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AceSegment
0.13.0
A library for rendering seven segment LED displays using the TM1637, TM1638, MAX7219, HT16K33, or 74HC595 controller chips
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An implementation of LedModule
for display modules which do not have hardware controller chips, so they require the microcontroller to perform the multiplexed scanning across the digits.
More...
#include <ScanningModule.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| ScanningModule (const T_LM &ledMatrix, uint8_t framesPerSecond) | |
| Constructor. More... | |
| void | begin () |
| Configure the driver with the parameters given by in the constructor. More... | |
| void | end () |
| A no-op end() function for consistency with other classes. | |
| void | setBrightnessAt (uint8_t pos, uint8_t brightness) |
| Set the brightness for a given pos, leaving pattern unchanged. More... | |
| uint16_t | getFramesPerSecond () const |
| Return the requested frames per second. | |
| uint16_t | getFieldsPerSecond () const |
| Return the fields per second. | |
| uint16_t | getFieldsPerFrame () const |
| Total fields per frame across all digits. | |
| uint16_t | getMicrosPerField () const |
| Return micros per field. More... | |
| bool | renderFieldWhenReady () |
| Display one field of a frame when the time is right. More... | |
| void | renderFieldNow () |
| Render the current field immediately. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from ace_segment::LedModule | |
| LedModule (uint8_t *patterns, uint8_t numDigits) | |
| Constructor. More... | |
| uint8_t | getNumDigits () const |
| Return the number of digits supported by this display instance. More... | |
| uint8_t | size () const |
| Return the number of digits supported by this display instance. | |
| void | setPatternAt (uint8_t pos, uint8_t pattern) |
| Set the led digit pattern at position pos. | |
| uint8_t | getPatternAt (uint8_t pos) const |
| Get the led digit pattern at position pos. | |
| void | setBrightness (uint8_t brightness) |
| Set global brightness of all digits. More... | |
| uint8_t | getBrightness () const |
| Get the current brightness. | |
| void | setDecimalPointAt (uint8_t pos, bool state=true) |
| Set decimal point. | |
Friends | |
| class | ::ScanningModuleTest_isAnyDigitDirty |
| class | ::ScanningModuleTest_isBrightnessDirty |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from ace_segment::LedModule | |
| void | begin () |
| Subclasses should call this from its own begin(). | |
| void | end () |
| Subclasses should call this from its own end(). More... | |
| void | setDigitDirty (uint8_t pos) |
Set the dirty bit of digit pos . | |
| void | clearDigitDirty (uint8_t pos) |
Clear the dirty bit of digit pos . | |
| bool | isDigitDirty (uint8_t pos) const |
Check the dirty bit of digit pos . | |
| void | clearDigitsDirty () |
| Clear dirty bits of all digits. | |
| bool | isAnyDigitDirty () const |
| Return true if any digits are dirty. | |
| bool | isBrightnessDirty () const |
| Check if the brightness level is dirty. | |
| void | setBrightnessDirty () |
| Mark the brightness as dirty. | |
| void | clearBrightnessDirty () |
| Clear the dirty bit for brightness. | |
An implementation of LedModule
for display modules which do not have hardware controller chips, so they require the microcontroller to perform the multiplexed scanning across the digits.
The matrix wiring of the segment and digit pins allow only a single digit to be turned on at any given time, so multiplexing across all the digits quickly (e.g. 60 Hz) gives the appearance of activating all the digits at the same time. For LED modules with a hardware controller (e.g. TM1637), the controller chip performs the multiplexing. Note that a 74HC595 Shift Register chip does not perform the multiplexing, it only provides a conversion from serial to parallel output.
This class depends on one of the implementations of the LedMatrixBase
class to multiplex the LED segments on the digits, and potentially one of the of SimpleSpiInterface
or HardSpiInterface
classes if a 74HC595 shift register chip is used.
A frame is divided into fields. A field is a partial rendering of a frame. Normally, the one digit corresponds to one field. However if brightness control is enabled by setting T_SUBFIELDS > 1
, then a single digit will be rendered for T_SUBFIELDS number of times so that the brightness of the digit will be controlled by PWM.
There are 2 ways to get the expected number of frames per second:
1) Call the renderFieldNow() in an ISR, or 2) Call renderFieldWhenReady() polling method repeatedly from the global loop(), and an internal timing parameter will trigger a renderFieldNow() at the appropriate time.
| T_LM | the LedMatrixBase class that provides access to LED segments (elements) organized by digit (group) |
| T_DIGITS | number of LED digits |
| T_SUBFIELDS | number of subfields for each digit to get brightness control using PWM. The default is 1, but can be set to greater than 1 to get brightness control. |
| T_CI | class that provides access to Arduino clock functions (millis() and micros()). The default is ClockInterface. |
Definition at line 82 of file ScanningModule.h.
|
inlineexplicit |
Constructor.
| ledMatrix | instance of LedMatrixBase that understanding the wiring |
| framesPerSecond | the rate at which all digits of the LED display will be refreshed |
| numDigits | number of digits in the LED display |
| patterns | array of segment pattern per digit, not nullable |
| brightnesses | array of brightness for each digit (default: nullptr) |
Definition at line 95 of file ScanningModule.h.
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inline |
Configure the driver with the parameters given by in the constructor.
Normally, this should be called only once after construction. Unit tests will sometimes change a parameter of FakeDriver and call this a second time.
Definition at line 110 of file ScanningModule.h.
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inline |
Return micros per field.
This is how often renderFieldNow() must be called from a timer interrupt.
Definition at line 192 of file ScanningModule.h.
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inline |
Render the current field immediately.
If modulation is off (i.e. T_SUBFIELDS == 1), then the field corresponds to the single digit. If modulation is enabled (T_SUBFIELDS > 1), then each digit is PWM modulated over T_SUBFIELDS number of renderings.
This method is intended to be called directly from a timer interrupt handler.
Definition at line 223 of file ScanningModule.h.
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inline |
Display one field of a frame when the time is right.
This is a polling method, so call this slightly more frequently than getFieldsPerSecond() per second.
Definition at line 202 of file ScanningModule.h.
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inline |
Set the brightness for a given pos, leaving pattern unchanged.
Not all implementation of LedClass
can support brightness for each digit, so this is implemented at the ScanningModule class.
The maximum brightness should is exactly T_SUBFIELDS
which turns on the LED 100% of the time. The minimum brightness is 0, which turns OFF the digit. For example, if T_SUBFIELDS==16
, the the maximum brightness is 16 which turns ON the digit 100% of the time. The relative brightness of each brightness level is in units of 1/T_SUBFIELDS.
The brightness scale is not normalized to [0,255]. A previous version of this class tried to do that, but I found that this introduced discretization errors which made it difficult to control the brightness at intermediate values. For example, suppose T_SUBFIELDS=16. If we changed the normalized brightness value from 32 to 40, it was impossible to determine without actually running the program if the 2 values actually differed in brightness. Instead, the calling program is expected to keep track of the value of T_SUBFIELDS, and create an array of brightness values in these raw units. The side benefit of using raw brightness values is that it makes displayCurrentFieldModulated() easier to implement.
Definition at line 166 of file ScanningModule.h.


Total Engineering Staffs
550
Engineering MAHB
50
MAHB
Engineering MA Sepang
350
MA
SEPANG
Engineering MASB
150
MASB
List of Engineering Staffs
| Name | Designation | Unit | Department | Subsidiary | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ir. Khairiah Salleh | Head of Engineering, MAHB | - | Engineering MAHB | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Redha Azmei | Senior Executive - Engineering Strategic | Engineering Business Intelligence (EBI) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Ir. Muhammad Fadhli Shuhaimi | Senior Executive - Technical Advisory | Engineering Business Intelligence (EBI) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohamed Isamir Mohamed Amin | Executive - Innovation | Engineering Business Intelligence (EBI) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Akmal Hayati Rusli | Senior Executive - Innovation | Engineering Business Intelligence (EBI) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Wan Adawiah Wan Asman Shukor | Manager | Engineering Business Intelligence (EBI) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Ir. Mohd Hakimi Uda Ahmad | Senior Manager | Engineering Energy & Environment (EEE) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Wan Hasaharizan Wan Hussain | Manager | Engineering Energy & Environment (EEE) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Omar Farouq Mohd Hafizan | Senior Executive - Energy Management | Engineering Energy & Environment (EEE) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Nur Shafiqah Ab Majid | Executive - Utilities Compliance | Engineering Energy & Environment (EEE) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Muhammad Kamil Wan Ahmad | Senior Executive - Utilities Compliance | Engineering Energy & Environment (EEE) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Nurul Sharmimi Mohd Norman | Executive - Energy Management | Engineering Energy & Environment (EEE) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Zul Hisham Mohamad Nayan | Senior Manager | Engineering Asset Management (EAM) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Syazwan Md Akir | Manager | Engineering Contracts & Project Management (ECP) | CORE | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohammad Zamir Zainol Abidin | Senior Executive - Asset Management | Engineering Asset Management (EAM) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Muhammad Kasyfurrahman Alli | Senior Executive - Infrastructure Management | Engineering Asset Management (EAM) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Muhammad Qusyairi Roslan | Executive - Asset Management | Engineering Asset Management (EAM) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Lim Ken Hua | Senior Executive - Industry Advocacy | Engineering Asset Management (EAM) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Noor Fatihah Mahmod | Executive - Infrastructure Management | Engineering Asset Management (EAM) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohd Sabri Abd Aziz | Senior Manager | Engineering Performance (EP) | CORE | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Azzaidi Aluwi | Senior Manager | Engineering Innovation (EI) | CORE | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Ahmad Fadzil Arshad | Senior Manager | Engineering Contracts & Project Management (ECP) | CORE | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Fadzril Idzham Abdul Jalil | Manager | Engineering Performance (EP) | CORE | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohd Zahir Hashim | Manager | Engineering Asset Management (EAM) | Strategic | MAHB |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Bibi Sabrena Sakandar Khan | Head of Engineering, MA Sepang | - | Engineering MA Sepang | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Nordin Isnin | Senior Manager | Engineering (Terminal 1) | Engineering (Terminal 1) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohamad Fariz Masir | Senior Manager | Engineering (Terminal 2) | Engineering (Terminal 2) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Zamlus Abdul Latif | Senior Manager | Engineering (Aerodrome) | Engineering (Aerodrome) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Ir. Johari Karim | Senior Manager | Resident Electrical Engineer (REE) | Resident Electrical Engineer (REE) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Nasri Mohamad Saruan | Manager | Electrical Power System (EPS) | Resident Electrical Engineer (REE) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Amran Abdul Razak | Manager | KLIA Aerotrain (KAT) | Engineering (Terminal 1) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Raja Harmaini Raja Mohamed Anuar | Manager | Passenger Borading Bridge (PBB) KLIA | Engineering (Terminal 1) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Ir. Mohd Khairulfatin Zulhaimi | Manager | Baggage Handling System (BHS) KLIA | Engineering (Terminal 1)) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohd Hannan Abd Hamid | Manager | Screening System KLIA/klia2 | Engineering (Terminal 1) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohd Ibrahim Jaal | Manager | Building Services (BS) KLIA | Engineering (Terminal 1) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Ir. Abdul Rahim Sidek | Manager | Baggage Handling System (BHS) klia2 | Engineering (Terminal 2) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Khairul Faizal | Manager | Building Services (Ancillary Building) | Engineering (Terminal 2) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mohamad Ridhuan Mohamed Yusoff | Manager | Airport Communication System (ACS) | Engineering (Terminal 2) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Sazali Kemin | Manager | Building Services (BS) klia2 | Engineering (Terminal 2) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Nurul Hafeeza Mohamed | Manager | Airport Pavement (APV) | Engineering (Aerodrome) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Afandi Akmal Ayob | Manager | Engineering Environment | Engineering (Aerodrome) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Mahfod Mukri | Manager | Airfield Ground Lighting (AGL) | Engineering (Aerodrome) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Ammar Zulkifli | Manager | Motor Transport Workshop (MTW) | Engineering (Aerodrome) | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Nurul Husni Yunus | Manager | ECSC & Document Management | Engineering MA Sepang | MA Sepang |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|


Neer Dosa
INGREDIENTS
- 1 cup rice soaked for at least 2 hours and drained
- 2 cup to 2and1/2 water
- Salt to taste
- Ghee for greasing
PROCEDURE
- Soak rice for 5 to 7 hours or overnight.
Chop fresh coconut.
Grind rice into a fine and smooth batter. Add very little water.
Add chopped coconut and again grind it to a smooth batter.
Add salt to taste.
Add water to the batter to make it porous.
- Rest it for two to three minutes, water should form as top layer.
The batter should be like that of rawa dosa.
Heat iron tawa, sprinkle water to tast it. If the water sizzles, tawa is ready to make dosa.
I used a tumbler to pour dosa batter, You can use it or if comfortable with ladle use ladle also.

- Cook till the edges of the dosa leaves the tawa. Slowly with the help of spatula, lift the dosa.
Fold it to one half and again fold it into another half. this will make the dosa look like a flat cone.
- Serve it hot with spicy coconut chutney or peanut chutney.


The Philippines' national hero. Born in Calamba, Laguna, on June 19, 1861.
Published his masterpiece Noli Me Tangere in Berlin(Germany) in 1887 and his second novel El Filibusterismo in Ghent(Belgium) in 1891.
His two novels stirred the conscience of his people. He contributed various literary works to La Solidaridad.
For his leadership in the reform movement and for his incendiary novels,
Rizal was arrested and later killed by musketry in Bagumbayan, Manila, on December 30, 1896.
His execution was the last straw for other Filipinos who called for a bloody revolution against Spain.


| 005:018 Khan | : |
And (both) the Jews and the Christians say: "We are the children of Allah and His loved ones." Say: "Why then does He punish you for your sins?" Nay, you are but human beings, of those He has created, He forgives whom He wills and He punishes whom He wills. And to Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth and all that is between them, and to Him is the return (of all). |
| 005:018 Maulana | : |
And the Jews and the Christians say: We are the sons of Allah and His beloved ones. Say: Why does He then chastise you for your sins? Nay, you are mortals from among those whom He has created. He forgives whom He pleases and chastises whom He pleases. And Allah's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, and to Him is the eventual coming. |
| 005:018 Pickthal | : |
The Jews and Christians say: We are sons of Allah and His loved ones. Say: Why then doth He chastise you for your sins? Nay, ye are but mortals of His creating. He forgiveth whom He will, and chastiseth whom He will. Allah's is the Sovereignty of the heavens and the earth and all that is between them, and unto Him is the journeying. |
| 005:018 Rashad | : |
The Jews and the Christians said, "We are GOD's children and His beloved." Say, "Why then does He punish you for your sins?  He forgives whomever He wills and punishes whomever He wills. To GOD belongs the sovereignty of the heavens and the earth, and everything between them, and to Him is the final destiny. |
| 005:018 Sarwar | : |
The Jews and Christians call themselves the beloved sons of God. (Muhammad), ask them, "Why does God punish you for your sins?  He forgives and punishes whomever He wants. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens, the earth, and all that is between them and to Him do all things return. |
| 005:018 Shakir | : |
And the Jews and the Christians say: We are the sons of Allah and His beloved ones. Say: Why does He then chastise you for your faults? Nay, you are mortals from among those whom He has created, He forgives whom He pleases and chastises whom He pleases; and Allah's is the kingdom of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, and to Him is the eventual coming. |
| 005:018 Sherali | : |
The Jews and the Christians say, 'We are the sons of ALLAH and HIS beloved ones.' Say, 'Why then does HE punish you for your sins? Nay, you are mortals from among those HE has created.'  And to ALLAH belongs the Kingdom of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, and to HIM shall be the final return. |
| 005:018 Yusufali | : |
(Both) the Jews and the Christians say: "We are sons of Allah, and his beloved." Say: "Why then doth He punish you for your sins? Nay, ye are but men,- of the men he hath created: He forgiveth whom He pleaseth, and He punisheth whom He pleaseth: and to Allah belongeth the dominion of the heavens and the earth, and all that is between: and unto Him is the final goal (of all)" |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > إرادته Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Will أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > مشيئته Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Will القرآن الكريم > محاججة المنكرين والجاحدين The Holy Quran> Arguing the Denyers and the Unbelievers تنظيم العلاقات المالية > تملك الأموال Organizing Financial Relationships>Possessing Property الديانات > بنو إسرائيل > تحريفهم كلام الله Religions>Children of Israel>Their Distortion of Allah's Words الديانات > بنو إسرائيل > حالاتهم Religions>Children of Israel>Their Status الديانات > النصارى > أقوالهم وجرأتهم على الله Religions>The Christians>Their Sayings and their Daring against Allah
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


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- Charles Babbage developed his first mechanical computer.
- Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer program.
- Morse Code was invented.
- George Boole invented Boolean algebra.
- Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
- Nikola Tesla invented the remote control.
- IBM was founded.
- Walther Bothe developed the logic gate.
- Alan Turing introduced the idea of a machine that could implement any computer algorithim (now known as "Turing completeness").
- Hewlett Packard was founded.
- Grace Hopper coined the phrase "computer bug".
- William Shockley of Bell Labs invented the transistor.
- magnetic drum memory was invented.
- the first machine that could play Chess was invented.
- Alan Turing published Computing Machinery and Intelligence which introduced the concept of the Turing Test.
- IBM developed its Model 701, the first machine to use a tape drive.
- John Backus & IBM developed the FORTRAN programming language.
- Bell Labs developed its first transistor computer.
- Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments invented the Silicon chip.
- the COBOL programming language was invented.
- the first computer game, Spacewar Computer Game, was developed.
- Douglas Engelbart invented and patented the computer mouse.
- the American National Standards Institute introduced ASCII.
- the first word processor was developed.
- the BASIC programming language was developed.
- the floppy disk was invented.
- the first supercomputer, CDC 7600, was developed.
- Xerox developed the laser printer.
- the U.S. Department of Defense formed ARPANET.
- development of the UNIX operating system was started.
- RAM was invented.
- UNIX time began.
- email was invented.
- LCD technology was invented.
- Sharp Corporation developed the first pocket calculator.
- Dennis Ritchie designed the C programming language.
- Atari released Pong, the first commercial video game.
- the compact disc was invented.
- the LAN protocol was introduced.
- the Xerox Alto minicomputer was developed.
- SQL was developed.
- Charles Simonyi coined the term "WYSIWYG" (What You See Is What You Get).
- Altair released the first portable computer.
- Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen.
- Apple was founded by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs.
- Apple introduced the Apple II.
- Microsoft developed MS-DOS.
- WordPerfect 1.0 was released.
- the Commodore 64 was released and became the highest-selling computer of all time.
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) was developed.
- the first domain names (.com, .edu, .gov, .int, .mil, .net, .org) were introduced with the development of DNS.
- Apple introduced the Macintosh.
- the Nintendo Entertainment system was released.
- Windows 1.0 was released.
- Larry Wall designed the Perl programming language.
- the idea of the World Wide Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee.
- Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel.
- the World Wide Web was launched to the public.
- Yahoo Inc. was founded.
- Sun Microsystems introduced the Java programming language.
- the JavaScript programming language was developed in two weeks by Brendan Eich.
- Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto introduced the Ruby programming language.
- Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos.
- eBay was founded.
- Google was founded by Sergey Brin and Larry Page.


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Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colourless chemical substance that is the main constituent of earth's water supply such as streams, lakes and oceans together with seas. Water is also the main constituent in most living organisms. Water is found at room temperature in liquid state.
Water covers 71% of the earth's surface. It is vital for all known life forms. On earth, 96.5% of the planet's crust water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in groundwater and the ice caps of antarctica and greenland, a small fraction in other water bodies and 0.001% in the air as vapour, clouds and precipitation.
Water is a polar inorganic compound. Water is nearly colourless with a hint of blue. This simplest hydrogen chalcogenide is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the universal solvent for its ability to dissolve many substances.
Water is a liquid at room temperature and pressure. At pressures higher than 2100 atm the melting point rapidly increases again, and ice takes several exotic forms that do not exist at lower pressures.
Increasing the pressure has a more dramatic effect on the boiling point, that is about 374 degrees celsius at 220 atm. At very low pressures of below 0.006 atm, water cannot exist in liquid state and passes directly from solid to gas by sublimation. At very high pressures of above 221 atm, the liquid and gas states are no longer distinguishable, a state called supercritical steam comes into being.
The apparent colour of natural bodies of water(and swimming pools) is often determined more by dissolved and suspended solids, or by reflection of the sky, rather than by the water itself.
Light in the visible electromagnetic spectrum can traverse a couple meters of pure water(or ice) without significant absorption, so that it looks transparent and colourless, thus aquatic plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms can live in water up to hundreds of meters deep, because sunlight can reach them. Water vapour is essentially invisible as a gas.
Through the thickness of 10 meters or more, however, the intristic colour of water(or ice) is visibly turquoise(greenish-blue) , as its absorption spectrum has a sharp minimum at the corresponding colour of light. The colour becomes increasingly stronger and darker with increasing thickness. Infrared and ultraviolet light, on the other hand is strongly absorbed by water.
The refraction index of liquid water(1.333 at 20 degrees celsius) is much lighter than that of air(1.0) similar to those of alkenes and ethanol, but lower than those of glycerol(1.473) and benzene(1.501). The refraction of ice(1.31) is lower than that of liquid water.
Since the water molecule is not linear and the oxygen atom has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen atoms, it is a polar molecule, with an electric dipole moment(oxygen atom carries a slight negative charge, whereas the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive.
Water is a good polar solvent that dissolves many salts and hydrophilic organic molecules such as sugars and simple alcohols such as ethanol. Most acids also do dissolve in water to yeild the corresponding anions. Many other substances in living organisms such as proteins, DNA and polysaccharides, are dissolved in water. Gases like oxgen and carbon dioxide are also dissolved in water.
Because of its polarity, a molecule of water in the liquid or solid state can form up to four hydrogen bonds with neighbouring molecules.
Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, which increases with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as common salt. Liquid water can be split into the elements hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through it in a process called electrolysis.
Liquid water can be assumed to be incompressible for most purposes. Even in oceans at 4km depths, where the pressure is 400atm, water suffers only a 1.8% decrese in volume.>
Hydrology is the study of the water movement, distribution and quality throughout the earth. The study of the distribution of water is hydrography. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology.
The collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet is called the hydrosphere. The majority of water on earth is sea water.
The water cycle(known as the hydrological cycle) refers to the continous exchange of water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water, surface water, groundwater and plants. Water moves perpectually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting of following transfer processes: -evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the air and transpiration from land plants and animals into air. -precipitation from water vapour condensing from the air and falling to earth or ocean. -runoff from the land usually reaching the sea. Most of the water vapour over the oceans usually return back to it, but winds carry water vapour over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea.
Some runoff water is trapped for long periods of time an example being in lakes. At high altitudes, during winter and the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snow packs and glaciers. Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers.
Sea water contains about 3.5% of sodium chloride on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of sea water differs from fresh water in some important respects. It freezes at a lower (-1.9 degrees celcius) and it's density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing.
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the tidal forces of the moon and the sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams.


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Enter your osu!API key so the application is able to grab all relevant information (multiplayer, beatmap, user information).
The API key can be found here.
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This will export the config file and save it as a file in case you need to share it with someone. Note: This will not export any credentials you have saved. |
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| This will clear all the cache. | |
| This will clear all irc messages. | |
| This will remove the API key. | |
| This will remove your irc credentials. |


M. BUTTERFLY A film review by Scott Renshaw Copyright 1993 Scott Renshaw
Starring: Jeremy Irons, John Lone. Screenplay: David Henry Hwang, based on his play. Director: David Cronenberg.
I approached the film version of M. BUTTERFLY with something of a "show me" attitude. I'd had the good fortune to see a sensational production of the play by Northern California's TheatreWorks company, with an amazing lead performance by Mark Capri as Gallimard, and I felt that any other version would have to be pretty good to impress me. I also questioned the choice of David Cronenberg, whose previous efforts had all been horror films, as director. It therefore comes as a pleasant surprise that Cronenberg's M. BUTTERFLY maintains a real faithfulness to the basic themes of David Henry Hwang's Tony Award-winning play, although it loses a great deal from the absence of the stage version's Brechtian devices.
M. BUTTERFLY is based on the true story of French diplomat Bernard Boursicot, here called Rene Gallimard. Stationed in Beijing in 1964, Gallimard (Jeremy Irons) is a petty bureaucrat responsible for reviewing expense reports. One evening, he attends an embassy function for a performance of selections from Puccini's opera "Madama Butterfly." The featured vocalist is Song Liling, a mysterious figure who intrigues Gallimard. That intrigue soon leads to an affair, despite a small detail of which Gallimard is apparently unaware: Song (John Lone) is a man. Gaining confidence from his new love, Gallimard is promoted to a position of importance in French intelligence. He and Song carry on their relationship for several years, until an investigation forces him to know all there is to know about the spying game.
It's useless to argue that the story is implausible, based as it is on a real event; M. BUTTERFLY is itself an attempt to explain how it could have happened. Hwang's conclusion is that the Boursicot/Gallimard story is inextricably tied to the perception Westerners hold of the East, that of a culture of subservience. Consequently, they think of all Asians as feminized, making Gallimard's assumption of Song's gender purely cultural. Hwang and Cronenberg convey that sense of Western sexual/political arrogance in lines which draw knowing chuckles, such as Gallimard's assurance to his superior that the Vietnamese would "submit to any show of strength" by the Americans. It's an interesting theme well-explored.
Where I felt M. BUTTERFLY was less successful was in portraying the complexities of Gallimard's character. In the play, he speaks directly to the audience, a device which allows for some ironic observations of his state of mind.  Lost also is the impression that before meeting Song, Gallimard is timid and sexually inept; it is only after asserting dominance over his "Butterfly" that he becomes a "real man." Without this aspect of his personality evident, his vulnerability to the deception doesn't make as much sense. There should be a clear sense that psychologically, he *needs* Song to be a woman, and it's not quite there.
Such an emphasis on Gallimard's psychology would also have gone far toward making John Lone a credible choice as Song. B. D. Wong, the head biotechnician in JURASSIC PARK and the originator of Song on Broadway, was once attached to the film, but was passed over when Lone became available. The choice was a mistake. Lone's voice has an eerie, detached quality which I liked for its mysterious allure, but the fact is that he just looks too masculine, and an eight foot high close-up doesn't exactly promote illusion. Irons is a much better choice as Gallimard. He's great at showing Gallimard's cocky Eurocentrist side, and I loved his oddly amused expression when he first sees Song dressed as a man. Once again, however, it was the impotent Gallimard who disappeared, particularly in the too-brief look at his other extra-marital affair, where what should have been disgust instead becomes mere surprise.
M. BUTTERFLY is a fascinating story, and its screen telling is more than fair to the stage spirit. I only wish Hwang had been allowed to keep the focus on the internal. It's a good film that could have been a very good one.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 counts of espionage: 6.
.
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rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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Here is briefly shown a tecnique that may be useful for the
mitigation of thread divergenge due to if
statements. This
simply consists in letting all threads execute all instructions within
all if
statements, ensuring that the final value of the
variables is the same as if would have been computed inside the
if
s. See as example, how listing [list:ifDivergence1] is
converted in an equivalent if
-free code (listing
[list:ifDivergence2]) as example :
if (d_Spy[index] >= 0){
alpha_p = acos(d_Spx[index]/d_outFlwPriv[getPrivateVarIdx(index,12,0)]);
}else{
alpha_p = 2.0*PI_GRECO - acos(d_Spx[index]/d_outFlwPriv[getPrivateVarIdx(index,12,0)]);
}
condition=d_Spy[index] >= 0;
alpha_p= -(condition*-(2.0*PI_GRECO)+ acos(d_Spx[index]/d_outFlwPriv[getPrivateVarIdx(index,12,0)]));
It’s easy to see that whether
\(d\_Spy[index] >= 0\) is greater equal than
\(0\) the final value of the variable
\(alpha\_p\) is equivalent between the two listings (a boolean value is
internally represented in C as
\(0=false\) and
\( a=true,\; a>0\)). It is known that GPUs devote more transistors than
CPUs to computation instead of control flow, so in some situations a
gain in performance using this tecnique may take place.
Experimentations, anyway, have to be performed in order to find the
best set of if
s to be converted and evaluate real
performance gain obtained. Note that in general converted code,
expecially ones with several nested if
s, becomes less
readable and maintenable.


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our take on the best of #nolaeats after a first whirlwind trip.
It's painful to try to put them in any kind of order. It's tough to get a bad meal in the big easy, but for us, Peche, Cane and Table, Atchafalaya, Shaya, and Bacchanal rose to the top of the foodie chain. Here's the run-down:
Peche
Peche Seafood Grill is a Spanish, Gulf Coast, South American inspired seafood restaurant at the edge of the CBD (Central Business District). The food was amazing and the staff was great. We had reservations for a Monday night dinner at 7pm and it was packed so we recommend making reservations ahead of time. When you get there make sure to start off with a drink and their Seafood Salad which is kind of their take on ceviche. Don’t leave without trying the Roasted Carrots, Fried Bread, Spicy Ground Shrimp and Noodles, and Crawfish Capellini.
Cane and Table
Arguably tied with first place in our hearts, but Cane and Table really is a hidden gem in New Orleans. I hope it stays that way because the service, food, and drinks were on a whole other level - even compared to other cities we’ve visited. Cane and Table would be the best place to go to in any city, New Orleans is lucky to have it. We were walking through the french quarter on our way to Cafe Du Monde on the first morning, stumbled across this place and drank our way through their entire brunch cocktail menu instead #priorities ($35 all you can drink with an entree special! AMAZING!!!).
We were walking through the french quarter on our way to Cafe Du Monde on the first morning, stumbled across Cane and Table and drank our way through their entire brunch cocktail menu instead. #priorities
Atchafalaya
Atchafalaya is nestled in right at the border of the Garden District and Uptown - sitting on a beautiful wide avenue. They had a build your own Bloody Mary bar, alligator sausage (a bit tangy, but yeah, tastes a bit like a mix of chicken and fish), the best Pimms Cup we found on had the whole trip, and the best Chicken and Biscuits we’ve tried anywhere!
Shaya
Shaya is an Israeli inspired restaurant located in Uptown, lives up to its reputation as one of the best restaurants in the country. The decor, the service, the pita bread!!! All of it was amazing. You want to make sure to come hungry, we tried almost everything and left regretting nothing!
Bacchanal
We almost regret having to share this gem with the internet but Bacchanal Wine is not ours to keep secret. #moraldilemma.  It reminds us of every amazing night out in every great city we’ve been to with its outside patio and live music.
Maybe it was because it was our last night in New Orleans or the perfect weather or the amazing music or the Lambrusco or the Cheese or the Bread or because I guess we’re kind of suckers for a great charcuterie board but something about it left us feeling home sick for New Orleans and we hadn’t even left yet.
Let's be honest. It's hard to find a bad meal in nola
Not that we plan to try, but this is a freaking-awesome list amongst thousands of freaking-awesome options. Keep eating, nola eaters. Try it all, but if you’re looking for the best - we say you give these spots a shot.
Until next time, nola.


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--- layout: post title: We left but the firetruck is still out front date: 2009-12-19 02:57:58.000000000 -08:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: [] tags: [] meta: {} author: ---
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Gabrielle:
It's the place that Land Dragon Watchman Gilmore spoke of. It is the central part of the aura that restrains Antharas in Dragon Valley. Our time is very limited.


Atom for Pythonist
Atom is a free and open-source text and source code editor for macOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows with support for plug-ins written in Node.js, and embedded Git Control, developed by GitHub (Wikipedia).
Atom was launched in February 2014 by the GitHub team.
A hackable text editor for the 21st Century created by GitHub team which is simple, powerful and highly customizable.
Download for 32 bit or 64-bit installer according to your operating system. Once it is downloaded, go to the download folder and double-click on “AtomSetup-x64.exe” for installing it.
Click on the icon and install the editor as shown below:
After giving the permission to the windows, a beautiful image will appear with the caption “Atom is being installed. It will launch once it is done”.
Once it is installed, an icon on the desktop will appear. To use Atom, either click on the desktop icon or find the “Atom” in the start menu.
Atom for Pythonist
Pythonist loves Atom, as both are open source. It could be customized for Pythonist by installing six packages:
- platform_ide-terminal
- autocomplete-python
- python-autopep8
- linter-flake8
- Browser Plus
- file-icons
1. platform_ide-terminal
It is a terminal package for Atom for integrating command line in ATOM.
Click on File> Settings>Install "platform-ide-terminal"
It stays at the bottom of the editor. Click on the “plus sign” on the bottom-left side for using it.
For more information click here.
If you press Ctrl+T or Ctrl+P, the Fuzzy Finder will pop up. This will let you quickly search for any file in your project by typing parts of the path.
2. autocomplete-python
autocomplete-python autocompletes python packages, variables, methods, and functions with their arguments in Atom.
Click on File>Settings>Install autocomplete-python
3. python-autopep8
It formats the python code according to the PEP8 guidelines. For more information click here.
Click on the Settings of python-autopep8 and go to the Settings. Check the Format on Save
as shown below.
- autopep8 need to be installed on the system. Open bash and type
pip install autopep8
4. linter-flake8
Flake8 is a Python library that wraps PyFlakes, pycodestyle and Ned Batchelder’s McCabe script. It is a great toolkit for checking your code base against coding style (PEP8), programming errors (like “library imported but unused” and “Undefined name”) and to check cyclomatic complexity. For more information click here
- flake8 need to be installed on the system. Open bash and type
pip install flake8
5. Browser Plus
It opens a real browser in ATOM, which is very handy for debugging and checking the output at the same time. It opens the home page(maintained in the settings) or http://www.google.com.
ctrl + shift + P and search Browser Plus for opening the browser window.
6. file-icons
This put a little icon next to each file, which helps us to identify which kind of file it is.
File-specific icons in Atom for improved visual grepping.
Open File with Atom in one click
The normal procedure for opening a file or a directory with Atom is by first opening the editor Atom, with either of two methods as mentioned above. Then click on “File” > “Open folder” and browse to the file or the folder, which is a very cumbersome process as shown below:
Wouldn’t it be amazing if we could just open the file in one click? So let see how we can do it.
- Open the editor Atom
- Click on File > Settings and Click “System” tab. Check the
Show in file context menus
andShow in folder context menus
as shown below: - Close the editor Atom.
Right click and “open with Atom” option will appear as shown below. Atom is available with just a right click away.
Conclusion
We have learned about a wonderful open source editor called Atom. How it is being used by Pythonist and some tricks and tips about using it.


|
App Engine Python SDK
v1.6.9 rev.445
The Python runtime is available as an experimental Preview feature.
|
Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ |
| def | request |
| def | start_request |
| def | end_request |
| def | set_request_instance |
| def | get_request_url |
| def | get_request_environ |
| def | get_dispatcher |
| def | get_module |
| def | get_version |
| def | get_instance |
Associates request state, derived from a WSGI environ, with a unique id.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.__init__ | ( | self, | |
| dispatcher | |||
| ) |
Initializer for WSGIRequestInfo. Args: dispatcher: A request_info.Dispatcher instance to provide to API stubs.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.end_request | ( | self, | |
| request_id | |||
| ) |
Removes the information associated with given request_id.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.get_dispatcher | ( | self | ) |
Returns the Dispatcher. Returns: The Dispatcher instance.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.get_instance | ( | self, | |
| request_id | |||
| ) |
Returns the instance serving this request. Args: request_id: The string id of the request making the API call. Returns: The instance.Instance serving this request or None if no instance is serving it.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.get_module | ( | self, | |
| request_id | |||
| ) |
Returns the name of the module serving this request. Args: request_id: The string id of the request making the API call. Returns: A str containing the module name.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.get_request_environ | ( | self, | |
| request_id | |||
| ) |
Returns a dict containing the WSGI environ for the request.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.get_request_url | ( | self, | |
| request_id | |||
| ) |
Returns the URL the request e.g. 'http://localhost:8080/foo?bar=baz'. Args: request_id: The string id of the request making the API call. Returns: The URL of the request as a string.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.get_version | ( | self, | |
| request_id | |||
| ) |
Returns the version of the module serving this request. Args: request_id: The string id of the request making the API call. Returns: A str containing the version.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.request | ( | self, | |
| environ, | |||
| module_configuration | |||
| ) |
A context manager that consumes a WSGI environ and returns a request id. with request_information.request(environ, app_info_external) as request_id: # Stubs will have access to the state associated with request_id only in # this context. send_request_to_runtime(request_id, ...) Args: environ: An environ dict for the request as defined in PEP-333. module_configuration: An application_configuration.ModuleConfiguration instance respresenting the current module configuration. Returns: A unique string id that will be associated with the request.
| def google.appengine.tools.devappserver2.wsgi_request_info.WSGIRequestInfo.start_request | ( | self, | |
| environ, | |||
| module_configuration | |||
| ) |
Adds the WSGI to the state of the class and returns a request id. Args: environ: An environ dict for the request as defined in PEP-333. module_configuration: An application_configuration.ModuleConfiguration instance respresenting the current module configuration. Returns: A unique string id that will be associated with the request.


About Me
I consider my self a "Jack Of All Trades" I've been in various industries. Mostly in Healthcare and eventually moving into sales for combined 10 + years.
My Energetic, self-motivated professional vibe gives me the ability to build credible relationships across multiple functions using effective techniques and to contributing directly to company growth and efficiency. I'm extremely detail-oriented and have always been fascinated with "All Things Tech".
I was previously a MRI Technologist for 6 + years who quickly moved up the ranks and started to managed an MRI Facility. Experienced in marketing, business development and complex negotiations with C-Level Executives. I made a pivotal move to a VC Equity firm here in Silicon Valley. But, now once again have made a shift in my career into becoming a Full Stack Web Developer.
I'm always seeking new opportunities and can be reached through this portfolio, by email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>through GitHub, or through LinkedIn.


- On-site attractions guides.
- City guides. ..
- Government guides
- Specialized guides
- Independent guide.
- Business and industry guides.
- Duration-based guides.
- Driver guide
Tour Guides are responsible for helping people to visit unfamiliar areas. They usually make special trips with groups of tourists in order to show them important places of cities. ... Providing directions to tourists.
As we just discussed, what others say about you is your most powerful marketing message. You need to create positive word of mouth. For this, of course you have to give your customers a great experience during their holiday. In addition, you have to encourage them to share their great experience online, for example via.
If a (potential) customer contacts you via your website or social media, you should respond quickly. With existing customers, slow replies may lead to annoyance, bad reviews or problems if they need assistance. With potential new customers, slow replies may cost you their business.
Travel blogging has become a key way to generate sales for your tourism products. However, you should not write all the blog posts yourself. To create trustworthy content, collaborate with travel bloggers.


Raiders loss to Jets highlights Daniel Carlson’s struggles
by Vincent BonsignoreEAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. — The recent kicking woes of Daniel Carlson were mitigated a bit by the Raiders’ three-game winning streak. But after another field goal miss Sunday against the Jets his struggles have moved to the forefront.
While Carlson’s missed 43-yarder wasn’t the difference in the 34-3 loss to the Jets on Sunday, it was a demoralizer given the Raiders trailed 13-3 at the time.
Carlson has missed three field goals and an extra point during the last three games — when they can’t afford to have their kicker fall into a funk.
Carlson faced famously gusty winds at MetLife Stadium; the wind was a factor in nearly every kick Sunday.
Raiders coach Jon Gruden said he deferred comment until he talked to Carlson.
“I’m not going to say much about it until I talk to all parties included,” Carlson said. “The holder, the snapper. I’ll talk to our guys. I believe in Carlson.
 I’ve seen a lot of kickers struggle in this place.”
Added Derek Carr: “Daniel is a great kicker and has been doing a great job for us for a long time now. I’m not worried about him.”
More Raiders: Follow at vegasnation.com and @VegasNation on Twitter.


C is a procedural programming language. It was initially developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973. It was mainly developed as a system programming language to write operating system. The main features of C language include low-level access to memory, simple set of keywords, and clean style, these features make C language suitable for system programming like operating system or compiler development. Many later languages have borrowed syntax/features directly or indirectly from C language. Like syntax of Java, PHP, JavaScript and many other languages is mainly based on C language. C++ is nearly a superset of C language (There are few programs that may compile in C, but not in C++).
A program in a procedural language is a list of instruction where each statement tells the computer to do something. It focuses on procedure (function) & algorithm is needed to perform the derived computation. When program become larger, it is divided into function & each function has clearly defined purpose. Dividing the program into functions & module is one of the cornerstones of structured programming. E.g.:- c, basic, FORTRAN.
Characteristics of POP:
- It focuses on process rather than data.
- It takes a problem as a sequence of things to be done such as reading, calculating and printing. Hence, a number of functions are written to solve a problem.
- A program is divided into a number of functions and each function has clearly defined purpose.
- Most of the functions share global data.
- Data moves openly around the system from function to function.
- Header Files Inclusion
- stddef.h – Defines several useful types and macros.
- stdint.h – Defines exact width integer types.
- stdio.h – Defines core input and output functions
- stdlib.h – Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random network generator, memory allocation
- string.h – Defines string handling functions
- math.h – Defines common mathematical functions
- Main Method Declaration:
- Variable Declaration:
- Body:
- Return Statement:
The first and foremost component is the inclusion of the Header files in a C program. A header file is a file with extension .h which contains C function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files.Some of C Header files:
#include <(header_file_name).h>
The next part of a C program is to declare the main() function. The syntax to declare the main function is:
Syntax :int main() {}
The next part of any C program is the variable declaration. It refers to the variables that are to be used in the function. Please note that in C program, no variable can be used without being declared. Also in a C program, the variables are to be declared before any operation in the function.
Syntax:int a;
Body of a function in C program, refers to the operations that are performed in the functions. It can be anything like manipulations, searching, sorting, printing, etc.
The last part in any C program is the return statement. The return statement refers to the returning of the values from a function. This return statement and return value depend upon the return-type of the function. For example, if the return type is void, then there will be no return statement. In any other case, there will be a return statement and the return value will be of the type of the specified return-type.
A simple C program to display "Hello, World!" on the screen. Since, it's a very simple program, it is often used to illustrate the syntax of a programming language. So lets get going!
#include
int main()
{
// printf() displays the string inside quotation
printf("Hello, World!");
return 0;
}
A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable's memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable. The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore. Upper and lowercase letters are distinct because C is case-sensitive. The following are the basic variable types:
- char Typically a single octet(one byte). This is an integer type.
- int The most natural size of integer for the machine.
- float A single-precision floating point value.
- double A double-precision floating point value.
- void Represents the absence of type.
A scope is a region of the program, and the scope of variables refers to the area of the program where the variables can be accessed after its declaration.In C every variable defined in scope. You can define scope as the section or region of a program where a variable has its existence; moreover, that variable cannot be used or accessed beyond that region. In C programming, variable declared within a function is different from a variable declared outside of a function. The variable can be declared in three places. These are:
- Inside a function or a block.(Local Variable) Example:
- Out of all functions.(Global Variable) Example:
- In the function parameters.(Formal parameters)
int main ()
{
/* local variable definition and initialization */ int x,y,z;
/* actual initialization */ x = 20;
y = 30;
z = x + y;
printf ("value of x = %d, y = %d and z = %d\n", x, y, z);
return 0;
}
#include
/* global variable definition */int z;
int main ()
{
/* local variable definition and initialization */ int x,y;
/* actual initialization */ x = 20;
y = 30;
z = x + y;
printf ("value of x = %d, y = %d and z = %d\n", x, y, z);
return 0;
}
Constants in C are the fixed values that are used in a program, and its value remains the same during the entire execution of the program.Constants are also called literals.
Constants can be any of the data types.
It is considered best practice to define constants using only upper-case names. Syntax:const type constant_name;
Example:
#include
Data types specify how we enter data into our programs and what type of data we enter. C language has some predefined set of data types to handle various kinds of data that we can use in our program. These datatypes have different storage capacities. C language supports 2 different type of data types:
- Primary data types: These are fundamental data types in C namely integer(int), floating point(float), character(char) and void.
- Derived data types: Derived data types are nothing but primary datatypes but a little twisted or grouped together like array, stucture, union and pointer.
- if: This executes the body of bracketed code starting with Statement 1 if condition evaluates to true.
- if - else: This executes the body of bracketed code starting with if evaluates to true, or it executes the body of code starting with if evaluates to false. Note that only one of the bracketed code sections will ever be executed.
- if - else if - else: In this structure, dependent statements are chained together and the for each statement is only checked if all prior conditions in the chain are evaluated to false. Once a evaluates to true, the bracketed code associated with that statement is executed and the program then skips to the end of the chain of statements and continues executing. If each in the chain evaluates to false, then the body of bracketed code in the else block at the end is executed.
if (condition) {
statement1;
...
}
if (condition) {
statement1;
...
}
else {
statement2;
...
}
if(first condition) {
...
}
else if(second condition) {
...
}
.
.
.
else if((n-1)'th condition) {
....
}
else {
...
}
You may encounter situations, when a block of code needs to be executed several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on. Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated execution paths. A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times. C programming language provides the following types of loops to handle looping requirements.
- while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is true. It tests the condition before executing the loop body.
- for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.
- do while loop It is more like a while statement, except that it tests the condition at the end of the loop body.
- nested loops You can use one or more loops inside any other while, for, or do..while loop.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code among different functions is up to you, but logically the division is such that each function performs a specific task. A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function. The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call. For example, strcat() to concatenate two strings, memcpy() to copy one memory location to another location, and many more functions. A function can also be referred as a method or a sub-routine or a procedure, etc.


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International Bulletin
of Missionary Research
Vol. 38, No. 1
January 2014
pp. 41–42
Roman Catholic Statistical Updates
| Workforce for the Apostolate as of December 31, 2011 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Worldwide | United States | U.S. % of Total |
| From The CARA Report 19, no. 1 (Summer 2013): 6; used by permission. | |||
| Bishops | 5,132 | 450 | 8.8 |
| Priests (diocesan and religious) | 413,418 | 42,261 | 10.2 |
| Permanent deacons | 40,914 | 16,919 | 41.4 |
| Religious brothers | 55,085 | 4,736 | 8.6 |
| Religious sisters | 713,206 | 55,129 | 7.7 |
| Catechists | 3,125,235 | 415,179 | 13.3 |
| TOTAL CATHOLICS | 1,213,591,000 | 70,536,000 | 5.8 |
| Twenty-Three Countries with Catholic Populations over 10 Million | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Catholics | % Catholic | Priests | Parishes |
| From The CARA Report 19, no. 1 (Summer 2013): 8; used by permission. | ||||
| Brazil | 164,780,000 | 84.5 | 20,701 | 10,802 |
| Mexico | 100,446,000 | 91.9 | 16,416 | 6,853 |
| Philippines | 78,900,000 | 82.3 | 9,089 | 3,169 |
| United States | 70,536,000 | 22.6 | 42,261 | 17,703 |
| Italy | 57,834,000 | 95.0 | 48,333 | 25,572 |
| France | 47,512,000 | 74.9 | 18,804 | 16,442 |
| Spain | 42,830,000 | 92.7 | 24,353 | 22,915 |
| Colombia | 42,524,000 | 91.3 | 8,976 | 3,996 |
| Congo | 38,528,000 | 52.3 | 5,453 | 1,483 |
| Argentina | 38,016,000 | 92.1 | 5,909 | 2,780 |
| Poland | 36,709,000 | 96.1 | 29,961 | 10,315 |
| Peru | 26,511,000 | 88.0 | 3,297 | 1,592 |
| Venezuela | 25,709,000 | 87.8 | 2,720 | 1,378 |
| Germany | 25,150,000 | 30.7 | 17,007 | 11,273 |
| Nigeria | 24,934,000 | 15.9 | 6,343 | 3,040 |
| India | 19,431,000 | 1.6 | 27,228 | 9,972 |
| Canada | 14,983,000 | 43.3 | 7,731 | 4,255 |
| Uganda | 14,934,000 | 45.3 | 2,015 | 508 |
| Tanzania | 13,626,000 | 30.6 | 2,643 | 945 |
| Ecuador | 13,203,000 | 86.6 | 2,174 | 1,246 |
| Chile | 12,768,000 | 74.0 | 2,455 | 950 |
| Kenya | 11,770,000 | 28.2 | 2,430 | 851 |
| Guatemala | 11,757,000 | 79.8 | 1,076 | 486 |
| The Roman Catholic Church Worldwide (Changes from 2006 to 2011) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | 2006 | 2011 | Change % | |
| From The CARA Report 19, no. 1 (Summer 2013): 7; used by permission. | ||||
| Africa | Catholic population | 158,313,000 | 193,667,000 | +22.3 |
| Priests (diocesan and religious) | 33,478 | 39,057 | +16.7 | |
| Catholics per priest | 4,729 | 4,959 | ||
| Graduate-level seminarians | 11,118 | 12,186 | +9.6 | |
| North America | Catholic population | 81,783,000 | 85,535,000 | +4.6 |
| (excluding | Priests (diocesan and religious) | 53,260 | 50,000 | -6.1 |
| Mexico) | Catholics per priest | 1,536 | 1,711 | |
| Graduate-level seminarians | 3,214 | 3,477 | +8.1 | |
| Central America | Catholic population | 156,996,000 | 164,123,000 | +4.5 |
| (including Mexico | Priests (diocesan and religious) | 22,537 | 24,175 | +7.3 |
| and Caribbean) | Catholics per priest | 6,966 | 6,789 | |
| Graduate-level seminarians | 4,428 | 4,266 | -3.7 | |
| South America | Catholic population | 324,256,000 | 342,652,000 | +5.7 |
| Priests (diocesan and religious) | 45,322 | 48,839 | +7.8 | |
| Catholics per priest | 7,155 | 7,016 | ||
| Graduate-level seminarians | 10,362 | 9,384 | -9.4 | |
| Asia | Catholic population | 118,466,000 | 132,238,000 | +11.6 |
| Priests (diocesan and religious) | 51,281 | 58,678 | +14.4 | |
| Catholics per priest | 2,310 | 2,254 | ||
| Graduate-level seminarians | 15,130 | 15,589 | +3.0 | |
| Europe | Catholic population | 282,108,000 | 285,746,000 | +1.3 |
| Priests (diocesan and religious) | 196,653 | 187,864 | -4.5 | |
| Catholics per priest | 1,435 | 1,521 | ||
| Graduate-level seminarians | 13,925 | 12,461 | -10.5 | |
| Oceania | Catholic population | 8,828,000 | 9,630,000 | +9.1 |
| Priests (diocesan and religious) | 4,731 | 4,805 | +1.6 | |
| Catholics per priest | 1,866 | 2,004 | ||
| Graduate-level seminarians | 513 | 616 | +20.1 | |
| WORLDWIDE | Catholic population | 1,130,750,000 | 1,213,591,000 | +7.3 |
| Priests (diocesan and religious) | 407,262 | 413,418 | +1.5 | |
| Catholics per priest | 2,777 | 2,936 | ||
| Graduate-level seminarians | 58,690 | 57,979 | -1.2 |
Return to January 2014 home page Return to current IBMR home page
International Bulletin of Missionary Research
www.internationalbulletin.org
Back
Copyright © Overseas Ministries Study Center(203) 285-1559
ibmr@omsc.org


Global statistics
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Netmask distribution: by number of routes
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Netmask distribution: by subnet size
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| Interface Summary | |
| IEssAttributeQuery | This is to define a query for performing complex Attribute Query Operations. |
| IEssCubeOutline | The IEssCubeOutline is the cube outline. |
| IEssDimension | The IEssDimension is the dimension. |
| IEssGeneration | The IEssGeneration interface. |
| IEssIndepMbrNamesSet | |
| IEssIndepMbrRefsSet | |
| IEssIndepMbrsPerspective | |
| IEssIndepMbrsSet | |
| IEssLevel | The IEssLevel interface. |
| IEssMember | The IEssMember interface. |
| IEssMemberSelection | The IEssMemberSelection interface. |
| IEssMemberWithIndepMbrsSet | |
| IEssSmartList | IEssSmartList Interface |
| IEssVaryingAttributeQuery | Represents the criteria for querying on varying attributes. |
| Class Summary | |
| IEssCubeOutline.EEssAliasTableOption | EEssAliasTableOption class is the alias table option type. |
| IEssDimension.EEssAttributeDataType | EEssAttributeDataType class is the enumeration of attribute member or dimension data types. |
| IEssDimension.EEssDimensionCategory | EEssDimensionCategory class is the dimension category. |
| IEssDimension.EEssDimensionStorageCategory | EEssDimensionStorageCategory class is the Dimension storage category. |
| IEssDimension.EEssDimensionStorageType | EEssDimensionStorageType class is the dimension storage type. |
| IEssDimension.EEssDimensionTag | EEssDimensionTag class is the enumeration of dimension tags. |
| IEssIndepMbrNamesSet.Range | |
| IEssIndepMbrRefsSet.Range | |
| IEssIndepMbrsSet.EEssIndepMbrsSetFactory | |
| IEssMember.EEssConsolidationType | EEssConsolidationType class is the unary consolidation type. |
| IEssMember.EEssCurrencyConversionType | EEssCurrencyConversionType class is the currency conversion type. |
| IEssMember.EEssHierarchyType | EEssHierarchyType class is the enumeration of types of Hierarchy. |
| IEssMember.EEssShareOption | EEssShareOption class is the enumeration of data storage share options. |
| IEssMember.EEssTimeBalanceOption | EEssTimeBalanceOption class is the enumeration of time balance options. |
| IEssMember.EEssTimeBalanceSkipOption | EEssTimeBalanceSkipOption class is the time balance skip option. |
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optimizeedit
Summaryedit
Optimize is a bit of a misnomer. It is in actuality a Lucene forceMerge operation. With time-series data in a per-day index, Lucene does a good job of keeping the number of segments low. However, if no new data is being ingested, no further segment merging will happen. There are some minor performance benefits from merging segments down to a smaller count, but a greater benefit when it comes to restarts [e.g. version upgrades, etc.] after a shutdown: with fewer segments to have to validate, the cluster comes back up sooner.
Segment countedit
Curator counts the number of segments per shard before performing an optimize call. If the count is at or below the threshold (default is 2 segments per shard) it will skip optimizing that index. In this manner, indices are not optimized repeatedly.
Extra disk space requirededit
Performing this forceMerge requires a lot of extra disk space: 3x what the original segments consume. Fortunately, this extra space is only needed during the forceMerge operation. Be sure to keep enough disk space available so that this does not become an issue for you.
A word about timeoutsedit
With some commands (e.g. optimize
) the default behavior is to wait until the
operation is complete before proceeding with the next step. Since these
operations can take quite a long time it is advisable to set --timeout
to a high value. If one is not set, a default of 6 hours (21600 seconds) will be
applied.
Flagsedit
$ curator optimize --help Usage: curator optimize [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]... Optimize Indices Options: --delay INTEGER Pause *n* seconds after optimizing an index. [default: 0] --max_num_segments INTEGER Merge to this number of segments per shard. [default: 2] --request_timeout INTEGER Allow this many seconds before the transaction times out. [default: 21600] --help Show this message and exit. Commands: indices Index selection.
This command requires the indices subcommand for index selection.
Examplesedit
Optimize matching indices to 2 segments per shard (the default):
curator optimize indices <<index selection parameters>>
Optimize matching indices older than 2 days to 1 segment per shard, and delay 120 seconds between indices:
curator optimize --max_num_segments 1 --delay 120 indices <<index selection parameters>>


These are various projects from code school and personal practice and learning. Some of them are incomplete, outdated or deprecated but I like keeping them up and seeing how far I've come and how much I've learned and improved over the last couple of years.


 Could not find the file {0}!".format(filename))
taxa,matrix = [],[]
for i,line in enumerate(f):
After Change
A tuple consisting of a list of taxa and a matrix.
if os.path.isfile(filename):
f = open(filename)
f = open(filename)
else:
f = filename.split("\n") // XXX temporary solution
//print("[!] Could not find the file {0}!".format(filename))
taxa,matrix = [],[]
for i,line in enumerate(f):