A filtration irrigation method, filtration irrigation device and the manufacturing method thereof, said filtration irrigation device comprises a water carrying chamber, in which one or more porous filter membranes are arranged. One or more flow restrictors corresponding to each membrane are set on the wall of the water carrying chamber. The total permeation capacity of the flow restrictors is less than that of said filter membranes. The present invention can avoid the blockage of the device effectively.
This is a U.S. national stage of application No. PCT/CN2009/074304, filed on 29 Sep. 2009.
The present invention relates to a micro-irrigation technique for irrigating plants, and particularly, to an infiltration irrigation method, an infiltration irrigation apparatus and a method for manufacturing the same.
In the drip irrigation and the infiltration irrigation at present, a most important problem is the blockage of the water outflow pores of the irrigator. In order to prevent the blockage, a common method is to perform a water treatment at the water supply end of the irrigation pipeline. However, this requires a very large investment on equipments, and the whole pipeline may be discarded due to any improper water treatment.
A diameter of the drip irrigation water outflow pore is generally between 0.5 and 1 mm, and the diameter of the infiltration irrigation water outflow pore is mainly from tens of microns to more than one hundred microns. It is found upon research that the blockage is caused by many impurities of different diameters within the above pore diameter ranges, and the particle diameter ranges from tens of microns to less than one micron. Careful studies show that the blockage process of these water outflow pores is as follows. The water in the pipe flows in an axial direction under pressure, wherein some water flows out in a radial direction through the water outflow pores, i.e., becomes irrigation water. Particles carried in the water with small diameters or diameters close to those of the water outflow pores form a bridge and block the outflow passage due to quick impact and drive by the water flowing by the water outflow pores. Thus smaller pores are remained near the bridge, while these pores will be further occupied by other particles or smaller particle bridges, and then are gradually blocked.
For this reason, it is necessary to provide an infiltration irrigation apparatus to solve or improve the problem of the blockage of the water outflow pores in the current drip irrigation and infiltration irrigation.
An object of the present invention is to provide an infiltration irrigation method, an infiltration irrigation apparatus and a method for manufacturing the same, which are capable of automatically clearing the obstructions by sufficiently utilizing the water flow to improve or prevent the blockage of the infiltration irrigation apparatus, prolong the service life of the infiltration irrigation apparatus, and reduce the use cost.
After repeated tests and studies of the water in the pipe, the inventor finds that when the diameter of the infiltration irrigation water outflow pore is small enough and the water outflow rate is sufficiently low, the impurities are difficult to block the outflow passage. Instead, they are slightly attached to the surfaces of the outflow pores, and then can be easily cleared by a shearing force generated by parallel water stream in the pipe. An anti-blockage and water-saving infiltration irrigation apparatus then can be manufactured by sufficiently utilizing such characteristic. The whole irrigation system adopting the infiltration irrigation apparatus can completely perform an automatic cleaning just using the water stream inside the irrigation pipeline, without needing any water treatment device, and will not be blocked during a long-term usage.
On the basis of the above principle, the present invention provides an infiltration irrigation apparatus including:
a water passing chamber having a water outlet and a water inlet, wherein a water stream along an axial direction of the water passing chamber is formed when the water flows between the water inlet and the water outlet;
one or more porous filter membranes disposed in the water passing chamber and formed with a filtration section for accommodating the water filtered by the one or more porous filter membranes; and the location of the one or more porous filter membrane is set so that at least a part of the water stream flows along a surface of the porous filter membrane to wash the surface when the axial water stream exists in the water passing chamber; and
one or more flow restrictors each disposed on a sidewall of the water passing chamber corresponding to the porous filter membrane, wherein each of the one or more flow restrictors has one or more restricting orifices, an inlet communicated with the filtration section of the one or more porous filter membranes and an outlet outside the water passing chamber, and a total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes.
In a preferred example of the present invention, a maximum pore diameter of a restricting orifice of the flow restrictor is larger than that of the porous filter membrane.
In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the number of the one or more porous filter membranes is one, and one or more flow restrictors are disposed in correspondence to the porous filter membrane.
In another optional embodiment of the present invention, the number of the one or more porous filter membranes is more than one, and one or more flow restrictors are disposed in correspondence to each of the porous filter membranes.
In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the porous filter membrane covers a part of an inner wall of the water passing chamber, and edges of the porous filter membrane closely engage with the inner wall of the water passing chamber, so as to form the filtration section between the porous filter membrane and the inner wall of the water passing chamber covered thereby.
In another optional embodiment of the present invention, the porous filter membrane covers a complete circumference of an inner wall of the water passing chamber, and the edges of the porous filter membrane closely engage with the inner wall of the water passing chamber, so as to form the filtration section between the porous filter membrane and the inner wall of the water passing chamber covered thereby.
In yet another optional embodiment of the present invention, the porous filter membrane is bag-shaped, and the filtration section is formed in a bag of the porous filter membrane. In an example of this embodiment, the sidewall of the water passing chamber is disposed with an opening for engaging with the flow restrictor, the flow restrictor is inserted into the opening, a housing of the flow restrictor closely engages with edges of the opening, a bag mouth of the bag-shaped porous filter membrane closely engages with the inlet of the flow restrictor, so that the inlet of the flow restrictor is communicated with the filtration section. In a preferred example of this embodiment, the porous filter membrane has a flat bag shape, and the flat bag shaped porous filter membrane is set flush in the water passing chamber.
In still another optional embodiment of the present invention, the porous filter membrane and the flow restrictor are integrally formed with a same porous material. In this embodiment, the porous material may be porous ceramics.
In the present invention, the sidewall of the water passing chamber is disposed with an opening for engaging with the flow restrictor, an inlet of the flow restrictor closely engages with the opening, so as to dispose the flow restrictor on the sidewall of the water passing chamber; or the flow restrictor is directly mounted in the opening, so as to dispose the flow restrictor on the sidewall of the tubular water passing chamber.
In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the water passing chamber may be specifically formed in a tubular shape.
In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the water passing chamber is constituted by a water pipe or a part thereof, or a tubular support enclosed in the water pipe, and when the water flows in the water pipe, some flows in an axial direction of the water pipe and passes by a surface of the porous filter membrane to wash the surface, while some is filtered by the porous filter membrane, enters the flow restrictor through the filtration section, and flows out of the outlet of the flow restrictor to form irrigation water.
In an optional embodiment of the present invention, the number of the porous filter membranes is more than one, each of the porous filter membranes is disposed in a tubular support, and a plurality of tubular supports disposed with the porous filter membranes are enclosed in the water pipe, respectively, in the axial direction of the water pipe, so that the porous filter membranes are distributed in the water pipe.
In the present invention, the water pipe may be disposed with a valve or mounted with a micro pump actuated periodically, so that the water in the pipe moves to clear the impurities on the surface of the porous filter membrane.
In the present invention, the total water seepage capability of the porous filter membrane may be equal to or greater than five times of that of the corresponding one or more flow restrictors.
In the present invention, a maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice may be equal to or greater than five times of that of the porous filter membrane.
The present invention further provides an infiltration irrigation method that uses the above infiltration irrigation apparatus, wherein one or more porous filter membranes are installed in a water passing chamber, and a filtration section is formed to accommodate the water filtered by the porous filter membrane; a sidewall of the water passing chamber corresponding to the location of each of the porous filter membranes is disposed with one or more flow restrictors, each of the flow restrictors has one or more restricting orifices, an inlet communicated with the filtration section of the porous filter membrane and an outlet outside the water passing chamber, and a total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes; the water in the water passing chamber is made to flow axially at regular time so that an axial water stream flows along a surface of the porous filter membrane to wash the surface.
The present invention further provides a method for manufacturing the above infiltration irrigation apparatus, including:
A. providing one or more flow restrictors and one or more porous filter membranes, wherein each of the flow restrictors has one or more restricting orifices, and a total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes;
B. correspondingly disposing the porous filter membrane and the flow restrictor on a plastic sheet having first and second longitudinal edges, wherein the porous filter membrane is located at an inner side of the plastic sheet and the flow restrictor is located at an outer side of the plastic sheet; a filtration section for accommodating the water filtered by the porous filter membrane is formed at a side where the porous filter membrane is located; and an inlet of the flow restrictor is communicated with the filtration section; and
C. engaging the first and second longitudinal edges of the plastic sheet with each other to form a tubular shape.
The present invention further provides a method for manufacturing the above infiltration irrigation apparatus, including:
A. providing one or more flow restrictors, one or more porous filter membranes, and a water passing chamber composed of a tubular support, wherein each of the flow restrictors has one or more restricting orifices, and a total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes;
B. correspondingly disposing the porous filter membrane and the flow restrictor on the tubular support, wherein the porous filter membrane is located in a pipe of the tubular support; a filtration section for accommodating the water filtered by the porous filter membrane is formed; the flow restrictor is mounted on a sidewall of the tubular support in correspondence to the porous filter membrane; and an inlet of the flow restrictor is communicated with the filtration section of the porous filter membrane;
C. putting the tubular support having the porous filter membrane and the flow restrictor into a molding machine head during an extrusion molding of a water pipe, so that the tubular support is wrapped in the water pipe after the water pipe is extruded by the molding machine head; and
D. making a cut at a location corresponding to the outlet of the flow restrictor on the sidewall of the water pipe, so as to expose the outlet of the flow restrictor.
When the infiltration irrigation apparatus and the infiltration irrigation method of the present invention are adopted, since the total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes, the total water outflow of the one or more flow restrictors is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes, which reduces the amount of water penetrating the one or more porous filter membrane. Therefore, the water penetration rate of the porous filter membrane is reduced, and the impact speed of the impurities carried in the water on the porous filter membrane is decreased, so that the impurities are attached to the surface of the porous filter membrane very slightly. In addition, as the porous filter membrane is disposed in the water passing chamber, the surface of the porous filter membrane can be washed through the axial water stream in the water passing chamber, so that the impurities attached to the surface of the porous filter membrane very slightly are washed away by the water stream flowing along the surface of the porous filter membrane, which improves or avoids the blockage of the porous filter membrane, and effectively improves the blockage of the infiltration irrigation apparatus. Further, since the maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice of the flow restrictor is preferably larger than that of the porous filter membrane, the restricting orifice will not be blocked when the water filtered by the porous filter membrane flows by the restricting orifice. Therefore, the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention is very difficult to be blocked during the usage, and the service life of an infiltration irrigation system using such infiltration irrigation apparatus is far prolonged as compared with the case of adopting the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the prior art, which greatly reduces the use cost.
During the production of the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention, the porous filter membrane and the flow restrictor may be directly engaged with the plastic sheet at first, and then the two longitudinal edges of the plastic sheet are engaged (by hot melting or gluing) with each other to form the plastic sheet into a tubular shape, which facilitates the continuous production of the tubular infiltration irrigation apparatus.
In order to more clearly describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings needed for the descriptions of the embodiments or the prior art are briefly introduced as follows. It is obvious that the following drawings are just some embodiments of the present invention, and a person skilled in the art can acquire other drawings based on these drawings without paying any creative effort. Furthermore, these drawings are just exemplary, and do not limit the scales of various parts in the drawings.
figref[FIG. 1] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 1A] is another structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 2] is a sectional diagram of figref[FIG. 1] of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 3] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention in which one porous filter membrane is corresponding to a plurality of flow restrictors;
figref[FIG. 4] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention in which a plurality of porous filter membranes are disposed in a water passing chamber;
figref[FIG. 5] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention in which an entire porous filter membrane is disposed in an axial direction in the water passing chamber;
figref[FIG. 6] is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process of Embodiment 1 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 7] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention in which the water passing chamber is a tubular support;
figref[FIG. 8] is a schematic diagram of Embodiment 1 of the present invention in which an infiltration irrigation apparatus as illustrated in figref[FIG. 7] is mounted into a water pipe or a part thereof;
figref[FIG. 9] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 2 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 10] is a sectional diagram of figref[FIG. 9] of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 11] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 2 of the present invention in which a plurality of porous filter membranes are disposed in a water passing chamber;
figref[FIG. 12] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 2 of the present invention in which an entire porous filter membrane is disposed in an axial direction in the water passing chamber;
figref[FIG. 13] is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process of Embodiment 2 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 14] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 3 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 14A] is another structural diagram of Embodiment 3 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 14B] is yet another structural diagram of Embodiment 3 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 15] is a sectional diagram of figref[FIG. 14] of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 16] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 3 of the present invention in which one porous filter membrane is corresponding to a plurality of flow restrictors;
figref[FIG. 17] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 3 of the present invention in which a plurality of porous filter membranes are disposed in a water passing chamber;
figref[FIG. 18] is a schematic diagram of Embodiment 3 of the present invention in which an infiltration irrigation apparatus using a tubular support as a water passing chamber is mounted into a water pipe or a part thereof;
figref[FIG. 19] is schematic diagram of a mounting structure of Embodiment 3 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 20] is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process of Embodiment 3 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 21] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 4 of the present invention;
figref[FIG. 22] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 4 of the present invention in which one porous filter membrane is corresponding to a plurality of flow restrictors;
figref[FIG. 23] is a structural diagram of Embodiment 4 of the present invention in which a plurality of porous filter membranes are disposed in a water passing chamber;
figref[FIG. 24] is schematic diagram of Embodiment 4 of the present invention in which an infiltration irrigation apparatus using a tubular support as a water passing chamber is mounted into a water pipe or a part thereof; and
figref[FIG. 25] is a schematic diagram of a manufacturing process of Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
Other features, advantages and embodiments of the present invention will be illustrated or explained in the following descriptions, drawings and claims. In addition, it shall be appreciated that the above summary and the following descriptions are just exemplary, and they intend to provide further explanations, instead of limiting the scope of the present invention.
Through a large number of tests, the inventor finds that whether the water stream in a pipe can burst through impurity particles blocked in the water outflow passage depends on the adhesive force of the impurities on the water outflow passage. Meanwhile, the adhesive force of the impurities on the water outflow passage is directly influenced by the particle size and the “impact speed” of the impurities blocked on the water outflow pore when the impurities is carried by a radial water stream to the water outflow pore. That is, the faster the “impact speed” is, the deeper the location of the impurities blocked in the water outflow passage is, the larger the adhesive force is, and the impurities are not easy to be burst through by an axial parallel water stream. On the contrary, if the location of the impurities blocked in the water outflow passage is shallow, the adhesive force is small, and the impurities are easy to be burst through by a transverse water stream. Since the particle sizes of the impurities determine the “impact speed” of the impurities during the settlement in the water, the relation between the particle size and the settling speed is described as follow by taking the sediment particles as an example: the coarse sand with a particle diameter of 1 mm sinks at 1 m/s in the water, the fine sand with a particle diameter of 0.1 mm sinks at 8 mm/s, the fine soil with a particle diameter of 10 microns sinks at 0.154 mm/s, and the fine clay with a particle diameter of 1 micron sinks at 0.00154 mm/s The specific gravity of the clay particle is the same as that of the coarse sediment, and the great difference in settling speed is caused by the Brownian motion. The smaller the particle diameter of the impurities in the water is, the stronger the Brownian motion is. Thus, under the influence of the Brownian motion, the smaller impurities have a lower adhesive force on the water outflow pore. Such impurities will be displaced for a large distance even by a very slight water oscillation, and can be easily cleared by the water stream in the pipe.
On the other hand, even the porous filter membrane is not easy to be blocked due to the tiny particles of impurities are influenced by the Brownian motion, the blockage possibility may be greatly increased when the water penetrating the pores has a high water outflow rate, because the flow rate of the tiny particles carried in the water stream will also be increased.
Based on the above influence factors, the present invention provides an infiltration irrigation apparatus. As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 1 to 25] , the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention includes a water passing chamber 1, one or more porous filter membranes 2, and one or more flow restrictors 3. In which, the water passing chamber 1 has a water inlet 11 and a water outlet 12, and when the water flows between the water inlet 11 and the water outlet 12, a water stream along an axial direction of the water passing chamber 1 will be formed in the water passing chamber 1. The one or more porous filter membranes 2 are disposed in the water passing chamber 1 and formed with a filtration section 20 for accommodating the water filtered by the porous filter membrane 2. The location of the porous filter membrane 2 is set so that when an axial water stream exists in the water passing chamber 1, at least a part of the water stream flows along a surface of the porous filter membrane 2 to wash the surface. Each of the flow restrictors 3 is disposed on a sidewall of the water passing chamber 1 corresponding to the porous filter membrane 2. Each of the flow restrictors 3 has one or more restricting orifices, an inlet communicated with the filtration section 20 of the porous filter membrane 2 and an outlet outside the water passing chamber 1, and a total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors 3 is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes 2.
The present invention further provides an infiltration irrigation method based on the above infiltration irrigation apparatus. In which, one or more porous filter membranes 2 are installed in a water passing chamber 1 and formed with a filtration section 20 for accommodating the water filtered by the porous filter membrane 2. One or more flow restrictors 3 are disposed on a sidewall of the water passing chamber 1 corresponding to the location of each of the porous filter membranes 2. Each of the flow restrictors 3 has one or more restricting orifices, an inlet communicated with the filtration section 20 of the porous filter membrane 2 and an outlet outside the water passing chamber 1, and a total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors 3 is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membrane 2. The water in the water passing chamber 1 is made to flow axially at regular time so that the axial water stream flows along a surface of the porous filter membrane 2 to wash the surface.
Thus, when an infiltration irrigation is carried out, the water is firstly filtered by the porous filter membrane 2 in the water passing chamber 1 and enters the filtration section 20, then the water filtered by the filtration section 20 flows out through the flow restrictor 3. Since the total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors 3 is designed to be smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes 2 in the present invention, the total water outflow amount of the one or more flow restrictors 3 is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes 2, which reduces the amount of water penetrating the porous filter membrane 2. Therefore, the water penetration rate of the porous filter membrane 2 is reduced, and the impact speed of the impurities carried in the water stream on the porous filter membrane 2 is decreased, so that the impurities are attached to the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 very slightly. In addition, as the porous filter membrane 2 is disposed in the water passing chamber 1, the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 can be washed through the axial water stream in the water passing chamber 1, so that the impurities attached to the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 very slightly are washed away by the water stream flowing along the surface of the porous filter membrane 2, which improves or avoids a blockage of the porous filter membrane 2, and effectively improves the blockage problem of the entire infiltration irrigation apparatus.
In the present invention, a maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice of the flow restrictor 3 is preferably set to be larger than a maximum pore diameter of the porous filter membrane 2 (it can refer to Chinese national standard GB/T 1967-1996 for the method of measuring the maximum pore diameter). Thus a control may be carried out in the aspects of water penetration diameter and water seepage rate. Since the maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice of the flow restrictor 3 is larger than that of the porous filter membrane 2, the water filtered by the porous filter membrane 2 will not cause a blockage when flowing through the restricting orifice.
In the present invention, the maximum pore diameter may be defined as follows: a pore diameter corresponding to an intensity of pressure required for enabling the gas to pass through one end and a first bubble to occur at the other end after a porous substance is wetted by a liquid. The definitions of various pore diameters in the present invention may be acquired with reference to prior methods for measuring the pore diameter of the porous substance, and herein are not described in details.
As illustrated in figref[FIG. 3] , a plurality of flow restrictors 3 may be disposed at the water outflow side corresponding to each of the porous filter membranes 2, and each of the flow restrictors 3 has at least one restricting orifice. The total water outflow amount of these flow restrictors 3 is smaller than that of the porous filter membrane(s) 2, i.e., the total water seepage of each flow restrictor 3 is smaller than that of corresponding porous filter membrane(s) 2, and the water filtered by all the porous filter membrane(s) 2 will not flow out of the infiltration irrigation apparatus unless passing through these restricting orifices.
As mentioned above, the maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice in the flow restrictor 3 is larger than that of the porous filter membrane 2, so that the water filtered by the porous filter membrane 2 will not cause a blockage when passing through the restricting orifice. These restricting orifices function to reduce the amount of water penetrating the porous filter membrane 2 in a certain proportion upon demand, so as to decrease the water penetration rate of the porous filter membrane 2. That is, the impact speed of the impurities carried in the water stream on the porous filter membrane 2 is decreased, so that the impurities are attached very slightly to the pores of the porous filter membrane 2 and can be easily washed away by the water stream. Such infiltration irrigation apparatus is suitable to a wide range of water supplying pressure, and the water outflow of the porous filter membrane 2 under a certain water supplying pressure may be controlled by selecting an appropriate number and appropriate pore diameters of restricting orifices. Thus the water has a sufficiently low penetration rate on the porous filter membrane 2 of a certain area where it penetrates, so as to ensure that the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 will not be blocked under the washing of the water stream of a low flow rate.
Preferably, the present invention uses a porous filter membrane 2 with the maximum pore diameter no more than 20 μm (more preferably 10 μm) as the water outflow passage for infiltration irrigation, so as to choose impurity particles having strong Brown motion characteristics to fit the pores of the porous filter membrane 2. As a result, impurity particles capable of blocking the pores of the porous filter membrane 2 are not easily to be attached to the pores of the porous filter membrane 2, and can be washed away by the water flowing along the surface of the porous filter membrane 2. The particle diameters of smaller impurities are far less than the pores of the porous filter membrane 2, and can easily pass through these pores without causing a blockage. Since large impurities will not be blocked in the membrane pores, the adhesive force is greatly reduced, and the impurities are easy to be washed away. Among even larger impurity particles there are many pores, and those impurities will not block the pores of the porous filter membrane 2 even stayed on the surface of the porous filter membrane 2.
Thus, the present invention, by determining the diameters of pores of the porous filter membrane 2, chooses out impurities having strong Brown motion characteristics as potential obstructions. In the meantime, the flow rate of water penetrating the porous filter membrane 2 is restricted by the flow restrictor 3 so as to decrease the “impact speed” of the obstruction. Under the influence of the Brown motion, the obstructions can only suspend on the surface of the porous filter membrane 2, and can be easily carried away by the water stream on the surface of the porous filter membrane 2, and the porous filter membrane 2 will nearly not be blocked by any particle. At the same time, the pore diameter of the flow restrictor 3 is larger than that of the porous filter membrane 2, thus the flow restrictor 3 also will not be blocked. Therefore, the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention is difficult to be blocked, and the service life of the entire irrigation system using the infiltration irrigation apparatus is greatly prolonged.
The water passing chamber 1 in the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention may be formed in a tubular shape. As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 1] , 4 and 5, the water passing chamber 1 may be constituted by a water pipe 10 or a part thereof, or may be a tubular support enclosed in the water pipe as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 6 and 7] . Thus, when water flows in the water pipe, some flows in the axial direction of the water pipe and passes by the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 to wash the surface, while some is filtered by the porous filter membrane 2, enters the flow restrictor 3 through the filtration section 20, and flows out of the outlet of the flow restrictor 3 to form irrigation water.
When the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention is used, the water in the water passing chamber 1 may be enabled to flow axially at regular time, so as to periodically clear the impurities on the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 in the water passing chamber 1. The flow of water stream in the water passing chamber 1 may be implemented in various manners. For example, one end of the water pipe is provided with a valve or micro pump, and the water in the whole pipe will flow when some water is discharged by opening the valve or the water is pumped by the other end of the micro pump, so as to form an axial water stream in the water passing chamber 1. Such axial flow of the water stream in the water passing chamber 1 may effectively wash the porous filter membrane 2, so that the impurities stayed thereon will be displaced and cannot block the pores of the porous filter membrane 2, thus a long-time and stable operation of the entire irrigation system is ensured. Or, when the water pipe is an annular (circular, elliptical, rectangular or the like) structure, a micro pump may also be mounted on the pipe, so as to make the water in the pipe move periodically, and continuously clear the impurities on the porous filter membrane 2. Thus the membrane is ensured to be unobstructed and the flow restrictor 3 will not be blocked, and the entire irrigation system can operate stably in a long term.
In the present invention, the restricting orifices of the flow restrictor 2 may be formed in various manners. For example, a porous medium having a capillary function or capillary tube bundles may be disposed in the flow restrictor 2 to form a plurality of restricting orifices. Of course, the restricting orifices may also be formed in other manners known by persons skilled in the art, and herein is not limited.
During the actual operation, a manner may also be adopted in which the average or minimum pore diameter of the restricting orifice is larger than the maximum pore diameter of the porous filter membrane, which is more favorable to prevent the flow restrictor from being blocked (it can refer to Chinese national standard GB/T 1967-1996 for the method of measuring the average and minimum pore diameters).
Preferably, the maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice 3 is chosen to be equal to or greater than 5 times of that of the porous filter membrane 2. Or even preferably, the maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice 3 is chosen to be equal to or greater than 10 times of that of the porous filter membrane 2. The definitive relation between the pore diameters of the restricting orifice and the porous filter membrane 2 solves the problem that the restricting orifice is easy to be blocked.
The larger the difference between the water seepage capabilities of the flow restrictor 3 and the porous filter membrane 2 is, the slower the water seepage rate of the porous filter membrane 2 is, the smaller the “impact speed” of the impurity is, and the longer the service life of the porous filter membrane 2. Thus, in order to manufacture an infiltration irrigation apparatus of an ultra-long service life, works of the following two aspects shall be done after the pore diameter of the porous filter membrane 2 has been determined: on one hand, the water outflow of the flow restrictor 3 is decreased so far as possible on the condition that the water amount needed by the plants is satisfied, by reducing the number of the restricting orifices or the pore diameter thereof (not less than that of the porous filter membrane); on the other hand, water seepage capability of the porous filter membrane 2 is enhanced so far as possible by increasing the seepage area. Thus, an infiltration irrigation apparatus can be manufactured to work in long term using any water.
The embodiments of the infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention are described as follows with reference to the drawings, so as to further describe the infiltration irrigation apparatus and the method for manufacturing the same. To be noted, all the drawings are just illustrative and not drafted in scales. In the drawings, the same reference signs are used to denote the same or similar components.
Embodiment 1
figref[FIGS. 1 to 8] illustrate the structural diagrams of the infiltration irrigation apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. As illustrated in figref[FIG. 1] , the infiltration irrigation apparatus according to the embodiment includes a water passing chamber 1, a porous filter membrane 2 and a flow restrictor 3. The water passing chamber 1 has a water inlet 11 and a water outlet 12. The porous filter membrane 2 covers a complete circumference of inner wall of the water passing chamber 1. The edges of both ends of the porous filter membrane 2 may closely engage with the inner wall of the water passing chamber 1 and then become waterproof, so as to form a filtration section 20 between the porous filter membrane 2 and the inner wall of the water passing chamber 1 covered thereby. The flow restrictor 3 is disposed on a sidewall of the water passing chamber 1 corresponding to the porous filter membrane 2. Each flow restrictor 3 has one or more restricting orifices, an inlet communicated with the filtration section 20 of the porous filter membrane 2 and an outlet outside the water passing chamber 1. The total water seepage capability of the flow restrictor 3 is smaller than that of the porous filter membrane 2.
Thus as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 1 to 8] , since the porous filter membrane 2 covers the complete circumference of inner wall of the water passing chamber 1, when an infiltration irrigation for plants is carried out, the water in the water passing chamber 1 will be filtered by the porous filter membrane 2, enter the filtration section 20 between the porous filter membrane 2 and the inner wall of the water passing chamber 1, and flow out through the restricting orifice of the flow restrictor 3, so as to form irrigation water for irrigating plants. Since the total water seepage capability of the flow restrictor 3 is smaller than that of the porous filter membrane 2, i.e., the total water outflow amount of the flow restrictor 3 is smaller than that of the porous filter membrane 2, the water penetrating the porous filter membrane 2 flows very slowly. After the infiltration irrigation apparatus is used for some time, the impurities in water will only be slightly attached to the porous filter membrane 2. In that case, by making water in the water passing chamber 1 flow axially, the axial water stream passing by the water passing chamber 1 will flow along the surface of the porous filter membrane 2, so as to wash impurities on the porous filter membrane 2, and effectively prevents the porous filter membrane 2 from being blocked.
In this embodiment, the maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice of the flow restrictor 3 is preferably larger than that of the porous filter membrane 2. Thus, the restricting orifice of the flow restrictor 3 will not be blocked during the infiltration irrigation since the maximum pore diameter of the restricting orifice of the flow restrictor 3 is larger than that of the porous filter membrane 2.
In this embodiment, the porous filter membrane 2 may be directly disposed on the inner wall of the water passing chamber 1 by welding or compression joint, so that the water stream flows on the porous filter membrane 2 and the wash effect is the optimum.
As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 1 and 3] , the flow restrictor 3 may be composed of one or more restricting orifices. The flow restrictor 3 may be directly opened on the pipe wall in the range covered by the porous filter membrane 2, or the restricting orifice may be extended outside the infiltration irrigation apparatus by appropriately extending the flow restrictor 3. As illustrated in figref[FIG. 1] , in this embodiment, the sidewall of the water passing chamber 1 may be disposed with an opening for engaging with the flow restrictor 3. The flow restrictor 3 may be directly mounted in the opening to dispose the flow restrictor 3 on the sidewall of the tubular water passing chamber 1. The mounting of the flow restrictor 3 in the opening of the water passing chamber 1 may be specifically as follows: the flow restrictor 3 is made of porous ceramics and inserted into the opening with its outer wall closely engaging with the opening edge; or the flow restrictor 3 is made of several hydrophilic fibers directly disposed in the opening with their ends extending outside, so as to form a mounting structure for the flow restrictor 3 and the opening. As illustrated in figref[FIG. 1A] , the inlet of the flow restrictor 3 may be closely engaged with the opening to dispose the flow restrictor 3 on the sidewall of the water passing chamber 1.
As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 1 and 2] , in this embodiment, each porous filter membrane 2 may be correspondingly disposed with one flow restrictor 3, or as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 3 and 5] , each porous filter membrane 2 is corresponding to two or more flow restrictors 3, so as to distribute the irrigation water to different irrigation locations. Under the same pressure and time, the water outflow amounts of the porous filter membrane 2 are measured and the water outflow amounts of the one or more flow restrictors 3 in the range covered by the porous filter membrane 2 are measured, and the total water seepage amount of the one or more flow restrictors 3 shall be smaller than that of the porous filter membrane 2, i.e., the total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors 3 is smaller than that of the porous filter membrane 2. Thus the flow restrictor 3 limits the water seepage rate of the porous filter membrane 2, and reduces the “impact speed” of impurities in the water on the porous filter membrane 2. So the impurities on the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 are easier to be cleared by the water stream, which greatly prolongs the service life of the porous filter membrane.
In this embodiment, as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 1] , 4, 5 and 8, the water passing chamber 1 may be constituted by a water pipe 10 or a part thereof. As illustrated in figref[FIG. 4] , a plurality of porous filter membranes 2 may be disposed in the axial direction of the water pipe 10 or a part thereof. Or as illustrated in figref[FIG. 5] , a whole porous filter membrane 2 is extendedly disposed in the axial direction of the water pipe 10 or a part thereof, and a plurality of flow restrictors 3 are disposed in correspondence to the porous filter membrane 2, so as to irrigate plants at different locations.
As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 7 and 8] , the water passing chamber 1 may also be a tubular support enclosed in the water pipe 10. An infiltration irrigation apparatus having such a water passing chamber 1 composed of a tubular support may be manufactured in the following steps:
A. providing one or more flow restrictors 3, one or more porous filter membranes 2, and a water passing chamber 1 composed of a tubular support, wherein each flow restrictor 3 has one or more restricting orifices, and the total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors 3 is smaller than that of the one or more porous filter membranes 2;
B. correspondingly disposing the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 on the tubular support, wherein the porous filter membrane 2 is located in the pipe of the tubular support; a filtration section 20 for accommodating water filtered by the porous filter membrane 2 is formed; the flow restrictor 3 is mounted on the sidewall of the tubular support in correspondence to the porous filter membrane 2; and an inlet of the flow restrictor 3 is communicated with the filtration section 30 of the porous filter membrane 2;
C. putting the tubular support having the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 into a molding machine head during an extrusion molding of a water pipe 10, so that the tubular support is wrapped in the water pipe 10 after the water pipe 10 is extruded by the molding machine head; and
D. making a cut at a location corresponding to an outlet of flow restrictor 3 on the sidewall of the water pipe 10, so as to expose the outlet of the flow restrictor 3 and form an infiltration irrigation apparatus as illustrated in figref[FIG. 8] .
Thus, when water flows in the water pipe, some flows in the axial direction of the water pipe and passes by the surface of the porous filter membrane 2 to wash the surface, while some is filtered by the porous filter membrane 2, enters the flow restrictor 3 through the filtration section 20, and flows out of the outlet of the flow restrictor 3 to form irrigation water.
Upon the irrigation demand, the water pipe 10 or a part thereof may be a main water pipe in the irrigation system, or a plurality of branches connected to the main water pipe, and herein is not limited.
The flow of water stream in the water passing chamber 1 may be implemented in various manners. For example, one end of the water pipe is provided with a valve or micro pump, and the water in the whole pipe will flow when some water is discharged by opening the valve or the water is pumped by the other end of the micro pump upon demand, so as to form an axial water stream in the water passing chamber 1. For a short water passing chamber 1 or water pipe, a pushable piston may be disposed at the location of a water inlet 11. When the porous filter membrane 2 needs to be cleaned, the piston is pushed to make the water in the water passing chamber 1 or the water pipe flow, so as to wash the surface of the porous filter membrane 2.
During the production of such infiltration irrigation apparatus, it is inconvenient to mount the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 in the narrow tube, and there are many inconveniences in implementation with prior producing methods. The infiltration irrigation apparatus of the present invention may be manufactured by using the following method, in addition to the manner as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 7 and 8] in which a tubular support having the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 is firstly formed and then put into the water pipe:
A. molding a flow restrictor 3 having one or more restricting orifices;
B. engaging one or more flow restrictors 3 with a plastic sheet 13 having first and second longitudinal edges 131, 132, as illustrated in figref[FIG. 6] ;
C. providing a porous filter membrane 2 such that the total water seepage capability of the one or more flow restrictors 3 is smaller than that of the porous filter membrane 2;
D. making one or more porous filter membranes 2 to at least cover an inner wall of the plastic sheet 13 corresponding to the flow restrictor 3, so as to form the filtration section between the porous filter membrane 2 and the inner wall covered thereby, as illustrated in figref[FIG. 6] ; and
E. engaging the first longitudinal edge of the plastic sheet 10 with the second longitudinal edge of the plastic sheet 10 to form a tubular shape, as illustrated in figref[FIG. 6] .
The steps C and D may be performed before the steps A and B, i.e., the porous filter membrane 2 may be connected to the plastic sheet 13 firstly, then the flow restrictor 3 is engaged with the plastic sheet 13, and limitation is not made in the present application. Furthermore, in step A, the flow restrictor 3 may be an independent product, or directly formed by molding the porous medium or capillary tubes at the opening of the plastic sheet 10, and herein is not limited.
Thus in this embodiment, the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 may be directly engaged with the plastic sheet 13 at first in the production, and then the first and second longitudinal edges 131 and 132 of the plastic sheet are engaged (by hot melting or gluing) with each other to form the plastic sheet 13 into a tubular shape, so as to facilitate the continuous production of the tubular infiltration irrigation apparatus.
Embodiment 2
figref[FIGS. 9 to 13] illustrate structural diagrams of Embodiment 2 of the present invention. The basic structure of this embodiment is substantially the same as that of Embodiment 1, the descriptions of the same portions are omitted herein, and the difference is the manner of disposing the porous filter membrane 2. In this embodiment, provided that the total water seepage capability of the porous filter membrane 2 is larger than that of the flow restrictor 3, the porous filter membrane 2 may be just disposed on a part of the circumference of the inner wall of the water pipe 1, i.e., it only covers a part of the inner circumferential wall of the water passing chamber 1 corresponding to the flow restrictor 3. In addition, the edges of the porous filter membrane 3 closely engage with the inner of the water pipe to proof water, so as to form an isolated filtration section 20 between the porous filter membrane 2 and the inner wall of the water pipe covered thereby. The water cannot become irrigation water until it enters the filtration section 20 through the porous filter membrane 2 and flows out through the flow restrictor. The water stream in the water pipe functions to clear impurities when passing by the surface of the porous filter membrane 2.
In this embodiment, as illustrated in figref[FIG. 9] , each porous filter membrane 2 may be correspondingly disposed with a flow restrictor 3. Or as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 11 and 12] , each porous filter membrane 2 may be corresponding to two or more flow restrictors 3, so as to distribute the irrigation water to different irrigation locations.
In this embodiment, as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 9] , 11 and 12, the water passing chamber 1 may be constituted by a water pipe 10 or a part thereof. As illustrated in figref[FIG. 11] , a plurality of porous filter membranes 2 may be disposed in the axial direction of the water pipe 10 or a part thereof. Or as illustrated in figref[FIG. 12] , a whole porous filter membrane 2 is extendedly disposed in the axial direction of the water pipe 10 or a part thereof, and a plurality of flow restrictors 3 are disposed in correspondence to the porous filter membrane 2, so as to irrigate plants at different locations. Upon the irrigation demand, the water pipe 10 or a part thereof may be a main water pipe in the irrigation system, or a plurality of branches connected to the main water pipe, and herein is not limited.
In this embodiment, being similar to illustrations of figref[FIGS. 7 and 8] in Embodiment 1, the water passing chamber 1 may be a tubular support enclosed in the water pipe 10 (not shown). The manufacturing method thereof can also be the same as that in Embodiment 1, and herein is omitted.
In this embodiment, the flow of water stream in the water passing chamber 1 may also be implemented in various manners. For example, one end of the water pipe is provided with a valve or micro pump, and the water in the whole pipe will flow when some water is discharged by opening the valve or the water is pumped by the other end of the micro pump upon demand, so as to form an axial water stream in the water passing chamber 1. For a short water passing chamber 1 or water pipe, a pushable piston may be disposed at the location of a water inlet 11. When the porous filter membrane 2 needs to be cleaned, the piston is pushed to make water in the water passing chamber 1 or the water pipe flow, so as to wash the surface of the porous filter membrane 2.
During the production of such infiltration irrigation apparatus, it is inconvenient to mount the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 in the narrow tube, and there are many inconveniences in implementation with the prior producing methods. Being similar to Embodiment 1, in addition to the manner as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 7 and 8] in which a tubular support having the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 is firstly formed and then put into the water pipe, the following method may be adopted: as illustrated in figref[FIG. 13] , the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 may be firstly disposed on the plastic sheet 13 having the first and second longitudinal edges 131 and 132, and then the first and second longitudinal edges 131 and 132 of the plastic sheet 13 are engaged (by hot melting or gluing) with each other to form the plastic sheet 13 into a tubular shape, so as to facilitate the continuous production of the tubular infiltration irrigation apparatus.
Since the embodiment has a structure substantially the same as that of Embodiment 1, the technical effect of Embodiment 1 will also be achieved, and herein is omitted.
Embodiment 3
figref[FIGS. 14 to 19] illustrate structural diagrams of Embodiment 3 of the present invention. The basic structure and the principle of this embodiment are substantially the same as that of Embodiment 1, and the descriptions of the same portions are omitted herein. As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 14 to 19] , this embodiment differs from Embodiment 1 in that the porous filter membrane 2 is bag-shaped, and the filtration section 20 is formed in a bag of the porous filter membrane 2. During the infiltration irrigation, the water cannot become irrigation water until it enters the bag through the bag-shaped porous filter membrane 2 (i.e., into the filtration section 20), and flows out of the tubular infiltration irrigation apparatus through the flow restrictor 3.
In addition to the effect of Embodiment 1, since a bag-shaped porous filter membrane 2 is used, a blockage is more difficult to be caused. Because firstly, as compared with the flush porous filter membrane, the bag-shaped porous filter membrane 2 can multiply the membrane area in a narrow space, reduce the adhesive force of impurities, and prolong the membrane life. Secondly, once water flows in the pipe, a pressure will be produced in a part of region of the bag of the porous filter membrane 2; such pressure is transferred to the water in the bag and causes a liquid pressure outward from the inside of the bag; and some water flows outwards from the inside of the bag through the pores on the membrane, so as to produce a certain effect of backwash and prolong the membrane life.
As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 14A and 14B] , in this embodiment, the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 may be disposed on the water passing chamber 1 in a manner similar to that of Embodiment 1. The bag mouth edges of the porous filter membrane 2 closely engage with the inner wall of the water passing chamber 1, an opening for engaging with the flow restrictor 3 is disposed at a location on the sidewall of the water passing chamber 1 corresponding to the bag mouth of the porous filter membrane 2, and the inlet of the flow restrictor 3 may directly and closely engage with the opening on the sidewall of the water passing chamber 1 as illustrated in figref[FIG. 14A] , or as illustrated in figref[FIG. 14B] , the flow restrictor 3 is mounted in the opening with its outer wall engaging with the opening edges. As illustrated in figref[FIG. 14] , in this embodiment, the bag mouth of the porous filter membrane 2 may be fixedly and closely engaged with the inlet edge of the flow restrictor 3 at first, so that the inlet of the flow restrictor 3 is communicated with the filtration section 20; and then the flow restrictor 3 having a membrane bag is fixed by plugging from inside to outside and sealed at the opening of the water passing chamber 1. This mounting manner is simple and convenient, in which the flow restrictor 3 may have an inverted cone shape so as to be conveniently plugged at the opening of the water passing chamber 1. Further as illustrated in figref[FIG. 19] , the upper portion of the flow restrictor 3 may have a neck. During the mounting, the bag mouth of the membrane bag is fixedly and closely engaged with the opening of the water passing chamber 1, then the flow restrictor 3 is inserted into the opening from outside the water passing chamber 1, and the neck of the flow restrictor 3 is clamped and fixed at the opening, finally is sealed. Preferably, the opening of the water passing chamber 1 is made of a material (e.g., rubber) of a good elasticity for the convenience of mounting and ensuring the sealing effect.
In this embodiment, the porous filter membrane 2 is preferably in a flat bag shape, and the flat bag-shaped porous filter membrane 2 is set flush in the water passing chamber 1, which can effectively increase the area of the porous filter membrane 2, and will not cause too large a resistance to the water stream in the pipe.
In this embodiment, each porous filter membrane 2 may be provided with a flow restrictor 3 as illustrated in figref[FIG. 14] ; or as illustrated in figref[FIG. 16] , each porous filter membrane 2 is corresponding to two or more flow restrictors 3, so as to distribute the irrigation water to different irrigation locations.
In this embodiment, as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 14] , 17 and 18, the water passing chamber 1 may be constituted by a water pipe 10 or a part thereof. As illustrated in figref[FIGS. 17 and 18] , a plurality of porous filter membranes 2 may be disposed along the axial direction of the water pipe 10 or a part thereof. Upon the irrigation demand, the water pipe 10 or a part thereof may be a main water pipe in the irrigation system, or a plurality of branches connected to the main water pipe, and herein is not limited.
In this embodiment, as illustrated in figref[FIG. 18] , the water passing chamber 1 may be a tubular support enclosed in the water pipe 10 similar to that as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 7 and 8] of Embodiment 1. The manufacturing method thereof may be the same as that of Embodiment 1, and herein is omitted.
In this embodiment, the flow of water stream in the water passing chamber 1 may be implemented in various manners. For example, one end of the water pipe is provided with a valve or micro pump, and the water in the whole pipe will flow when some water is discharged by opening the valve or the water is pumped by the other end of the micro pump upon demand, so as to form an axial water stream in the water passing chamber 1. For a short water passing chamber 1 or water pipe, a pushable piston may be disposed at the location of a water inlet 11. When the porous filter membrane 2 needs to be cleaned, the piston is pushed to make water in the water passing chamber 1 or the water pipe flow, so as to wash the surface of the porous filter membrane 2.
During the production of such infiltration irrigation apparatus, it is inconvenient to mount the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 in the narrow tube, and there are many inconveniences in implementation with the prior producing methods. Being similar to Embodiment 1, in addition to the manner as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 7 and 8] in which a tubular support having the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 is firstly formed and then put into the water pipe, the following method may be adopted: as illustrated in figref[FIG. 20] , the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 may be firstly disposed on the plastic sheet 13 having the first and second longitudinal edges 131 and 132, and then the first and second longitudinal edges 131 and 132 of the plastic sheet 13 are engaged (by hot melting or gluing) with each other to form the plastic sheet 13 into a tubular shape, so as to facilitate the continuous production of the tubular infiltration irrigation apparatus.
Since the embodiment has a structure substantially the same as Embodiment 1, the technical effect of Embodiment 1 will also be achieved, and herein is omitted.
Embodiment 4
figref[FIGS. 21 to 25] illustrate structural diagrams of Embodiment 4 of the present invention. The basic structure and the principle of this embodiment are substantially the same as the preceding embodiments, and the descriptions of the same portions are omitted herein. In which as illustrated in figref[FIGS. 21 to 25] , this embodiment differs from the preceding embodiments as follows: in preceding Embodiments 1 to 3, the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 are not integrally formed and may be formed of different materials, e.g., the porous filter membrane 2 is made of nylon membrane, and the flow restrictor 3 is made of hydrophilic fibers or porous material; while in this embodiment, the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 are formed integrally with the same porous material (e.g., porous ceramics), i.e., the upper portion of the flow restrictor 3 becomes the porous filter membrane 2 of a large area so that the porous filter membrane 2 itself forms a filtration section 20 isolated from the water passing chamber 1, and the bottom of the porous filter membrane 2 extrudes integrally to form the flow restrictor 3. In addition, the thickness and area of the porous filter membrane 2 may be set according to the filtration demands.
In this embodiment, the total water seepage capability of the porous filter membrane 2 may be larger than that of one or more flow restrictors 3 by setting the water seepage surface of the porous filter membrane 2 to be larger than the total water outflow area of the one or more flow restrictors 3, so as to restrict the flow rate of the water penetrating the porous filter membrane 2.
The integral structure of the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 has a small water outflow area outside the water passing chamber 1, while a far larger volume and a quite larger surface inside the water passing chamber 1. Thus the water outlet at the outside actually functions to restrict the water stream, and the water penetration rate on the large surface inside is very slow. The “impact speed” of impurities is slower correspondingly, which is very beneficial for clearing the impurities. The porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 made of an integral material are easier for manufacturing and mounting, and have a reduced cost.
In this embodiment, an opening may be pre-disposed on the water passing chamber 1, and the water outlet of the flow restrictor 3 may be inserted from the inside to the outside through the opening and then fixed and sealed. Alternatively, the flow restrictor 3 may be screwed on the sidewall of the water passing chamber 1 by its housing.
As illustrated in figref[FIG. 25] , the method for manufacturing the infiltration irrigation apparatus is easier than that of Embodiment 1. It only needs to molding the porous filter membrane 2 and the flow restrictor 3 integrally formed with a same material (e.g., porous ceramics), and then engaging them with the plastic sheet. It can refer to Embodiment 1 for other portions.
In this embodiment, as illustrated in figref[FIG. 24] , the water passing chamber 1 may also be a tubular support enclosed in the water pipe 10. The manufacturing method thereof may be the same as that of Embodiment 1, and herein is omitted.
Although the embodiments disclose the present invention, they do not intend to limit the present invention. Any replacement of equivalent assembly made by a person skilled in the art without deviating from the concept and scope of the present invention, or any equivalent change and modification made according to the patent protection scope of the present invention, shall be covered by the present patent application.


Chair: Experienced in teaching and mentorship
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Title:†††††††††††††††† Release It! Design and Deploy Production-Ready Software
Author:†††††††††††† Michael T. Nygard
Published:†††††††† 2007
ISBN:††††††††††††† 0-9787392-1-3
Verdict:††††††††††† Highly Recommended
Iím not exactly sure how I came across this book; it had a good reputation on the grape-vine and I appeared to be spending more time working on distributed systems, so seemed a suitable choice.
As Michael states in the preface, this is a book for architects, designers and developers working on enterprise-class systems. In essence the focus is on server-based and back-end systems Ė not desktop apps. The book is split into 4 parts: Stability, Capacity, General Design Issues and Operations with the first two parts taking a pattern language approach, whilst the latter two are more of a collection of loosely related topics.
The first two parts both start with a 10-page case study that sets the scene for the collection of patterns and anti-patterns that follow. Besides providing a back-drop for the pattern language the case study includes an attempt to put a real cost to the business on the failures in question. This provides a sobering thought that only goes to highlight how important the subject matter really is. There are also numerous side-bars throughout the book that take a far more technical look at the issues in question, such as capturing network packets.
Specifying timeouts was already on my list of essentials, but now the terms Circuit Breaker and Bulkhead also seem to be part of my regular vernacular. The key message from the Stability chapters is about de-coupling the various parts system whereas the Capacity section is about being careful with pooling and caching. The anti-patterns in the Capacity part have a definite web bias but I suspect thatís just because there are so many more different ways to hose your servers.
The grab-bag of topics covered under General Design Issues includes multi-homed servers, clustering and configuration files - all interesting stuff. This leads on to the final part on Operations. Once again Michael takes a few pages to recount a story before heading into discussions around log file formats and various forms of monitoring. Chapter 18 concludes the book by proposing how to adopt a more agile approach to development so that systems will be able to mature and grow in ways that seek to minimise the chances of the anti-patterns rearing their ugly heads.
Chris Oldwood
17/10/2012


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--- layout: layout title: Start ---
Moving data back and forth between disk and RAM is extremely inefficient. In a traditional layered backend architecture, most of the code is there to deal with this Memstate is designed from the ground up to run in-memory and Use Memstate to structure and manage your data in-memory, obtain transparent persistence, concurrency control and transactions with strong ACID guarantees. Make your applications 100x faster, and your developers Memstate has many possible use cases but is designed primarily to handle complex OLTP workloads in a typical enterprise application.
Memstate enables you to build high quality, mission critical systems with real-time performance at a fraction of the time and cost.
In-memory operations are orders of magnitude faster than disk operations. A single Memstate engine can execute millions of read transactions and tens of thousands of write transactions per second, all at submillisecond latency.
This is the #1 reason we built Memstate. The traditional backend architecture has so many complex parts and layers that can be eliminated when using an in-memory centric architecture. The traditional RDBMS backend developer needs to deal with data access, relational modeling, object-relational mapping, data type conversion, sql tuning, caching, migrations and transaction management to name a few things. With Memstate, a single in-memory domain model replaces the domain layer, data access and data layers.
Memstate transactions are 100% ACID out of the box. Commands execute one at a time, transitioning the in-memory model from one consistent state to the next. The data model, commands and queries are all strongly typed, compile-time checked, version controlled with the rest of your code and easily unit tested.
Memstate in-memory data models, commands and queries are written in C#. Create your own domain specific model, or use one of the built-ins:
sub-millisecond latency
Memstate can easily be customized to meet your specific requirements. Choose from existing modules or implement custom plugins. Storage and wire formats:
The command journal contains a complete history of every change ever made to the data. This means that:
The HTTP Command/Query API lets any client that can speak HTTP execute commands and queries.
Easily administer Memstate Server using a simple and intuitive web-based interface.
Memstate is fully open source and licensed under the LGPL license. The source code is hosted on Github. Memstate is free to use for both commercial and non-commercial purposes.
Memstate is based on .NET Standard 2.0 and runs on .NET Core >=2.0, .NET Framework >=4.6.1 or Mono >=5.4.
Memstate supports any number of read/write replicas, just connect to
Here are the major drawbacks:


Adds all input tensors element-wise.
tf.add_n
tf.compat.v1.add_n
tf.compat.v1.math.add_n
tf.compat.v2.add_n
tf.compat.v2.math.add_n
tf.math.add_n( inputs, name=None )
Converts IndexedSlices
objects into dense tensors prior to adding.
tf.math.add_n
performs the same operation as tf.math.accumulate_n
, but it
waits for all of its inputs to be ready before beginning to sum.
This buffering can result in higher memory consumption when inputs are ready
at different times, since the minimum temporary storage required is
proportional to the input size rather than the output size.
This op does not broadcast
its inputs. If you need broadcasting, use tf.math.add
(or the +
operator)
instead.
a = tf.constant([[3, 5], [4, 8]]) b = tf.constant([[1, 6], [2, 9]]) tf.math.add_n([a, b, a]) # [[7, 16], [10, 25]]
inputs
: A list of tf.Tensor
or tf.IndexedSlices
objects, each with same
shape and type.name
: A name for the operation (optional).A Tensor
of same shape and type as the elements of inputs
.
ValueError
: If inputs
don't all have same shape and dtype or the shape
cannot be inferred.


There seems to be only a couple experience reports about oxymorphone or otherwise known as Opana. I would like to give my 2 cents on this amazing drug. I would first like to say that I am very experienced with opiates. I have done alot of drugs in my past and opiates have always been my favorite. I have smoked weed, taken shrooms, acid, E, cocaine, and have done all sorts of pills including uppers and downers. When it comes to my favorite drug of choice, opiates, I have done everything from codeine to heroin and everything in between. I have been taking opiates for the past 7 years and I have a very high tolerance to them. It takes me around 40mg of oxycontin to get a decent buzz. I consider myself to be very experience with opiates.
When I first heard of how strong oxymorphone is I thought it was to good to be true. Of the reports and first hand experiences Iíve read and heard of I knew that this was something I would have to try first hand. Iíve heard that oxymorphone is more potent than oxycontin. My boy got his hands on two 20mg Opanas (oxymorphone) and I decided to give it a try and purchased both of them from him. The pills were green, shapped like a octogon, a 20 on one side and blank on the other.
That night I sat down, broke one of the pills in half and crushed it up for insufflating. With every new opiate I try, I try a little bit at a time so I donít over do it the first time and get sick or even worse over dose. So I figured I would try half the pill first just to see what Iím dealing with. So 10mg of oxymorphone was insufflated at 8pm.
After about 10 minutes the ever so familiar opiate rush started to slowly fill my head and body. 20 minutes in I was feeling very good. I felt very relaxed, loads of euphoria, and felt like nothing in the world could bother me, same feeling I get from any other opiate. At the 30 minute mark I felt as if I had hit the peak. I felt GREAT. I then decided to insufflate another 5mg.
20 minutes later I felt like I was on top of the world. With all of my experiences with opiates I would compare 15mg of oxymorphone to around 50mg to 60mg of oxycontin. But for some reason the high I get from oxymorphone is a little different from oxycontin. The high feels more 'clean'. There was no nausea, nodding off, zoning out, or any other negative side affects I get with oxycontin. The only negative side affect I really got from doing oxymorphone was I was incredibaly itchy. Seriously the itchyness I get from oxymorphone was 5 times worse than I get with any other opiate. But it felt so good to itch my arms, legs, my head and my back.
After about any hour and a half from doing 15mg of oxymorphone I decided to have a couple beers. Alcohol mixed with the oxymorphone very well. Again experimenting with a new drug and drinking alcohol I was very cautious and took it slow. I was high on the oxymorphone for about 4 to 5 hours after doseing. Drank a total of 7 beers over a 8 hour period. Went to bed later that night and as soon as I hit the bed I was out like a light. Slept 9 hours with out waking once to toss and turn and change my position in bed.
But at around 9 the next morning I did notice some very uncomfortable withdrawls while laying in bed. Went from extremly hot to extremly cold in a matter of seconds and was sweating like crazy. I have never experienced this feeling the next morning from taking any opiate except for oxymorphone. The only reason for the very uncomfortable feeling the next morning was because of my body withdrawing from the drug, which again I have never experienced with any opitate except for this one. Oxymorphone is so strong that the hangover and withdrawls the next morning were horrible. Very uncomfortable.   I was very hungover and felt like vomiting for the rest of the morning. At work I did seem to experience more withdrawls but that was taken care of with three 10mg Norcos (hydrocodone). I felt much better after that and worked the rest of the day with no ill affects.
The next night I insufflated two 10mg lines of oxymorphone and experienced a good high but did not seem as good as the night before.
Conclusion: Oxymorphone is an absolutly wonderful drug. Produced a great high with no real negative side affects I get from other opiates except for the itching. The hangover the next morning was a little to uncomfortable though. But that was taken care of with a couple hydrocodones. Oxymorphone is a VERY strong opiate and in my opinion is 2 to mabye 3 times stronger than oxycontin. I would rank oxymorphone a 9.5 out of 10 in the opiates field.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Most PIC codes use the l = 0 b-spline function (i.e., b0, the ﬂat-top function) as the shape function of markers. This model is often called Could in Cell (CIC) since a particle looks like a ﬁnite-sized cloud rather than a point. In this case, the cell average of I given in Eq. (43) is written as
|
| (51) |
and the electric ﬁeld on the marker given in Eq. (49) is written as
|
| (52) |
Because the function b1 has a narrow support, as shown in Fig. 1, in practice of calculating Ii,j,k in expression (51), we loop over each particle for only once and assign the contribution of each one to their neighbouring cells (rather than looping over all particle for each cell as the straightforward reading of expression (51) would suggest). The operation of the latter would be O(N × Np), where N is number of grids and Np is the number of markers, while the former is only O(nNp), where n is the number of operation involved in assigning each particle to its neighbouring cells, which is usually much smaller than the grid number N.
Similarly, in calculating the force on a marker, the summation over all the grids (as the straightforward reading of expression (52) would suggest) is not needed. We only need to ﬁnd which cell a marker is in and then sum the contribution from the nearby grids (rather than all the grids).


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Allows users to conduct multivariate distance matrix regression using analytic p-values and compute measures of effect size. For details on the method, see McArtor, Lubke, & Bergeman (2017) <doi:10.1007/s11336-016-9527-8>.
| Version: | 0.5.1 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0.0) |
| Imports: | CompQuadForm, parallel, lme4, car |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2018-02-14 |
| Author: | Daniel B. McArtor<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Daniel B. McArtor <dmcartor at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | http://github.com/dmcartor/mdmr/issues |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | http://github.com/dmcartor/mdmr |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | MDMR results |
| Reference manual: | MDMR.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Using the MDMR Package |
| Package source: | MDMR_0.5.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: MDMR_0.5.1.zip, r-release: MDMR_0.5.1.zip, r-oldrel: MDMR_0.5.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: MDMR_0.5.1.tgz, r-oldrel: MDMR_0.5.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | MDMR archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MDMR to link to this page.


The Charming Chrysanthemum Company
Branding, Web Design, App. Design UX/UI Design using WIX
The Charming Chrysanthemum Company's introduction to the world. I utilized WIX to create a webpage for CCC to be able to communicate with potential clients, host raffles, and share testimonals.


Sensitivity analysis for multiple outcomes in observational studies. For instance, all linear combinations of several outcomes may be explored using Scheffe projections in the comparison() function; see Rosenbaum (2016, Annals of Applied Statistics) <doi:10.1214/16-AOAS942>. Alternatively, attention may focus on a few principal components in the principal() function. The package includes parallel methods for individual outcomes, including tests in the senm() function and confidence intervals in the senmCI() function.
| Version: | 1.0.2 |
| Imports: | stats |
| Published: | 2017-08-29 |
| Author: | Paul R. Rosenbaum |
| Maintainer: | Paul R. Rosenbaum <rosenbaum at wharton.upenn.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | sensitivitymult results |
| Reference manual: | sensitivitymult.pdf |
| Package source: | sensitivitymult_1.0.2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: sensitivitymult_1.0.2.zip, r-release: sensitivitymult_1.0.2.zip, r-oldrel: sensitivitymult_1.0.2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: sensitivitymult_1.0.2.tgz, r-oldrel: sensitivitymult_1.0.2.tgz |
| Old sources: | sensitivitymult archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sensitivitymult to link to this page.


Filtering is not available for this table due to the large number of rows. You can use Data Workspace Tools to work with this data or contact us for help.


| GEO Experiment |
#{experimentDataBean.name}
|
| Tissue |
#{experimentDataBean.supertypes} |
| Cell lineage |
#{experimentDataBean.types} |
Samples
| Sample |
Tissue |
Cell lineage |
Time |
|
#{sam[0]}
|
#{sam[3]} |
#{sam[2]} |
#{sam[4]} |
Suitable to open with spreadsheet software. Tab separated file with extra information regarding the samples.
Suitable for parsing; load into R, etc... Tab file with a standard sample X genes expression matrix.


AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription
The AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription
resource (also referred to as an alert
subscription) is a Cost Explorer resource type that sends notifications about specific
anomalies that meet an alerting criteria defined by you.
You can specify the frequency of the alerts and the subscribers to notify.
Anomaly subscriptions can be associated with one or more AWS::CE::AnomalyMonitor
resources, and they only send notifications
about anomalies detected by those associated monitors. You can also configure a threshold to
further control which anomalies are included in the notifications.
Anomalies that don’t exceed the chosen threshold and therefore don’t trigger notifications
from an anomaly subscription will still be available on the console and from the GetAnomalies
API.
Syntax
To declare this entity in your AWS CloudFormation template, use the following syntax:
JSON
{ "Type" : "AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription", "Properties" : { "Frequency" :
String
, "MonitorArnList" :[ String, ... ]
, "ResourceTags" :[ ResourceTag, ... ]
, "Subscribers" :[ Subscriber, ... ]
, "SubscriptionName" :String
, "Threshold" :Double
, "ThresholdExpression" :String
} }
YAML
Type: AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription Properties: Frequency:
String
MonitorArnList:- String
ResourceTags:- ResourceTag
Subscribers:- Subscriber
SubscriptionName:String
Threshold:Double
ThresholdExpression:String
Properties
Frequency
-
The frequency that anomaly notifications are sent. Notifications are sent either over email (for DAILY and WEEKLY frequencies) or SNS (for IMMEDIATE frequency). For more information, see Creating an Amazon SNS topic for anomaly notifications.
Required: Yes
Type: String
Allowed values:
DAILY | IMMEDIATE | WEEKLY
Update requires: No interruption
MonitorArnList
-
A list of cost anomaly monitors.
Required: Yes
Type: List of String
Update requires: No interruption
ResourceTags
Property description not available.
Required: No
Type: List of ResourceTag
Update requires: Replacement
Subscribers
-
A list of subscribers to notify.
Required: Yes
Type: List of Subscriber
Update requires: No interruption
SubscriptionName
-
The name for the subscription.
Required: Yes
Type: String
Minimum:
0
Maximum:
1024
Pattern:
[\S\s]*
Update requires: No interruption
Threshold
-
(deprecated)
An absolute dollar value that must be exceeded by the anomaly's total impact (see Impact for more details) for an anomaly notification to be generated.
This field has been deprecated. To specify a threshold, use ThresholdExpression. Continued use of Threshold will be treated as shorthand syntax for a ThresholdExpression.
One of Threshold or ThresholdExpression is required for
AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription
. You cannot specify both.Required: No
Type: Double
Update requires: No interruption
ThresholdExpression
-
An Expression object in JSON string format used to specify the anomalies that you want to generate alerts for. This supports dimensions and nested expressions. The supported dimensions are
ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_ABSOLUTE
andANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_PERCENTAGE
, corresponding to an anomaly’s TotalImpact and TotalImpactPercentage, respectively (see Impact for more details). The supported nested expression types areAND
andOR
. The match optionGREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL
is required. Values must be numbers between 0 and 10,000,000,000 in string format.One of Threshold or ThresholdExpression is required for
AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription
. You cannot specify both.For further information, see the Examples section of this page.
Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: No interruption
Return values
Ref
When you pass the logical ID of this resource to the intrinsic Ref
function, Ref
returns
SubscriptionArn
. For example:
{ "Ref": "myAnomalyMonitorLogicalName" }
For more information about using the Ref
function, see Ref.
Fn::GetAtt
The Fn::GetAtt
intrinsic function returns a value for a specified attribute of this type. The following are the available attributes and sample return values.
For more information about using the Fn::GetAtt
intrinsic function, see Fn::GetAtt.
Examples
Attaching subscriptions to monitors
The following example shows two monitors attached to a subscription.
JSON
{ "Resources": { "CustomAnomalyMonitorWithLinkedAccount": { "Type": "AWS::CE::AnomalyMonitor", "Properties": { "MonitorName": "MonitorName", "MonitorType": "CUSTOM", "MonitorSpecification": " { \"Dimensions\" : { \"Key\" : \"LINKED_ACCOUNT\", \"Values\" : [ \"123456789012\", \"123456789013\" ] } }" } }, "AnomalyServiceMonitor": { "Type": "AWS::CE::AnomalyMonitor", "Properties": { "MonitorName": "MonitorName", "MonitorType": "DIMENSIONAL", "MonitorDimension": "SERVICE" } }, "AnomalySubscription": { "Type": "AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription", "Properties": { "SubscriptionName": "SubscriptionName", "Threshold": 100, "Frequency": "DAILY", "MonitorArnList": [ {"Ref": "CustomAnomalyMonitorWithLinkedAccount"}, {"Ref": "AnomalyServiceMonitor"} ], "Subscribers": [ { "Type": "EMAIL", "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>} ] } } } }
YAML
Resources: CustomAnomalyMonitorWithLinkedAccount: Type: 'AWS::CE::AnomalyMonitor' Properties: MonitorName: "MonitorName" MonitorType: "CUSTOM" MonitorSpecification: ' { "Dimensions" : { "Key" : "LINKED_ACCOUNT", "Values" : [ "123456789012", "123456789013" ] } }' AnomalyServiceMonitor: Type: 'AWS::CE::AnomalyMonitor' Properties: MonitorName: 'MonitorName' MonitorType: 'DIMENSIONAL' MonitorDimension: 'SERVICE' AnomalySubscription: Type: 'AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription' Properties: SubscriptionName: "SubscriptionName" Threshold: 100 Frequency: "DAILY" MonitorArnList: [ !Ref CustomAnomalyMonitorWithLinkedAccount, !Ref AnomalyServiceMonitor ] Subscribers: [ { "Type": "EMAIL", "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>} ]
Using a percentage-based threshold
The following example creates a subscription using a percentage-based threshold.
JSON
{ "Resources": { "AnomalySubscription": { "Type": "AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription", "Properties": { "SubscriptionName": "SubscriptionName", "ThresholdExpression": "{ \"Dimensions\": { \"Key\": \"ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_PERCENTAGE\", \"Values\": [ \"100\" ], \"MatchOptions\": [ \"GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL\" ] } }", "MonitorArnList": [], "Subscribers": [ { "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Type": "EMAIL" } ], "Frequency": "DAILY" } } } }
YAML
Resources: AnomalySubscription: Type: 'AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription' Properties: SubscriptionName: "Subscription 1" ThresholdExpression: '{ "Dimensions": { "Key": "ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_PERCENTAGE", "MatchOptions": [ "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL" ], "Values": [ "100" ] } }' Frequency: "DAILY" MonitorArnList: [ ] Subscribers: [ { "Type": "EMAIL", "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>} ]
Using a percentage-based threshold and absolute threshold combined with AND
The following example creates a subscription using a percentage-based threshold and absolute threshold combined with AND.
JSON
{ "Resources": { "AnomalySubscription": { "Type": "AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription", "Properties": { "SubscriptionName": "SubscriptionName", "ThresholdExpression": "{ \"And\": [ { \"Dimensions\": { \"Key\": \"ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_PERCENTAGE\", \"MatchOptions\": [ \"GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL\" ], \"Values\": [ \"100\" ] } }, { \"Dimensions\": { \"Key\": \"ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_ABSOLUTE\", \"MatchOptions\": [ \"GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL\" ], \"Values\": [ \"200\" ] } } ] }", "MonitorArnList": [], "Subscribers": [ { "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Type": "EMAIL" } ], "Frequency": "DAILY" } } } }
YAML
Resources: AnomalySubscription: Type: 'AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription' Properties: SubscriptionName: "SubscriptionName" ThresholdExpression: '{ "And": [ { "Dimensions": { "Key": "ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_PERCENTAGE", "MatchOptions": [ "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL" ], "Values": [ "100" ] } }, { "Dimensions": { "Key": "ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_ABSOLUTE", "MatchOptions": [ "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL" ], "Values": [ "200" ] } } ] }' Frequency: "DAILY" MonitorArnList: [ ] Subscribers: [ { "Type": "EMAIL", "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>} ]
Using a percentage-based threshold and absolute threshold combined with OR
The following example creates a subscription using a percentage-based threshold and absolute threshold combined with OR.
JSON
{ "Resources": { "AnomalySubscription": { "Type": "AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription", "Properties": { "SubscriptionName": "SubscriptionName", "ThresholdExpression": "{ \"Or\": [ { \"Dimensions\": { \"Key\": \"ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_PERCENTAGE\", \"MatchOptions\": [ \"GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL\" ], \"Values\": [ \"100\" ] } }, { \"Dimensions\": { \"Key\": \"ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_ABSOLUTE\", \"MatchOptions\": [ \"GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL\" ], \"Values\": [ \"200\" ] } } ] }", "MonitorArnList": [], "Subscribers": [ { "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Type": "EMAIL" } ], "Frequency": "DAILY" } } } }
YAML
Resources: AnomalySubscription: Type: 'AWS::CE::AnomalySubscription' Properties: SubscriptionName: "SubscriptionName" ThresholdExpression: '{ "Or": [ { "Dimensions": { "Key": "ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_PERCENTAGE", "MatchOptions": [ "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL" ], "Values": [ "100" ] } }, { "Dimensions": { "Key": "ANOMALY_TOTAL_IMPACT_ABSOLUTE", "MatchOptions": [ "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL" ], "Values": [ "200" ] } } ] }' Frequency: "DAILY" MonitorArnList: [ ] Subscribers: [ { "Type": "EMAIL", "Address"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>} ]
See also
-
AnomalySubscription in the AWS Billing and Cost Management API Reference.
-
CreateAnomalySubscription in the AWS Billing and Cost Management API Reference.
-
DeleteAnomalySubscription in the AWS Billing and Cost Management API Reference.
-
GetAnomalySubscriptions in the AWS Billing and Cost Management API Reference.
-
UpdateAnomalySubscription in the AWS Billing and Cost Management API Reference.


Attention: Cannot create, delete or edit buckets while rebalance is running.Attention: Maximum number of buckets has been reached. For optimal performance, no more than {{maxBucketCount}} buckets are allowed.
Couchbase Buckets
Memcached Buckets
Difficulties communicating with the cluster; displaying cached information!


Home
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I
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Brandon
Mosher
.
Software Engineer
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I am a senior undergraduate at Delhi Technological University majoring in ECE.
In the future, I would like to work at the intersection of biosensors, signal processing and circuit design.
I am quite interested in learning the mathematical algorithms behind any radical technology.
I am looking for positions that would help me get electrophysiological and CompNeuro experience.
- Education
-
Delhi Technological University
Major: Electronics & Communication Engineering
Thesis: Wireless energy harvesting using Rectenna
Advisor: Prof Asok De
Last 60 credit hour grade: 9.425/10
- Skills
-
Research software skills
Python (pandas,numpy,scipy), MATLAB, openCV, Embedded C, LaTeX, VHDL, Verilog HDL, C++, C, HTML, MASM
Miscellaneous softwares
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Adobe Photoshop (Elementary), Blender (Elementary), VIM, Microsoft Presentation
- Experience
-
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Research Intern - 2020
- Working on devising a computational model and an IOT/Wearable based framework for COVID-19 prediction
- Reviewing the effectiveness of Oxygen Saturation, ECG ST-segment elevation, Respiratory rate in pandemic prediction models
- Analyzing SIR, MLP-ICA, ANFIS, SVM based ML models
Delhi Technological University Lead Researcher - 2019-2020
- Working on “Terrain Imaging for Locomotive Drivers – Infra-Red, Enhanced Optical and Rangefinder Assisted.”
- MATLAB implementation of night time object detection using modified DECOLOR and adaptive thresholding
- Created a noise removal hybrid MRF-dark channel prior system via OpenCV and MATLAB
Delhi Technological University Summer Researcher - 2020
- Worked on old manuscript classification system of scripts such as Tamil, Telugu, Devanagari
- Analyzed different document matching systems: SWM, MODS, HWNet
- Created a literature review of different segmentation methodologies in complex scripts: Docstrum, Voronoi, XY Cut, Smearing
- Studied and compared text document classification models on multilingual and monolingual text documents: LINGO, SVM, LanideNN
Bharat Electronics RADAR intern - 2019
- Trained on the basics, operations and applications of RADAR systems deployed by Indian Armed Forces
- Worked on the company’s venture ‘Rohini Radar’ comprehending the related industrial practice
- MATLAB simulation of various antennas and RADAR technologies such as CFAR, Patch Antennas, Pulse compression
- Projects
-
Construction of a novel CO-OFDMA WDM integrated RoF system 2020
- Synthesized a circuitry system for WDM- Coherent OFDMA system on Optisystem software
- Improving noise margins and increasing SNR by modifying the receiver system based on an intradyne based architecture
- Suggested coherent intradyne based receiver and filter modifications to decrease BER and created a new RF-optical transmitter and receiver
Digital Signatures: Applications and Implementations 2020
- Literature review and identification of important SoC and software-based schemes for communication encryption such as hashing
- Simulating basic ciphers such as Caesar, different substitution cipher and ciphers like Vigenere, Base64, Playfair, RSA on C++ and Python
- Implementation of cryptographic algorithms like Secure hash, ECDSA, RSA
Comparison study on different microwave frequency antennas and their applications 2020
- Implemented different microstrip patch antennas and presented patch geometry modifications such as a circular or pentagonal shape
- Created Vivaldi and Quasi-Yagi antenna designs from scratch along with their parameter and dimensional calculations
- HFSS implementation of 5 antennas: microstrip patch, modified microstrip patch, UWB microstrip patch, Vivaldi and Quasi Yagi
- Comparison of the workings of different antennas based on parameters like radiation efficiency, return losses, Q/Qib, directivity, etc
Verilog implementation of Multiple Input Signature Register (MISR) and Type 1/Type 2 Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) 2020
- Created a literature review of LFSRs and analyzed their performance parameters such as power consumption, propagation delay
- Implemented on Verilog HDL and C++ Type 1 LFSR, Type 2 LFSR, MISR, Geffe generators, Cellular Automata
- Created a novel communication scrambler using a modification of an existing LFSR polynomial
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Indoor Navigation System for Visually Impaired 2020
- Created a navigational aid system for the visually impaired via RFID
- Created a hardware architecture to interface and use the system using MINI-MAX 51, EMIC module, SR-07 Kit, Parallax RFID reader
- Devised a framework and modified the A* algorithm to suit our needs by implemented a navigating software based on F, G and H costs
- Implemented the whole system using Proteus 8.6 and MPLAB X IDE v8.63 in C language
- Awards
- Department Rank 1 : Semester 6
Department Rank 3 : Semester 5
Department Rank 3 : Semester 4
Top 2.5 percentile CBSE Boards 2017 (96.4%)
Top 1.2 percentile JEE Mains 2017
Principal's Gold Medal 2017, DPS RK Puram
Principal's Blue blazer and Blue Badge holder 2010-2017, DPS RK Puram
Scholarship Recipient : Department of Telecommunications, Government of India
- Hobbies
- Reading Michio Kaku, Watching Manchester Utd lose and breaking my TV,
Listening to Foo Fighters, Playing League of Legends
Binging on Scrubs, Learning about pulmonary edemas,
Solving Sudokus, Getting intimidated by people on stack exchange
- References
- Available on request


--- layout: post title: "Teaching Machines Reviewed in Comment" date: 2022-03-25 15:00:00 +0000 tags: image: https://s3.amazonaws.com/audreywatters/2017-11-03-news.jpg imagecredits: https://www.flickr.com/photos/62693815@N03/6277209256 ---
Audrey Watters is a prophet. Prophets aren’t fortune tellers, however. The main business of prophets, even in the Bible, isn’t the future. It’s the present. Better to say: it’s the set of possible futures that are liable to follow from crucial choices made in the present. Israel’s prophets brought a word from God to the people of God, and that word was—as it always is for prophets, including Jesus—repent. To repent means to turn, to veer right rather than left, to take this branch on the decision tree, not that one, to see the fork in the road for what it is: an opportunity, probably the last, to avoid disaster. Because disaster is what awaits if you continue on the current path.
Brad East has reviewed Teaching Machines for Comment Magazine. And my goodness, that opening sentence there.