--- layout: post title: I'm Dreaming of a White Kitchen date: 2011-09-21 13:14:35.000000000 -04:00 categories: - Renovations (Renos 101!) tags: - DIY kitchens - Granite bench tops - Granite Transformations - Kit set kitchens - Kitchen renovations - Kitset Kitchens - Renovations - White Star granite status: publish type: post published: true meta: aktt_notify_twitter: 'no' _edit_last: '1' dsq_thread_id: '1187557696' author: login: cint email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Jacinta first_name: Jacinta last_name: '' ---
We are about 2 weeks off having our kitchen delivered. It will come flat packed and requires some a lot of assembly. We are going through a company called Kitset Kitchens. they have been great to deal with so far. Here's hoping the end result will be good too. Greg's dad and wife are coming over from New Zealand to help us get the kitchen sorted.
There is so much to do. We have to remove the old kitchen, pull up the slate floor, get the plumber and electrician in to do their thing. Install the cabinets, appliances, flooring and then get the company, Granite Transformations, who are installing our stone bench tops, to come and work their magic. I am both excited and overwhelmed by all that has to be done. I need to somehow parent 3 children amongst the chaos. I know it is going to dramatically change our house and I am looking forward to having an oven again. I have been without an oven for close to 6 months now and the novelty is wearing a little thin, but I know there is going to be a lovely light, bright new kitchen in my very near future and that will keep me going for now.
One of the features of the kitchen will be a 2 metre long island bench with waterfall edges and will allow us to sit along one edge. It seems I spend a lot of time in the kitchen (don't we all) and I am excited to think of all the get togethers we will have, where I can be part of the conversations, while everyone gathers around my kitchen bench.
I am so looking forward to having stone bench tops once again. The style we have chosen is called White Star and is light in colour with flecks of mirror through the stone that reflects the light (it isn't tacky, I promise!). It looks really pretty under halogen lighting. I would love to show you photos of my dream kitchen but I don't have any and I have tried looking on line, but haven't found anything similar to what we are installing. So I guess it will be a surprise to you and me both. I can't wait to share the before and after photos. I think it will just about flip me out! Jacinta x
[caption id="attachment_1192" align="aligncenter" width="450" caption="A sample of our bench tops. Image taken from Granite Transformations web page"][/caption]


COLLEGE
NOTE: Please select 3 colleges as per your ARC Rank
| Code No |
College Name |
Branch |
Seats Vacant |
| 001 |
JSPM's RSCOE |
Information Technology |
10 |
| 002 |
JSPM's RSCOE |
Computer Engineering |
10 |
| 003 |
JSPM's RSCOE |
Mechanical Engineering |
10 |
| 101 |
PCCOE |
Information Technology |
10 |
| 102 |
PCCOE |
Computer Engineering |
10 |
| 103 |
PCCOE |
Mechanical Engineering |
10 |
| 201 |
DY Patil |
Information Technology |
10 |
| 202 |
DY Patil |
Computer Engineering |
10 |
| 203 |
DY Patil |
Mechanical Engineering |
10 |
| 301 |
MIT |
Information Technology |
10 |
| 302 |
MIT |
Computer Engineering |
10 |
| 303 |
MIT |
Mechanical Engineering |
10 |
| 401 |
Sinhagad |
Information Technology |
10 |
| 402 |
Singhagad |
Computer Engineering |
10 |
| 403 |
Singhagad |
Mechanical Engineering |
10 |


Besiktas keen on struggling West Ham newbie Albian Ajeti
West Ham signed the Swiss striker in the summer but he has struggled for form.
by Mathew NashWest Ham United striker Albian Ajeti is wanted by Turkish club Besiktas according to reports.
Aksam in Turkey, among many other sources, is reporting that the Swiss striker is on the club’s shortlist of transfer options for the winter, along with Viktoria Plzen striker Michael Krmencik and Aston Villa’s Jonathan Kodjia.
Besiktas have had a difficult start to the season by their high standards and currently sit eighth in the Turkish Super Lig. They are also bottom of their Europa League group, having lost all four of their games so far. The club are looking for a new striker to help them turn around their fortunes.
Star is now suggesting that Besiktas coach Abdullah Avci has earmarked Ajeti as the main target and is hoping the Istanbul club can convince West Ham into a sale in January.
TBR’s View
It would be a shock to see West Ham give up on Ajeti in January, considering they only signed him in the summer.
Signed from FC Basel in a deal reported (The Telegraph) to be worth around £8 million, he was a necessary arrival. West Ham lost Marko Arnautovic, Andy Carroll, Lucas Perez, and Jordan Hugill from their attack in the summer.
“I worked with (director of football) Mario Husillos to find a new striker, we had a lot of different names and finally we set for Haller. We have Albian Ajeti too, I trust him a lot.”
Ajeti already had two goals from three appearances with Basel this season and scored 21 times for the Swiss club last season.
But, despite Manuel Pellegrini insisting to Football.London that he ‘trusts’ Ajeti in attack, the 22-year-old has played just four times in the Premier League this season.
Have something to tell us about this article?
Let us know


Basic parts of the web
The web is an enormous network of computers that communicate with each other. The user accesses the web through a computer with a web browser. Through the internet the browser is able to obtain html documents from various servers using http. Those documents are then interpreted by the browser and displayed to the user in the manner which the programmers intended.
HTML
HTML is an acronym for HyperText Markup Language. It is the basis for everything on the web. HTML is made up of text content, which is "what you see" and markup, which is "how it looks."
HTML attributes - elements/tags
HTML documents consist of elements, which include various tags that tell the browser how to display the document.
 They do exactly as they are told. So, any little typo or other minor error can cause a computer to fail to carry out the program. On the other hand, because they do exactly as commanded, this gives programmers a lot of power if they understand how to correctly provide the necessary commands.
Inline and block elements
There is an important distinction to be made between inline elements and block elements. Simply put, block elements construct an invisible box around the text, allowing it to be altered in various other ways. For more information, click here.


Make sure, you have defined svg elements using classes/ids. Then this simple style will able to change the color of bottom svg visual element as it has 'injectsvg' class..wheel{fill:#FF0000;}.topRailing{fill:#999999;}.carBody{fill:#990000;}


sftp
Secure File Transfer Program.
Interactive program to copy files between hosts over SSH.
For non-interactive file transfers, see `scp` or `rsync`.
More information: home page
- Connect to a remote server and enter an interactive command mode:
sftp remote_user@remote_host
- Connect using an alternate port:
sftp -P remote_port remote_user@remote_host
- Connect using a predefined host (in `~/.ssh/config`):
sftp host
- Transfer remote file to the local system:
get /path/remote_file
- Transfer local file to the remote system:
put /path/local_file
- Transfer remote directory to the local system recursively (works with `put` too):
get -R /path/remote_directory
- Get list of files on local machine:
lls
- Get list of files on remote machine:
ls


Scalable Architecture for Digital Editions
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Next Chapter | Previous Chapter | Contents | Index
NASM, though it attempts to avoid the bureaucracy of assemblers like MASM and TASM, is nevertheless forced to support a few directives. These are described in this chapter.
NASM's directives come in two types: user-level directives and primitive directives. Typically, each directive has a user-level form and a primitive form. In almost all cases, we recommend that users use the user-level forms of the directives, which are implemented as macros which call the primitive forms.
Primitive directives are enclosed in square brackets; user-level directives are not.
In addition to the universal directives described in this chapter, each object file format can optionally supply extra directives in order to control particular features of that file format. These format-specific directives are documented along with the formats that implement them, in chapter 7.
BITS
: Specifying Target Processor ModeThe
directive specifies whether NASM
should generate code designed to run on a processor operating in 16-bit
mode, 32-bit mode or 64-bit mode. The syntax is
, where XX is 16, 32 or 64.
In most cases, you should not need to use
explicitly. The
,
,
,
,
and
object formats, which are designed for use
in 32-bit or 64-bit operating systems, all cause NASM to select 32-bit or
64-bit mode, respectively, by default. The
object format allows you to specify each segment you define as either
or
, and
NASM will set its operating mode accordingly, so the use of the
directive is once again unnecessary.
The most likely reason for using the
directive is to write 32-bit or 64-bit code in a flat binary file; this is
because the
output format defaults to 16-bit
mode in anticipation of it being used most frequently to write DOS
programs, DOS
device drivers and boot loader software.
You do not need to specify
merely in order to use 32-bit instructions in a 16-bit DOS program; if you
do, the assembler will generate incorrect code because it will be writing
code targeted at a 32-bit platform, to be run on a 16-bit one.
When NASM is in
mode, instructions
which use 32-bit data are prefixed with an 0x66 byte, and those referring
to 32-bit addresses have an 0x67 prefix. In
mode, the reverse is true: 32-bit
instructions require no prefixes, whereas instructions using 16-bit data
need an 0x66 and those working on 16-bit addresses need an 0x67.
When NASM is in
mode, most
instructions operate the same as they do for
mode. However, there are 8 more general
and SSE registers, and 16-bit addressing is no longer supported.
The default address size is 64 bits; 32-bit addressing can be selected
with the 0x67 prefix. The default operand size is still 32 bits, however,
and the 0x66 prefix selects 16-bit operand size. The
prefix is used both to select 64-bit operand
size, and to access the new registers. NASM automatically inserts REX
prefixes when necessary.
When the
prefix is used, the processor
does not know how to address the AH, BH, CH or DH (high 8-bit legacy)
registers. Instead, it is possible to access the the low 8-bits of the SP,
BP SI and DI registers as SPL, BPL, SIL and DIL, respectively; but only
when the REX prefix is used.
The
directive has an exactly equivalent
primitive form,
,
and
. The user-level form is a macro which
has no function other than to call the primitive form.
Note that the space is neccessary, e.g.
will not work!
USE16
& USE32
: Aliases for BITSThe `
' and
`
' directives can be used in place of
`
' and
`
', for compatibility with other
assemblers.
DEFAULT
: Change the assembler defaultsThe
directive changes the assembler
defaults. Normally, NASM defaults to a mode where the programmer is
expected to explicitly specify most features directly. However, this is
occationally obnoxious, as the explicit form is pretty much the only one
one wishes to use.
Currently, the only
that is settable
is whether or not registerless instructions in 64-bit mode are
-relative or not. By default, they are
absolute unless overridden with the
specifier
(see section 3.3). However, if
is specified,
is default, unless overridden with the
specifier, except when used with an FS or
GS segment override.
The special handling of
and
overrides are due to the fact that these
registers are generally used as thread pointers or other special functions
in 64-bit mode, and generating
-relative
addresses would be extremely confusing.
is disabled with
.
SECTION
or SEGMENT
: Changing and Defining SectionsThe
directive
(
is an exactly equivalent synonym)
changes which section of the output file the code you write will be
assembled into. In some object file formats, the number and names of
sections are fixed; in others, the user may make up as many as they wish.
Hence
may sometimes give an error
message, or may define a new section, if you try to switch to a section
that does not (yet) exist.
The Unix object formats, and the
object
format (but see section 7.1.3,
all support the standardized section names
,
and
for the
code, data and uninitialized-data sections. The
format, by contrast, does not recognize these
section names as being special, and indeed will strip off the leading
period of any section name that has one.
__SECT__
MacroThe
directive is unusual in that its
user-level form functions differently from its primitive form. The
primitive form,
, simply switches
the current target section to the one given. The user-level form,
, however, first defines the
single-line macro
to be the primitive
directive which it is about to issue,
and then issues it. So the user-level directive
SECTION .text
expands to the two lines
%define __SECT__ [SECTION .text] [SECTION .text]
Users may find it useful to make use of this in their own macros. For
example, the
macro defined in
section 4.3.3 can be usefully
rewritten in the following more sophisticated form:
%macro writefile 2+ [section .data] %%str: db %2 %%endstr: __SECT__ mov dx,%%str mov cx,%%endstr-%%str mov bx,%1 mov ah,0x40 int 0x21 %endmacro
This form of the macro, once passed a string to output, first switches
temporarily to the data section of the file, using the primitive form of
the
directive so as not to modify
. It then declares its string in the data
section, and then invokes
to switch back
to whichever section the user was previously working in. It thus
avoids the need, in the previous version of the macro, to include a
instruction to jump over the data, and also
does not fail if, in a complicated
format
module, the user could potentially be assembling the code in any of several
separate code sections.
ABSOLUTE
: Defining Absolute LabelsThe
directive can be thought of as an
alternative form of
: it causes the
subsequent code to be directed at no physical section, but at the
hypothetical section starting at the given absolute address. The only
instructions you can use in this mode are the
family.
is used as follows:
absolute 0x1A kbuf_chr resw 1 kbuf_free resw 1 kbuf resw 16
This example describes a section of the PC BIOS data area, at segment
address 0x40: the above code defines
to
be 0x1A,
to be 0x1C, and
to be 0x1E.
The user-level form of
, like that of
, redefines the
macro when it is invoked.
and
are defined as macros which use
(and
also
).
doesn't have to take an absolute
constant as an argument: it can take an expression (actually, a critical
expression: see section 3.8) and it
can be a value in a segment. For example, a TSR can re-use its setup code
as run-time BSS like this:
org 100h ; it's a .COM program jmp setup ; setup code comes last ; the resident part of the TSR goes here setup: ; now write the code that installs the TSR here absolute setup runtimevar1 resw 1 runtimevar2 resd 20 tsr_end:
This defines some variables `on top of' the setup code, so that after the setup has finished running, the space it took up can be re-used as data storage for the running TSR. The symbol `tsr_end' can be used to calculate the total size of the part of the TSR that needs to be made resident.
EXTERN
: Importing Symbols from Other Modules
is similar to the MASM directive
and the C keyword
: it is used to declare a symbol which is
not defined anywhere in the module being assembled, but is assumed to be
defined in some other module and needs to be referred to by this one. Not
every object-file format can support external variables: the
format cannot.
The
directive takes as many arguments
as you like. Each argument is the name of a symbol:
extern _printf extern _sscanf,_fscanf
Some object-file formats provide extra features to the
directive. In all cases, the extra
features are used by suffixing a colon to the symbol name followed by
object-format specific text. For example, the
format allows you to declare that the default segment base of an external
should be the group
by means of the
directive
extern _variable:wrt dgroup
The primitive form of
differs from the
user-level form only in that it can take only one argument at a time: the
support for multiple arguments is implemented at the preprocessor level.
You can declare the same variable as
more than once: NASM will quietly ignore the second and later
redeclarations. You can't declare a variable as
as well as something else, though.
GLOBAL
: Exporting Symbols to Other Modules
is the other end of
: if one module declares a symbol as
and refers to it, then in order to prevent
linker errors, some other module must actually define the symbol
and declare it as
. Some assemblers use the
name
for this purpose.
The
directive applying to a symbol must
appear before the definition of the symbol.
uses the same syntax as
, except that it must refer to symbols
which are defined in the same module as the
directive. For example:
global _main _main: ; some code
, like
,
allows object formats to define private extensions by means of a colon. The
object format, for example, lets you specify
whether global data items are functions or data:
global hashlookup:function, hashtable:data
Like
, the primitive form of
differs from the user-level form only in
that it can take only one argument at a time.
COMMON
: Defining Common Data AreasThe
directive is used to declare
common variables. A common variable is much like a global variable
declared in the uninitialized data section, so that
common intvar 4
is similar in function to
global intvar section .bss intvar resd 1
The difference is that if more than one module defines the same common
variable, then at link time those variables will be merged, and
references to
in all modules will point at
the same piece of memory.
Like
and
,
supports
object-format specific extensions. For example, the
format allows common variables to be NEAR or
FAR, and the
format allows you to specify the
alignment requirements of a common variable:
common commvar 4:near ; works in OBJ common intarray 100:4 ; works in ELF: 4 byte aligned
Once again, like
and
, the primitive form of
differs from the user-level form only in
that it can take only one argument at a time.
CPU
: Defining CPU DependenciesThe
directive restricts assembly to those
instructions which are available on the specified CPU.
Options are:
CPU 8086
Assemble only 8086 instruction set
CPU 186
Assemble instructions up to the 80186
instruction set
CPU 286
Assemble instructions up to the 286
instruction set
CPU 386
Assemble instructions up to the 386
instruction set
CPU 486
486 instruction set
CPU 586
Pentium instruction set
CPU PENTIUM
Same as 586
CPU 686
P6 instruction set
CPU PPRO
Same as 686
CPU P2
Same as 686
CPU P3
Pentium III (Katmai) instruction sets
CPU KATMAI
Same as P3
CPU P4
Pentium 4 (Willamette) instruction set
CPU WILLAMETTE
Same as P4
CPU PRESCOTT
Prescott instruction set
CPU X64
x86-64 (x64/AMD64/Intel 64)
instruction set
CPU IA64
IA64 CPU (in x86 mode) instruction
set
All options are case insensitive. All instructions will be selected only if they apply to the selected CPU or lower. By default, all instructions are available.
FLOAT
: Handling of floating-point constantsBy default, floating-point constants are rounded to nearest, and IEEE denormals are supported. The following options can be set to alter this behaviour:
FLOAT DAZ
Flush denormals to zero
FLOAT NODAZ
Do not flush denormals to zero
(default)
FLOAT NEAR
Round to nearest (default)
FLOAT UP
Round up (toward +Infinity)
FLOAT DOWN
Round down (toward -Infinity)
FLOAT ZERO
Round toward zero
FLOAT DEFAULT
Restore default settings
The standard macros
,
, and
contain the current state, as long as
the programmer has avoided the use of the brackeded primitive form,
(
).
contains the full set of
floating-point settings; this value can be saved away and invoked later to
restore the setting.


examplepolicy
policy file,
you can
execute the WriteFile
applet to create and to write the
file writetest
, as shown in the following figure.
Whenever you run an applet, or an application with a security manager, the policy files that are loaded and used by default are the ones specified in the "security properties file", which is located in one of the following directories:
Windows: java.home\lib\security\java.security UNIX: java.home/lib/security/java.security
The policy file locations are specified as the values of properties whose names take the form
policy.url.n
n
indicates a number. Specify each property
value in a line that takes the following form:
policy.url.n=URL
policy.url.1=file:${java.home}/lib/security/java.policy policy.url.2=file:${user.home}/.java.policy
${propName}
in the security properties file is a way of
specifying the value of a property. Thus ${java.home}
will be
replaced at runtime by the actual value of the "java.home"
property,
which indicates the directory into which the JRE was installed, and
${user.home}
will be
replaced by the value of the "user.home"
property, for
example, C:\Windows
.
examplepolicy
. There are two possible ways you can have the
examplepolicy
file
be considered as part of the overall policy, in addition to the policy files specified in
the security properties file. You can either specify the additional policy file in a
property passed to the runtime system, as described in
Approach 1,
or add a line in the security properties
file specifying the additional policy file, as described in
Approach 2.
WriteFile
program
to be downloaded from the public web site, shown in the command below.
You need to have dns
in the list of lookup services for hosts in your
/etc/nsswitch.conf
file, as in
hosts: dns files nis
/etc/resolv.conf
file
with a list of nameservers.
Consult your system administrator for more information.
appletviewer
command-line argument, -J-Djava.security.policy
, to specify a
policy file that should be used, in addition to the ones
specified in the security properties file.
To run the WriteFile
applet with your new
examplepolicy
policy file included, type the following in the
directory in which examplepolicy
is stored:
appletviewer -J-Djava.security.policy=examplepolicy http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/security/tour1/examples/WriteFile.html
examplepolicy
and the URL, and no spaces in the URL. Multiple lines
are used in this example for legibility purposes.
.bat
extension,
for example, wf.bat
. Then in your command
window, type the name of the .bat
file instead of the command.
If the applet still reports an error,
you must troubleshoot the policy file.
Use the Policy Tool to open the examplepolicy
file
(using File > Open) and
check the policy entries you just created in the
previous step,
Set Up a Policy File to Grant the Required Permissions.
To view or edit an existing policy entry, click on the line displaying that entry in the main Policy Tool window, then choose the Edit Policy Entry button. You can also double-click the line for that entry.
This launches the same type of Policy Entry dialog box that displays when you are adding a new policy entry after choosing the Add Policy Entry button, except in this case the dialog box is filled in with the existing policy entry information. To change the information, retype it (for the CodeBase and SignedBy values) or add, remove, or modify permissions.
policy.url.n
properties in the security properties file, and
all the designated policy files will get loaded.
So one way to have our examplepolicy
file's policy entry considered
by the appletviewer
is to add
an entry specifying that policy file in the security properties file.
To modify the security properties file, open it in an editor suitable for editing an
ASCII text file. Then add the following line after the line starting with
policy.url.2
:
Windows: policy.url.3=file:/C:/Test/examplepolicy UNIX: policy.url.3=file:${user.home}/test/examplepolicy
On a UNIX system you can also explicitly specify your home directory:
policy.url.3=file:/home/susanj/test/examplepolicy
Now you can run the following:
appletviewer http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/security1.2/tour1/examples/WriteFile.html
If you still get a security exception, you must troubleshoot your new policy file. Use the Policy Tool to check the policy entry you just created in the previous step, Set Up a Policy File to Grant the Required Permissions. Change any typos or other errors.
examplepolicy
policy file is also used in the
Quick Tour of Controlling Applications
lesson. You do not need to include the examplepolicy
file unless you are running this Tutorial lesson. To exclude this file, open the security properties file and delete the line you just added.


---
layout: default
---
{% include header_amm.html %}
Welcome!
To learn how to map, watch the videos below. To learn how to host a remote mapathon, scroll down to Hosting a Mapathon
Learn to Map
1. Create an OpenStreetMap account
Create your OpenStreetMap account and log in. Using your personal email address is probably easier.
2. Learn to use the Tasking Manager
Learn to map buildings and use the Tasking Manager mapping tool. We are working on tasks from the AMM Missing Maps page.
Hosting A Mapathon
Before the event
Choose a date and time for your event. We recommend a 90 minute to 2 hour event as a best practice
Set up a page for your event on Benevity, the Employee Giving Portal. You may need to talk to the Volunteer Champion at your location for this.
Send out a Calendar invite in advance with Virtual Conference as the location (which will generate WebEx call-in information) or use whatever videoconferencing tool your team is used to.
You'll need a facilitator or two to train mappers and lead the event.
◦ If you have not participated in Missing Maps before or haven’t organized a mapathon before, the organizer or event leader should watch the tutorial videos above to get a sense of how it works so you can answer questions and make sure mappers are contributing the right way. Then try mapping for 30 minutes to an hour to get a hang of it.
◦ If more than one person can watch the tutorial videos and do some mapping before the event, that’s even better! More people to help out.
Send a reminder 1-2 days before your event, reminding attendees to register a mapping user ID in advance
Pick a task from the AMM Missing Maps page. The Red Cross asked us for help with these projects, which are all good for beginners, and we keep the list up to date.
Use #amm and consider creating a hashtag for your site or event to track your progress
Make sure to remind mappers which projects to work on. They are listed on this page. The Red Cross asked us for help with these projects, which are all good for beginners, and we keep the list up to date.
Remind mappers to square the corners of their buildings by clicking q on your keyboard after mapping it.


Gilt Software Engineer Miguel Fajardo Wrote a Children's Book?!
The things you learn from Facebook about your co-workers: Yesterday some of us Gilt techsters discovered that our colleague, Miguel Angel Fajardo–a lead software engineer on our back office team–is a published author! In 2010, Miguel wrote Las Aventuras de Sela, a Spanish-language, illustrated book for kids ages seven to 12. Sela (also available in eBook format) tells the tale of a seal who must relocate after pollution makes her home uninhabitable. On her quest for new digs, she gets lost for a spell but ends up making some new friends. Eventually she finds clean water and a new home.
Miguel derived inspiration for the book during a trip to Dublin (serendipitous foreshadowing); while walking the city, he spotted some seals sitting on a dock and got the idea for Sela. Writing the book took several months–Miguel spent his weekends and spare evenings crafting the story. His friend Silvia Monge provided the illustrations.
Miguel says he has considered creating an English-language version of Sela, but needs to find the time. Meanwhile, he’s been working on a novel–it’s not about charming aquatic animals, but about human “grown-ups.” He’s looking for an agent, so if you know one ping him here.


"""MIDI output interface."""
from pathlib import Path
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Tuple, Union
import numpy as np
from mido import Message, MetaMessage, MidiFile, MidiTrack, bpm2tempo
from pretty_midi import Instrument
from pretty_midi import KeySignature as PmKeySignature
from pretty_midi import Lyric as PmLyric
from pretty_midi import Note as PmNote
from pretty_midi import PrettyMIDI
from pretty_midi import TimeSignature as PmTimeSignature
from pretty_midi import key_name_to_key_number
from ..classes import (
DEFAULT_VELOCITY,
KeySignature,
Lyric,
Note,
Tempo,
TimeSignature,
Track,
)
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from ..music import Music
PITCH_NAMES = ["C", "C#", "D", "D#", "E", "F", "F#", "G", "G#", "A", "A#", "B"]
DEFAULT_TEMPO = 120
def to_delta_time(midi_track: MidiTrack):
"""Convert a mido MidiTrack object from absolute time to delta time.
Parameters
----------
midi_track : :class:`mido.MidiTrack` object
mido MidiTrack object to convert.
"""
# Sort messages by absolute time
midi_track.sort(key=lambda x: x.time)
# Convert to delta time
time = 0
for msg in midi_track:
time_ = msg.time
msg.time -= time
time = time_
def to_mido_tempo(tempo: Tempo) -> MetaMessage:
"""Return a Tempo object as a mido MetaMessage object.
Timing is in absolute time, NOT in delta time.
"""
return MetaMessage(
"set_tempo", time=tempo.time, tempo=bpm2tempo(tempo.qpm)
)
def to_mido_key_signature(
key_signature: KeySignature,
) -> Optional[MetaMessage]:
"""Return a KeySignature object as a mido MetaMessage object.
Timing is in absolute time, NOT in delta time.
"""
# TODO: `key_signature.root_str` might be given
if key_signature.root is None:
return None
if key_signature.mode not in ("major", "minor"):
return None
suffix = "m" if key_signature.mode == "minor" else ""
return MetaMessage(
"key_signature",
time=key_signature.time,
key=PITCH_NAMES[key_signature.root] + suffix,
)
def to_mido_time_signature(time_signature: TimeSignature) -> MetaMessage:
"""Return a TimeSignature object as a mido MetaMessage object.
Timing is in absolute time, NOT in delta time.
"""
return MetaMessage(
"time_signature",
time=time_signature.time,
numerator=time_signature.numerator,
denominator=time_signature.denominator,
)
def to_mido_meta_track(music: "Music") -> MidiTrack:
"""Return a mido MidiTrack containing metadata of a Music object.
Parameters
----------
music : :class:`muspy.Music` object
Music object to convert.
Returns
-------
:class:`mido.MidiTrack` object
Converted mido MidiTrack object.
"""
# Create a track to store the metadata
meta_track = MidiTrack()
# Song title
if music.metadata.title is not None:
meta_track.append(MetaMessage("track_name", name=music.metadata.title))
# Tempos
for tempo in music.tempos:
meta_track.append(to_mido_tempo(tempo))
# Key signatures
for key_signature in music.key_signatures:
mido_key_signature = to_mido_key_signature(key_signature)
if mido_key_signature is not None:
meta_track.append(mido_key_signature)
# Time signatures
for time_signature in music.time_signatures:
meta_track.append(to_mido_time_signature(time_signature))
# Lyrics
for lyric in music.lyrics:
meta_track.append(to_mido_lyric(lyric))
# Annotations
for annotation in music.annotations:
# Marker messages
if annotation.group == "marker":
meta_track.append(
MetaMessage("marker", text=annotation.annotation)
)
# Text messages
elif isinstance(annotation.annotation, str):
meta_track.append(
MetaMessage(
"text", time=annotation.time, text=annotation.annotation
)
)
# End of track message
meta_track.append(MetaMessage("end_of_track"))
# Convert to delta time
to_delta_time(meta_track)
return meta_track
def to_mido_lyric(lyric: Lyric) -> MetaMessage:
"""Return a Lyric object as a mido MetaMessage object.
Timing is in absolute time, NOT in delta time.
"""
return MetaMessage("lyrics", time=lyric.time, text=lyric.lyric)
def to_mido_note_on_note_off(
note: Note, channel: int, use_note_off_message: bool = False
) -> Tuple[Message, Message]:
"""Return a Note object as mido Message objects.
Timing is in absolute time, NOT in delta time.
Parameters
----------
note : :class:`muspy.Note` object
Note object to convert.
channel : int
Channel of the MIDI message.
use_note_off_message : bool, default: False
Whether to use note-off messages. If False, note-on messages
with zero velocity are used instead. The advantage to using
note-on messages at zero velocity is that it can avoid sending
additional status bytes when Running Status is employed.
Returns
-------
:class:`mido.Message` object
Converted mido Message object for note on.
:class:`mido.Message` object
Converted mido Message object for note off.
"""
velocity = note.velocity if note.velocity is not None else DEFAULT_VELOCITY
note_on_msg = Message(
"note_on",
time=note.time,
note=note.pitch,
velocity=velocity,
channel=channel,
)
if use_note_off_message:
note_off_msg = Message(
"note_off",
time=note.end,
note=note.pitch,
velocity=64,
channel=channel,
)
else:
note_off_msg = Message(
"note_on",
time=note.end,
note=note.pitch,
velocity=0,
channel=channel,
)
return note_on_msg, note_off_msg
def to_mido_track(
track: Track,
channel: int = None,
use_note_off_message: bool = False,
) -> MidiTrack:
"""Return a Track object as a mido MidiTrack object.
Parameters
----------
track : :class:`muspy.Track` object
Track object to convert.
channel : int, optional
Channel number. Defaults to 10 for drums and 0 for other
instruments.
use_note_off_message : bool, default: False
Whether to use note-off messages. If False, note-on messages
with zero velocity are used instead. The advantage to using
note-on messages at zero velocity is that it can avoid sending
additional status bytes when Running Status is employed.
Returns
-------
:class:`mido.MidiTrack` object
Converted mido MidiTrack object.
"""
if channel is None:
channel = 9 if track.is_drum else 0
# Create a new MIDI track
midi_track = MidiTrack()
# Track name messages
if track.name is not None:
midi_track.append(MetaMessage("track_name", name=track.name))
# Program change messages
midi_track.append(
Message("program_change", program=track.program, channel=channel)
)
# Note on and note off messages
for note in track.notes:
midi_track.extend(
to_mido_note_on_note_off(
note,
channel=channel,
use_note_off_message=use_note_off_message,
)
)
# End of track message
midi_track.append(MetaMessage("end_of_track"))
# Convert to delta time
to_delta_time(midi_track)
return midi_track
[docs]def to_mido(music: "Music", use_note_off_message: bool = False):
"""Return a Music object as a MidiFile object.
Parameters
----------
music : :class:`muspy.Music` object
Music object to convert.
use_note_off_message : bool, default: False
Whether to use note-off messages. If False, note-on messages
with zero velocity are used instead. The advantage to using
note-on messages at zero velocity is that it can avoid sending
additional status bytes when Running Status is employed.
Returns
-------
:class:`mido.MidiFile`
Converted MidiFile object.
"""
# Create a MIDI file object
midi = MidiFile(type=1, ticks_per_beat=music.resolution)
# Append meta track
midi.tracks.append(to_mido_meta_track(music))
# Iterate over music tracks
for i, track in enumerate(music.tracks):
# NOTE: Many softwares use the same instrument for messages of
# the same channel in different tracks. Thus, we want to assign
# a unique channel number for each track. MIDI has 15 channels
# for instruments other than drums, so we increment the channel
# number for each track (skipping the drum channel) and go back
# to 0 once we run out of channels.
# Assign channel number
if track.is_drum:
# Mido numbers channels 0 to 15 instead of 1 to 16
channel = 9
else:
# MIDI has 15 channels for instruments other than drums
channel = i % 15
# Avoid drum channel
if channel > 8:
channel += 1
midi.tracks.append(
to_mido_track(
track,
channel=channel,
use_note_off_message=use_note_off_message,
)
)
return midi
def write_midi_mido(
path: Union[str, Path], music: "Music", use_note_off_message: bool = False
):
"""Write a Music object to a MIDI file using mido as backend.
Parameters
----------
path : str or Path
Path to write the MIDI file.
music : :class:`muspy.Music` object
Music object to write.
use_note_off_message : bool, default: False
Whether to use note-off messages. If False, note-on messages
with zero velocity are used instead. The advantage to using
note-on messages at zero velocity is that it can avoid sending
additional status bytes when Running Status is employed.
"""
midi = to_mido(music, use_note_off_message=use_note_off_message)
midi.save(str(path))
def to_pretty_midi_key_signature(
key_signature: KeySignature,
) -> Optional[PmKeySignature]:
"""Return a KeySignature object as a pretty_midi KeySignature."""
# TODO: `key_signature.root_str` might be given
if key_signature.root is None:
return None
if key_signature.mode not in ("major", "minor"):
return None
key_name = PITCH_NAMES[key_signature.root] + " " + key_signature.mode
return PmKeySignature(
key_number=key_name_to_key_number(key_name), time=key_signature.time
)
def to_pretty_midi_time_signature(
time_signature: TimeSignature,
) -> PmTimeSignature:
"""Return a TimeSignature object as a pretty_midi TimeSignature."""
return PmTimeSignature(
numerator=time_signature.numerator,
denominator=time_signature.denominator,
time=time_signature.time,
)
def to_pretty_midi_lyric(lyric: Lyric) -> PmLyric:
"""Return a Lyric object as a pretty_midi Lyric object."""
return PmLyric(lyric.lyric, lyric.time)
def to_pretty_midi_note(note: Note) -> PmNote:
"""Return a Note object as a pretty_midi Note object."""
velocity = note.velocity if note.velocity is not None else DEFAULT_VELOCITY
return PmNote(
velocity=velocity, pitch=note.pitch, start=note.time, end=note.end
)
def to_pretty_midi_instrument(track: Track) -> Instrument:
"""Return a Track object as a pretty_midi Instrument object."""
instrument = Instrument(
program=track.program, is_drum=track.is_drum, name=track.name
)
for note in track.notes:
instrument.notes.append(to_pretty_midi_note(note))
return instrument
[docs]def to_pretty_midi(music: "Music") -> PrettyMIDI:
"""Return a Music object as a PrettyMIDI object.
Tempo changes are not supported yet.
Parameters
----------
music : :class:`muspy.Music` object
Music object to convert.
Returns
-------
:class:`pretty_midi.PrettyMIDI`
Converted PrettyMIDI object.
Notes
-----
Tempo information will not be included in the output.
"""
# Create an PrettyMIDI instance
midi = PrettyMIDI()
# Compute tempos
tempo_times, tempi = [0], [float(DEFAULT_TEMPO)]
for tempo in music.tempos:
tempo_times.append(tempo.time)
tempi.append(tempo.qpm)
# Remove unnecessary tempo changes to speed up the search
if len(tempi) > 1:
last_tempo = tempi[0]
last_time = tempo_times[0]
i = 1
while i < len(tempo_times):
if tempi[i] == last_tempo:
del tempo_times[i]
del tempi[i]
elif tempo_times[i] == last_time:
del tempo_times[i - 1]
del tempi[i - 1]
else:
last_tempo = tempi[i]
i += 1
if len(tempi) == 1:
def map_time(time):
return time * 60.0 / (music.resolution * tempi[0])
else:
tempo_times_np = np.array(tempo_times)
tempi_np = np.array(tempi)
# Compute the tempo time in absolute timing of each tempo change
tempo_realtimes = np.cumsum(
np.diff(tempo_times_np) * 60.0 / (music.resolution * tempi_np[:-1])
).tolist()
tempo_realtimes.insert(0, 0.0)
def map_time(time):
idx = np.searchsorted(tempo_times_np, time, side="right") - 1
residual = time - tempo_times_np[idx]
factor = 60.0 / (music.resolution * tempi_np[idx])
return tempo_realtimes[idx] + residual * factor
# Key signatures
for key_signature in music.key_signatures:
pm_key_signature = to_pretty_midi_key_signature(key_signature)
if pm_key_signature is not None:
pm_key_signature.time = map_time(pm_key_signature.time)
midi.key_signature_changes.append(pm_key_signature)
# Time signatures
for time_signature in music.time_signatures:
midi.time_signature_changes.append(
to_pretty_midi_time_signature(time_signature)
)
# Lyrics
for lyric in music.lyrics:
midi.lyrics.append(to_pretty_midi_lyric(lyric))
# Tracks
for track in music.tracks:
midi.instruments.append(to_pretty_midi_instrument(track))
return midi
def write_midi_pretty_midi(path: Union[str, Path], music: "Music"):
"""Write a Music object to a MIDI file using pretty_midi as backend.
Tempo changes are not supported yet.
Parameters
----------
path : str or Path
Path to write the MIDI file.
music : :class:`muspy.Music` object
Music object to convert.
Notes
-----
Tempo information will not be included in the output.
"""
midi = to_pretty_midi(music)
midi.write(str(path))
[docs]def write_midi(
path: Union[str, Path],
music: "Music",
backend: str = "mido",
**kwargs: Any
):
"""Write a Music object to a MIDI file.
Parameters
----------
path : str or Path
Path to write the MIDI file.
music : :class:`muspy.Music`
Music object to write.
backend: {'mido', 'pretty_midi'}, default: 'mido'
Backend to use.
See Also
--------
write_midi_mido :
Write a Music object to a MIDI file using mido as backend.
write_midi_pretty_midi :
Write a Music object to a MIDI file using pretty_midi as
backend.
"""
if backend == "mido":
return write_midi_mido(path, music, **kwargs)
if backend == "pretty_midi":
return write_midi_pretty_midi(path, music)
raise ValueError("`backend` must by one of 'mido' and 'pretty_midi'.")


Events user testing prototype
Resuming the project
Event producer
Event attendee
Monitor events
Basic event examples
- Generic
- Food and drink
- Germany - retail
- Sports technology in France
- Sell your products and services overseas
- Manufacturing and engineering
Other stuff
February 2018 - Attendee Registration Testing
December 2017
November 2017
- Scenario one
- Generic
- Food and drink
- Germany - retail
- Sports technology in France
- Sell your products and services overseas
- Manufacturing and engineering


You are viewing an historical archive of past issues. Please report new issues to the appropriate project issue tracker on GitHub.
Comments
-
Greg Hurrell
Summary changed:
- From: Set up "l" as shortcut path for "links" controller
- To: Set up "l" or "s" as shortcut path for "links" controller
-
Greg Hurrell
As noted in the new summary line, instead of "l" for "link", could also consider using "s" for "shortcut" as the abbreviated route for the controller. I actually used the "s" namespace for this purpose on the old site, so I have a bit of muscle and brain memory established for that shortcut already.
-
Greg Hurrell
Status changed:
- From: New
- To: Open
-
Greg Hurrell
Ok, now implemented. In the end went with "l" for "link" rather than "s" for "shortcut".
-
Greg Hurrell
Status changed:
- From: Open
- To: Closed
Add a comment
Comments are now closed for this issue.


WITNESS LIST
Health & Human Services
April 1, 2015 8:00 AM
FOR:
Homer, Andrew Director of Public Affairs (Texas CASA), Austin, TX
Rauls, Joy Executive Director (Children's Advocacy Centers of Texas, Inc.), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Scot, Johana Executive Director (Parent Guidance Center), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Smith, Casey Policy Associate (United Ways of Texas), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Powell, Judy Communications Director (Parent Guidance Center), Austin, TX
Spiller, Lee Executive Director (Citizens Commission on Human Rights), Austin, TX
FOR:
Bollom, Judy Parent/Volunteer (Self; Arthritis Foundation), Austin, TX
Brannum, Cindi Patient Advocate (Global Healthy Living Foundation (Creaky Joints)),
Farmersville, TX
Clark, Brynna Senior Director of State Affairs (Generic Pharmaceutical Association),
Washington, DC
Eastman, Dale Chair Advocacy and Government Relations (also providing written
testimony) (Alamo Breast Cancer Foundation), San Antonio, TX
Felix, Thomas R&D Policy Director (AMGEN), Washington, DC
Hudman, Justin Senior Director of Public Affairs (Texas Pharmacy Association), Austin,
TX
Kowalski, Tom President (THBI - Texas Healthcare and Bioscience Institute), Austin, TX
McHorse, Cathy Parent (Self), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Banning, Tom CEO/EVP (Texas Academy of Family Physicians), Austin, TX
Barton, Yvonne Regional Director, State Gov. Affairs (AbbVie), Austin, TX
Bearden, Chase Director Advocacy (Coalition of Texans with Disabilities), Austin, TX
Borel, Dennis Executive Director (Coalition of Texans with Disabilities), Austin, TX
Conwell, Audra CEO (Alliance of Independent Pharmacists of Texas), Austin, TX
Kerker, Juliana (Express Scripts), Austin, TX
Laca, Gaspar State Gov't Acct. Director (GlaxoSmithKline), Scottsdale, AZ
Lewis, Jesse Associate Director (Bristol - Myers Squibb), Dripping Springs, TX
Munoz, Mario Legislative Consultant (Eli Lilly), Austin, TX
Peeler, Robert Partner (Allergan - Actavis; UCB), Austin, TX
Petty, Helen Region Director (Arthritis Foundation), Austin, TX
Ponder, Richard Director State Gov't Affairs (Johnson & Johnson), Lakeway, TX
Ratliff, Thomas (Texas Nurse Practitioners), Austin, TX
Reece, Laurie Executive Director (Texas Transplantation Society), Austin, TX
Romero, Michelle Associate Director - Advocacy (Texas Medical Association), Austin, TX
WITNESS LIST
Health & Human Services
April 1, 2015 8:00 AM
Scott, Cam Senior Director, Texas Government Relations (American Cancer Society
Cancer Action Network), Austin, TX
Sullivan, Ray (Hospira), Austin, TX
Waldrop, Rebecca Director (Sanofi), Austin, TX
Walker, Kwame Lobbyist (Boehringer Ingelheim), Austin, TX
Westmoreland, Brad State Government Affairs (Genentech), Austin, TX
Woomer, Eric (Texas Dermatological Society), Austin, TX
Wright, Michael E.D. (Texas Pharmacy Business Council), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Wilson, Wendy (Prime Therapeutics), Austin, TX
Providing written testimony:
FOR:
Nieto, Chris (Self; Arthritis Foundation), Kyle, TX
FOR:
Bean-Williams, Gloria Director of Clinical and Quality Services (Texas Healthcare
Association), Kyle, TX
Helms, Denise Vice President of Post-Acute Care (Legend Healthcare), San Antonio, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Martinez, Diana VP of Public Policy (Texas Assisted Living Association), Austin, TX
Thomason, David (Leading Age Texas), Austin, TX
FOR:
Davidson, John Director, Center for Health Care Policy (also providing written testimony)
(Texas Public Policy Foundation), Austin, TX
Larson, Chris Dr. (Texas Academy of Family Physicians), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Martin, Amanda Gov't Affairs Manager (Texas Association of Business), Austin, TX
Reynolds, David Executive Director (Texas Osteopathic Medical Association), Austin, TX
Spilman, Annie Legislative Director (National Federation of Independent Business / TX),
Austin, TX
FOR:
Bragiel, Justin General Counsel (Texas Hotel and Lodging Association), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Hamilton, Mike (Texas Restaurant Association), Austin, TX
Lucero, Homero SR VP (Texas Travel Industry Association), Austin, TX
FOR:
Johnson, Lee Deputy Director (Texas Council of Community Centers), Austin, TX
WITNESS LIST
Health & Human Services
April 1, 2015 8:00 AM
Lewis, Kathryn Attorney (Disability Rights Texas), Austin, TX
Murphy, Kate Mental Health Policy Fellow (also providing written testimony) (Texas
Public Policy Foundation), Austin, TX
ON:
Horton, Colleen Policy Program Officer (also providing written testimony) (Hogg
Foundation for Mental Health), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Borel, Dennis Executive Director (Coalition of Texans with Disabilities), Austin, TX
Claitor, Diana Executive Director (Texas Jail Project), Austin, TX
Graziani, Cate (Mental Health America of Texas), Austin, TX
Hansch, Greg Public Policy Committee Member (National Alliance on Mental Illness
(NAMI) Texas), Austin, TX
Hartman, Marilyn Mental Health Advocate (People with serious mental illnesses), Austin,
TX
Ligon, Katharine Mental Health Policy (Center for Public Policy Priorities), Austin, TX
Simpson, Matt (ACLU of Texas), Austin, TX
Wilson, Stacy Associate General Counsel (Texas Hospital Association), Austin, TX
Woomer, Eric (Federation of Texas Psychiatry), Austin, TX
FOR:
Aguirre, Heather D.O. (also providing written testimony) (Texas Osteopathic Medical
Association), Austin, TX
Gloyna, David (Texas Society of Anesthesiologist), Temple, TX
AGAINST:
Hanna, Mark Legal Counsel (Texas Podiatric Medical Association), Austin, TX
ON:
Sjoberg, Elizabeth Associate General Counsel (Texas Hospital Association), Austin, TX
Willmann, James (Texas Nurses Association), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Banning, Tom CEO/EVP (Texas Academy of Family Physicians), Austin, TX
Capelo, Jaime (Coalition for Patient Safety), Austin, TX
Finch, Dan Director of Legislative Affairs (Texas Medical Association), Austin, TX
Herzog, Greg (Texas Society of Gastroenterology), Austin, TX
Hillert, Bobby Executive Director (Texas Orthopaedic Association), Austin, TX
Ratliff, Thomas (Texas Nurse Practitioners), Austin, TX
Reed, Rachael Executive Director (Texas Ophthalmological Association), Austin, TX
Woomer, Eric (Federation of Texas Psychiatry), Austin, TX


--- layout: default date: 2019-12-06 liquid: title: ptJavaScript header: JavaScript ---
Home/ Computing/ Languages/ Javascript/
JavaScript(1995) is a scripting language: a language that is not compiled before it runs. In 1995, Netscape already had Java, a compiled language, running on their browser, and they wanted to add a scripting language to the browser, so they commissioned JavaScript. [1]
Liquid Substitutions
page.title: {{ page.title }},
page.header: {{ page.header }},
page.doctitle: {{ page.doctitle }},
doctitle: {{ doctitle }},
page.id: {{ page.id }},
page.date: {{ page.date }},
page.author: {{ page.author }}
AsciiDoc Substitutions
doctitle = Javascript,
id = {id},
author = {author},
revdate = {revdate}


| | 1 | = Trac Permissions = |
| | 2 | [[TracGuideToc]] |
| | 3 | |
| | 4 | Trac uses a simple permission system to control what users can and can't access. |
| | 5 | |
| | 6 | Permission privileges are managed using the [wiki:TracAdmin trac-admin] tool. |
| | 7 | |
| | 8 | Non-authenticated users accessing the system are assigned the name "anonymous". Assign permissions to the "anonymous" user to set privileges for anonymous/guest users. The parts of Trac that a user does not have the privileges for will not be displayed in the navigation. |
| | 9 | |
| | 10 | In addition to these privileges, users can be granted additional individual rights in effect when authenticated and logged into the system. All logged in users belong to the virtual group "authenticated", which inherits permissions from "anonymous". |
| | 11 | |
| | 12 | == Available Privileges == |
| | 13 | |
| | 14 | To enable all privileges for a user, use the `TRAC_ADMIN` permission. Having `TRAC_ADMIN` is like being `root` on a *NIX system, it will allow you perform any operation. |
| | 15 | |
| | 16 | Otherwise, individual privileges can be assigned to users for the various different functional areas of Trac (note that the privilege names are case-sensitive): |
| | 17 | |
| | 18 | === Repository Browser === |
| | 19 | |
| | 20 | || `BROWSER_VIEW` || View directory listings in the [wiki:TracBrowser repository browser] || |
| | 21 | || `LOG_VIEW` || View revision logs of files and directories in the [wiki:TracBrowser repository browser] || |
| | 22 | || `FILE_VIEW` || View files in the [wiki:TracBrowser repository browser] || |
| | 23 | || `CHANGESET_VIEW` || View [wiki:TracChangeset repository check-ins] || |
| | 24 | |
| | 25 | === Ticket System === |
| | 26 | |
| | 27 | || `TICKET_VIEW` || View existing [wiki:TracTickets tickets] and perform [wiki:TracQuery ticket queries] || |
| | 28 | || `TICKET_CREATE` || Create new [wiki:TracTickets tickets] || |
| | 29 | || `TICKET_APPEND` || Add comments or attachments to [wiki:TracTickets tickets] || |
| | 30 | || `TICKET_CHGPROP` || Modify [wiki:TracTickets ticket] properties (priority, assignment, keywords, etc.) except description field || |
| | 31 | || `TICKET_MODIFY` || Includes both `TICKET_APPEND` and `TICKET_CHGPROP`, and in addition allows resolving [wiki:TracTickets tickets] || |
| | 32 | || `TICKET_ADMIN` || All `TICKET_*` permissions, plus the deletion of ticket attachments and modification of the description field || |
| | 33 | |
| | 34 | === Roadmap === |
| | 35 | |
| | 36 | || `MILESTONE_VIEW` || View a milestone || |
| | 37 | || `MILESTONE_CREATE` || Create a new milestone || |
| | 38 | || `MILESTONE_MODIFY` || Modify existing milestones || |
| | 39 | || `MILESTONE_DELETE` || Delete milestones || |
| | 40 | || `MILESTONE_ADMIN` || All `MILESTONE_*` permissions || |
| | 41 | || `ROADMAP_VIEW` || View the [wiki:TracRoadmap roadmap] page || |
| | 42 | |
| | 43 | === Reports === |
| | 44 | |
| | 45 | || `REPORT_VIEW` || View [wiki:TracReports reports] || |
| | 46 | || `REPORT_SQL_VIEW` || View the underlying SQL query of a [wiki:TracReports report] || |
| | 47 | || `REPORT_CREATE` || Create new [wiki:TracReports reports] || |
| | 48 | || `REPORT_MODIFY` || Modify existing [wiki:TracReports reports] || |
| | 49 | || `REPORT_DELETE` || Delete [wiki:TracReports reports] || |
| | 50 | || `REPORT_ADMIN` || All `REPORT_*` permissions || |
| | 51 | |
| | 52 | === Wiki System === |
| | 53 | |
| | 54 | || `WIKI_VIEW` || View existing [wiki:TracWiki wiki] pages || |
| | 55 | || `WIKI_CREATE` || Create new [wiki:TracWiki wiki] pages || |
| | 56 | || `WIKI_MODIFY` || Change [wiki:TracWiki wiki] pages || |
| | 57 | || `WIKI_DELETE` || Delete [wiki:TracWiki wiki] pages and attachments || |
| | 58 | || `WIKI_ADMIN` || All `WIKI_*` permissions, plus the management of ''readonly'' pages. || |
| | 59 | |
| | 60 | === Others === |
| | 61 | |
| | 62 | || `TIMELINE_VIEW` || View the [wiki:TracTimeline timeline] page || |
| | 63 | || `SEARCH_VIEW` || View and execute [wiki:TracSearch search] queries || |
| | 64 | || `CONFIG_VIEW` || Enables additional pages on ''About Trac'' that show the current configuration or the list of installed plugins || |
| | 65 | |
| | 66 | == Granting Privileges == |
| | 67 | |
| | 68 | You grant privileges to users using [wiki:TracAdmin trac-admin]. The current set of privileges can be listed with the following command: |
| | 69 | {{{ |
| | 70 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission list |
| | 71 | }}} |
| | 72 | |
| | 73 | This command will allow the user ''bob'' to delete reports: |
| | 74 | {{{ |
| | 75 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission add bob REPORT_DELETE |
| | 76 | }}} |
| | 77 | |
| | 78 | The `permission add` command also accepts multiple privilege names: |
| | 79 | {{{ |
| | 80 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission add bob REPORT_DELETE WIKI_CREATE |
| | 81 | }}} |
| | 82 | |
| | 83 | == Permission Groups == |
| | 84 | |
| | 85 | Permissions can be grouped together to form roles such as ''developer'', ''admin'', etc. |
| | 86 | {{{ |
| | 87 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission add developer WIKI_ADMIN |
| | 88 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission add developer REPORT_ADMIN |
| | 89 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission add developer TICKET_MODIFY |
| | 90 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission add bob developer |
| | 91 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission add john developer |
| | 92 | }}} |
| | 93 | |
| | 94 | Group membership can be checked by doing a {{{permission list}}} with no further arguments; the resulting output will include group memberships. Use lowercase for group names, as uppercase is reserved for permissions. |
| | 95 | |
| | 96 | == Removing Permissions == |
| | 97 | |
| | 98 | Permissions can be removed using the 'remove' command. For example: |
| | 99 | |
| | 100 | This command will prevent the user ''bob'' from deleting reports: |
| | 101 | {{{ |
| | 102 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission remove bob REPORT_DELETE |
| | 103 | }}} |
| | 104 | |
| | 105 | Just like `permission add`, this command accepts multiple privilege names. |
| | 106 | |
| | 107 | You can also remove all privileges for a specific user: |
| | 108 | {{{ |
| | 109 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission remove bob * |
| | 110 | }}} |
| | 111 | |
| | 112 | Or one privilege for all users: |
| | 113 | {{{ |
| | 114 | $ trac-admin /path/to/projenv permission remove * REPORT_ADMIN |
| | 115 | }}} |
| | 116 | |
| | 117 | == Default Permissions == |
| | 118 | |
| | 119 | Granting privileges to the special user ''anonymous'' can be used to control what an anonymous user can do before they have logged in. |
| | 120 | |
| | 121 | In the same way, privileges granted to the special user ''authenticated'' will apply to any authenticated (logged in) user. |
| | 122 | |
| | 123 | ---- |
| | 124 | See also: TracAdmin, TracGuide and [http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/FineGrainedPermissions FineGrainedPermissions] |


Slide 0 Leaflet StoryMap template with indiv geojson and tilelayer by slide
See
code on GitHub
. External links require target = _blank


Japan records trade surplus as exports, imports fall
by The Associated PressTOKYO — Japan has recorded a trade surplus in October, the first surplus in four months, as exports to the U.S. fell and oil prices slipped.
The Finance Ministry reported Wednesday Japan’s surplus totalled 17.3 billion yen ($159 million).
Exports to the U.S. dipped 11% in October, including autos and auto parts, marking the third straight month of declines.
Imports from the U.S. fell 17%, such as agricultural products and gas fuels, the ministry said.
Exports and imports to other regions, including Europe and China, also fell.
The tariff war between the U.S. and China has taken a toll across Asia, hurting manufacturers and supply chains.
A dispute between Japan and South Korea over high-tech exports has added to the uncertainty.
The Associated Press


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Specialized Compounding • Medication Reviews • Remote Delivery
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Our team of pharmacists, technicians and assistants are here to assist you with all your medication needs. We offer the following services and supplies:
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We deliver and provide services to remote communities, tracking your medication every step of the way up to the point of delivery.
We use the latest technology to ensure efficiency and accuracy in our dispensing service.
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You can setup each portal configuration by clicking on the Edit button:
| Name | Start Date Search Period | Token | Active | Edit | |
| {{ portal.name}} | {{portal.startSearchDate| date:'yyyy-MM-dd'}} | {{ portal.token || '' }} |
| Name | Start Date Search Period | Active | Edit | |
| {{ portal.name}} | {{portal.startSearchDate| date:'yyyy-MM-dd'}} |
Before running the search, please remember to add keywords and read carefully the Portals Configuration to make sure everything is correctly set, then click on Start Search.
| Start | Stop | Output | |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{log.start| date:'yyyy-MM-dd h:mm:ss'}} | Executing | {{log.stop| date:'yyyy-MM-dd h:mm:ss'}} | {{log.cause}} |
Warning: This functionality will wipe out all the article-related content stored in the system, including evaluated and not evaluated records.


Data Storytelling
As I discussed when posting the dataset, the mechanisms for tornado warnings underwent a huge evolution during the time period that this data highlights. In addition to the changes in warning mechanisms, the reporting of events was also improving and therefore, we see an increase in the number of tornados in the data set. I don't believe that there were truly a significantly higher number of tornadoes in the decades that followed the 50's, but rather that as populations became more spread out and reporting became more standardized, we simply recorded more data.
What is interesting is the decrease in number of fatalities over time. This is a testament to our warning systems, public awareness and preparedness. Similarly, after peaking in the 1970's property damage decreases in later years. I'm taking these values with a grain of salt, but would attribute this to better building materials and practices.
I've left the map for last. The midwest, southeast and Texas experience the majority of the tornados, with events west of the Rocky mountains infrequent. The tornados with the largest numbers of fatalities occurred in areas where tornados are common but not regular occurences, population density is high and the Fujita scale rating is also high.
Data Viz Approach
For this dataset, I wanted to focus on the geographic distribution of tornados, their destructive nature and time based analysis. I accomplished this with 3 distinct visualization types - a map, bar charts and BAN's.
Map
I considered many map types - chlorpeth (states colored by a metric), hexbins (latitudes & longitudes rounded and binned into groups and typically colored by a metric) and state tile maps (constant sized shapes representing the approximate geographical location of the state, colored by a metric), and finally a point distribution map (single point per event, with flexibility for size/color based on metrics or dimensions). After weighing the pros and cons of each, I decided to go with a point distribution map in an effort to highlight three distinct items:
- The location of the tornados across the contiguous United States (based on beginning latitude and longitude),
- The force of the tornados (Fujita scale indicated by color) and
- The destruction associated with the tornados (fatalities per tornado indicated by size).
As the sheer number of points makes for a very visually intensive map, I decided to use a custom map created in Mapbox that allowed me to focus just on the United States, remove all state & waterway labels and use a custom palette that complimented the rest of the dashboard.
Bar Charts
I chose trusty bar charts to represent metrics by year or decade based upon the user's parameter input. The bars effectively show the relationship of the metrics across time, while being familiar to the average user. The labels compliment the bars, and provide clear indication of the metric value. I kept the color scheme simple highlighting both the min and max for each metric. The bottom most viz looking at tornado frequency by month incorporates an average providing a visual cue as to the months that exceed or fall below the average.
BANs
Big numbers are an easy way to summarize the metrics in the bar charts immediately above them.
Calculated Fields
There were a couple of challenges with the Property Damage column that was included with the NOAA data source. The first was that the column came in as a text column with values indicated with K's, M's and B's to indicate scale. Other values came in without a unit, and based on the values, I assumed these to be Millions. I created calculated fields to convert the strings to float, and used the units to multiply the resulting values to their correct value. Additionally, I used a consumer price index ratio to normalize the values to 1999 dollars.
Supporting Data
In an effort to baseline the property damage values, I brought in a Consumer Price Index data source from the Federal Reserve Bank and used this to estimate property damage in 1999 dollars.


How to use
Type in the search bar a city.
Scroll down to see the weather forecast for that city.
You can't find a country?


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %}Rad Remedy - Home{% endblock %} {% block head_text %}Welcome!{% endblock %} {% block head_blurb %}This is where we would a nice blurb about what RAD is, who should use it, and what they might use it for. Also, this is a good spot for a short version of our mission statement!{% endblock %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}


The search box provides a recognisable way to search across Warwick. When users focus inside the search box and start typing, a floating label appears.


---
title: "May has Sprung"
date: "2019-05-03 00:00:00 -06:00"
categories:
- whats-blooming
layout: "post"
blog-banner: "whats-blooming-now-spring.jpg"
post-date: "May 3, 2019"
post-time: "12:00 PM"
blog-image: "2019-05-03-wbn.jpg"
published: true
---
May is here and it's brought an exuberance of color!
This majesty can be seen near the Water Pavilion. These flowers put off a skunky smell you probably won't be able to miss.
This is a great choice for year round beauty and ground coverage.
A fabulous weeping crabapple cultivar. On display in the Fragrance Garden.
A fun Utah native that produces delicious edible fruit that ripen mid to late summer.
Even the pollinators are out!
If you have kids, come check out our new Viking Village Display in the Childrens Garden.
If you haven't already heard, our popular Spring Plant Sale is right around the corner. We have a lot of great plants this year! Be sure to stop by next weekend!
Click HERE for more Plant Sale details.


On this website you'll find some resources for the Roux method as well as general tips that I've gathered, as well as tips from other Roux solvers that I've gathered.
The resources here should be kept relatively up to date as long as I'm still cubing.
Here's a link to my channel where you can find my own solves and a few other small tips/reconstructions based around the Roux method.
Here are a few resources that you may want to look at: (they will be in more detail within the step-specific pages)
Even if the steps are treated as separate steps on this website, remember that you should be treating the steps as a transition to the next one rather than a binary switch.


<lomTechRequirement>
The <lomTechRequirement> provides learning metadata about the operating system(s) under which the learning resource can run.
Category: Learning and training: metadata elements


Previous: Tilde Less-Than-Sign-> Justification, Up: FORMAT Layout Control
~> terminates a ~<. The consequences of using it elsewhere are undefined.


Implements interfaces:
This is the default handler for the gateway. It's job is to handle everything that is specific to Amf for the gateway.
Located in /Amfphp/Core/Amf/Handler.php (line 18)
use this to manipulate the packet directly from your services. This is an advanced option, and should be used with caution!
use this to manipulate the packet directly from your services. This is an advanced option, and should be used with caution!
see Amfphp_Core_Config::CONFIG_FORCE_AMF3
Amf specifies that an error message must be aimed at an end point. This stores the last message's response Uri to be able to give this end point
in case of an exception during the handling of the message. The default is '/1', because a response Uri is not always available
creates a ServiceCallParamaeters object from an Amfphp_Core_Amf_Message
supported separators in the targetUri are '/' and '.'
process a request and generate a response.
throws an Exception if anything fails, so caller must encapsulate in try/catch
filter called for exception handling an Amf packet/message, to give a plugin the chance to handle it.
This is for the Flex Messaging plugin to be able to intercept the exception and say it wants to handle it
filter called for each amf request header, to give a plugin the chance to handle it.
Unless a plugin handles them, amf headers are ignored Headers embedded in the serialized requests are regarded to be a Amf specific, so they get their filter in Amf Handler
filter called for each amf request message, to give a plugin the chance to handle it.
This is for the Flex Messaging plugin to be able to intercept the message and say it wants to handle it
Documentation generated on Tue, 29 May 2012 23:42:04 +0200 by phpDocumentor 1.4.3


200 CIGARETTES (1999)
A Film Review by Ted Prigge
Copyright 1999 Ted Prigge
Director: Risa Bramon Garcia
Writer: Shana Larsen
Starring: Christina Ricci, Paul Rudd, Courtney Love, Ben Affleck, Gaby Hoffman, Casey Affleck, Jay Mohr, Kate Hudson, Martha Plimpton, Brian McCardie, Angela Featherstone, Nicole Parker, David Chapelle, Janeane Garafolo, Guillermo Diaz, Elvis Costello
So I guess this kind of film has rubbed off onto the indie crowd as well, eh? Though they've always been made, the kind of retro-John Hughes kind of film only came back into popularity amongst everyone else a couple years ago, I suppose thanks to "Scream," the first film to really bring back that whole 80s feel, albeit with a sharp, self-conscious twist that made it admittingly enjoyable (too bad, I guess, that the sequel blew). Then came the traditional Hughes-ian films, like the dreadful "Can't Hardly Wait" of the previous summer (currently collecting dust on my top 10 worst list of the year), and now this whole trend has come to us courtesy of a ginormous cast of actors who work nearly exclusively in the independent film circuit, and whose range of actual acting talent spans the spectrum of "annoying" (Casey Affleck, as from my experience of him in "Good Will Hunting") to "pretty damn great (Christina Ricci, obviously). It's too bad that the only thing that differentiates this film from another film like it is that instead of godawful actors taking the helm (oh, Jennifer Love Hewitt...), it's these guys making asses of themselves.
If nothing, "200 Cigarettes" proves that even if you put a mighty cast of Indie actors in one movie together, Altman-esqueness or not, you're still going to come up with a relatively shallow, mostly unwitty, albeit minorly-energetic movie. It's like if "Nashville" had been set during a certain time to only sell records, was populated by characateurs, and had the depth of insight as a petri dish. The characters in this film are flat, under-developed, and worst of all, smug and hip - this film contains about 20 characters, but all of three, maybe four, are evenly remotely interesting, mostly thanks to the actors who inhabit them with their own self-created aspects. Not a very good omen when you're trying to make a film that's overly an hour and a half.
The film, though basically plotless, follows a large group of people, usually in small groups, trying to get to a certain party. There's two Long Island teens (Ricci and her pal, Gaby Hoffman, unrecognizable to me until the final reel) up in the city sans their parents' knowledge, but unaware where the party's supposed to take place who run into some young punk fans (Casey Affleck and Guillermo Diaz) who at first frighten them then win them over, sorta (as a side note, I hereby officially deem the Long Island accent the single most annoying accent on the face of the planet earth). There's a birthday-plagued, morose guy (Paul Rudd) who was just dumped by his performance artist girlfriend (Janeane Garafolo), on the town with his best bud (Courtney Love), who offers herself as a birthday present to him to cheer him up. There's a clumsy, young deb (Kate Hudson, daughter to Goldie Hawn) who's out with the guy who robbed her of her virginity the night before (Jay Mohr). There's a bartender (Ben Affleck), who's being constantly eyeballed but never followed through with. There's two girls (Nicole Parker and Angela Featherstone) who are going to the party with the one's Scot boyfriend (Brian McCardie), who is then dumped beforehand. And there's the Scot's ex (Martha Plimpton), the girl who's throwing the party. This is all tied together by a joyful cabbie (Dave Chapelle), who ends up giving at least most of them a ride during the film, and dispenses a bit of advice free of charge.
It's all incredibly fake, and not only does every single plot thread seem like it'd fit in comfortably with a sitcom on NBC, it also feels incredibly cliched and reminiscent of something else that wasn't much fun the first time around. And of the entire cast, several of them very good actors, only three make any kind of impression: Rudd, who merely shows that he's one of the more charismatic and likable actors around once again; Love, who shows that she can do fluff as well as more dramatic stuff; and Hudson, the biggest surprise of the movie, who gives if not a minor-star-making performance, at least a memorable one. She posesses something that's not unlike her own mother's early charm: she's flustered, cute, and unpredicatable, and whenever she was on screen, I was always interested in seeing what bizarre nuance she'd come up with next, and was for the most part pleased. Everyone else, though, is just so-so, even Ricci, usually the only good thing amongst a pile of crap (see, or rather don't see, "Pecker"), though both Afflecks turn in at least aimable performances (Casey, in fact, was much more digestable here than in "Hunting" - a couple more roles, and he could be even above average someday). But everyone else slips into dullsville, sacked with lame roles that require them to spout bad dialogue and go through cheap, petty emotions, and, well, smoke cigarettes (haven't seen smoking this fake since Faye Dunaway in "Bonnie and Clyde").
And I could very well go on from here, blasting every part of it, destroying everything that this film stands for, point out that the sole reason this takes place in the 80s is for a cheap, retro feel, and make hyperbolic statements like "'200 Cigarettes' represents the dreg of our country's filmmaking capacity and the low end of the indie field"...but I shan't, because, truth be told, I nearly liked this film. The opening almost killed it immediately, and its introduction to our cast of characters was hardly at all proimising. But after awhile, as slight as the film as a whole was, it grew on me, and even if I wasn't flat-out enjoying it, I was at least occasionally grimacing and even chuckling here and there at things I just knew I shouldn't dare chuckle at. Even with terrible dialogue and bad subplots throughout that weren't tres involving, it has an energy that makes up for a bit of the crapness of the whole, even if it only makes up for about half of it. The performances were genuinely likable by all, if not too memorable, and I was shocked to see that I soon started caring about the whole Rudd/Love subplot, and that I was soon looking forward to it coming up again via the plot rotation.
But there's still more to not like than to like here, and all I can say is that though it's not annoying like "Can't Hardly Wait" or other Hughes-ian films, it's not exactly a wonderful, even totally likable flick. Not more than week after seeing it, I'm surprised that I can remember so much about it. Luckily, it's mostly the stuff that I did like about it (Love, Rudd, Hudson, for instance), 'cause otherwise it'd be a pretty much all scathing review. As such, it's nearly a guilty pleasure, and my subsequent rating seems balls-out generous for a movie I nearly despised if it hadn't become so progressively likable.
MY RATING (out of 4): **
Homepage at: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Hills/8335/
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Class: Aws::Route53::Types::CreateKeySigningKeyRequest
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb |
Overview
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#caller_reference ⇒ String
rw
A unique string that identifies the request.
-
#hosted_zone_id ⇒ String
rw
The unique string (ID) used to identify a hosted zone.
-
#key_management_service_arn ⇒ String
rw
The Amazon resource name (ARN) for a customer managed key in Key Management Service (KMS).
-
#name ⇒ String
rw
A string used to identify a key-signing key (KSK).
-
#status ⇒ String
rw
A string specifying the initial status of the key-signing key (KSK).
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#caller_reference ⇒ String
(rw)
A unique string that identifies the request.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 1433
class CreateKeySigningKeyRequest < Struct.new( :caller_reference, :hosted_zone_id, :key_management_service_arn, :name, :status) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#hosted_zone_id ⇒ String
(rw)
The unique string (ID) used to identify a hosted zone.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 1433
class CreateKeySigningKeyRequest < Struct.new( :caller_reference, :hosted_zone_id, :key_management_service_arn, :name, :status) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#key_management_service_arn ⇒ String
(rw)
The Amazon resource name (ARN) for a customer managed key in Key
Management Service (KMS). The KeyManagementServiceArn
must be
unique for each key-signing key (KSK) in a single hosted zone. To
see an example of KeyManagementServiceArn
that grants the correct
permissions for DNSSEC, scroll down to Example.
You must configure the customer managed customer managed key as follows:
Status
: Enabled
Key spec
: ECC_NIST_P256
Key usage
: Sign and verify
Key policy
: The key policy must give permission for the following actions:
DescribeKey
GetPublicKey
Sign
The key policy must also include the Amazon Route 53 service in the principal for your account. Specify the following:
"Service": "dnssec-route53.amazonaws.com"
^
For more information about working with a customer managed key in
::Aws::KMS
, see Key Management Service concepts.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 1433
class CreateKeySigningKeyRequest < Struct.new( :caller_reference, :hosted_zone_id, :key_management_service_arn, :name, :status) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#name ⇒ String
(rw)
A string used to identify a key-signing key (KSK). Name
can
include numbers, letters, and underscores (_). Name
must be
unique for each key-signing key in the same hosted zone.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 1433
class CreateKeySigningKeyRequest < Struct.new( :caller_reference, :hosted_zone_id, :key_management_service_arn, :name, :status) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#status ⇒ String
(rw)
A string specifying the initial status of the key-signing key (KSK).
You can set the value to ACTIVE
or INACTIVE
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-route53/lib/aws-sdk-route53/types.rb', line 1433
class CreateKeySigningKeyRequest < Struct.new( :caller_reference, :hosted_zone_id, :key_management_service_arn, :name, :status) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


Satyendra Nath Bose (Bengali: সত্যেন্দ্র নাথ বসু, 1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an Indian mathematician and physicist specialising in theoretical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, collaborating with Albert Einstein in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 by the Government of India. The class of particles that obey Bose–Einstein statistics, bosons, was named after Bose by Paul Dirac. A polymath, he had a wide range of interests in varied fields including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature, and music. He served on many research and development committees in sovereign India.
Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937) was a biologist, physicist, botanist and an early writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio science. Bose is considered the father of Bengali science fiction, and also invented the crescograph, a device for measuring the growth of plants. A crater on the moon has been named in his honour. He founded Bose Institute, a premier research institute of India and also one of its oldest. Established in 1917, the Institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia. He served as the Director of Bose Institute from its inception until his death. Bose subsequently made a number of pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. He used his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to various stimuli, and thereby scientifically proved parallelism between animal and plant tissues. Although Bose filed for a patent for one of his inventions because of peer pressure, his objection to any form of patenting was well known. To facilitate his research, he constructed automatic recorders capable of registering extremely slight movements; these instruments produced some striking results, such as quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a power of feeling in plants. His books include Response in the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism of Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC poll, Bose was voted seventh Greatest Bengali of all time.
Meghnad Saha (6 October 1893 – 16 February 1956) was an Indian astrophysicist who developed the Saha ionization equation, used to describe chemical and physical conditions in stars. His work allowed astronomers to accurately relate the spectral classes of stars to their actual temperatures. He was elected to the Parliament of India in 1952.


Language: Data Types
The Puppet language allows several data types as variables, attribute values, and function arguments:
Booleans
The boolean type has two possible values: true
and false
. Literal booleans must be one of these two bare words (that is, not quoted).
The condition of an “if” statement is a boolean value. All of Puppet’s comparison expressions return boolean values, as do many functions.
Automatic Conversion to Boolean
If a non-boolean value is used where a boolean is required, it will be automatically converted to a boolean as follows:
- Strings
- Empty strings are false; all other strings are true. That means the string
"false"
actually resolves as true. Warning: all facts are strings in this version of Puppet, so “boolean” facts must be handled carefully.Note: the puppetlabs-stdlib module includes a
str2bool
function which converts strings to boolean values more intelligently. - Numbers
- All numbers are true, including zero and negative numbers.
Note: the puppetlabs-stdlib module includes a
num2bool
function which converts numbers to boolean values more intelligently. - Undef
- The special data type
undef
is false. - Arrays and Hashes
- Any array or hash is true, including the empty array and empty hash.
- Resource References
- Any resource reference is true, regardless of whether or not the resource it refers to has been evaluated, whether the resource exists, or whether the type is valid.
Regular expressions cannot be converted to boolean values.
Undef
Puppet’s special undef value is roughly equivalent to nil in Ruby; variables which have never been declared have a value of undef
. Literal undef values must be the bare word undef
.
The undef value is usually useful for testing whether a variable has been set. It can also be used as the value of a resource attribute, which can let you un-set any value inherited from a resource default and cause the attribute to be unmanaged.
When used as a boolean, undef
is false.
Strings
Strings are unstructured text fragments of any length. They may or may not be surrounded by quotation marks. Use single quotes for all strings that do not require variable interpolation, and double quotes for strings that do require variable interpolation.
Bare Words
Bare (that is, not quoted) words are usually treated as single-word strings. To be treated as a string, a bare word must:
- Not be a reserved word
- Begin with a lower case letter, and contain only letters, digits, hyphens (-), and underscores (_). Bare words that begin with upper case letters are interpreted as resource references.
Bare word strings are usually used with attributes that accept a limited number of one-word values, such as ensure
.
Single-Quoted Strings
Strings surrounded by single quotes 'like this'
do not interpolate variables, and the only escape sequences permitted are \'
(a literal single quote) and \\
(a literal backslash). Line breaks within the string are interpreted as literal line breaks.
Lone backslashes are literal backslashes, unless followed by a single quote or another backslash. That is:
- When a backslash occurs at the very end of a single-quoted string, a double backslash must be used instead of a single backslash. For example:
path => 'C:\Program Files(x86)\\'
- When a literal double backslash is intended, a quadruple backslash must be used.
Double-Quoted Strings
Strings surrounded by double quotes "like this"
allow variable interpolation and several escape sequences. Line breaks within the string are interpreted as literal line breaks, and you can also insert line breaks by using the \n
escape sequence.
Variable Interpolation
Any $variable
in a double-quoted string will be replaced with its value. To remove ambiguity about which text is part of the variable name, you can surround the variable name in curly braces:
path => "${apache::root}/${apache::vhostdir}/${name}",
Expression Interpolation
Note: This is not recommended.
In a double-quoted string, you may interpolate the value of an arbitrary expression (which may contain both variables and literal values) by putting it inside ${}
(a pair of curly braces preceded by a dollar sign):
file {'config.yml':
content => "...
db_remote: ${ $clientcert !~ /^db\d+/ }
...",
ensure => file,
}
This is of limited use, since most expressions resolve to boolean or numerical values.
Behavioral oddities of interpolated expressions:
- You may not use bare word strings or numbers; all literal string or number values must be quoted. The behavior of bare words in an interpolated expression is undefined.
- Within the
${}
, you may use double or single quotes without needing to escape them. - Interpolated expressions may not use function calls as operands.
Escape Sequences
The following escape sequences are available:
\$
— literal dollar sign\"
— literal double quote\'
— literal single quote\\
— single backslash\n
— newline\r
— carriage return\t
— tab\s
— space
Line Breaks
Quoted strings may continue over multiple lines, and line breaks are preserved as a literal part of the string.
Puppet does not attempt to convert line breaks, which means that the type of line break (Unix/LF or Windows/CRLF) used in the file will be preserved. You can also insert literal foreign line breaks into strings:
- To insert a CRLF in a manifest file that uses Unix line endings, use the
\r\n
escape sequences in a double-quoted string. - To insert an LF in a manifest that uses Windows line endings, use the
\n
escape sequence in a double-quoted string.
Encoding
Puppet treats strings as sequences of bytes. It does not recognize encodings or translate between them, and non-printing characters are preserved.
However, Puppet Labs recommends that all strings be valid UTF8. Future versions of Puppet may impose restrictions on string encoding, and using only UTF8 will protect you in this event. Additionally, PuppetDB will remove invalid UTF8 characters when storing catalogs.
Resource References
Resource references identify a specific existing Puppet resource by its type and title. Several attributes, such as the relationship metaparameters, require resource references.
# A reference to a file resource:
subscribe => File['/etc/ntp.conf'],
...
# A type with a multi-segment name:
before => Concat::Fragment['apache_port_header'],
The general form of a resource reference is:
- The resource type, capitalized (every segment must be capitalized if the type includes a namespace separator [
::
]) - An opening square bracket
- The title of the resource, or a comma-separated list of titles
- A closing square bracket
Unlike variables, resource references are not parse-order dependent, and can be used before the resource itself is declared.
Multi-Resource References
Resource references with an array of titles or comma-separated list of titles refer to multiple resources of the same type:
# A multi-resource reference:
require => File['/etc/apache2/httpd.conf', '/etc/apache2/magic', '/etc/apache2/mime.types'],
# An equivalent multi-resource reference:
$my_files = ['/etc/apache2/httpd.conf', '/etc/apache2/magic', '/etc/apache2/mime.types']
require => File[$my_files]
They can be used wherever an array of references might be used. They can also go on either side of a chaining arrow or receive a block of additional attributes.
Numbers
Puppet’s arithmetic expressions accept integers and floating point numbers. Internally, Puppet treats numbers like strings until they are used in a numeric context.
Numbers can be written as bare words or quoted strings, and may consist only of digits with an optional negative sign (-
) and decimal point.
$some_number = 8 * -7.992
$another_number = $some_number / 4
Numbers cannot include explicit positive signs (+
) or exponents. Numbers between -1 and 1 cannot start with a bare decimal point; they must have a leading zero.
$product = 8 * +4 # syntax error
$product = 8 * 4 # OK
$product = 8 * .12 # syntax error
$product = 8 * 0.12 # OK
Arrays
Arrays are written as comma-separated lists of items surrounded by square brackets. An optional trailing comma is allowed between the final value and the closing square bracket.
[ 'one', 'two', 'three' ]
# Equivalent:
[ 'one', 'two', 'three', ]
The items in an array can be any data type, including hashes or more arrays.
Resource attributes which can optionally accept multiple values (including the relationship metaparameters) expect those values in an array.
Indexing
You can access items in an array by their numerical index (counting from zero). Square brackets are used for indexing.
Example:
$foo = [ 'one', 'two', 'three' ]
notice( $foo[1] )
This manifest would log two
as a notice. ($foo[0]
would be one
, since indexing counts from zero.)
Nested arrays and hashes can be accessed by chaining indexes:
$foo = [ 'one', {'second' => 'two', 'third' => 'three'} ]
notice( $foo[1]['third'] )
This manifest would log three
as a notice. ($foo[1]
is a hash, and we access a key named 'third'
.)
Arrays support negative indexing, with -1
being the final element of the array:
$foo = [ 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five' ]
notice( $foo[2] )
notice( $foo[-2] )
The first notice would log three
, and the second would log four
.
Additional Functions
The puppetlabs-stdlib module contains several additional functions for dealing with arrays, including:
delete
delete_at
flatten
grep
hash
is_array
join
member
prefix
range
reverse
shuffle
size
sort
unique
validate_array
values_at
zip
Hashes
Hashes are written as key/value pairs surrounded by curly braces; a key is separated from its value by a =>
(arrow, fat comma, or hash rocket), and adjacent pairs are separated by commas. An optional trailing comma is allowed between the final value and the closing curly brace.
{ key1 => 'val1', key2 => 'val2' }
# Equivalent:
{ key1 => 'val1', key2 => 'val2', }
Hash keys are strings, but hash values can be any data type, including arrays or more hashes.
Indexing
You can access hash members with their key; square brackets are used for indexing.
$myhash = { key => "some value",
other_key => "some other value" }
notice( $myhash[key] )
This manifest would log some value
as a notice.
Nested arrays and hashes can be accessed by chaining indexes:
$main_site = { port => { http => 80,
https => 443 },
vhost_name => 'docs.puppetlabs.com',
server_name => { mirror0 => 'warbler.example.com',
mirror1 => 'egret.example.com' }
}
notice ( $main_site[port][https] )
This example manifest would log 443
as a notice.
Additional Functions
The puppetlabs-stdlib module contains several additional functions for dealing with hashes, including:
has_key
is_hash
keys
merge
validate_hash
values
Regular Expressions
Regular expressions (regexes) are Puppet’s one non-standard data type. They cannot be assigned to variables, and they can only be used in the few places that specifically accept regular expressions. These places include: the =~
and !~
regex match operators, the cases in selectors and case statements, and the names of node definitions. They cannot be passed to functions or used in resource attributes. (Note that the regsubst
function takes a stringified regex in order to get around this.)
Regular expressions are written as standard Ruby regular expressions (valid for the version of Ruby being used by Puppet) and must be surrounded by forward slashes:
if $host =~ /^www(\d+)\./ {
notify { "Welcome web server #$1": }
}
Alternate forms of regex quoting are not allowed and Ruby-style variable interpolation is not available.
Regex Options
Regexes in Puppet cannot have options or encodings appended after the final slash. However, you may turn options on or off for portions of the expression using the (?<ENABLED OPTION>:<SUBPATTERN>)
and (?-<DISABLED OPTION>:<SUBPATTERN>)
notation. The following example enables the i
option while disabling the m
and x
options:
$packages = $operatingsystem ? {
/(?i-mx:ubuntu|debian)/ => 'apache2',
/(?i-mx:centos|fedora|redhat)/ => 'httpd',
}
The following options are allowed:
- i — Ignore case
- m — Treat a newline as a character matched by
.
- x — Ignore whitespace and comments in the pattern
Regex Capture Variables
Within conditional statements that use regexes (but not node definitions that use them), any captures from parentheses in the pattern will be available inside the associated value as numbered variables ($1, $2
, etc.), and the entire match will be available as $0
.
These are not normal variables, and have some special behaviors:
- The values of the numbered variables do not persist outside the code block associated with the pattern that set them.
- In nested conditionals, each conditional has its own set of values for the set of numbered variables. At the end of an interior statement, the numbered variables are reset to their previous values for the remainder of the outside statement. (This causes conditional statements to act like [local scopes][local], but only with regard to the numbered variables.)


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