2020 Kia Seltos Sport FWD review
There's a new small SUV in town, with chiselled good looks and plenty of kit. Not everything about the Kia Seltos is perfect, though.
by Kez CaseyRating: 8.0
$28,990 Mrlp
- Fuel Economy
6.8L - Engine Power
110kW - CO2 Emissions
157g - ANCAP Rating
N/A
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Pros and Cons
Pros
- Great infotainment system
- Impressive CVT auto
- Fantastic Aus-tuned ride
- Major safety systems covered with the optional safety pack
Cons
- Interior shows signs of being built to a price
- Cargo blind, rear air vents, where are you?
- Not up to Kia's usual value standards
- shares
What’s compact, boxy, and can be found at your local Kia dealer? No, not the Soul – if you’ve even heard of Kia’s now departed, upright, space-maximising, SUV-aping hatch you’re doing well.
The newest addition to Kia’s range, both in Australia and around the world, is the Seltos. It is a new small SUV designed to slot in underneath the Sportage and vying to become a household name.
The 2020 Kia Seltos Sport you see here is all about urban. Like regular hatchbacks (Kia’s own Cerato, Toyota Corolla, Hyundai i30 and the rest), entry-level versions of the Seltos are front-wheel drive only.
That’s no real surprise when most of the small SUVs the Seltos Sport competes with offer a similar mechanical layout. If you want all-paw grip that’s reserved for more powerful and higher-spec versions.
In the case of the Seltos Sport, $29,490 drive-away pricing gets you into a variant one up from the entry-level Seltos S. Under the bonnet there’s a 2.0-litre naturally aspirated four-cylinder engine and a CVT automatic transmission, with no manual option.
There’s 110kW of power and 180Nm of torque to delve into. Not segment leading, no, but absolutely up to the task (more on that in a moment).
There’s also a decent amount of size for a small SUV. On the outside, the Seltos measures 4370mm long, 1800mm wide and 1615mm tall. As a reference point, the evergreen Mitsubishi ASX is 5mm shorter, 10mm wider and 25mm taller. The Seltos does a better job on boot space, though, with 433L to use compared to the ASX’s 393L, and it manages to feel more spacious inside, even though it rides on a shorter wheelbase (2360mm, or 310mm less).
Interior space is key here, and is likely the reason you’re shopping for an SUV instead of a regular hatch in the first place. Alongside Kia’s own Cerato hatch, the Seltos boasts just five additional litres of luggage capacity, but feels more airy inside with its tall roof and upright stance, plus boasts a rear seat that can be reclined slightly to the benefit of passenger comfort.
Quality of the interior fit-out seems seems good, but buyer perceptions might be swayed by the wealth of hard plastics. Nothing’s low-grade, but there are solid unyielding surfaces covering the dash, upper door cards and armrests. Hardly a problem when it comes to robustness and longevity, but surely some padding under your elbow isn’t too much to ask?
There are also allusions to the Seltos being built to a price (the range starts from $25,990 drive-away) with a detent in the dash plastics ahead of the driver. It’s for the space allocated to the head-up display in the flagship GT-Line model, but all Seltos models come with the filler panel for it.
Comparatively, spec levels are far from spartan. Opting for the Seltos Sport means access to a whopping 10.25-inch widescreen infotainment display. One of the biggest in its class (the Seltos S uses an 8.0-inch display), it brings additional tech like embedded satellite navigation and digital radio to go along with Bluetooth, smartphone mirroring for Android Auto and Apple CarPlay, and six-speaker audio.
Snappy loading, three-window home screen displays, split-screen apps (of the inbuilt variety, not downloadable), easy to decipher menus and a polished user interface make the system thoroughly decent to use.
While the infotainment upgrade is the most noticeable change, Sport trim also brings 17-inch alloy wheels instead of 16-inch steel wheels, power-folding mirrors with inset indicators, solar-cut glass, an extra USB charge point up front, premium leather-look steering wheel wrap, and single-zone climate control.
Otherwise, you’re treated to cloth trim on the seats, manual adjustment for the front seats, tilt- and reach-adjustable steering, traditional gauges with a monochrome trip computer display, key-in start, and a covered console with armrest.

There’s a good chance the Seltos will find its way into the driveways of SINKs, DINKs and empty-nesters, but if you are thinking of one as a family car, note the lack of face-level air vents in the rear of the centre console.
On the utility front, there are four tie-down points in the boot to clip an accessory luggage net to, but oddly no parcel shelf or cargo blind, meaning your odds and ends are always on display. There’s only one bag hook, too, limiting day-to-day versatility a little.
In better news, Kia has stuck with a full-sized alloy spare wheel in the boot. The look of the spare isn’t important, but for buyers outside of urbanised areas, a full-size spare is worth its weight in gold.
Take to the road and the Seltos impresses. It might not be the most powerful engine available in its class (110kW and 180Nm from a 2.0-litre engine are at the lower end), but the Seltos runs what’s known as an Atkinson cycle that favours efficiency over outputs.
The Seltos also features an Aussie first for the brand with a CVT automatic in place of a traditional auto. The upside is a seamless, shiftless transmission as you potter about town, and Kia has managed to tune out most of the CVT downsides like the droning soundtrack and ‘stretchy’ feel under acceleration.
It’ll imitate a regular auto with stepped gear changes when you drive with authority, and revert to smoother operations as you dial things back. It can exhibit minor rev flare or hunting at steady speeds where the road meets an incline, but nothing too out of place.
The engine itself feels punchy enough to hold its own in the merciless thrust of city traffic, is quiet and subtle at cruising speeds, and officially rated to use 6.8 litres of petrol per 100km, though on test – in 90 per cent urban driving – the fuel meter settled on 8.4L/100km.
As with all other models in Kia’s range, the Seltos has had ride and handling tuned to Australian conditions. The result is good body control over suburban roads – no jarring or bobbing over bigger hits without being too firm.
There’s positive steering feel, and a not too heavy, not too light balance that makes parking easy but freeway driving steady. As speeds rise, there’s no loss of composure or comfort either, and wind and tyre noise remain hushed.
Warranty coverage spans seven years with no distance limit for private buyers (or 160,000km for commercial-use cars). Capped-price servicing is available at 12-month/15,000km intervals for seven years at $261, $452, $324, $584, $293, $593 and $311 per visit – or $2818 in total.
With regard to safety systems, all Seltos models feature six airbags, front seatbelt pretensioners, three top tether and two ISOFIX child seat mounts, traction and stability control, rear park sensors, reverse camera, lane-keep assist, driver-attention monitoring, and autonomous emergency braking (AEB) with car and pedestrian detection.
An optional safety pack (as fitted) is available for the Seltos S and Seltos Sport, which adds more advanced versions of AEB operating at higher speeds and with radar monitoring to allow cyclist detection, adaptive cruise control, upscaled driver-attention alert, and an electric park brake.
Even higher up the range, there’s more on offer like lane-following assist, blind-spot monitoring and rear cross-traffic alert, but nothing essential is missing from either the basic or safety-pack-equipped Seltos Sport.
Kia’s specifications do create something of a split. With a price just over $31K ($31,010 as tested with metallic paint and safety pack), some of the interior seems bare. It’s all impressive to look at, and the infotainment screen is absolutely the star, but the tactility is lacking – not unusual for the segment, but still a little jarring.
Utility is also a little short. There’s no innovative configurable cargo space or flexible seating, just a regular split-folding seat. That’s fine, but surely even a cargo cover wouldn’t be too much to ask at $20K, let alone $30K?
It can be forgiven, though, when you look at the safety spec sheet. There are a few more premium features higher up the range, sure, but a full suite of safety kit comes standard on the Sport, and just $1000 more lands the convenience of adaptive cruise control with stop-and-go functionality along with some extra peace-of-mind system support.
Here’s the tricky part, though: if your budget can stretch just a little further, $31,990 drive-away would put you behind the wheel of a Cerato GT.
While a warmed-over hatch or sedan and an SUV aren’t quite an apples-for-apples comparison, it’s hard to ignore Kia’s internal competition.
You have to reconcile a smaller infotainment screen and a lack of high-seated visibility, but in raw value terms, the Cerato puts up a fair fight.
The Seltos Sport is credible and comfortable, utterly orthodox in terms of the segment, but still surprising enough with how it looks. It acts as a much-needed gap-closer in the Kia range, and should only serve to continue the brand’s steady growth in Australia.
Before you sign on the dotted line, though, be sure to take a walk around your local Kia showroom. The Seltos might not be the only appealing model you find.
MORE: Seltos news, reviews, comparisons and videos
MORE: Everything Kia
Our Ratings Breakdown
Rating: 8
7.3 Performance
8.4 Ride Quality
7.8 Handling & Dynamics
7.5 Driver Technology
8.3 Interior Comfort & Packaging
9.2 Infotainment & Connectivity
7.6 Fuel Efficiency
7.5 Safety
7.4 Value for Money
8.5 Fit for Purpose
Our ratings explained
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2020 Kia Seltos Sport FWD review


All Files
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| File |
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| app.rb |
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require 'sinatra/base'
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My name is Michael Jackson and I am a front-end web developer.
Welcome to my basic portfolio!
In 2012, I was published in the Huffington Post.
In 2012, I was finalist for the 2012 Betty Jane France Humanitarian Award through The NASCAR Foundation.
In 2015, I was awarded the Google Lime Scholarship.
In 2018, I was awarded the Grow with Google Scholarship.


Faith-based schools must adapt to new world–Hewitt
Faith-based schools must reshape their curricula and revenue structure in order to be relevant to the needs of modern-day students and to stay afloat in tough economic times, says the Reverend Dr Roderick Hewitt, new president of the International University of the Caribbean (IUC).
Hewitt was addressing the university’s 2019 cohort last Friday.
CHANGING LANDSCAPE
“The landscape of tertiary education in Jamaica, the Caribbean and the wider world is fast changing. The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, with its accompanying information technology, biotechnology, deep learning, machine learning, and the rise of artificial general intelligence, is fast transforming the tertiary educational landscape,” he said.
“Institutions that fail to adapt will, therefore, be abandoned by the marketplace as being irrelevant to their needs. This has placed great pressure on faith-based private institutions that are not recipients of government subversion,” he further stated.
He also announced some of the new programmes that IUC will be pursuing for the next school year.
In a thought-provoking speech, guest speaker Theresa Turner-Jones, country manager of the Inter-American Development Bank, emphasised the need for graduands to have other competencies such as critical-thinking and digital skills.
Turner-Jones bemoaned the fact that many people have lost the soft skills and encouraged the 2019 cohort of graduates to learn and refine those competencies. She also encouraged the private sector to employ the graduands.
Two hundred students graduated from the IUC in a conservative exercise held at the Jamaica Conference Centre last Thursday.


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Software that processes (or reprocesses on an as-needed basis) CSS code in the browser after the page loads.
Element queries are scoped styles with responsive breakpoints set to properties of the individual elements they are styling.
A meta-selector describes the relationship between the element in the scope of a scoped style and elements around it in the DOM.
Scoped styles refer to three ideas: - stylesheets that depend on logic to apply (container queries) - styles that apply only to elements that pass a test (element queries, scoped styles) - the ability to use JavaScript properties of elements for styling purposes (scoped values, scoped units)
A Selector Resolver is a selector that depends on a test (usually in JavaScript) to determine which elements in the document a style should apply to.
A <style>
tag that contains the rendered output of a stylesheet comprised of JavaScript logic in addition to CSS, with recalculations triggered by events happening in the browser.


About Me
Hi! Let me introduce myself again, my name is Mohammad Zulfikar. I am an Open-source enthusiast and eager to contribute more on open-source project in the future.
Btw, I build this portofolio website using pure 3 basic web component (HTML, CSS, JS). Actually, this is my first time building web from scratch. This website is also built for my submission at Dicoding on Basic Web Fundamentals course. Hope you enjoy your visit on this website, thank you :).


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Spinoza University of Virginia, through its undergraduate residential college and Conservatory of Music, educates students in the liberal arts and sciences. The university is devoted to excellence and integrity in all of its activities and committed to the development of intellect and talent, the pursuit of knowledge and understanding, the cultivation of sound judgment and respect for the perspectives of others. Spinoza prepares students for lives of achievement, responsible and meaningful citizenship, lifelong learning and personal fulfillment. As a diverse learning community of scholars and artists, we actively foster a transformative process that emphasizes engaged learning, supported by an environment of rich educational opportunities in a residential campus setting.
The Career Center sponsors two general on-campus career fairs—one during the fall and the other during the spring semester...
A hackathon (also known as a hack day, hackfest or codefest) is a design sprint-like event...
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Provides the core Excel framework, based on ExcelTemplate and its associated callback interfaces and helper objects.


Series¶
Renders selected draw-objs in specified direction. The total width of series is a sum of selected draw-objs width and padding between objects.
Properties¶
-
property
display
:
x-series | y-series | z-series;
Required YES - Type x-series
series on X (width) axis
- Type y-series
series on Y (depth) axis
- Type z-series
series on Z (height) axis
-
property
body
:
SELECTOR-TO-DRAW-OBJ, SELECTOR-TO-DRAW-OBJ, …;
Default null
Link to draw-objs.
-
property
padding
:
INTEGER;
Default 0
Minimal padding between objects.
-
property
align
:
start | end | center | stretch;
Default start
Align of objects in specified axis.
For this property is neccessary to set width/depth/height (depends on type).
-
property
(x-series) justify
:
start | end | center | random;
-
property
(y-series) justify
:
start | end | center | random;
-
property
(z-series) justify
:
JUSTIFY-X, JUSTIFY-Y | center | random;
Default start
align of objects for the rest axis.
for x-series: align of Y (depth) axis
for y-series: align of X (width) axis
for z-series: align of Y and X axis (with two arguments)
Example¶
row {
display: x-series;
depth: 100;
align: center;
body: house.red, house.white, house.red;
}
You can try on https://pixelopolis.herokuapp.com/examples/Containers/Series


run one-off commands (console, rake)
run:console [COMMAND] open a remote console session if COMMAND is specified, run the command and exit NOTE: For Cedar apps, use `heroku run console`
Examples:
$ heroku console Ruby console for example.heroku.com >>
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 82 def console puts "`heroku #{current_command}` has been removed. Please use: `heroku run` instead." puts "For more information, please see:" puts " * https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/one-off-dynos" puts " * https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/rails3#console" puts " * https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/console-bamboo" end
run:detached COMMAND run a detached process, where output is sent to your logs
Example:
$ heroku run:detached ls Running `ls` detached... up, run.1 Use `heroku logs -p run.1` to view the output.
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 34 def detached command = args.join(" ") error("Usage: heroku run COMMAND") if command.empty? opts = { :attach => false, :command => command } app_name = app process_data = action("Running `#{command}` detached", :success => "up") do process_data = api.post_ps(app_name, command, { :attach => false }).body status(process_data['process']) process_data end display("Use `heroku logs -p #{process_data['process']}` to view the output.") end
run COMMAND run an attached process
Example:
$ heroku run bash Running `bash` attached to terminal... up, run.1 ~ $
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 18 def index command = args.join(" ") error("Usage: heroku run COMMAND") if command.empty? run_attached(command) end
run:rake COMMAND WARNING: `heroku run:rake` has been deprecated. Please use `heroku run rake` instead." remotely execute a rake command
Example:
$ heroku run:rake -T Running `rake -T` attached to terminal... up, run.1 (in /app) rake test # run tests
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 60 def rake deprecate("`heroku #{current_command}` has been deprecated. Please use `heroku run rake` instead.") command = "rake #{args.join(' ')}" run_attached(command) end
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 165 def console_history_add(app, cmd) Readline::HISTORY.push(cmd) File.open(console_history_file(app), "a") { |f| f.puts cmd + "\n" } end
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 126 def console_history_dir FileUtils.mkdir_p(path = "#{home_directory}/.heroku/console_history") path end
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 146 def console_history_file(app) "#{console_history_dir}/#{app}" end
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 150 def console_history_read(app) history = File.read(console_history_file(app)).split("\n") if history.size > 50 history = history[(history.size - 51),(history.size - 1)] File.open(console_history_file(app), "w") { |f| f.puts history.join("\n") } end history.each { |cmd| Readline::HISTORY.push(cmd) } rescue Errno::ENOENT rescue Exception => ex display "Error reading your console history: #{ex.message}" if confirm("Would you like to clear it? (y/N):") FileUtils.rm(console_history_file(app)) rescue nil end end
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 131 def console_session(app) heroku.console(app) do |console| console_history_read(app) display "Ruby console for #{app}.#{heroku.host}" while cmd = Readline.readline('>> ') unless cmd.nil? || cmd.strip.empty? console_history_add(app, cmd) break if cmd.downcase.strip == 'exit' display console.run(cmd) end end end end
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 103 def rendezvous_session(rendezvous_url, &on_connect) begin set_buffer(false) rendezvous = Heroku::Client::Rendezvous.new( :rendezvous_url => rendezvous_url, :connect_timeout => (ENV["HEROKU_CONNECT_TIMEOUT"] || 120).to_i, :activity_timeout => nil, :input => $stdin, :output => $stdout) rendezvous.on_connect(&on_connect) rendezvous.start rescue Timeout::Error error "\nTimeout awaiting process" rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError error "Authentication error" rescue Errno::ECONNREFUSED, Errno::ECONNRESET error "\nError connecting to process" rescue Interrupt ensure set_buffer(true) end end
# File lib/heroku/command/run.rb, line 93 def run_attached(command) app_name = app process_data = action("Running `#{command}` attached to terminal", :success => "up") do process_data = api.post_ps(app_name, command, { :attach => true, :ps_env => get_terminal_environment }).body status(process_data["process"]) process_data end rendezvous_session(process_data["rendezvous_url"]) end


--- layout: post title: Oriflame Very Me Double Trouble Eye Pencil & Very Me Eye Envy Eye Shadow tags: - brown - Day look - evening look - Eye Liner - Eye makeup - Eye Pencil - eye shadow - gold - Oriflame status: publish type: post published: true meta: _yoast_wpseo_linkdex: '79' _edit_last: '2' _yoast_wpseo_focuskw: oriflame very me double trouble eye pencil _yoast_wpseo_title: '' _yoast_wpseo_metadesc: Oriflame Very Me Double Trouble Eye Pencil & Very Me Eye Envy Eye Shadow _yoast_wpseo_metakeywords: '' _yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex: '0' _yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow: '0' _yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-adv: none _yoast_wpseo_sitemap-include: ! '-' _yoast_wpseo_sitemap-prio: ! '-' _yoast_wpseo_canonical: '' _yoast_wpseo_redirect: '' _thumbnail_id: '8578' ---
I love trouble, and when its double I love it more....I had picked up this duo of Oriflame Very Me eye pencil and eye shadow almost an year back and they turned out to be my most travel friendly products. I love the shades and the finish that I had to share these with you, Oriflame Very Me Eye Envy - Cocoa Glaze Price: Rs. 279 for 1.9gm Oriflame Very Me Double Trouble - Mocha Loca Price: Rs. 229 for 1.38gm The packaging is really cute, the eyeshadow comes in a transparent case with a zipper print which is very attractive, and the pencil can easily be identified with the colors on the pencil and a cap on both ends. These shades are perfect for both day look as well as evening look. Day Look - I go with a in lined eyes with brown pencil or slight smudged brown pencil Evening Look - A hint of eyeshadow on the eyes and lined with the golden liner About Oriflame Very Me Eye Envy Shadow - The eyeshadow is nicely pigmented, but does not last long on my oily lids without a primer. The eyeshadow is very finely milled and has absolutely no fall out. With primer these last me good 5-6 hours without fading... I would definitely suggest you pick up a few shades, these will be your budget best friend on travel. About Very Me Double Trouble Eye Pencil - Its creamy, pigmented and the texture is lovely. Since these are the size of a writing pencil, its easy to sharpen too. But these pencil won't show up on waterline. And mind you these are not as creamy as Colorbar or Faces cosmetics but still good enough. I would definitely recommend these budget eye pencil. Overall if you are looking for a decent eyeshadow and an eye pencil and are on a budget, then I would definitely recommend these to you. I personally like them and would pick up a few more shades. Have you tried the Oriflame Very Me Range ?


public class ShoppingCartLaffan
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
private ItemLaffan[] |
myItems
Instance variable for the list of items in shopping Cart
|
private int |
mySize
Instance variable for number of items in cart
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
ShoppingCartLaffan()
The default constructor for ShoppingCartLaffan
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
addToCart(ItemLaffan theItem)
Adds an item to the cart and returns whether item was added or not
|
double |
calcTotal()
Calculates total price of all items in shopping cart
|
ItemLaffan |
findLeastExpensive()
Finds the least expensive item in cart
|
ItemLaffan |
findMostExpensive()
Finds the most expensive item in the cart
|
int |
getSize()
The getter for the number of items in cart
|
void |
printList()
Prints out details about each item in cart
|
boolean |
removeMostExpensive()
Removes the most expensive item and replaces it with last item in cart
|
private ItemLaffan[] myItems
private int mySize
public ShoppingCartLaffan()
public int getSize()
public boolean addToCart(ItemLaffan theItem)
theItem
- The item that the user wants to add to the cartpublic ItemLaffan findMostExpensive()
public ItemLaffan findLeastExpensive()
public double calcTotal()
public void printList()
public boolean removeMostExpensive()


RAMAnimatedTabBarController
RAMAnimatedTabBarController is a Swift module for adding animation to tabbar items. It has pre-set of animations which we prepare for you, and ability to use any custom animation you want. With this module you can make your tabbar alive like our shot on dribbble:
The iPhone mockup available here.
Screencast from our Demo
Requirements
- iOS 7.0+
- Xcode 6.1
Installation
Just add the RAMAnimatedTabBarController folder to your project.
or use CocoaPods with Podfile:
ruby
pod 'RAMAnimatedTabBarController'
or Carthage users can simply add to their Cartfile
:
github "Ramotion/animated-tab-bar"
Usage
Create a new UITabBarController in your storyboard or nib.
Set the class of the UITabBarController to RAMAnimatedTabBarController in your Storyboard or nib.
For each UITabBarItem, set the class to RAMAnimatedTabBarItem.
Add a custom image icon for each RAMAnimatedTabBarItem
Add animation for each RAMAnimatedTabBarItem :
- drag and drop an NSObject item into your ViewController
- set its class to ANIMATION_CLASS (where ANIMATION_CLASS is the class name of the animation you want to use)
- connect the outlet animation in RAMAnimatedTabBarItem to your ANIMATION_CLASS Demonstration video for step 5
Included Animations
- RAMBounceAnimation
- RAMLeftRotationAnimation
- RAMRightRotationAnimation
- RAMFlipLeftTransitionItemAnimations
- RAMFlipRightTransitionItemAnimations
- RAMFlipTopTransitionItemAnimations
- RAMFlipBottomTransitionItemAnimations
- RAMFrameItemAnimation
- RAMFumeAnimation
Creating Custom Animations
- Create a new class which inherits from RAMItemAnimation:
class NewAnimation : RAMItemAnimation
- Implement the methods in RAMItemAnimationProtocol:
// method call when Tab Bar Item is selected
override func playAnimation(icon : UIImageView, textLable : UILabel) {
// add animation
}
// method call when Tab Bar Item is deselected
override func deselectAnimation(icon : UIImageView, textLable : UILabel, defaultTextColor : UIColor) {
// add animation
}
// method call when TabBarController did load
override func selectedState(icon : UIImageView, textLable : UILabel) {
// set selected state
}
- Example:
class RAMBounceAnimation : RAMItemAnimation {
override func playAnimation(icon : UIImageView, textLable : UILabel) {
playBounceAnimation(icon)
textLable.textColor = textSelectedColor
}
override func deselectAnimation(icon : UIImageView, textLable : UILabel, defaultTextColor : UIColor) {
textLable.textColor = defaultTextColor
}
override func selectedState(icon : UIImageView, textLable : UILabel) {
textLable.textColor = textSelectedColor
}
func playBounceAnimation(icon : UIImageView) {
let bounceAnimation = CAKeyframeAnimation(keyPath: "transform.scale")
bounceAnimation.values = [1.0 ,1.4, 0.9, 1.15, 0.95, 1.02, 1.0]
bounceAnimation.duration = NSTimeInterval(duration)
bounceAnimation.calculationMode = kCAAnimationCubic
icon.layer.addAnimation(bounceAnimation, forKey: "bounceAnimation")
}
}
About
The project maintained by app development agency Ramotion Inc. See our other open-source projects or hire us to design, develop, and grow your product.


| |
"Seeking Competitive Edge" |
The Enabling Technologies Track returns this year, building on its strong technology legacy. This year the track will continue to cover topics in Nano-Technology, as well as, Quantum Cryptology, Optical Sensing and Smart Antennas.
Software development and the Internet have continued to evolve. This year the Software / Internet Track will cover topics on Wireless Security and more.
The Engineering / Program Management Track is new to MetroCon this year. Technical Managers will have a chance to be informed on pertinent subjects presented by local, well known, management experts. In addition PMPs can earn Professional Development Units (PDUs) towards their certification requirements.
Many thanks to Lockheed
Martin Aeronautics: MetroCon 2003 Gold Patron


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Hi My name is Bryon Pectol. I have created this website because I would like to further my design skills while also helping the community. So if you do not know how to do something that I might possibly know how to do already. I would gladly do it for you. As of right now I will do it 100% free of charge and all royalty free! just click here and send me a project and a message, I will try my best to completet the task you want me to complete.
I am a student at Utah Valley University, studying Web Development and programming. I am currently a part time worker at the University Mall in Orem as a sales associate at Tie One On. I served a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Guayaquil, Ecuador. I know how to speak Spanish as a second language. I am working on getting my undergraduate in Web Development and after that, I plan to use my Bachelor's Degree to start my own online retail company with my brother, Bryce Pectol . I will then further my education in the future when my business has become stable and I will work on getting my minor in Business Management.


iki-
iki-
hat?
(A Wikipedia Search)
Entertain me! (Something Random)
I know exactly what I want!
Search


adds the discovery service, a service that returns information about available services.
Don't use on a production server unless you know what you're doing!
Located in /Amfphp/Plugins/AmfphpDiscovery/AmfphpDiscovery.php (line 28)
array of files and folders to ignore during introspection of the services dir
e.g. ignore dBug.php, an entire directory called 'classes' and also a subdirectory of one of the service directories (Vo/) $this->pluginsConfig = array('AmfphpDiscovery' => array('excludePaths' => array('dBug', 'classes', 'Vo/'))); default is for ignoring Vo/ folder
constructor.
adds filters to grab config about services and add discovery service. Low priority so that other plugins can add their services first
grabs serviceFolderPaths from config
grabs serviceNames2ClassFindInfo from config and add discovery service
Documentation generated on Tue, 29 May 2012 23:41:58 +0200 by phpDocumentor 1.4.3


class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # A/B Testing for Data Science (with Python and R) ## Live Learning Session ###
Carlos Afonso (Data Science Instructor)
NYC Data Science Academy
###
July 1, 2021 ---  # Outline & Learning Objectives .pull-left[ **Outline** A/B Testing * What? & Why? * Examples * How? * Hypothesis Testing (p-value) Permutation Test * What? & Why? * How? Code * From Scratch (in R & Python) * (*Extra*) General Solution, R Shiny App Q & A ] -- .pull-right[ **Learning Objectives** Statistics * A/B testing * Hypothesis testing * p-value * Permutation test Coding * variables * loops * functions ] --- # A/B Test - What? & Why? -- ## What is an A/B test? -- An experiment to compare two competing **options** (A, B). -- * **Options:** treatments (medical), designs (ad, web), products, prices, etc. -- ## Why use an A/B test? -- To determine if the options are **different**. -- * **Different** in a statistical sense (hypothesis testing, permutation test). -- To determine what's the **better** option. -- * **Better** for the question/goal at hand (e.g., customer acquisition, profit). --- # A/B Test - Examples? --- # A/B Test - Examples? - General **Two soil treatments:** which one promotes ***better seed germination***? -- **Two web headlines:** which one produces ***more clicks***? -- **Two web ads:** which one generates ***more conversions***? -- **Two prices:** -- * which one yields a ***higher net profit***? -- * which one leads to ***more new costumers***? -- **Two therapies:** which one is ***more effective at suppressing cancer***? -- * **Control group:** subjects exposed to ***no treatment*** or ***standard treatment***. -- * **Treatment group:** subjects exposed to the ***new treatment***. --- # A/B Test - Examples? - Specific -- **Microsoft (Bing):** -- * ***one A/B test:*** changing the way the Bing search engine displayed ad headlines -- * led to a 12% increase in revenue; -- * that's more than $100 million per year in the US alone -- **Amazon:** -- * moving credit card offers from its home page to the shopping cart page -- * boosted profits by tens of millions of dollars annually -- **Google & Bing:** only 10% to 20% of experiments generate positive results -- *Reference:* [The Surprising Power of Online Experiments (Harvard Business Review, 2017)](https://hbr.org/2017/09/the-surprising-power-of-online-experiments) --- # A/B Test - How? - Steps -- .left-40[ (**0. Idea & Definition:** question, goal, data/subjects, options, test statistic.) **1. Subjects:** Set of all subjects. **2. Randomization:** Randomly assign subjects to the two groups (A, B). **3. Results:** Expose subjects to options (A, B), measure results, and compute **test statistic**. **4. Hypothesis testing:** determine if the observed difference is statistically significant. * Can be done with a **permutation test**. (**5. Action/Decision:** based on test results.) ] .right-60[  ] --- # A/B Test - How? - Didactic Example .left-40[ .center[**A/B test observed results**] | | Option A | Option B | | :----------- | -------: | -------: | | Total | 10 | 10 | | No | 3 | 6 | | Yes | 7 | 4 | | Yes Rate (%) | 70 % | 40 % | **Test statistic:** Yes Rate Difference * (A - B) (%) = 70% - 40% = 30% **Is this a (statistically) significant difference?** * Is this difference just due to random change? * Or, is it due the different options (A, B)? *Note: using small numbers for didactic purposes.* ] .right-60[  ] --- # A/B Test - How? - Hypothesis Testing (step 4) .pull-left[ ***Is the observed difference (30%) statistically significant?*** Thanks to **randomization** any observed difference between A and B must be due to either: * *Null hypothesis*: **Random chance** (subject assignment) * *Alternative hypothesis*: **Real difference** between A & B **Hypothesis testing:** Is random chance (Null hypothesis) a reasonable explanation for the observed difference? * Assumes that the Null hypothesis is true * Creates corresponding Null model (probability model) * Tests whether the observed difference is a reasonable outcome of that Null model * Is the observed difference within the random variability of the Null model? ] .pull-right[ | | **Two-way** test | **One-way** test | | :------------------------- | :------------------------ | :------------------------------ | | **Null hypothesis** | `\(A = B\)`
(same) | `\(A \leq B\)`
(A is not better) | | **Alternative hypothesis** | `\(A \neq B\)`
(different) | `\(A > B\)`
(A is better) |  ] --- # A/B Test - How? - Hypothesis Testing (p-value) .pull-left[ **P-value:** * given a random chance (probability) model that embodies the Null hypothesis, * the p-value is the probability of obtaining results as unusual/extreme as the observed result. **Significance level (alpha):** * the probability threshold of "unusualness" (e.g., 0.05) * must be defined before the experiment * the probability we accept for a type I error **Decision:** * `\(\text{p-value} \geq \text{alpha}\)`: retain the null hypothesis * observed difference due to random chance * `\(\text{p-value} < \text{alpha}\)`: reject the null hypothesis * observed difference is real/significant ] .pull-right[ **Type I error (false positive)**: Mistakenly concluding that an effect is real (when it is due to chance). Probability = `\(\text{alpha}\)` **Type II error (false negative)**: Mistakenly concluding that an effect is due to chance (when it is real).  ] --- # Permutation Test - What? & Why? **What? & Why?** Permutation test is a resampling procedure used for hypothesis testing. -- **Resampling:** repeatedly sample values from the observed data to assess a statistic's random variability. -- Two main types of resampling procedures: -- * **Boostrap:** resampling **with** replacement, used to assess reliability of an estimate. -- * **Permutation:** resampling **without** replacement, used for hypothesis testing. -- **Permutation Test:** * A resampling procedure used for hypothesis testing -- * Process for combining two (or more) data samples together, and randomly (or exhaustively) reallocating the observations to resamples to assess the random variability of the test statistic -- * A way to create the Null model, and compute the p-value -- * Advantage: No assumptions (creates Null model from the data itself) --- # Permutation Test - How? - Steps (diagram 1) .pull-left[ **Step 0:** A/B test results. **Step 1:** Put all A/B test results in a single dataset ("bag"). **Steps 2 to 5: Do one permutation:** - **Step 2:** Shuffle the "bag". - **Step 3:** Randomly draw (without replacement) a resample of size of group A. - **Step 4:** Randomly draw (without replacement) a resample of size of group B (the remainder). - **Step 5:** Record the test statistic for resamples. **Step 6: Do many permutations:** to yield a permutation distribution of the test statistic (Null model). **Hypothesis testing:** Use permutation results to compute the p-value as the ratio of values that are as or more extreme than the observed test statistic. ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Permutation Test - How? - Steps (diagram 2) .pull-left[ **Step 0:** A/B test results. **Step 1:** Put all A/B test results in a single dataset ("bag"). **Steps 2 to 5: Do one permutation:** - **Step 2:** Shuffle the "bag". - **Step 3:** Randomly draw (without replacement) a resample of size of group A. - **Step 4:** Randomly draw (without replacement) a resample of size of group B (the remainder). - **Step 5:** Record the test statistic for resamples. **Step 6: Do many permutations:** to yield a permutation distribution of the test statistic (Null model). **Hypothesis testing:** Use permutation results to compute the p-value as the ratio of values that are as or more extreme than the observed test statistic. ] .pull-right[  ] --- # Permutation Test - How? - Hypothesis Testing .pull-left[ A/B test observed difference: (A - B)(%) = 30% Counts of results from **100 permutations**: | Result | -50 | -30 | -10 | 10 | 30 | 50 | | :----- | --: | --: | --: | --: | --: | --: | | Counts | 4 | 12 | 30 | 33 | 16 | 5 | **Two-way test** (Null: `\(A = B\)`, Alternative: `\(A \neq B\)`) * Extreme values count: **37** = 4 + 12 + 16 + 5 * Extreme values ratio (p-value): **0.37** = 37 / 100 **One-way test** (Null: `\(A \leq B\)`, Alternative: `\(A > B\)`) * Extreme (positive) values count: **21** = 16 + 5 * Extreme (positive) values ratio (p-value): **0.21** = 21 / 100 **Decision:** `\(\text{p-value} \geq \text{alpha } (0.05)\)`: retain null hypothesis * observed difference due to random chance ] .pull-right[   ] --- # Code (R & Python) - Libraries .left-50[.code-r[ ```r # === R === # No additional libraries # (everything done with base R) # R version used version$version.string ``` ``` ## [1] "R version 4.1.0 (2021-05-18)" ``` ]] .right-50[.code-python[ ```python # === Python === import pandas as pd from platform import python_version from random import sample from random import seed print("Python version:", python_version()) ``` ``` ## Python version: 3.9.4 ``` ]] --- # Code (R & Python) - A/B Test - Didactic Example .left-50[.code-r[ ```r # === R === # Variables that fully define the A/B test results t = 20 # Total number of subjects (A + B) a = 10 # Number of subjects in group A b = 10 # Number of subjects in group B a_yes = 7 # Yes count in group A b_yes = 4 # Yes count in group B # Compute remaining A/B test results t_yes = a_yes + b_yes # Total Yes count t_no = t - t_yes # Total No count a_yes_pc = 100 * a_yes / a # Yes percentage in A b_yes_pc = 100 * b_yes / b # Yes percentage in B # A/B Test Statistic: Yes percentage difference (A-B) ab_yes_pc = a_yes_pc - b_yes_pc cat('Observed Yes Rate (%): A:', a_yes_pc, ', B:', b_yes_pc, ', A-B:', ab_yes_pc, '\nTotal counts: Yes:', t_yes, ', No:', t_no) ``` ``` ## Observed Yes Rate (%): A: 70 , B: 40 , A-B: 30 ## Total counts: Yes: 11 , No: 9 ``` ]] .right-50[.code-python[ ```python # === Python === # Variables that fully define the A/B test results t = 20 # Total number of subjects (A + B) a = 10 # Number of subjects in group A b = 10 # Number of subjects in group B a_yes = 7 # Yes count in group A b_yes = 4 # Yes count in group B # Compute remaining A/B test results t_yes = a_yes + b_yes # Total Yes count t_no = t - t_yes # Total No count a_yes_pc = 100 * a_yes / a # Yes percentage in A b_yes_pc = 100 * b_yes / b # Yes percentage in B # A/B Test Statistic: Yes percentage difference (A-B) ab_yes_pc = a_yes_pc - b_yes_pc print('Observed Yes Rate (%): A:', a_yes_pc, ', B:', b_yes_pc, ', A-B:', ab_yes_pc, '\nTotal counts: Yes:', t_yes, ', No:', t_no) ``` ``` ## Observed Yes Rate (%): A: 70.0 , B: 40.0 , A-B: 30.0 ## Total counts: Yes: 11 , No: 9 ``` ]] --- # Code (R & Python) - Perm. Test - One Permutation .left-50[.code-r[ ```r # === R === set.seed(0) # for reproducible results bag1 = c(rep(1, t_yes), rep(0, t_no)) # S1: All results bag bag2 = sample(bag1) # S2: Shuffle bag a_rs = bag2[1:a] # S3: Random sample A b_rs = bag2[(a+1):(a+b)] # S4: Random sample B # Step 5: Compute the test statistic a_yes_pc_rs = 100 * sum(a_rs) / a b_yes_pc_rs = 100 * sum(b_rs) / b ab_yes_pc_rs = a_yes_pc_rs - b_yes_pc_rs cat('(1) Bag :', bag1, '\n(2) Bag shuffled:', bag2, '\n(3) A resample :', a_rs, '\n(4) B resample :', rep(' ', a), b_rs, '\n(5) Resample Yes Rate (%): A:', a_yes_pc_rs, ', B:', b_yes_pc_rs, ', A-B:', ab_yes_pc_rs, '\n(0) Observed Yes Rate (%): A:', a_yes_pc, ', B:', b_yes_pc, ', A-B:', ab_yes_pc) ``` ``` ## (1) Bag : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## (2) Bag shuffled: 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 ## (3) A resample : 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 ## (4) B resample : 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 ## (5) Resample Yes Rate (%): A: 50 , B: 60 , A-B: -10 ## (0) Observed Yes Rate (%): A: 70 , B: 40 , A-B: 30 ``` ]] .right-50[.code-python[ ```python # === Python === seed(2) # for reproducible results bag1 = [1]*t_yes + [0]*t_no # S1: All results bag bag2 = sample(bag1, len(bag1)) # S2: Shuffle bag a_rs = bag2[:a] # S3: Random sample A b_rs = bag2[a:] # S4: Random sample B # Step 5: Compute the test statistic a_yes_pc_rs = 100 * sum(a_rs) / a b_yes_pc_rs = 100 * sum(b_rs) / b ab_yes_pc_rs = a_yes_pc_rs - b_yes_pc_rs print('(1) Bag :', str(bag1).replace(',', ''), '\n(2) Bag shuffled:', str(bag2).replace(',', ''), '\n(3) A resample :', str(a_rs).replace(',', ''), '\n(4) B resample :', ' '*(2*a-1), str(b_rs).replace(',', ''), '\n(5) Resample Yes Rate (%): A:', a_yes_pc_rs, ', B:', b_yes_pc_rs, ', A-B:', ab_yes_pc_rs, '\n(0) Observed Yes Rate (%): A:', a_yes_pc, ', B:', b_yes_pc, ', A-B:', ab_yes_pc) ``` ``` ## (1) Bag : [1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0] ## (2) Bag shuffled: [1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1] ## (3) A resample : [1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0] ## (4) B resample : [1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1] ## (5) Resample Yes Rate (%): A: 50.0 , B: 60.0 , A-B: -10.0 ## (0) Observed Yes Rate (%): A: 70.0 , B: 40.0 , A-B: 30.0 ``` ]] --- # Code (R & Python) - Perm. Test - Many Permutations .left-50[.code-r[ ```r # === R === set.seed(1) # for reproducible results bag = c(rep(1, t_yes), rep(0, t_no)) # S1: All results bag # Step 6: Repeat steps 2 to 5 a "large" number of times (p) p = 100 # number of permutations perm_res = rep(0, p) # vector for permutation results for (i in 1:p) { bag = sample(bag) # S2: Shuffle the bag a_rs = bag[1:a] # S3: Random sample A b_rs = bag[(a+1):(a+b)] # S4: Random sample B # Step 5: Compute the test statistic perm_res[i] = 100*sum(a_rs)/a - 100*sum(b_rs)/b } # Print results options(width = 60); print(perm_res) ``` ``` ## [1] 10 -10 10 -30 -10 -30 10 -10 10 -30 10 30 -10 ## [14] 10 -10 10 -30 10 -30 10 30 -10 -10 -50 -30 -10 ## [27] 10 10 -10 -10 10 10 -10 10 -10 -50 -30 30 -30 ## [40] 10 -10 -10 30 -50 -10 -10 30 30 10 30 -50 -10 ## [53] 10 10 10 -10 10 -10 50 -30 10 -10 10 50 30 ## [66] -10 10 30 -10 -10 -10 50 50 30 30 10 50 -30 ## [79] -10 -10 30 10 -10 30 10 -10 10 30 10 -30 10 ## [92] 10 10 -10 10 -30 30 30 10 -10 ``` ]] .right-50[.code-python[ ```python # === Python === seed(2) # for reproducible results bag = [1]*t_yes + [0]*t_no # S1: All results bag # Step 6: Repeat steps 2 to 5 a "large" number of times (p) p = 100 # number of permutations perm_res = [0]*p # list for permutation results for i in range(p): bag = sample(bag, k=len(bag)) # S2: Shuffle the bag a_rs = bag[:a] # S3: Random sample A b_rs = bag[a:] # S4: Random sample B # Step 5: Compute the test statistic perm_res[i] = 100*sum(a_rs)/a - 100*sum(b_rs)/b # Print results n = 15 for i in range(0, len(perm_res), n): print(str(perm_res[i:i+n]).replace(",","").replace(".0","")) ``` ``` ## [-10 10 -10 10 -30 -10 -10 -10 -10 30 -30 10 10 10 -50] ## [-30 10 30 10 -30 10 10 -10 -10 50 -10 -30 -30 10 -10] ## [-30 10 10 -10 -30 30 10 -10 30 -10 -10 -10 10 -30 30] ## [-50 -30 -10 -10 30 30 30 -10 10 -10 -10 10 -30 10 10] ## [10 -10 -30 -10 30 -30 -10 10 10 10 -10 30 50 10 10] ## [10 10 -30 -10 -30 30 10 -10 -10 -10 -10 30 -10 -10 10] ## [10 -30 30 10 30 30 -30 10 10 -30] ``` ]] --- # Code (R & Python) - Perm. Test - Hypothesis Testing .left-50[.code-r[ ```r # === R === table(perm_res) ``` ``` ## perm_res ## -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 ## 4 12 30 33 16 5 ``` ```r # Two-way hypothesis test (Null: A = B, Alternative: A != B) extreme_count = sum(abs(perm_res) >= abs(ab_yes_pc)) # One-way hypothesis test (Null: A =< B, Alternative: A > B) pos_extreme_count = sum(perm_res >= ab_yes_pc) cat("Number of permutations:", p, "\nTwo-way: Extreme count :", extreme_count, "\nTwo-way: Extreme ratio (p-value):", extreme_count / p, "\nOne-way: Extreme count :", pos_extreme_count, "\nOne-way: Extreme ratio (p-value):", pos_extreme_count / p) ``` ``` ## Number of permutations: 100 ## Two-way: Extreme count : 37 ## Two-way: Extreme ratio (p-value): 0.37 ## One-way: Extreme count : 21 ## One-way: Extreme ratio (p-value): 0.21 ``` ]] .right-50[.code-python[ ```python # === Python === perm_res_s = pd.Series(perm_res) print(pd.pivot_table(perm_res_s.value_counts().reset_index(), values=0, columns="index").to_string(index=False)) ``` ``` ## -50.0 -30.0 -10.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 ## 2 18 31 32 15 2 ``` ```python # Two-way hypothesis test (Null: A = B, Alternative: A != B) extreme_count = sum(perm_res_s.abs() >= abs(ab_yes_pc)) # One-way hypothesis test (Null: A =< B, Alternative: A > B) pos_extreme_count = sum(perm_res_s >= ab_yes_pc) print("Number of permutations:", p, "\nTwo-way: Extreme count :", extreme_count, "\nTwo-way: Extreme ratio (p-value):", extreme_count / p, "\nOne-way: Extreme count :", pos_extreme_count, "\nOne-way: Extreme ratio (p-value):", pos_extreme_count / p) ``` ``` ## Number of permutations: 100 ## Two-way: Extreme count : 37 ## Two-way: Extreme ratio (p-value): 0.37 ## One-way: Extreme count : 17 ## One-way: Extreme ratio (p-value): 0.17 ``` ]] --- # Code/Figs (R) - Perm. Test - Bar & Density Plots .pull-left[ ```r table(perm_res) ``` ``` ## perm_res ## -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 ## 4 12 30 33 16 5 ```  ] .pull-right[   ] --- # Code/Figs (R) - Perm. Test - Histogram & Density Plots .pull-left[ ```r table(perm_res) ``` ``` ## perm_res ## -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 ## 4 12 30 33 16 5 ```  ] .pull-right[   ] --- # Code (R) - General Solution The previous code has been consolidated into functions in the `functions.R` script. - The function `ab_permutation_test` can be used to perform the whole process of a Permutation Test for a given A/B Test (examples in the next slides). ```r source("functions.R") ``` --- # Code (R) - General Solution - Didactic Example ```r ab_permutation_test(a_all=10, b_all=10, a_yes=7, b_yes=4, n_p=100, verbose=TRUE, random_seed=1) ``` ``` ## Observed Yes Rate (%): A: 70 , B: 40 , A-B: 30 ``` ![](presentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-19-1.png) ``` ## [1] 0.36 ``` --- # Code (R) - General Solution - Other Example ```r ab_permutation_test(a_all=1000, b_all=2000, a_yes=30, b_yes=100, n_p=1000, verbose=TRUE, random_seed=1) ``` ``` ## Observed Yes Rate (%): A: 3 , B: 5 , A-B: -2 ``` ![](presentation_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-20-1.png) ``` ## [1] 0.018 ``` --- # Code (R) - General Solution - R Shiny App You can use the R Shiny App defined in the `app.R` file to interactively explore A/B Testing with Permutation Test (i.e., the results of the `ab_permutation_test` function). You can launch the app as usual in RStudio: open the `app.R` file in RStudio and press the `Run App` button. --- # Q & A Questions? --- # Extra - p-value Quotes from the [American Statistical Association (ASA) Statement on Statistical Significance and P-Values](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108) **What is a p-Value?** > Informally, a p-value is the probability under a specified statistical model that a statistical summary of the data (e.g., the sample mean difference between two compared groups) would be equal to or more extreme than its observed value. **Principles** > 1. P-values can indicate how incompatible the data are with a specified statistical model. > 2. P-values do not measure the probability that the studied hypothesis is true, or the probability that the data were produced by random chance alone. > 3. Scientific conclusions and business or policy decisions should not be based only on whether a p-value passes a specific threshold. > 4. Proper inference requires full reporting and transparency > 5. A p-value, or statistical significance, does not measure the size of an effect or the importance of a result. > 6. By itself, a p-value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis. --- # Extra - Power and Sample Size Power analysis is done in the initial stage of definition of an A/B test *Common task:* determine how big of a **sample size** you will need. Any of these can be determined once we define all the others: * **Sample size:** the size of your sample data (number of observations) * **Effect size:** minimum size of the effect you want to detect in a statistical test (e.g., 10% increase in conversation rates) * **Power:** probability of detecting a give effect size when the effect is real (**True Positive**). * **Significance level (alpha):** to be used in the statistical test (probability of a **False Positive**) Power and Errors: * **Power:** probability of detecting a give effect size when the effect is real (**True Positive**). Probability = `\(1 - \beta\)` * **Type II error (False Negative):** Mistakenly concluding that an effect is due to chance (when it is real). Probability = `\(\beta\)` (beta) * **Type I error (False Positive):** Mistakenly concluding that an effect is real (when it is due to chance). Probability = `\(\alpha\)` (alpha) Code: * R: `pwr` package: https://rdrr.io/cran/pwr/ * Python: `statsmodels` package: https://www.statsmodels.org/ --- # Extra - Bar Plot .pull-left[.code-r[ ```r # === R === counts = table(perm_res) x = abs(as.numeric(names(counts))) colors = ifelse(x < abs(ab_yes_pc), 'gray', 'orange') title = paste("Perm. =", p, ", Extreme count =", extreme_count, ", P-value =", extreme_count / p) x_lab = paste("A/B Test Statistic: A - B (%)\n", "(observed:", ab_yes_pc, "%)") y_lab = "Count" barplot(counts, col=colors, main=title, xlab=x_lab, ylab=y_lab) ``` ]] .pull-right[ ![](presentation_files/figure-html/bar-plot-out-1.png) ] --- # Extra - Histogram Plot .pull-left[.code-r[ ```r # === R === h = hist(perm_res, breaks = "Scott", plot=FALSE) b_left = abs(h$breaks[-length(h$breaks)]) b_right = abs(h$breaks[-1]) b_max = ifelse(b_left > b_right, b_left, b_right) colors = ifelse(b_max < abs(ab_yes_pc), 'gray', 'orange') title = paste("Perm. =", p, ", Extreme count =", extreme_count, ", P-value =", extreme_count / p) x_lab = paste("A/B Test Statistic: A - B (%)\n", "(observed:", ab_yes_pc, "%)") y_lab = "Count" plot(h, col=colors, main=title, xlab=x_lab, ylab=y_lab) abline(v = ab_yes_pc, col = 'red', lwd = 3) abline(v = -ab_yes_pc, col = 'red', lty = 2, lwd = 3) ``` ]] .pull-right[ ![](presentation_files/figure-html/histogram-plot-out-1.png) ] --- # Extra - Density Plot .pull-left[.code-r[ ```r # === R === title = paste("Perm. =", p, ", Extreme count =", extreme_count, ", P-value =", extreme_count / p) x_lab = paste("A/B Test Statistic: A - B (%)\n", "(observed:", ab_yes_pc, "%)") d = density(perm_res, adjust=2) plot(d, main=title, xlab=x_lab) xc = abs(ab_yes_pc) c1 = (d$x < -xc) # extreme negative values (left) c2 = (abs(d$x) < xc) # non-extreme values c3 = (d$x > xc) # extreme positive values (right) polygon(c(d$x[c1], -xc), c(d$y[c1], 0), col='orange') polygon(c(-xc, d$x[c2], xc), c(0, d$y[c2], 0), col='gray') polygon(c(xc, d$x[c3]), c(0, d$y[c3]), col='orange') abline(v = ab_yes_pc, col = 'red', lwd = 3) abline(v = -ab_yes_pc, col = 'red', lty = 2, lwd = 3) ``` ]] .pull-right[ ![](presentation_files/figure-html/density-plot-out-1.png) ]


import hashlib from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, BinaryIO, Dict, Iterator, List from pip._internal.exceptions import HashMismatch, HashMissing, InstallationError from pip._internal.utils.misc import read_chunks if TYPE_CHECKING: from hashlib import _Hash # NoReturn introduced in 3.6.2; imported only for type checking to maintain # pip compatibility with older patch versions of Python 3.6 from typing import NoReturn # The recommended hash algo of the moment. Change this whenever the state of # the art changes; it won't hurt backward compatibility. FAVORITE_HASH = "sha256" # Names of hashlib algorithms allowed by the --hash option and ``pip hash`` # Currently, those are the ones at least as collision-resistant as sha256. STRONG_HASHES = ["sha256", "sha384", "sha512"] class Hashes: """A wrapper that builds multiple hashes at once and checks them against known-good values """ def __init__(self, hashes=None): # type: (Dict[str, List[str]]) -> None """ :param hashes: A dict of algorithm names pointing to lists of allowed hex digests """ allowed = {} if hashes is not None: for alg, keys in hashes.items(): # Make sure values are always sorted (to ease equality checks) allowed[alg] = sorted(keys) self._allowed = allowed def __and__(self, other): # type: (Hashes) -> Hashes if not isinstance(other, Hashes): return NotImplemented # If either of the Hashes object is entirely empty (i.e. no hash # specified at all), all hashes from the other object are allowed. if not other: return self if not self: return other # Otherwise only hashes that present in both objects are allowed. new = {} for alg, values in other._allowed.items(): if alg not in self._allowed: continue new[alg] = [v for v in values if v in self._allowed[alg]] return Hashes(new) @property def digest_count(self): # type: () -> int return sum(len(digests) for digests in self._allowed.values()) def is_hash_allowed( self, hash_name, # type: str hex_digest, # type: str ): # type: (...) -> bool """Return whether the given hex digest is allowed.""" return hex_digest in self._allowed.get(hash_name, []) def check_against_chunks(self, chunks): # type: (Iterator[bytes]) -> None """Check good hashes against ones built from iterable of chunks of data. Raise HashMismatch if none match. """ gots = {} for hash_name in self._allowed.keys(): try: gots[hash_name] = hashlib.new(hash_name) except (ValueError, TypeError): raise InstallationError(f"Unknown hash name: {hash_name}") for chunk in chunks: for hash in gots.values(): hash.update(chunk) for hash_name, got in gots.items(): if got.hexdigest() in self._allowed[hash_name]: return self._raise(gots) def _raise(self, gots): # type: (Dict[str, _Hash]) -> NoReturn raise HashMismatch(self._allowed, gots) def check_against_file(self, file): # type: (BinaryIO) -> None """Check good hashes against a file-like object Raise HashMismatch if none match. """ return self.check_against_chunks(read_chunks(file)) def check_against_path(self, path): # type: (str) -> None with open(path, "rb") as file: return self.check_against_file(file) def __nonzero__(self): # type: () -> bool """Return whether I know any known-good hashes.""" return bool(self._allowed) def __bool__(self): # type: () -> bool return self.__nonzero__() def __eq__(self, other): # type: (object) -> bool if not isinstance(other, Hashes): return NotImplemented return self._allowed == other._allowed def __hash__(self): # type: () -> int return hash( ",".join( sorted( ":".join((alg, digest)) for alg, digest_list in self._allowed.items() for digest in digest_list ) ) ) class MissingHashes(Hashes): """A workalike for Hashes used when we're missing a hash for a requirement It computes the actual hash of the requirement and raises a HashMissing exception showing it to the user. """ def __init__(self): # type: () -> None """Don't offer the ``hashes`` kwarg.""" # Pass our favorite hash in to generate a "gotten hash". With the # empty list, it will never match, so an error will always raise. super().__init__(hashes={FAVORITE_HASH: []}) def _raise(self, gots): # type: (Dict[str, _Hash]) -> NoReturn raise HashMissing(gots[FAVORITE_HASH].hexdigest())


{% extends 'base/base.html' %} {% block page_header %} ABOUT {% endblock page_header %} {% block content %}
Welcome to our demonstrator of a user interface for human in the loop active learning. Motivated by the problem of galaxy and black hole evolution, we use active learning to enhance the use of an expert’s time by suggesting interesting examples for annotation. This project builds upon the successes of citizen science projects to construct a catalogue of morphologically classified active galactic nuclei. By managing the exploration-exploitation trade-off, active learning is a machine learning approach that uses annotator effort more efficiently.
{% endblock content %}


Exodus 9:28
Entreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.


Ruby has a number of easy-to-use methods that allow you iterate through data structures. each, each_index and map are a few examples of built in iterative methods in Ruby. These methods are an efficient and convenient alternative to using a while or for loop to work through arrays and hashes in Ruby.
In Ruby,
array = [‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’] counter = 0 while counter < array.length puts array[counter] counter += 1 end
can also be written as
array = [‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’] array.each {|value| puts value}This makes for much cleaner and simpler code.
In JavaScript,
var array = [‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’]; var counter = 0; while (counter < array.length) { console.log(array[counter]); counter += 1; }
can also be written as,
var array = [‘x’, ‘y’, ‘z’]; for (var index = 0; index < array.length; index++) { console.log(array[index]); }
While this last block of code is easier to read and more compact than it’s while loop alternative, it’s not as concise as some of the iterative methods available in Ruby. Ruby has a broader range of possibilities when it comes to working through data structures. But whether you’re working in JavaScript or Ruby, you need to find the right balance between simplicity and readability.


Here we use the downloadable easing file:
jquery.easing.1.3.js
The easing plugins can also be found here:
jquery.easing.1.3.js
Some other jQuery plugins are at
jquery-swip
Try copying the file to your tinman account as jsquery.easing.1.2.js and then using a relative link to access it.


Sainsbury's is getting Lindt Lindor pick and mix stands
At Christmas times, there’s plenty of chocolate to choose from.
Sure some love a Quality Street, others like tucking into a box of Heroes, but the ultimate indulgence has got to be a box of Lindt Lindor.
The truffle chocolate encased in the rich Swiss chocolate is quite a treat.
And now it comes in lots of flavours including milk, dark. mint, orange and strawberry and cream.
So for those of you who can’t choose a favourite, Sainsbury’s is introducing Lindt Lindor pick and mix stands in 72 stores.
Five stores have been trialling the stands this year and they’ve been so successful, they are rolling it out in 67 more on 2 December.
They haven’t revealed which ones will have the stands yet so keep an eye out for them popping up in your local.

Advertisement Advertisement
It is pricer than a standard box as a 200g usually contains about 16 balls and cost around £4.
Of course, this option means you can choose the perfect mix of your own flavours.
Sounds like a great gift for Christmas – or just a treat to get you through the shopping for the big day.
If there isn’t a stand near you, you can create a pick and mix box on the Lindt shop online.
Prices range from £12 for a 400g bag to £45 for a 1500g box.
They do have 27 options to choose from including winter milk and white truffles but remember you’ll also have to pay shipping, which is £3.95.


Window controller superclass. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| void | SetPosition (int32_t aPosX, int32_t aPosY, int32_t aSizeX, int32_t aSizeY) |
| Set the window's position and size. More... | |
| void | GetPosition (int32_t &aPosX, int32_t &aPosY, int32_t &aSizeX, int32_t &aSizeY) |
| Get the window's position and size. More... | |
| PvResult | ShowModal () |
| Display the window (modal). More... | |
| PvResult | ShowModal (QWidget *aParentHwnd) |
| Display the window (modal). More... | |
| PvResult | ShowModeless () |
| Display the window (non-modal). More... | |
| PvResult | ShowModeless (QWidget *aParentHwnd) |
| Display the window (non-modal). More... | |
| PvResult | Create (QWidget *aHwnd) |
| Display the window (embedded in your program's window). More... | |
| PvString | GetTitle () const |
| Get the window's title. More... | |
| void | SetTitle (const PvString &aTitle) |
| Set the window's title. More... | |
| QWidget * | GetQWidget () |
| Get the display controller's (PvWnd object) handle. More... | |
| PvResult | Close () |
| Close the window. More... | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static void | DoEvents () |
| Processes all pending events for the calling thread. More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| PvWnd () | |
| Constructor. | |
| virtual | ~PvWnd () |
| Destructor. | |
Window controller superclass.
To create and use a window, see one classes that inherit from PvWnd.
| PvResult PvWnd::Close | ( | ) |
Close the window.
| PvResult PvWnd::Create | ( | QWidget * | aWnd | ) |
Display the window (embedded in your program's window).
| [in] | aWnd | The parent window's. |
|
static |
Processes all pending events for the calling thread.
If a modeless dialog is shown, it is up to the application to pump events to it. This must be called from the same thread that called ShowModeless in order to ensure that the events are processed properly by that dialog.
| void PvWnd::GetPosition | ( | int32_t & | aPosX, |
| int32_t & | aPosY, | ||
| int32_t & | aSizeX, | ||
| int32_t & | aSizeY | ||
| ) |
Get the window's position and size.
To use this method, see SetPosition.
| [out] | aPosX | See SetPosition. |
| [out] | aPosY | See SetPosition. |
| [out] | aSizeX | See SetPosition. |
| [out] | aSizeY | See SetPosition. |
| QWidget * PvWnd::GetQWidget | ( | ) |
Get the display controller's (PvWnd object) handle.
| PvString PvWnd::GetTitle | ( | ) | const |
| void PvWnd::SetPosition | ( | int32_t | aPosX, |
| int32_t | aPosY, | ||
| int32_t | aSizeX, | ||
| int32_t | aSizeY | ||
| ) |
Set the window's position and size.
For standalone windows, the SetPosition method sets the window's absolute position (and size) on the desktop, where (0,0) is the top left corner of the desktop.
For embedded windows, the SetPosition method sets the embedded window's position relative to the window in which it is embedded, where (0,0) is the top left corner of the window.
Coordinates of the window's top left corner: (aPosX, aPosY)
Coordinates of the window's bottom right corner: (aPosX+aSizeX, aPosY+aSizeY)
To get the window's current position and size, use GetPosition.
| [in] | aPosX | The window's position - left edge. |
| [in] | aPosY | The window's position - top edge. |
| [in] | aSizeX | The window's size - width. |
| [in] | aSizeY | The window's size - height. |
| void PvWnd::SetTitle | ( | const PvString & | aTitle | ) |
Set the window's title.
The title appears in the (typically blue) band at the top of the window.
| [in] | aTitle | The window's new title. |
| PvResult PvWnd::ShowModal | ( | ) |
Display the window (modal).
The ShowModal and ShowModeless methods display a new window. The two methods let you choose how your new window captures input focus.
Modal windows display on top of other windows in the same application, capture input focus, and prevent other windows from being accessed/used/selected until the modal window is closed.
Modeless windows let users toggle between windows.
| PvResult PvWnd::ShowModal | ( | QWidget * | aParentWnd | ) |
Display the window (modal).
| [in] | aParentWnd | The parent window's handle. |
| PvResult PvWnd::ShowModeless | ( | ) |
Display the window (non-modal).
To use this method, see ShowModal.
| PvResult PvWnd::ShowModeless | ( | QWidget * | aParentWnd | ) |
Display the window (non-modal).
To use this method, see ShowModal.
| [in] | aParentWnd | See ShowModal. |
Copyright (c) 2002-2015 Pleora Technologies Inc.
www.pleora.com


//you can control the background color of the Status bar
Contents goes here...
My App
This is simple application...
Blog
First Link
Second Link


Fuel Policy |
| Fuel: Fuel policies vary from supplier to supplier. Thrifty Rent A Car will charge you for a tank of fuel upon collection of your vehicle if the 'Silver' option is taken. Please note that these fuel charges will be subject to concessions and charged at a higher rate that if purchased from the pumps directly. However, if you return the vehicle full of fuel and produce a receipt as proof of re-fueling within 10 miles of your return location your initial fuel charge will be refunded. Dollar/National/Alamo Car rental allow you to collect the vehicle with fuel and return the vehicle with a like amount to avoid a refueling charge. In any case please check conditions before you travel if unsure otherwise please check with the supplier when you pick up your vehicle. |
Deposits, Excess and Cover |
|
Deposit / Excess: The rental company will require a security deposit of INR RS.3000.00 when you pick your car up. The deposit will be returned after the rental, as long as all conditions have been met. The car has a theft excess of US$ 0.00 including tax. There is no excess for the coverage provided by the car hire company’s CDW policy. The damage excess only applies to parts of the car that are covered by your car’s Collision Damage Waiver policy. If other parts of the car (such as windscreen, tyres and undercarriage) are damaged, you will pay the full repair cost. There is no excess for the coverage provided by the car hire company’s CDW policy. Due to fluctuating foreign exchange rates and other possible banking charges, the car hire company cannot be held responsible for any difference between the amount paid and the amount refunded. Full Protection If you buy Full Protection, you will receive the policy documentation by email. Optional Covers and Waivers available at counter In the event of an accident, this insurance covers medical and legal costs for injuries which are covered by the policy, including death and loss of limb(s). This cover is only valid if you stick to the terms of the rental agreement. Cover Arrangements Cover Agreements: When you pick your car up, the counter staff may offer to sell you additional products in relation to your excess or deposit. If you have bought Full Protection through us, you do not need to buy them. However, the rental company’s products might provide additional benefits: for example, an advanced level of service. If you decide you want these benefits, you may choose to buy their product(s) as well. Please make sure you read the terms and conditions of the cover you receive when signing the rental agreement at pick-up, to find out about the policy’s exclusions and limits. Policies normally exclude things such as windscreens, glass, wheels, tyres, undercarriage, interior, personal belongings, towing charges & off-road time – as well as any ‘extra equipment’ hired from the car hire company, such as child seats and GPS devices. Note that your cover will be invalidated by negligence, refuelling errors or breaking the terms of the rental agreement (for example, by driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs). Before purchasing any cover, please check any travel or vehicle policies you already have, as they may provide equivalent cover. If extra insurance, or cover is purchased at the car hire counter the deposit amount will be reduced. Administration Charges: Damage to the car will be charged for by the car hire company after it is dropped off - and will incur a Damage Administration fee on top of the amount deducted from the excess. An Immobilisation Charge is payable in the event of an accident. This is in addition to the amount deducted from the excess and is compulsory. This charge is calculated against the car group and the number of repair days. |
Child seats: |
| These are mandatory in most countries and can be requested at the time of booking. Although instructions will be provided you will be required to fit the child seat yourself. For older children, it is recommended that you take your own booster seats. Please note that the prices on our website are an approximation ONLY - Rates are paid on arrival directly to the supplier and are subject to change without notice to us. Please call to verify the exact charge before you book. |


Build with cordova, ionic and bower html/js application to provide native mobile application for the Hackafe's forum.
Synchronize package settings, keymap and installed packages across Atom instances.
Simple Web API which scans the network and provides number of active devices as well as a list of people available based on the MAC addresses of their devices. You can see it currently integrated in our website.
Sub project: Hackafe device registration form for WhoIsInTheLab written in GO.
Remote controlled car via WIFI communication.
Used technologies:
Simple user interface implementing Flyver communication, telemetry and control of a Flyver powered drone. The project uses node.js for communication between the flyver drone and the client application.


S4 classes for univariate and multivariate functional data with
utility functions.
| Version: |
1.3-2 |
| Depends: |
methods |
| Imports: |
abind, fields, foreach, graphics, grDevices, stats |
| Suggests: |
covr, fda, ggplot2 (≥ 3.0.0), gridExtra, reshape2, zoo, testthat (≥ 2.0.0) |
| Published: |
2018-10-09 |
| Author: |
Clara Happ [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: |
Clara Happ <clara.happ at stat.uni-muenchen.de> |
| License: |
GPL-2 |
| URL: |
https://github.com/ClaraHapp/funData |
| NeedsCompilation: |
no |
| Materials: |
README NEWS |
| In views: |
FunctionalData |
| CRAN checks: |
funData results |


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How to beat The Ninth Sister in Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order
Attack from behind.
by Asher MadanStar Wars Jedi: Fallen Order is an Xbox One, PC, and PlayStation 4 game that features exploration and a lot of Dark Souls-like combat. There are a lot of challenging bosses in the game, but The Ninth Sister on Kashyyyk is one of the worst. It's a massive, crazed ogre-type alien that packs quite a punch. You have to block the lightsaber-boomerang attacks and double-jump when you're faced with a ground-shockwave attack.
Luckily, there's a great way to defeat The Ninth Sister. The trick is to keep on dodging until you get the chance to attack from behind. Unfortunately, there aren't any tricks you can employ with this boss fight because it's all about patience.  Using your time-stop ability to sneak behind the creature is another great way to beat this boss. The video below tells you exactly what you need to do.
The Xbox One X version features a 1440p 30 frames per second (FPS) mode and a 1080p 60 FPS mode. In order to tighten up the controls, you should engage the Performance option. Hopefully, this guide helped you if you were struggling to take down this fearsome beast.
- Related: How to beat Oggdo Bogdo in Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order
- Related: How to beat AT-ST in Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order
Keep in mind that this boss was defeated on Jedi Grandmaster difficulty. If you chose another setting, the fight is much easier because The Ninth Sister does less damage.
Find the Force
Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order
Don't stand out
Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order is EA's first story-driven Star Wars action game, following the events of Star Wars: Revenge of the Sith. From Respawn Entertainment of Titanfall and Apex Legends fame, Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order will be an unmissable experience.
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--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Git - Ignore file format author: display_name: hojunbaek login: hojunbaek email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: hojunbaek author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 1680 wordpress_url: http://ezcocoa.com/?p=1680 date: '2012-10-01 13:13:24 +0900' date_gmt: '2012-10-01 13:13:24 +0900' categories: - Git tags: - ignore comments: [] ---
ref : https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files
A global .gitignore file can also be used by adding one to your global git config. For example, you might create the file ~/.gitignore_global and add some rules to it. To add this to your config, run git config --global core.excludesfile ~/.gitignore_global
Some good rules to add to this file:
[code]
# Compiled source #
###################
*.com
*.class
*.dll
*.exe
*.o
*.so
# Packages #
############
# it's better to unpack these files and commit the raw source
# git has its own built in compression methods
*.7z
*.dmg
*.gz
*.iso
*.jar
*.rar
*.tar
*.zip
# Logs and databases #
######################
*.log
*.sql
*.sqlite
# OS generated files #
######################
.DS_Store
.DS_Store?
._*
.Spotlight-V100
.Trashes
Icon?
ehthumbs.db
Thumbs.db
[/code]