Wilbert:
Hey, you, traveler! Come over here, my friend.
You look a little bored. Not sure how what to do with yourself?
How about we play a little game that's pretty popular in these parts? I think you'll enjoy it.
"What's the game?"


iOS 13.2.2 now available with fix for background app performance, more
by Chance MilleriOS 13.2.2 is now rolling out to iPhone and iPod touch users. This comes after the release of iOS 13.2 last week. iOS 13.2.2 includes a fix for RAM management, cellular data performance, and more. Read on for all of the details.
If you’re wondering what happened to iOS 13.2.1, Apple released it last week exclusively for the HomePod. The initial HomePod 13.2 update caused some people to experience bricked HomePods, and Apple released iOS 13.2.1 to solve those problems for HomePod owners.
The biggest change in iOS 13.2.2 is a fix for issues related to background applications and multitasking. This RAM management problem caused applications to quit when running in the background, which significantly hindered multitasking performance and capabilities.
Release notes for iOS 13.2.2:
iOS 13.2.2 includes bug fixes and improvements for your iPhone. This update:
- Fixes an issue that could cause apps to quit unexpectedly when running in the background
- Resolves an issue where iPhone may temporarily lose mobile signal after a call
- Addresses an issue where mobile data may temporarily not be available
- Fixes an issue that caused replies to S/MIME encrypted email messages between Exchange accounts to be unreadable
- Addresses an issue where using Kerberos single sign-on service in Safari may present an authentication prompt
- Resolves an issue where charging may be interrupted on YubiKey Lightning-powered accessories
Also this week, Apple released the first developer beta of iOS 13.3. This will likely be the next public release of iOS 13, including Screen Time communication limits and more.
Spot any major changes in today’s release of iOS 13.2.2? Let us know in the comments or on Twitter, @9to5Mac.
Read more:
- Apple stops signing iOS 13.1.2 and iOS 13.1.3, blocking downgrades
- iOS 13.1.3 is the latest software update from Apple to fix iPhone and iPad bugs [U]
- iOS 13.2 now available with Deep Fusion, new emoji, Siri privacy settings, more
- Apple releases iOS 13.1.1 with fixes for battery drain, Siri, iPhone restores
- Apple releases iOS 13.1.2 with bug fixes for Camera app, iCloud backups, and more
FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.


[1]
minor irritations include touchscreen based menu only digital photos.
[2]
light small using easily obtainable high quality video images decent photos.


[t]There is a new reaction on your article[/t] "
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":
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[t]Subject[/t]: {$rea.subject|escape}
{$rea.body}
[t]This reaction was not approved automatically. You can also approve it from this e-mail by clicking on the "Approve reaction" link. To reject (delete) the reaction, click on the "Delete reaction" link.[/t]
[t]Approve reaction[/t]
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[t]Delete reaction[/t]


Are you sure to publish current Search Rules to LIVE?
You have unsaved input! Do you really want to Cancel Editing of Search Input or Continue with it?
= (undirected)
|
Default configuration. Makes input term match synonym term and vice versa. |
-> (directed)
|
Makes only synonym term match for input term. |
$1 placeholder
|
Can be used with a directed synonym in combination with
* Wildcard. See Input Matching.
|
Increases or decreases document ranking matching a specific term, e.g.:
UP(10): Altersteilzeit
, or
DOWN(500): englische Übersetzung
.
Can be combined with native Solr field syntax. See FILTER RULE.
Filter exclusively documents matching a specific term or totally remove
them completely.
When term is prefixed with *
, native Solr field syntax can be
used, e.g.:
* price:[350 TO 450]
, * microline1:Vertrag
, or
-vertrag
.
Delete rules allow you to remove keywords from a query.
"personal computer"
|
Only match the exact query 'personal computer'. |
"personal computer
|
Only match queries starting with 'personal computer' |
personal computer"
|
Only match queries ending with 'personal computer' |
urlaubs* |
Wildcard matching of queries starting with 'urlaubs' (e.g.
'urlaubsgeld' or 'urlaubszeit'). Can be combined with $1 placeholder in a directed synonym
(e.g. urlaub $1 ).WARNING: Only works in combination with a directed (not undirected) synonym! |
For more information refer to detailed documentation of querqy (common rules rewriter) .
Spelling rules are using the querqy replace rewriter to overwrite the
input term.
Following rules can be used to replace the input term:
| Spelling | Alternative | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
| simple rule | mobile | ombile |
ombile => mobile Simple replacement of the alternative with the spelling |
| prefix rule | cheap | cheap* |
cheap* => cheap Can be used to generalize spellings (e.g. cheapest pants => cheap pants). Just one suffix rule is allowed per spelling. |
| suffix rule | phone | *phones |
*sale => sale Can be used to generalize spellings (e.g. smartphone => phone). Just one suffix rule is allowed per spelling. |
| wildcards | computer $1 | computer* |
computer* => computer $1 Can be used to generalize and split spellings (e.g. computertable => computer table). Just one suffix rule is allowed per spelling. |
For more information refer to detailed documentation of querqy (replace rewriter) .


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--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113489-new-members/topic/GCD.20for.20ideals.2C.20fractional.20field.html ---
Localisation is there but I don't know if anyone specifically put the field of fractions there. What does one want? Just the statement that if you localise an integral domain at 0 then you get a field?
GCD of an ideal -- does that always exist? I'd not heard of it before.
It doesn't always have to exist. But that was the definition of the GCD we used in Algebra 1, and what is used in the proof of the Gauss Lemma I'm trying to write in lean.
Wikipedia also seems to use that definition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCD_domain
I would prefer working with the GCD being defined in terms of ideals because it lets me ignore multiplication by units. However, working with the ordinary defintion doesn't create any insurmountable issue.
That link is only about GCD's of finite sets of elements, not arbitrary ideals. I vaguely remember some talk here about GCD domains a few months back.
Whoops, yeah. I totally forgot the infintie case exists.
There is https://github.com/leanprover/mathlib/blob/master/src/algebra/gcd_domain.lean , but it seems to use the normal definition of GCD.
My memory was that the CS people at some stage wanted to choose a generator of every ideal or something. They think about stuff in really weird asymmetric ways.
There was some discussion about whether it was possible to choose a generator of every principal ideal in a way compatible with multiplication, and it works great for some rings (eg choose the monic generator for poly rings and the non negative generator for the integers) but it can't be done in general
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


|
| ExperienceScale | TargetExperienceScale [get, set] |
| | The desired the scale of the experience. More...
|
| |
| bool | IsCameraSystemEnabled [get, set] |
| | Enable and configure the Camera Profile for the Mixed Reality Toolkit More...
|
| |
| MixedRealityCameraProfile | CameraProfile [get, set] |
| | Profile for customizing your camera and quality settings based on if your head mounted display (HMD) is a transparent device or an occluded device. More...
|
| |
| SystemType | CameraSystemType [get, set] |
| | Camera System class to instantiate at runtime. More...
|
| |
| bool | IsInputSystemEnabled [get, set] |
| | Enable and configure the Input System component for the Mixed Reality Toolkit More...
|
| |
| MixedRealityInputSystemProfile | InputSystemProfile [get, set] |
| | Input System profile for configuring events and actions to input devices. More...
|
| |
| SystemType | InputSystemType [get, set] |
| | Input System class to instantiate at runtime. More...
|
| |
| bool | IsBoundarySystemEnabled [get, set] |
| | Enable and configure the boundary system. More...
|
| |
| SystemType | BoundarySystemSystemType [get, set] |
| | Boundary System class to instantiate at runtime. More...
|
| |
| MixedRealityBoundaryVisualizationProfile | BoundaryVisualizationProfile [get, set] |
| | Active profile for boundary visualization More...
|
| |
| bool | IsTeleportSystemEnabled [get, set] |
| | Enable and configure the teleport system. More...
|
| |
| SystemType | TeleportSystemSystemType [get, set] |
| | Teleport System class to instantiate at runtime. More...
|
| |
| bool | IsSpatialAwarenessSystemEnabled [get, set] |
| | Enable and configure the spatial awareness system. More...
|
| |
| SystemType | SpatialAwarenessSystemSystemType [get, set] |
| | Spatial Awareness System class to instantiate at runtime. More...
|
| |
| MixedRealitySpatialAwarenessSystemProfile | SpatialAwarenessSystemProfile [get, set] |
| | Active profile for spatial awareness system More...
|
| |
| MixedRealityDiagnosticsProfile | DiagnosticsSystemProfile [get, set] |
| | Active profile for diagnostic configuration More...
|
| |
| bool? | IsDiagnosticsSystemEnabled [get, set] |
| | Is the Diagnostics System enabled? More...
|
| |
| SystemType | DiagnosticsSystemSystemType [get, set] |
| | Diagnostics System Script File to instantiate at runtime More...
|
| |
| MixedRealitySceneSystemProfile | SceneSystemProfile [get, set] |
| | Active profile for scene configuration More...
|
| |
| bool? | IsSceneSystemEnabled [get, set] |
| | Is the Scene System enabled? More...
|
| |
| SystemType | SceneSystemSystemType [get, set] |
| | Scene System Script File to instantiate at runtime More...
|
| |
| MixedRealityRegisteredServiceProvidersProfile | RegisteredServiceProvidersProfile [get] |
| | All the additional non-required systems, features, and managers registered with the Mixed Reality Toolkit. More...
|
| |
| bool | UseServiceInspectors [get] |
| | If true, MRTK will generate components that let you to view the state of running services. More...
|
| |
| bool | RenderDepthBuffer [get] |
| | If true, MRTK will render the depth buffer as color. More...
|
| |
| bool | EnableVerboseLogging [get, set] |
| | If true, verbose logging will be enabled for MRTK components. More...
|
| |
Configuration profile settings for the Mixed Reality Toolkit.


$name
$school
Level: 10
Casting Time:
$time
Target:
$target
Components:
$components
Duration:
$duration
$htmlText


Código fonte de qiskit.extensions.quantum_initializer.diag
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# This code is part of Qiskit.
#
# (C) Copyright IBM 2019.
#
# This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may
# obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory
# of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
#
# Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this
# copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating
# that they have been altered from the originals.
# The structure of the code is based on Emanuel Malvetti's semester thesis at ETH in 2018,
# which was supervised by Raban Iten and Prof. Renato Renner.
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
# pylint: disable=missing-param-doc
# pylint: disable=missing-type-doc
"""
Decomposes a diagonal matrix into elementary gates using the method described in Theorem 7 in
"Synthesis of Quantum Logic Circuits" by Shende et al. (https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0406176.pdf).
"""
import cmath
import math
import numpy as np
from qiskit.circuit import Gate
from qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit import QuantumCircuit, QuantumRegister
from qiskit.exceptions import QiskitError
_EPS = 1e-10 # global variable used to chop very small numbers to zero
class DiagGate(Gate):
"""
diag = list of the 2^k diagonal entries (for a diagonal gate on k qubits). Must contain at
least two entries.
"""
def __init__(self, diag):
"""Check types"""
# Check if diag has type "list"
if not isinstance(diag, list):
raise QiskitError("The diagonal entries are not provided in a list.")
# Check if the right number of diagonal entries is provided and if the diagonal entries
# have absolute value one.
num_action_qubits = math.log2(len(diag))
if num_action_qubits < 1 or not num_action_qubits.is_integer():
raise QiskitError("The number of diagonal entries is not a positive power of 2.")
for z in diag:
try:
complex(z)
except TypeError:
raise QiskitError("Not all of the diagonal entries can be converted to "
"complex numbers.")
if not np.abs(z) - 1 < _EPS:
raise QiskitError("A diagonal entry has not absolute value one.")
# Create new gate.
super().__init__("diag", int(num_action_qubits), diag)
def _define(self):
diag_circuit = self._dec_diag()
gate = diag_circuit.to_instruction()
q = QuantumRegister(self.num_qubits)
diag_circuit = QuantumCircuit(q)
diag_circuit.append(gate, q[:])
self.definition = diag_circuit.data
def _dec_diag(self):
"""
Call to create a circuit implementing the diagonal gate.
"""
q = QuantumRegister(self.num_qubits)
circuit = QuantumCircuit(q)
# Since the diagonal is a unitary, all its entries have absolute value one and the diagonal
# is fully specified by the phases of its entries
diag_phases = [cmath.phase(z) for z in self.params]
n = len(self.params)
while n >= 2:
angles_rz = []
for i in range(0, n, 2):
diag_phases[i // 2], rz_angle = _extract_rz(diag_phases[i], diag_phases[i + 1])
angles_rz.append(rz_angle)
num_act_qubits = int(np.log2(n))
contr_qubits = q[self.num_qubits - num_act_qubits + 1:self.num_qubits]
target_qubit = q[self.num_qubits - num_act_qubits]
circuit.ucz(angles_rz, contr_qubits, target_qubit)
n //= 2
return circuit
# extract a Rz rotation (angle given by first output) such that exp(j*phase)*Rz(z_angle)
# is equal to the diagonal matrix with entires exp(1j*ph1) and exp(1j*ph2)
def _extract_rz(phi1, phi2):
phase = (phi1 + phi2) / 2.0
z_angle = phi2 - phi1
return phase, z_angle
def diag_gate(self, diag, qubit):
"""
Attach a diagonal gate to a circuit. The decomposition is based on Theorem 7 given in
"Synthesis of Quantum Logic Circuits" by Shende et al.
(https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0406176.pdf).
Args:
diag (list): list of the 2^k diagonal entries (for a diagonal gate on k qubits).
Must contain at least two entries
qubit (QuantumRegister|list): list of k qubits the diagonal is
acting on (the order of the qubits specifies the computational basis in which the
diagonal gate is provided: the first element in diag acts on the state where all
the qubits in q are in the state 0, the second entry acts on the state where all
the qubits q[1],...,q[k-1] are in the state zero and q[0] is in the state 1,
and so on
Returns:
QuantumCircuit: the diagonal gate is attached to the circuit.
Raises:
QiskitError: if the list of the diagonal entries or the qubit list is in bad format;
if the number of diagonal entries is not 2^k, where k denotes the number of qubits
"""
if isinstance(qubit, QuantumRegister):
qubit = qubit[:]
# Check if q has type "list"
if not isinstance(qubit, list):
raise QiskitError("The qubits must be provided as a list "
"(also if there is only one qubit).")
# Check if diag has type "list"
if not isinstance(diag, list):
raise QiskitError("The diagonal entries are not provided in a list.")
num_action_qubits = math.log2(len(diag))
if not len(qubit) == num_action_qubits:
raise QiskitError("The number of diagonal entries does not correspond to"
" the number of qubits.")
return self.append(DiagGate(diag), qubit)
QuantumCircuit.diag_gate = diag_gate


RANLIB(1) GNU Development Tools RANLIB(1) NAME ranlib - generate index to archive. SYNOPSIS ranlib [-vVt] archive DESCRIPTION ranlib generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. You may use nm -s or nm --print-armap to list this index. An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to their placement in the archive. The GNU ranlib program is another form of GNU ar; running ranlib is completely equivalent to executing ar -s. OPTIONS -v -V --version Show the version number of ranlib. -t Update the timestamp of the symbol map of an archive. @file Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not removed. Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively. SEE ALSO ar(1), nm(1), and the Info entries for binutils. COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". binutils-2.22-system 2015-01-05 RANLIB(1)


Hello, we at Rent-A-Pet have given a lot to make our dreams come true. We are a group of 4 students from the West-Mec Start Coding program and we did this for a group project.
This has taken us a couple months of hard work to get the site up and running. We also ran into a lot trouble when making the site. A bunch of things broke because of Eric(he breaks things a lot even if he’s not coding), and we had to get some outside help from other students.
We also made the site look like zozi.com. We liked the layout of the site and tried to imitate the look of it.
If you need any help or you want to contact us --- Email us at Rent-A-Pet@disposable.com


Hello! I'm Josvin John, a Data & Software Engineering professional with 4 years of experience coupled with a Master's Degree in Data Science from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, MA, specializing in Data Engineering, Big Data, NLP and Machine Learning.
I'm passionate about collecting, extracting, processing, visualizing and communicating data-driven solutions to support key business decisions
With a demonstrated history of working in an ensemble of domains/verticals like E-Commerce, Supply Chain and Energy/Utilities, I'm enthusiastic about building fault-tolerant and high-impact data-intensive applications to solve real-world problems
In my free time I enjoy biking, traveling with friends, exploring the neighborhood as well as trying different cuisines, and most importantly spending time with friends and family!
You can download my résume in PDF format if you would like.
Graduated with a Master's Degree in Data Science from WPI in Worcester, Massachusetts, specializing in Data Engineering, Big Data, NLP and Machine Learning.
I completed my undergraduate degree in Information Technology and Computer Engineering from MGU in Kottayam, Kerala, India


CLI tools
drop-cli
drop-cli — command line for managing a DROP
start with arg to connect another host (default localhost)
ex. drop-cli <HOST>
=================
login - login in system
freenode_list - list of free nodes
freenode_clear - remove all free nodes (refresh list)
cluster_list - list of avaliable clusters
cluster_create - create new cluster
cluster_destroy - destroy existing cluster
cluster_start - start all cluster nodes
cluster_stop - stop all cluster nodes
cluster_node - add/rm/start/stop node in cluster
cluster_info - info of cluster
cluster_version - version nodes of cluster
service_list - list of systemd services
service_start - start systemd services
service_stop - stop of systemd services
service_status - status of systemd services
service_conf - configurate systemd services
plugin_repo - find avaliable plugin in repo
plugin_install - install plugin
plugin_remove - remove plugin
plugin_list - list of plugin
plugin_start - start plugin
plugin_stop - stop plugin
plugin_info - info of plugin
plugin_call - call msg to plugin
fun_repo - find avaliable fun in repo
fun_install - install fun
fun_remove - remove fun
fun_list - list of fun
flow_install - install flow
flow_remove - remove flow
flow_list - list of flow
flow_start - start flow
flow_stop - stop flow
flow_info - info of flow
flow_call - call msg to flow
stats_cluster - system stats of cluster nodes
stats_plugin - system stats of groups on nodes


[1]
many problems were fixed; somethings need to be cleaner
[2]
free traffic; sends you turning and turning. Esoteric PIOs included, standard PIO's absent


This type describes the rotation from a frame 1 into a frame 2. An instance R of type Orientation has the following interpretation:
T = [ex, ey, ez]; e.g., T = [1,0,0; 0,1,0; 0,0,1]
where ex,ey,ez are unit vectors in the direction of the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis of frame 1, resolved in frame 2, respectively. Therefore, if v1 is vector v resolved in frame 1 and v2 is vector v resolved in frame 2, the following relationship holds:
v2 = T * v1
The inverse orientation T_inv = TT describes the rotation from frame 2 into frame 1.
Since the orientation is described by 9 variables, there are 6 constraints between these variables. These constraints are defined in function TransformationMatrices.orientationConstraint.
Note, that in the MultiBody library the rotation object is never directly accessed but only with the access functions provided in package TransformationMatrices. As a consequence, other implementations of Rotation can be defined by adapting this package correspondingly.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| equalityConstraint | Return the constraint residues to express that two frames have the same orientation |


Subdomain Forwards allows you to use DNS to create short URLs (like rolled.jpillora.com)
How does it work?
*
) CNAME entry pointed at subfwd.jpillora.com
.subfwd-<domain>
will be looked up and if it contains a URL, the user will be forwarded (302) there.
Why do we need a prefix?
Since wildcard entries are only returned when there is no match, we must
prefix TXT entries with subfwd-
to make sure it does not conflict with the desired
subdomain.
Why is there a setup step?
Subfwd runs on Heroku. Heroku uses an HTTP routing proxy. Large HTTP PaaS routers need to be able to map a domain name to an application. Therefore, the setup step is required to insert your domain into this application's "Custom Domains" list. If subfwd had it's own IP address (i.e. an EC2 instance), this step could be removed.
Extra features
default
subdomain also acts as a fallback.
So all missing entries will use the default
entry (TXT record
subfwd-default
).
$IP
- requester's IP address$DATE
- unix epoch in milliseconds$HEADER[NAME]
- request header where NAME is the header name$ curl vars.jpillora.com
)subproxy-
instead of subfwd-
will proxy the
destination URL instead of forwarding to it.
Tips
CloudFlare is highly recommended. Subfwd uses CloudFlare's free tier for free DNS managment. CloudFlare allows you to optionally activate individual domains to have them proxied through their infrastructure, which turns on SSL, asset minification, caching, DDOS protection and other benefits.


@import play.mvc.Http.Context.Implicit._
To see more of what is happening, open up the browser dev tools (e.g. Firebug or Chrome dev tools) and view the console output.


I am French-Lebanese. I was born in France, next to Paris in Livry-Gargan. Then my family moved to Lebanon, and I lived there until my 22nd birthday. I then moved to Paris, it has been almost 6 years I live here.
I am a COBOL Software Engineer. COBOL is a programming language that what invented in 1959 and is still widely used in the banking and insurances sectors.
I am taking this course to develop my own product and launch my own start-up in one or two years. I love my actual job, but would like to have an impact on the world around me on a much bigger scale.
When I got out of school, I studied Law for a year and a half, had good grades, but didn't like it. I then studied Physics for a year and a half, not getting good grades, as I was very lazy.
In 2015, I left for Sweden. Then, after encountering personal problems, I had to go to Paris, my second home and stay there. That's where I started my journey into programming. I studied Copmuter Science for almsot 3 years.
In 2018, I got my first job as an IT helpdesk assistant. Then I got my first permanent job, which I kept for one year. Then I finally got the job I have now, which is amazing, with amazing people. I am actually a COBOL Software Engineer and work as a contractor for a company at BNP Paribas.
After having worked on my programming skills, I built my first website with the help of one my closest friends and mentor, and my view and ambitions expanded. I now want to become an entrepreneur and build my own product and start-up and impact the world on a big scale.
My name is Jad Mogaizel, I am 28 years old and I work as a contractor for Euraxiel at BNP Paribas.


About Me
Hi, I'm Diego San Miguel, an incoming software engineering intern at Microsoft, engineering student at Carnegie Mellon, systems engineer in the CMU racecar club, member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity, and active community member passionate about Hackathons, Booth, Greek Sing, and all things that make my university unique.
This website is a small showcase of some of my work and interests, feel free to reach out at diegofinni@gmail.com


Life Ladder
This webpage shows the average score of the life ladder per country. What is a life ladder? According to the World Happiness Report, a life ladder is used when respondents are asked to think of a ladder, with the best possible life for them being a 10, and the worst possible life being a 0. They are then asked to rate their own current lives on that 0 to 10 scale. With a life ladder we can see how residents experience their own life. Hover over a country to see the average life ladder.
Keep in mind: this is subjective and we can never be sure if these numbers are representative.
Drug related Deaths
After you click on a country, a pie chart will also be shown. This pie chart will show how many people died in that specified country related to drugs and alcohol. Click the button to go to the source. The problem with this dataset is that it contains the amount of deaths per year per country, and the numbers have a lot of decimals. You would think that the deaths will be a whole number, and not a float. Therefore, the number shown is rounded.
Bar Chart
A bar chart consists of several bars. Here, it contains the average score for the life ladder. It only shows the one country you clicked on. If you click another country, this bar chart will disappear and a new one will take its place. It shows the years 2005-2016. A missing bar means there is no data available for this year. The colour of the bars is the same as the worldmap legend, so the denser the colour the higher the score (ranging from lightgreen to darkgreen). Hover over a bar and it will show it's value!
Pie Chart
After a country is clicked, a pie chart will be shown on the right. This pie chart shows the amount of deaths in that country which are a direct result of drugs and alcohol. A slider is available under the world map. Use this slider to select which year you want to see. The standard year is 1990. Take the slider and move it!


// Copyright (c) 2016, Sensorberg // // All rights reserved. using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Diagnostics; using SensorbergSDK.Internal.Transport; namespace SensorbergSDK.Internal { public sealed class ResolvedActionsEventArgs { public int RequestId { [DebuggerStepThrough] get; [DebuggerStepThrough] set; } /// <summary> /// The beacon event type associated with the resolved action(s). /// </summary> public BeaconEventType BeaconEventType { [DebuggerStepThrough] get; [DebuggerStepThrough] set; } /// <summary> /// Beacon PID from the resolve action request. /// Makes it easier to track complete requests and reporting the history to the server. /// </summary> public string BeaconPid { [DebuggerStepThrough] get; [DebuggerStepThrough] set; } public IList<ResolvedAction> ResolvedActions { [DebuggerStepThrough] get; [DebuggerStepThrough] set; } } }


§441-30 Form of licenses. The form of every license shall be prescribed by the director, and shall be issued in the name of the department, and signed by the director. [L 1967, c 199, pt of §1; HRS §441-30; am L 1975, c 21, §14; am L 1981, c 221, §16]


[viewBag] title = "Council of the Institute" ==
The Council of the Institute run its activities according to the Regulation on the Council of the Institute, approved by the resolution of the Council of the Institute Council 1 in August 30, 2017, and it is based on the Regulation "On the Scientific Council of Higher Education Institutions" approved by the order of the Minister of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 345 of December 9, 1998. The structure of the Institute Council consists of rectors, vice-rectors, deans of faculties, directors of independent organizations and networks under the institute, heads of departments that prepares future specialists, as well as heads of public organizations.
Goals and objectives of the Institute Council
The purpose of the Institute Council is to fulfill the tasks set out in the Laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Education" and "On the National Program of Personnel Training" with institute team efforts, intellectual potential and other opportunities, and to ensure that higher education is provided to train professionals who have excellent knowledge, skills and competence at the level of state educational standards.
Institutional Council:
- observes the strict implementation of the state educational standards, curricula and programs in accordance with the National Program of Personnel Training and sets out recommendations and tasks on priority issues;
- listens to the reports about the results of academic research and spiritual-enlightening affairs of the faculties, and the activities of the academic lyceums, the academic societies of the institute, as wells as service of the National Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the need for graduates of the national economy, cooperation relations with the contracting organizations, and makes appropriate decisions;
- discusses fulfillment of plans of scientific research, spiritual-enlightenment affairs, issues of professional development and retraining of professorial-teaching staff and makes appropriate decisions;
- Approves the annual and perspective plans of development of the higher education institution, discusses the results of logistical support and financial-economic activities and makes relevant decisions;
- makes decisions on issues related to the opening or closing, changing faculties and departments, as well as on the establishment or suspension of training of specialists in the new bachelor's and master's specialties, taking into account the proposals of marketing services;
- conducts competitions for the positions of professors and teachers in accordance with the Regulation "On the order of recruiting teachers to higher education institutions";
- examines the documents of professors, associate professors who are seeking to earn a docent degree and submits them for approval to the academic title in accordance with the established procedure;
- discusses the issues of providing educational process with textbooks, preparation and publication of new generation textbooks and manuals, as well as educational and methodological complexes based on innovative educational technologies;
- recommends candidates for base doctorate and doctorate, confirms their individual plans and dissertations topics;
- recommends candidates from among talented students of the institute who participates in the state scholarship of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in other state scholarships;
- discusses the issues of developing corporate partnerships with organizations, enterprises and institutions, of strengthening the material and technical basis, and increasing the effectiveness of students' qualification practice, and develops recommendations for their improvement;
- makes decisions on establishing partnerships with foreign higher educational institutions;
- listens to the reports of managers of small enterprises, firms and courses involved in educational services and makes appropriate decisions;
- defines measures to improve the safety and labor protection of students and staff of the Institute.
Organizing the Council of the Institute
The Council of the Institute carries out its activity in accordance with the plan for each academic year. Institute Council plan is approved by the rector after review by the Institute Council.
Resolutions of the Council of the Institute on all issues related to educational, scientific-methodological, scientific-research, spiritual-educational and organizational work are adopted by the majority of votes in the open voting procedure. The Council of the Institute Council is valid only when two thirds of its members are present.


THE CREW
Review by John Beachem
* * *
Directed by: Michael Dinner Written by: Barry Fanaro
Bobby Bartellemeo (Richard Dreyfuss), Joey "Bats" Pistella (Burt Reynolds), Mike the Brick (Dan Hedaya), and Tony "The Mouth" Donato (Seymour Cassel) are a bunch of wise guys.  The problem is, now it's the nineties and they're still wise guys; they're just too old and feeble to break things. The group lives in the Raj Mahal Hotel in Florida, the last place the old folks have. The landlord has decided to raise the rent so the old people will leave and he can bring in the new, young clientele. So the wiseguys decide to take a corpse from the morgue (where The Brick works), shoot it, and place it in the hotel so the young people will stay away and the rents will drop. The problem is, being the numb skulls these guys are, they shoot the body of a Cuban drug lord's (Miguel Sandoval) father. The drug lord thinks his father was still alive when the wise guys shot him, so he starts trying to track them down.
Mobster comedies seem to be quite popular in Hollywood these days. They've thrown us dreck like "Mickey Blue Eyes" as well as the occasional hilarious movie like "Analyze This". Then we get movies like Michael Dinner's (tv's "Chicago Hope") "The Crew". This is your typical August comedy; not all that funny, but not incredibly bad either (the really bad movies get saved for January and February). "The Crew" follows that trend of the past few years where two similar movies are released within a few weeks of each other ("Armageddon" and "Deep Impact" in '98, "Sixth Sense" and "Stir of Echoes" in '99). I'm not sure just why 2000 was chosen as the year of old guy movies ("Space Cowboys" anyone?), but who am I to argue with Hollywood. So, you're no doubt wondering if "The Crew" will make you laugh. Well, you'll no doubt chuckle quite a few times, but there isn't a single good belly laugh. The biggest problem with "The Crew", as compared to "Space Cowboys", is that the cast doesn't appear to be having all that much fun. In "Space Cowboys", the actors appeared giddy with excitement over what they were doing. In "The Crew" you'll want to check the cast members' pulses from time to time.
Richard Dreyfuss is used as the glue to hold our aging cast together, but Dreyfuss can't quite pull this task off. How can that be, you ask? Well, of all the cast members, Dreyfuss appears the most bored out of his mind at being in this movie (though it's still better than his last so-called comedy, "Krippendorf's Tribe"). Burt Reynolds delivers his usual display of ineptness at playing a comic role (or a dramatic role, or an action role, etc.), though he does get one great scene. Working in a Burger King, he gets one of those irritating customers who asks for a thousand and one special instructions on a hamburger. He leans forward and hisses: "I know what the commercials say, but special orders DO upset us." Dan Hedaya ("Clueless", "The Hurricane") can't help but be great in everything he appears in (even his brief appearance in "Alien: Resurrection" was good), and he's one of the only good things about "The Crew". While his cohorts sleepwalk their way through the film, Hedaya is having a grand-ol time playing the brainless Brick. Seymour Cassell, who was wonderful as Max Fischer's father in "Rushmore", isn't even given dialogue in "The Crew", so it's hard to blame the man for looking bored. Carrie-Anne Moss ("The Matrix") gives an adequate performance, but it's nothing special. Finally we have Miguel Sandoval ("Get Shorty") as the Latin druglord who knows he's a cliche (too bad Barry Fanaro didn't realize his movie was as well). Sandoval gets all the funniest moments (a scene where two bodies hang from the ceiling behind him while he gives a speech to his troops) and lines, and he delivers then with comic timing bordering on perfection. Too bad he's not on screen very often.
I complain and complain that the actors weren't having any fun with their script, but I truly can't blame them. Every old, cliched joke in the book is used in "The Crew". Granted, old and cliched jokes can be funny, but not when they're used repeatedly. Fanaro uses every joke till it's been ground into the dirt and then finally starts on a new one. The constant jokes about the characters having to go to the bathroom all the time get really old, really fast. I suppose the question you really have to ask yourself before going into "The Crew" is: how much do I like jokes about old people acting like old people? If those sorts of jokes are hysterical to you (for whatever bizarre reason), you'll have a great time. That's because there's no other kind of joke in "The Crew". We get traces of jokes about the Latin druglords, and one or two involving Carrie-Anne Moss and her ex-boyfriend (played by the incredibly irritating Jeremy Piven), but everything else is us laughing at people for being old. The elderly in my audience seemed to find many of these jokes hysterical. Most of the younger people just stared blankly at the screen.
 I've always felt that a great comic film will feature jokes which occur in the background, or very quickly, so that only the careful watcher will notice them (The Dude filling out a check for a few cents in "The Big Lebowski" is a great example). In "The Crew", Michael Dinner leaves every joke lingering on screen in plain view till you just want to stand up and start shouting that you get it already (or maybe that's just me)! The other extreme is long, drawn out segments with no laughs. Under normal circumstances these types of scenes are present in a comedy to further the plot. In "The Crew" these scenes seem present because Barry Fanaro couldn't think of anything else to do. Let's face it, the film's plot isn't going to sustain much of a running time (which is probably why the movie only runs 88 minutes), but if Fanaro was going to throw filler into the mix, he could at least have made it funny filler. As for the soundtrack, well, it's not much to write home about. In fact, I honestly can't remember very much of it. I'd recommend "The Crew" to people who think old guys lusting after young women (a fairly major part of this movie) is funny and give it a slightly generous three out of five stars.
Comments? Send to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Past reviews can be found at: http://www.epinions.com/user-elerad?public=yes or http://us.imdb.com/ReviewsBy?John+Beachem
* * * * * - One of the best movies of the year. * * * * - Great flick, try and catch this one. * * * - Okay movie, hits and misses. * * - Pretty bad, see it at your own risk. * - See this one only if you enjoy pain.
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| Class | Module |
| In: |
lib/overrides/module.rb
|
| Parent: | Object |
| instance_method | -> | [] |
| Access instance methods with array notation. Returns UnboundMethod, |
Define a instance method with name sym and body f. Example: String[:backwards] = lambda { reverse }
# File lib/overrides/module.rb, line 59 59: def []=(sym, f) 60: self.instance_eval { define_method(sym, f) } 61: end
Stolen wholesale out of active_support. I didn‘t want the whole gem in this gem.
# File lib/overrides/module.rb, line 4 4: def alias_method_chain(target, feature) 5: # Strip out punctuation on predicates or bang methods since 6: # e.g. target?_without_feature is not a valid method name. 7: aliased_target, punctuation = target.to_s.sub(/([?!=])$/, ''), $1 8: yield(aliased_target, punctuation) if block_given? 9: 10: with_method, without_method = "#{aliased_target}_with_#{feature}#{punctuation}", "#{aliased_target}_without_#{feature}#{punctuation}" 11: 12: alias_method without_method, target 13: alias_method target, with_method 14: 15: case 16: when public_method_defined?(without_method) 17: public target 18: when protected_method_defined?(without_method) 19: protected target 20: when private_method_defined?(without_method) 21: private target 22: end 23: end
Moves a method safely into a new name, only if it exists. The default name is original_#{method_name}. So, archive_method(:x) creates original_x as a method, and removes x, so that a module can then use the x method name for something else. To be honest, I‘m not really sure why I can‘t create a new method without overriding the old one, it seems like it used to work, and I may have something boinked in my system, but it‘s late and I could be wrong too.
# File lib/overrides/module.rb, line 32 32: def archive_method(target, new_name=nil) 33: new_name ||= ("original_" + target.to_s).to_sym 34: begin 35: alias_method(new_name, target) 36: 37: case 38: when public_method_defined?(target) 39: public new_name 40: when protected_method_defined?(target) 41: protected new_name 42: when private_method_defined?(target) 43: private new_name 44: end 45: 46: remove_method(target) 47: rescue 48: # The instance_methods show that the soon-to-be-defined methods are 49: # defined before they are, really weird. Need to see if this is a 50: # problem with 1.9. For now, fail silently. 51: end 52: end


Chapter 12 Binary Dependent Variable Models (II)
12.1 Seminar
Let’s start by loading the required packages:
library(texreg)
library(lmtest)
Clear the environment
rm(list = ls())
12.1.1 Loading Data
Today, we return to ethnic voting. Instead of the Afrobarometer, we will use a dataset from a survey that was carried out in Benin. Researchers randomly assigned survey respondents short bibliographical passages on the then Beninoise president Yayi Boni that included no mention of his wife, included a mention of his wife, or included a mention of his Fon wife. Respondents were then asked whether they were willing to vote for Yayi Boni should an election be held and barring term limits. The goal of the experiment was to assess whether priming respondents about the president’s Fon wife might raise support amonst wife coethics for the president.
We start by loading the dataset benin.csv
.
benin <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/UCLSPP/datasets/master/data/benin.csv")
| Variable | Description |
|---|---|
vote |
1 - if respondent would vote for the president, 0 otherwise. |
sex |
1 if respondent is female, and 0 otherwise |
age |
|
ethnicity |
Ethnicity of the respondent |
fon |
1 if respondent is Fon, and 0 otherwise. |
passage |
Control if respondent given control passage, Wife for wife passage, FonWife for Fon wife passage |
We take a look at the summary stats:
summary(benin)
sex age ethnicity fon
Min. :0.0000 Min. :18.00 Fon :152 Min. :0.0000
1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:25.00 Goun : 37 1st Qu.:0.0000
Median :0.0000 Median :31.00 Mina : 34 Median :0.0000
Mean :0.4986 Mean :32.74 Adja : 33 Mean :0.4553
3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:39.00 Dendi : 30 3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :1.0000 Max. :70.00 Lokpa : 12 Max. :1.0000
(Other): 49
passage vote
Control:118 Min. :0.0000
FonWife:118 1st Qu.:0.0000
Wife :111 Median :0.0000
Mean :0.4438
3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :1.0000
We have to character variables ethnicity
and passage
. Let’s inspect them and turn them into factor variables and look at the summary stats once more. Let’s also turn our two numeric dummies sex
and fon
into factors.
# inspect
table(benin$ethnicity)
Adja Ani Betamaribe Dendi Ditamari Dompago
33 4 2 30 9 2
Ewe Fon Goun Lokpa Mahi Mina
1 152 37 12 6 34
Natimba Ouama Peul Somba Wama Yoa
2 1 6 5 2 5
Yom
4
table(benin$passage)
Control FonWife Wife
118 118 111
# convert to factor
benin$ethnicity <- as.factor(benin$ethnicity)
benin$passage <- as.factor(benin$passage)
benin$sex <- factor(benin$sex, c(0,1), c("male", "female"))
benin$fon <- factor(benin$fon, c(0,1), c("not fon", "fon"))
# inspect again
table(benin$ethnicity)
Adja Ani Betamaribe Dendi Ditamari Dompago
33 4 2 30 9 2
Ewe Fon Goun Lokpa Mahi Mina
1 152 37 12 6 34
Natimba Ouama Peul Somba Wama Yoa
2 1 6 5 2 5
Yom
4
table(benin$passage)
Control FonWife Wife
118 118 111
# summary stats again
summary(benin)
sex age ethnicity fon passage
male :174 Min. :18.00 Fon :152 not fon:189 Control:118
female:173 1st Qu.:25.00 Goun : 37 fon :158 FonWife:118
Median :31.00 Mina : 34 Wife :111
Mean :32.74 Adja : 33
3rd Qu.:39.00 Dendi : 30
Max. :70.00 Lokpa : 12
(Other): 49
vote
Min. :0.0000
1st Qu.:0.0000
Median :0.0000
Mean :0.4438
3rd Qu.:1.0000
Max. :1.0000
12.1.2 Models with Binary Dependent Variables and Interactions
Let’s estimate a model that predicts whether a respondent would vote for the incumbent using passage
, sex
, age
as predictors.
m1 <- glm(vote ~ passage + sex + age, family = binomial(link = "logit"), data = benin)
screenreg(m1)
==========================
Model 1
--------------------------
(Intercept) -0.15
(0.42)
passageFonWife 0.18
(0.26)
passageWife -0.14
(0.27)
sexfemale -0.57 **
(0.22)
age 0.01
(0.01)
--------------------------
AIC 477.39
BIC 496.64
Log Likelihood -233.69
Deviance 467.39
Num. obs. 347
==========================
*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
Let’s interpret the table. The respondents who received the message about Yayi Boni’s wife were not more likely to say that they would vote for the incumbent. Equally, respondents who were primed with the message of Boni’s Fon wife were not more likely to say that they intended to vote for the incumbent. The only non-zero finding, is a gender effect. Women are less likely to vote for the incumbent. The odds of a voting intention for the incumbent are 43% lower for women than for men (exp(-.57)
\(=0.57\)).
However, there is likely something missing from our model. Our goal was to test whether priming respondents with the message about the Fon wife made respondents more likely to say they would vote for Boni. We would only reasonably expect such an effect for coethnics with the wife. Therefore, we have to interact the treatment variable passage
with the coethnic indicator fon
.  We have three groups to compare: 1) Fon respondents who got no briefing about Boni’s wife. 2) Fon respondent’s who got a message about Boni’s wife but not her ethnicity. 3) Fon respondents who got a message about Boni’s Fon wife.
We call the message about the wife but not her ethnicity a placebo treatment. By giving that, we can be sure that an estimated effect is not due to the popularity or notoriety of the wife.
For respondents in the control group, the odds ratio for those with Fon ehnicity vs. other ethnicity is: \[ OR1 = exp^{\beta_{Fon}} = exp^{-2.36} = 0.09 \] The odds are reduced by 91%.
There is no discernable effect between Fon respondents who did not receive a message about the wife and Fon respondents who were primed about Boni’s wife but not her ethnicity.
The odds ratio would be computed as: \[ OR2 = exp^{\beta_{Fon} + \beta{Fon X Group}} = exp^{-2.36 + 0.19} = 0.11 \]
Finally, the interaction term between wife coethinc fon
and priming about the wife’s ethnicity passageFonWife:fon
is positive and significant. For such respondents the odds ratios are modified by exp(-2.36 + 1.76)
which is \(0.55\). Therefore, for Fon respondents who received the treatment, the odds of voting for Boni were reduced by only 44%. This is evidence for the effect of priming.
12.1.3 Predicted Probabilities and Predictive Power
To assess the predictive power of our model we will check the percentage of cases that it correctly predicted. Let’s look at our dependent variable first and find out what the naive guess is.
mean(benin$vote)
[1] 0.443804
The mean is \(0.44\). That means that 44% of the respondents said that they would vote for Boni. This also means that more people said, that they would not vote for him (\(100 - 44 = 56\%\)). If we had no model and were to close our eyes and predict for a random respondent from our sample whether she would vote for or against Boni, the prediction that we should make is: she will not vote for Boni. This is the naive guess. The naive guess is \(0\) - the best prediction without a statistical model.
Now suppose, you predict \(0\) for every respondent in the sample. This would give us a percent of correctly predicted cases of 56%. Remember that the mean is \(0.44\). This is the proportion of respondents who would vote for Boni. So, if we predict that everyone does not vote for Boni, our rate of correct predictions is 56%. Let’s get this in R.
# naive guess
nguess <- ifelse(mean(benin$vote) > .5, yes = 1, no = 0)
nguess
[1] 0
# percent correctly predicted using the naive guess
pcp.naive <- ifelse(mean(benin$vote) > 0.5, yes = mean(benin$vote), no = 1 - mean(benin$vote))
pcp.naive
[1] 0.556196
We see that the naive guess is indeed 56%. Our statistical model that we estimated earlier must do better than this, otherwise our model will be useless. You can think of this like a linear model that does not win the F-test against the empty model. Such a model makes no contribution.
We will now estimate predicted probabilities, expected values and estimate our rate of correctly predicted cases.
Step 1: Predicted probabilities. We already know how to do this. We use the predict()
function and set type = "response"
. We attach the predicted probabilities for every respondent to the original dataset.
# predicted probabilities
benin$pps <- predict(m2, type = "response")
Step 2: Expected values. Now, that we got our predicted probabilities of voting for Boni, we will assign everyone in our dataset who has a predicted probability greater than \(0.5\) with an expected value of 1 and everyone else get’s a \(0\).
benin$evs <- ifelse(benin$pps > 0.5, yes = 1, no = 0)
Step 3: Compute percentage correctly predicted. For every respondent in our dataset, we have made a prediction based on our model m2
. We will compare our predictions to the actual outcomes now in a cross-table (sometimes called confusion matrix).
confusion <- table(actual = benin$vote, expected.value = benin$evs)
confusion
expected.value
actual 0 1
0 133 60
1 55 99
The observations on the diagonal are our correct predictions where a predicted vote intention against Boni corresponds to an actual vote intention against Boni and a predicted vote intention for Boni corresponds to an actual vote intention to Boni.
For 55 respondents, we predict that they do not want to vote for Boni but they respond that they do want to vote for him. These are what we call false negatives.
For 60 respondents, we predict that they would want to vote for Boni but when asked they said that they would not want to vote for him. We call these mistakes false positives.
For our purposes, false negatives are equally bad as false positives. We do want to make as few mistakes as possible but we do not care about the kind of mistake that we make. There are other applications where the kind of mistake matters (e.g. cancer tests). By varying the threshold from 0.5 to some other threshold value, we would change the amount of false negative and false positive mistakes that we make but we cannot get a lower overall rate of mistakes by changing the threshold (0.5 is optimal in that sense).
To compute the percentage of correctly classified cases, we now divide the elements on the diagonal of the confusion matrix by all respondents. We use the diag()
function and the sum()
function to do this. The former takes the diagonal elements of the table and the latter takes a sum.
sum(diag(confusion)) / sum(confusion)
[1] 0.6685879
We correctly classify 67% of the respondents into Boni supporters and opponents. We thereby improve upon the naive guess which correctly classifies 56% of the respondents. Here, we compared against a baseline of no model. When we try to decide between models, we can use the same approach.
12.1.4 Joint hypothesis testing
Our first model m1
included passageFonWife
, passageWife
, sex
, and age
as predictors. In our second model, we also included fon
as well as interactions between passageFonWife
and fon
, and also passageWife
and fon
. We estimated three additional parameters in model m2
compared to model m1
. Let’s compare the models in a table again.
screenreg(list(m1, m2))
==============================================
Model 1 Model 2
----------------------------------------------
(Intercept) -0.15 1.22 *
(0.42) (0.53)
passageFonWife 0.18 -0.73
(0.26) (0.39)
passageWife -0.14 -0.57
(0.27) (0.39)
sexfemale -0.57 ** -0.60 *
(0.22) (0.24)
age 0.01 -0.00
(0.01) (0.01)
fonfon -2.36 ***
(0.44)
passageFonWife:fonfon 1.76 **
(0.58)
passageWife:fonfon 0.19
(0.67)
----------------------------------------------
AIC 477.39 424.28
BIC 496.64 455.08
Log Likelihood -233.69 -204.14
Deviance 467.39 408.28
Num. obs. 347 347
==============================================
*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
As you can see, the log-likelihood in m2
is larger than the log-likelihood in m1
. That means that the same is true for the likelihoods. The likelihood is a relative measure. We do not know whether any particular value is large or small but we can compare the likelihoods between two nested models. We want to test now whether the increase in the likelihood could be due too chance (sampling variability). To do this, we apply the likelihood ratio test.
In R, you need to load the libary(lmtest)
to carry out the test. The actual test is done by using the lrtest()
function which stands for likelihood-ratio test. We will do this now. The null hypothesis is that m2
is not an improvement on m1
but that they are similar models, i.e. both explain the world equally well. We can reject that null if the p value is small.  We reject the null hypothesis.
<IP_ADDRESS> Predicted Probabilities and Confidence intervals
We have constructed confidence intervals for our estimates before. Here, we want to quantify the uncertainty of our predictions. Imagine, we predict that a respondent will vote for Boni with 85% probability. This is what we call a point estimate, a prediction, of the outcome. Beacause, we predict this quantity from our model and our model parameters follow distributions, so does the prediction of the outcome.
With a confidence interval of the prediction, we can show how precise our prediction is. Let’s say, we predict that the respondent will vote for Boni with 80% to 90% probability. That would be a more precise statement than if we were to predict that the respondent votes for Boni with 60% to 100% probability.
The precision of the outcome depends on precision of our estimated parameters and their covariance. We will predict the probability of voting for Boni for the treatment group and Fon coethnic respondent and control groups.
To illustrate the uncertainty of our estimates we will use the predict()
function and set the argument se.fit = TRUE
which will return standard errors alongside predictions. We will use the standard error to construct our confidence intervals.
# treatment group covariates
Xt <- data.frame(
passage = "FonWife",
fon = "fon",
sex = "male",
age = mean(benin$age)
)
# control group 1 covariates
Xc <- data.frame(
passage = "Wife",
fon = "fon",
sex = "male",
age = mean(benin$age)
)
# predictions treatment
treat.prediction <- predict(m2, newdata = Xt, type = "response", se.fit = TRUE)
# upper bound
treat.upper <- treat.prediction$fit + 1.96 * treat.prediction$se.fit
treat.upper
1
0.6178997
treat.lower <- treat.prediction$fit - 1.96 * treat.prediction$se.fit
treat.lower
1
0.3227125
# point estimate
treat.point <- treat.prediction$fit
treat.point
1
0.4703061
# predictions control (message about wife but no coethnic)
pps.control <- predict(m2, newdata = Xc, type = "response", se.fit = TRUE)
# upper bound
control.upper <- pps.control$fit + 1.96 * pps.control$se.fit
control.upper
1
0.3092137
# lower bound
control.lower <- pps.control$fit - 1.96 * pps.control$se.fit
control.lower
1
0.04649733
# point estimate
control.point <- pps.control$fit
control.point
1
0.1778555
We predict that the Fon respondent who got the treatment message, votes for Boni with 47%. Our estimate is the range 32% to 62%. For the Fon respondent who received the control treatment, we predict that she votes for Boni with probability 18%. The estimate is in the range from 5% to 31%.
12.1.5 Exercises
- Load the non-western foreigners dataset
non_western_foreingners.RData
. - Build a model that predicts
over.estimate
to find determinants of over-estimating the level of migration. Justify your choice of predictors and interpret the model output. - What is the naive guess of
over.estimate
? - What is the percentage of correctly predicted cases using the naive guess?
- What is the percent of correctly predicted cases of your model and how does it compare to the naive guess?
- Add predictors to your model and justify the choice.
- Are the added predictors jointly significant?
- What is the new rate of correctly predicted cases? Is it better than the first model and how does it compare to the naive guess?
- Vary the treshold for generating expected values and compute the percent correctly predicted cases again. How does it change?
- Vary a continuous predictor in a model and plot predicted probabilities over its range and include uncertainty estimates in the plot.


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--- layout: page title: "关于" description: "Hey, I'm hjyeah." header-img: "img/about_bg.jpg" ---
玩玩博客，走走逛逛； 世界那么大，多走走看看。小和山下，以便以谢
—— yanhaojie
About Love
Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, Love is never tired of waiting; love is kind; love has no envy; love has no high opinion of itself, love has no pride;
It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; Love's ways are ever fair, it takes no thought for itself; it is not quickly made angry, it takes no account of evil;
Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; It takes no pleasure in wrongdoing, but has joy in what is true;
It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things. Love has the power of undergoing all things, having faith in all things, hoping all things.
Love never fails.
-- Bible


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OPEN CITY (ROMA, CITTA APERTA) (director: Roberto Rossellini; screenwriters: Federico Fellini/Sergio Amedei; cinematography: Ubaldo Arata; editor: Eraldo De Roma; cast: Anna Magnani (Pina), Aldo Fabrizi (Priest, Don Pietro), Marcello Pagliero (Luigi Ferrari/Giorgio Manfredi), Maria Michi (Marina), Henry Feist (Major Bergmann), Vito Annichiarico (Marcello, Pina's Son), Eduardo Passarelli (The Neighborhood Police Sergeant), Carla Rovere (Lauretta), Francesco Grandjacquet (Francesco), Giovanna Galletti (Ingrid), Nando Bruno (Agostino, Sexton), Įkos Tolnay (Austrian Deserter); Runtime:101; 1946-Italy)
Reviewed by Dennis Schwartz
Filmed in the harsh conditions of 1945 Rome, when Italy was just liberated from the German occupation, a movie such as "Open City" was not a priority in the postwar period. All the country's money was needed to rebuilt, as movies seemed a frivolous activity at the time. Rossellini used poor film stock leftover from the Fascists and filmed despite all the technical deficiencies he ran into, and came up with a gritty, authentic looking film for his grim story of survival and fight for freedom. This was a breakthrough film for the director, whose neorealism style, using a Hollywood type of narrative and a documentary style approach to filming, caught the dire mood of the Resistance movement and the ordinary people who fought the fascists. It is a melodramatic story about good and evil, with the poor, suffering, hardworking people being good, and those who sold their soul for money, luxury, vice, betrayal, or false ideals, were the evil ones. It also showed how the Resistance fighters were members of the Communist party and were atheists, while their sometime partners, the Catholic church, were their opposite but still sided with them due to the horrible suffering the people faced.
Awards such as the New York Film Critics Circle and Best Film in Cannes in 1946, came to this film. It awakened an international audience to the knowledge that Italian cinema was well and Roberto Rossellini was a director to be reckoned with, along with De Sica, who just filmed "Shoe Shine" in the neorealism style, also, to international acclaim.
Idealistic Resistance leader Manfredi (Pagliero) is on the run, his group got word that there is an informer among them. He goes to the apartment of a sympathizer Francesco (Grandjacquet), who can help the cause through his trade as a printer, as he transfers money into a book for shipment to those Resistance fighters in the field. But since Manfredi can't go himself to carry out this assignment, he asks for help. Francesco's pregnant girlfriend lives next door to him, Pina (Magnani).  The widow Pina is earthy, the quintessence of Italian femininity, plus she's a nurturing mother. She believes in God and is ashamed she became pregnant before getting married, but is happy that she will marry Francesco tomorrow.  When asked by Manfredi, she sends her son to get the local priest, Don Pietro (Fabrizi), who is sympathetic to the Resistance movement to come over, and he agrees to take the dangerous assignment Manfredi asks him to do.
Manfredi has been fooling around with an attractive but insincere actress, Marina (Michi), a friend of Lauretta's. But he finds her thirst for money to be something he can't live with anymore, and tries to get word to her that he wants to break up.
The Gestapo, under a paricularly malevolent Major Bergmann (Feist), raids Pina's building and arrests Francesco for routine questioning on his wedding day. Pina is alarmed by this and runs in the street after him, but gets shot down by the Nazis chasing the lorry he's in. When Francesco is released, he joins Manfredi in Marina's luxurious apartment, as they are desperate for a place to stay. She overhears them talking about meeting the priest and turns this information over to the major's cold-hearted assistant Ingrid (Giovanna Galletti), who plies Marina with clothes, theater work, and money. The information proves correct and they capture the priest, Manfredi, and a deserting Austrian soldier (Įkos Tolnay), as the the priest supplied them with false I.D. cards to escape the country.
In a very brutal conclusion, Manfredi is tortured to get information out of him, the deserter hangs himself, and the priest is executed by a firing squad. The film has an immediacy about it, but it also seemed overly melodramatic at times, relying so much on the premise, that by being as good as the Germans, the Italians, the slave-race, can prove that there was no need for the war since there is no such thing as a master race. That Manfredi dies without talking after being tortured, makes his heroics larger than anyone else's, and proves that the Italians are every bit as good as the Germans. Rossellini hoped to examine the Italian soul and show that there were both good and bad people among them, while the German's have gone so far off the edge of sanity, that it is hard to find a good German because of their perverse beliefs.
Through the portrayal of the Gestapo torturer Feist and his sidekick Galletti, the Germans are viewed as perverse homosexuals and godless animals who have lost their sense of what it is to be human. They can only relate to others in an obscene way.
Anna Magnani gives the film credibility through her humanity, as her story is filled with her heartfelt yearnings. The other professional actor among all the nonprofessionals to standout, was the priest role as warmly played by Aldo Fabrizi, who elicited a call for sensibility and caring for people. Though, the film does not seem as relevant as it was when first released and acclaimed as a masterpiece, having lost some of its purity, nevertheless, it still retains its moral high ground and its ability to show the collective will of the people, who resisted being oppressed. It is still a work of considerable merit.
REVIEWED ON 9/3/2000 GRADE: B
Dennis Schwartz: "Ozus' World Movie Reviews"
http://www.sover.net/~ozus
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DENNIS SCHWARTZ
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Choclate Pizza
Posted on 15 Dec 2013 desserts
The best food blog in the Web.
Posted on 15 Dec 2013 desserts
For the fig-swirl: Melt over medium heat in a saucepan. Add brown suger and stir ti dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan wit hwater and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chuncky jammy mixture. Add salt with water one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely.
Ice cream: In a small pot over medium hear, combine milk, and granulated suger until sugar os completely dissolved and the milk is just barely lukewarm. Whisk in the egg yolks, Set mixture in the fridge and wait until the fig mixture is cooled.
Using ice cream machine, pour liquids into the frozen basin and process acoording to manufacturer instructions, i.e, let spin and thicken for 20 minutes before adding mascarpone, fig jam mixture , and the nuts. Continue to process for +/- 10minutes. Pour semi-frozen mixture into a pyrex dish or glass typperware. Freeze for at least two hours befire serving,
Food enthusiastic, phtogrphy fan. Add a pinch or raw foodism and that's pretty musch who am i.


This is a code block
foo bar eggs bacon
TODO: Currently, language info strings will break code fences:
`sh #!/bin/sh ls -la . `
`sh #!/bin/sh ls -la .
They are allowed to start within a block:
foo
Fences can also be written with tildes


listen to events on components
In short, yield an array of listeners like this:
var evts = [\{
key: 'click',
callback: function (e) \{ /* do something cool */ }
}]
yield \{ listeners: evts }
Basically, ikki provide no way to communicate with component and controllers directly, for the sake of separation. But this `listeners` is only an exception.
If you're familier with deferred concept, you can resolve the promise inside the listener.
var deferred = new Deferred()
var evts = [\{
key: 'click',
callback: function (e) \{ deferred.resolve(\{ message: hello() }) }
}]
yield \{ listeners: evts }
yield deferred.promise


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This story is part of a series of specially designed stories that represents some of the best journalism The Post has to offer. Check out the rest of the special projects here.
Nate Swanson
03/26/2019
In almost any weather condition, motorcycles can be found perfectly lined up out front of the Smiling Skull Saloon, 108 W. Union St., waiting for their owners to take them out on their next ride.
Referred to as “The Skull” by many, the dive bar has small-town charm that attracts many loyal customers, a majority of them being Athens residents and bikers. It has become a second home for a niche of people that enjoy the saloon’s atmosphere and share a common love for the freedom and thrill of motorcycles.
When the founder of the Smiling Skull Saloon died in December 2017, his son Locke Wolf and daughter Adrienne Whitney took over the business. Much of what Wolf knows and loves about bikes came from growing up around his father.
Nate Swanson | FOR THE POST
Nick Whitney sits on his Harley-Davidson, which was passed down to him from the former owner of the Smiling Skull Saloon, Chris Wolf, on Sunday, March 24, 2019.
“Our dad was always into them, always working on them and building them, buying and selling,” Wolf said. “Just being around it, I kind of naturally gained a love for it.”
As a child, Wolf learned how to ride dirt bikes. Wolf’s family has always started out on dirt bikes until they were ready to transition to motorcycles.
“My first dirt bike had training wheels on it, and I rode for a summer on training wheels,” Wolf said. “Once I grew out of that dirt bike I was fortunate enough to get another one, and another, and then after that, I started riding a Harley.”
It wasn’t until Wolf was 15 years old when his father introduced him to motorcycles. The transition from dirt bikes to Harley Davidsons was tricky for Wolf, but his father helped him through it all.
Today, Wolf has two motorcycles. One is his father’s 1979 Shovelhead, and the other is a blue Softail standard 6-speed, a motorcycle that has six forward gear ratios inside the transmission. The Softail is Wolf’s first and only Harley that he bought seven years ago.
“(The Shovelhead) is kind of (a) small rough looking thing. It needs a little help. It’s not running right now,” Wolf said. “Most of the people don’t have them these days, and the people that do are usually old timers. Hopefully I’ll be able to get mine out once in a while.”
The biker blood that runs through Wolf’s veins is one many other regulars of The Skull possess. From the sweet hum of the motor to the scenic rides through Southeast Ohio’s curvy roads, the feeling of freedom motorcycles give riders is what keeps them on the roads for miles and miles with no particular destination in sight.
Like Wolf, Robert Estes started out on dirt bikes and eventually got into Harleys. Estes, a carpenter in Athens, has traveled all over the U.S. racing dirt bikes. When he’s not racing, he gets on one of his Harleys and rides every day the sun is out and shining.
Estes has traveled to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Sturgis, North Dakota, on his bike, but the coolest motorcycle ride he has ever been on is the massive motorcycle rally called Rolling Thunder held in Washington, D.C.
“The rally has 400,000 Harleys in the parking lot of the Pentagon, and they all start at one time,” Estes said. “And they drive down past the four-lane highway and past the Vietnam Memorial. It’s very special to most of the biker world because a lot of them were from that era of Vietnam.”
No matter where Estes travels, as long as it’s on his bike, it’s a good day.

Despite the draw of big biker rallies, Nick Whitney believes the best roads a biker can travel on are right here in Southeast Ohio. Whitney, husband to Locke’s sister, has ridden his BMW touring motorcycle through states like West Virginia and North Carolina, but he mainly sticks to riding the variety of routes offered in the area.
Nate Swanson | FOR THE POST
(Left to right) Bob Rankin, Nick Whitney, Travis Fruge and Locke Wolf sit together outside Smiling Skull Saloon on Sunday, March 24, 2019.
“This is (a) world class riding area. It’s a great place to be a rider,” Whitney said. “Athens really wanted to build the tourism around motorcycle riding, so there are some really popular roads here with some good loops. People come from all over to ride in this area, and there’s stuff going all the time.”
The routes Whitney talks of are a part of Ohio’s Windy 9, which are nine motorcycle routes of nearly 1,000 miles that give riders a scenic view of Southeast Ohio through the Appalachian hills. The curvy roads and sharp turns are elements of the routes Whitney believes to be worth the ride.
“If you’re in North Carolina on a beach, you’re pretty much riding a lot of straight stretches with long, boring roads,” Whitney said. “But when you’re in the Appalachian mountains there’s just a lot more interest, and one of the most fun things about motorcycling is being able to take those turns and corners.”
The curvy roads that give motorcyclists that rush of adrenaline is what keeps them out on their bikes, so staying safe on the roads is an important element to being a biker.
Almost 5,000 people were killed on motorcycles in 2017, almost 300 less than 2016, according to a report done by Governors Highway Safety Association. Despite the 5.6 percent decrease in motorcycle fatalities in 2017, the report finds that motorcyclists remain significantly overrepresented as a proportion of all traffic deaths.
With the fatality statistics for motorcycle riders being so high, it’s important that Whitney stays safe when out on the roads with other bikers and vehicles alike. There are motorcycle foundation safety courses Whitney believes all people, especially the ones just getting into motorcycles, should look into taking.
“Even if you’ve been riding for a long time, you can take a rider course and freshen up on things to look out for,” Whitney said. “Being safe these days, you have to watch out for drivers not paying attention, and around here, there’s wildlife hazards you have to look out for, too. There’s a lot of risks I think turn a lot of people off, but it’s so worth it.”
Another element of motorcycle safety is wearing the proper biking attire when out on the roads. Earl Clark has been riding motorcycles since he was 11 years old, and over time he has discovered the proper clothing one should wear out on a ride.
“I love getting on it, and everything that has been bugging you all week goes away. Everybody has troubles and issues, but when you get on your bike, they all go away, even for a short time.”Earl Clark
“If you’re going on a longer ride and you’re going out to stay out, you should always have a heavy coat and sometimes your chaps,” Clark said.
Clark rides mainly in the summer, so his choice of clothing is constantly changing depending on how he’s feeling and how nice the weather is.
“Sometimes I won’t have a shirt on, but I always wear boots and pants,” Clark said. “Other times in the summer I’ll putts around for four or five hours, and you don’t have to wear anything if you don’t want to.”
The summer is a perfect chance for Clark to take his hot rod out to meet up with friends for a beer, cruise around town or just hear the soothing sounds of his Harley on a delightful day.
“I love getting on it, and everything that has been bugging you all week goes away,” Clark said. “Everybody has troubles and issues, but when you get on your bike, they all go away, even for a short time.”
To many, the ideal biker look might include someone decked out in head-to-toe black leather, patches and sometimes some bling. To Wolf, all that stuff might be nice, but he prefers to be comfortable when he rides.
“I think the attire is an old nostalgic type of thing when they think of a biker,” Wolf said. “I think it came about back in the day when biker clubs were big and frequent in more areas. That’s just how they rolled.”
People have made stereotypes that aren’t always true about bikers from essential clothing items like leather, Wolf said.
“If you met all of the bikers that came in here, you’d find they’re all very nice and caring people,” Wolf said. “They might look a little rough, but I think that image came about long ago.”
For many bikers, their love for motorcycles was passed down by the generation before them. All of the mentoring, education and riding on the backs of their fathers’ Harleys was the start of a passion that only grew with time.
The love for dirt bikes and motorcycles that Wolf’s father taught him is a practice he’s begun to introduce to his 9-year-old and 5-year-old boys.
“We got (the dirt bike) for our oldest. He rode it once with training wheels on and then crashed it through my mom’s flower bed and into the brick house,” Wolf said. “He was kind of afraid after that, which was fine.”
Wolf’s goal is to help his child ease back into it and hopefully learn from the crash. Despite that incident, Wolf’s oldest boy loves riding the dirt bike, but it’s something his second child is still slightly intimidated by.
“I remember feeling that way too when I was young,” Wolf said. “There’s lots to learn and a lot of coordination to keep in mind.”
Wolf teaches his sons the responsibility with buying bikes and riding them. It’s a privilege to be able to ride. It’s not just something one gets, Wolf said.
“You got this dirt bike because you act right, do well in school and treat people with respect,” Wolf said. “The way I look at it is, you better have stuff at home taken care of, the business taken care of and then you can get on your bike and screw off for awhile.”
The shared interests and ideas among bikers as a group are what shape them into the defining subculture they are. Throughout history, bikers have carried a somewhat deviant reputation, but Larry Burmeister, a sociology professor, thinks that reputation has transformed over the years.
“I think bikers are people that have often times felt ostracized from society and find this group as a way to sort of develop a more positive image of themselves as an individual and as a group,” Burmeister said. “The recreational aspect seems like the big focus of what they’re doing, and that doesn’t seem to be deviant at all.”
Nate Swanson | FOR THE POST
Nick Whitney sits on his Harley-Davidson outside Smiling Skull Saloon with his fellow bikers on Sunday, March 24, 2019.
Burmeister believes bikers vary quite a bit depending on their history and reasons they establish their groups. When Burmeister went to school in California, some of the biker groups there had a disreputable character among the general populace. But from what Burmeister knows of the bikers around Southeast Ohio, that doesn’t seem to be the case.
“I think the scenic aspect of this region kind of lends itself to this recreation,” Burmeister said. “And I think part of a subculture’s identity is having recognized places of congregation where they can go to and enjoy camaraderie with others.”
The camaraderie bikers share is a distinctive quality the people who identify as bikers take pride in. To Whitney, the cohesion of the subculture is something that has really surprised him, but it’s something he has come to cherish throughout the years.
“You may not know everybody, but you’re riding motorcycles, and there’s a sort of respect that goes with that,” Whitney said. “There’s a connection there for each other that is really obvious when you’re riding.”
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Institute Student Mentorship Program (ISMP) is a student initiative of IIT Ropar, which aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth knowledge to freshmen on critical issues like academics, co and extra-curricular activities and how to bring about an optimum balance between them which proves decisive in shaping an individual's contentment levels in the institute.
To ensure this, every fresher is allotted a mentor who obviously is a senior student with substantial experience in plethora of matters to guide the freshmen through the transition process. The mentors are selected through a rigorous process to make sure they can guide mentees to take informed decisions in all spheres.
IIT Ropar announces merit scholarship equivalent to the tuition fee paid by the student having JEE (Advanced)-2017 rank not exceeding 1500 (Open Category), who join the B.Tech. program at IIT Ropar.
IIT Ropar's 501 acre new campus, with highest GRIHA rating of 5, is all set to intake 2017 batch. The permanent campus, well endowedwith state-of-art lecture halls along with well-maintained playgrounds, hostels and advanced laboratories, is ready to help studentsgain practical insight of courses and also to give them a time of their life.
Effective from this academic year, newly designed curriculum based on Tyler-Taba rationale intends to provide students with strong fundamentals, hands on learningm 4 types of B. tech options encouraging inter-desciplinary interests and help them maintain a connection with society while keeping alive the spirit of creativity and innovation.
For more info reach us at IIT Ropar official website


00001
00002
I am a Computer Scientist and Designer from los Andes University. My passion is how we can create virtual ecosystems where experience and interactivity collide and work in tandem to create real worlds.
00003
Here I will show some of the best projects that I've been working on, throught my career, click on them for more info.
00004
Here are some of my contact information, im open to see many ideas and to talk with you!
Here is my email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>What are you waiting for! The time is now!!


Source of Money
This project consists of 14 directories, containing a total of 35 files.
| Name | Size | Last Modified |
|---|---|---|
| Command | ||
| Controller | ||
| DataFixtures | ||
| Entity | ||
| EventSubscriber | ||
| Events.php | 814 Bytes | 2019-02-14T20:40:37+00:00 |
| Form | ||
| Kernel.php | 2.2 KB | 2019-01-09T14:35:56+00:00 |
| Repository | ||
| Security | ||
| Twig | ||
| Utils | ||
| Total: 10 directories,2 files |


--- layout: post title: Minor Mobile Usability Tweaks date: 2006-10-17 00:00:00 categories: interfaces-&-interaction mobile ---
Here's a little something that's been bugging me recently. It's a tiny little usability thing which would be *really easy* to fix: entering mobile phone numbers.
I've found a few times recently that some sites (whether on mobile or web) insist that I enter my phone number in "international format". Why is this? It's not difficult to convert numbers from formats like
07971 781422
(07971) 781422
+44-(0)-7971-781422
into the One True International Representation of<PHONE_NUMBER>22, but these sites expect me to do it myself, and to bother with it.


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About Me
Adept at database administration and team management; a collaborator who delivers measurable results. Skilled and motivated to work in progressive Bay Area companies who's missions benefit humanity through technology, that can utilize my skills and support my professional development.
Possess strong project planning and management skills, database management, timeline and team management and employee training. Tenacious, detail-oriented, organized, positive attitude and motivated to succeed, with the passion and eagerness to excel and support a company's growth.
Enjoys gooing on hike with his wife and 3 year old dog named Ruby. Other hobbies include brewing craft beer, camping and kayaking all around Tomala Bay. Aspires to travel to all 7 continents one day. So far has made it to 4 already including: Asia, North America, South America and Europe.


[Neugebauer] The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. 2nd. Dover Publications. 1969. http://isbn.nu/0486223329.
[Crowe] Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution. 2nd. Dover Publications. 2001. http://isbn.nu/0486414442.
[Evans] The History & Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. 1998. http://isbn.nu/0195095391.
[Campanus] Campanus of Novara & Medieval Planetary Theory. University of Wisconsin Press. 1972. http://isbn.nu/029905960X.
[Montenbruck] Astronomy on the Personal Computer. 4th. Springer Verlag. 2000. http://isbn.nu/3540672214.


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