Associations are a set of macro-like class methods for tying objects together through foreign keys. They express relationships like "Project has one Project Manager" or "Project belongs to a Portfolio". Each macro adds a number of methods to the class which are specialized according to the collection or association symbol and the options hash. It works much the same way as Ruby's own attr* methods.
class Project < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :portfolio has_one :project_manager has_many :milestones has_and_belongs_to_many :categories end
The project class now has the following methods (and more) to ease the traversal and manipulation of its relationships:
Project#portfolio, Project#portfolio=(portfolio), Project#portfolio.nil?
Project#project_manager, Project#project_manager=(project_manager), Project#project_manager.nil?,
Project#milestones.empty?, Project#milestones.size, Project#milestones, Project#milestones<<(milestone), Project#milestones.delete(milestone), Project#milestones.find(milestone_id), Project#milestones.find(:all, options), Project#milestones.build, Project#milestones.create
Project#categories.empty?, Project#categories.size, Project#categories, Project#categories<<(category1), Project#categories.delete(category1)
Don’t create associations that have the same name as instance methods of ActiveRecord::Base. Since the association adds a method with that name to its model, it will override the inherited method and break things. For instance, attributes and connection would be bad choices for association names.
| | belongs_to | generated methods | belongs_to | :polymorphic | has_one ----------------------------------+------------+--------------+--------- other | X | X | X other=(other) | X | X | X build_other(attributes={}) | X | | X create_other(attributes={}) | X | | X other.create!(attributes={}) | | | X
| | | has_many generated methods | habtm | has_many | :through ----------------------------------+-------+----------+---------- others | X | X | X others=(other,other,...) | X | X | X other_ids | X | X | X other_ids=(id,id,...) | X | X | X others<< | X | X | X others.push | X | X | X others.concat | X | X | X others.build(attributes={}) | X | X | X others.create(attributes={}) | X | X | X others.create!(attributes={}) | X | X | X others.size | X | X | X others.length | X | X | X others.count | X | X | X others.sum(args*,&block) | X | X | X others.empty? | X | X | X others.clear | X | X | X others.delete(other,other,...) | X | X | X others.delete_all | X | X | others.destroy_all | X | X | X others.find(*args) | X | X | X others.find_first | X | | others.exists? | X | X | X others.uniq | X | X | X others.reset | X | X | X
Active Record associations can be used to describe one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships between models. Each model uses an association to describe its role in the relation. The belongs_to association is always used in the model that has the foreign key.
Use has_one in the base, and belongs_to in the associated model.
class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base has_one :office end class Office < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :employee # foreign key - employee_id end
Use has_many in the base, and belongs_to in the associated model.
class Manager < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :employees end class Employee < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :manager # foreign key - manager_id end
There are two ways to build a many-to-many relationship.
The first way uses a has_many association with the :through option and a join model, so there are two stages of associations.
class Assignment < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :programmer # foreign key - programmer_id belongs_to :project # foreign key - project_id end class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :assignments has_many :projects, :through => :assignments end class Project < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :assignments has_many :programmers, :through => :assignments end
For the second way, use has_and_belongs_to_many in both models. This requires a join table that has no corresponding model or primary key.
class Programmer < ActiveRecord::Base has_and_belongs_to_many :projects # foreign keys in the join table end class Project < ActiveRecord::Base has_and_belongs_to_many :programmers # foreign keys in the join table end
Choosing which way to build a many-to-many relationship is not always simple. If you need to work with the relationship model as its own entity, use has_many :through. Use has_and_belongs_to_many when working with legacy schemas or when you never work directly with the relationship itself.
Both express a 1-1 relationship. The difference is mostly where to place the foreign key, which goes on the table for the class declaring the belongs_to relationship.
class User < ActiveRecord::Base # I reference an account. belongs_to :account end class Account < ActiveRecord::Base # One user references me. has_one :user end
The tables for these classes could look something like:
CREATE TABLE users ( id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, account_id int(11) default NULL, name varchar default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) ) CREATE TABLE accounts ( id int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, name varchar default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) )
You can manipulate objects and associations before they are saved to the database, but there is some special behavior you should be aware of, mostly involving the saving of associated objects.
You can set the :autosave option on a has_one, belongs_to, has_many, or has_and_belongs_to_many association. Setting it to true will always save the members, whereas setting it to false will never save the members. More details about :autosave option is available at autosave_association.rb .
Assigning an object to a has_one association automatically saves that object and
the object being replaced (if there is one), in order to update their primary keys - except if the parent object is unsaved (new_record? == true).
If either of these saves fail (due to one of the objects being invalid) the assignment
statement returns false and the assignment is cancelled.
If you wish to assign an object to a has_one association without saving it,
use the association.build method (documented below).
Assigning an object to a belongs_to association does not save the object, since
the foreign key field belongs on the parent. It does not save the parent either.
Adding an object to a collection (has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many) automatically
saves that object, except if the parent object (the owner of the collection) is not yet stored in the database.
If saving any of the objects being added to a collection (via push or similar)
fails, then push returns false.
You can add an object to a collection without automatically saving it by using the
collection.build method (documented below).
All unsaved (new_record? == true) members of the collection are automatically
saved when the parent is saved.
Similar to the normal callbacks that hook into the life cycle of an Active Record object, you can also define callbacks that get triggered when you add an object to or remove an object from an association collection.
class Project has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :after_add => :evaluate_velocity def evaluate_velocity(developer) ... end end
It’s possible to stack callbacks by passing them as an array. Example:
class Project has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :after_add => [:evaluate_velocity, Proc.new { |p, d| p.shipping_date = Time.now}] end
Possible callbacks are: before_add, after_add, before_remove and after_remove.
Should any of the before_add callbacks throw an exception, the object does not get added to the collection. Same with the before_remove callbacks; if an exception is thrown the object doesn’t get removed.
The proxy objects that control the access to associations can be extended through anonymous modules. This is especially beneficial for adding new finders, creators, and other factory-type methods that are only used as part of this association.
class Account < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :people do def find_or_create_by_name(name) first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2) find_or_create_by_first_name_and_last_name(first_name, last_name) end end end person = Account.find(:first).people.find_or_create_by_name("David Heinemeier Hansson") person.first_name # => "David" person.last_name # => "Heinemeier Hansson"
If you need to share the same extensions between many associations, you can use a named extension module.
module FindOrCreateByNameExtension def find_or_create_by_name(name) first_name, last_name = name.split(" ", 2) find_or_create_by_first_name_and_last_name(first_name, last_name) end end class Account < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :people, :extend => FindOrCreateByNameExtension end class Company < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :people, :extend => FindOrCreateByNameExtension end
If you need to use multiple named extension modules, you can specify an array of modules with the :extend option. In the case of name conflicts between methods in the modules, methods in modules later in the array supercede those earlier in the array.
class Account < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :people, :extend => [FindOrCreateByNameExtension, FindRecentExtension] end
Some extensions can only be made to work with knowledge of the association proxy’s internals. Extensions can access relevant state using accessors on the association proxy:
proxy_owner - Returns the object the association is part of.
proxy_reflection - Returns the reflection object that describes the association.
proxy_target - Returns the associated object for belongs_to and has_one, or the collection of associated objects for has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many.
Has Many associations can be configured with the :through option to use an explicit join model to retrieve the data. This operates similarly to a has_and_belongs_to_many association. The advantage is that you’re able to add validations, callbacks, and extra attributes on the join model. Consider the following schema:
class Author < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :authorships has_many :books, :through => :authorships end class Authorship < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :author belongs_to :book end @author = Author.find :first @author.authorships.collect { |a| a.book } # selects all books that the author's authorships belong to @author.books # selects all books by using the Authorship join model
You can also go through a has_many association on the join model:
class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :clients has_many :invoices, :through => :clients end class Client < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :firm has_many :invoices end class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :client end @firm = Firm.find :first @firm.clients.collect { |c| c.invoices }.flatten # select all invoices for all clients of the firm @firm.invoices # selects all invoices by going through the Client join model
Similarly you can go through a has_one association on the join model:
class Group < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :users has_many :avatars, :through => :users end class User < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :group has_one :avatar end class Avatar < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user end @group = Group.first @group.users.collect { |u| u.avatar }.flatten # select all avatars for all users in the group @group.avatars # selects all avatars by going through the User join model.
An important caveat with going through has_one or has_many associations on the join model is that these associations are read-only. For example, the following would not work following the previous example:
@group.avatars << Avatar.new # this would work if User belonged_to Avatar rather than the other way around<EMAIL_ADDRESS># so would this
Polymorphic associations on models are not restricted on what types of models they can be associated with. Rather, they specify an interface that a has_many association must adhere to.
class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true end class Post < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :assets, :as => :attachable # The :as option specifies the polymorphic interface to use. end @asset.attachable = @post
This works by using a type column in addition to a foreign key to specify the associated record. In the Asset example, you’d need an attachable_id integer column and an attachable_type string column.
Using polymorphic associations in combination with single table inheritance (STI) is a little tricky. In order for the associations to work as expected, ensure that you store the base model for the STI models in the type column of the polymorphic association. To continue with the asset example above, suppose there are guest posts and member posts that use the posts table for STI. In this case, there must be a type column in the posts table.
class Asset < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true def attachable_type=(sType) super(sType.to_s.classify.constantize.base_class.to_s) end end class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # because we store "Post" in attachable_type now :dependent => :destroy will work has_many :assets, :as => :attachable, :dependent => :destroy end class GuestPost < Post end class MemberPost < Post end
All of the methods are built on a simple caching principle that will keep the result of the last query around unless specifically instructed not to. The cache is even shared across methods to make it even cheaper to use the macro-added methods without worrying too much about performance at the first go.
project.milestones # fetches milestones from the database project.milestones.size # uses the milestone cache project.milestones.empty? # uses the milestone cache project.milestones(true).size # fetches milestones from the database project.milestones # uses the milestone cache
Eager loading is a way to find objects of a certain class and a number of named associations. This is one of the easiest ways of to prevent the dreaded 1+N problem in which fetching 100 posts that each need to display their author triggers 101 database queries. Through the use of eager loading, the 101 queries can be reduced to 2.
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :author has_many :comments end
Consider the following loop using the class above:
for post in Post.all puts "Post: " + post.title puts "Written by: " + post.author.name puts "Last comment on: " + post.comments.first.created_on end
To iterate over these one hundred posts, we’ll generate 201 database queries. Let’s first just optimize it for retrieving the author:
for post in Post.find(:all, :include => :author)
This references the name of the belongs_to association that also used the :author symbol. After loading the posts, find will collect the author_id from each one and load all the referenced authors with one query. Doing so will cut down the number of queries from 201 to 102.
We can improve upon the situation further by referencing both associations in the finder with:
for post in Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, :comments ])
This will load all comments with a single query. This reduces the total number of queries to 3. More generally the number of queries will be 1 plus the number of associations named (except if some of the associations are polymorphic belongs_to - see below).
To include a deep hierarchy of associations, use a hash:
for post in Post.find(:all, :include => [ :author, { :comments => { :author => :gravatar } } ])
That’ll grab not only all the comments but all their authors and gravatar pictures. You can mix and match symbols, arrays and hashes in any combination to describe the associations you want to load.
All of this power shouldn’t fool you into thinking that you can pull out huge amounts of data with no performance penalty just because you’ve reduced the number of queries. The database still needs to send all the data to Active Record and it still needs to be processed. So it’s no catch-all for performance problems, but it’s a great way to cut down on the number of queries in a situation as the one described above.
Since only one table is loaded at a time, conditions or orders cannot reference tables other than the main one. If this is the case Active Record falls back to the previously used LEFT OUTER JOIN based strategy. For example
Post.includes([:author, :comments]).where(['comments.approved = ?', true]).all
This will result in a single SQL query with joins along the lines of: LEFT OUTER JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = posts.id and LEFT OUTER JOIN authors ON authors.id = posts.author_id. Note that using conditions like this can have unintended consequences. In the above example posts with no approved comments are not returned at all, because the conditions apply to the SQL statement as a whole and not just to the association. You must disambiguate column references for this fallback to happen, for example :order => "author.name DESC" will work but :order => "name DESC" will not.
If you do want eager load only some members of an association it is usually more natural to :include an association which has conditions defined on it:
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :approved_comments, :class_name => 'Comment', :conditions => ['approved = ?', true] end Post.find(:all, :include => :approved_comments)
This will load posts and eager load the approved_comments association, which contains only those comments that have been approved.
If you eager load an association with a specified :limit option, it will be ignored, returning all the associated objects:
class Picture < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :most_recent_comments, :class_name => 'Comment', :order => 'id DESC', :limit => 10 end Picture.find(:first, :include => :most_recent_comments).most_recent_comments # => returns all associated comments.
When eager loaded, conditions are interpolated in the context of the model class, not the model instance. Conditions are lazily interpolated before the actual model exists.
Eager loading is supported with polymorphic associations.
class Address < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :addressable, :polymorphic => true end
A call that tries to eager load the addressable model
Address.find(:all, :include => :addressable)
This will execute one query to load the addresses and load the addressables with one query per addressable type. For example if all the addressables are either of class Person or Company then a total of 3 queries will be executed. The list of addressable types to load is determined on the back of the addresses loaded. This is not supported if Active Record has to fallback to the previous implementation of eager loading and will raise ActiveRecord::EagerLoadPolymorphicError. The reason is that the parent model’s type is a column value so its corresponding table name cannot be put in the FROM/JOIN clauses of that query.
Active Record uses table aliasing in the case that a table is referenced multiple times in a join. If a table is referenced only once, the standard table name is used. The second time, the table is aliased as #{reflection_name}_#{parent_table_name}. Indexes are appended for any more successive uses of the table name.
Post.find :all, :joins => :comments # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... Post.find :all, :joins => :special_comments # STI # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... AND comments.type = 'SpecialComment' Post.find :all, :joins => [:comments, :special_comments] # special_comments is the reflection name, posts is the parent table name # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments ON ... INNER JOIN comments special_comments_posts
Acts as tree example:
TreeMixin.find :all, :joins => :children # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... TreeMixin.find :all, :joins => {:children => :parent} # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... INNER JOIN parents_mixins ... TreeMixin.find :all, :joins => {:children => {:parent => :children}} # => SELECT ... FROM mixins INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins ... INNER JOIN parents_mixins ... INNER JOIN mixins childrens_mixins_2
Has and Belongs to Many join tables use the same idea, but add a _join suffix:
Post.find :all, :joins => :categories # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ... Post.find :all, :joins => {:categories => :posts} # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ... INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories Post.find :all, :joins => {:categories => {:posts => :categories}} # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN categories_posts ... INNER JOIN categories ... INNER JOIN categories_posts posts_categories_join INNER JOIN posts posts_categories INNER JOIN categories_posts categories_posts_join INNER JOIN categories categories_posts_2
If you wish to specify your own custom joins using a :joins option, those table names will take precedence over the eager associations:
Post.find :all, :joins => :comments, :joins => "inner join comments ..." # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments_posts ON ... INNER JOIN comments ... Post.find :all, :joins => [:comments, :special_comments], :joins => "inner join comments ..." # => SELECT ... FROM posts INNER JOIN comments comments_posts ON ... INNER JOIN comments special_comments_posts ... INNER JOIN comments ...
Table aliases are automatically truncated according to the maximum length of table identifiers according to the specific database.
By default, associations will look for objects within the current module scope. Consider:
module MyApplication module Business class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :clients end class Client < ActiveRecord::Base; end end end
When Firm#clients is called, it will in turn call MyApplication::Business::Client.find_all_by_firm_id(firm.id). If you want to associate with a class in another module scope, this can be done by specifying the complete class name.
module MyApplication module Business class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base; end end module Billing class Account < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :firm, :class_name => "MyApplication::Business::Firm" end end end
When you specify an association there is usually an association on the associated model that specifies the same relationship in reverse. For example, with the following models:
class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :traps has_one :evil_wizard end class Trap < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :dungeon end class EvilWizard < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :dungeon end
The traps association on Dungeon and the the dungeon association on Trap are the inverse of each other and the inverse of the dungeon association on EvilWizard is the evil_wizard association on Dungeon (and vice-versa). By default, Active Record doesn’t know anything about these inverse relationships and so no object loading optimisation is possible. For example:
d = Dungeon.first t = d.traps.first d.level == t.dungeon.level # => true d.level = 10 d.level == t.dungeon.level # => false
The Dungeon instances d and t.dungeon in the above example refer to the same object data from the database, but are actually different in-memory copies of that data. Specifying the :inverse_of option on associations lets you tell Active Record about inverse relationships and it will optimise object loading. For example, if we changed our model definitions to:
class Dungeon < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :traps, :inverse_of => :dungeon has_one :evil_wizard, :inverse_of => :dungeon end class Trap < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :dungeon, :inverse_of => :traps end class EvilWizard < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :dungeon, :inverse_of => :evil_wizard end
Then, from our code snippet above, d and t.dungeon are actually the same in-memory instance and our final d.level == t.dungeon.level will return true.
There are limitations to :inverse_of support:
does not work with :through associations.
does not work with :polymorphic associations.
for belongs_to associations has_many inverse associations are ignored.
If you attempt to assign an object to an association that doesn’t match the inferred or specified :class_name, you’ll get an ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch.
All of the association macros can be specialized through options. This makes cases more complex than the simple and guessable ones possible.
Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used if this class contains the foreign key. If the other class contains the foreign key, then you should use has_one instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods’s overview on when to use has_one and when to use belongs_to.
Methods will be added for retrieval and query for a single associated object, for which this object holds an id:
Returns the associated object. nil is returned if none is found.
Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, and sets it as the foreign key.
Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated with attributes and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not yet been saved.
Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated with attributes, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
(association is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so belongs_to :author would add among others author.nil?.)
A Post class declares belongs_to :author, which will add:
Post#author (similar to Author.find(author_id))
Post#author=(author) (similar to post.author_id = author.id)
Post#build_author (similar to post.author = Author.new)
Post#create_author (similar to post.author = Author.new; post.author.save; post.author)
The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can’t be inferred from the association name. So has_one :author will by default be linked to the Author class, but if the real class name is Person, you’ll have to specify it with this option.
Specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a WHERE SQL fragment, such as authorized = 1.
By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if, for example, you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the association with an “_id” suffix. So a class that defines a belongs_to :person association will use “person_id” as the default :foreign_key. Similarly, belongs_to :favorite_person, :class_name => "Person" will use a foreign key of “favorite_person_id”.
Specify the method that returns the primary key of associated object used for the association. By default this is id.
If set to :destroy, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to :delete, the associated object is deleted without calling its destroy method. This option should not be specified when belongs_to is used in conjunction with a has_many relationship on another class because of the potential to leave orphaned records behind.
Caches the number of belonging objects on the associate class through the use of increment_counter and decrement_counter. The counter cache is incremented when an object of this class is created and decremented when it’s destroyed. This requires that a column named #{table_name}_count (such as comments_count for a belonging Comment class) is used on the associate class (such as a Post class). You can also specify a custom counter cache column by providing a column name instead of a true/false value to this option (e.g., :counter_cache => :my_custom_counter.) Note: Specifying a counter cache will add it to that model’s list of readonly attributes using attr_readonly.
Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when this object is loaded.
Specify this association is a polymorphic association by passing true. Note: If you’ve enabled the counter cache, then you may want to add the counter cache attribute to the attr_readonly list in the associated classes (e.g. class Post; attr_readonly :comments_count; end).
If true, the associated object is readonly through the association.
If false, don’t validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. false by default.
If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction, when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object. By default, only save the associated object if it’s a new record.
If true, the associated object will be touched (the updated_at/on attributes set to now) when this record is either saved or destroyed. If you specify a symbol, that attribute will be updated with the current time instead of the updated_at/on attribute.
Specifies the name of the has_one or has_many association on the associated object that is the inverse of this belongs_to association. Does not work in combination with the :polymorphic options. See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods’s overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
Option examples:
belongs_to :firm, :foreign_key => "client_of" belongs_to :person, :primary_key => "name", :foreign_key => "person_name" belongs_to :author, :class_name => "Person", :foreign_key => "author_id" belongs_to :valid_coupon, :class_name => "Coupon", :foreign_key => "coupon_id", :conditions => 'discounts > #{payments_count}' belongs_to :attachable, :polymorphic => true belongs_to :project, :readonly => true belongs_to :post, :counter_cache => true belongs_to :company, :touch => true belongs_to :company, :touch => :employees_last_updated_at
# File /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.9.1/gems/activerecord-3.0.9/lib/active_record/associations.rb, line 1219 def belongs_to(association_id, options = {}) reflection = create_belongs_to_reflection(association_id, options) if reflection.options[:polymorphic] association_accessor_methods(reflection, BelongsToPolymorphicAssociation) else association_accessor_methods(reflection, BelongsToAssociation) association_constructor_method(:build, reflection, BelongsToAssociation) association_constructor_method(:create, reflection, BelongsToAssociation) end add_counter_cache_callbacks(reflection) if options[:counter_cache] add_touch_callbacks(reflection, options[:touch]) if options[:touch] configure_dependency_for_belongs_to(reflection) end
Specifies a many-to-many relationship with another class. This associates two classes via an intermediate join table. Unless the join table is explicitly specified as an option, it is guessed using the lexical order of the class names. So a join between Developer and Project will give the default join table name of “developers_projects” because “D” outranks “P”. Note that this precedence is calculated using the < operator for String. This means that if the strings are of different lengths, and the strings are equal when compared up to the shortest length, then the longer string is considered of higher lexical precedence than the shorter one. For example, one would expect the tables “paper_boxes” and “papers” to generate a join table name of “papers_paper_boxes” because of the length of the name “paper_boxes”, but it in fact generates a join table name of “paper_boxes_papers”. Be aware of this caveat, and use the custom :join_table option if you need to.
The join table should not have a primary key or a model associated with it. You must manually generate the join table with a migration such as this:
class CreateDevelopersProjectsJoinTable < ActiveRecord::Migration def self.up create_table :developers_projects, :id => false do |t| t.integer :developer_id t.integer :project_id end end def self.down drop_table :developers_projects end end
Deprecated: Any additional fields added to the join table will be placed as attributes when pulling records out through has_and_belongs_to_many associations. Records returned from join tables with additional attributes will be marked as readonly (because we can’t save changes to the additional attributes). It’s strongly recommended that you upgrade any associations with attributes to a real join model (see introduction).
Adds the following methods for retrieval and query:
Returns an array of all the associated objects. An empty array is returned if none are found.
Adds one or more objects to the collection by creating associations in the join table (collection.push and collection.concat are aliases to this method). Note that this operation instantly fires update sql without waiting for the save or update call on the parent object.
Removes one or more objects from the collection by removing their associations from the join table. This does not destroy the objects.
Replaces the collection’s content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate.
Returns an array of the associated objects’ ids.
Replace the collection by the objects identified by the primary keys in ids.
Removes every object from the collection. This does not destroy the objects.
Returns true if there are no associated objects.
Returns the number of associated objects.
Finds an associated object responding to the id and that meets the condition that it has to be associated with this object. Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find.
Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists. Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?.
Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated with attributes and linked to this object through the join table, but has not yet been saved.
Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated with attributes, linked to this object through the join table, and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
(collection is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so has_and_belongs_to_many :categories would add among others categories.empty?.)
A Developer class declares has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, which will add:
Developer#projects
Developer#projects<<
Developer#projects.delete
Developer#projects=
Developer#project_ids
Developer#project_ids=
Developer#projects.clear
Developer#projects.empty?
Developer#projects.size
Developer#projects.find(id)
Developer#projects.exists?(...)
Developer#projects.build (similar to Project.new("project_id" => id))
Developer#projects.create (similar to c = Project.new("project_id" => id); c.save; c)
The declaration may include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can’t be inferred from the association name. So has_and_belongs_to_many :projects will by default be linked to the Project class, but if the real class name is SuperProject, you’ll have to specify it with this option.
Specify the name of the join table if the default based on lexical order isn’t what you want. WARNING: If you’re overwriting the table name of either class, the table_name method MUST be declared underneath any has_and_belongs_to_many declaration in order to work.
Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name of this class in lower-case and “_id” suffixed. So a Person class that makes a has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project will use “person_id” as the default :foreign_key.
Specify the foreign key used for the association on the receiving side of the association. By default this is guessed to be the name of the associated class in lower-case and “_id” suffixed. So if a Person class makes a has_and_belongs_to_many association to Project, the association will use “project_id” as the default :association_foreign_key.
Specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a WHERE SQL fragment, such as authorized = 1. Record creations from the association are scoped if a hash is used. has_many :posts, :conditions => {:published => true} will create published posts with @blog.posts.create or @blog.posts.build.
Specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as an ORDER BY SQL fragment, such as last_name, first_name DESC
If true, duplicate associated objects will be ignored by accessors and query methods.
Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to fetch the association with a manual statement
Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the size of the association. If :finder_sql is specified but not :counter_sql, :counter_sql will be generated by replacing SELECT ... FROM with SELECT COUNT(*) FROM.
Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to remove links between the associated classes with a manual statement.
Overwrite the default generated SQL statement used to add links between the associated classes with a manual statement.
Anonymous module for extending the proxy, see “Association extensions”.
Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when the collection is loaded.
An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
Combined with :group this can be used to filter the records that a GROUP BY returns. Uses the HAVING SQL-clause.
An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip the first 4 rows.
By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if, for example, you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
If false, don’t validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. true by default.
If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction, when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated objects. By default, only save associated objects that are new records.
Option examples:
has_and_belongs_to_many :projects has_and_belongs_to_many :projects, :include => [ :milestones, :manager ] has_and_belongs_to_many :nations, :class_name => "Country" has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :join_table => "prods_cats" has_and_belongs_to_many :categories, :readonly => true has_and_belongs_to_many :active_projects, :join_table => 'developers_projects', :delete_sql => 'DELETE FROM developers_projects WHERE active=1 AND developer_id = #{id} AND project_id = #{record.id}'
# File /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.9.1/gems/activerecord-3.0.9/lib/active_record/associations.rb, line 1410 def has_and_belongs_to_many(association_id, options = {}, &extension) reflection = create_has_and_belongs_to_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension) collection_accessor_methods(reflection, HasAndBelongsToManyAssociation) configure_after_destroy_method_for_has_and_belongs_to_many(reflection) add_association_callbacks(reflection.name, options) end
Specifies a one-to-many association. The following methods for retrieval and query of collections of associated objects will be added:
Returns an array of all the associated objects. An empty array is returned if none are found.
Adds one or more objects to the collection by setting their foreign keys to the collection’s primary key. Note that this operation instantly fires update sql without waiting for the save or update call on the parent object.
Removes one or more objects from the collection by setting their foreign keys to NULL. Objects will be in addition destroyed if they’re associated with :dependent => :destroy, and deleted if they’re associated with :dependent => :delete_all.
Replaces the collections content by deleting and adding objects as appropriate. If the :through option is true callbacks in the join models are triggered except destroy callbacks, since deletion is direct.
Returns an array of the associated objects’ ids
Replace the collection with the objects identified by the primary keys in ids. This method loads the models and calls collection=. See above.
Removes every object from the collection. This destroys the associated objects if they are associated with :dependent => :destroy, deletes them directly from the database if :dependent => :delete_all, otherwise sets their foreign keys to NULL. If the :through option is true no destroy callbacks are invoked on the join models. Join models are directly deleted.
Returns true if there are no associated objects.
Returns the number of associated objects.
Finds an associated object according to the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.find.
Checks whether an associated object with the given conditions exists. Uses the same rules as ActiveRecord::Base.exists?.
Returns one or more new objects of the collection type that have been instantiated with attributes and linked to this object through a foreign key, but have not yet been saved.
Returns a new object of the collection type that has been instantiated with attributes, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation). Note: This only works if the base model already exists in the DB, not if it is a new (unsaved) record!
(Note: collection is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so has_many :clients would add among others clients.empty?.)
Example: A Firm class declares has_many :clients, which will add:
Firm#clients (similar to Clients.find :all, :conditions => ["firm_id = ?", id])
Firm#clients<<
Firm#clients.delete
Firm#clients=
Firm#client_ids
Firm#client_ids=
Firm#clients.clear
Firm#clients.empty? (similar to firm.clients.size == 0)
Firm#clients.size (similar to Client.count "firm_id = #{id}")
Firm#clients.find (similar to Client.find(id, :conditions => "firm_id = #{id}"))
Firm#clients.exists?(:name => 'ACME') (similar to Client.exists?(:name => 'ACME', :firm_id => firm.id))
Firm#clients.build (similar to Client.new("firm_id" => id))
Firm#clients.create (similar to c = Client.new("firm_id" => id); c.save; c)
The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can’t be inferred from the association name. So has_many :products will by default be linked to the Product class, but if the real class name is SpecialProduct, you’ll have to specify it with this option.
Specify the conditions that the associated objects must meet in order to be included as a WHERE SQL fragment, such as price > 5 AND name LIKE 'B%'. Record creations from the association are scoped if a hash is used. has_many :posts, :conditions => {:published => true} will create published posts with @blog.posts.create or @blog.posts.build.
Specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as an ORDER BY SQL fragment, such as last_name, first_name DESC.
Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name of this class in lower-case and “_id” suffixed. So a Person class that makes a has_many association will use “person_id” as the default :foreign_key.
Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is id.
If set to :destroy all the associated objects are destroyed alongside this object by calling their destroy method. If set to :delete_all all associated objects are deleted without calling their destroy method. If set to :nullify all associated objects’ foreign keys are set to NULL without calling their save callbacks. If set to :restrict this object cannot be deleted if it has any associated object.
Warning: This option is ignored when used with :through option.
Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the association. This is a good way to go for complex associations that depend on multiple tables. Note: When this option is used, find_in_collection is not added.
Specify a complete SQL statement to fetch the size of the association. If :finder_sql is specified but not :counter_sql, :counter_sql will be generated by replacing SELECT ... FROM with SELECT COUNT(*) FROM.
Specify a named module for extending the proxy. See “Association extensions”.
Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when the collection is loaded.
An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
Combined with :group this can be used to filter the records that a GROUP BY returns. Uses the HAVING SQL-clause.
An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip the first 4 rows.
By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you, for example, want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
Specifies a polymorphic interface (See belongs_to).
Specifies a join model through which to perform the query. Options for :class_name and :foreign_key are ignored, as the association uses the source reflection. You can only use a :through query through a belongs_to, has_one or has_many association on the join model. The collection of join models can be managed via the collection API. For example, new join models are created for newly associated objects, and if some are gone their rows are deleted (directly, no destroy callbacks are triggered).
Specifies the source association name used by has_many :through queries. Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association. has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions will look for either :subscribers or :subscriber on Subscription, unless a :source is given.
Specifies type of the source association used by has_many :through queries where the source association is a polymorphic belongs_to.
If true, duplicates will be omitted from the collection. Useful in conjunction with :through.
If true, all the associated objects are readonly through the association.
If false, don’t validate the associated objects when saving the parent object. true by default.
If true, always save the associated objects or destroy them if marked for destruction, when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated objects. By default, only save associated objects that are new records.
Specifies the name of the belongs_to association on the associated object that is the inverse of this has_many association. Does not work in combination with :through or :as options. See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods’s overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
Option examples:
has_many :comments, :order => "posted_on" has_many :comments, :include => :author has_many :people, :class_name => "Person", :conditions => "deleted = 0", :order => "name" has_many :tracks, :order => "position", :dependent => :destroy has_many :comments, :dependent => :nullify has_many :tags, :as => :taggable has_many :reports, :readonly => true has_many :subscribers, :through => :subscriptions, :source => :user has_many :subscribers, :class_name => "Person", :finder_sql => 'SELECT DISTINCT people.* ' + 'FROM people p, post_subscriptions ps ' + 'WHERE ps.post_id = #{id} AND ps.person_id = p.id ' + 'ORDER BY p.first_name'
# File /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.9.1/gems/activerecord-3.0.9/lib/active_record/associations.rb, line 982 def has_many(association_id, options = {}, &extension) reflection = create_has_many_reflection(association_id, options, &extension) configure_dependency_for_has_many(reflection) add_association_callbacks(reflection.name, reflection.options) if options[:through] collection_accessor_methods(reflection, HasManyThroughAssociation) else collection_accessor_methods(reflection, HasManyAssociation) end end
Specifies a one-to-one association with another class. This method should only be used if the other class contains the foreign key. If the current class contains the foreign key, then you should use belongs_to instead. See also ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods’s overview on when to use has_one and when to use belongs_to.
The following methods for retrieval and query of a single associated object will be added:
Returns the associated object. nil is returned if none is found.
Assigns the associate object, extracts the primary key, sets it as the foreign key, and saves the associate object.
Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated with attributes and linked to this object through a foreign key, but has not yet been saved. Note: This ONLY works if an association already exists. It will NOT work if the association is nil.
Returns a new object of the associated type that has been instantiated with attributes, linked to this object through a foreign key, and that has already been saved (if it passed the validation).
(association is replaced with the symbol passed as the first argument, so has_one :manager would add among others manager.nil?.)
An Account class declares has_one :beneficiary, which will add:
Account#beneficiary (similar to Beneficiary.find(:first, :conditions => "account_id = #{id}"))
Account#beneficiary=(beneficiary) (similar to beneficiary.account_id = account.id; beneficiary.save)
Account#build_beneficiary (similar to Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id))
Account#create_beneficiary (similar to b = Beneficiary.new("account_id" => id); b.save; b)
The declaration can also include an options hash to specialize the behavior of the association.
Options are:
Specify the class name of the association. Use it only if that name can’t be inferred from the association name. So has_one :manager will by default be linked to the Manager class, but if the real class name is Person, you’ll have to specify it with this option.
Specify the conditions that the associated object must meet in order to be included as a WHERE SQL fragment, such as rank = 5. Record creation from the association is scoped if a hash is used. has_one :account, :conditions => {:enabled => true} will create an enabled account with @company.create_account or @company.build_account.
Specify the order in which the associated objects are returned as an ORDER BY SQL fragment, such as last_name, first_name DESC.
If set to :destroy, the associated object is destroyed when this object is. If set to :delete, the associated object is deleted without calling its destroy method. If set to :nullify, the associated object’s foreign key is set to NULL. Also, association is assigned.
Specify the foreign key used for the association. By default this is guessed to be the name of this class in lower-case and “_id” suffixed. So a Person class that makes a has_one association will use “person_id” as the default :foreign_key.
Specify the method that returns the primary key used for the association. By default this is id.
Specify second-order associations that should be eager loaded when this object is loaded.
Specifies a polymorphic interface (See belongs_to).
By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if, for example, you want to do a join but not include the joined columns. Do not forget to include the primary and foreign keys, otherwise it will raise an error.
Specifies a Join Model through which to perform the query. Options for :class_name and :foreign_key are ignored, as the association uses the source reflection. You can only use a :through query through a has_one or belongs_to association on the join model.
Specifies the source association name used by has_one :through queries. Only use it if the name cannot be inferred from the association. has_one :favorite, :through => :favorites will look for a :favorite on Favorite, unless a :source is given.
Specifies type of the source association used by has_one :through queries where the source association is a polymorphic belongs_to.
If true, the associated object is readonly through the association.
If false, don’t validate the associated object when saving the parent object. false by default.
If true, always save the associated object or destroy it if marked for destruction, when saving the parent object. If false, never save or destroy the associated object. By default, only save the associated object if it’s a new record.
Specifies the name of the belongs_to association on the associated object that is the inverse of this has_one association. Does not work in combination with :through or :as options. See ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods’s overview on Bi-directional associations for more detail.
Option examples:
has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :destroy # destroys the associated credit card has_one :credit_card, :dependent => :nullify # updates the associated records foreign # key value to NULL rather than destroying it has_one :last_comment, :class_name => "Comment", :order => "posted_on" has_one :project_manager, :class_name => "Person", :conditions => "role = 'project_manager'" has_one :attachment, :as => :attachable has_one :boss, :readonly => :true has_one :club, :through => :membership has_one :primary_address, :through => :addressables, :conditions => ["addressable.primary = ?", true], :source => :addressable
# File /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.9.1/gems/activerecord-3.0.9/lib/active_record/associations.rb, line 1100 def has_one(association_id, options = {}) if options[:through] reflection = create_has_one_through_reflection(association_id, options) association_accessor_methods(reflection, ActiveRecord::Associations::HasOneThroughAssociation) else reflection = create_has_one_reflection(association_id, options) association_accessor_methods(reflection, HasOneAssociation) association_constructor_method(:build, reflection, HasOneAssociation) association_constructor_method(:create, reflection, HasOneAssociation) configure_dependency_for_has_one(reflection) end end
Generated with the Darkfish Rdoc Generator 2.


This class is the main class of the engine. More...
#include <Simple3D.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| Simple3D (int width, int height, std::string title, int argc=0, char **argv=0) | |
| The default constructor. You need to call this to initialize the engine. | |
| ~Simple3D () | |
| Destructor. Call this to clean up after you're ready with S3D. | |
| void | appendEntity (S3DPrimitive *p) |
| Propagate entity to the engine. | |
| void | render () |
| Renders the entities known to the instance of Simple3D. | |
| void | setBackColor (S3DColor c) |
| Set the background color. | |
| void | setForeColor (S3DColor c) |
| Set the background color. | |
| S3DEvent | getEvent () |
| Obtain an event from the engine's window. | |
| void | reOrderEntities () |
| Reorders entities for correct rendering. |
This class is the main class of the engine.
You need to create an instance of this class to use the engine. It manages the platform-specific things on initialization, handles events and renders primitives to screen.
| Simple3D::Simple3D | ( | int | width, | |
| int | height, | |||
| std::string | title, | |||
| int | argc = 0 , |
|||
| char ** | argv = 0 | |||
| ) |
The default constructor. You need to call this to initialize the engine.
| [in] | width | The width of the desired screen. |
| [in] | height | The height of the desired screen. |
| [in] | title | You can supply a title for a window here. |
| [in] | argc | The number of arguments passed to your application (optional) |
| [in] | argv | The arguments passed to your application (optional) |
| void Simple3D::appendEntity | ( | S3DPrimitive * | p | ) |
Propagate entity to the engine.
| [in] | p | Pointer to the primitive you want to enqueue for rendering. |
You need to call this function in order to get an entity on screen. Only entities enqueued through this function are rendered.
| S3DEvent Simple3D::getEvent | ( | ) |
Obtain an event from the engine's window.
| void Simple3D::render | ( | ) |
Renders the entities known to the instance of Simple3D.
You need to call this, when you want to render the entities, you have propagated to the engine-instance.
| void Simple3D::reOrderEntities | ( | ) |
Reorders entities for correct rendering.
This gets called from inside the engine. You don't need to fiddle with this.
| void Simple3D::setBackColor | ( | S3DColor | c | ) |
Set the background color.
| [in] | c | Color (unsigned int as produced by the RGB-macro) to use as background. |
Call this to set the color used by the engine as background. Default color is black.
| void Simple3D::setForeColor | ( | S3DColor | c | ) |
Set the background color.
| [in] | c | Color (unsigned int as produced by the RGB-macro) to use as background. |
Call this to set the color used by the engine for rendering, when no other color is specified. Default color is white. Note: The axis are (if displayed) drawn in this color.


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import uk.gov.hmrc.apidocumentation.config._ @import uk.gov.hmrc.apidocumentation.models._ @import uk.gov.hmrc.apidocumentation.views.html.include._ @this(main: main) @(title: String, heading: String, message: String)(implicit applicationConfig: ApplicationConfig, messagesProvider: MessagesProvider, request: play.api.mvc.Request[Any]) @main(navTitle = Some(applicationConfig.title), navTitleLink = Some(Call("GET", "/api-documentation")), headerNavLinks = Some(partials.headerNavLinks(StaticNavLinks()))) {
@message
}


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The following custom items have been added:
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Sales Rep e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Your shipping costs are $35
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Italian second-biggest tall ship grounded, damaged
by STEPAN KOTCHERGATall ship SIGNORA DEL VENTO, second biggest Italian tall ship after AMERIGO VESPUCCI, broke off her moorings at Italcraft shipyard, Gaeta, Italy, drifted and grounded on city’s seaside embankment on Nov 16, sustaining heavy damages. accident was caused by a strong wind and heavy seas battering Italy’s coast on Nov 16. According to latest updates, the ship is to be refloated, or as of morning Nov 18, has been already refloated, to be repaired. She’s the pride of Italian maritime community, so let’s hope she’ll be restored in all her glory, she’s a beuty to look at even in distress.
Sailing ship SIGNORA DEL VENTO, IMO 5133589, displacement 1280, length 85 meters, 3-masts barkentine, capacity up to 180 passengers or trainees, flag Italy, built 1962, renovated 2006, exploited as a trainee and a cruise ship.


He was born on 27th December 1921 in Shibeen Al-Koom, Monofiyya Province, Egypt.
He was raised by a middle class family near a famous mosque in Tanta where he attended secondary school.
He used to be good at school and had a small lab in his house where he did experiments on gases and small animals. He spent most of his time thinking and day-dreaming.
He joined the College of Medicine in Cairo.
He traveled a lot and wrote in many subjects.
He used to present a television program that was called “Science and Faith” in which he tried hard to prove the accordance of scientific facts with Islamic and Qura’anic facts.
He died on 31st October 2009 after a long struggle with illness المرض leaving behind a great number of precious books and journal articles.


Javascript Labs
Set Month And Year In Date
Please input a date
Click here to set the month and year on your chosen date


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Case.1 basic pattern
Case.2 stack group pattern
Case.3 stacked vertical bar
Case.4 stacked area
Case.5 stacked area with objects as data points
Case.6 horizontal bar chart with objects as data points


<lomIntendedUserRole>
The <lomIntendedUserRole>
provides
learning metadata about the normal user of the
resource, most dominant first.
Category: Learning and training: metadata elements


|
BTK Python wrapper
0.3dev.0
Python bindings for the Biomechanical ToolKit library (BTK)
|
Detect heel strike and toe-off events during gait from vertical ground reaction wrench. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| def | GetAcquisitionInformation |
| def | GetForceplateContextMapping |
| def | GetInput |
| def | GetInputNumber |
| def | GetOutput |
| def | GetOutputNumber |
| def | GetRegionOfInterest |
| def | GetThresholdValue |
| def | GetTimestamp |
| def | GetValidInputNumber |
| def | ResetState |
| def | SetAcquisitionInformation |
| def | SetForceplateContextMapping |
| def | SetInput |
| def | SetRegionOfInterest |
| def | SetThresholdValue |
| def | Update |
Detect heel strike and toe-off events during gait from vertical ground reaction wrench.
Proxy of C++ btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector class
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetAcquisitionInformation | ( | self, | args | ) |
GetAcquisitionInformation(int& ff, double& sampleRate, string& subjectLabel) Returns the informations required to set correctly the detected events.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetForceplateContextMapping | ( | self | ) |
GetForceplateContextMapping(self) -> btkStringArray Returns the mapping between the wrenches in the input and the gait events to detect.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetInput | ( | self | ) |
GetInput(self) -> btkWrenchCollection Gets the input registered with this process.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetInputNumber | ( | self | ) |
GetInputNumber(self) -> int Returns the number of inputs.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetOutput | ( | self | ) |
GetOutput(self) -> btkEventCollection Gets the output created with this process.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetOutputNumber | ( | self | ) |
GetOutputNumber(self) -> int Returns the number of outputs.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetRegionOfInterest | ( | self | ) |
GetRegionOfInterest(self) -> int const * Returns the region of interest to use to detect gait events.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetThresholdValue | ( | self | ) |
GetThresholdValue(self) -> int Returns the threshold used to detect gait events.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetTimestamp | ( | self | ) |
GetTimestamp(self) -> unsigned long Returns the timestamp of the object.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.GetValidInputNumber | ( | self | ) |
GetValidInputNumber(self) -> int Returns the number of inputs which are valid (i.e. not null).
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.ResetState | ( | self | ) |
ResetState(self) Reset the state of the process. Usefull when an exception was thrown during the generation of the data.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.SetAcquisitionInformation | ( | self, | args | ) |
SetAcquisitionInformation(int& ff, double& sampleRate, string& subjectLabel) Set the informations required to set correctly the detected events.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.SetForceplateContextMapping | ( | self, | args | ) |
SetForceplateContextMapping(self, arg2) Sets the mapping between the given wrenches and the side of the detected events. If no mapping is given, then all the detected events will be set as 'General' events.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.SetInput | ( | self, | args | ) |
SetInput(self, arg2) SetInput(self, arg2) Sets the input required with this process.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.SetRegionOfInterest | ( | self, | args | ) |
SetRegionOfInterest(self, lb=-1, ub=-1) SetRegionOfInterest(self, lb=-1) SetRegionOfInterest(self) Sets the region of interest to use to detect gait events. WARNING: The boundaries must be set using zero-based indices.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.SetThresholdValue | ( | self, | args | ) |
SetThresholdValue(self, arg2) Sets the threshold used to detect gait events.
| def btk.btkVerticalGroundReactionForceGaitEventDetector.Update | ( | self | ) |
Update(self) Update the pipeline and then all the data inside. Recursive method which 1) determines the processes to update 2) generate the data by using the GenerateData() method.


Work in progress: I am putting together my notes into a course reader format. I just started the process yesterday (May 4th) so you are looking at a very rough draft. But I will continue to work hard on it, and update this page as I go.
Errata
Typo in law of total probability: In an old version of the Conditional Probability handout, I had accidentally wrote the law of total probability as defining P(E|F). I meant to write that it defines P(E)


VRaptor3 - One minute guide
VRaptor 3 focuses in simplicity and, therefore, all of its functionalities have as main
goal solve the developer's problem in the less intrusive way.Either CRUD operations or more complex functionalities such as download, upload,
results in different formats (xml, json, xhtml etc), everything is done through VRaptor3's
simple and easy-to-understand functionalities. You don't have to deal directly with
HttpServletRequest
, Responses
or any javax.servlet
API, although you still
have the control of all Web operations.
Starting up
You can start your project based on vraptor-blank-project, available on
http://vraptor.caelum.com.br/download.html. It contains all required jar dependencies, and
the minimal web.xml configuration for working with VRaptor.
A simple controller
Having VRaptor properly configured on your web.xml, you can create your controllers for
dealing with web requests and start building your system.
A simple controller would be:
/*
* You should annotate your controller with @Resource, so all of its public methods will
* be ready to deal with web requests.
*/
@Resource
public class ClientsController {
private ClientDao dao;
/*
* You can get your class dependencies through constructor, and VRaptor will be in charge
* of creating or locating these dependencies and manage them to create your controller.
* If you want that VRaptor3 manages creation of ClientDao, you should annotate it with
* @Component
*/
public ClientsController(ClientDao dao) {
this.dao = dao;
}
/*
* All public methods from your controller will be reachable through web.
* For example, form method can be accessed by URI /clients/form,
* and will render the view /WEB-INF/jsp/clients/form.jsp
*/
public void form() {
// code that loads data for checkboxes, selects, etc
}
/*
* You can receive parameters on your method, and VRaptor will set your parameters
* fields with request parameters. If the request have:
* custom.name=Lucas
* custom.address=Vergueiro Street
* VRaptor will set the fields name and address of Client custom with values
* "Lucas" and "Vergueiro Street", using the fields setters.
* URI: /clients/add
* view: /WEB-INF/jsp/clients/add.jsp
*/
public void add(Client custom) {
dao.save(custom);
}
/*
* VRaptor will export your method return value to the view. In this case,
* since your method return type is List<Clients>, then you can access the
* returned value on your jsp with the variable ${clientList}
* URI: /clients/list
* view: /WEB-INF/jsp/clients/list.jsp
*/
public List<Client> list() {
return dao.listAll():
}
/*
* If the return type is a simple type, the name of exported variable will be
* the class name with the first letter in lower case. Since this method return
* type is Client, the variable will be ${client}.
* A request parameter would be something like id=5, and then VRaptor is able
* to get this value, convert it to Long, and pass it as parameter to your method.
* URI: /clients/view
* view: /WEB-INF/jsp/clients/view.jsp
*/
public Client view(Long id) {
return dao.load(id);
}
}
Note this class is independent of javax.servlet
API. The code is also very
simple and can be unit tested easily. VRaptor will make associations with these
URIs by default:
/client/form invokes form()
/client/add invokes add(client) populating the client with request parameters
/clients/list invokes list() and returns ${clientList} to JSP
/clients/view?id=3 invokes view(3l) and returns ${client} to JSP
We'll see later how easy it is to change the URI /clients/view?id=3
to
the more elegant /clients/view/3
.
ClientDao will also be injected by VRaptor, as we'll see.
You can see now the Ten minutes guide.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block page_header %} {% include "horizon/common/_page_header.html" with title=_("Databases") %} {% endblock page_header %} {% block main %}
Nothing to see here databases moved to the project tab.


System Architect Symbols for "Access Type"
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Top 10 Blogs, Every Basketball Fan Must Follow!
Last Updated on 24th October 2017
The Best Basketball blogs from thousands of Basketball blogs in our index using search and social metrics. Data will be refreshed once a week.
If your blog is selected in this list, you have the honour of displaying this Badge (Award) on your blog.
1.Heat: James Johnson struggling this season
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A key member of the Miami Heat, after receiving a relatively huge new contract, has been struggling this season. Here's the South Florida Sun Sentinel reporting: Forward James Johnson continues to struggle. He was 1-for-5 in 27 minutes Wednesday.Johnson, who signed a four-year, $60 million contract, has been unable to come close to his production of last season, and he is hard-pressed for an answer. "I'm killing myself every night, every day.It's just been terrible performances out of me and not just from an offensive standpoint, the defense," he said. "Our second unit,Tyler and me, we should come in and have that same affect we had last year and we haven't been able to do that."
2.Mike Conley out for atleast two weeks with injury
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Memphis Grizzlies say that point guard Mike Conley will undergo therapy and treatment to help promote healing and alleviate soreness in his left heel and Achilles following consultations with physicians and the Grizzlies' medical staff. There is no timetable for his return at this time. Further updates will be provided in approximately two weeks. Conley (6-1, 175) has appeared and started in 12 of the Grizzlies' first 14 games this season and has averaged 17.1 points, 2.3 rebounds, 4.1 assists and 1.00 steals in 31.1 minutes in his 11th NBA season (all with Memphis).
3.Thunder an excellent Defense team so far.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Logic suggested that the Thunder, who boast three offensive stars,would be better offensively than defensively. But through these first three weeks of the regular season, it's been the reverse. Here's the Oklahoman with more: The focus came right away, to hear the Thunder tell it. Statistically, the Thunder ranks among the NBA's best defensive teams. It allows 97.6 points per 100 possessions, the second-best mark in the league. No team gives up fewer points in the paint than the Thunder's 37.6 per game.
4.Dion Waiters misses game due to birth of daughter
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heat guard Dion Waiters is out today, for a great, joyous reason. Dion Waiters was away from the Miami Heat for Sunday's game against the Los Angeles Clippers at Staples Center for the birth of his daughter. Waiters remained overnight in Denver after Friday's loss to the Denver Nuggets at the Pepsi Center and then returned Saturday to South Florida. He then posted a photo Sunday on his Instagram feed holding the hand of his newborn daughter, Dior Raina Waiters, with the caption, "Welcome to this crazy world baby girl."
5.John Crotty to do Heat TV next season
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Here's the Palm Beach Post reporting Heat broadcast news that will take effect next season: John Crotty is moving over from radio to television. Crotty will become the Miami Heat's next analyst for all TV broadcasts beginning next season, the team announced today. Crotty, who played 48 games for the Heat in 1996-97, has been a member of the broadcast team since January 2005 when he became the Heat's radio analyst.He will become the seventh person to serve as the TV analyst for the franchise and the second former player.


Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral
by Phillis Wheatley
"To a Lady on Her Remarkable Preservation in a Hurricane in North Carolina."
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1773
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Wheatley, P. (1773). Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral.London, England: A. Bell.
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 2.5
- Word Count: 257
- Genre: Poetry
- Keywords: 18th century literature, american authors, poetry
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
THOUGH thou did'st hear the tempest from afar,
And felt'st the horrors of the wat'ry war,
To me unknown, yet on this peaceful shore
Methinks I hear the storm tumultuous roar,
And how stern Boreas with impetuous hand
Compell'd the Nereids to usurp the land.
Reluctant rose the daughters of the main,
And slow ascending glided o'er the plain,
Till AEolus in his rapid chariot drove
In gloomy grandeur from the vault above:
Furious he comes. His winged sons obey
Their frantic sire, and madden all the sea.
The billows rave, the wind's fierce tyrant roars,
And with his thund'ring terrors shakes the shores:
Broken by waves the vessel's frame is rent,
And strows with planks the wat'ry element.
But thee, Maria, a kind Nereid's shield
Preserv'd from sinking, and thy form upheld:
And sure some heav'nly oracle design'd
At that dread crisis to instruct thy mind
Things of eternal consequence to weigh,
And to thine heart just feelings to convey
Of things above, and of the future doom,
And what the births of the dread world to come.
From tossing seas I welcome thee to land.
"Resign her, Nereid," 'twas thy God's command.
Thy spouse late buried, as thy fears conceiv'd,
Again returns, thy fears are all reliev'd:
Thy daughter blooming with superior grace
Again thou see'st, again thine arms embrace;
O come, and joyful show thy spouse his heir,
And what the blessings of maternal care!


{% extends "tournament/admin/custom_edit_workflow.html" %} {% block content %}
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Release history
All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
The format is based on Keep a Changelog
and this project adheres to Semantic Versioning.

Guiding Principles
- Changelogs are for humans, not machines.
- There should be an entry for every single version.
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- Mention whether you follow Semantic Versioning.

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in case of vulnerabilities.

[6.0.3] - 2020-01-16
- Merge pull request #31 for issue #30
6.0.0 - 2017-10-13
- refactor code to be more performant
- refactor benchmarks
5.1.0 - 2017-10-13
Added
- Merge pull request #15 from aretecode/patch-1
- adds support and tests for string & array iterators
Changed
5.0.2 - 2017-08-02
- Merge pull request #14 from struct78/master
- Added
undefined
check
5.0.0 - 2017-06-21
- Merge pull request #12 from aretecode/iterator
- Set Iterator + Map Iterator
- streamline
isbuffer
, minor edits
4.0.0 - 2017-05-19
- Merge pull request #8 from tunnckoCore/master
- update deps
3.2.2 - 2017-05-16
3.2.1 - 2017-05-16
3.2.0 - 2017-04-25
- Merge pull request #10 from ksheedlo/unrequire-buffer
- add
promise
support and tests
- Remove unnecessary
Buffer
check
3.1.0 - 2016-12-07
- Merge pull request #7 from laggingreflex/err
- add support for
error
and tests
- run update
3.0.4 - 2016-07-29
3.0.3 - 2016-05-03
- fix prepublish script
- remove unused dep
3.0.0 - 2015-11-17
- add typed array support
- Merge pull request #5 from miguelmota/typed-arrays
- adds new tests
2.0.1 - 2015-08-21
2.0.0 - 2015-05-31
- Create fallback for
Array.isArray
if used as a browser package
- Merge pull request #2 from dtothefp/patch-1
- Merge pull request #3 from pdehaan/patch-1
- Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/chorks/kind-of into chorks-master
- optimizations, mostly date and regex
1.1.0 - 2015-02-09
- adds
buffer
support
- adds tests for
buffer
1.0.0 - 2015-01-19
- update benchmarks
- optimizations based on benchmarks
0.1.2 - 2014-10-26
- return
typeof
value if it's not an object. very slight speed improvement
- use
.slice
- adds benchmarks
0.1.0 - 2014-9-26


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