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Last updated: 2022-09-12


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# About
This report is about registers or lists, and ways of publishing and maintaining them. We examine models of stewarding registers and review case studies of different registers. We argue that transparency is necessary, and collaboration desirable, in managing registers that are trusted by their users.
This report has been researched and produced by the Open Data Institute, and published in May 2018. Its lead authors were David Miller and Sym Roe. If you want to share feedback by email or would like to get in touch, contact the Registers project lead Leigh Dodds at [Leigh.Dodds@theodi.org](mailto:Leigh.Dodds@theodi.org).
# What are registers and why are they important?
Registers are accurate, complete lists. However, not all lists are registers. This document explores some of the key properties of registers and discusses the implications of these. It does not provide a hard definition or set of criteria for what is or is not a register. Such exercises have tended to produce criteria that exclude lists that it is helpful for maintainers and users to consider as registers, or the criteria have been so vague that they cease to be meaningful.
What are the key properties of registers beyond accuracy and completeness? Registers are only useful when we trust them. This means that we need a reason to trust the process of keeping the list up to date, ideally because that process is clear and transparent.
What do registers contain? There are no hard rules about what they contain, but broadly speaking, the contents of registers are important enough for many people to care about them being accurate and complete. For us to think of a list as a register, an institution must have promised to keep it up to date.
Digital registers reduce the cost of services that require data to operate and reduce the burden on institutions that have to manage data. Therefore, publishing registers that take advantage of digital technology can unlock space for new products and services that have previously been too expensive or too risky to build and maintain.
Almost all registers use some degree of collaboration. Embracing that collaboration often increases their quality and usefulness. Today, there are tools that can make that collaborative process faster, cheaper and more accessible. Taking advantage of them is an opportunity to strengthen our data infrastructure[^1], at reduced cost.
We define the process of maintaining a register through collaboration as stewarding. This is the process of maintaining a list by a group or institution and the promise they make to maintain that list. That process is co-ordinated by a custodian. Transparent stewarding of a list means being clear and open about how it is maintained.
# An introduction to registers
The word register is both a noun and a verb. The word register also implies that there is an official quality to the list or act of listing.
For many of us, our first introduction to registers comes as we sit in a classroom and the teacher takes the register. The teacher reads out a list of names and we sit waiting for our own. When we hear it, we answer “yes”. The teacher makes a mark against our name and our attendance is recorded. This simple example actually contains several of the key features of registers – that they are recorded, accurate and official – as well as some less-obvious characteristics.
There are three uses of ‘register’ — two nouns and a verb — in the act of taking the register. Our teacher reads from the register of pupils in this class (1) in order to create the register of attendance (2). When the pupils answer in the affirmative, the teacher will register them (3) in the register of attendance (2). These different uses of ‘register’ will be used throughout this report, though we will avoid using register as a verb except where it has a specific legal meaning. Instead, we talk about creating, updating and removing entries from a register.
The classroom example demonstrates many of the characteristics of registers we discuss in this report. The primary register of the pupils in a class is a subset of the secondary register of pupils at a school. Both of these registers are issued by the school, an institution with authority over the contents of the lists. We know the register of pupils in class 1B is a complete register that contains all the pupils in the class. These registers define reality. When your name appears on the school’s register of pupils, you have become a pupil at this school. Similarly, when a pupil’s name is added to the register of class 1B, they are in class 1B.
The daily register of attendance describes reality. It is a record of who is present that day (and who is not), but it does not change who is in the room or who is a pupil in the class. The register of attendance is created by the teacher, who has the specifically assigned responsibility to undertake the process of researching reality and recording the results of their understanding. This register is also verifiable by anyone else in the room: they too could mark off the names of the pupils and create the register independently. The school will aggregate these individual registers of attendance, creating a list of all the pupils who were at the school on any given day.
We create registers in order to do something with the information they contain. When a pupil arrives on the first day of school, members of staff will check for their name on the register of pupils in a class to find out which room they should go to. Later on, the register of pupils at the school will be used to find out about overall attendance. This can be divided into individual pupils (who can be given additional help if their attendance is low) or represent the school overall (which contributes to its quality assessment by Ofsted, which in turn is used by parents to work out where to send their children).
Registers have a long history outside the classroom. Some of these registers are very different kinds of lists, particularly with regard to how hard it is to maintain their objective completeness and accuracy.
## Case study: The Register Society’s Register of Shipping
In the late 18th century, The Register Society created a register of shipping that “classified and registered vessels according to certain criteria of physical structure and equipment, to enable underwriters, shipbrokers, and shipowners more easily to assess commercial risk and to negotiate marine insurance rates”.[^2]
Becoming Lloyd’s Register of Shipping in 1834, this register has been published annually since at least 1775. For most of this time, the register was published as a paper book.
The Register of Shipping differs from school registers in several ways. While a register of pupils in a class contains very little information – just the name of the pupil – the Register of Shipping records many different attributes about each ship. Although some of this information is reproducible and verifiable, such as tonnage and dimensions, and can be obtained by surveying, some items in the register are less objectively defined. Over time, the characteristics of ships that people considered important to record has changed: ‘guns’ are no longer a standard ship classification.
Much of the Register of Shipping is a list of opinions that underwriters and owners of ships had about the quality of ships. Because entries in the register were not always things that could be objectively agreed, a dispute between the two groups caused two registers to be published.[^3] Called The Green Book and The Red Book, each contained different lists of ships and different information about those ships.
The design of the Register of Shipping meant that it could never be completely accurate. It would be legitimate for two people to hold different opinions about a single value in the register. Even with these potential discrepancies, it proved immensely useful to the shipping industry. This official list, which different parties agreed to use as the standard, allowed owners to insure their ships.
# How the internet has changed registers
The internet and the web introduced new possibilities for registers.
Publishing and updating became easier and quicker. But publishing formats and processes have been slow to adapt to new opportunities and needs. Progress from registers on private databases or (even) paper to registers as part of trusted data infrastructure, available to help other web services deliver reliable online services, is still uneven.
Storing registers in a database allows us to both store lists and to perform complex operations like searching, aggregating and filtering in fractions of a second. Many registers were moved to databases decades before the invention of the web.
When the web became widely available registers started to be published online. They tended to be published as static ‘snapshots’, often in parallel with printed ‘editions’ and in formats such as PDF which can be read easily by humans but not by machines.
A bigger step was needed to make registers part of the web, key components of a data infrastructure which enables a host of new, simpler, cheaper and faster services for everything from renewing a passport to global shipping insurance brokerage.
### Registers as web services
Registers have started to become web services rather than static collections of data. The register itself, rather than a frozen-in-time snapshot of it, is available online. It is always up to date. And access to it uses the natural patterns and protocols of the internet: register entries have their own addresses on the web and can be manipulated, used or linked to by third parties.
Turning a register into a usable web service requires substantial change by its custodians, affecting its publishing methods and systems and, often, the design and structure of the register itself.
### From web service to data infrastructure
Treating registers as infrastructure requires that we can reliably expect and inspect specific standards of authority and continuity. This allows the creation of tools and services built on the data. It makes it easier to curate, maintain and consume data.
Infrastructure, particularly when operated by the state, implies a long-term commitment. Users can assume that there will continue to be an accurate list and that curating it will continue to be someone’s specific responsibility.
Reliable data of a known provenance is critical to people who build services using the data held in registers. Being able to rely on a register as infrastructure for their services means they only ever need to work with one reliable and current source of data – what is known in information systems theory as a ‘single source of truth’. They can concentrate on building the service rather than spending time checking if the data they are using is still accurate.
When registers can be easily accessed by other products or services, they are more widely useful than when they were books in council basements. Combining internet technology for publication with a commitment from the state to maintain registers means society can reap increased benefits from these official lists of things, consuming and using them in ways that were not previously possible.
# Registers and abstractions
Before exploring the details of specific registers, it is worth looking at some of the abstract aspects of lists. We are deliberately examining the more general case of lists rather than only registers. This helps establish ways of talking and thinking about different kinds of registers as well as allowing us to consider which of these properties are required for us to think of a list as a register.
We have grouped the features of registers into three related categories: type of list, authority and stewardship. We created the categories by examining a sample of 20 registers of varying forms, how they were similar, how they differed and by noting how people discuss them and describe their key features. The results of this analysis are available as open data.[^4] When people make lists, they often create hybrid forms that cross these boundaries.
## 1. Type of list
The first group of features allows us to understand what kind of list we are dealing with.
### Primary or secondary source
Some lists will be the primary source of that information; others will not. These are usually an aggregation of smaller lists. The register of attendance taken by a teacher is the primary source of data about which pupils attended class that day. The school-wide attendance register is an aggregated, secondary list made up of all the other (smaller) lists of who attended class.
In this report, we refer to source lists as primary and aggregated/derived ones as secondary.
**Primary:** the main source of the information contained in it, like a class attendance register, or the register of companies provided by Companies House.[^5]
**Secondary:** A list created from other sources of information, like the school-wide attendance register, or the database of companies provided by Open Corporates.[^6]
**Contents: **The level of detail that we include about each entry in a list, e.g. its name, identifier and other attributes, is a central aspect of how we think and talk about the list. When designing a list, we have to decide how much information to record for each entry. This decision sits on a sliding scale, ranging from least possible amount of information to most possible amount of information.
This scale is highly subjective. Trying to define hard criteria or subsections of the scale is not particularly useful. Instead, think about lists in terms of which end of the scale they are closest to, from minimum viable dataset to what we call a broad dataset.
**Minimum viable dataset:** tightly defined, minimal schema of what makes up a dataset. There is an expectation that all or at least most attributes will be completed for each entry. The FCO Country register[^7] or the register of pupils are closer to this end of the scale.
**Broad dataset:** everything we know or might know about one entry on the list, including attributes that might be based on opinion rather than objective facts. The Shipping Register or Open Street Map[^8] are both close to this end of the scale.
### Technology
The technology the list uses to record or publish information can change how we use or think about the list. List technologies fall into the following broad categories:
Paper: the list is stored and published on paper, like the first few hundred years of the Lloyd’s Register of Ships.
Digital paper: the list is stored or published electronically, but it uses a format where individual entries are not addressable and the contents not machine-readable. Legal notices published as PDFs or Microsoft Word documents on council websites fall into this broad category.
Machine-readable: the list is published in a machine-readable, computable format, probably online. For example AddressBase, the Ordnance Survey’s address data product.[^9]
Linkable: the list is published in a machine-readable, computable format, with individual entries addressable via URIs, such as the government’s service register.[^10]
Many lists are published in ways that span more than one of these list technologies; the Companies House register can be downloaded in a machine-readable format[^11] and is also published as a linkable online service.[^12]
List
Source
Contents
Technology
Register of Shipping
Primary
Broad dataset
Paper
Democracy Club Candidates
Secondary
Broad dataset
Linkable
Council candidate notifications
Primary
Minimum viable dataset
Digital paper
Countries Register
Primary
Minimum viable dataset
Linkable
Register of pupils in a class
Primary
Minimum viable dataset
Paper
Historic England’s list of listed buildings
Primary
Broad dataset
Machine-readable
Taken from the full list of lists used to make this system[^13].
## 2. Authority
The second group of features are reasons to consider a list authoritative.
### Sources of authority
When talking about complete and accurate lists (or even lists that are complete and accurate enough to use) we also need to be able to understand how we are able to make that assertion. There are various sources of authority:
**From first principles:** Some lists are provably complete and accurate. A list of the first thousand prime numbers could be proved complete through calculating those numbers and then checking the register against the list you computed.
**Verifiable observation:** When the list contains things that have been observed in the world, it is often possible for someone else to recreate the list from scratch. Wikipedia’s list of rivers longer than 1000 km[^14] could be verified by someone else measuring the lengths of rivers.
Observation might introduce bias or opinion in the register in ways that make it a matter of opinion whether or not it can be reproduced. This is a form of observer-expectancy effect.[^15] In the classroom register, a teacher might make allowances for a child who is not actually in the room when the register is taken, because the pupil is known to be running late. Other teachers might decide to only note pupils who are actually in the room at the exact time when they are taking the register.
**Trusted observation:** For some lists that are created by observing the world, re-observation or verification is not possible. This is often because they take a snapshot of a point in time. While the school class attendance register can be validated at the time by a third party, a week later it is impossible to verify that it is correct. There might, however, be ways to detect whether there are likely to be errors in a list. In the class attendance register example, if an attendance register on a given day was very different from the same register on surrounding days, you might expect it to be wrong.
The authority of such lists depends on how much we trust both whoever made the observation, and the integrity of the processes for storing, retrieving and publishing the list.
**Institutional authority:** The contents of the list are the responsibility of a single institution, which asserts that the list is complete and accurate. When Microsoft publishes the list of software it provides support for,[^16] we believe this list to be complete. Microsoft can be trusted to say that this is a complete list because it is in a position to unilaterally decide the contents of the list.
**Legislative custodian:** A subset of institutional responsibility where the institution responsible for maintaining the list is doing so due to a statutory obligation. For instance, the register of UK political parties is maintained by the Electoral Commission[^17] due to their obligations in, for example, the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.[^18]
**Trusted custodian:** Often, where a list is does not fall under any of these categories, its sources of authority are highly subjective, based upon how much you trust the organisation that has put together the list to have done a good job. This makes it difficult to have a truly authoritative list. When looking for a list of companies to use, some people might trust Open Corporates.[^19] Others might choose to trust Thomson Reuters[^20] or Dun and Bradstreet.[^21]
None of these categories are mutually exclusive, and there are occasions where a register draws on multiple sources of authority.
### Reality
Lists have different relationships to how we understand the world. While the classroom attendance register describes which children were in the room, being on the register of children in class 1B makes a child a member of class 1B.
We refer to these types of lists as being reality describing or reality defining.
**Reality defining:** a list that somehow changes reality when an entry appears on it, like the register of pupils in a class or the register of medical practitioners.[^22] This is generally associated with the source of authority of the list. The source of authority is usually either institutional authority, or the legislation that mandates the existence of the list.
Strictly speaking, these lists do not define reality. They are generally ones that a large number of people have agreed to recognise as authoritative. Therefore, they are also associated with rigorous controls and processes around adding, deleting or changing entries.
**Reality describing:** a list that describes the world as observed, like a class register of attendance or the Wikidata list of countries in the European Union.[^23]
There may also be hybrids of these two types, where authoritative, canonical information (reality defining) is supplemented by additional descriptive information (reality describing) in a list.
### Completeness
A list may be either complete or incomplete. An incomplete list does not contain all the entities that should be on it, like a list of pupils in a class that is missing some of the children that are meant to be there. A list can also be incomplete because it is missing information about each entity, like a list of contact details which contains a row of names, but is missing the email and phone number of each person.
The register of pupils is complete because it contains all the pupils who are meant to be in the class at that time. By contrast, the Wikipedia list of deaths in 1989[^24] is incomplete (at the time of writing) because it does not include everyone who died in 1989 and the register of government cats[^25] is similarly incomplete as it only contains those cats that have been reported.
### Accuracy
A list may be entirely accurate, have some known errors, or contain some elements where the provenance and accuracy are unknown.
We would expect a list of numbers between 1 and 100 to be entirely accurate because it is easy to compile and check. A list of every postal address in the country is likely to be inaccurate as new houses are built and other changes occur. Inaccuracy is particularly an issue for reality describing lists.
A list may also be accurate only at a certain granularity. For instance, Open Street Map[^26] will be less accurate than the Ordnance Survey MasterMap[^27] product, because the process of recording information is not performed to the same level of accuracy as that required of the surveyors that Ordnance Survey use.
Some lists contain pieces of information which can never really be entirely accurate; they are opinions rather than facts, as in the Shipping Register example discussed above.
List
Source of authority
Reality
Completeness
Accuracy
Pupils in a class
Institutional
Defining
Complete
Accurate
Open Street Map
Verifiable Observations
Describing
Incomplete
Sometimes accurate
General Medical Council Register
Legislative
Defining
Complete
Accurate
First thousand prime numbers
A priori
Describing
Provably complete
Provably accurate
## 3. Stewardship
Stewarding is the process of maintaining a register. This includes how and when information is added, removed or changed and who does those things. Understanding how a custodian stewards a register allows people who are thinking about using it to make informed decisions about how much they can trust it.
We explore the stewardship of a register by asking a series of questions.
### Who will maintain this register?
Which individual, group or institution is responsible for making sure it remains accurate and complete?
### How is an entry added to the register?
What is the process for adding an entry to the list? Who is involved? Will there be an approval step or can something be added directly?
### How are errors in the register corrected?
Registers often contain errors, omissions or inaccuracies. This is particularly true of registers which are reality describing, as they are susceptible to external changes which are not yet reflected in the register. When this happens, there needs to be a way to make changes to that register.
### Who is paying to maintain this register?
Making sure a register remains accurate and complete over time requires work. This often requires funding to pay for staff or infrastructure.
Understanding who pays for such work is important. Funders often maintain a register for a particular purpose. Considering what these purposes are can help us understand how the register is governed.
## Communicating stewarding
The benefits of register infrastructure come from the contents of the register being used by many people, systems or institutions. To achieve this, the register needs to be seen as trustworthy and authoritative by those users.
If users cannot see the how the register is governed, compiled and quality-assured, they cannot know if it is appropriate to reuse. Such assessments include whether it will be accurate enough, whether the precise and detailed definition of what constitutes an entry on the register is suitable for a specific purpose, as well other questions based on the details of the particular subject matter.
Most registers and lists that claim to be authoritative and suitable for reuse do not explain the process of stewarding, or only partially explain it. While it is often possible to find out how the stewarding works, doing so can often require extensive research. This increases the cost of reuse, which in turn probably reduces how often it is reused.
For example, at the time of writing the Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s register of countries recognised by the UK[^28] does not give a clear picture of its stewarding.
The register website simply lists the government department responsible for maintaining it. This leaves many questions unanswered. The register provides no way of contacting the department to report errors or suggest changes to the register. It has no information about how decisions have been made about which countries are included. The register is not simply “British English-language names and descriptive terms for countries” (the description given in the register itself); it contains countries formally recognised by the government of the United Kingdom.
Without understanding how and why a country has an entry on the register, it is hard for anyone considering using the register to decide whether or not it is an appropriate list of countries. This in turn influences what you can use the register for. A service in the UK recognising passports or visas could not use this country register as it does not include Taiwan (the UK does not formally recognise Taiwan). However, Taiwan issues passports to citizens, and they are granted visas to travel to the UK.
Obscure stewarding is currently a feature of all government registers; there is no publicly available information about how such lists are maintained.
### Collaboration makes better registers
Registers are established for a purpose, but it is rare for even the main intended users to be involved in the specific design of the register – let alone people who may not be the intended users but who have a legitimate use for the information it contains.
In government, failing to consult or co-design with users to make the register as easy and relevant as possible adds to the costs of the nation and reduces its efficiency.
In commerce, the design of a register should follow the processes and procedures recommended for other kinds of open standards for data, and for the same reasons[^29].
This call for transparency and collaboration does not mean that registers should accept every suggestion made, or that they should attempt to meet the needs of everyone.
Meeting the needs of data users is not the same as meeting the needs of the users of the services built using data.
For registers designed as data infrastructure (due to the social, legal. environmental or economic value of their contents), explaining their governance processes is a minimum requirement.
Those processes should be both transparent and open. The criteria by which decisions are made, and also individual decisions, should be public. Where such decisions are potentially controversial, or subjective, someone who disagrees with the contents of a register should at least be able to understand why the maintainer of a register has made their decision.
## Funding registers
Understanding who is paying for something can give valuable insights into the governance of the register. It also may help us to make judgements about things like
* is it likely to be sustained in the long term?
* is it likely to be unbiased?
* are its operations likely to be well-funded?
Traditionally, registers were often maintained by an organ of the state (although there are exceptions, such as Lloyd’s Register). This is related to practical aspects of running a state, such as taxation, and to the fact that the creating and maintaining registers was both time-consuming and expensive.
Today, there are three main ways that registers are funded:
* State funding
* Service revenue
* Grants and donations
Registers are often funded through a mixture of these.
### State funding
Registers operated by the state are generally funded by taxation. This These registers may be directly operated by a government body or by a third party the state enlists to maintain the register.
### Service revenue
Sometimes, institutions who are paid to maintain a register are also instructed to generate revenues from the register. This supports the maintenance of the register itself and sometimes provides additional revenue for the Treasury. There are three typical models: charging for updates to the register, selling commercial services related to that data, or charging for access to the data within the register. These three models have differing levels of tension between providing that data for free at the point of use and revenue maximisation.
## Case study: HM Land Registry
HM Land Registry was established by the Land Registry Act 1862.[^30] Since then, it has registered ownership of land and property in England and Wales. Registration of land was initially voluntary, though compulsory registration was gradually introduced and extended over the next 140 years.
The registry took from 1862 to 1963 to collect two million entries.[^31] Since then, the process has accelerated. The Land Registry now contains more than 24 million titles. This acceleration has been driven by the increasing speed of processing introduced by digitisation of the registry.
Registration is only compulsory under certain circumstances, such as when property is sold or inherited. Therefore, the registry still does not cover the whole of England and Wales. As of 2017, HM Land Registry claimed to have 85% coverage.[^32]
While HM Land Registry is a department of the government of the United Kingdom, they do not receive public funding. Rather, they generate revenue by charging people who want to change or query the register. In 2016, this revenue was more than £300M. This allows HM Land Registry to operate in the way that it does: backed by legislative authority without needing to be funded by taxes.
### Grants and donations
As the internet has made new modes of collaboration and coordination possible, increasingly there are institutions capable of creating reasonably authoritative, complete registers without requiring state funding and complex organisational overheads. Non-governmental organisations[^33] (NGOs) and charities[^34] are seeking to effect change by maintaining digital registers that are in the public interest. That said, keeping such registers accurate and complete still requires some organisation and, often, funding. They are often funded in the same way as other work that charities and NGOs perform, such as grant funding, donations and through volunteers donating their time and skills.
We even see instances where complete and accurate lists of things can be maintained by groups of volunteers without paid-for central professional stewarding. A simple example is the list of US State birds on Wikipedia.[^35] This is particularly true of lists which can be verified by observation and comprise a tightly constrained minimum viable dataset. For some such registers (often small to moderate in size) the overheads relating to publishing them online, such as server space, bandwidth and similar costs, are close to zero.
# Building trust when stewarding
Trust in registers is built by high-quality stewarding practices. While much of the activity of a custodian comprises ensuring that the register is kept up to date and accurate, it is also the responsibility of the custodian to make the governance processes surrounding a register transparent and open.
For many registers, improving the transparency that surrounds these processes is the simplest and cheapest way to increase trust in their contents.
Transparent stewarding means being clear and open about the answers to the four key governance questions outlined above: \
* Who maintains this register and why?
* How are entries added to the register?
* How are errors in the register corrected?
* Who pays for the maintenance of this register?
# Models for collaboration
We have observed a number of different models for collaboration to make and maintain registers. We have examined some of these models as case studies to show how they work.
## Custodial discretion
For some registers, there is an obvious decision maker who unilaterally operates upon the contents of the register. They most commonly have either legislative custodians or institutional authority.
When Google decides to stop supporting the Mosaic web browser and removes it from their list of supported web browsers, this is a decision taken by a person or group that has been given executive power. This results in Mosaic being removed from the list of supported web browsers.
If you are not the custodian, your ability to collaborate on maintaining the register is dramatically reduced. There may be a clear mechanism to provide feedback, which provides some opportunity to request additions or corrections, but this is not always the case. Registers that operate a custodial discretion model may just as easily operate on a whim, or make decisions in a smoke-filled room with minimal transparency of the precise process.
While errors can be fixed or changes made by the right person in the organisation that created the list, finding that person is often difficult. Formal error-reporting mechanisms may not exist. This model is poorly suited to reality-describing registers, which often need to change rapidly, as the custodian acts as a bottleneck for changes. This in turn makes it hard for the register to be kept up to date; it also increases the resources required because they cannot take advantage of other people who might be able to observe reality. Depending on the level of transparency, a lack of timeliness and an unclear process can diminish trust in the register itself.
Custodial discretion can be effective for reality-altering registers when the custodian is always involved in the change process.
## Suggested edits
In other cases, the custodian will make suggested alterations to the register when another another party requests them, but the custodian verifies the accuracy of the alteration before making a change. This allows a broad collaboration with many parties on the contents of the register, while maintaining a narrow responsibility for accuracy.
One of the benefits of publishing registers in an online, linkable way is that it makes it far easier to examine their contents for inaccuracies. When tightly coupled with error reporting or change suggestion tools, this way of publishing registers unlocks potential for collaboration and error detection at a rate that was unavailable to registers either on paper or held electronically without being linkable.
### Food Standards Agency Sampling Classification Register
The Food Standards Agency (FSA) is responsible for the Food Surveillance System.[^36] This is a national database of analytical results for food samples as part of official controls. Sampling is conducted by enforcement authorities, local authorities and port health authorities.
The sample programme requires that samples are rigorously classified in a consistent manner across the country. This classification was previously managed as part of the data capture software product. Any change to the classification involved a complex gathering of requirements and a change management process. Once this was completed, and a new release of the data capture software made, each of the individual laboratories testing samples on behalf of local authorities would have to manage and implement the relevant software update – an expensive and time-consuming process.
Since becoming a register on the FSA registry[^37] this food sampling classification has become easier. The online register provides a place where any lab that conducts sampling, or indeed any party interested in food sampling, can download the full list. The sampling classification has become a data product, instead of being a small feature hidden in a broader product with unrelated change processes, priorities and incentives.
This shift has enabled the FSA to make engaging with laboratories to improve the sampling classification register much easier. They have taken direct ownership of the change processes by which food sampling is classified, making it possible to change things much more dynamically.
The publication technology makes the complete register available online. It also provides a path for people to submit and track changes. As a result, the FSA has been able to gather improvements to the information from experts in the field, without having to pay someone to travel across the country and speak to them in person.
By abstracting the data standards required in the surveillance system as their own register, the FSA has decoupled data collection from classification. This gives sampling laboratories a choice of how to collect and submit this data. They can innovate with their own data collection and audit processes without being tied to a single monopoly supplier.
## Direct access
The most permissive change model is providing tools that allow anyone to directly alter the register. These tools may be an online service (like a wiki), or paper forms that anyone can fill in and send to the custodian responsible for compiling or publishing the register.
With a direct access model, there is no validation of the information provided. There may, however, be validation that the information is within certain parameters. There might not be any examination of the dates on birth certificates or passports, as long these are dates that could be correct (for example, not in the future).
Direct access models have to provide some mechanism to deal with vandalism or fraudulent entries. They frequently include a proactive mechanism for reporting inaccuracies. Especially with official registers that carry some legal weight, there may be penalties for deliberately entering misinformation.
Where registers using this model have been created in the recent past, they have tended be created and evolved alongside tools explicitly designed to facilitate these governance processes. This frequently includes some sort of version control system that allows other users (sometimes only with special permissions) to roll back malicious or accidental changes. The penalty for vandalism in such cases is often a ban on a particular user.
In such cases, the governance model and the register are so closely linked that they are almost the same thing; Wikidata as a product is both an editing platform and a data platform.
### Registering a company in England and Wales
Companies House is the public body responsible for incorporating and dissolving companies. They register company information and make it available to the public.[^38] The Companies House register of companies is a reality-altering register with legislative authority.
If a person wants to start a company, they are required to register that company. To do so they must provide some information. For a private limited company, you have to submit the company name, address, directors and details of shareholders to Companies House, using either an online service[^39] or by post with a paper form.[^40] Some of these details must comply with certain rules.[^41] For example, you cannot choose a company name that implies a connection with government or local authorities without permission.
However, Companies House do not perform any additional checks on the accuracy of the information that is being submitted. If a mistake is made on a form, Companies House will add the incorrect information to the register. At times this happens even when the information is known to be inaccurate at the time of submission: “Where a form is completed incorrectly we are not able to reject the form”.[^42]
As it is an official register, the company directors have a duty to correct any errors or inconsistencies they are aware of. In some cases, the registrar may mark a record as “inconsistent”. In extreme cases, where no correction has been made, these can constitute an offence and may be liable for a fine.
Companies House receives no taxpayer funds. It is mostly funded by charging fees for company registrations. A smaller proportion of its income comes from charging people who want to receive information from the register on paper or in bulk, and by renting buildings they own to other parts of government.[^43]
## Aggregator registers
A secondary register is a list created from other registers, for instance by aggregating other smaller registers.
In this model, many different custodians create separate registers, which are then be merged into a single authoritative register. This often occurs where, due to either historical accident or design, there is strong institutional authority or legislative custodian of lists of data that are a subset of a larger group of identical or very similar things.
Separate custodians are also found where there is a division of the register that makes logical or administrative sense. In this manner, book publishers are allocated blocks of ISBN numbers[^44] to use for books they publish.
Due to the range of ways in which current custodians make registers they are responsible for available, automating the transformation of primary registers into a secondary register is not always possible.
### UK Postal Addresses
The UK does not have a single authoritative list of geographic postal addresses. It does have a de facto ‘most-trusted’ list called AddressBase, which is one of a range of commercial products sold by Ordnance Survey, a government agency. The process of creating the address list is complex. There are many sources, each with slightly different reasons for contributing to it. As a result, it is difficult to talk about addresses as a single list. It is possible that it would be better understood as a set of smaller lists that could be combined depending on use.
Each organisation’s section of the list comes with slightly different properties. For example, the Royal Mail contributes postcodes. These are designed to help someone deliver letters to groups of buildings. Carrying a letter to a house has different requirements than knowing the exact latitude and longitude of each property, or knowing whether the property is a hostel with multiple residents, or the exact name of each street.
Each local authority contributes to the list via the Local Land and Property Gazetteer,[^45] which is in turn made by street naming and house numbering officers, and which also has other planning and tax functions.
Most other elements of the list are reality describing. There are some exceptions like postcodes, which are assigned to groups of houses, thus altering reality. New addresses at the local authority level are a form of reality-altering register as they define what the street names and house numbers will be. They quickly become reality-describing registers as people rename houses, split them into flats and so on.
All these sublists, with each of their different governance and custodial patterns, are aggregated by GeoPlace LLP. They are then turned into AddressBase, sold by Ordnance Survey (OS), and PAF, sold by Royal Mail.
OS charges for access to AddressBase and has a form of error reporting governance model. However, because it is a secondary register, error reports might target the wrong institution, leaving Ordnance Survey or GeoPlace to relay error reports on to upstream data maintainers.
The list technology is machine-readable but not linkable. The data is only published as snapshots, roughly every six weeks.
As a reality-describing, secondary register that is very large with a lot of updates, AddressBase is prone to a lot of errors and will always be slightly out of date. It is possible that no list of this sort could ever be considered “complete”. Because of this, easy and transparent error reporting is vital.
## Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing is a model of sourcing information from a community. Typically, the total information required has been broken down into small chunks. These can be sourced with relatively little effort and then the results are aggregated. This model typically employs a strategy to prevent abuse or vandalism. One such strategy is post-moderation or version control combined with tooling like the ability to monitor content changes or being notified of edits, allowing the community to maintain quality. Another is to require multiple people to provide the same information – providing a form of verified observation.
An editable Google Document is a simple tool for crowdsourcing, with fewer features for community maintenance, while Wikipedia and OpenStreetMap are example of large scale, moderation-based crowdsourcing platforms.
### Democracy Club Candidates
Democracy Club Candidates[^46] is a database of candidates for elected office in the UK.
For elections covered in the past, the list of candidate names and parties are verifiably complete because each local authority publishes this data as an authoritative, reality-describing, non-machine-readable, hard-to-discover list called a Statement Of Persons Nominated (SOPN).
Democracy Club provides a data service on top of these siloed lists through both combining them and making them machine-readable. Adding a person to Democracy Club’s list does not mean they are nominated, but being on a SOPN does.
For future elections Democracy Club maintains a sourced, non-canonical, patchy list of people they think will end up on the verifiably complete list. The number of attributes in this speculative list is greater than the official registers (for example, it includes Twitter handles).
Each field is crowdsourced and each edit requires a source. This means the database is reproducible by anyone willing to invest the same effort. Particularly for information that is not sourced from official publications of formal notices from local authorities, observations may not be verifiable after the fact. For instance, candidates often take down websites they operated for their campaign.
This means that the list of all candidates Democracy Club knows about contains many different types of list with content that varies from verifiably complete, to rough assertions.
Some fields in the list use different patterns for contributions depending on the type of field and its importance when converted from a sourced, non-canonical, patchy list to a verifiably complete list. Photos are pre-moderated to avoid malicious, hard-to-automatically-select uploads. Once a candidate has been verified against a SOPN – by at least two people checking – you cannot edit the candidate’s name and party. This “locking” is represented in the API and CSV downloads, which allows data consumers to decide on the type of list they want.
### org-id.guide
Org-id.guide[^47] is a register where each entry is itself a list of organisations. It allows people to locate unique identifiers for organisations around the world by providing a canonical form to refer to the many different sources of unique identifier for organisations that we find in the world.
It does not store unique identifiers itself as an aggregator. Instead, it provides an index of external primary registers where such things may be found. It also provides additional metadata to enable the use of open, interoperable, unambiguous organisation identifiers.
Org-id.guide provides a contributor’s handbook[^48] for people looking to suggest an addition or change.
This is an official way for people to either request or propose changes. The process is managed using the Github platform. Requests are raised as Github issues, and proposals as Github pull requests. There are clear guidelines for the details a request or proposal should include. The results of decisions made in reaction to requests or proposals are made in the open, and can be reviewed by anyone. Each decision has a URI. This also contains information about the discussions that contributed to any given decision, and the names of the people who eventually accepted or rejected a suggested alteration. The decision-making process is also outlined, clarifying whose responsibility it is to decide on a proposal, how to provide feedback on somebody else’s proposal and the amount of time available to provide such feedback.
## Mixed models
In practice, many registers operate a mixed governance model. This allows maintainers to spend their time more effectively. They can focus on particularly complex or sensitive tasks or areas, while allowing other people to effectively collaborate on maintaining the register.
Companies House allows essentially direct access to many operations, such as creating a new company or recording a share issue. A form is submitted, but not checked beyond minimal validation. However, when a company is struck off the register, only the custodian can record that piece of information.
Similarly, with crowdsourced lists such as Wikidata, the default is direct access to create, alter or remove entries, but certain pages are protected.[^49] This changes the default behaviour, as only administrators can make changes to those pages.
# Appendix 1: report methodology
This report has been written by David Miller and Sym Roe in partnership with the ODI.
It draws on their experience of open data and registers, desk research into current and historical practices around registers, and interviews with people who self-identify as being interested in registers and open data.
The interviews were semi-structured, with questions designed to stimulate conversation. Interviewees were asked questions such as “can you define a register?”, “can you give an example of a list that isn’t a register?” and “what would you change if you had a magic wand?”
Interviewees were recruited through David, Sym and the ODI’s existing network of experts. Interviews included representatives from Epimorphics, Food Standards Agency, Government Digital Service, Office of National Statistics, Ordnance Survey, Open Data Services, Thomson Reuters and Wikidata.
Time constraints meant that no wider recruitment or quantitative research was done. This report should be considered a starting point for debate rather than evidence of any point or argument.
All internet links in footnotes were active at the time of publication. Should the reader find that links are no longer active we would recommend consulting the Internet Archive.[^50]
## Notes
[^1]:
Open Data Institute, 2018, ‘Data Infrastructure’, [https://theodi.org/topic/data-infrastructure](https://theodi.org/topic/data-infrastructure)
[^2]:
Michael Palmer (1999), ‘Lloyds Register of Shipping’, [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/ResLloydsRegister.htm](http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/ResLloydsRegister.htm)
[^3]:
University of Glasgow Archive Services (2011). ‘Lloyd’s Register of Shipping’, https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_67062_en.pdf
[^4]:
David Miller, Sym Roe (2018), ‘Registers and collaboration - describing lists’, [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1eLmRzkKFJx6hpOcVTv6WmcFYOULCB0SWSOCN0lF5O1Q/edit](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1eLmRzkKFJx6hpOcVTv6WmcFYOULCB0SWSOCN0lF5O1Q/edit)
[^5]:
Companies House, ‘Search the register’, [https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/](https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/)
[^6]:
‘Open Corporates’, [http://opencorporates.com/](http://opencorporates.com/). Open Corporates reuse data published by Companies House and other sources.
[^7]:
Gov.uk, ‘Country register’, [https://country.register.gov.uk/](https://country.register.gov.uk/)
[^8]:
OpenStreetmap, [https://www.openstreetmap.org](https://www.openstreetmap.org)
[^9]:
Ordnance Survey, ‘AddressBase’, [https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/addressbase.html](https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/addressbase.html)
[^10]:
Gov.uk, ‘Government service register’, [https://government-service.register.gov.uk/](https://government-service.register.gov.uk/)
[^11]:
Companies House, ‘Free Companies Data Product’, [http://download.companieshouse.gov.uk/en_output.html](http://download.companieshouse.gov.uk/en_output.html)
[^12]:
Companies House, ‘Open Data Institute’, [https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08030289](https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08030289)
[^13]:
David Miller, Sym Roe (2018), ‘Registers and collaboration - describing lists’, [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1eLmRzkKFJx6hpOcVTv6WmcFYOULCB0SWSOCN0lF5O1Q/edit](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1eLmRzkKFJx6hpOcVTv6WmcFYOULCB0SWSOCN0lF5O1Q/edit)
[^14]:
Wikipedia, ‘List of rivers longer than 1000 km’, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length#List_of_rivers_longer_than_1000_km](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length#List_of_rivers_longer_than_1000_km)
[^15]:
Wikipedia, ‘Observer-expectancy effect’, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect)
[^16]:
Microsoft, ‘Search product lifecycle’, [https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/lifecycle/search?ts=-3](https://support.microsoft.com/en-gb/lifecycle/search?ts=-3)
[^17]:
Electoral Commission, ‘Where can I find a list of all political parties?’, [http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/faq/donations-to-political-parties/where-can-i-find-a-list-of-all-political-parties](http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/faq/donations-to-political-parties/where-can-i-find-a-list-of-all-political-parties)
[^18]:
Legislation.gov.uk (2018), ‘Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000’, [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/41/contents](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/41/contents)
[^19]:
Opencorporates, [http://opencorporates.com/](http://opencorporates.com/)
[^20]:
Thomson Reuters (2018), ‘Company Data’, [https://financial.thomsonreuters.com/en/products/data-analytics/company-data.html](https://financial.thomsonreuters.com/en/products/data-analytics/company-data.html)
[^21]:
Dun and Bradstreet (2018), ‘Our data differentiators’, [https://www.dnb.co.uk/about-us/our-data.html](https://www.dnb.co.uk/about-us/our-data.html)
[^22]:
General Medical Council (2018), ‘Registration and licensing’, [https://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/medical_register.asp](https://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/medical_register.asp)
[^23]:
Wikipedia (2018), ‘Member state of the European Union’, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union)
[^24]:
Wikipedia (2018), ‘1989’, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989#Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989#Deaths)
[^25]:
Peter Wells (2016), ‘UK Government cats’, [https://peterkwells.github.io/uk-government-cats/](https://peterkwells.github.io/uk-government-cats/)
[^26]:
OpenStreetMap, [https://www.openstreetmap.org](https://www.openstreetmap.org)
[^27]:
Ordnance Survey (2018), ‘OS MasterMap’, [https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/mastermap-products.html](https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/mastermap-products.html)
[^28]:
Gov.uk, ‘Country register’, [https://country.register.gov.uk](https://country.register.gov.uk)
[^29]:
Open Data Institute (2018), ‘Exploring the development and impact of open standards for data report’, [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Sab5YMVj4PVqLjZD35hX8FTnMeeP6gLGG0xszuRMIaM/edit#heading=h.zenpzz1aus85](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Sab5YMVj4PVqLjZD35hX8FTnMeeP6gLGG0xszuRMIaM/edit#heading=h.zenpzz1aus85)
[^30]:
Legislation.gov.uk, ‘Land Registry Act 1862’, [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/25-26/53](http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/25-26/53)
[^31]:
Land Registry (2000), ‘A Short History of Land Registration in England and Wales’, [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101213175739/http:/www.landreg.gov.uk/assets/library/documents/bhist-lr.pdf](http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101213175739/http:/www.landreg.gov.uk/assets/library/documents/bhist-lr.pdf)
[^32]:
Land Registry (2018), ‘About Us’, [https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/land-registry/about](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/land-registry/about)
[^33]:
Eg Democracy Club, ‘Democracy Club Candidates’, [https://candidates.democracyclub.org.uk/](https://candidates.democracyclub.org.uk/)
[^34]:
Eg mySociety, ‘TheyWorkForYou All MPs’, [https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mps/](https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mps/)
[^35]:
Wikipedia (2018), ‘List of U.S. state birds’, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds)
[^36]:
Food Standards Agency (2018), ‘UK Food Surveillance System’, [https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/sampling/fss](http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20180411152558tf_/https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/sampling/fss)
[^37]:
Food Standards Agency (2018), ‘Register: Classifications’, [https://data.food.gov.uk/codes/enforcement-monitoring/sampling/_classifications](https://data.food.gov.uk/codes/enforcement-monitoring/sampling/_classifications)
[^38]:
Companies House (2018), ‘About Us’, [https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/companies-house/about](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/companies-house/about)
[^39]:
Companies House (2018), ‘Web Filing’, [https://ewf.companieshouse.gov.uk//seclogin?tc=1](https://ewf.companieshouse.gov.uk//seclogin?tc=1)
[^40]:
Gov.uk (2018), ‘Register a private or public company (IN01)’, [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/register-a-private-or-public-company-in01](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/register-a-private-or-public-company-in01)
[^41]:
Gov.uk (2018), ‘Set up a private limited company’, [https://www.gov.uk/limited-company-formation/choose-company-name](https://www.gov.uk/limited-company-formation/choose-company-name)
[^42]:
Companies House (2015), ‘Inconsistencies on the public register’, [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inconsistencies-on-the-public-register/inconsistencies-on-the-public-register](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inconsistencies-on-the-public-register/inconsistencies-on-the-public-register)
[^43]:
Companies House (2016), ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2015/16’, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/540443/AnnualReport_201516.pdf](https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/540443/AnnualReport_201516.pdf)
[^44]:
Wikipedia (2018), ‘International Standard Book Number’, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number#Registrant_element](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number#Registrant_element)
[^45]:
Wikipedia (2018), ‘Local Land and Property Gazetteer’, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Land_and_Property_Gazetteer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Land_and_Property_Gazetteer)
[^46]:
DemocracyClub (2018), ‘Candidates’, [http://candidates.democracyclub.org.uk/](http://candidates.democracyclub.org.uk/)
[^47]:
Open Data Services Co-op, ‘Org-id.guide’, [http://org-id.guide/](http://org-id.guide/)
[^48]:
Open Data Services Co-op, ‘Org-id.guide contributors handbook’, [http://docs.org-id.guide/en/latest/contribute/](http://docs.org-id.guide/en/latest/contribute/)
[^49]:
Wikidata (2018), ‘Wikidata:Page protection policy’, [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Page_protection_policy](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Page_protection_policy)
[^50]:
Internet Archive, [https://archive.org](https://archive.org/)
{% endfilter %}
{% endblock %}


Vanjoss of team Sarah wins 4th season of 'The voice kids'
TWELVE-year-old Vanjoss Bayaban of coach Sarah Geronimo’s team dominated the vocal showdown in the latest season of “The Voice Kids” to become its grand champion on Sunday night (November 3) at Resorts World Manila.
Vanjoss, a native of Pangasinan, soared past his opponents with the highest combined percentage of text and online votes, 62.11%, beating coach Bamboo’s bet Carmelle Collado (24.74%) and coach Lea Salonga’s representative Cyd Pangca (13.15%).
In the two-day finals, Vanjoss wooed viewers by performing “Habang May Buhay” with coach Sarah, “Titanium” in the upbeat showstoppers round, and a towering version of “You Raise Me Up” for his power ballad.
As the newest and fourth “The Voice Kids” grand champion,” Vanjoss won P2 million cash, a recording and management contract with MCA Music, and a house and lot from Camella worth P2 million.
Sunday’s finale also offered viewers an early holiday present as it brought together notable “The Voice of the Philippines, “The Voice Teens,” and “The Voice Kids” alumni such as Moira Dela Torre, Kyle Echarri, Elha Nympha, Jason Dy, Thor Dulay, Lala Vinzon, Jeremy Glinoga, and Morissette for a special performance of Christmas songs.
Netizens also showed their love for the grand finalists and awaited the announcement of the winner as the official hashtags #TVK4FinalShowdown and #TVK4GrandChampion became trending topics on Twitter worldwide.


This page originally appeared at http://www.dreamhaven.org/ftp-raw.html,
but the last time I looked it wasn't there any more, so I posted a local
copy for you here. If you were really looking for a list of commands for
the Microsoft Windows command-line FTP client, please look here instead.
Note that commands marked with a * are not implemented in a number of FTP servers.
Aborts a file transfer currently in progress.
This command is used to send account information on systems that require it. Typically sent after a PASS command.
Allocates sufficient storage space to receive a file. If the maximum size of a record also needs to be known, that is sent as a second numeric parameter following a space, the capital letter "R", and another space.
Append data to the end of a file on the remote host. If the file does not already exist, it is created. This command must be preceded by a PORT or PASV command so that the server knows where to receive data from.
Makes the parent of the current directory be the current directory.
Makes the given directory be the current directory on the remote host.
Deletes the given file on the remote host.
If a command is given, returns help on that command; otherwise, returns general help for the FTP server (usually a list of supported commands).
If remote-filespec refers to a file, sends information about that file. If remote-filespec refers to a directory, sends information about each file in that directory. remote-filespec defaults to the current directory. This command must be preceded by a PORT or PASV command.
Returns the last-modified time of the given file on the remote host in the format "YYYYMMDDhhmmss": YYYY is the four-digit year, MM is the month from 01 to 12, DD is the day of the month from 01 to 31, hh is the hour from 00 to 23, mm is the minute from 00 to 59, and ss is the second from 00 to 59.
Creates the named directory on the remote host.
Sets the transfer mode to one of:
Returns a list of filenames in the given directory (defaulting to the current directory), with no other information. Must be preceded by a PORT or PASV command.
Does nothing except return a response.
After sending the USER command, send this command to complete the login process. (Note, however, that an ACCT command may have to be used on some systems.)
Tells the server to enter "passive mode". In passive mode, the server will
wait for the client to establish a connection with it rather than
attempting to connect to a client-specified port. The server will respond
with the address of the port it is listening on, with a message like:
227 Entering Passive Mode
(a1,a2,a3,a4,p1,p2)
where a1.a2.a3.a4 is the IP address and
p1*256+p2 is the port number.
Specifies the host and port to which the server should connect for the next file transfer. This is interpreted as IP address a1.a2.a3.a4, port p1*256+p2.
Returns the name of the current directory on the remote host.
Terminates the command connection.
Reinitializes the command connection - cancels the current user/password/account information. Should be followed by a USER command for another login.
Sets the point at which a file transfer should start; useful for resuming interrupted transfers. For nonstructured files, this is simply a decimal number. This command must immediately precede a data transfer command (RETR or STOR only); i.e. it must come after any PORT or PASV command.
Begins transmission of a file from the remote host. Must be preceded by either a PORT command or a PASV command to indicate where the server should send data.
Deletes the named directory on the remote host.
Used when renaming a file. Use this command to specify the file to be renamed; follow it with an RNTO command to specify the new name for the file.
Used when renaming a file. After sending an RNFR command to specify the file to rename, send this command to specify the new name for the file.
Executes a site-specific command.
Returns the size of the remote file as a decimal number.
If invoked without parameters, returns general status information about the FTP server process. If a parameter is given, acts like the LIST command, except that data is sent over the control connection (no PORT or PASV command is required).
Begins transmission of a file to the remote site. Must be preceded by either a PORT command or a PASV command so the server knows where to accept data from.
Begins transmission of a file to the remote site; the remote filename will be unique in the current directory. The response from the server will include the filename.
Sets the file structure for transfer to one of:
Returns a word identifying the system, the word "Type:", and the default transfer type (as would be set by the TYPE command). For example: UNIX Type: L8
Sets the type of file to be transferred. type-character can be any of:
Send this command to begin the login process. username should be a valid username on the system, or "anonymous" to initiate an anonymous login.


[1]
Big screen, loud speaker, price, nice features!; Window mount, no exspanable memory.
[2]
Love it being reliable; Sometimes too slow


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| Symbol |
A generic programming language symbol.
|
| TypedSymbol |
This interface tags user-defined symbols that have static type information,
like variables and functions.
|
| TypeSymbol |
A symbol that defines a type.
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| ArrayConstantSymbol |
Created by gcampagn on 3/10/17.
|
| BaseSymbol |
An abstract base class used to house common functionality.
|
| ComponentSymbol |
A symbol representing a collection of data like a struct or class.
|
| ConstantSymbol |
A symbol representing a constant, defined in a space
or a model
Created by gcampagn on 1/26/17.
|
| ControllerSymbol |
Created by lauril on 8/25/16.
|
| EventHandlerSymbol |
Created by lauril on 8/25/16.
|
| FieldSymbol |
Created by lauril on 8/25/16.
|
| FlowSymbol |
Represents the assignment to the flow property
in a streaming or replicated model
Created by gcampagn on 2/10/17.
|
| ImportSymbol |
Created by lauril on 4/24/17.
|
| InstanceSymbol |
Created by lauril on 8/26/16.
|
| InterfaceSymbol |
Created by gcampagn on 1/30/17.
|
| MethodDeclarationSymbol |
A method declaration in an interface or view block
Created by gcampagn on 1/30/17.
|
| ModelSymbol |
Created by lauril on 8/25/16.
|
| PrimitiveTypeSymbol |
A symbol corresponding to a primitive type
Symbols of this class are created by GlobalScope and always available
Created by gcampagn on 1/20/17.
|
| ReferenceSymbol |
A symbol representing a reference to some external object (a source or a sink, defined
by the platform)
Created by lauril on 8/26/16.
|
| SpaceSymbol |
Created by lauril on 8/25/16.
|
| SymbolWithScope |
An abstract base class that houses common functionality for
symbols like classes and functions that are both symbols and scopes.
|
| VariableSymbol | |
| ViewSymbol |
Created by gcampagn on 3/22/17.
|


Ok I need to know the wording and information you want here. I can add links to the donation website here and all through the website - I just need the information.
So how can you help us raise money for the kids??
- Start a team!
- Return your cans!
- Ask your friends and family for pledges!
- What else can you come up with??


--- layout: default --- {% assign resources = site.data.resources | by_tag:{{page.tag}} %} {% if resources.size > 0 %}
We don’t have any resources for this section yet. You you consider adding some? We accept pull requests.


Register for Pacific Northwest Scala Conference
Gilt’s proud to be a sponsor of the Pacific Northwest Scala Conference, which will bring together Scala enthusiasts from the Pacific Northwest and other areas for two days of short talks about a wide range of Scala-related topics. Hosted Oct. 19-20 at the Leftbank Annex in Portland, Ore., PNWScala will feature presentations on “JavaScript for Scala Nerds,” “Akka in Production,” Spire, functional raster image processing, and much more. Giving the keynote will be Paul Phillips, who will discuss how “We’re Doing It All Wrong”:
My conclusion after moving a million lines of code is that everything we do (plus or minus) is wrong. Henry Ford said “If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses.” Our horses are now a billion times faster: our horses may well be the fastest in the galaxy. Are we too comfortable on our horses? Would we recognize better mounts if they came along, but didn’t look like horses? Is the state of our profession one which warrants pride, shame, or despair? I will explore these questions with unwarranted optimism.
To register, all you’ve got to do is click here.
Interested in Scala? Apply for our generalist engineering opportunities.


| Module | RBMobile::Helpers |
| In: |
lib/mobile_helpers.rb
|
This module should be included as a view helper In Sinatra you need to do following:
require 'mobile_helpers' helpers RBMobile::Helpers
In Rails you should be able to include this module inside your ApplicationHelper as:
require 'mobile_helpers' include RBMobile::Helpers
Occasionally, you may want to visually group a set of buttons together to form a single block that looks contained like a navigation component. To get this effect, wrap a set of buttons in a container with the data-role="controlgroup" attribute — the framework will create a vertical button group, remove all margins and drop shadows between the buttons, and only round the first and last buttons of the set to create the effect that they are grouped together.
This helper will generate:
- buttongroup :horizontal do = button :load, 'load.html', 'Load' = button :save, 'save.html', 'Save'
Will produce:

 Load Save

Additional properties that could be set:
Both the radio and checkbox controls below use standard input/label markup, but are styled to be more touch-friendly.  In most browsers, clicking the label automatically triggers a click on the input, but we‘ve had to trigger the update manually for a few mobile browsers that don‘t do this natively. On the desktop, these controls are keyboard and screen-reader accessible.
Examples:
- form do = checkbox :pet, 'Choose multiple pets', ['cat', :dog, 'hamster', 'honey badger'] = checkbox :pet, 'Choose multiple pets horizontal', ['cat', :dog, 'hamster', 'honey badger'], :type => :horizontal
Options:
See ‘radio’ method.
To create a collapsible blocks of content, create a container and add the data-role="collapsible" attribute.
Usage:
- collapse "This content is collapsible" do %p Some content here!

I'm a header

I'm the collapsible content. By default I'm open and displayed on the page, but you can click the header to hide me.

Collapsible sets start with the exact same markup as individual collapsibles. By adding a parent wrapper with a data-role="collapsible-set" attribute around a number of collapsibles, the framework will style these to looks like a visually grouped widget and make it behave like an accordion so only one section can be open at a time.
Example:
- collapse_set do - collapse 'This is collapsible' do Hello world! - collapse 'This is collapsible' do Hello world!
Attributes:
Any page can be presented as a modal dialog by adding the data-rel="dialog" attribute to the page anchor link. When the "dialog" attribute is applied, the framework adds styles to add rounded corners, margins around the page and a dark background to make the "dialog" appear to be suspended above the page.
Open dialog
This helper will generate a block that may contain a dialog:

Additional properties that could be set:
The footer bar has the same basic structure as the header except it uses the data-role attribute value of footer.
- footer do %h4 Footer content
Will generate:

Footer content

Additional properties that could be set:
Wrapper for all HTML forms
Example:
- form '/save', :post do = input :name, :text, 'Name' = textarea :text = search_input :city, 'City' = toogle :switch, 'Switch'
Options:
Using multiple column layouts isn‘t generally recommended on a mobile device because of the narrow screen width, but there are times where you may need to place small elements side-by-side (like buttons or navigation tabs, for example). The jQuery Mobile framework provides a simple way to build CSS-based columns through a block style class convention called ui-grid. There are two preset configurations layouts — two-column (using the class of ui-grid-a), and three-column (using the class of ui-grid-b) — that can be used in any situation that requires columns. Grids are 100% width, completely invisible (no borders or backgrounds) and don‘t have padding or margins, so they shouldn‘t interfere with the styles of elements placed inside them.
Usage:
- grid do - column do Left content - column do Right content
The header is a toolbar at the top of the page that usually contains the page title text and optional buttons positioned to the the left and/or right of the title for navigation or actions. The title text is normally an H1 heading element but it‘s possible to use any heading level (H1-H6) to allow for semantic flexibility. For example, a page containing multiple mobile ‘pages’ may use a H1 element on the home ‘page’ and a H2 element on the secondary pages. All heading levels are styled identically by default to maintain visual consistency.
This helper will generate:

Additional properties that could be set:
By default, all buttons in the body content are styled as block-level element so they fill the width of the screen However, if you want a more compact button that is only as wide as the text and icons inside, add the data-inline="true" attribute to the button
Example usage:
%p Click %{inline_button(:save, '/save', 'Save')} to submit changes
Text inputs and textareas are coded with standard HTML elements, then enhanced by jQuery Mobile to make them more attractive and useable on a mobile.
Example:
- form '/save' do = input :name, :text, 'Name' = input :surname, :text, 'Name', :required => true
Options:
A list view is coded as a simple unordered list containing linked list items with a data-role="listview" attribute. jQuery Mobile will apply all the necessary styles to transform the list into a mobile-friendly list view with right arrow indicator that fills the full width of the browser window. When you tap on the list item, the framework will trigger a click on the first link inside the list item, issue an AJAX request for the URL in the link, create the new page in the DOM, then kick off a page transition.
Example:
- list :theme => 'a', :filter => true do = divider "This is divider" - item do Hello World! = counter('3')
Include all necessary javascript and css libraries for jQuery mobile You can exclude jQuery itself (in case your project is already including this library somewhere else by:
= mobile_include(:no_jquery => true)
This method should be placed right after %head tag.
Additional options:
A navbar is coded as an unordered list of links wrapped in a container element that has the data-role="navbar" attribute. To set one of links to the active (selected) state, add class="ui-btn-active" to the anchor. In this example, we have a two-button navbar in the footer with the "One" item set to active
This helper will generate:

Additional properties that could be set:
This helper will generate a link inside ‘navbar’ block:
- navbar do = navigate_to 'a.html', 'One' = navigate_to 'b.html', 'Two'
Will produce:

One

Two

Additional properties that could be set:
The jQuery Mobile "page" structure is optimized to support either single pages, or local internal linked "pages" within a page.
The goal of this model is to allow developers to create websites using best practices — where ordinary links will "just work" without any special configuration — while creating a rich, native-like experience that can‘t be achieved with standard HTTP requests
This helper will generate:

Additional properties that could be set:
Example usage:
- page :theme => 'c' do - header do %h1 Header
Radio buttons are used to provide a list of options where only a single items can be selected. Traditional desktop radio buttons are not optimized for touch input so in jQuery Mobile, we style the label for the radio buttons so they are larger and look clickable. A custom set of icons are added to the label to provide additional visual feedback.
Example:
- form '/save' do = radio :pet, 'Choose pet vertical', ['cat', :dog, 'hamster', 'honey badger'] = radio :pet, 'Choose pet', ['cat', :dog, 'hamster', 'honey badger'], :type => :horizontal
Options:
Search inputs are a new HTML type that is styled with pill-shaped corners and adds a "x" icon to clear the field once you start typing.
Example:
- form 'save' do = search_input :city, 'City'
Options:
For more options see ‘input’ method.
The select menus are driven off native select elements, but the native selects are hidden from view and replaced with a custom-styled select button that matches the look and feel of the jQuery Mobile framework. The replacement selects are ARIA-enabled and are keyboard accessible on the desktop as well.
Example:
- form '/save' do = select :pet, 'Select pet', ['Choose Pet', ['dog', 'Dog'], ['cat', 'Cat'], ['hamster', 'Hamster']]
To add a slider widget to your page, start with an input with a new HTML5 type="range" attribute. Specify the value (current value), min and max attribute values to configure the slider.
Example:
- form '/save' do = slider :cash, 0, 100, 'How much?'
Options:
For other options see ‘input’ method
A binary "flip" switch is a common UI element on mobile devices that is used for any binary on/off or true/false type of data input. You can either drag the flip handle like a slider or tap on each half of the switch.
Example:
- form '/save' do = toogle :question, 'Be or not to be?'
Options:


{% extends 'BootCRUDApp/base.html' %} {% block content %}
To add a item
The description is {{ eachitem.description }} the price is {{eachitem.price}}
{{ user.first_name }}


Add these arguments to the target when executed by
bazel run
.
(List of strings; optional; subject to
$(location) and
"Make variable" substitution, and
Bourne shell tokenization)
These arguments are passed to the target before the target options
specified on the bazel run
command line.
Most binary rules permit an args
attribute, but where
this attribute is not allowed, this fact is documented under the
specific rule.


Lectures
Monday, Wednesday and Fridays 1:00pm-1:50pm CB 341.
Literature
A First Course in Discrete Mathematics. Ian Anderson.
Course Contents
This course is a basic course in the theory of counting and graph theory. Counting. Subsets and binomial coefficients.
Partitions and Stirling numbers. Permutations and permutation statistics. Fibonacci and Catalan numbers.
The inclusion-exclusion principle.
Recurrences. Generating functions. Graphs. Eulerian and Hamiltonian cycles. Graph colouring. Matrix tree theorem. Some additional topics.
Most of chapters 1 to 6 from Anderson's book.
Examination and Grading
Tests (30%)
There will be 2 tests. These will be announced at least one week in advance.
Final (30%)
There will be a comprehensive final to be worth 30%.
Homework (40%)
There will be a set of problems to be handed in at the end of every week. To work on the homework problems is
crucial for your understanding of the material presented in class. Be sure to separate enough time each week
to think and write your solutions.
It is recommended that you think and attempt every problem on your own before
seeking any help. You are encouraged to discuss the material of the course with your classmates, however you must
write your own solutions using your own words. There can be unannounced quizzes that will count towards your homework grade.
Any of these quizzes will occur on the Wednesday session.
Suggested problems
There will be some additional suggested problems. These problems will be assigned after some of the
classes and also posted in the web page of the course.
Grading Scale
| >=90% | A |
| >=80% | B |
| >=70% | C |
| >=60% | D |
| <60% | E |
Syllabus
This is an approximate schedule of the course containing the syllabus:
| Wed 08/26 | Introduction. What is combinatorics? |
| Fri 08/28 | Review of mathematical proofs. |
| Mon 08/31 | Basic Principles of counting. Permutations and factorials |
| Wed 09/02 | Combinations and selections |
| Fri 09/04 | Binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle |
| Mon 09/07 | ACADEMIC HOLIDAY. LABOR DAY |
| Wed 09/09 | Selections with repetitions, Compositions |
| Fri 09/11 | A useful matrix inversion |
| Mon 09/14 | Recurrences |
| Wed 09/16 | Auxiliary equation method |
| Fri 09/18 | Generating functions |
| Mon 09/21 | Generating functions |
| Wed 09/23 | Derangements. Sorting algorithms |
| Fri 09/25 | Catalan numbers |
| Mon 09/28 | More generating functions |
| Wed 09/30 | Test 1 Review |
| Fri 10/02 | Test 1 |
| Mon 10/05 | Graphs |
| Wed 10/07 | Paths and Trees |
| Fri 10/09 | Spanning trees. |
| Mon 10/12 | Bipartite graphs. Planarity |
| Wed 10/14 | Chords of a circle. Polyhedra |
| Fri 10/16 | Hamiltonian Graphs |
| Mon 10/19 | The travelling salesman problem |
| Wed 10/21 | Eulerian graphs |
| Fri 10/23 | Partitions |
| Mon 10/26 | Partitions |
| Wed 10/28 | Graph colouring |
| Fri 10/30 | Chromatic polynomial |
| Mon 11/02 | Chromatic polynomial |
| Wed 11/04 | Test 2 Review |
| Fri 11/06 | Test 2 |
| Mon 11/09 | The inclusion-exclusion principle |
| Wed 11/11 | Applications of the IEP |
| Fri 11/13 | Applications of the IEP |
| Mon 11/16 | Graphs and linear algebra |
| Wed 11/18 | Graphs and linear algebra |
| Fri 11/20 | The matrix tree theorem |
| Mon 11/23 | Permutation statistics |
| Wed 11/25 | THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY |
| Fri 11/27 | THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY |
| Mon 11/30 | Permutation statistics |
| Wed 12/02 | Additional topics |
| Fri 12/04 | Additional topics |
| Mon 12/07 | Additional topics |
| Wed 12/09 | Additional topics |
| Fri 12/11 | Review Final |
Calculators Policy
Calculators are not allowed in quizzes, tests or the final exam.
Code of Conduct
Students should consult the students rights and responsibilities outlined in the
Student Code of Conduct.
Any offense to the Code of Conduct will result in a grade of "E" for the course and a referral to
the Dean of Students.
Excused Absences
University Senate Rule <IP_ADDRESS> defines the following acceptable reasons for an ”excused absence” from class:
- Serious illness (must be documented by doctor’s excuse)
- Illness or death of a family member
- University-related trips (must be documented by a letter from sponsor)
- Major religious holidays
- Other circumstances that your instructor finds to be ”reasonable cause for nonattendence”
Students should notify the instructor of an excused absence prior to the absence whenever
possible and complete all work prior to the absence (unless for illness or for the illness or
death of a family member).
Students with Disabilities
Students with documented physical‚ learning‚ or temporary disabilities may receive assistance and support
from the
Disability Resource Center.
It is recommended that students contact the Disability Resource Center early to request specific assistance
so that the required medical or psychological documentation can be reviewed and reasonable accommodations
can be provided from the beginning of class work in order to achieve the greatest benefit to the student.
Changes to this Syllabus
This syllabus may have some changes during the semester. It is responsibility of the students to visit frequently
the webpage of the course for up to date information.


Slogan is a programming language designed for high-performance concurrent, networked applications. It features first-class functions, lexical scoping and operations on structured data like strings, lists, arrays, sets and hash tables. It allows users to dynamically create any number of concurrent tasks and to take full advantage of modern multi-core computers. Its powerful data, control and syntactic abstraction capabilities makes Slogan a language whose extensibility is limited only by your imagination.
Some of the ideals that guided the design of Slogan are explained in the following sections. After that we will have a general discussion on the purpose and content of this book.
Slogan is a dynamically and strongly typed language. This means Slogan has strict type rules that are enforced at runtime. Dynamic typing enable programming in the widest possible variety of styles. Integration of software components developed and compiled separately becomes a trivial matter. Dynamic typing makes it easy to turn ideas into executable programs at a fast pace. Once developed and tested, a Slogan program can be compiled to efficient machine code that runs at full speed on the host platform.
Designing a clear and concise solution to a problem requires selecting the right paradigm. This may be hard or even impossible in languages that prefer one programming style over others. Slogan integrates many programming styles in a well-factored way. The different paradigms are not stacked together haphazardly. Instead, they are integrated in a simple model of function definition and application. Slogan treats functions as first-class entities. Just by mastering this single concept a programmer can write functional, imperative or object-based programs.
This does not mean that you are limited to using only a fixed number of programming styles. Slogan allows you to design and build abstractions to control the program's flow and syntax. So if you feel your favorite paradigm is missing from the language, go ahead and add it! As a practical example, later in this book we will show you how to transform Slogan into a language that can perform backtracking computations.
Concurrency is generally seen as difficult to get right, thanks to its inherent nondeterminism. Slogan have features that enable the specification of concurrent computations in a declarative way. This makes it possible to apply simple and intuitive reasoning techniques to concurrent programs. You can organize your concurrent and parallel programs as a collection of message-passing components. More traditional concurrency with shared memory is also possible.
Slogan is a practical language that is easy to learn and use. Slogan has all the required facilities for integrating seamlessly with the outside world. There are full-featured libraries for communicating with other processes running on the same machine or on the same network. The Foreign Function Interface makes it possible to call C library functions without special proxy code. The interpreter helps with fast development and debugging, while the compiler and the packaging system enable software to be distributed as stand-alone executables or dynamically loadable libraries.
This book is designed to help the reader learn how to program in Slogan. It is divided into three parts. PART I is a tutorial on the language. Here all major language features are introduced and discussed with the help of suitable code examples. In PART II we build even larger programs that demonstrate how the various features of the language can be effectively used to solve interesting and practical problems. PART III is a detailed reference on the standard library and tools.
This is not an introductory book on programming. It's assumed that you are familiar with one or more languages like C, Java, Python or Lisp. It is also assumed that you know how to use the command-line interface and tools usually associated with UNIX like operating systems.
I hope you find great joy programming in Slogan!
Please visit the Slogan website to download and install Slogan.


--- layout: user title: Alexis created: 2019-04-12 modified: 2019-04-12 revisions: - author: Alexis date: 2019-04-12 comment: First version ---


{% load static %}
A1 Activation :: We are a full-service integrated BTL and digital marketing agency
{% block links %} {% endblock links %}
{% block content %} {% endblock content %}
Our Partners
Menu


Enumeration members
INSUFFICIENT_AUTHORIZATION
INSUFFICIENT_AUTHORIZATION: = -70411
INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGES
INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGES: = -70401
INVALID_VALUE_IN_REQUEST
INVALID_VALUE_IN_REQUEST: = -70410
NOTIFICATION_NOT_SUPPORTED
NOTIFICATION_NOT_SUPPORTED: = -70406
NOT_ALLOWED_IN_CURRENT_STATE
NOT_ALLOWED_IN_CURRENT_STATE: = -70412
OPERATION_TIMED_OUT
OPERATION_TIMED_OUT: = -70408
OUT_OF_RESOURCE
OUT_OF_RESOURCE: = -70407
READ_ONLY_CHARACTERISTIC
READ_ONLY_CHARACTERISTIC: = -70404
RESOURCE_BUSY
RESOURCE_BUSY: = -70403
RESOURCE_DOES_NOT_EXIST
RESOURCE_DOES_NOT_EXIST: = -70409
SERVICE_COMMUNICATION_FAILURE
SERVICE_COMMUNICATION_FAILURE: = -70402
WRITE_ONLY_CHARACTERISTIC
WRITE_ONLY_CHARACTERISTIC: = -70405


WaMDaM_v1.05 [WaMDaM_DBWrench_Schema_v1.05.xml]
| Table Name | Comment |
| CategoricalValues | This table is similar to Text Free table but this one enforces controlled vocabulary on text data values to help users consistently define static descriptive text data values across instances. For example, a user can choose the owner type of a reservoir from a user predefined list like Federal, State, Local, and Private. |
| ElectronicFiles | This table stores references for data files which cannot be supported directly in WaM-DaM like maps, images, and documents |
| FreeText | This table is similar to Text Free table but this one enforces controlled vocabulary on text data values to help users consistently define static descriptive text data values across instances. For example, a user can choose the owner type of a reservoir from a user predefined list like Federal, State, Local, and Private. |
| MultiAttributeSeries | This table stores references to attributes that comprise attributes that are paired together |
| MultiAttributeSeriesValues | This table stores the data values for each column in the array along with a value order as an incremental integer (1, 2, 3…) that corresponds to the original order of data values in the paired array. |
| NumericValues | This table stores data values of single numeric parameters like an elevation of 45.5 that could have a unit of meter |
| SeasonalNumericValues | This table stores data values of single numeric parameters like an elevation of 45.5 that could have a unit of meter |
| TimeSeries | This table stores metadata that are fixed for all the block of data values of a time series. |
| TimeSeriesValues | This table stores the time series data values and their time stamp |
| ValuesMapper | The DataValuesMapper is a bridge table that allows users to relate the same data value to many instances for the same attribute. For example, an evaporation time series can be related to many reservoir or demand site instances. It also allows the same attribute to have many data values. For example, reservoir purpose has irrigation and hydropower text data values. |
(none)
(none)
(none)


CityStats
About us
Time
CO
CO2
SO2
O3
NO2
Noise
Rain pH
Temperature
No stats found for that location!


Wenger Slams Barca After Team Is Booed Off Field
by Kurt BuckerfieldFollowing FC Barcelona's uninspired draw with Slavia Prague in the UEFA Champions League on Tuesday night, which was met with jeers from the Camp Nou crowd, former Arsenal boss Arsene Wenger slammed the Spanish giants and also made a claim involving Lionel Messi.
Click through the gallery above to see Barca's poor performance against Slavia in pictures.
The Catalan club were held to a 0-0 draw at the Camp Nou on Tuesday, in a display that earned boos from the home support, and had many fans calling for manager Ernesto Valverde to be sacked.
The team's drab performance in Europe followed a disappointing 3-1 away loss to Levante in LaLiga, which was the team's third league defeat of the 2019/20 season.
Wenger, who is yet to return to the game as a manager after leaving Arsenal in 2018, believes Barcelona have lost their fluidity and charm, and suggesed there is too much dependence on captain Messi.
Download The Soccer Laduma Social Media App & Earn Airtime for Selfies!
"(Despite being) leaders of La Liga and their Champions League group... they are playing like a team in crisis, because the play is too slow, without dynamism, and very individualistic in the final meters," he said, according to Sport.
"When they lose the ball, they could concede a goal on the counter because they aren't closing down the space for the opponent.
"Barcelona are an interesting case because they have a history of brilliant collective team play and then they also had Leo Messi, who made the difference.
"Today, it seems they play expecting something from Messi. Before the music was beautiful, of a fantastic team waiting for Messi to appear.
"Today, they have lost their charisma and you have to ask how much the last two Champions League failures have affected them. From outside, it seems they've lost their charisma."
Real Madrid Transfer News: Five Out, Five In?
Barca have won nine of their 15 matches in all competitions this season so far, drawing three and losing three.


Each file and directory in Unix has its permissions broken down into owner, group and other (world) attributes, see here.
Each attribue has one or more permissions: r(ead), w(rite), e(x)ecute. The lack of any permission is indicated by a dash (-
). So r--
= read only, rw-
= read + write, and rwx
= full permissions.
$ lt bite.html -rw-r--r-- 1 bobbelderbos staff 229B Oct 9 14:03 bite.html
To change the file permission you use the chmod
and its octal representation, for each attribute (owner, group, other) we translate the permission string summing a value for each permission: r
= 4, w
= 2, and x
= 1, hence:
$ touch myfile $ lt myfile -rw-r--r-- 1 bobbelderbos staff 0B Oct 11 10:12 myfile $ chmod 400 myfile $ lt myfile -r-------- 1 bobbelderbos staff 0B Oct 11 10:12 myfile $ chmod 600 myfile $ lt myfile -rw------- 1 bobbelderbos staff 0B Oct 11 10:12 myfile $ chmod 700 myfile $ lt myfile -rwx------ 1 bobbelderbos staff 0B Oct 11 10:12 myfile $ chmod 740 myfile $ lt myfile -rwxr----- 1 bobbelderbos staff 0B Oct 11 10:12 myfile $ chmod 745 myfile $ lt myfile -rwxr--r-x 1 bobbelderbos staff 0B Oct 11 10:12 myfile
That concludes our little Unix file permission lesson. In this Bite you will complete get_octal_from_file_permission
that takes a permission string and returns its octal representation, for example:
>>> from permissions import get_octal_from_file_permission >>> get_octal_from_file_permission('rw-r--r--') '644' >>> get_octal_from_file_permission('rwxrwxrwx') '777'
Of course the tests check a bunch more (wonder about parametrize
? You can read more about it on our blog - bullet 9). Have fun and keep calm and code in Python!