1st step is to determine if melanoma
Surgical excision is the first-line treatment for all skin cancer
- has the highest rate of cure
-
skin cancer = 80% all NZ cancers (new)/year
-
majority non-melanoma skin cancers
-
BCC
-
SCC
-
-
Non-melanoma skin cancers are rarely fatal
-
grow if not treated early
-
result in substantial destruction of local tissue
-
disfigurement
-
-
NZ one of highest rates of skin cancer
-
UVR
-
4 risk factors:
-
increasing age
-
individual patterns of skin exposure
-
skin type and genetic make-up
-
immune system function
-
-
Male 2:1 die from melanoma
-
outdoor occupation = high contributing factor
-
UVB:
- damage DNA P53 tumour supressor gene
-
UVA:
-
greater amounts of sunlight
-
penetrates more deeply into skin - longer wavelength
-
pass through glass
-
-
intermittent high dose sun exposure assoicated with an increased risk of developing melanoma in young adults
- esp with many melanocytic naevi
-
cumulative exposrue - higher with chornic sxposure to sunlight
-
mulitple melanocytic naevi (>100 and more than 5 atypical) = risk factors for melanoma
-
family history: doubles risk
-
inc. rate of skin cancer in people who are immunosuppressed
First assess for melanoma
-
ABCDE
-
A: Asymmetry
-
B: Border irregularity
-
C: Colour variation
-
D: Diameter >6mm
-
E: Evolution
-
“How long has it been there?”
- the lesion has developed and persisited over a period of months then clnical suspicion of cancer increased (melanoma or non-melanoma)
-
Have you noticed any changes in size, shape or colour?
- suggestive of melanoma
-
Does this mole look different from others?
- “ugly duckling”
-
Flat/superficial = most common types of melanoma
-
asymmetrical structure and multiple colours
-
areas of depigmentation are often present
- indicator of regression
-
Amelanotic melanoma = pink
- small focal point of irregular pigmentation on periphery of lesion
-
-
Nodular melanoma
-
progressive enlargement, sympoms(pain, bleeding), firma nd raised appearance
- usually single colour, uniform in shape
-
often misdiagnosed
-
-
Diagnostic excision with narrow margin (2mm)
-
2nd wider excision up to 2cm may bne required
-
Observation for 1-2 months (no more than 3) may be appropriate wiht flat,prigmented lesions where clinical uncertainty
-
\<1mm thick and without histological evidence of mitoses or ulceration considered low-risk of metasisis - can be managed in primary care
Solar keratoses (actinic keratoses)
-
frequently encountered
- esp. elderly
-
pre-cancerous form of SCC
- to SCC in up to 16%
-
evidence of chornic sun exposure
appearance
-
multiple, pin-red flat spots
-
skin coloured, rough, scaly spots
-
scale = adherent and difficult to detach
-
if removed: painful bleeding points
-
-
colour:
-
skin colorued
-
yellow-brown
-
brown
-
ofter with redddish tinge
-
-
most \<1cm
-
more easily felt cf. skin
-
80% on head,neck, back of hands/forearms
-
often report tenderness
-
Dermatoscopy:
-
small, irregular white circles
-
“strawberry” patternL concentric red and white rings
-
-
Management:
-
Keratolytic emollients can be applied to provide symptomatic relief
- Urea cream 10%
-
fluorouracil cream more effective long-term > cryotherapy
-
Imiquimod cream tolerated better than fluorouracil
- better cosmetic results
-
If multiple lesions:
- target thickest/symptomatic with cryotherapy
-
Wider areas of ksin with fluorouracil / imiquimod
-
Can be useful to freeeze thicker,tender lesions two to three weeks before starting therapy
-
seborrhoeic keratoses do not respond to topical treatment
-
SPF 50+ sunscreens
Cryotherapy
-
liquid nitrogen 2-5 seconds
-
Repeat in 4 weeks or as necesary
-
can remove 70% of treated solar keratoses
Fluorouracil (5%) cream - Efudix
-
apply od/bd for 2-4 weeks
-
monitor weekly
Imiquimod cream (5%) - Aldara - unsubsidised for this indication
-
2-3 times/week for 4-6 weeks
-
Assess local response after 3 weeks and adjust treatment frequency if necessary
-
Review again after 4 week treatment-free interval
-
can be repeated
Basal cell carcinoma
-
Is the most frequent occuring cancer in humans
-
locally invasive
-
rarely metastasiss
- \<1%
-
almost never fatal
-
personal history of BCC -> inc. risk of devloping melanoma
-
80% face and neck:
- particularly around eyes and nasolabial fold
Appearance:
-
“rodent ulcer”
- raised pearly edges and central atrophy/ulceration
-
peraly, shiny nodule with prominent capillary networks = common
- Telangiectasia
-
superifical BCC
- irregular red, scaly patch/plaque with short linear blood vessels
-
Pigmented forms may be observed in people with dark skin / people who tan easily
-
Alow growing over months/years
-
Morphoeic or scleroising BCC may go unnoticed until they are several cm in diameter and penetrated deeply
-
Advanced: large, deep ulcers
-
BCC located near eyes, nose, ear:
-
invade orbital rim, nasal vault, middle ear
-
may be larger than expected
-
-
Types:
-
Nodular (cystic)
-
most common = face
-
18-40% higher incidence in men
-
-
Micronodular
-
Superficial
-
Morphoea-form/sclerosing
-
Pigmented
-
Infiltrative
-
Basosquamous
-
-
Dermatoscopy:
-
loss of normal skin features and asymmetry of structure and colour
-
microerosions may also be present
-
Pigmentation at edge of lesion in form of irregular light brown,grey,blue
-
blood vessels of BCC branched lines
-
While lines without pigmented network
-
Management:
Surgical excision
-
first line treatment
-
supreior cure rates to topical treatments
-
aggressive, recurrent, or large tumours >6mm on face:
- Mohs margin-controlled micrographic surgery
-
Indications for Mohs:
-
Recurrent non-melanoma skin cancer
-
Tumours more than 2cm - particularly on high risk body sites
-
Poorly defined clinical margins
-
Aggressive histological subtype - perineural/perivascular involvment
-
Areas where tissue conservation is essential for closure of defect with minimal anatomic distortion
-
Superficial BCC
-
may be treated topically
-
punch biopsy may be considered -
- assess tumour thickness and confirm dx
-
Non surgical treatments should not be used if diagnosis of BCC unclear
Cryotherapy:
-
freeze-thaw cycles
-
Apply LN for 20-30sec
- allow to thaw 3-5min
-
refreeze
-
unsuitable for facial lesions, due to poor response rates, distal lower limbs
- persistent ulceration
Imiquimod (subs under SA):
-
confirmed with punch
-
no indicated for:
-
recurrent
-
invasive
-
infiltrating
-
nodular BCC
-
-
no evidence cryo vs. imiquimiod
-
Apply to lesion and 1cm beyond OD on 5 days each week for 6 weeks
-
review by at least week 3
-
After 4 week treatment break
- repeat for further 6 weeks if incomplete
-
Can cure 70-80% small superficial BCC
-
Punch to fulfill SA criteria
-
indicated: neck, chest, distal upper limbs
5FU
-
not routinely used
-
apply thinly to affected area bd for 12 weeks
Gorlin’s syndrome:
-
Multiple basal cell carnicoma
-
Pitting of palms and soles
-
Jaw cysts
-
Spine and rib abN
-
Calcification of flax cerebri
-
Cataracts
-
Oral retinoids may help dec. development of BCC in this disorder
-
Albinism also inc. risk of BCC
Squamous cell carcinoma
-
Develop from flat, scale-like (squamous) cells that form outermost layer of epidermis
-
SCC limited to dermis:
-
intraepidermal carcinoma (IEC)
-
Bowen’s disease no longer used
-
-
IEC generally flat
-
several mm in thickenss
-
slow growing months; years
-
Usually multiple irregular orange-red/brown plaques with variable scaling or crusting
-
Dermatoscopy:
-
light pigmentation in linear array
-
blood vessels appear as groups of irregular large,red dots and coils
-
-
-
SCC
-
tender
-
rarely go unnoticed
-
chronic leg ulcers + HPV infection = inc. risk
-
Chronic leg ulcers may progress into aggressive ulcerating SCC - Marjolin’s ulcer
-
Smoking inc. risk of SCC on lip and genetalia
-
SCC also inc risk of melanoma
-
\~80% develop on face and neck
- other sun exposed places
-
Well differentiated:
-
firm slow growing skin coloured nodules
- with scaling or a protruding horn
-
-
Less differentiated:
-
grow more quickly
-
irregular crusted plaque
- often ulcerated
-
-
Metastasise in \~ 5% of cases
-
risk higher if lesion large/deep or ear,lip,genitals,mucosal surfaces or involves nerve fibres
-
Also if immune system suppressed
-
Consider regional lympnode exam:
-
poor differentiation
-
perineural invasion
-
symptoms:
- pain, burning, stinging, anaesthesia, paraesthesia, facial paralysis, diplopia, blurred vision
-
-
?role of sentinal node biopsy
-
-
-
Keratoacanthoma
-
symmetrical nodules
-
central crater or keratin core
-
grow rapidly - diameter of 2cm in a few weeks
-
can cause immune reaction and resolve within months
-
may be indistinguishable from aggressive tumours
-
should be excised
-
Management:
Surgical excision
-
first line
-
well differentitated, low risk tumours \<2cm
-
*4mm margin - sufficient for 95% all primary SCC
-
6mm margin - or for Mohs
-
>2cm
-
Classified as moderately or poorly differentiated
-
Extending into subcutaneous tissues
-
ear, lip, scalp, eyelid or nose
-
recurrent
-
-
Cryotherapy
-
IEC where diameter, location, number make surgery unsuitable
-
single freeze 5-10 sec
5FU
-
apply thinly to affected area OD/BD
-
initial duration 8 weeks or longer
-
occlusive dressing - inc. penetration if tisseu reaction is mninimla
Imiquimod cream
-
Apply to lesion and 1cm beyond
-
OD on 5 days each week for 6 weeks
-
review 3rd week
-
4 week break treatment may be repeated for another 6 weeks if incomplete resolution
Follow-up
-
regular self-examination
-
sun smart:
-
Slip long-sleeved shirt
-
Slop on broad spec sunscreen 15 min prior to going outdoors
-
Slap on hat with wide rim
-
Wrap on pair of wrap-around sunflasses
-
-
every 6-12 months
-
1/3 - 1/2 develop another malignancy within 5 years
-
SCC 70-80% develop recurrence within this time period
5FU
-
toxic to dividing cells
-
incorporated into DNA nad RNA stopping cell cycle
-
max area = 22cm x 22cm
-
-
Avoid exposure to sun
- thus best used during winter
-
Hyperkeratotic lesions:
- covered with occlusive dresisng
-
Expected to cause:
-
local irritation and photosensitivity
-
permanent hyperpigmentation and scarring
-
-
Erythema multiforme may also occur
-
Inflammation continue for 102 weeks after treatment finished
-
greater inflammatory reaction: more effective treatment
-
pain can be substantial
-
Severe discomfort - treated with topical corticosteroid and analgesia
-
Contraindicated:
- women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
Imiquimod
-
immune modifier that causes removal of skin cells by inducing local cytokine production
-
local irration
-
shouldn’t be applied to croken skin
-
packs of 12 sachet
- each sachet an area of skin up to 25cm2
-
well absobed
-
left on treated area for 7 horus
-
any residue washed off
-
-
may become inflammed, itchy,ulverated and flaky
-
painful eroisions on mucous membranes
- > 1cm from eye, nose, lips
-
inflammation = effective
-
Steroid cream may reduce treatment efficacy
-
stop = black coloured ulceration or systemic flu-like symptoms


Please download, complete, and bring the online form to our first session
How can I reach you?
You can either call me at<PHONE_NUMBER> or fill out the form on the 'Contact Us' page.
Where is the office located?
Sunrise Acupuncture is located in the Executive Suite 5900, on the 5th floor of 400 Trade Center
(the 400 building of TradeCenter 128).
For directions please click here.
Is there parking?
Yes, there is abundant garage and surface parking available. Parking is free.
Do you take insurance?
Yes! Simply click the button at the bottom of the page to verify your insurance.
Do acupuncture needles hurt?
Usually not. Acupuncture needles are hair-thin and insertion techniques make it painless.
The acupuncturist will work with you to make sure that your treatment is comfortable.
Are the needles sterile?
Yes. They are disposed of after one use.
How should I prepare for a treatment?
It is a good idea to have something to eat and drink an hour before your treatment.
Bring or wear comfortable and loose fitting clothing so the area being treated is accessible.
What will I experience during a treatment?
Some people don’t feel anything. Others feel sensations of tingling, warmth, heaviness, or a movement of energy along the meridian a point is on.
These sensations indicate that qi is moving and the body is healing.
How many treatments will I need?
Treatment frequency and number of treatments needed depend on a variety of factors including the severity and duration of the condition,
your constitution, your diet and lifestyle.
"My practice accepts insurance for acupuncture patients. In order to best serve you I can verify your insurance benefits before you arrive. Please click on the link below and complete the online form. I will contact you as soon as the benefits are established." - Liên


This is the network graph section of the gallery. If you want to know more about this kind of chart, visit data-to-viz.com. If you're looking for a simple way to implement it in d3.js, pick an example below.
A note on input data format
Building a network charts requires information on nodes and links. This information can be stored in many different format as described here.
Json
format is the most convenient way to work with d3.js
and looks basically like that:
{ "nodes": [
{ "id": 1, "name": "A" },
{ "id": 2, "name": "B" }
],
"links": [
{ "source": 1, "target": 2 }
]}
It is unlikely that your data are currently at this format. You probably need to reformat your data first using another tool like R
. The following document gives a few example on how to reformat the most common types of input to get a json
file.
A note about force
The challenge in network diagram is to find out smart X and Y coordinates for each node.
In d3, it is done using force and simulation. Different forces?
Interactivity can be used for several reasons. First of all, adding a tooltip to each node is very useful when many nodes are drawn and annotation is impossible. Then dragging. Then highlighting relationships of a node.
A template based on the co-authors network of a researcher.
A selection of examples showing the application of the basic concept to real life dataset.


For more information contact Simran Gill on 01753 215333 or email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. . . . . . . . . .
X1 Ribbons & Floor Signs support our main business objective – helping our customers maximise their investment when they buy from us.


| Contracts Administrator |
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{client_liaison_officer} |
|
Availability |
Product knowledge |
Helpfulness & assistance |
Responsiveness to requests |
Additional Comments |
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{contracts_administrator_availabilty} |
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{contracts_administrator_responsiveness_to_requests} |
{additional_comments_contracts_administrator} |
| Supervisor |
{contracts_administrator_availabilty} |
{contracts_administrator_product_knowledge} |
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{contracts_administrator_responsiveness_to_requests} |
{additional_comments_contracts_administrator} |
| Client Liaison Officer |
{contracts_administrator_availabilty} |
{contracts_administrator_product_knowledge} |
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The description that appears at the top of the page. You can include
some markdown
here!
The gallery always give credit to creators!! Please put a link to your homepage, to the original blogpost, to the package you’ve created or anything else you want people to be aware of about this project!
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POKHARA
"An Ideal Paradise On Earth"
The Pokhara Valley sits high on the list of ‘must visit’ places in Nepal. It is the gateway to the Annapurna region, where many a trekker finds his Shangri-La, as well as other areas of central and west Nepal. Pokhara’s spellbinding beauty has been the subject of many travel writers. Its pristine air, the spectacular backdrop of the snowy peaks of the Annapurna Range and the serene Phewa, Begnas and Rupa Lakes, make this destination ‘the Jewel of the Himalaya’. It is also home to exceptionally warm and engaging people. The area along Fewa Tal, the largest lake in the valley, was first a camping ground for trekkers and has gradually developed into the tourist hub of this rapidly growing city.
Fewa Tall
It is the most popular and most visited lake of Nepal. It is the only lake in Nepal to have a templeTal Barahi Temple at the central part of lake. Phewa lake is located at an altitude of 742 m (2,434 ft) and covers an area of about 4.43 km2 (1.7 sq mi). ... The Tal Barahi Temple is situated on an island in the lake.
World Peace Pagoda
Also known as Shanti Stupa, World Peace Pagoda is a Buddhist pagoda style monument located on a hilltop overlooking the Phewa Lake. The Sanskrit word ‘shanti’ means peace and as the name goes, this pagoda is dedicated to world peace. This is the second shanti stupa in Nepal after the one in Lumbini.
Bindhyabasini
The Bindhyabasini Temple is the oldest temple in the city of Pokhara, Nepal and is located in Miruwa. It regularly attracts a large number of locals, Nepalis from across the country and foreigners alike.The main temple is devoted to goddess Bindhyabasini, a Bhagawati who is the incarnation of Kali.


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| 1. Hi everyone. | |
| 2. This is lesson number twenty-two from actuarial path on probability and in this lesson we study the uniform distribution. | |
| 3. If we have a random variable X that follow a uniform distribution, X follows the uniform distribution with parameters a and b. | |
| 4. Here a and b are the lower and the upper limits of the values that the random variable X can take. | |
| 5. A uniform random variable is equally likely to take anybody between it's lower limit and it's upper limit. | |
| 6. To explain that, I'm going to draw this graph. | |
| 7. Let's say that's X and then that's the PDF X. | |
| 8. You said that random variable X takes value between a and b. | |
| 9. Since it's equally likely to take any value between a and b, it has a plot PDF. | |
| 10. The PDF is flat. | |
| 11. In other words, it's a constant function. | |
| 12. We know that the area under the PDF is always equal to one, so that we have valid probability density function. | |
| 13. That means the area of this rectangle here should be equal to one. | |
| 14. But we know area is the base times height. | |
| 15. We can calculate the length of that height that we need so that the area under this curve, the area of the rectangle is equal to one. | |
| 16. This base of the rectangle has a length of (b-a). | |
| 17. Therefore, for (b-a)*height should give us an area equal to one, which implies that h should be equal to 1/(b-a). | |
| 18. The value taken by the PDF after the uniform distribution, from the lower limit a to the upper limit b is 1/(b-a). | |
| 19. In other words, that's the PDF. | |
| 20. The PDF random variable that follows the uniform distribution a to b equal 1/(b-a), for values of X between a and b. | |
| 21. Now that we have the PDF, we're going to derive the CDF F(x). | |
| 22. Let me actually write it. | |
| 23. The CDF is going to be... | |
| 24. I'll show you how to get that. | |
| 25. 0 if x<a. | |
| 26. And it's equal to (x-a)/(b-a) if x is between a and b. | |
| 27. It's 1 if x>b. | |
| 28. That's the CDF. | |
| 29. We also show that the expected value is (b+a)/2 or (a+b)/2. | |
| 30. That's actually the mid point. | |
| 31. So it says, since the PDF is plot and constant, the expected value is going to be right at the middle of lower, between the lower limits and the upper limit, which is (a+b)/2 or (b+a)/2. | |
| 32. The variance of the random variable X is going to be equal to (b-a)^2/12. | |
| 33. Finally, the MGF, the moment generating function of a uniform random variable, is equal to each of the b*t-each of the a*t/(b-a)*t. | |
| 34. The rest of this lesson is going to be showing you how to get this CDF, expected value, variance, and momentarily function. | |
| 35. Let's find the CDF. | |
| 36. CDF of a random variable X is equal to the probability that random variable X takes a value less than or equal to little x. | |
| 37. Let me actually draw that picture again so that I can explain things better. | |
| 38. We have a here, b, uniform distribution takes any value between a and b, equally likely and height or the density function has a value equal to 1/(b-a). | |
| 39. When the value of X is less than the lower limit a, then the CDF is equal to zero. | |
| 40. The reason for that is there's no chance that the random variable X can take value less than little x if, little x is less than a. | |
| 41. That is because X cannot take values less than a. | |
| 42. That's equal to zero. | |
| 43. When X is between a and b, then the CDF is the integral from negative infinity to X of the PDF F(x) tx, but the PDF cannot take any value less than a. | |
| 44. Instead of starting from negative infinity, I can set the lower limit of this integral to be a, so that I have integral from a to X of f(x) dX. | |
| 45. But f(x) is 1/(b-a), for values of X between a and b. | |
| 46. This is 1/(b-a) du. | |
| 47. Now, this integral is equal to u/(b-a), lower limit a, upper limit X. | |
| 48. When you plug in the upper limit and the lower limit you get X/(b-a)-a/(b-a). | |
| 49. That is equal to X-a/(b-a). | |
| 50. That's the CDF for values of X between a and b. | |
| 51. It turns out that the CDF... | |
| 52. what's the CDF at x is equal to b? | |
| 53. The CDF at X equal to b if f(X,b). | |
| 54. Plug in b in this equation. | |
| 55. Then you have (b-a)/(b-a) equals 1. | |
| 56. With that in mind, we can actually just write the CDF when X is greater than b. | |
| 57. When X is greater than b, the CDF is equal to one. | |
| 58. F(x) is equal to one. | |
| 59. I could have actually found that CDF in a much easier way than the way I did with integrals. | |
| 60. If this is the point X, the probability that random variable X takes a value less than or equal to little x, is equal to the area of that rectangle. | |
| 61. You really didn't need to do the integral. | |
| 62. If you calculate the area of that rectangle, the base has a value of (X-a)*height, which is 1/(b-a), that gives you (X-a)/(b-a). | |
| 63. Expected value of the random variable X is the integral overall the support of the random variable X. | |
| 64. Let's say the support for X is script X of X*f(x) dx. | |
| 65. We know actually the support is from a to b, any value from the lower limit to the upper limit. | |
| 66. X*f(x) is 1/(b-a)dx. | |
| 67. 1/(b-a) is a constant just like to X, so I can take it outside of the integral and I have integral a to b, not X, dx. | |
| 68. That's equal to 1/(b-a)-x^2/2, lower limit a, the upper limit b. | |
| 69. Plug in the lower limit and the upper limit here. | |
| 70. You would find out this is equal to 1/(b-a)*(b^2-a^2)/2. | |
| 71. b^2-a^2 is the difference of two squares, which I can rewrite as (b-a)*(b+a) then I have divided by two. | |
| 72. So (b-a) cancels out (b-a) therefore I am left with (b+a)/2. | |
| 73. The variance of the random variable X is the second moment minus the first moment square. | |
| 74. We know the first moment.First | |
| 75. moment is (b+a)/2. | |
| 76. We can just find the second moment. | |
| 77. And then we use the first moment that we have here to calculate the variance. | |
| 78. Second moment is the integral from a to b. | |
| 79. In this case of X^2, f(x) dx. | |
| 80. That is equal to the integral a to b. | |
| 81. X^2+1/(b-a)dx. | |
| 82. Again, 1/(b-a) is a constant with respect to X, so that can be outside of the integral from a to b, x^2 dx. | |
| 83. That is equal to 1/(b-a)*X^3/3, evaluated from the lower limit a to the upper limit b. | |
| 84. This is (b-a)*by... | |
| 85. If you plug in the upper limit and the lower limit, you get b^3-a^3/3. | |
| 86. b^3-a^3 is the difference of two cubes.The | |
| 87. difference of two cubes can be written as b-a... | |
| 88. revise that from your algebra, if you don't remember. | |
| 89. (b-a)*b^2+ab+a^2/3. | |
| 90. Here again, b-a here cancels out b-a up here. | |
| 91. Therefore we are left with b^2+a*b+a^2/3. | |
| 92. That's the second moment. | |
| 93. To find the variance, I need to subtract the first moment squared from the second moment. | |
| 94. Second moment is b^2*ab+ab+a^2/3-the square of the first moment. | |
| 95. The first moment is (b+a)/2. | |
| 96. This is b^2+a*b+a^2-b^2+2ab+a^2/4. | |
| 97. This common factor is 12. | |
| 98. 12/3 is four, so we have four times b^2+a*b+a^2-12/4 is 3. | |
| 99. So 3*b^2+2ab+a^2. | |
| 100. That is equal to 4b^2+4*ab+4a^2-3b^2-6*ab-3a^2. | |
| 101. All quantity divided by twelve. | |
| 102. Again, 4b^2-3b^2 is b^2. | |
| 103. 4ab-6ab is -2ab. | |
| 104. 4a^2-3a^2+a^2/12. | |
| 105. b^2-2ab+b^2 is (b-a)^2/12. | |
| 106. That's the variance of the random variable X which follows a uniform distribution between the lower limit a and the upper limit b. | |
| 107. We found the CDF, expected value, and variance. | |
| 108. We're going to go ahead and find the moment generating function. | |
| 109. The MGF MX of t is the expected value of e^t*X. | |
| 110. That is equal to the integral over all the support of the random variable X, which is from hb and of e^t*X*f(x) dx, but f(x) is 1/(b-a)dx. | |
| 111. I can again take 1/(b-a) outside of the integral and multiply it by the integral a to b of e^t*Xdx. | |
| 112. That is equal to 1/(b-a)*a^t*X/t, lower limit a, upper limit b. | |
| 113. That's equal to one/(b-a)*e^t*b-e^t*a/t. | |
| 114. When you rewrite this, you will find out that the MGF is e^t*b-e^t*a/(b-a)*t. | |
| 115. That's the MGF of a uniform random variable. |


module Select:sig
..end
Drop-down select list.
It's the usual select box which opens a drop-down list when clicked on, similar
to the <select>
html tag.
Under the hood, a select list is a special type of menu with a single entry having a submenu.
val create : ?dst:Layout.t ->
?name:string ->
?action:(int -> unit) ->
?fg:Draw.color -> string array -> int -> Layout.t
create string_array i
creates a select box with preselected entry
i
. For instance create [| "A"; "B"; "C" |] 1
will create a select box
with default choice "B"
. The action
(if specified) is executed when an
item is selected, and takes as argument the index of the selected item.


Atlanta:
Oh, little one! You've done it!
The crisis in the north wing has been averted!
But I"m afraid we still have some serious problems in the east and west wings!
Go to the east wing... it's the administration wing... You must find out...
Speak with Wendy, little one!
Find out what's going on in the east wing...
She's bound to know...
My wonderful Wendy...
awoke there...
She should know the password!


Snoocore has several events that an application can listen for.
access_token_expired
When using OAuth without a refresh token (Implicit Auth flow, or duration: 'temporary'
) it is possible listen for this event to have the user re-authenticate with reddit.
When authenticating the user for the first time, add in a second parameter to reddit.auth
that specifies when the token expires:
reddit.auth(<accessTokenHere>, <expiresInMs>);
If expiresInMs
is not specified it will default to one hour.
An event will fire when the access token expires:
reddit.on('access_token_expired', function() {
// do something, such as re-authenticating the user with reddit
});


Conditional probability is a measure of the probability of an event given another event has occurred. It can be expressed mathematically as the following:
To visualize this concept move and rescale the shelfs by drag and drop and toggle the current perspective. What is the probability a ball lands on a shelf? What is the probability given the ball has or will hit another shelf?


The execution model is an acyclic graph of execution nodes with a cache in between execution nodes.
Each execution node operates independently on batches of data, allowing it to process steps in parallel as much as possible instead of sequentially.
Each cache between every execution step can hold the data in GPU, in system memory or on disk.
Has support for multi-partition dask.cudf.DataFrame result set outputs.
Added ability to set configuration options
Added support for using NULL as a literal value
Implemented CHAR_LENGTH function
Added ability to specify region for S3 buckets
Added type normalization for UNION ALL
Added support for MinIO Storage
Improved support for CAST function to include TINYINT and SMALLINT
Handle behavior when the optimized plan contains a LogicalValues
Improvements to exception handling
Support modern compilers (>= g++-7.x)
Improved logging now uses spdlog
Adding event logging
BlazingSQL engine no longer needs to concatenate dask.cudf.DataFrame partitions prior to running a query on a dask.cudf.DataFrame table
Improved expression parser, including support for expression trees of unlimited size.
Optimized data loading for queries of the type: SELECT * FROM table LIMIT N
Added built in end to end testing framework
Added logging to condition variables that are waiting too long
Fixed bug in size estimation for tables before joins
Fixed issue with excessive thread creation in communication
Fixed bug in expression parsing for joins
Fixed bug caused by sharing data loaders when a query has one table more than once
Fixed Hive file format inference


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structured conversation
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find community-supported agriculture nearby
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Talk
Lab


USD/JPY fluctuates in tight range below 109, eyes on Wall Street opening bell
by Eren Sengezer- Wall Street looks to open in positive territory.
- 10-year US Treasury bond yield stays quiet following Monday's selloff.
- US Dollar Index fluctuates in tight range below 98.
The USD/JPY pair rose above the 109 handle on Monday but failed to preserve its bullish momentum as the uncertainty surrounding the United States (US)-China trade dispute caused investors to move towards safe-havens such as the JPY. With the lack of significant fundamental drivers paving the way for technical price action, the pair was posting modest daily gains at 108.75 at the time of press.
US-China trade conflict remains in spotlight
Chinese news outlet Global Times on Tuesday reported that the US and China had a "long way to go" to come to terms on trade and end the conflict.
Additionally, commenting on the CNBC report that claimed China could wait for the outcome of the 2020 presidential election in the US before signing a trade deal, "China appears set on trying to ‘wait Trump out’, which was a meme we heard earlier in the trade war, rather than pinning its hopes on a “phase one” deal – of which we have been highly sceptical from the get-go," said Rabobank analysts. "It also suggests no trade deal at all due to red lines of intellectual property, subsidies, and enforcement mechanisms."
Nevertheless, the S&P 500 Futures is up 0.25% ahead of Wall Street's opening bell and a decisive rebound in major stock indexes on Tuesday could help the pair edge higher toward the 109 handle.
On the other hand, the US Dollar Index is fluctuating in a tight range near the 97.80 mark on Tuesday, allowing the risk sentiment to affect the pair's movements. The only data from the US on Tuesday showed that Building Permits and Housing Starts both rose sharply in October, 5% and 3.8% respectively, but did little to nothing to help the greenback gather strength against its peers.
Technical levels to watch for
USD/JPY
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Today last price | 108.66 |
| Today Daily Change | 0.02 |
| Today Daily Change % | 0.02 |
| Today daily open | 108.64 |
| Trends | |
|---|---|
| Daily SMA20 | 108.76 |
| Daily SMA50 | 108.24 |
| Daily SMA100 | 107.7 |
| Daily SMA200 | 109 |
| Levels | |
|---|---|
| Previous Daily High | 109.08 |
| Previous Daily Low | 108.51 |
| Previous Weekly High | 109.3 |
| Previous Weekly Low | 108.23 |
| Previous Monthly High | 109.29 |
| Previous Monthly Low | 106.48 |
| Daily Fibonacci 38.2% | 108.73 |
| Daily Fibonacci 61.8% | 108.86 |
| Daily Pivot Point S1 | 108.41 |
| Daily Pivot Point S2 | 108.18 |
| Daily Pivot Point S3 | 107.84 |
| Daily Pivot Point R1 | 108.97 |
| Daily Pivot Point R2 | 109.31 |
| Daily Pivot Point R3 | 109.54 |


Administrator is the FIFA President. He has the final authority to accept or reject a bid placed by a manager for an opposte team's player. There is only one Administrator in the whole application.
Managers
Managers manage the players of their respective teams. Managers can increase the size and strength of their teams by bidding for players of the opposite team. There is only one Manager per football team.
Players
Players form the football teams. When any opposite manager bids for a player, it depends on the player whether to accept the bid or not. If the player accepts the bid, he gets transferred to the team whose manager had bid for him.


Electricity comparison leads to savings? Our online comparison tool is the quickest and easiest way to review your options and find a cheaper energy deal. We’ll show you the discounts available, your estimated quarterly bill, and any other information you need to make the best choice for your household. Why else should you compare your electricity? To take advantage of a better plan – Your current energy plan may include discounts or lower rates but may revert to a more expensive type of plan when the contract ends. To see if there’s a better price available – Your bill is made up of both a supply charge and usage charges – both of which vary from retailer to retailer. This gives you the flexibility to shop around for cheaper rates. To review a range of plan discounts – A discount can be the path to a cheaper energy bill, but a short-term windfall may result in long-term pain if you don’t stick to the conditions of your contract (e.g. pay on time). To benefit from a change, we recommend you compare often; perhaps once a year.
Our online comparison tool is the quickest and easiest way to review your options and find a cheaper energy deal. We’ll show you the discounts available, your estimated quarterly bill, and any other information you need to make the best choice for your household. .
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam viverra euismod odio, gravida pellentesque urna varius vitae.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Fugit aliquam aperiam nulla perferendis dolor nobis numquam, rem expedita, aliquid optio, alias illum eaque. Non magni, voluptates quae, necessitatibus unde temporibus.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam viverra euismod odio, gravida pellentesque urna varius vitae.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Fugit aliquam aperiam nulla perferendis dolor nobis numquam, rem expedita, aliquid optio, alias illum eaque. Non magni, voluptates quae, necessitatibus unde temporibus.


AMAIZING PEOPLE ARE MAKING AMAIZING DESIGNS IN A FUN ENVIRONMENT
when youworkwith us,you are part of a team of committed collaborators.All aspects of our software development are intergrated iterractive
and agile.
our approach unifies design, development and product management to create exceptional products.
we start each project by understanding your business goals, the user's needs and the product requirements
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Before we sign a contract or write a line of code our team will spend the necessary time needed to understand your product vision.
The outcome of the scoping session is proposal or high-level statment of work
bassed on your requirements,we can provide acomplete offering or just the pieces you need.
Our design practice offers a full range of sservices
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Throughout your project, our designers create and
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All engineers are fluent in the the latest enterprise,mobile
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They colaborate with your team to write and improve
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planning and development is iteractive because we are
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This ilerative process allows for changes as business
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project 1


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ENTRANCE TICKET - INVITED PARTICIPANT
Date:
10-14
October, 2016
10-14
October, 2016
Location:
BNDCC
Bali, Indonesia
BNDCC
Bali, Indonesia
Invitation
code :
INV-MED-001
code :
INV-MED-001
Name:
Anis Baswedan Attending:
SYMPOSIUM SPEAKER
Anis Baswedan Attending:
SYMPOSIUM SPEAKER
Arrival:
10 OCT 2016
10 OCT 2016
DEPARTURE:
14 OCT 2016
14 OCT 2016
SYMPOSIUM 1 :
Reviving Culture For rural sustainability
Reviving Culture For rural sustainability
SYMPOSIUM 2 :
Culture in the new digital world
Culture in the new digital world
PARTISIPATION :
SUBAK VISIT (SYMPOSIUM SPEAKER ONLY) :
YES
YES
CULTURAL VISIT :

YES / NO

YES / NO


News
ProtonMail Reveals It’s Been ‘HODLing’ Its Bitcoin Payments for Years
by Jack MartinSwiss-based email service, ProtonMail, has revealed on Nov. 16 that it hasn’t cashed in any of the Bitcoin (BTC) it has accepted as payment for its premium service in years.
The tweet was in response to a customer who complained that he felt guilty for spending Bitcoin ion a ProtonMail invoice instead of holding or “hodling” it for the long-term.
‘No worries, we will HODL for you’
The exchange came about following a tweet from the CCO of digital gift card retailer BitRefill, urging Bitcoiners, “Please do not ‘put your Bitcoin to work.’”
This prompted one follower to reply that they had “paid my ProtonMail invoice with BTC I’m feeling secure and HODL guilty all at once.”
In an attempt to soothe the customer’s HODL guilt, ProtonMail responded that it would hold the Bitcoin on the customer’s behalf, noting that it actually doesn’t sell the BTC and “haven’t for years.”
ProtonMail is pro-Bitcoin
While the option to pay for a premium ProtonMail account in BTC is not obvious for new account holders, it is possible for existing email customers, even those using the free option who wish to upgrade.
ProtonMail also accepts Bitcoin donations and has thus far seen over 200 BTC — or almost $2 million at today’s prices — go into its wallet. The service also considered launching an ICO back in July 2018, thought these plans were seemingly shelved.


Marker animations with setTimeout()
If you're adding a number of markers, you may want to drop them on the map consecutively rather than all at once. This example shows how to use setTimeout() to space your markers' animation.
Drop Markers


--- title: Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust layout: gb ---
| Resource | Fetch | Format | Columns | Data | Valid | Entries | Oldest | Latest | Total (GBP) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust spend data over £25,000 for December 2010 | ||||||||||
| 2010 December return | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 15 | 2010-12-08 | 2010-12-29 | 3102425.47 | |
| Spend over £25,000 for Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust | ||||||||||
| 2010 April - September | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 127 | 2010-04-01 | 2010-09-29 | 23646902.0 | |
| 2010 October | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 11 | 2010-10-05 | 2010-10-27 | 2803725.31 |
| Resource/Stage | Error |


[%# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE: generated from perlfaq (https://github.com/perl-doc-cats/perlfaq) -%] [%- # Used to get info from htmlify to ttree page.import({ title => "perlfaq8", section => "faq", description => "Perl Frequently Asked Questions, Perl FAQ", keywords => "perl, perl faq, perlfaq" }); perlfaq_version = 5.021011; -%]
perlfaq8 - System Interaction
version 5.021011
This section of the Perl FAQ covers questions involving operating system interaction. Topics include interprocess communication (IPC), control over the user-interface (keyboard, screen and pointing devices), and most anything else not related to data manipulation.
Read the FAQs and documentation specific to the port of perl to your operating system (eg, perlvms, perlplan9, ...). These should contain more detailed information on the vagaries of your perl.
The $^O
variable ($OSNAME
if you use English
) contains an indication of the name of the operating system (not its release number) that your perl binary was built for.
(contributed by brian d foy)
The exec
function's job is to turn your process into another command and never to return. If that's not what you want to do, don't use exec
. :)
If you want to run an external command and still keep your Perl process going, look at a piped open
, fork
, or system
.
How you access/control keyboards, screens, and pointing devices ("mice") is system-dependent. Try the following modules:
Term::Cap Standard perl distribution Term::ReadKey CPAN Term::ReadLine::Gnu CPAN Term::ReadLine::Perl CPAN Term::Screen CPAN
Term::Cap Standard perl distribution Curses CPAN Term::ANSIColor CPAN
Tk CPAN Wx CPAN Gtk2 CPAN Qt4 kdebindings4 package
Some of these specific cases are shown as examples in other answers in this section of the perlfaq.
In general, you don't, because you don't know whether the recipient has a color-aware display device. If you know that they have an ANSI terminal that understands color, you can use the Term::ANSIColor module from CPAN:
use Term::ANSIColor; print color("red"), "Stop!\n", color("reset"); print color("green"), "Go!\n", color("reset");
Or like this:
use Term::ANSIColor qw(:constants); print RED, "Stop!\n", RESET; print GREEN, "Go!\n", RESET;
Controlling input buffering is a remarkably system-dependent matter. On many systems, you can just use the stty command as shown in "getc" in perlfunc, but as you see, that's already getting you into portability snags.
open(TTY, "+</dev/tty") or die "no tty: $!"; system "stty cbreak </dev/tty >/dev/tty 2>&1"; $key = getc(TTY); # perhaps this works # OR ELSE sysread(TTY, $key, 1); # probably this does system "stty -cbreak </dev/tty >/dev/tty 2>&1";
The Term::ReadKey module from CPAN offers an easy-to-use interface that should be more efficient than shelling out to stty for each key. It even includes limited support for Windows.
use Term::ReadKey; ReadMode('cbreak'); $key = ReadKey(0); ReadMode('normal');
However, using the code requires that you have a working C compiler and can use it to build and install a CPAN module. Here's a solution using the standard POSIX module, which is already on your system (assuming your system supports POSIX).
use HotKey; $key = readkey();
And here's the HotKey
module, which hides the somewhat mystifying calls to manipulate the POSIX termios structures.
# HotKey.pm package HotKey; use strict; use warnings; use parent 'Exporter'; our @EXPORT = qw(cbreak cooked readkey); use POSIX qw(:termios_h); my ($term, $oterm, $echo, $noecho, $fd_stdin); $fd_stdin = fileno(STDIN); $term = POSIX::Termios->new(); $term->getattr($fd_stdin); $oterm = $term->getlflag(); $echo = ECHO | ECHOK | ICANON; $noecho = $oterm & ~$echo; sub cbreak { $term->setlflag($noecho); # ok, so i don't want echo either $term->setcc(VTIME, 1); $term->setattr($fd_stdin, TCSANOW); } sub cooked { $term->setlflag($oterm); $term->setcc(VTIME, 0); $term->setattr($fd_stdin, TCSANOW); } sub readkey { my $key = ''; cbreak(); sysread(STDIN, $key, 1); cooked(); return $key; } END { cooked() } 1;
The easiest way to do this is to read a key in nonblocking mode with the Term::ReadKey module from CPAN, passing it an argument of -1 to indicate not to block:
use Term::ReadKey; ReadMode('cbreak'); if (defined (my $char = ReadKey(-1)) ) { # input was waiting and it was $char } else { # no input was waiting } ReadMode('normal'); # restore normal tty settings
(contributed by brian d foy)
To clear the screen, you just have to print the special sequence that tells the terminal to clear the screen. Once you have that sequence, output it when you want to clear the screen.
You can use the Term::ANSIScreen module to get the special sequence. Import the cls
function (or the :screen
tag):
use Term::ANSIScreen qw(cls); my $clear_screen = cls(); print $clear_screen;
The Term::Cap module can also get the special sequence if you want to deal with the low-level details of terminal control. The Tputs
method returns the string for the given capability:
use Term::Cap; my $terminal = Term::Cap->Tgetent( { OSPEED => 9600 } ); my $clear_screen = $terminal->Tputs('cl'); print $clear_screen;
On Windows, you can use the Win32::Console module. After creating an object for the output filehandle you want to affect, call the Cls
method:
Win32::Console; my $OUT = Win32::Console->new(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE); my $clear_string = $OUT->Cls; print $clear_screen;
If you have a command-line program that does the job, you can call it in backticks to capture whatever it outputs so you can use it later:
my $clear_string = `clear`; print $clear_string;
If you have Term::ReadKey module installed from CPAN, you can use it to fetch the width and height in characters and in pixels:
use Term::ReadKey; my ($wchar, $hchar, $wpixels, $hpixels) = GetTerminalSize();
This is more portable than the raw ioctl
, but not as illustrative:
require 'sys/ioctl.ph'; die "no TIOCGWINSZ " unless defined &TIOCGWINSZ; open(my $tty_fh, "+</dev/tty") or die "No tty: $!"; unless (ioctl($tty_fh, &TIOCGWINSZ, $winsize='')) { die sprintf "$0: ioctl TIOCGWINSZ (%08x: $!)\n", &TIOCGWINSZ; } my ($row, $col, $xpixel, $ypixel) = unpack('S4', $winsize); print "(row,col) = ($row,$col)"; print " (xpixel,ypixel) = ($xpixel,$ypixel)" if $xpixel || $ypixel; print "\n";
(This question has nothing to do with the web. See a different FAQ for that.)
There's an example of this in "crypt" in perlfunc). First, you put the terminal into "no echo" mode, then just read the password normally. You may do this with an old-style ioctl()
function, POSIX terminal control (see POSIX or its documentation the Camel Book), or a call to the stty program, with varying degrees of portability.
You can also do this for most systems using the Term::ReadKey module from CPAN, which is easier to use and in theory more portable.
use Term::ReadKey; ReadMode('noecho'); my $password = ReadLine(0);
This depends on which operating system your program is running on. In the case of Unix, the serial ports will be accessible through files in /dev
; on other systems, device names will doubtless differ. Several problem areas common to all device interaction are the following:
Your system may use lockfiles to control multiple access. Make sure you follow the correct protocol. Unpredictable behavior can result from multiple processes reading from one device.
If you expect to use both read and write operations on the device, you'll have to open it for update (see "open" in perlfunc for details). You may wish to open it without running the risk of blocking by using sysopen()
and O_RDWR|O_NDELAY|O_NOCTTY
from the Fcntl module (part of the standard perl distribution). See "sysopen" in perlfunc for more on this approach.
Some devices will be expecting a "\r" at the end of each line rather than a "\n". In some ports of perl, "\r" and "\n" are different from their usual (Unix) ASCII values of "\015" and "\012". You may have to give the numeric values you want directly, using octal ("\015"), hex ("0x0D"), or as a control-character specification ("\cM").
print DEV "atv1\012"; # wrong, for some devices print DEV "atv1\015"; # right, for some devices
Even though with normal text files a "\n" will do the trick, there is still no unified scheme for terminating a line that is portable between Unix, DOS/Win, and Macintosh, except to terminate ALL line ends with "\015\012", and strip what you don't need from the output. This applies especially to socket I/O and autoflushing, discussed next.
If you expect characters to get to your device when you print()
them, you'll want to autoflush that filehandle. You can use select()
and the $|
variable to control autoflushing (see "$|" in perlvar and "select" in perlfunc, or perlfaq5, "How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?"):
my $old_handle = select($dev_fh); $| = 1; select($old_handle);
You'll also see code that does this without a temporary variable, as in
select((select($deb_handle), $| = 1)[0]);
Or if you don't mind pulling in a few thousand lines of code just because you're afraid of a little $|
variable:
use IO::Handle; $dev_fh->autoflush(1);
As mentioned in the previous item, this still doesn't work when using socket I/O between Unix and Macintosh. You'll need to hard code your line terminators, in that case.
If you are doing a blocking read()
or sysread()
, you'll have to arrange for an alarm handler to provide a timeout (see "alarm" in perlfunc). If you have a non-blocking open, you'll likely have a non-blocking read, which means you may have to use a 4-arg select()
to determine whether I/O is ready on that device (see "select" in perlfunc.
While trying to read from his caller-id box, the notorious Jamie Zawinski<EMAIL_ADDRESS>, after much gnashing of teeth and fighting with sysread
, sysopen
, POSIX's tcgetattr
business, and various other functions that go bump in the night, finally came up with this:
sub open_modem { use IPC::Open2; my $stty = `/bin/stty -g`; open2( \*MODEM_IN, \*MODEM_OUT, "cu -l$modem_device -s2400 2>&1"); # starting cu hoses /dev/tty's stty settings, even when it has # been opened on a pipe... system("/bin/stty $stty"); $_ = <MODEM_IN>; chomp; if ( !m/^Connected/ ) { print STDERR "$0: cu printed `$_' instead of `Connected'\n"; } }
You spend lots and lots of money on dedicated hardware, but this is bound to get you talked about.
Seriously, you can't if they are Unix password files--the Unix password system employs one-way encryption. It's more like hashing than encryption. The best you can do is check whether something else hashes to the same string. You can't turn a hash back into the original string. Programs like Crack can forcibly (and intelligently) try to guess passwords, but don't (can't) guarantee quick success.
If you're worried about users selecting bad passwords, you should proactively check when they try to change their password (by modifying passwd(1), for example).
(contributed by brian d foy)
There's not a single way to run code in the background so you don't have to wait for it to finish before your program moves on to other tasks. Process management depends on your particular operating system, and many of the techniques are covered in perlipc.
Several CPAN modules may be able to help, including IPC::Open2 or IPC::Open3, IPC::Run, Parallel::Jobs, Parallel::ForkManager, POE, Proc::Background, and Win32::Process. There are many other modules you might use, so check those namespaces for other options too.
If you are on a Unix-like system, you might be able to get away with a system call where you put an &
on the end of the command:
system("cmd &")
You can also try using fork
, as described in perlfunc (although this is the same thing that many of the modules will do for you).
Both the main process and the backgrounded one (the "child" process) share the same STDIN, STDOUT and STDERR filehandles. If both try to access them at once, strange things can happen. You may want to close or reopen these for the child. You can get around this with open
ing a pipe (see "open" in perlfunc) but on some systems this means that the child process cannot outlive the parent.
You'll have to catch the SIGCHLD signal, and possibly SIGPIPE too. SIGCHLD is sent when the backgrounded process finishes. SIGPIPE is sent when you write to a filehandle whose child process has closed (an untrapped SIGPIPE can cause your program to silently die). This is not an issue with system("cmd&")
.
You have to be prepared to "reap" the child process when it finishes.
$SIG{CHLD} = sub { wait }; $SIG{CHLD} = 'IGNORE';
You can also use a double fork. You immediately wait()
for your first child, and the init daemon will wait()
for your grandchild once it exits.
unless ($pid = fork) { unless (fork) { exec "what you really wanna do"; die "exec failed!"; } exit 0; } waitpid($pid, 0);
See "Signals" in perlipc for other examples of code to do this. Zombies are not an issue with system("prog &")
.
You don't actually "trap" a control character. Instead, that character generates a signal which is sent to your terminal's currently foregrounded process group, which you then trap in your process. Signals are documented in "Signals" in perlipc and the section on "Signals" in the Camel.
You can set the values of the %SIG
hash to be the functions you want to handle the signal. After perl catches the signal, it looks in %SIG
for a key with the same name as the signal, then calls the subroutine value for that key.
# as an anonymous subroutine $SIG{INT} = sub { syswrite(STDERR, "ouch\n", 5 ) }; # or a reference to a function $SIG{INT} = \&ouch; # or the name of the function as a string $SIG{INT} = "ouch";
Perl versions before 5.8 had in its C source code signal handlers which would catch the signal and possibly run a Perl function that you had set in %SIG
. This violated the rules of signal handling at that level causing perl to dump core. Since version 5.8.0, perl looks at %SIG
after the signal has been caught, rather than while it is being caught. Previous versions of this answer were incorrect.
If perl was installed correctly and your shadow library was written properly, the getpw*()
functions described in perlfunc should in theory provide (read-only) access to entries in the shadow password file. To change the file, make a new shadow password file (the format varies from system to system--see passwd(1) for specifics) and use pwd_mkdb(8)
to install it (see pwd_mkdb(8) for more details).
Assuming you're running under sufficient permissions, you should be able to set the system-wide date and time by running the date(1)
program. (There is no way to set the time and date on a per-process basis.) This mechanism will work for Unix, MS-DOS, Windows, and NT; the VMS equivalent is set time
.
However, if all you want to do is change your time zone, you can probably get away with setting an environment variable:
$ENV{TZ} = "MST7MDT"; # Unixish $ENV{'SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL'}="-5" # vms system('trn', 'comp.lang.perl.misc');
If you want finer granularity than the 1 second that the sleep()
function provides, the easiest way is to use the select()
function as documented in "select" in perlfunc. Try the Time::HiRes and the BSD::Itimer modules (available from CPAN, and starting from Perl 5.8 Time::HiRes is part of the standard distribution).
(contributed by brian d foy)
The Time::HiRes module (part of the standard distribution as of Perl 5.8) measures time with the gettimeofday()
system call, which returns the time in microseconds since the epoch. If you can't install Time::HiRes for older Perls and you are on a Unixish system, you may be able to call gettimeofday(2)
directly. See "syscall" in perlfunc.
You can use the END
block to simulate atexit()
. Each package's END
block is called when the program or thread ends. See the perlmod manpage for more details about END
blocks.
  You can use eval()
as setjmp
and die()
as longjmp
. For details of this, see the section on signals, especially the time-out handler for a blocking flock()
in "Signals" in perlipc or the section on "Signals" in Programming Perl.
If exception handling is all you're interested in, use one of the many CPAN modules that handle exceptions, such as Try::Tiny.
If you want the atexit()
syntax (and an rmexit()
as well), try the AtExit
module available from CPAN.
Some Sys-V based systems, notably Solaris 2.X, redefined some of the standard socket constants. Since these were constant across all architectures, they were often hardwired into perl code. The proper way to deal with this is to "use Socket" to get the correct values.
Note that even though SunOS and Solaris are binary compatible, these values are different. Go figure.
In most cases, you write an external module to do it--see the answer to "Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]". However, if the function is a system call, and your system supports syscall()
, you can use the syscall
function (documented in perlfunc).
Remember to check the modules that came with your distribution, and CPAN as well--someone may already have written a module to do it. On Windows, try Win32::API. On Macs, try Mac::Carbon. If no module has an interface to the C function, you can inline a bit of C in your Perl source with Inline::C.
Historically, these would be generated by the h2ph tool, part of the standard perl distribution. This program converts cpp(1)
directives in C header files to files containing subroutine definitions, like SYS_getitimer()
, which you can use as arguments to your functions. It doesn't work perfectly, but it usually gets most of the job done. Simple files like errno.h, syscall.h, and socket.h were fine, but the hard ones like ioctl.h nearly always need to be hand-edited. Here's how to install the *.ph files:
1. Become the super-user 2. cd /usr/include 3. h2ph *.h */*.h
If your system supports dynamic loading, for reasons of portability and sanity you probably ought to use h2xs (also part of the standard perl distribution). This tool converts C header files to Perl extensions. See perlxstut for how to get started with h2xs.
If your system doesn't support dynamic loading, you still probably ought to use h2xs. See perlxstut and ExtUtils::MakeMaker for more information (in brief, just use make perl instead of a plain make to rebuild perl with a new static extension).
Some operating systems have bugs in the kernel that make setuid scripts inherently insecure. Perl gives you a number of options (described in perlsec) to work around such systems.
The IPC::Open2 module (part of the standard perl distribution) is an easy-to-use approach that internally uses pipe()
, fork()
, and exec()
to do the job. Make sure you read the deadlock warnings in its documentation, though (see IPC::Open2). See "Bidirectional Communication with Another Process" in perlipc and "Bidirectional Communication with Yourself" in perlipc
You may also use the IPC::Open3 module (part of the standard perl distribution), but be warned that it has a different order of arguments from IPC::Open2 (see IPC::Open3).
You're confusing the purpose of system()
and backticks (``). system()
runs a command and returns exit status information (as a 16 bit value: the low 7 bits are the signal the process died from, if any, and the high 8 bits are the actual exit value). Backticks (``) run a command and return what it sent to STDOUT.
my $exit_status = system("mail-users"); my $output_string = `ls`;
There are three basic ways of running external commands:
system $cmd; # using system() my $output = `$cmd`; # using backticks (``) open (my $pipe_fh, "$cmd |"); # using open()
With system()
, both STDOUT and STDERR will go the same place as the script's STDOUT and STDERR, unless the system()
command redirects them. Backticks and open()
read only the STDOUT of your command.
You can also use the open3()
function from IPC::Open3. Benjamin Goldberg provides some sample code:
To capture a program's STDOUT, but discard its STDERR:
use IPC::Open3; use File::Spec; my $in = ''; open(NULL, ">", File::Spec->devnull); my $pid = open3($in, \*PH, ">&NULL", "cmd"); while( <PH> ) { } waitpid($pid, 0);
To capture a program's STDERR, but discard its STDOUT:
use IPC::Open3; use File::Spec; my $in = ''; open(NULL, ">", File::Spec->devnull); my $pid = open3($in, ">&NULL", \*PH, "cmd"); while( <PH> ) { } waitpid($pid, 0);
To capture a program's STDERR, and let its STDOUT go to our own STDERR:
use IPC::Open3; my $in = ''; my $pid = open3($in, ">&STDERR", \*PH, "cmd"); while( <PH> ) { } waitpid($pid, 0);
To read both a command's STDOUT and its STDERR separately, you can redirect them to temp files, let the command run, then read the temp files:
use IPC::Open3; use IO::File; my $in = ''; local *CATCHOUT = IO::File->new_tmpfile; local *CATCHERR = IO::File->new_tmpfile; my $pid = open3($in, ">&CATCHOUT", ">&CATCHERR", "cmd"); waitpid($pid, 0); seek $_, 0, 0 for \*CATCHOUT, \*CATCHERR; while( <CATCHOUT> ) {} while( <CATCHERR> ) {}
But there's no real need for both to be tempfiles... the following should work just as well, without deadlocking:
use IPC::Open3; my $in = ''; use IO::File; local *CATCHERR = IO::File->new_tmpfile; my $pid = open3($in, \*CATCHOUT, ">&CATCHERR", "cmd"); while( <CATCHOUT> ) {} waitpid($pid, 0); seek CATCHERR, 0, 0; while( <CATCHERR> ) {}
And it'll be faster, too, since we can begin processing the program's stdout immediately, rather than waiting for the program to finish.
With any of these, you can change file descriptors before the call:
open(STDOUT, ">logfile"); system("ls");
or you can use Bourne shell file-descriptor redirection:
$output = `$cmd 2>some_file`; open (PIPE, "cmd 2>some_file |");
You can also use file-descriptor redirection to make STDERR a duplicate of STDOUT:
$output = `$cmd 2>&1`; open (PIPE, "cmd 2>&1 |");
Note that you cannot simply open STDERR to be a dup of STDOUT in your Perl program and avoid calling the shell to do the redirection. This doesn't work:
open(STDERR, ">&STDOUT"); $alloutput = `cmd args`; # stderr still escapes
This fails because the open()
makes STDERR go to where STDOUT was going at the time of the open()
. The backticks then make STDOUT go to a string, but don't change STDERR (which still goes to the old STDOUT).
Note that you must use Bourne shell (sh(1)
) redirection syntax in backticks, not csh(1)
! Details on why Perl's system()
and backtick and pipe opens all use the Bourne shell are in the versus/csh.whynot article in the "Far More Than You Ever Wanted To Know" collection in http://www.cpan.org/misc/olddoc/FMTEYEWTK.tgz . To capture a command's STDERR and STDOUT together:
$output = `cmd 2>&1`; # either with backticks $pid = open(PH, "cmd 2>&1 |"); # or with an open pipe while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To capture a command's STDOUT but discard its STDERR:
$output = `cmd 2>/dev/null`; # either with backticks $pid = open(PH, "cmd 2>/dev/null |"); # or with an open pipe while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To capture a command's STDERR but discard its STDOUT:
$output = `cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null`; # either with backticks $pid = open(PH, "cmd 2>&1 1>/dev/null |"); # or with an open pipe while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To exchange a command's STDOUT and STDERR in order to capture the STDERR but leave its STDOUT to come out our old STDERR:
$output = `cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-`; # either with backticks $pid = open(PH, "cmd 3>&1 1>&2 2>&3 3>&-|");# or with an open pipe while (<PH>) { } # plus a read
To read both a command's STDOUT and its STDERR separately, it's easiest to redirect them separately to files, and then read from those files when the program is done:
system("program args 1>program.stdout 2>program.stderr");
Ordering is important in all these examples. That's because the shell processes file descriptor redirections in strictly left to right order.
system("prog args 1>tmpfile 2>&1"); system("prog args 2>&1 1>tmpfile");
The first command sends both standard out and standard error to the temporary file. The second command sends only the old standard output there, and the old standard error shows up on the old standard out.
If the second argument to a piped open()
contains shell metacharacters, perl fork()
s, then exec()
s a shell to decode the metacharacters and eventually run the desired program. If the program couldn't be run, it's the shell that gets the message, not Perl. All your Perl program can find out is whether the shell itself could be successfully started. You can still capture the shell's STDERR and check it for error messages. See "How can I capture STDERR from an external command?" elsewhere in this document, or use the IPC::Open3 module.
If there are no shell metacharacters in the argument of open()
, Perl runs the command directly, without using the shell, and can correctly report whether the command started.
Strictly speaking, nothing. Stylistically speaking, it's not a good way to write maintainable code. Perl has several operators for running external commands. Backticks are one; they collect the output from the command for use in your program. The system
function is another; it doesn't do this.
Writing backticks in your program sends a clear message to the readers of your code that you wanted to collect the output of the command. Why send a clear message that isn't true?
Consider this line:
`cat /etc/termcap`;
You forgot to check $?
to see whether the program even ran correctly. Even if you wrote
print `cat /etc/termcap`;
this code could and probably should be written as
system("cat /etc/termcap") == 0 or die "cat program failed!";
which will echo the cat command's output as it is generated, instead of waiting until the program has completed to print it out. It also checks the return value.
system
also provides direct control over whether shell wildcard processing may take place, whereas backticks do not.
This is a bit tricky. You can't simply write the command like this:
@ok = `grep @opts '$search_string' @filenames`;
As of Perl 5.8.0, you can use open()
with multiple arguments. Just like the list forms of system()
and exec()
, no shell escapes happen.
open( GREP, "-|", 'grep', @opts, $search_string, @filenames ); chomp(@ok = <GREP>); close GREP;
You can also:
my @ok = (); if (open(GREP, "-|")) { while (<GREP>) { chomp; push(@ok, $_); } close GREP; } else { exec 'grep', @opts, $search_string, @filenames; }
Just as with system()
, no shell escapes happen when you exec()
a list. Further examples of this can be found in "Safe Pipe Opens" in perlipc.
Note that if you're using Windows, no solution to this vexing issue is even possible. Even though Perl emulates fork()
, you'll still be stuck, because Windows does not have an argc/argv-style API.
This happens only if your perl is compiled to use stdio instead of perlio, which is the default. Some (maybe all?) stdios set error and eof flags that you may need to clear. The POSIX module defines clearerr()
that you can use. That is the technically correct way to do it. Here are some less reliable workarounds:
Try keeping around the seekpointer and go there, like this:
my $where = tell($log_fh); seek($log_fh, $where, 0);
If that doesn't work, try seeking to a different part of the file and then back.
If that doesn't work, try seeking to a different part of the file, reading something, and then seeking back.
If that doesn't work, give up on your stdio package and use sysread.
Learn Perl and rewrite it. Seriously, there's no simple converter. Things that are awkward to do in the shell are easy to do in Perl, and this very awkwardness is what would make a shell->perl converter nigh-on impossible to write. By rewriting it, you'll think about what you're really trying to do, and hopefully will escape the shell's pipeline datastream paradigm, which while convenient for some matters, causes many inefficiencies.
Try the Net::FTP, TCP::Client, and Net::Telnet modules (available from CPAN). http://www.cpan.org/scripts/netstuff/telnet.emul.shar will also help for emulating the telnet protocol, but Net::Telnet is quite probably easier to use.
If all you want to do is pretend to be telnet but don't need the initial telnet handshaking, then the standard dual-process approach will suffice:
use IO::Socket; # new in 5.004 my $handle = IO::Socket::INET->new('www.perl.com:80') or die "can't connect to port 80 on www.perl.com $!"; $handle->autoflush(1); if (fork()) { # XXX: undef means failure select($handle); print while <STDIN>; # everything from stdin to socket } else { print while <$handle>; # everything from socket to stdout } close $handle; exit;
Once upon a time, there was a library called chat2.pl (part of the standard perl distribution), which never really got finished. If you find it somewhere, don't use it. These days, your best bet is to look at the Expect module available from CPAN, which also requires two other modules from CPAN, IO::Pty and IO::Stty.
First of all note that if you're doing this for security reasons (to avoid people seeing passwords, for example) then you should rewrite your program so that critical information is never given as an argument. Hiding the arguments won't make your program completely secure.
To actually alter the visible command line, you can assign to the variable $0 as documented in perlvar. This won't work on all operating systems, though. Daemon programs like sendmail place their state there, as in:
$0 = "orcus [accepting connections]";
In the strictest sense, it can't be done--the script executes as a different process from the shell it was started from. Changes to a process are not reflected in its parent--only in any children created after the change. There is shell magic that may allow you to fake it by eval()
ing the script's output in your shell; check out the comp.unix.questions FAQ for details.
Assuming your system supports such things, just send an appropriate signal to the process (see "kill" in perlfunc).
If by daemon process you mean one that's detached (disassociated from its tty), then the following process is reported to work on most Unixish systems. Non-Unix users should check their Your_OS::Process module for other solutions.
Open /dev/tty and use the TIOCNOTTY ioctl on it. See tty(1) for details. Or better yet, you can just use the POSIX::setsid()
function, so you don't have to worry about process groups.
Change directory to /
Reopen STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR so they're not connected to the old tty.
Background yourself like this:
fork && exit;
The Proc::Daemon module, available from CPAN, provides a function to perform these actions for you.
(contributed by brian d foy)
This is a difficult question to answer, and the best answer is only a guess.
What do you really want to know? If you merely want to know if one of your filehandles is connected to a terminal, you can try the -t
file test:
if( -t STDOUT ) { print "I'm connected to a terminal!\n"; }
However, you might be out of luck if you expect that means there is a real person on the other side. With the Expect module, another program can pretend to be a person. The program might even come close to passing the Turing test.
The IO::Interactive module does the best it can to give you an answer. Its is_interactive
function returns an output filehandle; that filehandle points to standard output if the module thinks the session is interactive. Otherwise, the filehandle is a null handle that simply discards the output:
use IO::Interactive; print { is_interactive } "I might go to standard output!\n";
This still doesn't guarantee that a real person is answering your prompts or reading your output.
If you want to know how to handle automated testing for your distribution, you can check the environment. The CPAN Testers, for instance, set the value of AUTOMATED_TESTING
:
unless( $ENV{AUTOMATED_TESTING} ) { print "Hello interactive tester!\n"; }
Use the alarm()
function, probably in conjunction with a signal handler, as documented in "Signals" in perlipc and the section on "Signals" in the Camel. You may instead use the more flexible Sys::AlarmCall module available from CPAN.
The alarm()
function is not implemented on all versions of Windows. Check the documentation for your specific version of Perl.
(contributed by Xho)
Use the BSD::Resource module from CPAN. As an example:
use BSD::Resource; setrlimit(RLIMIT_CPU,10,20) or die $!;
This sets the soft and hard limits to 10 and 20 seconds, respectively. After 10 seconds of time spent running on the CPU (not "wall" time), the process will be sent a signal (XCPU on some systems) which, if not trapped, will cause the process to terminate. If that signal is trapped, then after 10 more seconds (20 seconds in total) the process will be killed with a non-trappable signal.
See the BSD::Resource and your systems documentation for the gory details.
Use the reaper code from "Signals" in perlipc to call wait()
when a SIGCHLD is received, or else use the double-fork technique described in "How do I start a process in the background?" in perlfaq8.
The DBI module provides an abstract interface to most database servers and types, including Oracle, DB2, Sybase, mysql, Postgresql, ODBC, and flat files. The DBI module accesses each database type through a database driver, or DBD. You can see a complete list of available drivers on CPAN: http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-module/DBD/ . You can read more about DBI on http://dbi.perl.org/ .
Other modules provide more specific access: Win32::ODBC, Alzabo, iodbc
, and others found on CPAN Search: http://search.cpan.org/ .
You can't. You need to imitate the system()
call (see perlipc for sample code) and then have a signal handler for the INT signal that passes the signal on to the subprocess. Or you can check for it:
$rc = system($cmd); if ($rc & 127) { die "signal death" }
If you're lucky enough to be using a system that supports non-blocking reads (most Unixish systems do), you need only to use the O_NDELAY
or O_NONBLOCK
flag from the Fcntl
module in conjunction with sysopen()
:
use Fcntl; sysopen(my $fh, "/foo/somefile", O_WRONLY|O_NDELAY|O_CREAT, 0644) or die "can't open /foo/somefile: $!":
(answer contributed by brian d foy)
When you run a Perl script, something else is running the script for you, and that something else may output error messages. The script might emit its own warnings and error messages. Most of the time you cannot tell who said what.
You probably cannot fix the thing that runs perl, but you can change how perl outputs its warnings by defining a custom warning and die functions.
Consider this script, which has an error you may not notice immediately.
#!/usr/locl/bin/perl print "Hello World\n";
I get an error when I run this from my shell (which happens to be bash). That may look like perl forgot it has a print()
function, but my shebang line is not the path to perl, so the shell runs the script, and I get the error.
$ ./test ./test: line 3: print: command not found
A quick and dirty fix involves a little bit of code, but this may be all you need to figure out the problem.
#!/usr/bin/perl -w BEGIN { $SIG{__WARN__} = sub{ print STDERR "Perl: ", @_; }; $SIG{__DIE__} = sub{ print STDERR "Perl: ", @_; exit 1}; } $a = 1 + undef; $x / 0; __END__
The perl message comes out with "Perl" in front. The BEGIN
block works at compile time so all of the compilation errors and warnings get the "Perl:" prefix too.
Perl: Useless use of division (/) in void context at ./test line 9. Perl: Name "main::a" used only once: possible typo at ./test line 8. Perl: Name "main::x" used only once: possible typo at ./test line 9. Perl: Use of uninitialized value in addition (+) at ./test line 8. Perl: Use of uninitialized value in division (/) at ./test line 9. Perl: Illegal division by zero at ./test line 9. Perl: Illegal division by zero at -e line 3.
If I don't see that "Perl:", it's not from perl.
You could also just know all the perl errors, and although there are some people who may know all of them, you probably don't. However, they all should be in the perldiag manpage. If you don't find the error in there, it probably isn't a perl error.
Looking up every message is not the easiest way, so let perl to do it for you. Use the diagnostics pragma with turns perl's normal messages into longer discussions on the topic.
use diagnostics;
If you don't get a paragraph or two of expanded discussion, it might not be perl's message.
(contributed by brian d foy)
The easiest way is to have a module also named CPAN do it for you by using the cpan
command that comes with Perl. You can give it a list of modules to install:
$ cpan IO::Interactive Getopt::Whatever
If you prefer CPANPLUS
, it's just as easy:
$ cpanp i IO::Interactive Getopt::Whatever
If you want to install a distribution from the current directory, you can tell CPAN.pm
to install .
(the full stop):
$ cpan .
See the documentation for either of those commands to see what else you can do.
If you want to try to install a distribution by yourself, resolving all dependencies on your own, you follow one of two possible build paths.
For distributions that use Makefile.PL:
$ perl Makefile.PL $ make test install
For distributions that use Build.PL:
$ perl Build.PL $ ./Build test $ ./Build install
Some distributions may need to link to libraries or other third-party code and their build and installation sequences may be more complicated. Check any README or INSTALL files that you may find.
(contributed by brian d foy)
Perl runs require
statement at run-time. Once Perl loads, compiles, and runs the file, it doesn't do anything else. The use
statement is the same as a require
run at compile-time, but Perl also calls the import
method for the loaded package. These two are the same:
use MODULE qw(import list); BEGIN { require MODULE; MODULE->import(import list); }
However, you can suppress the import
by using an explicit, empty import list. Both of these still happen at compile-time:
use MODULE (); BEGIN { require MODULE; }
Since use
will also call the import
method, the actual value for MODULE
must be a bareword. That is, use
cannot load files by name, although require
can:
require "$ENV{HOME}/lib/Foo.pm"; # no @INC searching!
See the entry for use
in perlfunc for more details.
When you build modules, tell Perl where to install the modules.
If you want to install modules for your own use, the easiest way might be local::lib, which you can download from CPAN. It sets various installation settings for you, and uses those same settings within your programs.
If you want more flexibility, you need to configure your CPAN client for your particular situation.
For Makefile.PL
-based distributions, use the INSTALL_BASE option when generating Makefiles:
perl Makefile.PL INSTALL_BASE=/mydir/perl
You can set this in your CPAN.pm
configuration so modules automatically install in your private library directory when you use the CPAN.pm shell:
% cpan cpan> o conf makepl_arg INSTALL_BASE=/mydir/perl cpan> o conf commit
For Build.PL
-based distributions, use the --install_base option:
perl Build.PL --install_base /mydir/perl
You can configure CPAN.pm
to automatically use this option too:
% cpan cpan> o conf mbuild_arg "--install_base /mydir/perl" cpan> o conf commit
INSTALL_BASE tells these tools to put your modules into /mydir/perl/lib/perl5. See "How do I add a directory to my include path (@INC) at runtime?" for details on how to run your newly installed modules.
There is one caveat with INSTALL_BASE, though, since it acts differently from the PREFIX and LIB settings that older versions of ExtUtils::MakeMaker advocated. INSTALL_BASE does not support installing modules for multiple versions of Perl or different architectures under the same directory. You should consider whether you really want that and, if you do, use the older PREFIX and LIB settings. See the ExtUtils::Makemaker documentation for more details.
(contributed by brian d foy)
If you know the directory already, you can add it to @INC
as you would for any other directory. You might <use lib> if you know the directory at compile time:
use lib $directory;
The trick in this task is to find the directory. Before your script does anything else (such as a chdir
), you can get the current working directory with the Cwd
module, which comes with Perl:
BEGIN { use Cwd; our $directory = cwd; } use lib $directory;
You can do a similar thing with the value of $0
, which holds the script name. That might hold a relative path, but rel2abs
can turn it into an absolute path. Once you have the
BEGIN { use File::Spec::Functions qw(rel2abs); use File::Basename qw(dirname); my $path = rel2abs( $0 ); our $directory = dirname( $path ); } use lib $directory;
The FindBin module, which comes with Perl, might work. It finds the directory of the currently running script and puts it in $Bin
, which you can then use to construct the right library path:
use FindBin qw($Bin);
You can also use local::lib to do much of the same thing. Install modules using local::lib's settings then use the module in your program:
use local::lib; # sets up a local lib at ~/perl5
See the local::lib documentation for more details.
Here are the suggested ways of modifying your include path, including environment variables, run-time switches, and in-code statements:
PERLLIB
environment variable$ export PERLLIB=/path/to/my/dir $ perl program.pl
PERL5LIB
environment variable$ export PERL5LIB=/path/to/my/dir $ perl program.pl
perl -Idir
command line flag$ perl -I/path/to/my/dir program.pl
lib
pragma:use lib "$ENV{HOME}/myown_perllib";
use local::lib; use local::lib "~/myown_perllib";
The last is particularly useful because it knows about machine-dependent architectures. The lib.pm
pragmatic module was first included with the 5.002 release of Perl.
Modules are installed on a case-by-case basis (as provided by the methods described in the previous section), and in the operating system. All of these paths are stored in @INC, which you can display with the one-liner
perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC,"")'
The same information is displayed at the end of the output from the command
perl -V
To find out where a module's source code is located, use
perldoc -l Encode
to display the path to the module. In some cases (for example, the AutoLoader
module), this command will show the path to a separate pod
file; the module itself should be in the same directory, with a 'pm' file extension.
It's a Perl 4 style file defining values for system networking constants. Sometimes it is built using h2ph when Perl is installed, but other times it is not. Modern programs should use use Socket;
instead.
Copyright (c) 1997-2010 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other authors as noted. All rights reserved.
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in this file are hereby placed into the public domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit would be courteous but is not required.
Version: 5.021011


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