor and homoeroticism is played against
the backdrop of Boss Tweeds New York. Thus, honor and vigilantism
are juxtaposed to chicanery and secrecy, with government and
the law representing the latter. It is Boss Tweed who does not
look into the faces of his enemies since they change depending
on who can further his political career.  Immigrants
no sooner arrive than they are told to sign papers that make
them citizens. In the next second, they are conscripted into
the army, handed rifles, and sent to fight men with whom they
have no quarrel. To depict this irony, the films gang sequences
are often inter-cut with Civil War battle scenes. America, Scorsese
wants to contend, was forged in blood. With this he appears to
have no quarrel. What troubles him is the way blood is spilled.
On this point, the film has a very definite point of view.
Much is made of the desirability of fighting with ones hands
or with
implements like knives and cleavers. Guns, it would seem, do
not bring
honor or glory. Likewise, one ought to be connected to the fight,
and to see and know ones enemy in a way that is as immediate
as it is close to real rage. The Union army does not fit this
bill, and presumably, things have only gotten worse since then.
In the end when the two gangs pow-wow and agree to have a penultimate
battle, Amsterdam chooses not to use guns to which Bill the Butcher
responds approvingly, good boy. Government forces
are sent to quell the rioting, however. Canon fire kills almost
everyone on both sides, and the look of bewilderment that passes
between Bill and Amsterdam is, I think, meant to show their acknowledgement
of the fact that the rules of battle have changed. Their way
of fighting is over.
Fighting is now accomplished through technology and the warrior
may not even understand the reasons that he fights let alone
see his enemy. Voice-overs repeatedly underscore that this
is America. Which? The violence? The technology? The Law?
Just as Sergio Leone did in his masterful Once Upon a Time
in America, Scorsese sees two Americas. One, an America of
law, and one an America of justice. For Scorsese justice stands
outside the law. It is an America where fearless and loyal men
of strong wills and backs respect their enemies even as they
kill them. Upon reflection, this fetishism of male organized
violence is Scorseses calling card, and it at least partly
explains his life-long fascination with the Italian-American
mafia.
Likewise, he recognizes the sub textual connection between Americas
poorest immigrants and African Americans. However, it is disturbing
that, in this film, black men remain only an absent presence.
They are clearly invoked insofar as the Civil War has everything
to do with slavery and race. Yet, they have almost no role in
Scorseses drama. He correctly shows the racism of both
nativists and Irish as a product of hellish lives in which rage
is allowed to fester in the unfreedom of poverty. The parallel
story of the slave is left un-thematized. Though Amsterdam Vallon
is shown to have at least one black acquaintance, the meat of
the story is, for Scorsese, about struggles among white men.
If war has become a sad statement on manly virtues, the law is
an even worse one. Boss Tweeds hypocritical attempts to
buy immigrant votes, and his cynical alliance with whichever
gang can deliver said votes are surely examples of some of the
most repugnant and recurrent moments in our nations history.
Yet this film appears to see these as the rule rather than the
exception. In one telling set of scenes, the Irishman Monk McGinn
(Brendan Gleeson) is drafted by Tweed and Amsterdam to run for
elected office. In this instance, there is hope that the Irish
immigrants might abandon their gangs and turn to the law for
empowerment and help. In this they are disappointed, and Monk
is murdered. Therefore, the only law for the poor and the immigrant
is the law of the streets and the rule of the gangs. It is as
though two parallel legal systems existed side by side, and Scorsese
is completely clear about which he believes to be the most useful
and the more virtuous.
The final shot of the film is as visually stunning as it is controversial.
Shot across the Brooklyn Bridge looking to the New York skyline,
Amsterdam and Jenny walk off the screen and fade to ghosts. Amsterdams
voice-over tells us that New York City was built on the blood
of such nameless heroes. The shot shows New York City expanding
over time in a frame-by-frame dissolve until it rests on a New
York skyline complete with the twin towers. Why this editorial
decision? Why not fade to the final shot everyone in the audience
expects, NYC sans Towers? Visual effects supervisor Michael Owens
says that, "By September 11 we had already shot the plates
and were actually well into creating the shot, and suddenly it
became a real issue. Originally it was designed as one of those
quintessential views of New York, but after September 11 some
worried that the sequence might take on an entirely different
meaning. And indeed, it
did. Had he done that last final shot without the towers one
might have inferred a kind of critique of violence. Violence
begets more violence.
Hence, the vanished towers. Instead, the decision to allow us
to linger on the beauty of the intact city allows us to absorb
his notion this
spectacular scene is the result of spilled blood, and that vengeance
is an acceptable solution. Since Mr. Scorsese is among those
celebrities who have recently come out against a war with Iraq,
his decision on this point remains a puzzle.
Posted March 4, 2003
|


Ozan Mirza
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Ozan Mirza
About
Works - Semester 1
Works - Semester 2
Summary
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page!
Look at works
Go to APW Wesbite
Go to GitHub
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Welcome to activities
Some of the activities are
Hiking
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Paint-balling
Go-carting
accomodations
activities
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ngoy
ngoy is a template engine for the JVM, based on the Angular component architecture.
enjoy ngoy!
Templates are statically verified and compiled to byte code on the fly.
DOM is used only once for compiling.
Streaming output to any destination.
Dependency injection, modules, components, directives, pipes, providers/services.
Compile-time hook for components and directives.
Connect other DI systems.
Binding syntax.
[class.*], [style.*], [attr.*]
@HostBinding
*ngFor, *ngIf...
<ng-content>, <ng-container>...
Produce any text content.
Template-less components/rendering.
Use components in plain text formats.
Built-in CLI to render templates/expressions and generate source artifacts.
Render anything from simple text:
Ngoy.renderString("hello {{ name }}", Context.of("name", "world"), System.out);
// hello world
to a full blown app with components, directives, pipes and services:
public class Person {
public String name;
public int age;
public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}
@Component(selector = "person", template = "
{{person.name | uppercase}}
age: {{person.age}}")
public class PersonCmp {
@Input
public Person person;
}
@Component(selector = "", template = "<person *ngFor=\"let it of persons\" [person]=\"it\"></person>")
@NgModule(declarations = { PersonCmp.class })
public class App {
public Person[] persons = new Person[] {
new Person("Peter", 22),
new Person("Paul", 26),
new Person("Mary", 24) };
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ngoy.app(App.class)
.build()
.render(System.out);
}
}
produces:

<person>
PETER
age: 22</person>
<person>
PAUL
age: 26</person>
<person>
MARY
age: 24</person>

You can download the ngoy binaries from here or via jitpack.io:
build.gradle
:
repositories {
maven { url "https://jitpack.io" }
}
dependencies {
implementation("com.github.krizzdewizz:ngoy:1.0.0-rc8")
}
pom.xml
:
<repositories>
<repository>
<id>jitpack.io</id>
<url>https://jitpack.io</url>
</repository>
</repositories>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.github.krizzdewizz</groupId>
<artifactId>ngoy</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0-rc8</version>
</dependency>
Get started using noy.
Checkout ngoy's "Tour of Heroes" tutorial rewrite, the docs or the examples collection.


Joy Strings
DESCRIPTIONMr. Blankon likes joy strings. A string is called joy when the string contains all vowels, like 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', and 'u'. One day, Mr. Blankon was given a string called str. He wants to know how many joy substrings are contained in str. Help him! INPUT FORMATOne line contains str, where each character str is lowercase. OUTPUT FORMATThe sum of all cheerful substrings that might match the description above. 1st INPUT EXAMPLEoceriaku 1st OUTPUT EXAMPLE1 2nd INPUT EXAMPLEceriakuo 2nd OUTPUT EXAMPLE2 CONSTRAINTS
|


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: No more stressing about the Luis and Cody carpool. author: display_name: Kurt login: Kurt email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: Kurt author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 9989 wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=9989 date: '2014-06-02 10:07:54 +0000' date_gmt: '2014-06-02 15:07:54 +0000' categories: - Uncategorized - Management - The Cubs - Former Cubs - Free Agency - Prospects tags: - Rangers - Ian Stewart - Jeimer Candelario - Christian Villanueva - Luis Valbuena - Cody Ransom - Mike Olt - Kris Bryant - Third Base comments: [] ---
June 23, 2013
“Do you think the Cubs make sure Cody Ransom and Valbuena don’t ride to the ballpark together in case there’s an accident because then they’d have to call up Ian Stewart?”
The Cubs were left with a Luis Valbuena/Cody Ransom platoon at third. Donnie Murphy was playing mostly shortstop in Iowa and wouldn’t get to Chicago until August. The closest prospect, Christian Villanueva, was about three months in to his first year at AA Tennessee. Kris Bryant had just been drafted and wasn’t even signed yet. He had yet to play a single game in the Cubs system. Matt Garza was still a Cub and Mike Olt was a Ranger (AAA Round Rock).
Third base was not a bright spot for the Cubs.
June 2, 2014
Luis Valbuena has the most tenure at the position and is off to a good start in 2014. This year's Valbuena is a much better version than last year's. He’s a solid and versatile defender, has some power from the left side, a much improved approach, and is uncontested in the bat flip department. It should also be noted that he had only 10 MLB starts at 3B before joining the Cubs in 2012. He’s platooning with Mike Olt whose vision issues seem to be a thing of the past. His average is not where it needs to be (.162), but all is forgiven when you hit 9 HR and 24 RBI before June. Many are clamoring for Olt to be the every day guy and do away with this platoon business. These two guys put you in a pretty good spot for a rebuilding team. A versatile veteran and a young guy with nothing but upside.
But there are still more pieces to this puzzle. Starting with Christian Villanueva, who the Cubs also stole acquired from the Rangers in the Dempster deal. He is the best defender in the group. Jason Parks ranked him as a top 100 prospect last year. After a full season at AAA he might be ready for a spot on a major league roster. And then there is Kris Bryant. No doubt you’ve heard what kind of offensive season he’s putting together (18 HR and 49 RBI in 55 games. This pace would get him to 53 in 162 games). He’s screaming through the system and could hit AAA later this year, just over a year after being drafted. The Cubs don’t seem to want to move him off third just yet even though that seems a likely move down the road. And to keep the heat on these guys there is switch-hitting Jemier Candelario who is off to a slow start in Daytona, but is a top ten prospect for the Cubs.
This is how quickly things can change. No long-term, high-dollar, free agent contracts were signed. The Mets will pay David Wright $138 million, not the Cubs. This is how “assets are acquired”. They didn’t turn the Rangers away when they offered Mike Olt as part of the Garza deal when they had just acquired Christian Villanueva in 2012 and drafted Kris Bryant. They simply acquired the best talent available.
Less than a year from Ian Stewart tweeting himself off the team, the Cubs are bursting with options at third base. They won’t all be Cubs for the long haul, but they will serve to make this team better down the road. The business of baseball requires treating players as commodities, which isn’t always fun for the fans. So, for the time being, my advice is don't get too attached to anyone, especially Jason Hammel. Be thankful we no longer have to deal with the potential hazards of a Luis and Cody car pool.


Home
Publications & Tools
About Me
Publications
Conferrence papers
Packages
EpiScanpy - integrated single-cell epigenomic analysis
View
A different view on fine-scale population structure in Western African populations
View
Epistasis Detection in Genome-Wide Screening for Complex Human Diseases in Structured Populations
View
IPCAPS - an R package for iterative pruning to capture population structure.
View
Principals about principal components in statistical genetics
View
Insight into the peopling of Mainland Southeast Asia from Thai population genetic structure
View
Iterative pruning PCA improves resolution of highly structured populations
View
Speedup bioinformatics applications on multicore-based processor using vectorizing and multithreading strategies
View
WASP - a Web-based Allele-Specific PCR assay designing tool for detecting SNPs and mutations
View
Multithreaded ClustalW with Improved Optimization for Intel Multi-core Processor
View
MT-ClustalW - multithreading multiple sequence alignment
View
Python Package EpiScanpy
View
R Package IPCAPS
View
R Package KRIS
View
R package FILEST
View
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{% extends 'admin/master.html' %} {% import 'bootstrap/wtf.html' as wtf %} {% block body %}
Current theme: {{ current_theme.capitalize() }}
Upon hitting "submit", expect a delay of several seconds while your site configuration reloads.
You can preview themes here. {% endblock %}


Someone from DigitalCrafts will be in touch with you shortly.
In the meantime, please checkout DigitalCrafts for more information.
We also encourage students to complete as much of CodeAcademy and freeCodeCamp as possible!
Your next steps in the application process are the coding challenge and informal interview.
Please click here to view more information about the code challenge before getting started. Once you are comfortable you can go ahead and get coding or schedule your informal interview!


Every HTML element has a default display value, depending on what type of element it is.
 To make them different from each other, however, you can use the longhand border-width, border-style, and border-color properties, which accept different values for each side. Alternatively, you can target one border at a time with the physical (e.g., border-top ) and logical (e.g., border-block-start) border properties.


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Please Enter Letters only
minimum First Name length is 3
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Password mush contain atleast:
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{% extends "simple.html" %} {% block content %}
It will return the opening position on the list of BestPlaceToWork.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}SA Sleect{% endblock %} {% block header %}{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include "navbar_manager.html" %}
Click on the report logo to download the csv file:
Note: The download attribute is not supported in Edge version 12, IE, Safari 10 (and earlier), or Opera version 12 (and earlier).


The hottest, nerdiest new game in town.
CAP_NET_RAW allows you to use RAW and PACKET sockets and bind to any address for transparent proxying.
CAP_NET_RAW
Do you have access to CAP_NET_RAW?
ping
wget
Congrats! You are correct.
Have you actually tried to use the network?
Yes No Hint me!


{% load staticfiles %}
We're looking for a talented Android Engineer to help build an application that transforms how millions of people discover and collect inspiration everyday. You should have experience building beautiful high-performance applications on mobile.
| Position | Location | |
|---|---|---|
| {{ order.job_title }} | {{ order.job_location }} |


--- layout: page title: Projects subtitle: Things I have worked on. description: Pudhina Fresh projects page – A minimal yet feature-rich Jekyll theme made for personal websites and blogs. permalink: /projects sitemap: priority: 0.9 tags: - name: pudhina fresh theme - name: jekyll theme - name: jekyll ---


We buy metrics!
- iterate ubiquitous interfaces
- envisioneer back-end applications
- e-enable transparent channels
- disintermediate granular infomediaries
- recontextualize next-generation users
- architect vertical synergies
- embrace innovative bandwidth
- utilize proactive action-items
- streamline web-enabled markets


Server alert is a passive network connectivity monitor that validates that a web server is reachable. This basic shell script can be run either through a CRON job, daemon, or through the terminal window. Server alert can be set up in two modes, reporting or logging. Logging simply echos the time, date, server which couldn't be contacted, and the number of times it failed to ping. As server alert runs through Bash by default, this logging output can then be piped or written to a log file / reporting service.
Native inbuilt reporting is the most useful tool which Server Alert provides. It allows a HTML email template to be sent the the predetermined point of escalation. Since this notification is sent over SMTP, this email notification is also compatible with Slack alerting, and similar alerting services such as Pager Duty.
To use server alert, you will have to edit the script file located under the GitHub Repo. In here you will find three files & variables which you will most likely want to configure. The first file which you will want to edit is the alertTemplate.txt
file. This file provides a template for the alert message that will be sent when an ICMP ping to the server has failed x amount of times.
Next, you will want to edit the checkUp method located at line _8_ by default. By default, the pinging IP address will be set to <IP_ADDRESS>
. You will want to change this either to your public IP address (if the server is intended to be accessed from the public internet), or your local area network address (if the server is ONLY intended to be accessed from behind a firewall or from the LAN).
To set your point of escalation, change the email address on line _23_ by default<EMAIL_ADDRESS>) to your point of escalations email address. This will send the alertTemplate.txt
file to the point of escalation when _x_ number of pings have failed consecutively. This _x_ number of failed consecutive pings is defined on line _30_ by default ("$failedDataPoints" == 4)
, and you can change the number of failed consecutive pings before the point of escalation is contacted. By default this value is set to four failed consecutive pings before the point of escalation is notified, but you may want to raise or lower this threshold depending on your threat model / requirements. e.g. If you wanted to set the point of escalation to be notified after _20_ failed consecutive pings, you would change "$failedDataPoints" == 4
to "$failedDataPoints" == 20
.


Find houses that better suit your circumstances!
Upload your favorite houses dataset here (csv format only)
Select a file
Upload


There’s another technique that utilizes IPv6 and DNS to relay credentials to a target. By default, IPv6 is enabled and actually preferred over IPv4, meaning if a machine has an IPv6 DNS server, it will use that over the IPv4. Also by default, Windows machines look for an IPv6 DNS server via DHCPv6 requests, which if we spoof with a fake IPv6 DNS server, we can effectively control how a device will query DNS. More can be read here.
mitm6 -d lab.local
Now the real vulnerability is that Windows prefers IPv6 over IPv4, meaning I now control DNS.


{% extends base_template %} {% import "macros.j2" as macros with context %} {% set report_name = report.report_parameters.name %} {% block body %} {% block report_title %}
This report of forecast accuracy was automatically generated using the Solar Forecast Arbiter.
{% endblock %} {% block download %}{% endblock %} {% block toc %}{{ cost.to_dict() | pretty_json }}
Forecast submissions that fall within the periods listed below are excluded from analysis.
| Outage Start | Outage End |
|---|---|
| {{ outage['start'] }} | {{ outage['end'] }} |
This report includes forecast and observation data available from {{ report.report_parameters.start }} to {{ report.report_parameters.end }}. {% endblock %} {% block obsandfx %}
More metadata for the objects in this report may be downloaded in JSON format.
{% if timeseries_spec is defined %}
The plots below show the filtered, resampled, and aligned time series of
observation and forecast data as well as the distribution of forecast vs.
observation data.
This resampled and realigned timeseries data may also be downloaded below.
Download timeseries
Controls to pan, zoom, and save the plot are shown on the right. Clicking on an item in the legend will hide/show it.
{% if includes_distribution %}For forecasts parameterized symmetrically around the 50th percentile, brighter colors indicate percentiles farther from the 50th percentile and darker colors indicate percentiles closer to the 50th percentile. For forecasts parameterized asymmetrically around the 50th percentile, brighter colors indicate smaller percentiles and darker colors indicate larger percentiles. Use the hover tool to determine the percentile.
{% endif %} {{ macros.download_timeseries_script () | safe }} {% endif %} {% if scatter_spec is defined %} {% endif %} {% if timeseries_prob_spec is defined %}The plot below shows probability vs. time for probabilistic forecasts with axis='x'.
{% endif %} {% include "load_metadata.html" %} {{ macros.download_metadata_script () | safe }} {% endblock %}A table of summary statistics for the resampled observations and deterministic forecasts over the entire study period is available below. Statistics for other categories may be downloaded in CSV format or JSON format.
{% if "total" in report.report_parameters.categories %} {{ macros.summary_stats_table_vert(report.raw_report.metrics | selectattr("is_summary"), "total") }} {% else %}{{ category_blurbs[category] }}
{% endif %}


Commissioners
The seven member Board of Commissioners is responsible for considering and providing for the needs of the residents of the county. Commissioners are elected by districts except for At-Large and are elected every four years during the presidential election.
Board of Commissioners Meet
- 1st and 3rd Tuesday of each month.
- Briefing begins at 8 A.M. Meeting begins at 9 A.M.
- All meetings are open to the public.
- Join our LIVE BROADCAST during these times.
Contact Us
-<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Physical Address
224 E. Walnut Street
Goldsboro, NC 27530


1.0 Introduction
Differential forms occur in various fields of mathematics and physics providing
a method to formulate many objects in a way which is independent of a particular
coordinate system. Although primary usage certainly is in a theoretical context,
there are situations where actual computations have to be done. Due to the
antisymmetric nature and especially in the context of manifolds the calculations
may be quite involved and tedious, therefore, it is convenient to have tool box
for the most elaborate transformations. The price one has to pay for the
conciseness and beauty of the presentation is that concrete evaluations are
slightly more challenging than conventional methods like vector calulus for
instance.
There are many approaches to introduce differential forms: alternating linear
mappings, completely antisymmetric tensors, sections of cotangent bundles or
free vector spaces to name a few. The following references give witness of the
different methods and are ordered by nondecreasing
difficulty and rigor: , , , , ,
Here we have to consider differential forms in local coordinates in order to
perform some nonsymbolic computations:
\[\omega(x) = \sum_{1\leq j_1<\ldots<j_p\leq n}
\omega_{j_1,\ldots,j_p}(x_1,\ldots,x_n) \,
dx_{j_1}\wedge\ldots\wedge dx_{j_p}\]
The expression above is the local representation of the p-form
\(\omega\) in an
open set of \(\mathbb{R}^n\). There are many other ways to express this
fact: some authors take the sum over
\(\{j_k=1,\ldots,n ; k =1,\ldots,p\}\)
then one has to multiply by the factor \(\frac{1}{p!}\),
others write it as a p-covector field, but all these have the same
meaning. The wedge product \((\wedge)\) basically denotes the
antisymmetric tensor product:
\[\alpha\wedge\beta=\frac{1}{2}\, \left(a\otimes b - b\otimes a \right)\]
and is, although standard today, quite unhandy and there are different
notations in the literature.
In the book of H.Flanders [4] it is not used at all while H.Whitney used the
symbol \(\vee\) in his representation [7].
Notation: The domain DeRhamcomplex
uses dx*dy
for \(dx\wedge dy\).
FriCAS :: DeRhamComplex


While importing three.js via script tags is a great way to get up and running fast, it has a few drawbacks for longer lived projects, for example:
Using a dependency manager like npm avoids these caveats by allowing you to simply download and import your desired version of the library onto your machine.
Three.js is published as an npm module, see: [link:https://www.npmjs.com/package/three npm]. This means all you need to do to include three.js into your project is run "npm install three"
Assuming that you're bundling your files with a tool such as [link:https://webpack.github.io/ Webpack] or [link:https://github.com/substack/node-browserify Browserify], which allow you to "require('modules') in the browser by bundling up all of your dependencies."
You should now be able to import the module into your source files and continue to use it as per normal.
var THREE = require('three');
var scene = new THREE.Scene();
...
You're also able to leverage [link:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import ES6 import syntax]:
import * as THREE from 'three';
const scene = new THREE.Scene();
...
or if you wish to import only select parts of three.js library, for example Scene:
import { Scene } from 'three';
const scene = new Scene();
...
Currently it's not possible to import the files within the "examples/js" directory in this way. This is due to some of the files relying on global namespace pollution of THREE. For more information see Transform `examples/js` to support modules #9562.


Man charged with murder in stabbing death
by EndPlayXENIA, Ohio (AP) - A man accused of the stabbing death of a man whose body was found in a nature preserve in Ohio has been indicted on charges of murder and felonious assault.
Court records show 26-year-old Zyrian Atha-Arnett was indicted Friday in Greene County in the slaying of 26-year-old Leonid Clark, who went missing in January. The Yellow Springs man's body was found April 12 along the Little Miami River in the Glen Helen Nature Preserve in western Ohio.
Greene County sheriff's detectives say Atha-Arnett stabbed Clark multiple times. Court records don't show an attorney for the Enon man.
Investigators haven't commented on a potential motive. They say phone records show Atha-Arnett and Clark exchanged several text messages and calls prior to the slaying.


STAR TREK: INSURRECTION (Paramount) Starring: Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes, Brent Spiner, LeVar Burton, Michael Dorn, Gates McFadden, Marina Sirtis, F. Murray Abraham. Screenplay: Michael Piller. Producer: Rick Berman. Director: Jonathan Frakes. MPAA Rating: PG (profanity, violence) Running Time: 101 minutes. Reviewed by Scott Renshaw.
By now, every "Star Trek" fan deserving of the name is familiar with the "odd-even" rule for the feature films. The second, fourth, sixth and eighth films in the series have been the most entertaining; the first, third, fifth and seventh, not so much. STAR TREK: INSURRECTION, the latest biannual return of the "Next Generation" cast, marks the ninth big-screen journey into the Trek universe, inspiring a combination of trepidation and hope. Could this finally be the adventure which would break the odd-number jinx?
Well, not exactly. STAR TREK: INSURRECTION is an average story, competently told, energized primarily by the chance to mingle once again with the characters from the "Next Generation" television series. The premise finds the Enterprise called to assist when Data (Brent Spiner), participating in a mission on another planet, apparently malfunctions. Once in the system, Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) and company discover the voluntarily agrarian Ba'ku society about to be removed from the planet by an alliance between a Federation admiral (Anthony Zerbe) and a race called the Son'a, led by Ru'afo (F. Murray Abraham). It seems that radiation on the Ba'ku planet possesses a "fountain of youth" quality which makes it incredibly valuable, particularly to the genetically deteriorating Son'a. Picard is outraged by the plan to forcefully relocate the Ba'ku, however, and leads his crew to help defend the planet against the Son'a's sinister plans.
STAR TREK: INSURRECTION, like most of the films in the series, is clearly designed to appeal to the Trek faithful first, and to a broader audience second. That's one of the qualities which makes INSURRECTION feel as fragmented as it does. Every cast member gets to bow to the crowd in a showcase sub-plot -- Data bonds with a Ba'ku boy over the mysteries of childhood; Worf (Michael Dorn) re-experiences Klingon puberty as a side-effect of the planet's radiation; Riker (Jonathan Frakes, who also directed) gets frisky with Troi (Marina Sirtis) and shaves off his beard; LaForge (LeVar Burton) has his natural eyesight regenerated and weeps at the sight of a sunset. During the run of the series, each cast member could get a couple of episodes per season to anchor the main story line. Over the course of a 100 minute film, trying to give seven characters enough to do to keep them happy leads to plenty of punch lines but not enough focus.
It's particularly unfortunate that all the business for the other crew members draws attention away from Patrick Stewart. Here he gets a romantic relationship with a Ba'ku woman (Donna Murphy), as well as a chance to lecture on the historical tragedies of "ethnic cleansing." Stewart has the presence to make virtually anything he does feel commanding, but there's always a sense that he should have _more_ to do. Just as he was always the best thing about the "Next Generation" series, he's the bext thing about the "Next Generation" films, whether playing the fool in a ceremonial headdress or radiating moral courage. Stewart as Picard is almost always going to be a good enough reason to watch a Trek film, while watching him step back for the good of the ensemble will always be a bit disappointing.
There are other good reasons to see this particular film, including some sharply-staged action sequences (Frakes showed a similar facility in 1996's FIRST CONTACT) and plenty of belly laughs. There are also other reasons to be disappointed, including a wasted villain in F. Murray Abraham and a resolution which you may miss if you blink. Altogether it feels a bit small for the big screen, more like a solid episode of the series (complete with obvious allegory) than a film. Perhaps there aren't that many great ideas for Trek features to go around, and maybe that's why the heirs to Gene Roddenberry's vision manage to come up with a really good one only once every four years. If they decided not to make a movie every two years, and waited until that really good idea was ready, they could eliminate that "odd-even" problem once and for all.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 Trek meets: 6.
Visit Scott Renshaw's MoviePage http://www.inconnect.com/~renshaw/ *** Subscribe to receive new reviews directly by email! See the MoviePage for details, or reply to this message with subject line "Subscribe".
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"""
Helpers for embarrassingly parallel code.
"""
# Author: Gael Varoquaux < gael dot varoquaux at normalesup dot org >
# Copyright: 2010, Gael Varoquaux
# License: BSD 3 clause
from __future__ import division
import os
import sys
from math import sqrt
import functools
import time
import threading
import itertools
from numbers import Integral
from contextlib import contextmanager
import warnings
try:
import cPickle as pickle
except ImportError:
import pickle
from ...config import get_start_method
from ._multiprocessing_helpers import mp
from .format_stack import format_outer_frames
from .logger import Logger, short_format_time
from .my_exceptions import TransportableException, _mk_exception
from .disk import memstr_to_bytes
from ._parallel_backends import (FallbackToBackend, MultiprocessingBackend,
ThreadingBackend, SequentialBackend)
from ._compat import _basestring
# Make sure that those two classes are part of the public joblib.parallel API
# so that 3rd party backend implementers can import them from here.
from ._parallel_backends import AutoBatchingMixin # noqa
from ._parallel_backends import ParallelBackendBase # noqa
BACKENDS = {
'multiprocessing': MultiprocessingBackend,
'threading': ThreadingBackend,
'sequential': SequentialBackend,
}
# name of the backend used by default by Parallel outside of any context
# managed by ``parallel_backend``.
DEFAULT_BACKEND = 'multiprocessing'
DEFAULT_N_JOBS = 1
# Thread local value that can be overriden by the ``parallel_backend`` context
# manager
_backend = threading.local()
[docs]def get_active_backend():
"""Return the active default backend"""
active_backend_and_jobs = getattr(_backend, 'backend_and_jobs', None)
if active_backend_and_jobs is not None:
return active_backend_and_jobs
# We are outside of the scope of any parallel_backend context manager,
# create the default backend instance now
active_backend = BACKENDS[DEFAULT_BACKEND]()
return active_backend, DEFAULT_N_JOBS
[docs]@contextmanager
def parallel_backend(backend, n_jobs=-1, **backend_params):
"""Change the default backend used by Parallel inside a with block.
If ``backend`` is a string it must match a previously registered
implementation using the ``register_parallel_backend`` function.
Alternatively backend can be passed directly as an instance.
By default all available workers will be used (``n_jobs=-1``) unless the
caller passes an explicit value for the ``n_jobs`` parameter.
This is an alternative to passing a ``backend='backend_name'`` argument to
the ``Parallel`` class constructor. It is particularly useful when calling
into library code that uses joblib internally but does not expose the
backend argument in its own API.
>>> from operator import neg
>>> with parallel_backend('threading'):
... print(Parallel()(delayed(neg)(i + 1) for i in range(5)))
...
[-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]
Warning: this function is experimental and subject to change in a future
version of joblib.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
if isinstance(backend, _basestring):
backend = BACKENDS[backend](**backend_params)
old_backend_and_jobs = getattr(_backend, 'backend_and_jobs', None)
try:
_backend.backend_and_jobs = (backend, n_jobs)
# return the backend instance to make it easier to write tests
yield backend, n_jobs
finally:
if old_backend_and_jobs is None:
if getattr(_backend, 'backend_and_jobs', None) is not None:
del _backend.backend_and_jobs
else:
_backend.backend_and_jobs = old_backend_and_jobs
# Under Linux or OS X the default start method of multiprocessing
# can cause third party libraries to crash. Under Python 3.4+ it is possible
# to set an environment variable to switch the default start method from
# 'fork' to 'forkserver' or 'spawn' to avoid this issue albeit at the cost
# of causing semantic changes and some additional pool instantiation overhead.
if hasattr(mp, 'get_context'):
method = get_start_method().strip() or None
if method is None:
method = os.environ.get('JOBLIB_START_METHOD', '').strip() or None
DEFAULT_MP_CONTEXT = mp.get_context(method=method)
else:
DEFAULT_MP_CONTEXT = None
[docs]class BatchedCalls(object):
"""Wrap a sequence of (func, args, kwargs) tuples as a single callable"""
def __init__(self, iterator_slice):
self.items = list(iterator_slice)
self._size = len(self.items)
def __call__(self):
return [func(*args, **kwargs) for func, args, kwargs in self.items]
def __len__(self):
return self._size
###############################################################################
# CPU count that works also when multiprocessing has been disabled via
# the JOBLIB_MULTIPROCESSING environment variable
[docs]def cpu_count():
"""Return the number of CPUs."""
if mp is None:
return 1
return mp.cpu_count()
###############################################################################
# For verbosity
def _verbosity_filter(index, verbose):
""" Returns False for indices increasingly apart, the distance
depending on the value of verbose.
We use a lag increasing as the square of index
"""
if not verbose:
return True
elif verbose > 10:
return False
if index == 0:
return False
verbose = .5 * (11 - verbose) ** 2
scale = sqrt(index / verbose)
next_scale = sqrt((index + 1) / verbose)
return (int(next_scale) == int(scale))
###############################################################################
[docs]def delayed(function, check_pickle=True):
"""Decorator used to capture the arguments of a function.
Pass `check_pickle=False` when:
- performing a possibly repeated check is too costly and has been done
already once outside of the call to delayed.
- when used in conjunction `Parallel(backend='threading')`.
"""
# Try to pickle the input function, to catch the problems early when
# using with multiprocessing:
if check_pickle:
pickle.dumps(function)
def delayed_function(*args, **kwargs):
return function, args, kwargs
try:
delayed_function = functools.wraps(function)(delayed_function)
except AttributeError:
" functools.wraps fails on some callable objects "
return delayed_function
###############################################################################
[docs]class BatchCompletionCallBack(object):
"""Callback used by joblib.Parallel's multiprocessing backend.
This callable is executed by the parent process whenever a worker process
has returned the results of a batch of tasks.
It is used for progress reporting, to update estimate of the batch
processing duration and to schedule the next batch of tasks to be
processed.
"""
def __init__(self, dispatch_timestamp, batch_size, parallel):
self.dispatch_timestamp = dispatch_timestamp
self.batch_size = batch_size
self.parallel = parallel
def __call__(self, out):
self.parallel.n_completed_tasks += self.batch_size
this_batch_duration = time.time() - self.dispatch_timestamp
self.parallel._backend.batch_completed(self.batch_size,
this_batch_duration)
self.parallel.print_progress()
if self.parallel._original_iterator is not None:
self.parallel.dispatch_next()
###############################################################################
[docs]def register_parallel_backend(name, factory, make_default=False):
"""Register a new Parallel backend factory.
The new backend can then be selected by passing its name as the backend
argument to the Parallel class. Moreover, the default backend can be
overwritten globally by setting make_default=True.
The factory can be any callable that takes no argument and return an
instance of ``ParallelBackendBase``.
Warning: this function is experimental and subject to change in a future
version of joblib.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
BACKENDS[name] = factory
if make_default:
global DEFAULT_BACKEND
DEFAULT_BACKEND = name
[docs]def effective_n_jobs(n_jobs=-1):
"""Determine the number of jobs that can actually run in parallel
n_jobs is the is the number of workers requested by the callers.
Passing n_jobs=-1 means requesting all available workers for instance
matching the number of CPU cores on the worker host(s).
This method should return a guesstimate of the number of workers that can
actually perform work concurrently with the currently enabled default
backend. The primary use case is to make it possible for the caller to know
in how many chunks to slice the work.
In general working on larger data chunks is more efficient (less
scheduling overhead and better use of CPU cache prefetching heuristics)
as long as all the workers have enough work to do.
Warning: this function is experimental and subject to change in a future
version of joblib.
.. versionadded:: 0.10
"""
backend, _ = get_active_backend()
return backend.effective_n_jobs(n_jobs=n_jobs)
###############################################################################
[docs]class Parallel(Logger):
''' Helper class for readable parallel mapping.
Parameters
-----------
n_jobs: int, default: 1
The maximum number of concurrently running jobs, such as the number
of Python worker processes when backend="multiprocessing"
or the size of the thread-pool when backend="threading".
If -1 all CPUs are used. If 1 is given, no parallel computing code
is used at all, which is useful for debugging. For n_jobs below -1,
(n_cpus + 1 + n_jobs) are used. Thus for n_jobs = -2, all
CPUs but one are used.
backend: str, ParallelBackendBase instance or None, \
default: 'multiprocessing'
Specify the parallelization backend implementation.
Supported backends are:
- "multiprocessing" used by default, can induce some
communication and memory overhead when exchanging input and
output data with the worker Python processes.
- "threading" is a very low-overhead backend but it suffers
from the Python Global Interpreter Lock if the called function
relies a lot on Python objects. "threading" is mostly useful
when the execution bottleneck is a compiled extension that
explicitly releases the GIL (for instance a Cython loop wrapped
in a "with nogil" block or an expensive call to a library such
as NumPy).
- finally, you can register backends by calling
register_parallel_backend. This will allow you to implement
a backend of your liking.
verbose: int, optional
The verbosity level: if non zero, progress messages are
printed. Above 50, the output is sent to stdout.
The frequency of the messages increases with the verbosity level.
If it more than 10, all iterations are reported.
timeout: float, optional
Timeout limit for each task to complete. If any task takes longer
a TimeOutError will be raised. Only applied when n_jobs != 1
pre_dispatch: {'all', integer, or expression, as in '3*n_jobs'}
The number of batches (of tasks) to be pre-dispatched.
Default is '2*n_jobs'. When batch_size="auto" this is reasonable
default and the multiprocessing workers should never starve.
batch_size: int or 'auto', default: 'auto'
The number of atomic tasks to dispatch at once to each
worker. When individual evaluations are very fast, multiprocessing
can be slower than sequential computation because of the overhead.
Batching fast computations together can mitigate this.
The ``'auto'`` strategy keeps track of the time it takes for a batch
to complete, and dynamically adjusts the batch size to keep the time
on the order of half a second, using a heuristic. The initial batch
size is 1.
``batch_size="auto"`` with ``backend="threading"`` will dispatch
batches of a single task at a time as the threading backend has
very little overhead and using larger batch size has not proved to
bring any gain in that case.
temp_folder: str, optional
Folder to be used by the pool for memmaping large arrays
for sharing memory with worker processes. If None, this will try in
order:
- a folder pointed by the JOBLIB_TEMP_FOLDER environment
variable,
- /dev/shm if the folder exists and is writable: this is a
RAMdisk filesystem available by default on modern Linux
distributions,
- the default system temporary folder that can be
overridden with TMP, _TMPDIR or TEMP environment
variables, typically /tmp under Unix operating systems.
Only active when backend="multiprocessing".
max_nbytes int, str, or None, optional, 1M by default
Threshold on the size of arrays passed to the workers that
triggers automated memory mapping in temp_folder. Can be an int
in Bytes, or a human-readable string, e.g., '1M' for 1 megabyte.
Use None to disable memmaping of large arrays.
Only active when backend="multiprocessing".
mmap_mode: {None, 'r+', 'r', 'w+', 'c'}
Memmapping mode for numpy arrays passed to workers.
See 'max_nbytes' parameter documentation for more details.
Notes
-----
This object uses the multiprocessing module to compute in
parallel the application of a function to many different
arguments. The main functionality it brings in addition to
using the raw multiprocessing API are (see examples for details):
* More readable code, in particular since it avoids
constructing list of arguments.
* Easier debugging:
- informative tracebacks even when the error happens on
the client side
- using 'n_jobs=1' enables to turn off parallel computing
for debugging without changing the codepath
- early capture of pickling errors
* An optional progress meter.
* Interruption of multiprocesses jobs with 'Ctrl-C'
* Flexible pickling control for the communication to and from
the worker processes.
* Ability to use shared memory efficiently with worker
processes for large numpy-based datastructures.
Examples
--------
A simple example:
>>> from math import sqrt
>>> from joblib import Parallel, delayed
>>> Parallel(n_jobs=1)(delayed(sqrt)(i**2) for i in range(10))
[0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0]
Reshaping the output when the function has several return
values:
>>> from math import modf
>>> from joblib import Parallel, delayed
>>> r = Parallel(n_jobs=1)(delayed(modf)(i/2.) for i in range(10))
>>> res, i = zip(*r)
>>> res
(0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.5)
>>> i
(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0)
The progress meter: the higher the value of `verbose`, the more
messages:
>>> from time import sleep
>>> from joblib import Parallel, delayed
>>> r = Parallel(n_jobs=2, verbose=5)(delayed(sleep)(.1) for _ in range(10)) #doctest: +SKIP
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 1 out of 10 | elapsed: 0.1s remaining: 0.9s
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 3 out of 10 | elapsed: 0.2s remaining: 0.5s
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 6 out of 10 | elapsed: 0.3s remaining: 0.2s
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 9 out of 10 | elapsed: 0.5s remaining: 0.1s
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 10 out of 10 | elapsed: 0.5s finished
Traceback example, note how the line of the error is indicated
as well as the values of the parameter passed to the function that
triggered the exception, even though the traceback happens in the
child process:
>>> from heapq import nlargest
>>> from joblib import Parallel, delayed
>>> Parallel(n_jobs=2)(delayed(nlargest)(2, n) for n in (range(4), 'abcde', 3)) #doctest: +SKIP
#...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sub-process traceback:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Mon Nov 12 11:37:46 2012
PID: 12934 Python 2.7.3: /usr/bin/python
...........................................................................
/usr/lib/python2.7/heapq.pyc in nlargest(n=2, iterable=3, key=None)
419 if n >= size:
420 return sorted(iterable, key=key, reverse=True)[:n]
421
422 # When key is none, use simpler decoration
423 if key is None:
--> 424 it = izip(iterable, count(0,-1)) # decorate
425 result = _nlargest(n, it)
426 return map(itemgetter(0), result) # undecorate
427
428 # General case, slowest method
TypeError: izip argument #1 must support iteration
___________________________________________________________________________
Using pre_dispatch in a producer/consumer situation, where the
data is generated on the fly. Note how the producer is first
called 3 times before the parallel loop is initiated, and then
called to generate new data on the fly. In this case the total
number of iterations cannot be reported in the progress messages:
>>> from math import sqrt
>>> from joblib import Parallel, delayed
>>> def producer():
... for i in range(6):
... print('Produced %s' % i)
... yield i
>>> out = Parallel(n_jobs=2, verbose=100, pre_dispatch='1.5*n_jobs')(
... delayed(sqrt)(i) for i in producer()) #doctest: +SKIP
Produced 0
Produced 1
Produced 2
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 1 jobs | elapsed: 0.0s
Produced 3
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 2 jobs | elapsed: 0.0s
Produced 4
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 3 jobs | elapsed: 0.0s
Produced 5
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 4 jobs | elapsed: 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 5 out of 6 | elapsed: 0.0s remaining: 0.0s
[Parallel(n_jobs=2)]: Done 6 out of 6 | elapsed: 0.0s finished
'''
def __init__(self, n_jobs=1, backend=None, verbose=0, timeout=None,
pre_dispatch='2 * n_jobs', batch_size='auto',
temp_folder=None, max_nbytes='1M', mmap_mode='r'):
active_backend, default_n_jobs = get_active_backend()
if backend is None and n_jobs == 1:
# If we are under a parallel_backend context manager, look up
# the default number of jobs and use that instead:
n_jobs = default_n_jobs
self.n_jobs = n_jobs
self.verbose = verbose
self.timeout = timeout
self.pre_dispatch = pre_dispatch
if isinstance(max_nbytes, _basestring):
max_nbytes = memstr_to_bytes(max_nbytes)
self._backend_args = dict(
max_nbytes=max_nbytes,
mmap_mode=mmap_mode,
temp_folder=temp_folder,
verbose=max(0, self.verbose - 50),
)
if DEFAULT_MP_CONTEXT is not None:
self._backend_args['context'] = DEFAULT_MP_CONTEXT
if backend is None:
backend = active_backend
elif isinstance(backend, ParallelBackendBase):
# Use provided backend as is
pass
elif hasattr(backend, 'Pool') and hasattr(backend, 'Lock'):
# Make it possible to pass a custom multiprocessing context as
# backend to change the start method to forkserver or spawn or
# preload modules on the forkserver helper process.
self._backend_args['context'] = backend
backend = MultiprocessingBackend()
else:
try:
backend_factory = BACKENDS[backend]
except KeyError:
raise ValueError("Invalid backend: %s, expected one of %r"
% (backend, sorted(BACKENDS.keys())))
backend = backend_factory()
if (batch_size == 'auto' or isinstance(batch_size, Integral) and
batch_size > 0):
self.batch_size = batch_size
else:
raise ValueError(
"batch_size must be 'auto' or a positive integer, got: %r"
% batch_size)
self._backend = backend
self._output = None
self._jobs = list()
self._managed_backend = False
# This lock is used coordinate the main thread of this process with
# the async callback thread of our the pool.
self._lock = threading.Lock()
def __enter__(self):
self._managed_backend = True
self._initialize_backend()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
self._terminate_backend()
self._managed_backend = False
def _initialize_backend(self):
"""Build a process or thread pool and return the number of workers"""
try:
n_jobs = self._backend.configure(n_jobs=self.n_jobs, parallel=self,
**self._backend_args)
if self.timeout is not None and not self._backend.supports_timeout:
warnings.warn(
'The backend class {!r} does not support timeout. '
"You have set 'timeout={}' in Parallel but "
"the 'timeout' parameter will not be used.".format(
self._backend.__class__.__name__,
self.timeout))
except FallbackToBackend as e:
# Recursively initialize the backend in case of requested fallback.
self._backend = e.backend
n_jobs = self._initialize_backend()
return n_jobs
def _effective_n_jobs(self):
if self._backend:
return self._backend.effective_n_jobs(self.n_jobs)
return 1
def _terminate_backend(self):
if self._backend is not None:
self._backend.terminate()
def _dispatch(self, batch):
"""Queue the batch for computing, with or without multiprocessing
WARNING: this method is not thread-safe: it should be only called
indirectly via dispatch_one_batch.
"""
# If job.get() catches an exception, it closes the queue:
if self._aborting:
return
self.n_dispatched_tasks += len(batch)
self.n_dispatched_batches += 1
dispatch_timestamp = time.time()
cb = BatchCompletionCallBack(dispatch_timestamp, len(batch), self)
job = self._backend.apply_async(batch, callback=cb)
self._jobs.append(job)
[docs] def dispatch_next(self):
"""Dispatch more data for parallel processing
This method is meant to be called concurrently by the multiprocessing
callback. We rely on the thread-safety of dispatch_one_batch to protect
against concurrent consumption of the unprotected iterator.
"""
if not self.dispatch_one_batch(self._original_iterator):
self._iterating = False
self._original_iterator = None
[docs] def dispatch_one_batch(self, iterator):
"""Prefetch the tasks for the next batch and dispatch them.
The effective size of the batch is computed here.
If there are no more jobs to dispatch, return False, else return True.
The iterator consumption and dispatching is protected by the same
lock so calling this function should be thread safe.
"""
if self.batch_size == 'auto':
batch_size = self._backend.compute_batch_size()
else:
# Fixed batch size strategy
batch_size = self.batch_size
with self._lock:
tasks = BatchedCalls(itertools.islice(iterator, batch_size))
if len(tasks) == 0:
# No more tasks available in the iterator: tell caller to stop.
return False
else:
self._dispatch(tasks)
return True
def _print(self, msg, msg_args):
"""Display the message on stout or stderr depending on verbosity"""
# XXX: Not using the logger framework: need to
# learn to use logger better.
if not self.verbose:
return
if self.verbose > 50:
writer = sys.stderr.write
else:
writer = sys.stdout.write
msg = msg % msg_args
writer('[%s]: %s\n' % (self, msg))
[docs] def print_progress(self):
"""Display the process of the parallel execution only a fraction
of time, controlled by self.verbose.
"""
if not self.verbose:
return
elapsed_time = time.time() - self._start_time
# Original job iterator becomes None once it has been fully
# consumed : at this point we know the total number of jobs and we are
# able to display an estimation of the remaining time based on already
# completed jobs. Otherwise, we simply display the number of completed
# tasks.
if self._original_iterator is not None:
if _verbosity_filter(self.n_dispatched_batches, self.verbose):
return
self._print('Done %3i tasks | elapsed: %s',
(self.n_completed_tasks,
short_format_time(elapsed_time), ))
else:
index = self.n_completed_tasks
# We are finished dispatching
total_tasks = self.n_dispatched_tasks
# We always display the first loop
if not index == 0:
# Display depending on the number of remaining items
# A message as soon as we finish dispatching, cursor is 0
cursor = (total_tasks - index + 1 -
self._pre_dispatch_amount)
frequency = (total_tasks // self.verbose) + 1
is_last_item = (index + 1 == total_tasks)
if (is_last_item or cursor % frequency):
return
remaining_time = (elapsed_time / index) * \
(self.n_dispatched_tasks - index * 1.0)
# only display status if remaining time is greater or equal to 0
self._print('Done %3i out of %3i | elapsed: %s remaining: %s',
(index,
total_tasks,
short_format_time(elapsed_time),
short_format_time(remaining_time),
))
[docs] def retrieve(self):
self._output = list()
while self._iterating or len(self._jobs) > 0:
if len(self._jobs) == 0:
# Wait for an async callback to dispatch new jobs
time.sleep(0.01)
continue
# We need to be careful: the job list can be filling up as
# we empty it and Python list are not thread-safe by default hence
# the use of the lock
with self._lock:
job = self._jobs.pop(0)
try:
if getattr(self._backend, 'supports_timeout', False):
self._output.extend(job.get(timeout=self.timeout))
else:
self._output.extend(job.get())
except BaseException as exception:
# Note: we catch any BaseException instead of just Exception
# instances to also include KeyboardInterrupt.
# Stop dispatching any new job in the async callback thread
self._aborting = True
# If the backend allows it, cancel or kill remaining running
# tasks without waiting for the results as we will raise
# the exception we got back to the caller instead of returning
# any result.
backend = self._backend
if (backend is not None and
hasattr(backend, 'abort_everything')):
# If the backend is managed externally we need to make sure
# to leave it in a working state to allow for future jobs
# scheduling.
ensure_ready = self._managed_backend
backend.abort_everything(ensure_ready=ensure_ready)
if not isinstance(exception, TransportableException):
raise
else:
# Capture exception to add information on the local
# stack in addition to the distant stack
this_report = format_outer_frames(context=10,
stack_start=1)
report = """Multiprocessing exception:
%s
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sub-process traceback:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
%s""" % (this_report, exception.message)
# Convert this to a JoblibException
exception_type = _mk_exception(exception.etype)[0]
exception = exception_type(report)
raise exception
def __call__(self, iterable):
if self._jobs:
raise ValueError('This Parallel instance is already running')
# A flag used to abort the dispatching of jobs in case an
# exception is found
self._aborting = False
if not self._managed_backend:
n_jobs = self._initialize_backend()
else:
n_jobs = self._effective_n_jobs()
iterator = iter(iterable)
pre_dispatch = self.pre_dispatch
if pre_dispatch == 'all' or n_jobs == 1:
# prevent further dispatch via multiprocessing callback thread
self._original_iterator = None
self._pre_dispatch_amount = 0
else:
self._original_iterator = iterator
if hasattr(pre_dispatch, 'endswith'):
pre_dispatch = eval(pre_dispatch)
self._pre_dispatch_amount = pre_dispatch = int(pre_dispatch)
# The main thread will consume the first pre_dispatch items and
# the remaining items will later be lazily dispatched by async
# callbacks upon task completions.
iterator = itertools.islice(iterator, pre_dispatch)
self._start_time = time.time()
self.n_dispatched_batches = 0
self.n_dispatched_tasks = 0
self.n_completed_tasks = 0
try:
# Only set self._iterating to True if at least a batch
# was dispatched. In particular this covers the edge
# case of Parallel used with an exhausted iterator.
while self.dispatch_one_batch(iterator):
self._iterating = True
else:
self._iterating = False
if pre_dispatch == "all" or n_jobs == 1:
# The iterable was consumed all at once by the above for loop.
# No need to wait for async callbacks to trigger to
# consumption.
self._iterating = False
self.retrieve()
# Make sure that we get a last message telling us we are done
elapsed_time = time.time() - self._start_time
self._print('Done %3i out of %3i | elapsed: %s finished',
(len(self._output), len(self._output),
short_format_time(elapsed_time)))
finally:
if not self._managed_backend:
self._terminate_backend()
self._jobs = list()
output = self._output
self._output = None
return output
def __repr__(self):
return '%s(n_jobs=%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.n_jobs)


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{%endfor%} {%endif%} {%endwith%}Note: Enter total price as cost and selling price. Not the price per unit
| Job ID | Request ID | Date of Request | Model | Make | Part Name | Units | Cost Price | Selling Price | Option | {%for job in requests%} {%for row in job%}|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|


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EventKitHandler
public class EventKitHandler<E: EventParser, R: ReminderParser, I: EventKitInterfaceProtocol>: Handler
where E.T == [String: Any],
R.T == [String: Any]
Handles events and reminders by using EventKit
framework.
Handler should be added to LaunchEnvironmentManager
.
Used key: AM_EVENTS_KEY
, AM_REMINDERS_KEY
/ AutoMateLaunchOptionKey.events
, AutoMateLaunchOptionKey.reminders
.
Supported values: LaunchEnvironmentResource
resources representation as a string.
Example:
let launchManager = LaunchEnvironmentManager()
let eventsHander = EventKitHandler(withParsers: EventDictionaryParser(with: EKEventStore()), ReminderDictionaryParser(with: EKEventStore()),
eventKitInterface: EventKitInterface())
launchManager.add(handler: eventsHander, for: .events)
launchManager.add(handler: eventsHander, for: .reminders)
launchManager.setup()
Note
defaultEventKitHander
singleton could be used intead of creating new instance of the EventKitHandler
.
Note
Launch environment for the handler can be set by the EventLaunchEnvironment
and ReminderLaunchEnvironment
from the AutoMate project.
Warning
EventKitHandler
is working only with the AM_EVENTS_KEY
and AM_REMINDERS_KEY
key.
If any other key will be used handler will throw an exception.
Seealso
Seealso
Seealso
-
Events parser, an instance of the
EventParser
protocol.Declaration
Swift
public var eventsParser: E
-
Reminders parser, an instance of the
ReminderParser
protocol.Declaration
Swift
public var remindersParser: R
-
EventKit interface, an instance of the
EventKitInterfaceProtocol
protocol.Declaration
Swift
public let eventKitInterface: EventKitInterfaceProtocol
-
Supported keys.
Declaration
Swift
public let keys: [AutoMateLaunchOptionKey]
-
Initialize this handler with parsers.
eventsParser
transformsDictionary
toEKEvent
,remindersParser
transformsDictionary
toEKReminder
and interface which is responsible for interacting withEventKit
.Declaration
Swift
public init(withParsers eventsParser: E, _ remindersParser: R, eventKitInterface: I)
Parameters
eventsParser
Events parser, an instance of type that conforms to the
EventParser
protocol. Responsible for transformingDictionary
toEKEvent
.remindersParser
Reminders parser, an instance of type that conforms to the
ReminderParser
protocol. Responsible for transformingDictionary
toEKReminder
.eventKitInterface
EventKit interface, an instance of type that conforms to the
EventKitInterfaceProtocol
protocol. responsible for interacting withEventKit
.
-
Handles value for the
AM_EVENTS_KEY
and theAM_REMINDERS_KEY
keys and manage events and reminders.Declaration
Swift
public func handle(key: String, value: String)
Parameters
key
AM_EVENTS_KEY
,AM_REMINDERS_KEY
/AutoMateLaunchOptionKey.events
,AutoMateLaunchOptionKey.reminders
.value
LaunchEnvironmentResource
resources representation as a string.


Ocean [au79], ocean, in The Outer Sea
Last updated Turn #107
Ocean [au79], ocean, in The Outer Sea
------------------------------------------------------------------------
23: The Savvy Aardvark [ha5r], ship, 2 hulls, 1 rowing port, 6 sails,
23: 1% damaged, arrived from Ocean [at79], owner:
23: Phantasm [n4b], Imperial Empire, duke, with eight sailors,
23: two workers
23: Sharks circle in the water a short distance from the ship.
24: The Savvy Aardvark [ha5r], ship, 2 hulls, 1 rowing port, 6 sails,
24: 1% damaged, departed for Ocean [av79].
Routes leaving Ocean:
North, to Ocean [at79], 6 days
East, to Ocean [au80], 6 days
South, to Ocean [av79], 6 days
West, to Ocean [au78], 6 days


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