Preface . Hum is meant to be international. _ . Document Purpose _ Introduction to Hum . What is Hum? What is Rube? _ . How does Hum work? _ . When would I use Hum? _ Programming in Hum _ . Tutorial 1 - Making A Plan . . Goal Frames _ . . Plan Tree _ . . Ontology _ . . Executing The Plan _ . Tutorial 2 - Programming The Actors . . Role Frame _ . . Resources And Pools _ . . Bookkeeper _ . Tutorial 3 - Running A Simulation . . Set-up and run a simulation. _ . . Specify durations. _ . . Specify event arrival distributions. _ . . Specify Parameter Distributions _ . Tutorial 4 - Defining Human Interface Dialogs . . The Speaker _ . . Form-Based Dialogs _ . . Speech-Based Dialogs _ . . Talking Heads _ . Tutorial 5 - Handling Run-Time Exceptions . . When things go wrong _ . . Stock Out _ . . No Bid _ . . Time Out _ . . Missing Actor _ . . Cascading Exceptions _ . Tutorial 6 - Gestures and Signals . . User Gestures _ . . Sensors and Signals _ . Tutorial 7 - Security . . Enterprise Security _ . . Authorization Annotation _ . . Authorization As Configuration _ Advanced Topics . Handling Cancelations . . Cancellation and Compensation _ . . How do you reverse an action? _ . Advising the Planner _ . Building Interfaces _ . Running Simulations (Tests) _ . Fixing Dialog Problems _ . Fixing Ontology Problems _
"Hum" is the name of the framework and run-time system. "Hum English" is the name of the English-language notation used to advise Hum. The Hum notations can be adapted to the keyboards and conventions of any written language that reads left-to-right. We will not speculate about how it might be adapted to other natural languages.
The notations shown here are for the English-language version of Hum which we refer to as "Hum English". The concepts of Hum are the same from language to language. Basic concepts such as entities, attributes, goals, procedures are present in all written languages. But the notation may vary to accommodate the conventions and keyboards associated with different languages. Hum notation is designed to be easily typed on an English keyboard and easily understood by people living in an English culture. The notation will change when it is adapted to another written language.
Goal Frames
Before starting this section read: Goal Frames.
Scenario: Imagine that we are operating a coffee and donut shop. To define our business processes, we will start at an important end-goal and work backwards from there to identify different goals required to satisfy the final goal.
---Goal: Order delivered tocustomer .Preconditions: .Customer has paid fororder . .Order is ready for delivery.. Cashier: Give Actions: order package tocustomer . . Bookkeeper: Calculate fororder revenue and taxes. ---The goal frame above defines two pre-conditions which must be satisfied before work can start on the goal actions. The Planner will need goal frames for those pre-conditions. So, now we write goal frames for those sub-goals.
---Goal: Customer has paid fororder .Preconditions: . Order is completely defined. (new) . Customer has confirmed order. (new)Actions . Cashier: Ask customer for payment on order. . Cashier: Advise customer that order is in progress. ---Goal: Order is ready for delivery.Preconditions: . Customer has paid for order. (defined above) . Coffee items are all assembled. (new) . Donut items are all packed. (new)Actions: . Cashier: Assemble order and give to customer. ---These goal frames define four new pre-conditions. So we need to define goal frames for these new pre-conditions also.
---Goal: Order is completely defined.Preconditions: . Customer has asked for service.Actions: . Order Taker: Ask customer for order items. ---Goal: Customer has confirmed order.Preconditions: . Order is completely defined.Actions: . Order Taker: Ask the customer to confirm the completed order. ---Goal: Coffee items are all assembled.Preconditions: . Customer has confirmed order.Actions: . Coffee Mixer: Assemble coffee items for the order. ---Goal: Donut items are all packed.Preconditions: . Customer has confirmed order.Actions: . Packer: Pack all donut items in the order. ---Now there is only one pre-condition left: "Customer has asked for service." This seems a little tricky. What do we need to do? What do we need to do before the customer can ask for service? Ah! We need to open the store!
---Goal: Customer has asked for service.Preconditions: . Store is open.Actions: . Store Manager: Open the store. ---We could have defined pre-conditions for "Open the store." For example, we could have specified that a manager be present and that certain resources be above their minimum levels. We did not do that because resource prerequisites are the responsibility of the Resource Pools, not the Planner.
If we were a chain store, we might have stated "Store is built." as a pre-condition and we would have a sub-plan for building a store. But every plan base has to leave some things as assumptions -- The plan has to assume some axioms, some prepositions, some pre-positioning.
Plan Tree
We can view the plan tree for any goal or sub-goal. The tree is displayed as an indented list.
Order delivered to customer. . Customer has paid for order. . . Customer has confirmed order. . . . Order is completely defined. . . . . Customer has asked for service. . . . . . Store is open. . Order is ready for delivery. . . Customer has paid for order. . . Coffee items are all made. . . . Customer has confirmed order. . . Donut items are all made. . . . Customer has confirmed order. *You may have noticed that some of the pre-conditions appear in several goal frames; but they do not appear as often in the plan tree above. When the plan tree is displayed for human inspection, the tree is "pruned" to remove:
In the following snippet, "Order is completely defined." is redundant because it is also a pre-condition of "Customer has confirmed order." You need not worry about including redundant pre-conditions in your goal frames. The Planner will sort them out. They are harmless and may even add value by making the plan more robust when you edit the plan and move things around.
- redundant pre-conditions.
- sub-trees that have already been shown.
Preconditions: . Order is completely defined. . Customer has confirmed order.Ontology
The Planner already knows and "understands" many business terms. It will format statements when they are displayed to indicate which terms are known to be nouns. Nouns indicate real-life variables that need to be filled-in when the plan is instantiated.
This is also true of written English. A proper noun is already mapped to a real world entity, while common nouns in instructions such as those found in Hum await a context. We borrow the term "variables" from algebra to refer to "things to be filled-in."
Order delivered to customer. .Customer has paid fororder . . .Customer has confirmedorder . . . .Order is completely defined. . . . .Customer has asked for service. . . . . .Store is open. .Order is ready for delivery. . .Customer has paid fororder . . .Coffee items are all made. . . .Customer has confirmedorder . . .Donut items are all made. . . .Customer has confirmedorder .The plan above is generic. To make it specific, we need to specify which
customer , whichorder , whichcoffee items , whichdonut items , and whichstore . The Hum ontology is pre-loaded with definitions for customer, order, and store. It also knows about products. But, it does not know that coffee-drinks and donuts are products until we tell it. We tell it via a Dictionary Frame.--- Dictionary: Coffee-drink terms. Acoffee-drink is aproduct . Acoffee-drink has arecipe . Arecipe is abill-of-material . Adonut is aproduct . Acoffee-item is anorder-item . Adonut-item is anorder-item . ---Executing The Plan
The Planner builds a plan when it is given a goal. The Planner builds the plan from goal frames found in the ontology. The goal must match one of the post-conditions in one of the goal frames. The goal frame that matches the goal becomes the root of a plan tree. The remainder of the plan tree is constructed recursively by treating the pre-conditions as sub-goals and finding the corresponding sub-plans.
Once the plan tree is built, it must be instantiated by "filling in the blanks" ... by mapping specific entities and attributes to the nouns. The Data Maven fills in the blanks. The first place to look for the data is the plan's blackboard. The next place is the World State. If we are running a simulation, the Data Maven may get the value from a random distribution. If the data still is not known, the Data Maven will ask the Speaker to ask a human.
The Coordinator executes the plan by running goal frames that are ready to run. A goal frame is ready to run if it has no pre-conditions or if all of its pre-conditions have been satisfied. Several goal frames may be running simultaneously.
When a goal frame is completed, its post-condition is marked "satisfied." That post-condition is either the goal of the plan or it is a pre-condition in other goal frames. If the post-condition is the goal of the plan, the work is done. If the post-condition is not the goal of the plan, the Coordinator looks for additional goal frames that may be ready to run as a result.
When the goal frame is executed, The Coordinator assigns the actions to Resource managers. Resource managers assign actions to qualified actors. An actor is qualified if it can "understand" the command. In a typical bricks-and-mortar business, the actors will be human beings. In a simulation, the actors will be sim-bots.
In some future world, the actors might be robots. For example, robots can be programmed to make coffee drinks in a suitably robot-friendly environment. Thus, in our scenario, the "Coffee Mixer" role could be assigned to a human actor, or to a robot.
Role Frame
Recall that a goal frame lists the actions required to transition from the goal's pre-conditions to the goal's post-condition. Role Frames provide the detailed instructions needed to perform a goal action. The instructions will be performed by an actor who has been assigned the role.
---Role: Store Manager.Action: Open the store. . Turn on the open signs. . Unlock the entry doors. . Alert the employees that the store is open.To: Turn on the open signs. . Open the electrical panel at rear of store. . Turn on the neon window signs. . Turn on the billboard power. . Turn on the parking lot lighting. . (Outdoor lighting is regulated by a daylight sensor.) . Turn on any remaining power needed to operate the store. . (Switches marked in red require a safety check.) . Close the electrical panel. ---Instructions are performed, one at a time, in sequence. Complex instructions may be detailed in "To:" blocks. Instructions in "To:" blocks may be detailed in other "To:" blocks as needed.
When a run-time system is configured, roles are assigned to actors. When a goal action is invoked, the run-time system will assign the action to an actor who knows the corresponding role. "Knowing the role" means the actor can "understand" the instructions. If the actor is a human worker, that means the human understands English and is appropriately trained. If the actor is a robot, assume for now that an interface translates the English instruction into the robot's preferred language.
Resources and Resource Pools
Actors are resources, and resources are allocated and assigned from resource pools. A pool will manage an inventory of material, equipment, or actors. We need to assign some actors to the roles in our plan.
--- Data: Resource Pools Pool: Workers Table of Workers delimited by | | name | shift | roles | | Jack | M-F 0600-1400 | coffee-mixer, donut-packer, cashier, manager | | Jill | M-F 0630-1030 | coffee-mixer, donut-packer | | Mike | M-F 2000-0600 | donut-baker, robot-cleaner | Pool: Robots Robot . name: Robbie . make: Humdinger Robotics . model: Coffee Mech Mark V . software release: 2010.11.13 . roles: coffee-mixer . shift: 24x7 ---How is the resource pool informed of inputs like this?
The resource pool is attached to the world. The resource data may be loaded according to a world configuration. Once loaded the resource data is part of the world-base. So, initialization is only needed for a "fresh" world.Bookkeeper
The bookkeeper tracks costs on all resources used in the process. Of course, it needs to know the direct costs.
--- Data: Direct Costs Table of rates delimited by | | resource | rate | | Jack | 17.25 $/hour | | Jill | 12.17 $/hour | | Mike | 27.37 $/hour | (includes shift premium) | Robbie | 1,000 $/month | (rent and maintenance, 60 month contract) ---Cost rates like this belong to the resources themselves. They are read by the resource pool and then the book-keeper is informed when the resource is used. Asset value are treated in much the same way. When assets are added-to or removed-from a resource pool, the resource pool informs the book-keeper.
Set-up and run a simulation.
If you start a simulation with no set-up data, the system will run the simulation with some simple defaults.
- Goals will arrive one at a time. The next goal will arrive as soon as the prior goal has been fulfilled.
- Resources are assumed to be adequate. It is assumed that a resource is assigned to every role. You will never run-out of any resource and replenishment will not be triggered.
- The cost of each resource is simply measured in units. The cost is not monetized.
- If no bill of materials is provided for a product, it is assumed to be an "off the shelf" product.
- If no duration is given for a instruction, the duration will be measured in "steps" -- one step per instruction.
- Parameters will be generated with uniform (flat) distributions.
- Collections will contain only one item. For example, an order has a collection of order items. In a default simulation set-up, each order will have a single order item.
Specify durations.
In a real system, durations are determined from actual performance. In a simulation, you can specify the median duration for each instruction in a comment immediately after the instruction. The system will assume a distribution of
(0%, 10%, 50%, 90%, 100%) ==> ( 0, .25, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 ) * median---Role: Store Manager.Action: Open thestore . . Turn on the open signs. [120 seconds] . Unlock the entry doors. [30 seconds] . Alert theemployees that thestore is open. [12 seconds]To: Turn on the open signs. . Open the electrical panel at rear ofstore . [15 seconds] . Turn on the neon window signs. [3 seconds] . Turn on the billboard power. [3 seconds] . Turn on the parking lot lighting. [3 seconds] . (Outdoor lighting is regulated by a daylight sensor.) . Turn on any remaining power needed to operate thestore . [45 seconds] . (Switches marked in red require a safety check.) . Close the electrical panel. [6 seconds] ---STATEMENTS ABOVE ARE NOT IN PROPER FORM.
While a human can interpret, the code critic will certainly complain.Specify event arrival distributions.
For any given goal, you can specify the arrival distributions. The system will generate random arrivals using a Poisson distribution. The data is provided as part of the simulation's configuration data.
--- Data: Simulation. Goal: Deliver order to customer. Table of arrivals delimited by | | day of week | hours | rate | | Sunday | 0900-1100 | 100 per hour | | Sunday | 1100-1300 | 60 per hour | | Sunday | 1300-1500 | 30 per hour | | M-F | 0600-0700 | 30 per hour | | M-F | 0700-0800 | 60 per hour | | M-F | 0800-0900 | 90 per hour | | M-F | 0900-1100 | 15 per hour | | M-F | 1100-1200 | 30 per hour | | M-F | 1200-1300 | 45 per hour | | M-F | 1300-1400 | 15 per hour | | Saturday | 0600-0800 | 30 per hour | | Saturday | 0800-1000 | 60 per hour | | Saturday | 1000-1100 | 15 per hour | | Saturday | 1100-1300 | 30 per hour | | Saturday | 1300-1400 | 15 per hour | ---Specify parameter distributions.
When a simulation is run, the Data Maven will be asked to provide data such as entity types and attribute values when plans are instantiated. When the simulation is set-up, you can tell the simulator to use real-life distributions collected by running the system in a real business process. Where no distributions are available, the Data Maven will pick values at random from the known subtypes of entities and from the allowed values of attributes.
You can provide distributions by annotating Dictionary Frame entries with percentage values. This provides a way to set up simulations prior to the existence of real data. It also provides a way to test the effect of introducing new products and other "what if" simulations.
--- Dictionary: Coffee Drinks. Acoffee-drink is aproduct . A coffee-drink is described by itscoffee-blend ,drink-size ,drink-flavoring .Coffee-blend categories include "French Roast" [10%], "House" [60%], "House De-cafe" [30%].vDrink-size categories include tall [30%], taller [40%], and tallest [30%].Drink-flavoring categories include hazelnut [10%], vanilla [10%], raspberry [10%], almond [10%], chicory [10%], and chocolate [50%]. Anexpresso-drink is acoffee-drink . Arecipe is abill-of-material . Anexpresso-drink is described by itsname andexpresso-drink-recipe .Expresso-drink-recipe categories include "Kappa-Chino" [30%], "Macho-Chino" [10%], "Mucho-Mocha" [35%], "Turkey Shot" [5%], "Red Eye" [10%], and "Chile Pepper" [10%]. ---NOTE: The categories above have quoted terms.
A (version of the) plan base plus a set of distribution edits plus the initial conditions (start-up data) defines a world. The statistics from each run can be saved in that world's run history.
A world-base does not need to be coupled to a specific ontology. But it does need to be informed by actors and resource pools that operate in the world.
Compare ontology files.
When you ask the system to compare two ontology files, it shows you the frames that are different and highlights the statements (or values) that differ.
The Speaker - (Human Interface Actor)
When the plan needs information from a user, it will ask the user questions. This dialog will use whatever channel is designated. For example: The dialog could occur over the web using HTML forms. Or, voice recognition technology could be used if it is available. In a virtual reality environment, the dialog may utilize a visible avatar.
Form-Based Dialogs
When the system needs information about an entity, the Speaker may request the information by presenting a view frame. If the channel is HTML, the view frame is translated into an HTML form. If the channel is voice, the view frame will be translated into Dialog Frames.
Speech-Based Dialogs
Speech-based dialogs are guided by Dialog Frames. Dialogs are interactive and therefore unpredictable. However, the Speaker does have a dialog-goal. The dialog-goal is made part of the dialog's context. The dialog-goal, of course, requires acquiring information from the human.
The basic nature of speech dialogs requires that we acquire information one datum at a time.
Talking Heads
A web site might use an 2D avatar - perhaps a "talking head." A virtual reality may use a 3D avatar - a whole body. Programming body movements is beyond the scope of this document (and probably done in another language - not Hum). However, a simple gesture including a smile, frown, or shrug may be included in a dialog. Obviously, these gestures will not be expressed if the Speaker's puppet does not have the capability.
When things go wrong - Handling run-time exceptions
A caution to programmers who are accustomed to writing exception-handling logic in traditional programming languages: A run-time exception is not a program exception. Run-time exceptions are caused by problems with resources.
Run-time exceptions are caused by problems with resources. For example, an assembly actor might not be able to complete an assembly because a needed part or material has run out. Or, an instruction that is delegated to an actor is taking overly long to finish, the actor may be "stalled" or resource conflicts can cause the dispatch process to fail. Also, when it comes time to assign an actor, there may be no actor currently assigned the role.
The general strategy for handling run-time exceptions is:
- The actor that experiences a problem informs its resource manager.
- In the case of a stock-out, the resource pool informs the resource manager.
- The resource manager informs the affected plan.
- The plan notifies the application (the goal generator).
- The application notifies the client.
- The application assigns trouble-shooting goal to a trouble-shooter actor.
The trouble-shooter actor (could be human) will work to remedy the immediate problem.
When a goal is assigned to a trouble-shooter, the Planner creates a fix-up plan. The fix-up plan will operate in a separate thread from the plan that caused the exception. It will not be inserted as a sub-plan. This is necessary because a resource problem may affect many plans simultaneously. Since many plans may reach the same exception condition, the exception handling process tracks which exceptions are already being handled to avoid running redundant fix-up plans.
Actually, two fix-up actions may be needed. One short-term fix-up action to fix the immediate problem and a second longer-term fix-up action to prevent a recurrence. Generally, the trouble-shooter will work the short-term fix-up first, because it has the higher priority and because learning from the short-term fix-up may inform the long-term fix-up.
The trouble-shooter could be a sophisticated expert system - for example: a case-based-reasoning system. Or, it could be a simple device that delegates the problem to a human expert.
Stock Out
The inventory management system is designed to avoid "out of stock" conditions. But you can still run out of stock due to unusual variations in demand and/or supplier response (re-stock delay). Re-stocking is always based on estimates. Estimates have some confidence-interval (CI) which is the percent of time the estimate will be adequate. For example, the inventory system might be configured to invoke replenishment activities based on a 95% CI estimate of demand and a 95% CI estimate of the response time. But a 95% CI means that we will be wrong one time in twenty. The variation is not unexpected ... it is just relatively unusual (5% probability).
For a short-term fix, one cannot do much about demand. We have already stocked-out, so rationing would be ineffective. We might be able to do something about the supplier response.
For a long-term fix, the trouble-shooter may need to decide if the demand estimate is still correct or needs to be adjusted. Similarly, the estimate of the re-stock delay could be assessed. Under some conditions, it might make sense to set-up a policy where we would ration the supply in the future.
In any case, the exception handling process invokes the trouble-shooting activity with an instruction that looks like this:
Trouble-Shooter: Handle stock-out of
resource .No Bid
The Coordinator assigns actions by first requesting the pools to bid, and then the action is assigned to the pool with the best bid. Sometimes all of the pools might give a "no bid" response. This means that none of them can offer a resource that satisfies the constraints of the request. For example: The request may require a resource that will complete in a certain time and also below a certain price. It may happen that none of the pools has a resource available that can do both - or the pool is unwilling to meet the price.
The trouble-shooter could resolve the no-bid situation by relaxing one or more constraints and then go for another bidding round.
Trouble-Shooter: Arbitrate no-bid on
instruction .Time out
A time-out can be caused when we have waited too long to assign an actor to an action, or, we have waited too long for the assigned actor to complete the action.
What if all of the role-capable actors are busy doing other work when we attempt to dispatch an action? We will have to wait for an actor to finish their current work.
A "time out" is signaled when the actual duration of an instruction becomes improbable. For example: The actual duration may exceed the time in which 98% of all executions of that instruction are normally completed.
Trouble-Shooter: Analyze time-out of
instruction .Missing Actor
The "missing actor" condition is signaled when the time comes to assign an instruction and no actor is currently assigned the role.
Trouble-Shooter: No actor is assigned to
role .Cascading Exceptions
Some problems can cause other problems. For example, in a utility if we do not have a recent meter reading, we cannot produce an accurate invoice line. If we cannot produce an accurate invoice line, we cannot produce an acccurate statement.
Cancelled Order
A cancelled order may result in a series of "compensating actions." For example, some actions may need to be reversed. The client may be required to compensate us for our expenses, et cetera.
User Gestures
Dialog frames already support output gestures. The speaker's avatar (the avatar representing the system) can be directed to smile, frown, shrug, et cetera. Basically, the avatar is an actor and can be programmed to accept any instruction one cares to invent. Hence, any gesture the avatar can perform in the graphical environment is feasible.
The pattern notation used in dialog frames might be extended to respond to various sorts of non-verbal input gestures. Pointing to an object or touching an object is the most obvious gesture. More subtle gestures involve standing in at the head of a queue or in front of a service counter. Simply looking the avatar in the eye is a gesture. With suitable body interfaces we could sense such gestures.
A sensor can send signals which can be interpreted at some level. The resulting signal can then be sent to the human interface actor. The actor could then select the appropriate dialog vignette. Until we are regularly writing for virtual reality, it should be recognized that voice recognition will obviate the need to recognize user gestures in most cases.
Sensors and Signals
Sensors: Here is the programming convention that enables sensors and defines the response to a signal. A sensor is monitored by an actor. The actor is sent an instruction telling it to monitor the sensor and report events back to the caller via a dialog frame vignette.
--- Goal: Sensors are all enabled.Preconditions: . (none)Action: . Steering Wheel: Sense angle of turn. . Brake Pedal: Sense braking force. ---Role: Steering Wheel.Action: Sense angle of turn. . Report angle of turn as "Angle of turn is now *." to context "Steering". --- Dialog: Accept data from sensors. Context: Steering. U: Angle of turn is now *. S: (The speaker does not talk back to the sensor actor.) . Steersman: Respond to rudder [*]. ---Role: Steersman.Action: Respond to rudder angle. . Yaw angle per second. (We may prefer a more logarithmic response.)Action: Respond to brake sensor input. . Apply reverse thrust scaled to brake sensor input. . (Scaling the thrust in response to user input is delegated to the actor.) . (Note: This means that the sensor and the steersman are tightly coupled.) . (Tightly coupling two actors is generally a bad idea.) . (We might want to change that by specify the scaling computation here.) ---
Enterprise Security
Enterprise applications need to secure access to certain features. A party[1] has to be authorized to request a service, control a robot, make a journal entry. In Hum, permits may be required for various actions:
- Goal level: Define who can invoke a goal in a goal frame.
- Action level: Define who can invoke an action via a dialog.
- View level: Define who may view the data in the view.
To keep things simple, if no authorization constraint is declared, then no authorization is required.
[1] A party is a person, organization, or actor.
Authorization Annotation
In the example below, we use an annotation to declare the authorization required to perform the goal: "Move customer to new-residence." The annotation: "[Allow call-center.]" means that actors operating with a call-center permit will be allowed to invoke this goal.
Similarly, the action statement "Change customer's billing-address." has the annotation: "[Allow call-center, self-service.]" and that means that the action statement can be invoked when an actor has either a call-center permit or a self-service permit.
Finally, the annotation on the Customer-Address view indicates that an actor holding any one of three permits is authorized to see a customer's address.
--- Goal: Move customer to new-residence. [Allow call-center.] . . . ---Role: Billing.Action: Change customer's billing-address. [Allow call-center, self-service.] . . . --- View: Customer-Address. [Allow call-center, self-service, field-operations.] . . . ---Authorization As Configuration
In some programming frameworks, the declaration of authorizations is separated from the definition of the program. This is done for two reasons:
- The program may be run in more than one organization and therefore the permits will vary from organization to organization and should not be hard-coded into the program itself.
- The permits can be changed without modifying the tested code.
Hum supports this concept and keeps things simple. The following example shows a data frame containing authorizations as configuration data. One simply copies the statement requiring authorization into the data frame and appends the appropriate authorization annotation. This data frame may be one of several used to configure an operating environment.
--- Data: Authorizations. Goal: Move customer to new-residence. [Allow call-center.] Role: Billing. Action: Change to new-billing-address . for all the customer's customer-accounts. [Allow call-center, self-service.] View: Customer-Address. [Allow call-center, self-service, field-operations.] ---
Cancellation and Compensation
What happens when a customer cancels an order and work has already begun? It might be possible to invoke an "Reverse" if all of the actions completed thus far were "virtual" and thus reversible. But, in the real world, some actions are not reversible. For example, once a coffee drink is mixed, you cannot un-mix it.
In most business situations, the seller is entitled to compensation for work that has already been done at the time the order is cancelled. The seller may also be entitled to additional compensation for additional work that needs to be done to prevent damage to the seller. For example, material that has been shipped may need to be shipped back.
How is a cancellation signaled? We need some way for a client to identify a running plan. The normal metaphor would involve a order's identifier. That, in turn, implies that we need some way to associate a plan with an order.
How do you reverse an action?
If there is a way to reverse an action, the role frame that defines the action may contain the needed Reversal instructions. Then, when the Coordinator is attempting to compensate for a cancellation or a reversed pre-condition, it can issue the needed "Reversal" commands. If the following example, the instructions for reversing "Action: Open the store." are listed under under "To Reverse: Open the store." In this case, the reversal is relatively simple, we need only follow the normal actions for closing the store.
---Role: Store Manager.Action: Open the store. . Turn on the open signs. . Unlock the entry doors. . Alert the employees that the store is open. To Reverse: Open the store. . Close the store.Action: Close the store. . Alert employees and customers that the store is closing. . Turn off the open signs. . Lock the entry doors. . Allow waiting customers to complete their orders. . Chaperone remaining customers through the entry door. ---Reversal is a tricky business in a plan of any complexity.
- We will have to experiment with this before we become fully aware of the complications. The following is based on intuition, not experiment, not formal logic. In fact, formal logic is likely to fail here because many operations are not reversible.
- Also, there is a rather severe problem dealing with actions that are currently in-progress. Physical actions have momentum. Procedures that have not been carried to completion place a system in an unknown, possibly unstable state. It may be necessary to allow actions that are in-progress to complete before we attempt reversals.
- We could find that the only realistic expectation is that a human trouble-shooter will need to handle spoiled plans.When the Coordinator needs to reverse a plan or sub-plan it will attempt to reverse each of the actions that have been started since the inception of the plan. First the actions that are in-progress will be allowed to complete. Then the Coordinator will ask each Resource Manager to assign the reverse action for each action that was completed prior to the beginning of the reversal. The attempts will be made in reverse chronological order.
Compensation: In real life, some actions cannot be reversed. For example, a seller may have incurred some expenses prior to cancellation of an order and is entitled to compensation for expenses that cannot be reduced. In these situations, the "To Reverse:" actions may identify the actions required to minimize the damage and account for the compensation due the seller.
When should I use a pre-condition and when an action?
The commands in the "
Actions: " part of the goal frame must have no pre-condition other than the ones already given. The action commands will be executed in sequence.When you have a series of steps that are performed by the same role, you should put the steps in a role frame action-block not a goal frame. This is a mainly a matter of good programming style and organization. The ontology will validate and run correctly in either case.
REMEMBER: Each action-statement in a goal frame must reference a corresponding action-block in a role-frame.
What if a goal and a sub-goal have the same pre-condition?
It is often the case, that several goals will have the same pre-condition. This simply means that all of them will wait until the pre-condition is satisfied. It is harmless if a goal and one of its sub-goals both have the same pre-condition. You can make the parent frame more concise by dropping the shared pre-condition, but that is not necessary.
What if there is more than one way ...?
Sometimes there will be more than one way to meet a goal. For example, there may be more than one sequence of actions. Or, by doing several things in parallel, one can meet a goal faster.
The Checker will tell you when more than one goal frame has the same post condition. The Planner can run plans that contain competing sub-plans. However, this is generally not a good process design because it will waste resources. There are situations where one is willing to utilize resources in this way - typically when speed is more important than cost.
When you discover a real-life situation where there is more than one way to meet a goal, you should examine the competing sub-plans to determine how and why they are different. Then give the post-conditions different statements to distinguish them. Otherwise, if you have two goal frames with the same post-condition, the ontology will not be able to distinguish the goal-frames and the one that was defined last will be used in plans and the one that was defined first will be ignored.
What if the process requires some iteration?
The first question to ask is: Which actor is repeating an action? If the Speaker is repeating an action, the iteration should be expressed in a dialog frame. For example, the process may require the user to enter a series of order items.
On the other hand, if a role (not the speaker) is repeating an sequence of steps, the iteration should be expressed in a role frame using a "For each ...", "While ..." , or "Until ..." block as appropriate to the situation. Most repetitions are caused by the need to process each of the items in a collection of items.
In the following example, the Speaker will ask for order items until the customer indicates they are done ordering.
--- Dialog: The Speaker asks for order items. Context: Customer is ordering. Key: . S is Speaker. . C is Customer. --- S: What would you like to order? (Speaker initiates dialog.) . Show [menu]. --- C: I want a [menu item]. (ways to order ...) C: Please get me a [menu item]. C: I would like a [menu item]. C: Give me a [menu item]. C: May I have a [menu item] * ? S: Got it. What else would you like? (Iterate.) . Add [menu item] to [order]. --- C: That's all I want *. (ways to say "done") C: That's enough. C: That's all. C: No more *. C: I am done *. S: Okay. That will be [order total]. . Show [order]. . Switch context to "Customer is paying." ---In the following example, the cook steams the milk until it reaches the required temperature. An "Until ..." block is used for the iteration.
---Role: Cook.Action: Steam milk to [temperature]. . Measure milk into steamer cup. . Place thermometer into steamer cup. . Until thermometer reading exceeds [temperature]: . . Steam the milk in the steamer cup. . . Read the thermometer in the steamer cup. . Withdraw milk from steamer. . Poor steamed milk into hot drink container. ---
Interfaces - Talking to external actors
The system level interface to an external actor (an external system) sends a work order enclosing a Hum command to the actor. If that actor is coded in Hum, it will use the action statement as a goal. It will then form a plan and execute the plan.
We do not want the external actor calling back for additional information at this point. In order for the plan to be complete, all of the needed information must be in the instruction sent to the external actor. This means that the instruction should contain all of the needed nouns. If the actor requires information about other objects in the environment, the actor may ask the system questions. This is allowed, but it will slow things down and should be avoided.
Interfaces - Accepting goals from external systems.
If the external system is unable to interact with the Speaker, it should send all of the data needed to instantiate the plan along with the nouns referenced in the goal. Again, this means that the instruction sent should contain all of the needed information.
Interfaces - Talking to external resource managers.
The Coordinator asks Resource Managers for bids when assigning actions. Therefore, all Resource Managers, including external managers, must implement the Bidding Interface. The following dialog frame shows the dialog between the Coordinator and a Resource Manager with no constraints, and therefore, no negotiation.
--- Dialog: Coordinator asks Resource Manager (Pool) to bid on work indicated by a command. Context: Bidding with no constraints, no negotiation. Key: . S is Coordinator. . P is Pool. --- Context: Request for quote. (The Coordinator initiates the dialog.) S: Please bid on job. --- P: Here is bid for job. . (Coordinator compares bids and likes this bid best.) S: Your bid is accepted. Please proceed with job. . (Pool assigns job to an actor.) . (Actor completes the work normally.) P: Job is finished. --- P: No resource available for job. . (The Coordinator assigns work to a different pool.) --- P: Here is bid for job. . (Coordinator compares bids and prefers another bid to this one.) S: Your bid is not accepted. . (Pool releases anything it reserved for job.) ---Above will change as the dialog idea matures.
Think about bidding with constraints and negotiation.
You can pre-test a business process design by running a simulation.
A weasel word here is "pre-test". The only real test of a business process is to run it for real. But you can pre-test a process design with this recipe:
- Run the old business process in the simulator.
- Run the new business process in the simulator.
- Compare results.
Here is an example. Suppose we are thinking about adding drive-through delivery to our stores. This will require several changes to our practices. We need to assess how it will affect the overall operation and get a picture of the customer experience.
This example will have to wait until we have a running system.
A dialog frame is a set of production-rules.
If you are having trouble programming or trouble-shooting a dialog, this might help. Remember that a dialog is a set of production-rules. The general form of a production rule is (stimulus-pattern: response). When the state of the dialog matches the stimulus-pattern, the response is performed. The response might alter the state of the dialog, and that altered state might match another stimulus-pattern, triggering another response.
Dialogs are based on heuristics - guess work.
You should expect your dialogs to evolve over time. Users will not always ask a question using the pattern you expect. You will need to examine the dialog diaries frequently when the dialog goes into production so that you can augment or adjust the vignettes.
Synonyms - When a term has multiple meanings.
A noun will match an object when the object is instantiated with the same noun or any of its sub-types, or any of the noun's synonyms. This can lead to the same ambiguity that exists in natural language. In general, this is a desirable feature because it enables polymorphism - the ability to apply a statement generically.
Polymorphism allows Hum to be just as expressive and just as robust as written English. It also permits ambiguity and with ambiguity, misunderstanding. Most of the time, the system will match statements correctly. But misunderstandings can occur when an object is allowed to have a different interpretation than you intended.
The best way to avoid misunderstandings is to keep the ontology narrow. If a noun has more than one super-type, misunderstandings become more likely. Although multiple super-types are allowed, they indicate ambiguity and should set off alarms in your head. The meaning of a noun is likely to be consistent if you stick to a single domain of discourse.
Keep each ontology small and narrow.
You will want to keep each ontology as small as possible. This will make it easier to maintain internal consistency. If you allow an ontology to become too large, you may have trouble maintaining and extending the ontology. It will simply take more time to review the existing frames and sort them out in your mind.
If you keep the ontology narrow, you can easily avoid situations where the meaning of a noun depends on context - because there will only be one context. How can you keep an ontology small and narrow? In general, stick to a single subject area, a single business process area, a single actor's domain of expertise.
If you are programming business processes, you might consider limiting each ontology to the work performed within a single department. This practice will tend to keep the ontology narrow and make it easier to validate with your subject matter experts.
With the new run-time, actors are distributed and operate autonomously. Each actor will have (will need) its own ontology. That means this section needs to be rewritten. (It was written when the run-time controlled each actor directly. And therefore, it seemed to make sense to have all the process knowledge in a single ontology that represented something like a business-unit. )
How do we share information across ontology files?
The information most in need of sharing is in the dictionary frames.
TBD: Design a way to share dictionary frames.


Welcome to Park Hudson International
Established in 2002,Park Hudson International (PHI) is the firm to call to satisfy all of your fulltime and temporary staffing needs. We identigy exemplary applicants ranging from mid level associates to senior executives in Financial Services, Information Technology, Human Resources, and Administrative support.
At PHI our recruiters are our strength. Out team of talented recruiters are some of the most highly respected professional sin the staffing industry.
At PHI, we thrive not only on providing our clients with human capital solutions in a timely and efficient manner but also on the highest levels of retention for both contingent and temporary hires. We pride ourselves on the most thorough applicant screening and qualifications process which enables us to deliver candidates who are always on target!


+++ title = "Famous people of Drupal" slug = "famous-people-of-drupal" date = 2007-03-22T13:00:00+10:00 tags = ["eccentric-encounters", "drupalcon"] locations = ["united-states/sunnyvale"] draft = false summary = """
Walking into DrupalCon felt — for a die-hard fan like myself, at least — like walking into the cast of my favourite movie of all time. All these people whose avatar photos I've seen, whose blogs I've read, whose patches I've reviewed, whose criticism I've received, and whose IRC handles I've chatted with (all for the past 2 years) — all of them suddenly, in a very surreal way, came to life before my very eyes. So I finally have proof that this whole Drupal thing is not a great big online hoax: as I always believed, other Drupal people do actually exist in real life!
""" [[comments]] title = "nice collection" date = 2007-03-25T22:33:57+10:00 author_name = "sime" content = """Hey Jeremy
Thanks for the roundup of photos, that's the closest I've felt to being there by a long shot!
""" [[comments]] title = "Very cool!" date = 2007-08-15T18:47:46+10:00 author_name = "Max Bell" content = """This is the first time I've ever actually seen pictures of all but one or two of these guys. Thanks for sharing this!
""" +++Walking into DrupalCon felt — for a die-hard fan like myself, at least — like walking into the cast of my favourite movie of all time. All these people whose avatar photos I've seen, whose blogs I've read, whose patches I've reviewed, whose criticism I've received, and whose IRC handles I've chatted with (all for the past 2 years) — all of them suddenly, in a very surreal way, came to life before my very eyes. So I finally have proof that this whole Drupal thing is not a great big online hoax: as I always believed, other Drupal people do actually exist in real life!
Here are just a few of the amazing and crazy people that I finally managed to meet today:
{{< galleryphoto "2007-03-22-13-00-00--dries-father-of-all-that-is-drupal.jpg" >}} {{< galleryphoto "2007-03-22-13-01-00--unconed-otherwise-known-as-no-1.jpg" >}} {{< galleryphoto "2007-03-22-13-02-00--chx-drupal-s-resident-hungarian-hacker-does-not-require.jpg" >}} {{< galleryphoto "2007-03-22-13-03-00--eaton-formapi-ninja-and-very-skinny-guy.jpg" >}} {{< galleryphoto "2007-03-22-13-04-00--moshe-my-boss-for-a-bit-and-one-of-the-stalwarts-of.jpg" >}}(Sorry, the photo of Walkah got lost over the years).
Walkah, Bryght guy and head of the Drupal Ministry of Cool Modules.
{{< galleryphoto "2007-03-22-13-05-00--webchick-the-only-drupal-developer-who-we-re-pretty.jpg" >}} {{< galleryphoto "2007-03-22-13-06-00--merlinofchaos-the-guy-who-has-a-view-on-everything.jpg" >}}
This is just a handful of the famous people that I met at DrupalCon. For those of you that I missed out, sorry — it's probably because I couldn't find a photo of you in the Flickr pool, or because you just slipped my memory (that's due to my memory being crap, not due to you being unmemorable, trust me).


Warehouse Chief Yasheni:
Ah ha! That must be it! If Master Toma sent you, then that must be it!
You came here to become a Scavenger, right?
If you've met Toma and carried out his work, then I think I can trust you.
Here, I'll give you this. Take it to Warehouse Chief Alder over there. He'll test your talent and transfer you to the Scavenger class.


Sign Up Here


Schematic illustration for the preparation process of FCCN separator. (We appreciated Chuanjian Zhang for his contribution in designing and drawing Figure 1).
Figure 1
Typical SEM micrographs of (a) PP separator (×8000), (b) CN separator (×8000), (c) FCCN separator (×8000) and (d) FCCN separator (×20000).
Figure 2
Contact angle images between the separators and liquid electrolyte.
Figure 3
(a) DSC curves of PP separator and FCCN separator, (b) Thermal shrinkage rate of PP separator and FCCN separator over a temperature range from 100°C to 150°C, and the inset is the photograph of PP separator and FCCN separator after thermal treatment at 150°C for 0.5 h, (c) Contact test between hot electric iron tip and separators, (d) Combustion behavior of PP separator and FCCN separator.
Figure 4
(a) Rate capability and (b) cycling stability of the LiCoO 2/graphite cells using PP separator and FCCN separator. Nyquist plots for the LiCoO 2/graphite cells using PP separator and FCCN separator measured (c) after the first cycle and (d) after the 200 cycles test.
Figure 5
(a) Cycle performance and (b) charge/discharge curves for LiFePO 4/Li cells using PP separator and FCCN separator at 120°C.


...is at the tip of everyone's tongue in the rail industry now. A word
that was disregarded and thrown away 24 months ago is now the hottest thing
since the Stephenson Rocket.
Unfortunately, despite being so heavily used, so little is actually being
done in the industry, and what little activity there is second rate compared
to other markets and industries.
We're not here to answer how we've ended up here in this situation.
Introducing the HackTrain Conference, the one day event where rail professionals will be able to learn and meet the world’s best innovators from other markets and geographies. You will:
Registration & Breakfast
Introduction
Keynote: Culture & Innovation
Panel Discussion: Creating a Culture of
Innovation
Panel Discussion: Increasing competition in rail
Modern European Railway cyber security issues
Panel discussion: Cyber security - Assessing the threat posed by the Internet of Things
Lunch
Sponsor Session
Infrastructure X Network Rail
Rolling Stock X Angel Trains
Customer Engagement X Trainline
Panel Discussion: Trains with Brains - AI and Rail
Integrating Blockchain into Rail
The HackTrain Incubation Fund
Closing Remarks
Major Transport Owning Groups
Leading Service Partners
Government & Industry


One of the first things I do when learning a new language is to discovery how it generates random numbers. Older computer languages from the '70s had their own built-in random number generators. Technically, they were pseudo-random number generators. But technically, I wanted to program my Star Trek games anyway no matter what they were called.
In the '80s, I would discover that not all computer languages came with random number generators built in. Many didn't have such a thing unless some external software library was installed. Both FORTRAN and C couldn't do random anything out of the box. A math library had to be picked from the many that were out there. And if none were available, a computer class on campus was available to teach you how to program your own random number generator from scratch.
By the '90s, random number generators were pretty much standardized as for as how accurately random they were. And they were included in standard libraries for various languages. By the time Python was being developed, the C language used to write Python had very robust random number generators. And because Python was written in C, it just made sense for it to make use of C libraries.
For those that are curious, diceroll uses the random.randint() module that comes with CPython. There are stronger random generators out there now, with NumPy being one of them. But at the time of designing diceroll, I didn't quite understand how-all NumPy worked, or what version of it to install. And for rolling dice, the built-in random number generator would be just fine.
In the past, when I needed a random number from 1 to say 6 (see 6-sided dice), I would use INT(RND(1)*6) + 1. And I would be used to doing it that way for probably 15 years or so, because that is how most BASIC languages did things. Other languages like C required me to whip out the 80286 System Developer's 3-ring binder to find out how srand() and rand() worked, and under what circumstances.
Fast-forward 20 years, and I'm learning CPython without knowing the difference between a CPython or an RPython or any other Python out there. I figured Python was the same all over, even though I had a feeling Linux did things differently because of its filepath naming and OS commands. And of course, the first thing I had to try was Python's random module, as well as its ugly-looking randint().
Right away I noticed the way Python "loaded" modules was going to be a learning experience. I hadn't really programmed anything huge since my TANDY Color Computer 3 days running OS-9 Level II and programming in BASIC09 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC09). Python would reveal different ways of importing modules the more I read about them, and the more code I poured over.
I would soon find that:
import random
print random.randint(1, 6) # roll a 6-sided die
Was the same thing as:
from random import randint
print randint(1, 6) # roll a 6-sided die
Which looked a bit cleaner. But I was debating if I wanted to use randint() at all in my normal coding.
So while I was learning how to write my own functions, as well as how to go about importing them, I came up with an idea for diceroll. It would included a roll() function, and a die_rolls() function as a "side effect." Even though die_rolls() had no error-checking, roll() would call it after doing its own error-checking.
I was trying to avoid using:
from diceroll import die_rolls
print die_rolls(6, 2) # roll two 6-sided dice
For my dice rolls, I wanted something more readable. Something like:
from diceroll import roll
print roll('2D6') # roll two 6-sided dice
It was almost less typing, which I thought was great because I was going to be typing this function a lot for a Python project I had in mind. And it would be a lot easier to spot what kind of rolls were being made in my code. And the simple addition or subtraction of DMs to such a roll was making the function more appealing:
print roll('2D6+3') # roll two 6-sided dice and add a DM of +3 to it
diceroll was written years ago. The code is used by both my TravCalc and TravGen apps, and gets looked at by GitHub visitors who google-by now and again. But not many programmers will use the code because of the simple fact that Python is now version 3.6+ something. So diceroll, along with a slew of other pre-Python 2.6 era modules, are the Channel 1 stations in the room that no TV can possibly watch.
It really comes down to a philosophy. I waited on learning Python until a version was released where I could say, "This is Python." Or say, "This is what Python should be." Something like that.
And for me, it was Classic Python 2.5.4 when I said such things. Python 2.6 books were showing up in stores. And there were already differences being found between it and the Python that I was using. Python had become this huge thing. And non-programmers were being attracted to it for their own reasons. And that was all fine. Python 2.7, 3.0, etc., were seeing lots of new talent joining their mix. They were taking Python to places it hadn't been to. And more and more people were doing Python because of it.
Python is trying to be all things to all programmers these days. And it has become less of Python in doing so. I am not a functional programmer. Never have been. But a lot of people are. And Python now serves them very well. I'm often told, "Python now does things this way." But it is ways that I don't see myself using.
People are altering diceroll so that it works in their Python, just as I am altering their uploaded code so that it works in my Python. If I wanted my code to reach more people, of course I would have to program using the latest greatest Python. But there is a certain individuality lost in doing that.
I believe the next great computer programming language will be the one that remains true to its nature/design as it grows. And doesn't split the party as it grows.


Stage Three – Plan Learning Experiences and Instruction
The final stage of backward design is when instructors begin to consider how
they will teach. This is when instructional strategies and learning activities
should be created. With the learning goals and assessment methods established,
the instructor will have a clearer vision of which strategies would work best
to provide students with the resources and information necessary to attain the
goals of the course. Consider the questions below:
-
What enabling knowledge (facts, concepts, principles) and skills (processes,
procedures, strategies) will students need in order to perform effectively
and achieve desired results?
-
What activities will equip students with the needed knowledge and skills?
-
What will need to be taught and coached, and how should it best be taught,
in light of performance goals?
-
What materials and resources are best suited to accomplish these goals?
Below are some instructional strategies to try:
- Large and/or group discussion
- Interactive lecturing and think-pair-shares
- Flipped classroom
- Cooperative learning (including team-based and project-based learning)
- Guided note-taking
- Guided inquiry for problem-solving


'Matilda' director Danny DeVito says he wants to make a sequel
by Ruairi Scott ByrneThe 1996 family film Matilda remains a staple of many people's childhood - and now the director behind the beloved comedy has revealed he wants to make a sequel.
While many of you will remember that Danny DeVito starred in Matilda, which is based on the Roald Dahl novel, as the catty and arrogant car seller Harry Wormwood, many people are unaware that the Always Sunny in Philadelphia star also directed the film.
Matilda proved hugely popular when it was released over 23 years ago as it struck a chord with those who loved reading books larger than their body frames, shy kids, introverts, and anyone who felt like an outcast in their families/communities.
And now DeVito has revealed that he'd be up for making a follow-up to the 90s classic which could revolve around the child of the now grown-up Matilda.
While promoting his new film Jumanji: The Next Level, DeVito was asked which of his previous films he'd most like to revisit, with the 75-year-old actor revealing his desire to produce a sequel to the iconic fantasy film.
"I always wanted to do Matilda 2, but when the kid was still a kid," DeVito told ComicBook.com.
"But that was like 20 years ago, 25 years ago. Maybe Matilda has a kid and we can do something that, I don't know."
Unfortunately, it appears unlikely that we will see a Matilda sequel any time soon.
Mara Wilson, who starred as the precocious six and a half-year-old girl who has a passion for reading books, hasn’t appeared in a feature-length film since 2000’s Thomas and the Magic Railroad, according to IMDb.
But with the film's 25th anniversary taking place in 2021, we're holding out hope that plans for a sequel could get off the ground in the near future.


You must import the plotting libraries and get some historical data to create line charts.
In this example, you create a line chart that shows the closing price for one of the banking securities. Follow these steps to create the line chart:
Symbol
.symbol = symbols[0]
history
DataFrame with symbol
and then select the close column.data = history.loc[symbol]['close']
plot
method with a title and figure size.data.plot(title=f"{symbol} Close Price", figsize=(15, 10));
The Jupyter Notebook displays the line plot.


|
Dendro
5.01
Dendro in Greek language means tree. The Dendro library is a large scale (262K cores on ORNL's Titan) distributed memory adaptive octree framework. The main goal of Dendro is to perform large scale multiphysics simulations efficeiently in mordern supercomputers.  More...
#include <vector>
Go to the source code of this file.
Namespaces | |
| binOp | |
| A set of functions for fast binary operations. | |
Functions | |
| bool | binOp::isPowerOfTwo (unsigned int n) |
| unsigned int | binOp::binLength (unsigned int num) |
| unsigned int | binOp::fastLog2 (unsigned int num) |
| int | binOp::toBin (unsigned int dec, unsigned int binLen, std::vector< bool > &result) |
| Converts a decimal number to binary. More... | |
| unsigned int | binOp::binToDec (unsigned int *numBin, unsigned int binLen) |
| int | binOp::getNextHighestPowerOfTwo (unsigned int n) |
| int | binOp::getPrevHighestPowerOfTwo (unsigned int n) |
| template<typename T > | |
| void | binOp::setBit (T &val, unsigned int i) |
| sets the i^th bit on the value val | |
| template<typename T > | |
| unsigned int | binOp::getBit (T val, unsigned int i) |
| gets the i^th bit on the value val | |
A set of efficient functions that use binary operations to perform some small computations.


Anse La Raye fire victim gets donation in rebuilding efforts
by SNO Staff(SNO) – Orsula Hypolite of Au Tabor, Anse La Raye, who lost everything in a fire on November 7, has received donations from the government as she struggles to get her life back on track.
Earlier this week Hypolite received a $10,000 check and hampers compliment the Government of St. Lucia and the Anse La Raye Village Council.
Parliamentary Representative for Anse la Raye/Canaries, Dominic Fedee said on November 7, whilst representing Saint Lucia at the 2019 World Travel Market in London, he received a distressing video via WhatsApp which showed a house being gutted by fire in the community of Anse la Raye.
“It was such a horrific shock for me that I fell out of the chair at the meeting because I couldn’t believe this had happened to someone I know so well and so close,” he said at a ceremony during which the items were presented to Hypolite.
He said that the government stands with the Anse La Raye Village Council to build a bigger and better home for Hypolite.
Fedee said the check was the first of many contributions that will be coming her way.
Hypolite was filled with emotion when thanking those present for the donation.
“Thank God, thank you Lord,” she said, her voice breaking. “And on behalf of my family and friends, I thank all of you
Meanwhile, Prime Minister Allen Chastanet, who attended the ceremony, assured Saint Lucian who may find themselves in similar situations, that the government is there to help.
“I think that my government also recognizes that we have to be able to put a better system in place to be able to help people,” he remarked.
Headline News
-
Bishop of Roseau describes situation in Dominica after unrest as “sad” November 20, 2019 2:46 PM
-
Correspondent banking and de-risking discussed as Prime Minister meets with Chair of US Financial Services Committee November 20, 2019 12:54 PM
-
Sandals team members receive first class health care on the job November 20, 2019 12:12 PM
-
Showers, isolated thunderstorms expected during the next 24 hours November 20, 2019 11:14 AM
-
Jamaican Rose Hudson-Wilkin becomes Church of England’s first black female bishop November 20, 2019 2:17 AM
-
Barbados hit by two days of power outages November 20, 2019 1:31 AM
-
National Students’ Council elects new executive November 20, 2019 1:14 AM
-
Qiana Joseph to participate in Women’s T20 Grand Slam Franchise Tournament November 20, 2019 12:55 AM
-
Saint Lucia misses Gold Cup playoffs after falling to Montserrat November 20, 2019 12:08 AM


Instructions
The negotiation game!
In this experiment you will play a fun communication game with another two turkers! In each round all of you will be given [Placeholder]
You'll each see the same [Placeholder] but the order they are in will be different.
Each of participant in a single game may be assigned with one the following 3 roles , including a Speaker , Listener , and a Judge . [Placeholder]
A few final notes: First, since you are playing with another turker, you may see this screen before the game begins:
Please fill out this short quiz below before getting started. Good luck and have fun!
Comprehension Quiz
The speaker can click on a color to end the round.
False
True
The listener wants to click on the color that the speaker is
telling them about.
False
True


| Top |
WebKitOptionMenu represents the dropdown menu of a select element in a WebKitWebView.
When a select element in a WebKitWebView needs to display a dropdown menu, the signal “show-option-menu” is emitted, providing a WebKitOptionMenu with the WebKitOptionMenuItems that should be displayed.
guint
webkit_option_menu_get_n_items (WebKitOptionMenu *menu
);
Gets the length of the menu
.
Since: 2.18
WebKitOptionMenuItem * webkit_option_menu_get_item (WebKitOptionMenu *menu
,guint index
);
Returns the WebKitOptionMenuItem at index
in menu
.
Since: 2.18
void webkit_option_menu_select_item (WebKitOptionMenu *menu
,guint index
);
Selects the WebKitOptionMenuItem at index
in menu
. Selecting an item changes the
text shown by the combo button, but it doesn't change the value of the element. You need to
explicitly activate the item with webkit_option_menu_select_item()
or close the menu with
webkit_option_menu_close()
in which case the currently selected item will be activated.
Since: 2.18
void webkit_option_menu_activate_item (WebKitOptionMenu *menu
,guint index
);
Activates the WebKitOptionMenuItem at index
in menu
. Activating an item changes the value
of the element making the item the active one. You are expected to close the menu with
webkit_option_menu_close()
after activating an item, calling this function again will have no
effect.
Since: 2.18
void
webkit_option_menu_close (WebKitOptionMenu *menu
);
Request to close a WebKitOptionMenu. This emits WebKitOptionMenu::close signal.
This function should always be called to notify WebKit that the associated
menu has been closed. If the menu is closed and neither webkit_option_menu_select_item()
nor webkit_option_menu_activate_item()
have been called, the element value remains
unchanged.
Since: 2.18
“close”
signalvoid user_function (WebKitOptionMenu *menu, gpointer user_data)
Emitted when closing a WebKitOptionMenu is requested. This can happen
when the user explicitly calls webkit_option_menu_close()
or when the
element is detached from the current page.
menu |
the WebKitOptionMenu on which the signal is emitted |
|
user_data |
user data set when the signal handler was connected. |
Flags: Run Last
Since: 2.18


Introduction¶
Creating a new programming language doesn’t mean that it should support Windows Registry by default specially if that language gives the chance to others for its extension. This is the exact situation of Ring Programming language. So that, This awesome Ring_WinCReg extension has been made to give a nice support of Windows Registry from within Ring Programming Language.
Absolutely, Supporting Windows Registry will give a big chance for the all community of Ring programmers and developers who like to use Windows Registry for a reason or another.
Windows Registry is a place where, in addition to save your application settings in it, you can find all of windows and other applications/programms settings that help in their operation, so manipulating in a such place may be the demand for some applications like those controlling Windows Startup Programs.
Ring_WinCReg Extension¶
Ring WinCReg extension is a very light, easy, and powerful extension for Ring Programming Language that has been made to bring all means of easiness in the dealing with Windows Registry. It gives you the ability to do from minor registry needs like saving or restoring settings to more superior goals like reaching and controlling every single key or value in the whole registry tree.
This extension has been made on top of previously created C++ language class called “Registry Wrapper Class(CRegisry Class)” that has been published on CodeProject in this article.
RCRegistry Class¶
RCRegistry class, stands for Ring CRegistry Class or CRegistry Class for Ring, is a Ring Class that has been made to make using ring_wincreg extension functions easier by using the style of using “Registry Wrapper Class” in C++. I found this style is reasonable and readable better than just using the ring_wincreg original functions. It can be used by loading the file that contain it (wincreg.ring).
Simple Example¶
This is a simple ring code that use this extension:
Load "wincreg.ring"
Reg = new RCRegistry
Reg.OpenKey([HKEY_CURRENT_USER, "Software\MyApp"])
# This will create the Key "MyApp" if its not present then it will be Opened
Reg["AppVersion"].SetValue("2.3")
Reg["AppPath"].SetValue(exeFolder())
Reg.CloseKey()


<Plan of Action
- Finish code fellows classes.
- Make mad skrilla
- Buy a pirate ship
- Live on said pirate ship with lots of booze and women.
- Defend new purchased pirate ship from any and all enemies
- Die in a blaze of glory defending my pirate ship from terrorists
Employment History
- USMC
- I spent four years in the Marine Corps from 2006-2010 as rifleman. I spent time in SE Asia as well as in the Gulf of Aiden.
- Precision Drilling
- I spent 6 months as a roughneck in Utah working on a oil rig. I worked 12 hr days for 28 days straight and then got 2 weeks off.
- Zumies
- I was a keyholder at Zumies for like 8 months. I really enjoyed this job and it helped me attain some much needed people skills lol.
- Grunt Style/ Alpha Outpost
- I managed an ecommerce website as well as filled the assitant operations manager roll at Grunt Style. I then got chosen to do a start up subscription box service using Grunt Style as our parent company. I learned more stuff than I feel like typing right now
- Construction
- In between all these other jobs I have worked in misc construction from yacht work, concrete, HVAC, and much more.
Education
I have a highschool diploma as well as, one year in business school, and 2 quaters of audio engineering. I value life experience much more than class room experience. Excpet for code fellows of course.
Career Goals
I would like to become a free lance developer so that I can be rich and by my pirate ship. I would also like to have to ability to work for my self and use my company as a place for veterans to be able to come and learn a skill during their transition into the civilian life, in an environment with like minded people.
My Top 10 Favorite Resteraunts
-
Kumas Corner - Chicago,IL
-
Chronic Taco - Multiple locations
-
In-n-Out Burger - Multiple locations
-
Black Duck Cask n Bottle - Issaquah,WA
-
Sanchos Tacos - Huntington Beach,CA
-
The Egg and Us - Issaquah,WA
- Some Random Hot Dog Stand(dont know name) - Austin,TX
- Gorditos - Seattle,Wa
- White Fencs Farms - Joliet,IL
- Home Cut Donuts - Joliet,IL


check out dzb.cu.cc for more and hosting so you can buy our service for some money.
we have been doing development on galaxy y duos we made cm7.2 ,cm11 , cm9 , zombie kernel, bluebird rom for sgyd and more .
let radio be here or add theeming soon themc joins us for graphics degning check out themc.weebely.com.
we started with a blog and galaxy y duos, but our dreams were big and still are big and growing
then zda was born out of duos chaos we had some members join us some leaving us and we were only landing thoughts
we started doing some serious work real serious our code of conduct was designed and cm9 was compiled
we were very ahead with sgyd zombie kernel, bb rom, cm9, cm11, cm7.2, and some websites we are still working really hard with very small team
Lead BB Designer
captain dzb aka HARSH
also RAW99 DZB Manager
tech news updater
Lead Blogger
someday girls will be in dzb too
this is active team only .


HTML Forms
First name:
Last name:
Male:
Female:
If you click the "Submit" button, the form-data will be sent to a page called "/action_page.php".


Your personal safety is based on the local environment and chosen apocalyptic scenario.
Luckily, you can find out your survival chance from our calculated index and map of essential
infrastructure (all data sourced from government open data portals)
The value of an idea lies in the using of it.
DatApocalypse aims to sensitize the general public to open data in a fun and interactive way.
What if Australians were using open data more often? Open data can be useful to anyone. Journalists would build stronger stories, primary schools students would be more innovative in their geography project and young couples would find their ideal house more easily.
Open data has been available for a long time but a large part of the public is not aware of the immense resources it can provide for daily decision making but also for Apocalyptic Scenarios.
By showing
resources and giving useful information that users would need in extreme situations, DatApocalypse shows a range of information that open data can provide and where to find it.
| Inland Waters Principal hydrogeology | http://data.gov.au/dataset/2016-soe-inw-aus-hydrogeology | Australia State of the Environment |
| Schools locations | https://data.nsw.gov.au/data/dataset/nsw-government-school-locations/resource/13aca3f1-5522-436b-ab7a-d651e412f932 | Department of Education |
| Hospitals / health services | http://yhs.health.nsw.gov.au/hospitals/search.asp | NSW Health |
| NSW Earthquakes | http://www.ga.gov.au/earthquakes/exportDataController.do | Geoscience Australia Earthquakes |
|---|---|---|
| Population Extract | http://stat.data.abs.gov.au | ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics |
| Income per Family per Week | http://stat.data.abs.gov.au | ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics |
| Australian Statistical Geography Standard (2016) | http://abs.gov.au | ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics |


Donald E. Knuth
(
), Professor Emeritus of
The Art of Computer Programming
at
Stanford University
, welcomes you to his home page.
Frequently Asked Questions
Infrequently Asked Questions
Recent News
Computer Musings
Known Errors in My Books
Important Message to all Users of TeX
Help Wanted
Diamond Signs
Preprints of Recent Papers
Curriculum VitŠ
Pipe Organ
Downloadable Graphics
Downloadable Programs
Expecting a check from me?
Did you borrow a video from me?
(don't click here)
Stanford Computer Science Home Page


Idea: Going Kathmandu next weekend, need a plan?
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Decisions
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Tools
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Experience
Highmark Health (Oct 2019 - Present)
Software Engineer, Digital Innovation
Greater Pittsburgh Area, Pennsylvania
• Implemented HTTP requests using RxJS Observable library to handle
multiple values over time.
• Created reusable components and services to consume API's using
Component-based architecture provided by angular.
• Implemented various Validation Controls for form validation and
implemented custom validation controls with Regular Expressions.
• Communicated Business Analyst and UX team and transformed
wireframes and mockups into responsive, interactive features.
• Experience in hybrid operations using Ionic & Angular framework,
Mobile Angular UI, and Cordova.
• Implemented a feature toggling functionality for targeted
users.
• Proficient in using SASS for writing CSS styles more easily with
the Mixins, Parametric mixins, Nested Rules, Operations, Namespaces,
etc.
• Developed a custom and re-usable model popups for warning,
success, information, and error messages.
• Implemented a push notification service for cross platforms using
Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM).
• Actively took part in technical meetings, requirements gathering,
analysis, planning, effort estimations, development and testing
under Agile Methodologies (Scrum) to manage full life-cycle
development of the project.
Tech Stack: NodeJS, Cloud Firestore, HTML5, SASS,
CSS3, Typescript, ExpressJS, Angular 7+, Cordova, Postman,
Stoplight
Old Dominion University (Aug 2017 - Sep 2019)
Software Developer (Research Assistant)
Norfolk, Virginia (May 2018 - Sep 2019)
• Developed machine learning models to profile the patients, detect
anger with an accuracy of 0.821 and alert the authorities immediately
and Implemented Intervention methods to sooth the agitated dementia
patients.
• Developed a tool to automate the process of generating interactive
visualizations to provide insights and trends in analyzing hotel
revenue (AIRBNB), US employment and populate them in PowerPoint
slides.
• Led a summer research workshop mentoring 30 interns in machine
learning tasks for multiple datasets.
Full Stack Developer
Norfolk, Virginia (Aug 2017 - April 2018)
• Served as a technical lead at The Hands-on Lab.
• Developed a website using LAMP stack for Multiple Organizations
Learning Management System for ODU School of Nursing. Innovated the
student’s evaluation methods using data analysis techniques.
• Developed an interactive web application using MEAN stack ,
communicating with REST API.
• Delivered incremental value via an Agile Development
Methodology.
• Assisted co-developers on support needs and provide guidance on
architectural issues.
• Implemented modern features like Two Factor Authentication(2FA),
user profile search, login with GitHub association, bot verification
with reCAPTCHA and user Activity Graph.
Tech Stack: NodeJS, Cloud Firestore, HTML5, SASS,
CSS3, Typescript, ExpressJS, Angular 7+, Cordova, Postman,
Stoplight
Synopsys (Sep 2015 - July 2017)
Software Engineer
Bengaluru Area, India
• Designed and developed a single page web app using RESTful API's.
was involved in the complete development cycle involving planning,
designing, development, testing, and deployment of this portal.
• Developed, documented and validated complex business rules vital for
data transformation.
• Designed ETL flows to extract data from CRM application and stored
in Oracle DB.
• Implemented RESTful APIs, JSON architecture for development of
newly generated daily logs.
• Modified the file driven mechanism of portal to Database driven,
using PostgreSQL.
• Developed an automated system which can find the hardcoded paths
associated with all Verification Group (VG) products.
• Wrote a script that automatically detect and removes the unused
code and it increased the efficiency by 2%.
• Fixing the errors generated by GCC after removing the -Wno-
switches from Makefiles.


Rate: 3.3 | Reviewers: 3
Price: 754.11 | AvailableQuantity: 42
Store: Xiamomi
Category: Windows 8.1 | Brand: HP
If we index the interface, we can get to the SSL bus through the neural PCI program!
I'll index the auxiliary XML monitor, that should alarm the HDD card! Admin
You can't hack the firewall without transmitting the online SMTP alarm! Admin
If we parse the port, we can get to the USB driver through the online SMS protocol! Admin


Proctor
A single-file test framework for Code Your Future exercises.


TheFirstLineOfThisTextShouldBeInPurpleAnd ShouldBeLargerThanTheRestOfTheTextAndThereShouldBeEnoughTextForTheSentenceToAutoSize. This is written without spaces so we don't have platform-specific differences in where exactly the first line cuts off.


tv.ouya.console.api
public interface OuyaErrorCodes
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static int |
CONSOLE_ALREADY_REGISTERED
A console ID that was passed to a registration request was already registered to someone else.
|
static int |
CREDIT_CARD_EXPIRED
Credit card expired.
|
static int |
CREDIT_CARD_MISSING_OR_EXPIRED
Credit card is not useable.
|
static int |
CREDIT_CARD_NEEDS_ZIP
Credit card requires a ZIP.
|
static int |
CREDIT_CARD_NOT_FOUND
Credit card information not found.
|
static int |
CREDIT_CARD_SUBMISSION_FAILED
Credit card submission failed.
|
static int |
DUPLICATE_PURCHASE
Purchase UUID is already used.
|
static int |
EMAIL_NOT_CONFIRMED
An authentication token was requested for a gamer who has not yet confirmed their email address.
|
static int |
ERROR_PARSING_RESPONSE_FROM_SERVER
The response from the server was not understood.
|
static int |
ERROR_REMOTE_EXCEPTION
The server encountered an error while processing the request and was not able to recover gracefully.
|
static int |
FIELD_VALIDATIONS_FAILED
Validations failed on form data that was sent to the server.
|
static int |
FLAG_ALREADY_SUBMITTED
Community content already flagged by this user
|
static int |
INSUFFICIENT_CREDIT
The gamer associated with a request does not currently have the required number of credits available to complete
the request.
|
static int |
INVALID_APP_UUID
The application ID (package name from the AndroidManifest.xml) passed to a request was not associated with the
Developer UUID that was also passed.
|
static int |
INVALID_AUTHENTICATION_DATA
Some combination of username and password was not recognized during an attempt to obtain an authentication token.
|
static int |
INVALID_CATEGORY
A request with a category filter was made using a category that the server did not recognize.
|
static int |
INVALID_CONSOLE_ID
A console ID that was passed to a request was not recognized.
|
static int |
INVALID_DEVELOPER_UUID
The developer UUID passed to a request was not recognized.
|
static int |
INVALID_PRODUCT_ID
A product ID passed to a request was not associated with the Developer UUID that was also passed.
|
static int |
INVALID_TOKEN
The user's token is invalid, probably expired.
|
static int |
LAUNCHER_OUT_OF_DATE
Launcher version is out of date (OUYA-Everywhere)
|
static int |
MOD_NOT_FOUND
The specified mod was not found
|
static int |
NO_AUTHENTICATION_DATA
No OUYA accounts have been registered with the device
|
static int |
NO_CACHED_USERDATA
Cached user data was not found for this user
|
static int |
NO_CREDIT_CARD
No credit card on file.
|
static int |
NO_PAYMENT_METHOD
Not enough funds in your wallet and no payment method provided.
|
static int |
NOT_DEVELOPER
A gamer UUID not associated to a developer account was passed to a request that requires developer credentials.
|
static int |
PAYMENT_DECLINED
The payment gateway refused to complete the transaction.
|
static int |
PURCHASE_ALREADY_IN_PROGRESS
A purchase is currently in-progress.
|
static int |
REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NOT_PROVIDED
The server call was not made with the correct parameter list.
|
static int |
SERVER_OFFLINE
The server was not available to handle the request.
|
static int |
SUCCESS
The operation was completed successfully.
|
static int |
THROW_DURING_ON_SUCCESS
The API tried to report success but the client code threw an exception.
|
static int |
TOO_MANY_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS
The Launcher is refusing to start additional downloads because too many downloads are already in progress
This number was chosen so that it won't stomp on any error codes returned by the stock Android DownloadManager
|
static int |
VOUCHER_MISMATCH
Voucher mismatch.
|
static int |
VOUCHER_NOT_FOUND
Voucher not found
|
static int |
WALLET_SWITCH
Wallet currency switch.
|
static final int SUCCESS
static final int INVALID_TOKEN
static final int REQUIRED_PARAMETER_NOT_PROVIDED
static final int NO_AUTHENTICATION_DATA
static final int INVALID_AUTHENTICATION_DATA
static final int INVALID_DEVELOPER_UUID
static final int INVALID_PRODUCT_ID
static final int PAYMENT_DECLINED
static final int INVALID_APP_UUID
static final int FIELD_VALIDATIONS_FAILED
static final int INVALID_CONSOLE_ID
static final int CONSOLE_ALREADY_REGISTERED
static final int NOT_DEVELOPER
static final int EMAIL_NOT_CONFIRMED
static final int INSUFFICIENT_CREDIT
static final int INVALID_CATEGORY
static final int CREDIT_CARD_SUBMISSION_FAILED
static final int NO_PAYMENT_METHOD
static final int DUPLICATE_PURCHASE
static final int PURCHASE_ALREADY_IN_PROGRESS
static final int CREDIT_CARD_NOT_FOUND
static final int NO_CREDIT_CARD
static final int CREDIT_CARD_EXPIRED
static final int CREDIT_CARD_NEEDS_ZIP
static final int CREDIT_CARD_MISSING_OR_EXPIRED
static final int VOUCHER_NOT_FOUND
static final int WALLET_SWITCH
static final int VOUCHER_MISMATCH
static final int LAUNCHER_OUT_OF_DATE
static final int MOD_NOT_FOUND
static final int FLAG_ALREADY_SUBMITTED
static final int NO_CACHED_USERDATA
static final int ERROR_PARSING_RESPONSE_FROM_SERVER
static final int ERROR_REMOTE_EXCEPTION
static final int THROW_DURING_ON_SUCCESS
onSuccess()
allows for moving course-grained error handling to onFailure()
.static final int SERVER_OFFLINE
static final int TOO_MANY_CONCURRENT_DOWNLOADS


Embox is an open source project started by students of the
Mathematics and Mechanics Faculty of St. Petersburg State University
For more information, visit us on
github


ROOM LIST
Refresh room list
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Create room and enter
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게임 오버!
Score :
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RECEIVED


Returns an object with a
negated
boolean and the!
stripped from negation patterns. Also respects extglobs.
Install with npm:
$ npm install --save is-negated-glob
var isNegatedGlob = require('is-negated-glob');
console.log(isNegatedGlob('foo'));
// { pattern: 'foo', negated: false }
console.log(isNegatedGlob('!foo'));
// { pattern: 'foo', negated: true }
console.log(isNegatedGlob('!(foo)'));
// extglob patterns are ignored
// { pattern: '!(foo)', negated: false }
true
if the given string looks like a glob pattern or an extglob pattern… more | homepagePull requests and stars are always welcome. For bugs and feature requests, please create an issue.
(This document was generated by verb-generate-readme (a verb generator), please don't edit the readme directly. Any changes to the readme must be made in .verb.md.)
To generate the readme and API documentation with verb:
$ npm install -g verb verb-generate-readme && verb
Install dev dependencies:
$ npm install -d && npm test
Jon Schlinkert
Copyright © 2016, Jon Schlinkert. Released under the MIT license.
This file was generated by verb-generate-readme, v0.1.30, on September 08, 2016.


by Ashay P and Rohan S
*letter grades will not be as accurate as a percent
*enter without decimal or percent signs
Class Name:
First Category
Weight - Enter without decimal
Grade - Enter as letter
Points
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Weight - Enter without decimal
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Points


The recursion/basic.h
header defines macros used to produce deferred expressions.
#include <chaos/preprocessor/recursion/basic.h>
The CHAOS_PP_DEFER
macro facilitates the deferral of a macro invocation through a single scan.
CHAOS_PP_DEFER
(macro)
The macro name of a macro invocation to be deferred.
This macro prevents macro from expanding during the first scan against arguments that exist following the invocation of CHAOS_PP_DEFER
.
For example,
#define A() +
CHAOS_PP_DEFER
(A)() // A ()
A subsequent scan is required in order to invoke A
.
As in,
#define A() +CHAOS_PP_EXPAND
(CHAOS_PP_DEFER
(A)()) // +
CHAOS_PP_BLOCK
CHAOS_PP_DELAY
CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
CHAOS_PP_PHASE
CHAOS_PP_RAIL
CHAOS_PP_REFER
CHAOS_PP_UNSAFE_RAIL
#include<chaos/preprocessor/recursion/basic.h>
#define ID(x) x #define A()CHAOS_PP_DEFER
(B)() #define B()CHAOS_PP_DEFER
(A)() A() ID(A() ID(A() ID(A()))) // B() A() B() A()
The CHAOS_PP_DEFER_ID
macro indirectly expands to CHAOS_PP_DEFER
.
CHAOS_PP_DEFER_ID
()
This macro exists only for uniformity with other macros that require indirect invocation.
The CHAOS_PP_DEFER_
macro expands to a λ expression representing CHAOS_PP_DEFER
.
CHAOS_PP_DEFER_
This macro is a shorthand form of the following λ binding:
The CHAOS_PP_REFER
macro is an identity macro.
CHAOS_PP_REFER
(macro)
The macro nameof a macro invocation.
This macro is signature compatible with CHAOS_PP_DEFER
, but it does not defer the invocation of macro against arguments that exist following the invocation of CHAOS_PP_REFER
.
#include<chaos/preprocessor/recursion/basic.h>
#define A(mode) mode(B)(+) #define B(x) x A(CHAOS_PP_DEFER
) // B(+) A(CHAOS_PP_REFER
) // +
The CHAOS_PP_REFER_ID
macro indirectly expands to CHAOS_PP_REFER
.
CHAOS_PP_REFER_ID
()
This macro exists only for uniformity with other macros that require indirect invocation.
The CHAOS_PP_REFER_
macro expands to a λ expression representing CHAOS_PP_REFER
.
CHAOS_PP_REFER_
This macro is a shorthand form of the following λ binding:
The CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
macro facilitates the deferral of a macro invocation through two scans.
CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
(macro)
The macro name of a macro invocation to be obstructed.
CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
()
This macro is used as an obstruction that disappears after two scans.
The behavior is similar to CHAOS_PP_DEFER
except that the resulting expression is deferred through two scans instead of one.
Normal usage consists of inserting an invocation of this macro between the macro to be obstructed and the arguments to that macro.
#define X(a, b) a + bCHAOS_PP_EXPAND
(XCHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
()(1, 2)) // X(1, 2)
This usage is the normal usage because an invocation of CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
is often used as an argument to another macro, ultimately producing a shorthand single-scan deferral:
#define X(a, b) Y(CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
(), a, b) #define Y(_, a, b) a _() b _() // vs. #define Z(a, b)CHAOS_PP_DEFER
(a)()CHAOS_PP_DEFER
(b)() #define P() + #define M() - X(P, M) // P() M() Z(P, M) // P() M()
In C99, this macro may take the macro name as an argument.
This yields syntax similar to CHAOS_PP_DEFER
.
#define X(...) __VA_ARGS__CHAOS_PP_EXPAND
(CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
(X)(!)) // X(!)
#include<chaos/preprocessor/arithmetic/dec.h>
#include<chaos/preprocessor/control/iif.h>
#include<chaos/preprocessor/logical/bool.h>
#include<chaos/preprocessor/recursion/basic.h>
#include<chaos/preprocessor/recursion/expr.h>
#define WHILE(pred, op, state) \ WHILE_S(CHAOS_PP_STATE
(), pred, op, state) \ /**/ #define WHILE_S(s, pred, op, state) \ WHILE_I( \CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
(),CHAOS_PP_NEXT
(s), \ pred, op, state \ ) \ /**/ #define WHILE_INDIRECT() WHILE_I #define WHILE_I(_, s, pred, op, state) \CHAOS_PP_IIF
_(pred _(s, state))( \CHAOS_PP_EXPR_S
(s) _(WHILE_INDIRECT _()( \CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
_(),CHAOS_PP_NEXT
(s), \ pred, op, op _(s, state) \ )), \ state \ ) \ /**/ #define PRED(s, x)CHAOS_PP_BOOL
(x) #define OP(s, x)CHAOS_PP_DEC
(x)CHAOS_PP_EXPR
(WHILE( PRED, OP, 100 )) // 0
The CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT_ID
macro indirectly expands to CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
.
CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT_ID
()
This macro exists only for uniformity with other macros that require indirect invocation.
The CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT_
macro expands to a λ expression representing CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT
.
CHAOS_PP_OBSTRUCT_
This macro is a shorthand form of the following λ binding:


Edit ${stripeAccount.id}
Company registration information must be accurate and completely provided.
Company information
Business name
Tax ID number
Phone number
Website URL
Merchant category code
Select the code for your
business
A/C, Refrigeration Repair
Accounting/Bookkeeping Services
Advertising Services
Agricultural Cooperative
Airlines, Air Carriers
Airports, Flying Fields
Ambulance Services
Amusement Parks/Carnivals
Antique Reproductions
Antique Shops
Aquariums
Architectural/Surveying Services
Art Dealers and Galleries
Artists Supply and Craft Shops
Auto Body Repair Shops
Auto Paint Shops
Auto Service Shops
Auto and Home Supply Stores
Automated Cash Disburse
Automated Fuel Dispensers
Automobile Associations
Automotive Parts and Accessories Stores
Automotive Tire Stores
Bail and Bond Payments (payment to the surety for the bond, not the actual bond paid to the government agency)
Bakeries
Bands, Orchestras
Barber and Beauty Shops
Betting/Casino Gambling
Bicycle Shops
Billiard/Pool Establishments
Boat Dealers
Boat Rentals and Leases
Book Stores
Books, Periodicals, and Newspapers
Bowling Alleys
Bus Lines
Business/Secretarial Schools
Buying/Shopping Services
Cable, Satellite, and Other Pay Television and Radio
Camera and Photographic Supply Stores
Candy, Nut, and Confectionery Stores
Car Rental Agencies
Car Washes
Car and Truck Dealers (New
& Used) Sales, Service, Repairs Parts and Leasing 5511
Car and Truck Dealers (Used Only) Sales, Service, Repairs Parts and Leasing
Carpentry Services
Carpet/Upholstery Cleaning
Caterers
Charitable and Social Service Organizations - Fundraising
Chemicals and Allied Products (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Chidrens and Infants Wear Stores
Child Care Services
Chiropodists, Podiatrists
Chiropractors
Cigar Stores and Stands
Civic, Social, Fraternal Associations
Cleaning and Maintenance
Clothing Rental
Colleges, Universities
Commercial Equipment (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Commercial Footwear
Commercial Photography, Art and Graphics
Commuter Transport, Ferries
Computer Network Services
Computer Programming
Computer Repair
Computer Software Stores
Computers, Peripherals, and Software
Concrete Work Services
Construction Materials (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Consulting, Public Relations
Correspondence Schools
Cosmetic Stores
Counseling Services
Country Clubs
Courier Services
Court Costs, Including Alimony and Child Support - Courts of Law
Credit Reporting Agencies
Cruise Lines
Dairy Products Stores
Dance Hall, Studios, Schools
Dating/Escort Services
Dentists, Orthodontists
Department Stores
Detective Agencies
Digital Goods
– Applications (Excludes Games) 5817
Direct Marketing - Catalog Merchant
Direct Marketing - Combination Catalog and Retail Merchant
Direct Marketing - Inbound Telemarketing
Direct Marketing - Insurance Services
Direct Marketing - Other
Direct Marketing - Outbound Telemarketing
Direct Marketing - Subscription
Direct Marketing - Travel
Discount Stores
Doctors
Door-To-Door Sales
Drapery, Window Covering, and Upholstery Stores
Drinking Places
Drug Stores and Pharmacies
Drugs, Drug Proprietaries, and Druggist Sundries
Dry Cleaners
Durable Goods (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Duty Free Stores
Eating Places, Restaurants
Educational Services
Electric Razor Stores
Electrical Parts and Equipment
Electrical Services
Electronics Repair Shops
Electronics Stores
Elementary, Secondary Schools
Employment/Temp Agencies
Equipment Rental
Exterminating Services
Family Clothing Stores
Fast Food Restaurants
Financial Institutions
Fines - Government Administrative Entities
Fireplace, Fireplace Screens, and Accessories Stores
Floor Covering Stores
Florists
Florists Supplies, Nursery Stock, and Flowers
Freezer and Locker Meat Provisioners
Fuel Dealers (Non Automotive)
Funeral Services, Crematories
Furniture Repair, Refinishing
Furniture, Home Furnishings, and Equipment Stores, Except Appliances
Furriers and Fur Shops
General Services
Gift, Card, Novelty, and Souvenir Shops
Glass, Paint, and Wallpaper Stores
Glassware, Crystal Stores
Golf Courses - Public
Government Services (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Grocery Stores, Supermarkets
Hardware Stores
Hardware, Equipment, and Supplies
Health and Beauty Spas
Hearing Aids Sales and Supplies
Heating, Plumbing, A/C
Hobby, Toy, and Game Shops
Home Supply Warehouse Stores
Hospitals
Hotels, Motels, and Resorts
Household Appliance Stores
Industrial Supplies (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Information Retrieval Services
Insurance - Default
Insurance Underwriting, Premiums
Intra-Company Purchases
Jewelry Stores, Watches, Clocks, and Silverware Stores
Landscaping Services
Laundries
Laundry, Cleaning Services
Legal Services, Attorneys
Luggage and Leather Goods Stores
Lumber, Building Materials Stores
Manual Cash Disburse
Marinas, Service and Supplies
Masonry, Stonework, and Plaster
Massage Parlors
Medical Services
Medical and Dental Labs
Medical, Dental, Ophthalmic, and Hospital Equipment and Supplies
Membership Organizations
Mens and Boys Clothing and Accessories Stores
Mens, Womens Clothing Stores
Metal Service Centers
Miscellaneous Apparel and Accessory Shops
Miscellaneous Auto Dealers
Miscellaneous Business Services
Miscellaneous Food Stores - Convenience Stores and Specialty Markets
Miscellaneous General Merchandise
Miscellaneous General Services
Miscellaneous Home Furnishing Specialty Stores
Miscellaneous Publishing and Printing
Miscellaneous Recreation Services
Miscellaneous Repair Shops
Miscellaneous Specialty Retail
Mobile Home Dealers
Motion Picture Theaters
Motor Freight Carriers and Trucking - Local and Long Distance, Moving and Storage Companies, and Local Delivery Services
Motor Homes Dealers
Motor Vehicle Supplies and New Parts
Motorcycle Shops and Dealers
Motorcycle Shops, Dealers
Music Stores-Musical Instruments, Pianos, and Sheet Music
News Dealers and Newsstands
Non-FI, Money Orders
Non-FI, Stored Value Card Purchase/Load
Nondurable Goods (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Nurseries, Lawn and Garden Supply Stores
Nursing/Personal Care
Office and Commercial Furniture
Opticians, Eyeglasses
Optometrists, Ophthalmologist
Orthopedic Goods - Prosthetic Devices
Osteopaths
Package Stores-Beer, Wine, and Liquor
Paints, Varnishes, and Supplies
Parking Lots, Garages
Passenger Railways
Pawn Shops
Pet Shops, Pet Food, and Supplies
Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Photo Developing
Photographic Studios
Photographic, Photocopy, Microfilm Equipment, and Supplies
Picture/Video Production
Piece Goods, Notions, and Other Dry Goods
Plumbing, Heating Equipment, and Supplies
Political Organizations
Postal Services - Government Only
Precious Stones and Metals, Watches and Jewelry
Professional Services
Public Warehousing and Storage - Farm Products, Refrigerated Goods, Household Goods, and Storage
Quick Copy, Repro, and Blueprint
Railroads
Real Estate Agents and Managers - Rentals
Record Stores
Recreational Vehicle Rentals
Religious Goods Stores
Religious Organizations
Roofing/Siding, Sheet Metal
Secretarial Support Services
Security Brokers/Dealers
Service Stations
Sewing, Needlework, Fabric, and Piece Goods Stores
Shoe Repair/Hat Cleaning
Shoe Stores
Small Appliance Repair
Snowmobile Dealers
Special Trade Services
Specialty Cleaning
Sporting Goods Stores
Sporting/Recreation Camps
Sports Clubs/Fields
Sports and Riding Apparel Stores
Stamp and Coin Stores
Stationary, Office Supplies, Printing and Writing Paper
Stationery Stores, Office, and School Supply Stores
Swimming Pools Sales
TUI Travel - Germany
Tailors, Alterations
Tax Payments - Government Agencies
Tax Preparation Services
Taxicabs/Limousines
Telecommunication Equipment and Telephone Sales
Telecommunication Services
Telegraph Services
Tent and Awning Shops
Testing Laboratories
Theatrical Ticket Agencies
Timeshares
Tire Retreading and Repair
Tolls/Bridge Fees
Tourist Attractions and Exhibits
Towing Services
Trailer Parks, Campgrounds
Transportation Services (Not Elsewhere Classified)
Travel Agencies, Tour Operators
Truck StopIteration
Truck/Utility Trailer Rentals
Typesetting, Plate Making, and Related Services
Typewriter Stores
U.S. Federal Government Agencies or Departments
Uniforms, Commercial Clothing
Used Merchandise and Secondhand Stores
Utilities
Variety Stores
Veterinary Services
Video Amusement Game Supplies
Video Game Arcades
Video Tape Rental Stores
Vocational/Trade Schools
Watch/Jewelry Repair
Welding Repair
Wholesale Clubs
Wig and Toupee Stores
Wires, Money Orders
Womens Accessory and Specialty Shops
Womens Ready-To-Wear Stores
Wrecking and Salvage Yards
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