This guide will teach you what you need to know about avoiding that expensive round-trip to your database and returning what you need to return to the web clients in the shortest time possible.
After reading this guide, you will know:
This is an introduction to three types of caching techniques: page, action and
fragment caching. Rails provides by default fragment caching. In order to use
page and action caching, you will need to add actionpack-page_caching
and
actionpack-action_caching
to your Gemfile.
To start playing with caching you’ll want to ensure that config.action_controller.perform_caching
is set to true
, if you’re running in development mode. This flag is normally set in the corresponding config/environments/*.rb
and caching is disabled by default for development and test, and enabled for production.
config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
Page caching is a Rails mechanism which allows the request for a generated page to be fulfilled by the webserver (i.e. Apache or nginx), without ever having to go through the Rails stack at all. Obviously, this is super-fast. Unfortunately, it can’t be applied to every situation (such as pages that need authentication) and since the webserver is literally just serving a file from the filesystem, cache expiration is an issue that needs to be dealt with.
INFO: Page Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the actionpack-page_caching gem. See DHH’s key-based cache expiration overview for the newly-preferred method.
Page Caching cannot be used for actions that have before filters - for example, pages that require authentication. This is where Action Caching comes in. Action Caching works like Page Caching except the incoming web request hits the Rails stack so that before filters can be run on it before the cache is served. This allows authentication and other restrictions to be run while still serving the result of the output from a cached copy.
INFO: Action Caching has been removed from Rails 4. See the actionpack-action_caching gem. See DHH’s key-based cache expiration overview for the newly-preferred method.
Life would be perfect if we could get away with caching the entire contents of a page or action and serving it out to the world. Unfortunately, dynamic web applications usually build pages with a variety of components not all of which have the same caching characteristics. In order to address such a dynamically created page where different parts of the page need to be cached and expired differently, Rails provides a mechanism called Fragment Caching.
Fragment Caching allows a fragment of view logic to be wrapped in a cache block and served out of the cache store when the next request comes in.
As an example, if you wanted to show all the orders placed on your website in real time and didn’t want to cache that part of the page, but did want to cache the part of the page which lists all products available, you could use this piece of code:
~~~html+erb <% Order.find_recent.each do |o| %> <%= o.buyer.name %> bought <%= o.product.name %> <% end %>
<% cache do %> All available products: <% Product.all.each do |p| %> <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %> <% end %> <% end %> ~~~
The cache block in our example will bind to the action that called it and is written out to the same place as the Action Cache, which means that if you want to cache multiple fragments per action, you should provide an action_suffix
to the cache call:
~~~html+erb <% cache(action: ‘recent’, action_suffix: ‘all_products’) do %> All available products: ~~~
and you can expire it using the expire_fragment
method, like so:
expire_fragment(controller: 'products', action: 'recent', action_suffix: 'all_products')
If you don’t want the cache block to bind to the action that called it, you can also use globally keyed fragments by calling the cache
method with a key:
<% cache('all_available_products') do %> All available products: <% end %>
This fragment is then available to all actions in the ProductsController
using the key and can be expired the same way:
expire_fragment('all_available_products')
If you want to avoid expiring the fragment manually, whenever an action updates a product, you can define a helper method:
module ProductsHelper def cache_key_for_products count = Product.count max_updated_at = Product.maximum(:updated_at).try(:utc).try(:to_s, :number) "products/all-#{count}-#{max_updated_at}" end end
This method generates a cache key that depends on all products and can be used in the view:
<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %> All available products: <% end %>
You can also use an Active Record model as the cache key:
<% Product.all.each do |p| %> <% cache(p) do %> <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %> <% end %> <% end %>
Behind the scenes, a method called cache_key
will be invoked on the model and it returns a string like products/23-20130109142513
. The cache key includes the model name, the id and finally the updated_at timestamp. Thus it will automatically generate a new fragment when the product is updated because the key changes.
You can also combine the two schemes which is called “Russian Doll Caching”:
<% cache(cache_key_for_products) do %> All available products: <% Product.all.each do |p| %> <% cache(p) do %> <%= link_to p.name, product_url(p) %> <% end %> <% end %> <% end %>
It’s called “Russian Doll Caching” because it nests multiple fragments. The advantage is that if a single product is updated, all the other inner fragments can be reused when regenerating the outer fragment.
Query caching is a Rails feature that caches the result set returned by each query so that if Rails encounters the same query again for that request, it will use the cached result set as opposed to running the query against the database again.
For example:
class ProductsController < ApplicationController def index # Run a find query @products = Product.all ... # Run the same query again @products = Product.all end end
Rails provides different stores for the cached data created by action and fragment caches.
TIP: Page caches are always stored on disk.
You can set up your application’s default cache store by calling config.cache_store=
in the Application definition inside your config/application.rb
file or in an Application.configure block in an environment specific configuration file (i.e. config/environments/*.rb
). The first argument will be the cache store to use and the rest of the argument will be passed as arguments to the cache store constructor.
config.cache_store = :memory_store
NOTE: Alternatively, you can call ActionController::Base.cache_store
outside of a configuration block.
You can access the cache by calling Rails.cache
.
This class provides the foundation for interacting with the cache in Rails. This is an abstract class and you cannot use it on its own. Rather you must use a concrete implementation of the class tied to a storage engine. Rails ships with several implementations documented below.
The main methods to call are read
, write
, delete
, exist?
, and fetch
. The fetch method takes a block and will either return an existing value from the cache, or evaluate the block and write the result to the cache if no value exists.
There are some common options used by all cache implementations. These can be passed to the constructor or the various methods to interact with entries.
:namespace
- This option can be used to create a namespace within the cache store. It is especially useful if your application shares a cache with other applications. The default value will include the application name and Rails environment.
:compress
- This option can be used to indicate that compression should be used in the cache. This can be useful for transferring large cache entries over a slow network.
:compress_threshold
- This options is used in conjunction with the :compress
option to indicate a threshold under which cache entries should not be compressed. This defaults to 16 kilobytes.
:expires_in
- This option sets an expiration time in seconds for the cache entry when it will be automatically removed from the cache.
:race_condition_ttl
- This option is used in conjunction with the :expires_in
option. It will prevent race conditions when cache entries expire by preventing multiple processes from simultaneously regenerating the same entry (also known as the dog pile effect). This option sets the number of seconds that an expired entry can be reused while a new value is being regenerated. It’s a good practice to set this value if you use the :expires_in
option.
This cache store keeps entries in memory in the same Ruby process. The cache store has a bounded size specified by the :size
options to the initializer (default is 32Mb). When the cache exceeds the allotted size, a cleanup will occur and the least recently used entries will be removed.
config.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 64.megabytes }
If you’re running multiple Ruby on Rails server processes (which is the case if you’re using mongrel_cluster or Phusion Passenger), then your Rails server process instances won’t be able to share cache data with each other. This cache store is not appropriate for large application deployments, but can work well for small, low traffic sites with only a couple of server processes or for development and test environments.
This cache store uses the file system to store entries. The path to the directory where the store files will be stored must be specified when initializing the cache.
config.cache_store = :file_store, "/path/to/cache/directory"
With this cache store, multiple server processes on the same host can share a cache. Servers processes running on different hosts could share a cache by using a shared file system, but that set up would not be ideal and is not recommended. The cache store is appropriate for low to medium traffic sites that are served off one or two hosts.
Note that the cache will grow until the disk is full unless you periodically clear out old entries.
This is the default cache store implementation.
This cache store uses Danga’s memcached
server to provide a centralized cache for your application. Rails uses the bundled dalli
gem by default. This is currently the most popular cache store for production websites. It can be used to provide a single, shared cache cluster with very a high performance and redundancy.
When initializing the cache, you need to specify the addresses for all memcached servers in your cluster. If none is specified, it will assume memcached is running on the local host on the default port, but this is not an ideal set up for larger sites.
The write
and fetch
methods on this cache accept two additional options that take advantage of features specific to memcached. You can specify :raw
to send a value directly to the server with no serialization. The value must be a string or number. You can use memcached direct operation like increment
and decrement
only on raw values. You can also specify :unless_exist
if you don’t want memcached to overwrite an existing entry.
config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, "cache-1.example.com", "cache-2.example.com"
If you are using JRuby you can use Terracotta’s Ehcache as the cache store for your application. Ehcache is an open source Java cache that also offers an enterprise version with increased scalability, management, and commercial support. You must first install the jruby-ehcache-rails3 gem (version 1.1.0 or later) to use this cache store.
config.cache_store = :ehcache_store
When initializing the cache, you may use the :ehcache_config
option to specify the Ehcache config file to use (where the default is “ehcache.xml” in your Rails config directory), and the :cache_name option to provide a custom name for your cache (the default is rails_cache).
In addition to the standard :expires_in
option, the write
method on this cache can also accept the additional :unless_exist
option, which will cause the cache store to use Ehcache’s putIfAbsent
method instead of put
, and therefore will not overwrite an existing entry. Additionally, the write
method supports all of the properties exposed by the Ehcache Element class , including:
| Property | Argument Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| elementEvictionData | ElementEvictionData | Sets this element’s eviction data instance. |
| eternal | boolean | Sets whether the element is eternal. |
| timeToIdle, tti | int | Sets time to idle |
| timeToLive, ttl, expires_in | int | Sets time to Live |
| version | long | Sets the version attribute of the ElementAttributes object. |
These options are passed to the write
method as Hash options using either camelCase or underscore notation, as in the following examples:
Rails.cache.write('key', 'value', time_to_idle: 60.seconds, timeToLive: 600.seconds) caches_action :index, expires_in: 60.seconds, unless_exist: true
For more information about Ehcache, see http://ehcache.org/ . For more information about Ehcache for JRuby and Rails, see http://ehcache.org/documentation/jruby.html
This cache store implementation is meant to be used only in development or test environments and it never stores anything. This can be very useful in development when you have code that interacts directly with Rails.cache
, but caching may interfere with being able to see the results of code changes. With this cache store, all fetch
and read
operations will result in a miss.
config.cache_store = :null_store
You can create your own custom cache store by simply extending ActiveSupport::Cache::Store
and implementing the appropriate methods. In this way, you can swap in any number of caching technologies into your Rails application.
To use a custom cache store, simple set the cache store to a new instance of the class.
config.cache_store = MyCacheStore.new
The keys used in a cache can be any object that responds to either :cache_key
or to :to_param
. You can implement the :cache_key
method on your classes if you need to generate custom keys. Active Record will generate keys based on the class name and record id.
You can use Hashes and Arrays of values as cache keys.
# This is a legal cache key Rails.cache.read(site: "mysite", owners: [owner_1, owner_2])
The keys you use on Rails.cache
will not be the same as those actually used with the storage engine. They may be modified with a namespace or altered to fit technology backend constraints. This means, for instance, that you can’t save values with Rails.cache
and then try to pull them out with the memcache-client
gem. However, you also don’t need to worry about exceeding the memcached size limit or violating syntax rules.
Conditional GETs are a feature of the HTTP specification that provide a way for web servers to tell browsers that the response to a GET request hasn’t changed since the last request and can be safely pulled from the browser cache.
They work by using the HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH
and HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE
headers to pass back and forth both a unique content identifier and the timestamp of when the content was last changed. If the browser makes a request where the content identifier (etag) or last modified since timestamp matches the server’s version then the server only needs to send back an empty response with a not modified status.
It is the server’s (i.e. our) responsibility to look for a last modified timestamp and the if-none-match header and determine whether or not to send back the full response. With conditional-get support in Rails this is a pretty easy task:
class ProductsController < ApplicationController def show @product = Product.find(params[:id]) # If the request is stale according to the given timestamp and etag value # (i.e. it needs to be processed again) then execute this block if stale?(last_modified: @product.updated_at.utc, etag: @product.cache_key) respond_to do |wants| # ... normal response processing end end # If the request is fresh (i.e. it's not modified) then you don't need to do # anything. The default render checks for this using the parameters # used in the previous call to stale? and will automatically send a # :not_modified. So that's it, you're done. end end
Instead of a options hash, you can also simply pass in a model, Rails will use the updated_at
and cache_key
methods for setting last_modified
and etag
:
class ProductsController < ApplicationController def show @product = Product.find(params[:id]) respond_with(@product) if stale?(@product) end end
If you don’t have any special response processing and are using the default rendering mechanism (i.e. you’re not using respond_to or calling render yourself) then you’ve got an easy helper in fresh_when:
class ProductsController < ApplicationController # This will automatically send back a :not_modified if the request is fresh, # and will render the default template (product.*) if it's stale. def show @product = Product.find(params[:id]) fresh_when last_modified: @product.published_at.utc, etag: @product end end


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2018-09-21
How many different card combination exists for steemmonsters?
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2018-09-14
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follower
2018-09-11
How much curation did my post voter earn?
curation
2018-09-08
beem version 0.19.55 released
beem
2018-09-07
Obtain the number of active, ghost and dead followers using beem
python
2018-08-31
How many different signer broadcasted the votes on my last post?
tutorial
2018-08-25
Using beem to interact with the HF20 testnet
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2018-08-17
How to write a post with image using beem
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2018-08-16
How to install and use beempy using anaconda
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2018-08-02
How to secretly follow/unfollow accounts
steemdev
2018-07-26
How long does it take to stream the entire steem blockchain?
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2018-07-20
update for beem - several improvements and bug fixes
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2018-07-12
Estimating when the next block is produced by a witness using beem
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2018-07-09
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utopian-io
2018-06-28
update for beem - discussions, post creation and threaded blocks improved
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2018-06-20
Update for beem - missing API calls and ImageUploader added
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2018-06-15
update for beem - several improvements and optimizations
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2018-06-06
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2018-06-06
Measuring seed-node ping times with python
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2018-06-04
Task request for beem: bug-hunting
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2018+ handmade-web.net
an introduction to making websites by hand
currently teaching at Virginia Commonwealth University
2023 calendar
small print-at-home calendar that i started making for personal use but thought i could share in case anyone else wanted to use...
requires a ruler and knife/scissors to cut it out
i'm working on them one month at a time, so i'll upload the future months as we near them
pdfs: jan, feb, mar, apr, may, jun, jul
2020-22 forwisconsin.com
with Eric Timothy Carlson
website for a wisconsin voting intiative that started in 2020
updated again for the 2022 midterm elections
the original site was hosted on eauxclaires.com
archived version is here
2022 pecha kucha
video for the 2022 vcu gdes faculty pecha kucha. turned out to be a nice introduction and update for where i am at the moment
2022 leeraewalsh.com
a site for my friend lee
2022 anonimagroup.org
a rebuild of the anonimagroup.org site after its previous cms lost support
2022 moltomolto.xyz
with Lee Rae Walsh and Andrew Walsh Lister
2021 abcartbookfair.com
with Lihua Yu
website for the 2021 abc art book fair. the fair was hosted virtually and physically in Beijing and Shanghai
the site is no longer live
2021 traven-t-croves.co.uk
with Andrew Walsh Lister
2021 petal cam
poster for FOIL
2021 tied-to-an-audience.xyz
with Andrew Walsh Lister
2020-21 miracleseltzer.com
2020 cafe del mar
with Sam Mullany
software for listening to panphilia's floating in the pool at café del mar mix. listen to the mix here
2020 bewith.us
with Jason S. Wright
2020 erictimothycarlson.com
temporary site for eric, while a more robust one is being built
2020 distant.garden
with Julia Dann and Nontsikelelo Mutiti
website for a pair of Objects + Methods lectures as we were adapting to the pandemic
2020 worry
2019 map
for navigating influences and research during my MFA
2019 psychosphere.net
with my cohort from the VCU MFA
June, Yutong, Jason, Mystie, Bushra, Julia, Sara, Feixue, Mariah
2019 simplelivin.faith
with Lihua Yu
website (and soundpiece) for a group show at the pump house in richmond
2019 pump house
group show at the pump house in richmond
i scattered some blocks around the building, tucked them into corners. i didn't want to take up much space or distract from the pump house
2019 eddies
book collecting eddies of literature and language that keeps me afloat as i careen down the river of information
installed briefly in a stairwell with some other objects
2019 river
2019 regulating and accompanying movement
art for Regulating and Accompanying Movement by Dust Remover
2019 marechera.com
with Tinashe Mushakavanhu
2019 perennial
2019 dronosphere.net
with my cohort from the VCU MFA, for graduate seminar
2018-19 web hub
a collection of sites and projects made during the first year of my MFA
2019 guide
2019 useless web workshop
small workshop at VCU for learning the basics of html and css
2019 refrain
2018 at the door
installation at the anderson gallery in richmond. i hid a small raspberry pi displaying a website in the utility closet of the gallery room
2018 lonely rancher
2018 blind sunset
2018 shifting window
2018 rhubarb
2018 windfall
2018 residue
a bibliography with disorientation
2018 cevahirozdogan.net
site for cc -- the first site i made for someone other than myself
2018 good morning empire
capstone project at MICA
2017 temple of the internet
2014 under the shade of the bungalow
an accordion book collecting some of my poems and writing about isolation for a book arts class. the instructor did not like it, but i did


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Hi,
I am in my final year at Loughborough University studying Industrial Design. One element of my final year project consists of redesigning a consumer unit/fuse box with built in energy monitoring. Its part of a project aimed at making consumers more aware of the cost of living and encouraging a positive behavioural change from home.
I am looking to:
- Monitor, archive and analyse energy consumption for every circuit in the house
- Visualize historical consumption data
- Access data remotely from the web
- Eventually include data from other sensors, like temperature, humidity, motion and light.
As far as I have worked out from the material on the site, the emonTx or emonTX Arduino Shield use the CT sensors to measure current and send this data wirelessly to a base station before then transmitting the data to a server via wifi (Emoncms).
I am presuming in most cases people have the base station nearer the homes wifi router (or at least separate/away from the sensors and emonTX board.) In my case, the wireless link between the emonTX (or the emonTX shield) and the base station does not need to be wireless. I am hoping simply to transfer the energy readings directly from the consumer unit via wifi.
Does this simplify or reduce the number of parts necessary at all? Can I combine the base station with the sensors?
Presuming I have a 4 way Consumer Unit (4 MCB’s) and wish to monitor the energy consumption of each circuit, could someone kindly confirm for me the hardware required to do this? Is there any advantage for using a Raspberry Pi rather than a Arduino for instance?
I have a reasonable understanding of Arduino, but am seeking some confirmation of the hardware before purchasing from your site.
Look forward to your reply!
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
At the moment the standard setup is to use a raspberrypi basestation next to your internet router connected via ethernet and an emontx near your meter cabinet but there has been discussion of raspberrypi shield version of the emontx v3 which would be a neat solution for what you want.
Alternatively using the existing hardware you could connect an emontx to the raspberrypi via serial as in the picture below:
Both the raspberrypi and emontx v3 run at 3.3V so the serial RX and TX lines can connect ok. Im using the raspberrypi's 5V supply to supply the emontx with 5V power which is then rectified to 3.3V on board, 5V is provided by the red wire. The ground connection is the black wire and the data going from the emontx to the raspberrypi is the green wire. I havent connected a wire for data going the other way.
These resources may be useful:
reference design for the raspberrypi adapter board which connects via serial to the raspberrypi
http://wiki.openenergymonitor.org/index.php?title=RFM12Pi_V2#Design_Files_.26_Referance
RaspberryPi GPIO pinout:
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/tutorials/turing-machine/two.html
EmonTx v3 schematic
http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/sites/default/files/emonTxV3.2_sch.png
Il write this up as a piece of documentation, including a code example as it seems to be a common question
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Points:
1. Unless the base node is a Raspberry Pi fitted with the RFM12Pi receiver, which also functions as a server, the base node transmits via a wired Ethernet connection to a server running emonCMS. The server can be either on the LAN or WAN. Though some have done so, we generally tend not to use WiFi.
2. For accurate energy measurement, a voltage reference is required as well as current.
3. If you want to have the RPi doing the front-end measurements, then you need to add a means of reading several channels of analogue signals. and I think you might need to write the software for that from scratch too.
The basic hardware you'd need, if you do it the way that our system is designed to operate, would be an emonTx V3, one voltage adapter, 4 c.t's, one Raspberry Pi with RFM12Pi, a hard disk and the appropriate emonCMS image on SD card. If you dispensed with the voltage adapter, you could only have an estimate of apparent power, rather than an accurate measure of real power. If you are using a LAN (WAMP, MAMP, LAMP) server or emoncms.org, you can use either a RPi or NanodeRF as the base station, both Ethernet cabled to router.
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Here's a simple direct serial output sketch for the emontx v3 here:
https://github.com/openenergymonitor/emonTxFirmware/tree/master/emonTxV3/noRF/emonTxV3_DirectSerial
On the raspberrypi if you just want to forward the emontx data to a remote emoncms this can be done with the oem_gateway developed by Jerome which is on the standard rock solid forwarder image http://emoncms.org/site/docs/raspberrypigateway
Glyn wrote a blog about the oem_gateway configuration needed last week, have a look here: http://openenergymonitor.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/oem-gateway-serial-port-emoncms-link.html
The main thing you need to add to the oemgateway.conf file is the serial listener config:
Then add the location and apikey of the emoncms server your posting too in the buffers section.
Its worth noting that the standard emontx firmware which has all the rfm12b radio packet sending code also prints a space separated string to its serial port which should work the same as the cut down serial only example above although you will still be sending radio packets.
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Here's a picture of both units connected with their cases:
Pi case: http://shop.pimoroni.com/products/blackberry-case-for-raspberry-pi
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
If your using a stock Raspbien image or any other image other then the OpenEnergyMonitor ready-to-go SD card images you will need to remove the internal UART port (ttyAMA0) which the RFM12Pi uses from the console so we can read from it. To do this follow:
To do this we need to access /boot/cmdline.txt which is mounded on a R/O partition, easiest way to do this is to insert the Pi's SD card in a computer and edit that file there. Remove the text that make reference to the UART i.e.
console=ttyAMA0,115200 kgdboc=ttyAMA0,115200
Then insert the SD card back into the Pi and edit initab
$ nano /etc/inittab
At the bottom of the file comment out the line (by adding a ‘#’ at beginning)
# T0:23:respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyAMA0 115200 vt100
[Ctrl+X] then [y] then [Enter] to save and exit
The internal UART (ttyAMA0) is now free to use for the RFM12Pi
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Hi,
just saw your topic, if your are not limited or restricted to already available components you might want to take a look at my emonRPi fork which allows to measure 3phase current + power in just one housing and with 12bit resolution.
http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/node/3877
regards
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
How far away can stay Raspberry and card Emontx?
Using a Cat 5e twisted pair cable to connect the two serial I can reach 40 feet away?
Thank
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
@pacitzu hard to say exactly, RS232 would be the way to get longer distance. Reading about the web it sounds like you should get up to 10m from 3V3 UART out of a twisted pair. http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/93076/maximum-distance-for-avr-uart-on-3-3v
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Thank you all - very helpful!
Having best digested your responses and weighed this up against my soon approaching deadline and of course technical knowhow, to me it makes sense to try and build the solution proposed by you, TrystanLea. The RPi and emonTx connected together looks like a great workaround (using an ethernet port), i will look into adding wifi if time allows.
In other news, I am hoping to design a custom housing packing both the emonTX and RPi into a 3D printed consumer unit prototype I am working on, so will probably not need the cases kindly linked.
I will go ahead and purchase the following:
- emonTx V3,
- voltage adapter,
- 4 CTs
- Raspberry Pi with RFM12Pi
I’ll then try and get my head around the appropriate emonCMS image on SD card.
Can anyone confirm for me if:
- the hard drive acts as a local server? Any idea how much space will be necessary?
- the emonCMS server provides a visual representation of the data recorded?
- there is any advantage to using a RPi over the NanodeRF as my base station?
Also in terms of future expansion of the project, can anyone put me in the direction of thread/someone that has explored wirelessly sending the data from the base to the server?
Thanks!
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
I think you need to do more reading ;-)
If you are linking the EmonTx to the RPi directly (wired) you won't need the RFM12Pi.
- the hard drive acts as a local server? Any idea how much space will be necessary?
Yes, depends on how many feeds and time duration you want. But basically any 3.5 inch hard disk you buy will me more than sufficient. Just don't go for a solid state disk.
- the emonCMS server provides a visual representation of the data recorded?
Yes, it can do graphs too!
- there is any advantage to using a RPi over the NanodeRF as my base station?
The NanodeRF can't run the EmonCMS server software
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Hi,
this is great - exactly what I'm after.
Can't seem to get it working though - As far as I can see I've done everything outlined above, the only difference being I'm using a v2 arduino shield rather than a v3 EmonTx - is this a problem?
I've connected the 5V, GND and shieldTX--RPiRX with a 30cm length of old telephone wire.
I'm running the rocksolid forwarder on the RPi and I'm running ShieldCT_1234_Voltage
My arduino sketch is spitting out a space seperated line of data - I've confirmed this on my laptop in the Arduino serial monitor (plus the tx l.e.d is flashing on the arduino)
I've then added the serial listener to the oemgateway conf file, along with my read&write APIkey. I've also commented out the radio and socket listeners.
When I kill then run the python script it seems to open the port but no data is coming through. Obviously nothing is coming through to emoncms either.
Any thoughts?
Many thanks
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Break the problem down into chunks.
Install minicom, kill any processes using the serial port, and then use minicom you should see the traffic passing through the serial connect to the Pi. This will show that the data is arriving on the pi. If you know data is or isn't arriving on the Pi you know where to focus your energies.
Either using serial out on the arduino to see if data is being transmitted or on the script on the Pi.
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Hi rushed
You do not need a logic level converter to connect the serial interface of the raspberry with the arduino?
Arduino with emontx shield works at 5v and raspberry at 3.3v
Re: Industrial Design Student - Beginner
Is it possible to add more then one emonTx v3 to this serial port. What kind of serial port is it?
Thanks for your help


Notebooks
Story: Stoffel's grandmother
Stoffel's grandmother
Title
Stoffel's grandmother
Collection
Summary
The narrator’s grandmother restored to life. Related by /a!kúnta. (L I.-2. 133) |a!kunta's (Stoffel's) grandmother (his 'oud mamma') is dead. The people come back to look (to 'smell') for her but she has gone away. She has stood up and walked away. The people set her things down and sleep in the darkness, and get up the next day.
Comments
1) This story is found in Book I-2
Contributors
Date
May 1871
Categories
Keywords
|a!kunta (Stoffel) , |a!kunta (his personal history) , |a!kunta (the death of his grandmother) , death (of |a!kunta's grandmother) , death (practices surrounding) , death (a description of) , death (and magic) , death (and resurrection) , personal history (the death of |a!kunta's grandmother)
Story Pages
133


sksurgerycore.algorithms package¶
Submodules¶
sksurgerycore.algorithms.averagequaternions module¶
Quaternion averaging functions
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.averagequaternions.
average_quaternions
(quaternions)¶ Calculate average quaternion
- Params quaternions
is a Nx4 numpy matrix and contains the quaternions to average in the rows. The quaternions are arranged as (w,x,y,z), with w being the scalar
- Returns
the average quaternion of the input. Note that the signs of the output quaternion can be reversed, since q and -q describe the same orientation
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.averagequaternions.
weighted_average_quaternions
(quaternions, weights)¶ Average multiple quaternions with specific weights
- Params quaternions
is a Nx4 numpy matrix and contains the quaternions to average in the rows. The quaternions are arranged as (w,x,y,z), with w being the scalar
- Params weights
The weight vector w must be of the same length as the number of rows in the
- Returns
the average quaternion of the input. Note that the signs of the output quaternion can be reversed, since q and -q describe the same orientation
- Raises
ValueError if all weights are zero
sksurgerycore.algorithms.errors module¶
Functions for point based registration using Orthogonal Procrustes.
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.errors.
compute_fre
(fixed, moving, rotation, translation)¶ Computes the Fiducial Registration Error, equal to the root mean squared error between corresponding fiducials.
- Parameters
fixed – point set, N x 3 ndarray
moving – point set, N x 3 ndarray of corresponding points
rotation – 3 x 3 ndarray
translation – 3 x 1 ndarray
- Returns
Fiducial Registration Error (FRE)
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.errors.
compute_fre_from_fle
(fiducials, mean_fle_squared)¶ Computes an estimation of FRE from FLE and a list of fiducial locations.
See: Fitzpatrick (1998), equation 10.
- Parameters
fiducials – Nx3 ndarray of fiducial points
mean_fle_squared – expected (mean) FLE squared
- Returns
mean FRE squared
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.errors.
compute_tre_from_fle
(fiducials, mean_fle_squared, target_point)¶ Computes an estimation of TRE from FLE and a list of fiducial locations.
See: Fitzpatrick (1998), equation 46.
- Parameters
fiducials – Nx3 ndarray of fiducial points
mean_fle_squared – expected (mean) FLE squared
target_point – a point for which to compute TRE.
- Returns
mean TRE squared
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.errors.
validate_procrustes_inputs
(fixed, moving)¶ Validates the fixed and moving set of points
fixed and moving must be numpy array
fixed and moving should have 3 columns
fixed and moving should have at least 3 rows
fixed and moving should have the same number of rows
- Parameters
fixed – point set, N x 3 ndarray
moving – point set, N x 3 ndarray of corresponding points
- Returns
nothing
- Raises
TypeError, ValueError
sksurgerycore.algorithms.pivot module¶
Functions for pivot calibration.
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.pivot.
pivot_calibration
(tracking_matrices)¶ sksurgerycore.algorithms.pivot_calibration is depreciated from v0.6.0, please use skscurgerycalibration.algorithms.pivot_calibration from from scikit-surgerycalibration instead
- Raises
NotImplementedError
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.pivot.
pivot_calibration_with_ransac
(tracking_matrices, number_iterations, error_threshold, concensus_threshold, early_exit=False)¶ sksurgerycore.algorithms.pivot_calibration_with_ransac is depreciated from v0.6.0, please use skscurgerycalibration.algorithms.pivot_calibration_with_ransac from from scikit-surgerycalibration instead
- Raises
NotImplementedError
sksurgerycore.algorithms.procrustes module¶
Functions for point based registration using Orthogonal Procrustes.
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.procrustes.
orthogonal_procrustes
(fixed, moving)¶ Implements point based registration via the Orthogonal Procrustes method.
Based on Arun’s method:
Least-Squares Fitting of two, 3-D Point Sets, Arun, 1987, 10.1109/TPAMI.1987.4767965.
- Parameters
fixed – point set, N x 3 ndarray
moving – point set, N x 3 ndarray of corresponding points
- Returns
3x3 rotation ndarray, 3x1 translation ndarray, FRE
- Raises
ValueError
sksurgerycore.algorithms.tracking_smoothing module¶
Classes and functions for smoothing tracking data
-
class
sksurgerycore.algorithms.tracking_smoothing.
RollingMean
(vector_size=3, buffer_size=1)¶ Bases:
object
Performs rolling average calculations on numpy arrays
-
getmean
()¶ Returns the mean vector across the buffer, ignoring NaNs
-
pop
(vector)¶ Adds a new vector to the buffer, removing the oldest one.
- Params vector
A new vector to place at the start of the buffer.
-
-
class
sksurgerycore.algorithms.tracking_smoothing.
RollingMeanRotation
(buffer_size=1)¶ Bases:
sksurgerycore.algorithms.tracking_smoothing.RollingMean
Performs rolling average calculations on rotation vectors
-
getmean
()¶ Returns the mean quaternion across the buffer, ignoring NaNs
-
pop
(rvector)¶ Adds a new vector to the buffer, removing the oldest one.
- Params vector
A new rotation vector to place at the start of the buffer.
-
-
sksurgerycore.algorithms.tracking_smoothing.
quaternion_to_matrix
(quat)¶ Convert a quaternion to a rotation vector
- Params quat
the quaternion (1x4)
- Returns
the rotation matrix (4x4)
sksurgerycore.algorithms.vector_math module¶
Various small maths utilities.


PHoEnix is the association of the students in EEE, ECE and ENI branches. We are a group of technically motivated people who conduct events related to our core field, publish articles and participate in competitions. From conducting ATMOS headliners like Robowars and Quadcopter workshops to winning Tech Expo and Robotic competitions, as well as acting as a bridge between the students and the faculty, we give all enthusiastic students a platform to showcase their skills and technical expertise.


Teaching and Learning Capability Map
Strategic Capabilities
Desired outcomes based upon the enterprise's strategic goals.
Core Capabilities
Design learning units and paths of study to enable learners to acquire competencies based on the enterprise's market position.
Manage and schedule resources, such as instructors, facilities, and tools.
Manage the pool of instructors and facilitate activities such as shared governance or design of learning and assessment resources.
Onboard new learners for one or more learning units.
Design new learning components.
Produce new learning components based on learning component designs.
Store, re-use, and archive learning components.
Assess learning components before and after use.
Review and revise the enterprise's activities to meet accreditation standards.
Report on the enterprise's activities in support of accreditation.
Plan a learning experience, such as a course.
View, communicate with, and group the learners enrolled in a learning unit instance.
Make learning components available for learning.
Plan the learner's progress, based on the learner's goals for applying their acquired competencies.
Advise learners based on their goals, learning plan, and assessment results. May also include proactive advising in the form of intervention.
Progress toward desired competencies through interaction with an instructor, learning component, and/or other learners.
Enable learners to work together and produce artifacts in groups.
Store and re-use the artifacts produced by learners.
Enable learners to organize their work in a professional portfolio.
Plan and design assessments based on curriculum goals.
Carry out assessment of learners.
Evaluate the results of learner assessment.
Grant statuses (such as degrees, certificates, badges) to learners who have demonstrated competencies through assessment.
What the enterprise does to deliver its strategic capabilities.
Supporting Capabilities
Maintain records including matriculations, enrollments, instructor assignments, assessment results, and learner certifications.
Recruit and retain human resources including instructors, staff, and student employees.
Maintain identity records to enable participants to access appropriate enterprise resources and participate in inter-enterprise identity federations.
Review and revise the array of technology solutions that support enterprise capabilities.
Enable analytic reporting on all teaching and learning data, for example, for enrollment management, accreditation reporting, and compliance reporting.
Support physical and virtual avenues of communication and collaboration between instructors, learners, and other participants.
Maintain information about space and related resources to support teaching and learning.
Perform budgeting and other planning to support teaching and learning initiatives.
Shared capabilities that enable core capbabilities


Type C header Revision Current Public Release (2013.2076) Keywords iOS, enterprise, C See also
CoronaLua.h
contains C and C++ convenience functions to simplify how you deal with Lua's C API.
The C++ functions are just thin wrappers around the C functions. The header is designed to work correctly with both C and C++ compilers.
All C functions are prefixed with CoronaLua
. All C++ methods mirror the C functions but instead of the prefix, they are in the Corona::Lua
namespace.
lua_State* CoronaLuaGetCoronaThread( lua_State *coroutine )
Gives you the main Lua state used by Corona given the Lua state corresponding to a coroutine
. Returns NULL if the coroutine is not a coroutine that belongs to Corona's main Lua state. If coroutine
happens to be Corona's main Lua state, then it returns coroutine
.
NOTE: Lua uses the word 'thread' to mean coroutine, e.g. a cooperative (not pre-emptive) thread.
lua_State* CoronaLuaNew()
Creates a new lua_State
context. Typically, you just use the lua_State
from [CoronaRuntime][native.enterprise.ios.CoronaRuntime].
int CoronaLuaNormalize( lua_State *L, int index )
Returns an absolute index location on the Lua stack for the passed index
. This is useful if you have negative stack indices, as these are relative to the top of the stack.
void CoronaLuaInitializeContext( lua_State *L, void *context, const char *metatableName )
Initializes a platform-specific pointer. The metatableName
argument may be NULL. However, if you want the pointer to be freed, you must specify a valid metatable contain a __gc
method which gives you a way to finalize the pointer.
CoronaLuaRef CoronaLuaNewRef( lua_State *L, int index )
Returns a new CoronaLuaRef
object which holds a reference to the Lua object on the Lua stack at index
. You can use this to store and access Lua objects from native code.
void CoronaLuaDeleteRef( lua_State *L, CoronaLuaRef ref )
Deletes a CoronaLuaRef
reference, and frees the referene to the underlying Lua object.
int CoronaLuaEqualRef( lua_State *L, CoronaLuaRef ref, int index )
Returns 1 if the Lua value represented by ref
is equal to the value at index
following the semantices of the Lua ==
operator (that is, may call metamethods). Otherwise returns 0. Also returns 0 if index
is non valid.
void CoronaLuaNewEvent( lua_State *L, const char *eventName )
Creates a Lua table with the name
property set to eventName
and pushes it to the top of the Lua stack.
void CoronaLuaDispatchEvent( lua_State *L, CoronaLuaRef listenerRef, int nresults )
Invokes the listener corresponding to listenerRef
passing the value at the top of the stack as the Corona event table. You should use CoronaLuaNewEvent()
to create this event. This function pops the value from the top of the stack.
bool CoronaLuaIsListener( lua_State *L, int index, const char *eventName )
Returns whether the function at index
is a Corona listener.
void CoronaLuaPushRuntime( lua_State *L )
Pushes the global Runtime object on the stack.
void CoronaLuaRuntimeDispatchEvent( lua_State *L, int index )
Invokes the equivalent of Runtime:dispatchEvent( event )
with the event object at index
. The object at index
must be a Lua table with the name
property set to the event type.
Gotcha: The event object at index
is left on the stack.
NOTE: This is available starting in build 843
void CoronaLuaNewGCMetatable( lua_State* L, const char name[], lua_CFunction __gc1 )
Creates a metatable called name
with a finalizer function __gc1
void CoronaLuaNewMetatable( lua_State* L, const char name[], const luaL_Reg vtable[] )
Creates a metatable called name
with the functions in vtable
void CoronaLuaInitializeGCMetatable( lua_State* L, const char name[], lua_CFunction __gc1 )
Same as CoronaLuaNewGCMetatable()
, but doesn't leave anything on stack.
void CoronaLuaInitializeMetatable( lua_State* L, const char name[], const luaL_Reg vtable[] )
Same as CoronaLuaNewMetatable()
, but doesn't leave anything on stack.
void CoronaLuaPushUserdata( lua_State* L, void* ud, const char metatableName[] )
Wraps the pointer ud
in a Lua userdata object and sets the userdata's metatable to metatableName
.
NOTE: Assumes there will be only one Lua instance of the userdata. In other words, when the GC collects the ud, ud will get deleted!
void* CoronaLuaToUserdata( lua_State* L, int index )
Returns the pointer wrapped by the Lua userdata at index
void* CoronaLuaCheckUserdata( lua_State* L, int index, const char metatableName[] )
Same as CoronaLuaToUserdata()
except it returns NULL
if the userdata at index
doesn't have a metatable that matches metatableName
.
void CoronaLuaRegisterModuleLoader( lua_State *L, const char *name, lua_CFunction loader, int nupvalues = 0 )
Registers loader
corresponding to module name
. You can pass state variables to the loader by pushing those values on to the Lua stack and specifying the number of values via nupvalues
.
Similar to lua_pushcclosure()
, this function will pop nupvalues
from the stack. Note: Prior to build 869, these values were not popped.
void CoronaLuaRegisterModuleLoaders( lua_State *L, const luaL_Reg moduleLoaders[], int nupvalues = 0 )
Same as CoronaLuaRegisterModuleLoader()
but you register multiple name/loader pairs.
void CoronaLuaInsertPackageLoader( lua_State *L, lua_CFunction loader, int index )
Performs the equivalent of the following Lua code:
table.insert( package.loaders, index, loader )
lua_CFunction CoronaLuaGetErrorHandler()
Returns the error handler invoked on a Lua exception. By default, this is NULL
, which means an internal Corona handler is called.
void CoronaLuaSetErrorHandler( lua_CFunction newValue )
Sets the error handler invoked on a Lua exception. By default, an internal Corona handler is called.
int CoronaLuaDoCall( lua_State* L, int narg, int nresults )
Does a protected call (see lua_pcall) on a function that's on the stack. narg
includes the total function and the number of arguments passed to it.
int CoronaLuaDoBuffer( lua_State *L, lua_CFunction loader, lua_CFunction pushargs )
int CoronaLuaDoFile( lua_State *L, const char* file, int narg, bool clear )
Same as DoCall()
except the function is the chunk contained in file
.


ffmpeg-python: Python bindings for FFmpeg¶
-
class
ffmpeg.
Stream
(upstream_node, upstream_label, node_types, upstream_selector=None)¶ Bases:
object
Represents the outgoing edge of an upstream node; may be used to create more downstream nodes.
-
property
audio
¶ Select the audio-portion of a stream.
Some ffmpeg filters drop audio streams, and care must be taken to preserve the audio in the final output. The
.audio
and.video
operators can be used to reference the audio/video portions of a stream so that they can be processed separately and then re-combined later in the pipeline. This dilemma is intrinsic to ffmpeg, and ffmpeg-python tries to stay out of the way while users may refer to the official ffmpeg documentation as to why certain filters drop audio.stream.audio
is a shorthand forstream['a']
.Example
Process the audio and video portions of a stream independently:
input = ffmpeg.input('in.mp4') audio = input.audio.filter("aecho", 0.8, 0.9, 1000, 0.3) video = input.video.hflip() out = ffmpeg.output(audio, video, 'out.mp4')
-
property
video
¶ Select the video-portion of a stream.
Some ffmpeg filters drop audio streams, and care must be taken to preserve the audio in the final output. The
.audio
and.video
operators can be used to reference the audio/video portions of a stream so that they can be processed separately and then re-combined later in the pipeline. This dilemma is intrinsic to ffmpeg, and ffmpeg-python tries to stay out of the way while users may refer to the official ffmpeg documentation as to why certain filters drop audio.stream.video
is a shorthand forstream['v']
.Example
Process the audio and video portions of a stream independently:
input = ffmpeg.input('in.mp4') audio = input.audio.filter("aecho", 0.8, 0.9, 1000, 0.3) video = input.video.hflip() out = ffmpeg.output(audio, video, 'out.mp4')
-
view
(detail=False, filename=None, pipe=False, **kwargs)¶
-
property
-
ffmpeg.
input
(filename, **kwargs)¶ Input file URL (ffmpeg
-i
option)Any supplied kwargs are passed to ffmpeg verbatim (e.g.
t=20
,f='mp4'
,acodec='pcm'
, etc.).To tell ffmpeg to read from stdin, use
pipe:
as the filename.Official documentation: Main options
-
ffmpeg.
merge_outputs
(*streams)¶ Include all given outputs in one ffmpeg command line
-
ffmpeg.
output
(*streams_and_filename, **kwargs)¶ Output file URL
- Syntax:
ffmpeg.output(stream1[, stream2, stream3…], filename, **ffmpeg_args)
Any supplied keyword arguments are passed to ffmpeg verbatim (e.g.
t=20
,f='mp4'
,acodec='pcm'
,vcodec='rawvideo'
, etc.). Some keyword-arguments are handled specially, as shown below.- Parameters
video_bitrate – parameter for
-b:v
, e.g.video_bitrate=1000
.audio_bitrate – parameter for
-b:a
, e.g.audio_bitrate=200
.format – alias for
-f
parameter, e.g.format='mp4'
(equivalent tof='mp4'
).
If multiple streams are provided, they are mapped to the same output.
To tell ffmpeg to write to stdout, use
pipe:
as the filename.Official documentation: Synopsis
-
ffmpeg.
overwrite_output
(stream)¶ Overwrite output files without asking (ffmpeg
-y
option)Official documentation: Main options
-
ffmpeg.
probe
(filename, cmd='ffprobe', **kwargs)¶ Run ffprobe on the specified file and return a JSON representation of the output.
- Raises
ffmpeg.Error – if ffprobe returns a non-zero exit code, an
Error
is returned with a generic error message. The stderr output can be retrieved by accessing thestderr
property of the exception.
-
ffmpeg.
compile
(stream_spec, cmd='ffmpeg', overwrite_output=False)¶ Build command-line for invoking ffmpeg.
The
run()
function uses this to build the commnad line arguments and should work in most cases, but calling this function directly is useful for debugging or if you need to invoke ffmpeg manually for whatever reason.This is the same as calling
get_args()
except that it also includes theffmpeg
command as the first argument.
-
exception
ffmpeg.
Error
(cmd, stdout, stderr)¶ Bases:
Exception
-
ffmpeg.
get_args
(stream_spec, overwrite_output=False)¶ Build command-line arguments to be passed to ffmpeg.
-
ffmpeg.
run
(stream_spec, cmd='ffmpeg', capture_stdout=False, capture_stderr=False, input=None, quiet=False, overwrite_output=False)¶ Invoke ffmpeg for the supplied node graph.
- Parameters
capture_stdout – if True, capture stdout (to be used with
pipe:
ffmpeg outputs).capture_stderr – if True, capture stderr.
quiet – shorthand for setting
capture_stdout
andcapture_stderr
.input – text to be sent to stdin (to be used with
pipe:
ffmpeg inputs)**kwargs – keyword-arguments passed to
get_args()
(e.g.overwrite_output=True
).
Returns: (out, err) tuple containing captured stdout and stderr data.
-
ffmpeg.
run_async
(stream_spec, cmd='ffmpeg', pipe_stdin=False, pipe_stdout=False, pipe_stderr=False, quiet=False, overwrite_output=False)¶ Asynchronously invoke ffmpeg for the supplied node graph.
- Parameters
pipe_stdin – if True, connect pipe to subprocess stdin (to be used with
pipe:
ffmpeg inputs).pipe_stdout – if True, connect pipe to subprocess stdout (to be used with
pipe:
ffmpeg outputs).pipe_stderr – if True, connect pipe to subprocess stderr.
quiet – shorthand for setting
capture_stdout
andcapture_stderr
.**kwargs – keyword-arguments passed to
get_args()
(e.g.overwrite_output=True
).
- Returns
A subprocess Popen object representing the child process.
Examples
Run and stream input:
process = ( ffmpeg .input('pipe:', format='rawvideo', pix_fmt='rgb24', s='{}x{}'.format(width, height)) .output(out_filename, pix_fmt='yuv420p') .overwrite_output() .run_async(pipe_stdin=True) ) process.communicate(input=input_data)
Run and capture output:
process = ( ffmpeg .input(in_filename) .output('pipe':, format='rawvideo', pix_fmt='rgb24') .run_async(pipe_stdout=True, pipe_stderr=True) ) out, err = process.communicate()
Process video frame-by-frame using numpy:
process1 = ( ffmpeg .input(in_filename) .output('pipe:', format='rawvideo', pix_fmt='rgb24') .run_async(pipe_stdout=True) ) process2 = ( ffmpeg .input('pipe:', format='rawvideo', pix_fmt='rgb24', s='{}x{}'.format(width, height)) .output(out_filename, pix_fmt='yuv420p') .overwrite_output() .run_async(pipe_stdin=True) ) while True: in_bytes = process1.stdout.read(width * height * 3) if not in_bytes: break in_frame = ( np .frombuffer(in_bytes, np.uint8) .reshape([height, width, 3]) ) out_frame = in_frame * 0.3 process2.stdin.write( frame .astype(np.uint8) .tobytes() ) process2.stdin.close() process1.wait() process2.wait()
-
ffmpeg.
view
(stream_spec, detail=False, filename=None, pipe=False, **kwargs)¶
-
ffmpeg.
colorchannelmixer
(stream, *args, **kwargs)¶ Adjust video input frames by re-mixing color channels.
Official documentation: colorchannelmixer
-
ffmpeg.
concat
(*streams, **kwargs)¶ Concatenate audio and video streams, joining them together one after the other.
The filter works on segments of synchronized video and audio streams. All segments must have the same number of streams of each type, and that will also be the number of streams at output.
- Parameters
unsafe – Activate unsafe mode: do not fail if segments have a different format.
Related streams do not always have exactly the same duration, for various reasons including codec frame size or sloppy authoring. For that reason, related synchronized streams (e.g. a video and its audio track) should be concatenated at once. The concat filter will use the duration of the longest stream in each segment (except the last one), and if necessary pad shorter audio streams with silence.
For this filter to work correctly, all segments must start at timestamp 0.
All corresponding streams must have the same parameters in all segments; the filtering system will automatically select a common pixel format for video streams, and a common sample format, sample rate and channel layout for audio streams, but other settings, such as resolution, must be converted explicitly by the user.
Different frame rates are acceptable but will result in variable frame rate at output; be sure to configure the output file to handle it.
Official documentation: concat
-
ffmpeg.
crop
(stream, x, y, width, height, **kwargs)¶ Crop the input video.
- Parameters
x – The horizontal position, in the input video, of the left edge of the output video.
y – The vertical position, in the input video, of the top edge of the output video.
width – The width of the output video. Must be greater than 0.
heigth – The height of the output video. Must be greater than 0.
Official documentation: crop
-
ffmpeg.
drawbox
(stream, x, y, width, height, color, thickness=None, **kwargs)¶ Draw a colored box on the input image.
- Parameters
x – The expression which specifies the top left corner x coordinate of the box. It defaults to 0.
y – The expression which specifies the top left corner y coordinate of the box. It defaults to 0.
width – Specify the width of the box; if 0 interpreted as the input width. It defaults to 0.
heigth – Specify the height of the box; if 0 interpreted as the input height. It defaults to 0.
color – Specify the color of the box to write. For the general syntax of this option, check the “Color” section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. If the special value invert is used, the box edge color is the same as the video with inverted luma.
thickness – The expression which sets the thickness of the box edge. Default value is 3.
w – Alias for
width
.h – Alias for
height
.c – Alias for
color
.t – Alias for
thickness
.
Official documentation: drawbox
-
ffmpeg.
drawtext
(stream, text=None, x=0, y=0, escape_text=True, **kwargs)¶ Draw a text string or text from a specified file on top of a video, using the libfreetype library.
To enable compilation of this filter, you need to configure FFmpeg with
--enable-libfreetype
. To enable default font fallback and the font option you need to configure FFmpeg with--enable-libfontconfig
. To enable the text_shaping option, you need to configure FFmpeg with--enable-libfribidi
.- Parameters
box – Used to draw a box around text using the background color. The value must be either 1 (enable) or 0 (disable). The default value of box is 0.
boxborderw – Set the width of the border to be drawn around the box using boxcolor. The default value of boxborderw is 0.
boxcolor – The color to be used for drawing box around text. For the syntax of this option, check the “Color” section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. The default value of boxcolor is “white”.
line_spacing – Set the line spacing in pixels of the border to be drawn around the box using box. The default value of line_spacing is 0.
borderw – Set the width of the border to be drawn around the text using bordercolor. The default value of borderw is 0.
bordercolor – Set the color to be used for drawing border around text. For the syntax of this option, check the “Color” section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. The default value of bordercolor is “black”.
expansion – Select how the text is expanded. Can be either none, strftime (deprecated) or normal (default). See the Text expansion section below for details.
basetime – Set a start time for the count. Value is in microseconds. Only applied in the deprecated strftime expansion mode. To emulate in normal expansion mode use the pts function, supplying the start time (in seconds) as the second argument.
fix_bounds – If true, check and fix text coords to avoid clipping.
fontcolor – The color to be used for drawing fonts. For the syntax of this option, check the “Color” section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. The default value of fontcolor is “black”.
fontcolor_expr – String which is expanded the same way as text to obtain dynamic fontcolor value. By default this option has empty value and is not processed. When this option is set, it overrides fontcolor option.
font – The font family to be used for drawing text. By default Sans.
fontfile – The font file to be used for drawing text. The path must be included. This parameter is mandatory if the fontconfig support is disabled.
alpha – Draw the text applying alpha blending. The value can be a number between 0.0 and 1.0. The expression accepts the same variables x, y as well. The default value is 1. Please see fontcolor_expr.
fontsize – The font size to be used for drawing text. The default value of fontsize is 16.
text_shaping – If set to 1, attempt to shape the text (for example, reverse the order of right-to-left text and join Arabic characters) before drawing it. Otherwise, just draw the text exactly as given. By default 1 (if supported).
ft_load_flags –
The flags to be used for loading the fonts. The flags map the corresponding flags supported by libfreetype, and are a combination of the following values:
default
no_scale
no_hinting
render
no_bitmap
vertical_layout
force_autohint
crop_bitmap
pedantic
ignore_global_advance_width
no_recurse
ignore_transform
monochrome
linear_design
no_autohint
Default value is “default”. For more information consult the documentation for the FT_LOAD_* libfreetype flags.
shadowcolor – The color to be used for drawing a shadow behind the drawn text. For the syntax of this option, check the “Color” section in the ffmpeg-utils manual. The default value of shadowcolor is “black”.
shadowx – The x offset for the text shadow position with respect to the position of the text. It can be either positive or negative values. The default value is “0”.
shadowy – The y offset for the text shadow position with respect to the position of the text. It can be either positive or negative values. The default value is “0”.
start_number – The starting frame number for the n/frame_num variable. The default value is “0”.
tabsize – The size in number of spaces to use for rendering the tab. Default value is 4.
timecode – Set the initial timecode representation in “hh:mm:ss[:;.]ff” format. It can be used with or without text parameter. timecode_rate option must be specified.
rate – Set the timecode frame rate (timecode only).
timecode_rate – Alias for
rate
.r – Alias for
rate
.tc24hmax – If set to 1, the output of the timecode option will wrap around at 24 hours. Default is 0 (disabled).
text – The text string to be drawn. The text must be a sequence of UTF-8 encoded characters. This parameter is mandatory if no file is specified with the parameter textfile.
textfile – A text file containing text to be drawn. The text must be a sequence of UTF-8 encoded characters. This parameter is mandatory if no text string is specified with the parameter text. If both text and textfile are specified, an error is thrown.
reload – If set to 1, the textfile will be reloaded before each frame. Be sure to update it atomically, or it may be read partially, or even fail.
x – The expression which specifies the offset where text will be drawn within the video frame. It is relative to the left border of the output image. The default value is “0”.
y – The expression which specifies the offset where text will be drawn within the video frame. It is relative to the top border of the output image. The default value is “0”. See below for the list of accepted constants and functions.
- Expression constants:
- The parameters for x and y are expressions containing the following constants and functions:
dar: input display aspect ratio, it is the same as
(w / h) * sar
hsub: horizontal chroma subsample values. For example for the pixel format “yuv422p” hsub is 2 and vsub is 1.
vsub: vertical chroma subsample values. For example for the pixel format “yuv422p” hsub is 2 and vsub is 1.
line_h: the height of each text line
lh: Alias for
line_h
.main_h: the input height
h: Alias for
main_h
.H: Alias for
main_h
.main_w: the input width
w: Alias for
main_w
.W: Alias for
main_w
.ascent: the maximum distance from the baseline to the highest/upper grid coordinate used to place a glyph outline point, for all the rendered glyphs. It is a positive value, due to the grid’s orientation with the Y axis upwards.
max_glyph_a: Alias for
ascent
.descent: the maximum distance from the baseline to the lowest grid coordinate used to place a glyph outline point, for all the rendered glyphs. This is a negative value, due to the grid’s orientation, with the Y axis upwards.
max_glyph_d: Alias for
descent
.max_glyph_h: maximum glyph height, that is the maximum height for all the glyphs contained in the rendered text, it is equivalent to ascent - descent.
max_glyph_w: maximum glyph width, that is the maximum width for all the glyphs contained in the rendered text.
n: the number of input frame, starting from 0
rand(min, max): return a random number included between min and max
sar: The input sample aspect ratio.
t: timestamp expressed in seconds, NAN if the input timestamp is unknown
text_h: the height of the rendered text
th: Alias for
text_h
.text_w: the width of the rendered text
tw: Alias for
text_w
.x: the x offset coordinates where the text is drawn.
y: the y offset coordinates where the text is drawn.
These parameters allow the x and y expressions to refer each other, so you can for example specify
y=x/dar
.
Official documentation: drawtext
-
ffmpeg.
filter
(stream_spec, filter_name, *args, **kwargs)¶ Apply custom filter.
filter_
is normally used by higher-level filter functions such ashflip
, but if a filter implementation is missing fromffmpeg-python
, you can callfilter_
directly to haveffmpeg-python
pass the filter name and arguments to ffmpeg verbatim.- Parameters
stream_spec – a Stream, list of Streams, or label-to-Stream dictionary mapping
filter_name – ffmpeg filter name, e.g. colorchannelmixer
*args – list of args to pass to ffmpeg verbatim
**kwargs – list of keyword-args to pass to ffmpeg verbatim
The function name is suffixed with
_
in order avoid confusion with the standard pythonfilter
function.Example
ffmpeg.input('in.mp4').filter('hflip').output('out.mp4').run()
-
ffmpeg.
filter_
(stream_spec, filter_name, *args, **kwargs)¶ Alternate name for
filter
, so as to not collide with the built-in pythonfilter
operator.
-
ffmpeg.
filter_multi_output
(stream_spec, filter_name, *args, **kwargs)¶ Apply custom filter with one or more outputs.
This is the same as
filter
except that the filter can produce more than one output.To reference an output stream, use either the
.stream
operator or bracket shorthand:Example
` split = ffmpeg.input('in.mp4').filter_multi_output('split') split0 = split.stream(0) split1 = split[1] ffmpeg.concat(split0, split1).output('out.mp4').run() `
-
ffmpeg.
hue
(stream, **kwargs)¶ Modify the hue and/or the saturation of the input.
- Parameters
h – Specify the hue angle as a number of degrees. It accepts an expression, and defaults to “0”.
s – Specify the saturation in the [-10,10] range. It accepts an expression and defaults to “1”.
H – Specify the hue angle as a number of radians. It accepts an expression, and defaults to “0”.
b – Specify the brightness in the [-10,10] range. It accepts an expression and defaults to “0”.
Official documentation: hue
-
ffmpeg.
overlay
(main_parent_node, overlay_parent_node, eof_action='repeat', **kwargs)¶ Overlay one video on top of another.
- Parameters
x – Set the expression for the x coordinates of the overlaid video on the main video. Default value is 0. In case the expression is invalid, it is set to a huge value (meaning that the overlay will not be displayed within the output visible area).
y – Set the expression for the y coordinates of the overlaid video on the main video. Default value is 0. In case the expression is invalid, it is set to a huge value (meaning that the overlay will not be displayed within the output visible area).
eof_action –
The action to take when EOF is encountered on the secondary input; it accepts one of the following values:
repeat
: Repeat the last frame (the default).endall
: End both streams.pass
: Pass the main input through.
eval –
Set when the expressions for x, and y are evaluated. It accepts the following values:
init
: only evaluate expressions once during the filter initialization or when a command isprocessed
frame
: evaluate expressions for each incoming frame
Default value is
frame
.shortest – If set to 1, force the output to terminate when the shortest input terminates. Default value is 0.
format –
Set the format for the output video. It accepts the following values:
yuv420
: force YUV420 outputyuv422
: force YUV422 outputyuv444
: force YUV444 outputrgb
: force packed RGB outputgbrp
: force planar RGB output
Default value is
yuv420
.rgb (deprecated) – If set to 1, force the filter to accept inputs in the RGB color space. Default value is 0. This option is deprecated, use format instead.
repeatlast – If set to 1, force the filter to draw the last overlay frame over the main input until the end of the stream. A value of 0 disables this behavior. Default value is 1.
Official documentation: overlay
-
ffmpeg.
setpts
(stream, expr)¶ Change the PTS (presentation timestamp) of the input frames.
- Parameters
expr – The expression which is evaluated for each frame to construct its timestamp.
Official documentation: setpts, asetpts
-
ffmpeg.
trim
(stream, **kwargs)¶ Trim the input so that the output contains one continuous subpart of the input.
- Parameters
start – Specify the time of the start of the kept section, i.e. the frame with the timestamp start will be the first frame in the output.
end – Specify the time of the first frame that will be dropped, i.e. the frame immediately preceding the one with the timestamp end will be the last frame in the output.
start_pts – This is the same as start, except this option sets the start timestamp in timebase units instead of seconds.
end_pts – This is the same as end, except this option sets the end timestamp in timebase units instead of seconds.
duration – The maximum duration of the output in seconds.
start_frame – The number of the first frame that should be passed to the output.
end_frame – The number of the first frame that should be dropped.
Official documentation: trim
-
ffmpeg.
zoompan
(stream, **kwargs)¶ Apply Zoom & Pan effect.
- Parameters
zoom – Set the zoom expression. Default is 1.
x – Set the x expression. Default is 0.
y – Set the y expression. Default is 0.
d – Set the duration expression in number of frames. This sets for how many number of frames effect will last for single input image.
s – Set the output image size, default is
hd720
.fps – Set the output frame rate, default is 25.
z – Alias for
zoom
.
Official documentation: zoompan


This is the API documentation for 'mongo-1.8.2 Documentation'.
[Validate]
Generated with the Darkfish Rdoc Generator 2.


I have past experiance in:
If it wasn't hard to tell , I'm new to HTML and CSS
This is a link to my github from previous projects, and current work This is a link to my github from previous projects, and current workHaving just graduated with a Masters in Computer Science, i know that i relish challenges and am quick to learn and master new ideas and concepts. I am a team player and able to get along withpeople in whatever role I have undertaken. My degree and work experience has required me to organise and prioritise tasks within an overall project schedule.


No content on this site should be a web-page.
(Except, by reduction, this one.)
This small website exists for OpenPGP Web Key Directory (aka WKD).
Given the email address<EMAIL_ADDRESS>this site allows this next command to work:
gpg --locate-external-keys<EMAIL_ADDRESS>WKD is also used by some graphical applications, and some web-based applications; appropriate URLs should have CORS rules permitting full read access.


content warning for text below: child rape
Growing up with Great Pressure is originally a song by Tai Yi inspired by the Korean movie Hope. Hope is based off a real life high profile case in Korea where a young girl on the way to school is brutally raped and mutilated. Despite the severity of the crime, her assaulter is given a light sentence(I believe he was actually recently let out of jail). The song lyrics are incredibly heartbreaking, but also well written, using a variety of symbolism and double meaning between the words. The lyrics describe the physical pain the girl experiences. For example, the lyrics gesture at a seed growing within her stomach, a sinister euphemism for the rape. The lyrics constantly call out the actions of her oppressors. She asks: "Why strangle me, wring me, and tear me down? Why choke me, bite me, and bully me?" These lyrics also have an ingenious double meaning. She is both referring to the actions of her assaulter, but also of the people around her, who engage in the all too often practice of victim blaming. Rather than offering her support, they instead ostracize her.
The song, therefore, also captures a multitude of complex emotions that the girl feels as a consequence of the rape. Loneliness, being ostracized, crying out at the unjustice in the world. A recurring theme throughout the song is: why me? From these lyrics, we come to understand the full impact of the rape. Rape is not just physical pain, but also has lasting emotional consequences, many of which can be prevented.
Liu Jun, a current contestant on Youth with You 3, a popular Chinese television show, is the original choroegrapher for the cover I perform here. Liu Jun performed an abbreviated version of this dance on the show as well as creating his own MV for a full length version. Liu Jun's choreography masterfully captures the emotional depth of the song. For example, he uses gestures that repeatedly point at himself, as if to say: why me?
Finally, one interesting thing of note about Liu Jun's choreography is that within the complex layers of emotions within the dance, Liu Jun also adds a layer of hope to it all. Speaking in an interview on his choreography, Liu Jun describes that the imagery of the stomach growing bigger does not necessarily have to be taken literally. The seed in the stomach therefore serves as a double symbol. One, for the rape. But secondly, seeds germinate and blossom into flowers. Liu Jun's interpretation is that the seeds and stomach, therefore, represent the hope that the young girl carries with her. Despite being ostracized and abandoned by everyone around her, she continues to have hope and tries her hardest to carve out her spot in the world. This is not to say rape is a hopeful event. It is the exact opposite. But, the layer of hope within these emotions is meant to suggest that onlookers should not view rape victims as just that: victims. But instead, they are strong individuals who carry their own hopes and dreams. After his performance on Youth With You 3, Liu Jun speaks on the meaning of the final choreographic step in the piece: standing up and taking a step out. "If nobody else is willing to stand up for me, I am willing to make my own sunshine."
I previously did a cover for Liu Jun's abbreviated version which he performed on Youth With You 3. However, I felt like it did not adequately cover the meaning and emotional depth that this dance is meant to inspire. My dancing style has tended to be more along the lines of graceful and elegant(probably due to my ballet background), so performing a dance that is both more complex but also raw in emotion was a challenge for me. One explanation on the setting choice: I performed this by the window such that the dimly lit room forms the foreground with a bright background from outside the window. This is meant to serve as a symbol for the juxtaposition between hope and loneliness.
I also decided to take the time to translate the lyrics of the song so as to make it more accessible to different audiences who may not necessarily understand Chinese. Translating this song was honestly quite a challenge and I came to really appreciate the nuances required in translation. The song is not direct in its lyrics, but rather uses many euphemisms and symbolisms. It also utilizes a childlike tone in many instances, as the song is from the perspective of the child. It was difficult to translate in a way which conveyed the tone, meaning, and symbolism all at the same time, while also maintaining coherence and eloquence. Ultimately I felt that, as these lyrics are just subtitles, it would be best to translate in a way that is most easily digestable, as the reader would not have the time to read between the lines and figure out the symbolism due to the fast pace nautre of subtitles. Maybe someday I will translate the lyrics to do the song more justice.
My hope is that between setting choice, performance of the chroegraphy, and editting decisions, I was able to adequately convey both the sadness but also the thread of hope that the girl feels.
Be kind. Don't be bystanders and don't victim blame.
If you need to, the 24/7 national sexual assault hotline number is: 1-800-656-4673. Visit their website here: https://www.rainn.org/


Bonbon gingerbread wafer cookie chupa chups sugar plum pie sweet. Muffin tart wafer cheesecake sweet roll pie. Cookie fruitcake chocolate cake lollipop halvah cake. Cake sesame snaps cookie pastry chupa chups. Bonbon chupa chups chupa chups. Croissant ice cream dragée halvah halvah carrot cake muffin oat cake tiramisu. Cake tiramisu gingerbread ice cream. Lemon drops sesame snaps jelly beans biscuit cookie. Carrot cake I love lollipop croissant. Marshmallow lemon drops topping candy canes muffin dessert sesame snaps cheesecake chocolate. I love cheesecake fruitcake pie biscuit chupa chups cotton candy chupa chups. Gingerbread pastry topping tiramisu I love I love croissant jelly-o. Wafer I love cake caramels cheesecake.
Bonbon gingerbread wafer cookie chupa chups sugar plum pie sweet. Muffin tart wafer cheesecake sweet roll pie. Cookie fruitcake chocolate cake lollipop halvah cake. Cake sesame snaps cookie pastry chupa chups. Bonbon chupa chups chupa chups. Croissant ice cream dragée halvah halvah carrot cake muffin oat cake tiramisu. Cake tiramisu gingerbread ice cream. Lemon drops sesame snaps jelly beans biscuit cookie. Carrot cake I love lollipop croissant. Marshmallow lemon drops topping candy canes muffin dessert sesame snaps cheesecake chocolate. I love cheesecake fruitcake pie biscuit chupa chups cotton candy chupa chups. Gingerbread pastry topping tiramisu I love I love croissant jelly-o. Wafer I love cake caramels cheesecake.


The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)
Grade: 65
In 1977, Harvey Milk was the first openly gay man elected to the city council of a major U.S. city. But within a year, he had been murdered, at the hands of fellow San Francisco council member Dan White. White's subsequent conviction of voluntary manslaughter, rather than capital murder, led to violent protests from the bay city's large gay minority.
This summary makes for an interesting story, and "The Times of Harvey Milk" does a good job of putting the pieces together. People of various backgrounds who worked with Milk are extensively interviewed. This is combined with still photographs and documentary footage of Harvey Milk, which brings his energetic, thoughtful personality to the surface. Best of all are the local television news stories, about Milk, White and their agendas, giving a "you are there" quality to the documentary.
Born in New York, Milk spent his young adult life in the closet. He spent time in the Navy and as a stock analyst. Eventually, he came out, becoming a Broadway producer, and later moving to liberal San Francisco to run a camera store in the heart of the burgeoning gay community. He ran unsuccessfully several times for the city council, succeeding only when the voting was changed from city-wide to by district. For the first time, various minorities were represented on the council, including Milk.
Also new on the board was idealistic, deeply conservative Dan White. White's had financial troubles, and an inability to compromise led to political defeats. He resigned his seat, but was soon convinced by supporters to ask for it back. Liberal mayor George Moscone decided to give it to somebody else, enraging White. After shooting Moscone, White targeted Milk, not for being gay, but for being his most vocal opponent on the council. Before the trial, Defense lawyers carefully selected a jury that would be sympathetic to Dan White.
The murders came days after the Jim Jones tragedy in Guyana, with hundreds of San Franciscans among the victims. The peaceful protests that followed were in stark contrast to the riots that later broke out when White was given light sentences. White was released from prison in 1984, and committed suicide in 1985 (after the documentary was made).
 But the most interesting interview targets are those that are less biased: an middle-aged Union man (Jim Elliot) who thought that Milk's political views were simply good common sense, and an Asian business advocate who praises Milk for his support for minority causes. Harvey Fierstein provides the unemotional narration.
For his efforts here, Produceer/Director/Editor Robert Epstein received an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://members.tripod.com/~Brian_Koller/movies.html
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Arkenia:
The Book of the Abyss is an amazing scripture, a collection of all the knowledge and experiences of our race through the millennia. The time has come for you to contribute your part to our history.
You must prepare and use a special ink for this process. Thus will begin the Initiation Ceremony of the Shilen Circle.
Ask about the ink


Pat Sajak says 'worst has passed' since emergency surgery, will return to 'Wheel of Fortune'
by Amir Vera, CNNPat Sajak tweeted for the first time since his emergency surgery last week.
The "Wheel of Fortune" host underwent surgery Thursday for a blocked intestine, canceling a taping session for the show. Vanna White stepped in as host for Friday's taping.
"I'm so grateful for all the good wishes during my recent illness," Sajak's tweet read. "Happy to say that the worst has passed, and I'll be out of the hospital in a day of two, then back to work (unless @TheVannaWhite has completely taken over!)"
White said in a tweet the show without Sajak was like "a word without vowels."
"I'll fill in the blanks until you return," White's tweet read. "Rest up and we'll be solving puzzles in no time. (Don't worry, your job is safe! Well, pretty safe.)"


--- layout: post title: Felted Hair Clips - Little Toadstools date: 2011-05-24 23:12:46.000000000 -04:00 categories: - Craft - Steiner/Waldorf - Tutorials tags: - Felted hair clips - Needle felting - Party gift ideas - Steiner craft - Toadstool hair clips - Waldorf craft status: publish type: post published: true meta: aktt_notify_twitter: 'no' _edit_last: '1' dsq_thread_id: '1188559476' author: login: cint email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Jacinta first_name: Jacinta last_name: '' ---
I thought I would share a tutorial to make toadstool felted hair clips. I have made lots of different kinds over the years as gifts and to replace ones lost by my girls (oh, hum).
 Stab the fleece with the 36 or 38 size needle, turning as you go to get an even shape. Keep the top rounded. Flip it over and stab the base so it lays flat as you will need to glue or sew this side to the clip.
Pull off a small amount of red fleece about 5 or 6cm long. Wrap it around the the toadstool. Stab with the 36 or 38 size needle until it covers the surface without the white showing through.
 Place one at a time on the red fleece and gently stab into plance using the size 40 needle. Be careful stabbing them in place as they are quite small.
Glue or sew the toadstools to the hair clips. In this case I used a hot glue gun. Repeat the process to make a pair. My finished toadstools measure about 2.5cm or around 1" in width each.
[caption id="attachment_901" align="aligncenter" width="251" caption="View from back of clips"][/caption]
[caption id="attachment_902" align="aligncenter" width="450" caption="The finished toadstool clips"][/caption]
If you have any questions, please feel free to ask. Jacinta x


Write here the function signature (kata's name, params, ...)
To see the editor, please, select first a programming language!
Add the inputs and outputs needed for your kata, specifying
Add all tests that you desire or consider to assert the correctness of the user's implementation
The kata has to be enabled?


Kuglarstwo is the biggest juggling store in Poland, also ships internationally.
Located in Canada, Juggle Gear ships mainly to Canada but also internationally. Good prices!
Located in Santa Barbara, USA, Juggling Store ships to all countries. A lot of products, good website and checkout design.
Located in New Zealand, Home Of Poi ships to most countries and has a really wide selection of products.
Located in New York, USA, Dube Juggling ships to most countries. Wide range of products.


@JvmStatic fun remove(destination: Destination): Unit
Remove destination from the current list of destinations.


{{slide.addressCity}}, {{slide.addressRegion}} {{slide.addressStreet}}, {{slide.addressTown}}
{{slide.saleType}} | {{slide.cost}}
Looking to buy your own property? Check our list of available properties for sale!
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A generic byte stream. More...
#include <stream.h>
Data Fields | |
| struct stream_ops * | ops |
| Stream backend operations. | |
| struct ring_head | ring |
| Character ring buffer state. | |
| const unsigned int | ring_mask |
| Size of the ring buffer minus one. | |
| char * | data |
| Character data storage. |
A generic byte stream.
A byte stream is a queue of byte-size characters. This structure keeps track of the current stream state and allows safe insertion and extraction of characters.
Definition at line 70 of file stream.h.
| char* stream::data |
Character data storage.
Definition at line 78 of file stream.h.
Referenced by snprintf(), sprintf(), stream_buf_extract_char(), stream_buf_insert_char(), and stream_priv_write().
| struct stream_ops* stream::ops |
Stream backend operations.
Definition at line 72 of file stream.h.
Referenced by stream_priv_commit(), stream_priv_write(), and string_stream_make_room().
| struct ring_head stream::ring |
Character ring buffer state.
Definition at line 74 of file stream.h.
Referenced by stream_buf_extract_char(), stream_buf_has_data(), stream_buf_head(), stream_buf_insert_char(), stream_buf_is_full(), stream_buf_tail(), stream_buf_unused(), stream_buf_unused_before_end(), stream_buf_used(), stream_buf_used_before_end(), and stream_priv_write().
| const unsigned int stream::ring_mask |
Size of the ring buffer minus one.
Definition at line 76 of file stream.h.
Referenced by stream_buf_size().


{ Software developer }
I've worked with many languages but I'd consider Java to be my strong suit. I have a fine understanding of Object-Orientated design principles. Fundamental experiences with the Spring framework, Apache Maven, REST/ JPA & SQL syntax.
Throughout my career I’ve gone from bench player to starter, all from my self-motivating drive and desire to succeed. My ability to adapt is unquestionable, as I always look to stay on top of the latest trends in tech through curiosity and a genuine love for technology.
You can find my past 6 month stats here which consists of frontend, backend, databases and more.
software developer based out of NYC
Self-Taught + coding Bootcamp graduate with 2-3 years of operational experience in development. Out of hundreds of applicants, I was one of the twenty-eight selected for a rigorous 22-Week coding Bootcamp Program, and one of the eleven to finish.
Three takeaways from my experience: it taught me self discipline, how to tackle big projects within a limited period of time, and that teamwork is essential.
My fellow alumni’s would describe me as someone who is always smiling, positive, and helpful.
Prior to the coding Bootcamp, I took the initiative to self-teach in January of 2017 as a New Years resolution. I have a desire for learning through curiosity and love for technology.
I'm goal orientated, have strong work ethic and am a good team player.
A selection of my range of work


public abstract class StateObservable
extends java.util.Observable
State
in order
to be observed by any class that implements the StateObserver
interface.
A StateObservable
informs each of its observers whenever
its internal state is changed.| Constructor and Description |
|---|
StateObservable() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
java.util.Set<StateObserver> |
getObservers()
Returns all observers registered.
|
void |
notifyStateObservers()
Method to make all registered observers of
this
update themselves. |
void |
register(StateObserver obs)
Method to make
obs observe this . |
void |
unregister(StateObserver obs)
Removes
obs from the list of the observers of
this . |
public void register(StateObserver obs)
obs
observe this
.
obs
is added to an internal list of observers of
this
and will be notified whenever the state of
this
is changed.obs
- the observer to be added to the list of the observers
of this
public void unregister(StateObserver obs)
obs
from the list of the observers of
this
.obs
- the observer of this
to be removedpublic java.util.Set<StateObserver> getObservers()
public void notifyStateObservers()
this
update themselves.
To be used whenever the state of this
has changed.


No charges for driver who killed Browns player’s girlfriend
CLEVELAND (AP) - Authorities say a motorist who struck and killed the girlfriend of a Cleveland Browns player will not be charged.
Cleveland.com reports Cleveland police said Friday that the 47-year-old woman wasn’t impaired, speeding or driving erratically when she struck 26-year-old Petara Cordero in September along Interstate 90. Cordero was the girlfriend of Browns defensive end Chris Smith.
Police said Smith and Cordero had exited Smith’s 2019 Lamborghini after it blew a tire and hit the center median wall. The woman struck Cordero and the Lamborghini’s front passenger door.
Cordero was pronounced dead at a hospital.
The news site reports Smith paid $316 in fines and court costs Thursday for a failure to control citation connected to the initial crash.
Cordero gave birth to the couple’s daughter just weeks before her death.
Information from: cleveland.com, http://www.cleveland.com
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RATING: 10/10
In our time a good science fiction film is a rare artifact and a true treasure. The essence, the heart of the genre, the endless possibilities of imagination are now replaced with primitive action sequences and impressive special effects. The result is that the genre (especially in the 90s) has become a synonimum for dumb and predictable "popcorn films". That is why we have to look back at the time passed to find good science fiction films. Every genre has its masterpieces. And "Blade Runner" is one of them. As a falling star it has lit up the sky, opening new ways of science fiction by defining its own genre.
Not since Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey" has it been such a complex, thought provoking and sophisticated science fiction film. It is a strangely compelling and humanistic detective story, set in L.A., year 2019. Humanity has expanded far beyond the Earth, engaged in the eternal quest for new frontiers. Those left behind are too old, infirm, poor or stubborn to escape for the off-world colonies; they're stuck with the dregs of civilization, as represented by a gloomy, rain-sodden Los Angeles. The only flies in the ointment are artificial humans, colloquially known as replicants, deployed in the most hazardous of environments. These artificial humans are designed to serve man, by doing all the "dirty" and dangerous work, such as warfare and collonisation of other planets. In their latest incarnation, Nexus 6, these replicants have surpassed their makers, a moment of transition. On Earth rogue replicants are outlawed, a hazard that demands execution. So when a replicant unit is discovered in LA, the police assign their blade runner division to the clean-up operation. It seems that the replicants are trying to infiltrate the Tyrell Corporation, the monolithic entity that built them, presided over by genius Eldon Tyrell (Joseph Turrkel). Rick Decard (Harrison Ford) is one of the unfortunate blade runners, that are stuck on earth, forced into taking up the chase.
"Blade Runner" is a brilliant analyses of the earth, human kind, its development and evolution. An interesting fact is that Chinese has become the new main language, since the world is mostly populated by the oriental population. The world of the future is cold, dark and unfriendly. It is a time of decay, fear, trash,neon and promises of clean air, blue waters and green grass. The film also presents a great deal of dazzling special effects and some of the most original art direction I have ever seen. From the very beginning of the film we see the grand skyscrapers and buildings that arise from the dark, almost dead soil. The art director has been inspired by the Mayan and Egyptian architecture, combining it with Ultra modern art design. The result is mesmerizing and wonderfully imaginative, and yet never completely alien.
Director Ridley Scott has transformed Philip K. Dick's novel 'Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?' beyond recognition. Along side with screenwriters Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, he uses his ideas as a philosophical launching pad. The film takes place in the middle of a silent war between humans and artificial humans. Through the film both sides pose the very same global questions: who am I? where am I going? This leads the audience to concider the very essence of humanity itself. What makes us human? Memories? Sentience? Thoughts? Ideas? Feelings? Does it really matter if they ar artificial? And if they are, does it make them less human? This is all thought provoking and original material that has been copied throughout the years. Surprisingly enough, the film loose as fresh and original as at its premiere in 1982.
The cast, consisting of 10 cast members, is nothing less than fabulous. Harrison Ford is believable as the sad and quite Deckard - angry, hurt and vulnerable. Forced to stay on earth, with no choice but to hunt for the replicants. Falling in a certain apathy, he feels that he has absolutely nothing to live for. His love interest, played by Sean Young, portrays innocence and vulnerability, warmth and consideration, projecting an image of what we concider humanity. When she turns out to be a replicant, we are forced to pose the basic question: what makes us human? Rutger Huer, as the leader of the rebel replicants, is the most captivating. He is charismatic via lyricism, some memorable lines ("All those memories will be lost in time..like tears in the rain.."), but mostly by his pationate nature and desperate love of life. Off course there are some characters in this film that are created to give a more vivid and live image of future society. The ingenious creator of the replicants, Dr.Eldon Tyrel (Joseph Turel) is a cold, sinister character that became corrupted by the opportunity of playing God. Another interesting character is J.F.Sebastion, a previously attractive and respected genetic designer, he is now suffering of a terrible illness that stops him from moving to the Off-world colonies. Living in almost complete isolation, he makes his own friends, creatures that resemble characters from fairytales and sagas, so that he won't feel alone. There are many bizarre characters and events in the film that make it more interesting and captivating. The fabulous cinematography by Jordan Cronenweth, combined with Richard Hart's lightning frames the characters and the story in beauty and imagination. All are the part of the warmly , symbolic whole, a mood enchanted by Vangelis' magical and dreamy score. A music that is intimate and distant at the same time. This may be the best soundtrack Vangelis ever created.
The film ends in a monstrous, violent and emotionally engaging finale, that makes a lasting impression. 'Blade Runner' is a unique film, incredible on every level. This is a prophetic and emotional tale that stands out as one of the most original and intellectual science fiction films ever made.
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