Overview
This is a small exercise I explored with my friend Shengxi in order to learn the basics of designing Voice User Interfaces. We followed the process recommended by Amazon to design the voice interaction.
Problem
College students and young professionals, with their busy schedules, usually find cooking and organizing their fridges time-consuming. Some usually forget what they have in the fridge and end up wasting food; others hate spending time trying to figure out what to cook for each meal with the available ingredients.
Solution
We present Cook Fresh, an Alexa skill concept that enables Alexa to suggest recipes based on available ingredients in the fridge, remind users of expiring food, order missing ingredients from Amazon Fresh, and provide step-by-step cooking guidance.
Several products from Samsung and Whirlpool with similiar ideas were later presented at CES 2018, demonstrating the feasibility of our concept.
My Role
Voice User Interface Designer, UX Designer
Timeline
Two Days (Dec. 7 - Dec. 8, 2017)
Team Members
Tony Jin, Shengxi Wu
Tools
Sayspring (Voice Interface Prototyping Tool)
My Contribution
I came up with the initial design idea and finalized it with the help of Shengxi. I conducted secondary research, designed the end-to-end interaction flow, and prototyped the product in Sayspring.
Design Outcome
I no longer have access to my intial prototype in Sayspring since its acquisition by Adobe. I will create another prototype and provide its link soon. Please refer to the process below if you're interested in the design.
Problem Discovery
User Needs
As in design for any other platforms, we started by talking with people, identifying their problems, and delineating user needs. For this short design exercise, we quickly talked with people around us, and categorized their needs into three large categories: quickly get recipe suggestions based on available ingredients, reminders about food expiration, and hands-free cooking instructions.
Why Voice?
Voice is a Natural Way of Communication
It is quick and intuitive for users to simply ask “what should I cook for dinner” instead of navigating through a graphical UI and learn how the information is structured. In this way, users won’t need to adapt to the technology and will get quick suggestions and instructions from the skill.
Voice User Interface Creates an Eyes and Hands-Free Experience
Voice UI doesn’t require users to touch or look at any external device. This is especially helpful in the cooking context, in which users’ eyes and hands are occupied.
Design
Thinking Boldly
Since the primary purpose of this exercise is to get familiar with Voice Interface design, we decided to think bold and imagine the future state of Voice Interface and Smart Home Technologies.
One such assumption we made is that future smart fridges would be able to recognize what's in them, and whether the food/ingredients are about to expire. This technology can be realized by adding a tag to each product we buy to encode information about product name & expiration date, or by using computer vision algorithms to detect products within the fridge and estimate whether they are about to expire. Similar ideas were later shown at CES 2018, demonstrating the feasibility of our idea.
The Happy Path
We followed Amazon's VUI Design guidelines and started with designing "the Happy Path." For each of Cook Fresh's response, we referred back to the design guidelines to make sure that it sounds natural & concise, that it can provide enough information to successfully engage the user in a conversation, and that it can guide the user's response without explicitly telling him/her what to say.
Synonyms & Combo-Breakers
We then built on the happy path and started brainstorming how the users might respond differently from our planned path. To come up with all these possibilities, we conducted a role play with several of our friends to gather possible responses. We then organized them into 2 groups according to Amazon's guideline, synonyms and combo-breakers.
Synonyms
A lot of times, users will express the same ideas we expect without speaking the exact same words we have. Therefore, to create the prototype, we came up with synonyms for each input, and added them into our prototype.
Combo-Breakers
Other times, users might not strictly follow the happy path to answer the questions. They might reply with another question or come up with an option that is not expected. Therefore, we listed a couple of such "combo-breakers" to enable our skill to switch context when necessary to maintain the conversation.
These synonyms and combo-breakers are not exhaustive, nor were we able to incorporate every situation into our design. It was just a thought exercise that pushed us to think more about how to design for voice, with all the unexpected input from users.
Refining Interactions
We then thought about different use cases based on the combo-breakers and our initial user needs. We refined our scenario by adding the following two paths:
Note that to enable the function of ordering missing ingredients, users will be required to link the skill to their Amazon Fresh account, and give the skill access to their mailing address. They might also need to manually select the ingredient they want the first time they use this function, so that Cook Fresh can remember their preference and order the same ingredient the next time it is needed.
Future Steps
I couldn't do everything within the short time that I finished this exercise. There are a lot more things to consider and explore if I had more time.
First Use Experience
A lot of the interactions we prototyped are based on the assumption that users have already gone through the onboarding process and have linked their smart fridge and their Amazon account with the skill. That experience, whether it be through voice or through the Alexa app, requires further work. The initial set up experience should also inform the users about what the skill is capable of doing.
Personalized Experience for Long-Term Users
One feature we prototyped earlier was directly helping users order an ingredient on Amazon Fresh and have it delivered to the user's address. By learning the user's preference over time, we are able to help users make such orders without having to confirm with them about their preferences every time. For long-term users, Cook Fresh should be able to learn a lot about their dietary preferences over time, and provide experience tailored to these preferences (e.g. what recipes to recommend at what time, what ingredients to order). I'll still need to work out these details if I had more time.
User Testing
Though we brought our prototype to some users to help us refine our design, more comprehensive user testing sessions are required to validate whether the design helps better solve our users' problems, and whether the interaction makes sense for a variety of users in different contexts.
Reflections
Challenges for Voice Interface Design
The reason why I started this exercise and enjoyed it so much is that there are unique challenges in VUI design that pushed me to think more about how to compensate for the limitations of voice communication through design. These challenges include:
High Expectations from Users & Technical Constraints
Voice is a natural form of interaction for people; it makes sense for them to learn to use a GUI, but they'll be frustrated if they're forced to learn how to talk. While users expect to talk freely with a digital assistant, current technologies do not support such free conversations--it is still hard for computers to understand the context and come up with an answer that always matches the user's expectations in a truly free conversation. Therefore, it is up to the designer to structure the digital assistant's words to elicit certain types of responses from the users that's easy to process technically, without explicitly telling the users what to do.
Non-Linear Interactions
GUI interactions are mostly linear; users need to navigate through a certain path in order to get to where they need to be. Voice interfaces, on the other hand, cannot and should not provide such constraints. Therefore, designers need to think about different responses and combo-breakers users might provide, and let the digital assistant be flexible given the user input.
Voice Contains Less Information
Human beings are able to process less auditory information compared to visual information. People can quickly browse through a list and choose an item, but if they listen to a list, they need to listen to the items one by one, and will likely forget about the previous information by the end. Therefore, when designing for voice, designers need to provide only the most necessary information at the moment, and let users to take their turn to make a choice, or to request further information.
Unchanging Design Principles
Despite all the differences between VUI design and GUI design, I was able to find common design principles that apply to both. For example, in both cases, designers need to provide just enough information to avoid information overload; we need to provide constraints to guide users through a certain path; we need to focus on the tasks users are trying to accomplish, think about their context, their needs, and provide solutions that best suit their needs within the context. Though the nature of different media & technologies requires us to pay special attention to certain principles (e.g. people can process much less auditory information compared to visual information, so we need to be even more concise when designing for audio), the underlying principles remain the same.
The Importance of User Testing
User testing seems to be even more important when designing for voice. Since voice interactions are more natural for users, there are simply more possiblities that users will not follow our predefined happy path and say something totally unexpected. As designers, it is crucial for us to test our dialog flows with our users to discover all those different possibilities and try to incorporate them into the design.


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At Indus, we know that convenience is key. Sometimes phone calls and emails are not an ideal mode of communication. With our quick, easy, and convenient texting program communication is at your fingertips.
We make it a priority to respond to you in real time because we know that speed of service translates directly to productivity. Nurses instantly receive notifications when positions become available. Our live chat will respond in less than 5 minutes and new clients can expect to be contacted in less than 24 hours.
Happy employees perform on average 98% better than stressed employees. Exclusive incentive opportunities, numerous contract options, and prioritizing a great work/life balance will encourage our staff to meet you with a smile every time.
At IHS, we understand that every healthcare professional we send to our clients is a direct representation of who we are. Indus Healthcare Staffing is committed to the ongoing improvement of the quality of care our clients receive.


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Our Burgers Selection
Simple Burger
This section could be used to show ingredients, weight and all other details from the menu item.
$2.99
Double Burger
This section could be used to show ingredients, weight and all other details from the menu item.
$3.99
Happy Burger
This section could be used to show ingredients, weight and all other details from the menu item.
$4.99
Chicken Burger
This section could be used to show ingredients, weight and all other details from the menu item.
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Beef Burger
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Breakfast Burger
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{{ define "banner-h1" }}M E I / C O. D A N C E
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{{ define "banner-h2" }}Exist to listen{{ end }}
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Mei/Co. Dance exists to listen. We value people and their stories. We recognize that life is a mixture of joy and pain. Our hope is to be a platform for individuals to share their journey- to paint pictures of life, of joy, of pain, of the beautiful, and of the ugly. We desire to honor those who are enduring or have endured cancer by telling their stories through dance. ... Read more


US Senate angers China with bill to support human rights in Hong Kong
Washington: The Senate on Tuesday easily approved a bill to support human rights in Hong Kong following months of often-violent unrest in the semi-autonomous Chinese city.
The Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act was passed by voice vote. It now goes to the House, which has already passed similar legislation.
China responded by threatening to take "strong countermeasures" if Congress proceeds with passage of the bill.
The measure mandates sanctions on Chinese and Hong Kong officials who carry out human rights abuses and require an annual review of the favorable trade status that Washington grants Hong Kong.
"The passage of this bill is an important step in holding accountable those Chinese and Hong Kong government officials responsible for Hong Kong's eroding autonomy and human rights violations," said Senator Marco Rubio, one of nearly 50 co-sponsors of the measure.
Mass protests in Hong Kong started in June over a proposed extradition bill that would have allowed suspects to be sent to mainland China for trial. Activists saw the legislation as part of a continuing erosion of rights and freedoms that Hong Kong was promised it could keep when Britain returned its former colony to China in 1997.
China has opposed all criticism of the handling of the Hong Kong protests as unwarranted interference in its domestic affairs.
In a statement Wednesday, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said the aim of the bill was to "bolster anti-China, extremist and violent radicals who attempt to disrupt Hong Kong (and) damage Hong Kong's prosperity and stability" as part of a plot to contain China's development.
The Hong Kong government released a statement expressing its own displeasure with such actions from the US government, saying they are "unnecessary and unwarranted" and will "harm the relations and common interests between Hong Kong and the US."
AP


-
References
Consortium for spinal cord medicine. Pressure Ulcers Prevention and Treatment following Injury. A Clinical Practice Guideline for Health Care Professionals, Paralyzed Veterans of America 2014;Second Edition:2.
Gray M, et al. NPUAP Pressure Injury Stages. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel 2016.
Kruger E, Pires M, Ngann Y, Sterling M, Rubayi S. Comprehensive management of pressureulcers in spinal cord injury: Current concepts and future trends. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2013;36(6).


| Package | com.developmentarc.core.controllers |
| Class | public class SelectionGroup |
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| events : String
Returns the comma seperated list of events used by this
group.
| SelectionGroup | ||
| groupId : int
Unique id of the group
| SelectionGroup | ||
| items : Array
Variable holds all items currently in the group
| SelectionGroup |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Constructor.
| SelectionGroup | ||
|
addItem(item:ISelectable):void
Method takes an ISelectable item and adds the item to the selection
group.
| SelectionGroup | ||
|
removeItem(item:ISelectable):void
Used to remove an item from the selection group.
| SelectionGroup |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
handleSelection(event:Event):void
Handler method for each event the group is listening to to indicate selection.
| SelectionGroup |
| events | property |
events:String
[read-write]Returns the comma seperated list of events used by this group.
Implementation public function get events():String
public function set events(value:String):void
| groupId | property |
groupId:int
[read-write]Unique id of the group
Implementation public function get groupId():int
public function set groupId(value:int):void
| items | property |
items:Array
[read-write]Variable holds all items currently in the group
Implementation public function get items():Array
public function set items(value:Array):void
| SelectionGroup | () | constructor |
public function SelectionGroup()
Constructor. Automatically generates a unique id for the selection group.
| addItem | () | method |
public function addItem(item:ISelectable):void
Method takes an ISelectable item and adds the item to the selection group.
Parametersitem:ISelectable — Item to be added to the selection group.
|
| handleSelection | () | method |
protected function handleSelection(event:Event):void
Handler method for each event the group is listening to to indicate selection.
Parametersevent:Event — Event dispatched from ISelectableItem
|
| removeItem | () | method |
public function removeItem(item:ISelectable):void
Used to remove an item from the selection group.
Parametersitem:ISelectable — The item to remove from the group.
|


{% extends "base_view.html" %} {% block title %}
Flight {{flight.code}} |
||
| Departures from airport {{flight.dep_airport}} | Departure terminal {{flight.dep_terminal}} | Gate {{flight.gate}} |
| Departures at {{flight.dep_time}} | ||
| Arrives to airport {{flight.arr_airport}} | Arrival terminal {{flight.arr_terminal}} | |
| Arrives at {{flight.arr_time}} | ||
| Flight type is {{flight.flight_type}} |


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java.lang.Object java.io.Writer java.io.OutputStreamWriter java.io.FileWriter de.iabg.mode.io.OrthogonalityCheckUpdateWriter
public class OrthogonalityCheckUpdateWriter
This implementation of ModeConnectionWriter
writes an ASCII file
containing mode connection data, namely a Nastran optimization deck input
file for an Orthogonality Check update. The mode connections make up
the objective function to be used in Nastran with other files for design
parameters. In general, the last method the user should call is
exportModeConnections(de.iabg.mode.ModeConnectionMatrix,
de.iabg.mesh.NodeConnectionMatrix)
. All other methods declared in this
interface may be required to successfully write the data and therefore,
should be called beforehand. If any data is omitted, the output data may
give unpredicatable results.
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
protected int[] |
correlationEntries_
An array for the entry identifiers of the correlations |
protected double[] |
correlationWeights_
An array of the weightings of the correlations |
protected int |
entryIdentifier_
The current entry identifier |
protected int |
equationIdentifier_
The current equation identifier |
protected java.io.File |
firstMeshFile_
The file of the First Mesh |
protected java.io.File |
firstModeFile_
The file of the First Mode |
protected ModeMatrix |
firstModes_
Storage for the First Mode matrix |
protected int[] |
frequencyEntries_
An array for the entry identifiers of the frequencies |
protected double[] |
frequencyWeights_
An array of the weightings of the frequencies |
protected java.io.File |
lastMeshFile_
The file of the Last Mesh |
protected java.io.File |
lastModeFile_
The file of the Last Mode |
protected ModeMatrix |
lastModes_
Storage for the Last Mode matrix |
protected MassMatrix |
masses_
Storage for the mass matrix |
protected java.io.File |
massFile_
The file of the mass matrix |
protected ModeConnectionMatrix |
modeConnections_
Storage for the mode connections |
protected NodeConnectionMatrix |
nodeConnections_
Storage for the node connections |
protected int |
objectiveIdentifier_
The identifier of the objective |
protected java.io.PrintWriter |
printWriter_
The output writer of this class |
| Fields inherited from class java.io.Writer |
|---|
lock |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
OrthogonalityCheckUpdateWriter(java.io.File file)
Constructs a OrthogonalityCheckUpdateWriter from the given
file. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
exportModeConnections(ModeConnectionMatrix modeConnections,
NodeConnectionMatrix nodeConnections)
Writes the given mode connections and node connections as an optimization file. |
void |
setCorrelationWeights(double[] correlationWeights)
Internally saves the correlation weights to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setEquationIdentifier(int equationIdentifier)
Internally saves the initial equation identifier to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setFirstMeshFile(java.io.File firstMeshFile)
Internally saves the file data to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setFirstModeFile(java.io.File firstModeFile)
Internally saves the file data to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setFirstModes(ModeMatrix firstModes)
Internally saves the First Modes to be written with any exported
data. |
void |
setFrequencyWeights(double[] frequencyWeights)
Internally saves the frequency weights to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setLastMeshFile(java.io.File lastMeshFile)
Internally saves the file data to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setLastModeFile(java.io.File lastModeFile)
Internally saves the file data to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setLastModes(ModeMatrix lastModes)
Internally saves the Last Modes to be written with any exported
data. |
void |
setMasses(MassMatrix masses)
Internally saves the selected mass matrix to be written with any exported data. |
void |
setMassFile(java.io.File massFile)
Internally saves the file data to be written with any exported data. |
protected void |
writeBreak()
Writes a formatted line break to the file. |
protected void |
writeComment(java.lang.String line)
Writes a formatted comment line to the file from the given line. |
protected void |
writeCorrelationFunction(int modeIndex)
Writes the mode correlation function at the given mode index. |
protected void |
writeDoubleBreak()
Writes a formatted double line break to the file. |
protected void |
writeFrequencyFunction(int modeIndex)
Writes the frequency difference of the objective function at the given mode index. |
protected void |
writeHeader()
Writes the standard header to the file. |
protected void |
writeLastFrequency(int modeIndex)
Writes the frequency of the Last Mode at the given mode index. |
protected void |
writeLastNodes(int modeIndex)
Writes the names of the Last Nodes of the
MeshConnectionPanel at the given mode index. |
protected void |
writeLastProductEquation(int modeIndex)
Writes the equation of the Last Mode for the last product of
the objective function at the given mode index. |
protected void |
writeLastProductNames(int modeIndex)
Writes the names of the Last Mode for the last product of the
objective function at the given mode index. |
protected void |
writeMixedProductEquation(int modeIndex)
Writes the equation of the First Mode , Last Mode , and
mass matrix for the mixed product of the objective function at the given
mode index. |
protected void |
writeMixedProductNames(int modeIndex)
Writes the names of the First Mode and Last Mode for the
mixed product of the objective function at the given mode index. |
protected void |
writeModeConnection(int modeConnectionIndex)
Writes a mode connection to the file from the given mode connection index. |
protected void |
writeObjectiveEquation()
Writes the equation of the objective function for the stored mode connection. |
protected void |
writeObjectiveFunction()
Writes the objective function for the stored mode connection. |
protected void |
writeObjectiveWeights()
Writes the weightings of the objective function, namely the stored mode correlation and frequency weightings. |
protected void |
writeSummary()
Writes the summary of the data contained in this file. |
| Methods inherited from class java.io.OutputStreamWriter |
|---|
close, flush, getEncoding, write, write, write |
| Methods inherited from class java.io.Writer |
|---|
append, append, append, write, write |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
protected int[] correlationEntries_
protected double[] correlationWeights_
protected int entryIdentifier_
protected int equationIdentifier_
protected java.io.File firstMeshFile_
First Mesh
protected java.io.File firstModeFile_
First Mode
protected ModeMatrix firstModes_
First Mode
matrix
protected int[] frequencyEntries_
protected double[] frequencyWeights_
protected java.io.File lastMeshFile_
Last Mesh
protected java.io.File lastModeFile_
Last Mode
protected ModeMatrix lastModes_
Last Mode
matrix
protected MassMatrix masses_
protected java.io.File massFile_
protected ModeConnectionMatrix modeConnections_
protected NodeConnectionMatrix nodeConnections_
protected int objectiveIdentifier_
protected java.io.PrintWriter printWriter_
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public OrthogonalityCheckUpdateWriter(java.io.File file) throws java.io.IOException
OrthogonalityCheckUpdateWriter
from the given
file.
file
- the file to be exported
java.io.IOException
- if the file could not be written| Method Detail |
|---|
public void exportModeConnections(ModeConnectionMatrix modeConnections, NodeConnectionMatrix nodeConnections) throws java.io.IOException
ModeConnectionWriter
exportModeConnections
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
modeConnections
- the ModeConnectionMatrix
to be
writtennodeConnections
- the NodeConnectionMatrix
to be
written
java.io.IOException
- if the file could not be writtenpublic void setCorrelationWeights(double[] correlationWeights)
ModeConnectionWriter
setCorrelationWeights
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
correlationWeights
- the correlation weightspublic void setEquationIdentifier(int equationIdentifier)
ModeConnectionWriter
setEquationIdentifier
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
equationIdentifier
- the initial equation identifierpublic void setFirstMeshFile(java.io.File firstMeshFile)
ModeConnectionWriter
setFirstMeshFile
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
firstMeshFile
- the file of the First Mesh
public void setFirstModeFile(java.io.File firstModeFile)
ModeConnectionWriter
setFirstModeFile
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
firstModeFile
- the file of the First Mode
public void setFirstModes(ModeMatrix firstModes)
ModeConnectionWriter
First Modes
to be written with any exported
data.
setFirstModes
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
firstModes
- the First Modes
public void setFrequencyWeights(double[] frequencyWeights)
ModeConnectionWriter
setFrequencyWeights
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
frequencyWeights
- the frequency weightspublic void setLastMeshFile(java.io.File lastMeshFile)
ModeConnectionWriter
setLastMeshFile
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
lastMeshFile
- the file of the Last Mesh
public void setLastModeFile(java.io.File lastModeFile)
ModeConnectionWriter
setLastModeFile
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
lastModeFile
- the file of the Last Mode
public void setLastModes(ModeMatrix lastModes)
ModeConnectionWriter
Last Modes
to be written with any exported
data.
setLastModes
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
lastModes
- the Last Modes
public void setMasses(MassMatrix masses)
ModeConnectionWriter
setMasses
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
masses
- the selected mass matrixpublic void setMassFile(java.io.File massFile)
ModeConnectionWriter
setMassFile
in interface ModeConnectionWriter
massFile
- the file of the selected mass matrixprotected void writeBreak()
protected void writeComment(java.lang.String line)
line
- the comment lineprotected void writeCorrelationFunction(int modeIndex)
modeIndex
- the index of the mode correlationprotected void writeDoubleBreak()
protected void writeFrequencyFunction(int modeIndex)
modeIndex
- the index of the modeprotected void writeHeader()
First Mesh
file, the Last Mesh
file, the First Mode
file, and the Last Mode
file.
protected void writeLastFrequency(int modeIndex)
Last Mode
at the given mode index.
modeIndex
- the index of the modeprotected void writeLastNodes(int modeIndex)
Last Nodes
of the
MeshConnectionPanel
at the given mode index.
modeIndex
- the index of the modeprotected void writeLastProductEquation(int modeIndex)
Last Mode
for the last product of
the objective function at the given mode index.
modeIndex
- the index of the modeprotected void writeLastProductNames(int modeIndex)
Last Mode
for the last product of the
objective function at the given mode index.
modeIndex
- the index of the modeprotected void writeMixedProductEquation(int modeIndex)
First Mode
, Last Mode
, and
mass matrix for the mixed product of the objective function at the given
mode index.
modeIndex
- the index of the modeprotected void writeMixedProductNames(int modeIndex)
First Mode
and Last Mode
for the
mixed product of the objective function at the given mode index.
modeIndex
- the index of the modeprotected void writeModeConnection(int modeConnectionIndex)
modeConnectionIndex
- the index of the mode connectionprotected void writeObjectiveEquation()
protected void writeObjectiveFunction()
protected void writeObjectiveWeights()
protected void writeSummary()
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- main(String[]) - Static method in class org.littleshoot.proxy.EndToEndStoppingTest
-
This is a quick test from nasis that exhibits different behavior from
unit tests because unit tests call System.exit().
- main(String...) - Static method in class org.littleshoot.proxy.Launcher
-
Starts the proxy from the command line.
- main(String[]) - Static method in class org.littleshoot.proxy.PerformanceServer
-
- MitmManager - Interface in org.littleshoot.proxy
-
MITMManagers encapsulate the logic required for letting LittleProxy act as a
man in the middle for HTTPS requests.
- MitmProxyTest - Class in org.littleshoot.proxy
-
Tests just a single basic proxy running as a man in the middle.
- MitmProxyTest() - Constructor for class org.littleshoot.proxy.MitmProxyTest
-
- MITMUsernamePasswordAuthenticatingProxyTest - Class in org.littleshoot.proxy
-
Tests a single proxy that requires username/password authentication and that
uses MITM.
- MITMUsernamePasswordAuthenticatingProxyTest() - Constructor for class org.littleshoot.proxy.MITMUsernamePasswordAuthenticatingProxyTest
-


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Priest Dustin:
This place is sacred, where people of faith come to worship. Please keep a respectful silence here.
Why are you here, my child?
"I brought this order from Mr. Galladucci."


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@* * Copyright 2019 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import domain.Application @import domain.AccessType @(application: Option[Application] = None, navSection: Option[String]) @(application, navSection) match { case (Some(app), Some(section)) => {
} case (_, _) => {} } @(navSection) match { case (Some(section)) => { } case _ => {} }


Laserbox
问题描述 :
A laserbox is a game involving some optical equipment. The game board is a square n×n grid. On each grid point, a gadget called a right-turner can be placed and several such gadgets are included. Finally, there is a ruby laser, and if the laser is mounted at the bottom end of a column, the beam will be directed northwards through that column. Analogously, the laser beam may be directed southwards from the top of a column, eastwards from the start of a row or westwards from the end of the row.
The game starts with some right-turners being spread out on some grid points and the laser (switched off) being mounted somewhere along the border of the rectangle. The player then tries to deduce where the beam will emerge when the laser is switched on. The effect of a right-turner is to deflect the beam ninety degrees to the right, regardless of from which of the four directions it enters.
The game starts with some right-turners being spread out on some grid points and the laser (switched off) being mounted somewhere along the border of the rectangle. The player then tries to deduce where the beam will emerge when the laser is switched on. The effect of a right-turner is to deflect the beam ninety degrees to the right, regardless of from which of the four directions it enters.
Your program must do exactly what the player is supposed to do.
输入:
On the first line of the input is a single positive integer, telling the number of test cases to follow. The first line of each test case consists of two integers n r, where 1 ≤ n ≤ 50 is the size of the board and 1 ≤ r ≤ 50 the number of right-turners. The following r lines contain the coordinates x y of the right-turners. No two right-turners will have the same coordinates.
Finally, a line with two integers indicating the laser position follows. The bottom of column six is denoted by 6 0 and the start of row seven by 0 7. If the zeroes are replaced by n+1, the laser is placed at the top of column six and the end of row seven, respectively.
输出:
For each test case, output one line containing the coordinates X Y of the beam as it leaves the board. The same rules as for the laser apply, so X may equal 0 or n+1 or else Y equal 0 or n+1. If the beam gets caught and does not leave the board, the output should be 0 0.
样例输入:
2 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 6 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 2 0
样例输出:
2 0 0 2
解题代码:
/* @author: */ import java.util.Scanner; import java.util.Arrays; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); int dx[]={0,1,0,-1},dy[]={1,0,-1,0}; int g[][]=new int[52][52]; int ca,i,j,k,n,r,x,y,dir; ca=sc.nextInt(); while ((ca--)!=0) { n=sc.nextInt(); r=sc.nextInt(); for(i=0;i< g.length;i++) Arrays.fill(g[i],0); for (i=0;i< r;i++) { x=sc.nextInt(); y=sc.nextInt(); g[x][y]=1; } for (i=0;i<=n+1;i++) g[0][i]=g[n+1][i]=g[i][0]=g[i][n+1]=-1; x=sc.nextInt(); y=sc.nextInt(); if (y==0) dir=0; else if (x==0) dir=1; else if (y==n+1) dir=2; else dir=3; x+=dx[dir]; y+=dy[dir]; while (g[x][y]!=-1) { if (g[x][y]!=0) dir=(dir+1)%4; x+=dx[dir]; y+=dy[dir]; } System.out.printf("%d %d\n",x,y); } } }
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Thanks for using the time to examine this, I truly feel strongly about it and enjoy finding out far more on this subject matter. If achievable, as you achieve knowledge
此网站甚是喜欢，潜力巨大，请问站长，如何加入开发团队~
对，就是把这32位当成一个长度为32的数
有两个重复的话结果是正确的，但解法不够严谨，后面重复的覆盖掉前面的，由于题目数据限制也比较严，所以能提交通过。已更新算法
很有意思，可惜我很菜啊
惊艳了，没想到代码如此简洁
大致看了下，算法的时间复杂度没有很本性的提升，算不上高效。
很棒的网站，加油！⛽
else if也是要比较两次
写的很好~~
思考人生吗
是穷举，但是代码有优化（v数组），并不是2^n。测试数据应该没问题，之前有超时的代码。
顺利测试通过了，多谢


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/116395-maths/topic/degrees.20of.20polynomials.html ---
@Chris Hughes told me a while ago that the degree of a polynomial is a bit of a nightmare, because the zero polynomial has degree -1 or -infinity or something, and these are not nats. It seems that he went with degree
into with_bot nat
and nat_degree
into nat
(with nat_degree of 0 being 0). I am now faced with goals like
hf : ¬f = 0, hg : ¬g = 0, hd : nat_degree f < nat_degree g, ⊢ degree f + ↑(nat_degree g - nat_degree f) = degree g
There's a lemma saying that if f
is non-zero then degree f = ↑(nat_degree f)
but if I go down that route then I can't seem to use nat.cast_add
etc, probably because although with_bot nat
is an add_monoid, the coercion is not the usual one from nat to an add_monoid with a 1, it's like the coercion from nat to int. I think that this may mean that all of the lemmas of the form ↑(m+n)=↑m+↑n
for add, mul, le etc all need to be written by hand for this coercion from nat to with_bot nat
, just like we have int.coe_nat_add
etc. Am I correct? I ask because I need them for Hilbert Basis and I may as well get on and do them if they need doing. Or am I missing a trick?
I think with_bot.coe_add
is the lemma you need.
oh boy -- so I'm right but they're already there? Thanks Chris!
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


Classes | |
| class | geometry::dms< CD, T > |
| Utility class to construct latlong points point_ll with degree,minute,second. More... | |
| class | geometry::impl::graticule< T > |
| internal base class for latitude and longitude classes More... | |
| class | geometry::latitude< T > |
| Class to construct point_ll with latitude value (north/south). More... | |
| struct | geometry::ll_traits< P > |
| struct | geometry::ll_traits< point_ll< degree, T > > |
| struct | geometry::ll_traits< point_ll< radian, T > > |
| class | geometry::longitude< T > |
| Class to construct point_ll with longitude value (west/east). More... | |
| class | geometry::point_ll< D, T > |
| Point using spherical coordinates lat and lon, on Earth. More... | |
Namespaces | |
| namespace | geometry |
| namespace | geometry::impl |
Enumerations | |
| enum | geometry::cd_selector { geometry::north, geometry::east, geometry::south, geometry::west, geometry::cd_lat, geometry::cd_lon } |
| Cardinal directions. More... | |
| enum | geometry::dr_selector { geometry::degree, geometry::radian } |
| Unit of plan angles: degrees or radians. More... | |
Functions | |
| template<typename PS , typename PD > | |
| void | geometry::convert_dr (const PS &ps, PD &pd) |
| template<typename P > | |
| void | geometry::to_radian (const P &p, typename support::coordinate< P >::type &lon, typename support::coordinate< P >::type &lat) |
|
October 14, 2008 |
Copyright © 1995-2008 Barend Gehrels, Geodan Holding B.V. Amsterdam, the Netherlands Copyright © 2008 Bruno Lalande, Paris, France |


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Georgia has 38 species of non-venomous snake and 6 species of venemous snake. Bear Hollow Zoo houses no venomous snakes.
These lead to other animals as placeholders for now. Verified snake info will appear as soon as possible.
Turtles come in three flavors. Tortoises spend most of their time on land. Terrapins live only in brackish marshes and coastal inlets. The rest of the turtles, marine or otherwise, spend most of their time in water. All tortoises and terrapins are also turtles.
Frogs are amphibians that come in two flavors: Along with a few anatomical differences, Toads are Frogs that spend most of their time on land. Most other Frogs prefer to spend time in water. All Toads are Frogs.


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bug_report You've enabled debug mode. This might do nothing, or it might show extra information like hashes on certain items.
It will probably make your screen more cluttered and ugly, and may screw up mobile views.


--- layout: post title: Java 101 tags: [] status: publish type: post published: true meta: {} ---
This will provide a brief overview of the tools and documentation needed to get into Java programming and how to define classes (looking at the differences between applets and java applications) before delving into OO concepts a little. So for starters you'll need to get a hold of the following items, which are available for download:
Listed below are three ways of commenting your code:
// single line
/* */ multi line
/** */ documentation, creates the documentation using the javadoc tool
All pretty self explanatory!
Listed below are the two types of class definitions I found:
class YourClassName {
...
}
Where YourClassName is the same as your file name in this case it would be: YourClassName.java. The other one I came across is as follows
public class YourClassName {
...
}
There are of course a few other components to a class declaration, however a point worth noting is that if you omit the public component from a class, this class will only be accessible to other classes in it's package. Whereas using the public statement indicates that this class is accessible by other classes, regardless of their package membership.
abstract, final, extends and implements form the other components of a class declaration.
Every Java application must have a "main" method and it takes the following signature (or structure)
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
}
When an application is executed this the method that is first called. What is a method? A method is a function, i.e. it carries out an action.
What is a constructor? And what's the difference? You can recognize a constructor because it has the same name as the class and has no return type. You can also have multiple constructors, in which case they still have the same name, but take a different number or type of arguments. If you fail to specify a constructor in your class, the Java automatically provides a no argument constructor or "default constructor".
Things are slightly different when working with applets. As opposed to applications where a lost of system classes are readily made available, for starters to draw an applet you need to import a few new classes, like such:
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
Furthermore when creating your class you will make a few more changes:
public class YourClassName extends Applet {
...
}
By using the "extends" statement you are in fact making "YourClassName" a sub class of "Applet", which also means that "YourClassName" inherits all of the behaviour and hence functionality of "Applet".
The equivalent of "main" for applets is "init", "start" or "paint". Every applet, must implement one or more of these methods. For example:
public void paint(Graphics g) {
...
}
g is an object of Graphics passed to the "paint()" method this sets the onscreen drawing context . One argument that can be passed is the Graphics drawString() method. For example:
g.drawString("Hello World", 50,25);
This method takes a string as the first argument, then the x and y co-ordinates for the display. There are two more methods available to Applets: "stop" and "destroy".
"An object is a software bundle of related variables and methods."
Software objects are often used to model real-world objects you find in everyday life. Examples of objects are things you can see in everyday life: such as a bike. All objects share two characteristics: state and behaviour. Using our bike example, a bike's state might be current gear, current speed or two wheels. And it's behaviour could be braking or accelerating. A software object stores it's state in one or more "variables" and implements behaviour by way of "methods".
A handy way to model this is by using a donut. Where the methods (behaviour) are displayed in the ring and variables (state) is kept inside the hole. Such variables are known as instance variables in objects as they map the state for a particular object. MyBike might have a completely different state to YourBike. The same applies to methods within objects, they are formerly known as instance methods because they add behaviour to a particular instance of an object, not all objects.
The analogy of a donut is good for another reason as it also shows that variables are hidden to the outside world by methods, this is also known as "Encapsulation". However it can also occur that an object may wish to expose these values and/or hide some of the methods.
What Is a Message?"Software objects interact and communicate with each other using messages."
Most objects form part of a greater whole, as such these individual objects may need to interact with other ones. For example a bike is useless and unless you interact with it, i.e. use it and pedal. This kind of interaction in the software world is achieved by way of sending messages from one object to another, or simply put one object calls a method in another object. In some cases calling another method may really on additional information to be passed, these additional bits of information are known as parameters. For example: The object YourBicycle may wish to change to a lower gear, so it would call a method changeGear with a parameter to determine whether to change up or down and in this case the parameter would have a value of lowerGear.
What Is a Class?"A class is a blueprint or prototype that defines the variables and the methods common to all objects of a certain kind."
Using our real world example: bicycles exist by the millions and all share common traits (two wheels, breaks), this would be known as a "class". Whereas your bike would be just one instance of this class or also known as an "object" because it's state or behaviour at any given time can be different to another bike's.
On top of the objects separate instance variables a class can define class variables, these are variables that are shared by all instances of this class. For example a class variable could be the number of gears a bike has. Just as objects have instance methods, classes have "class methods".
What Is Inheritance?"A class inherits state and behaviour from its superclass. Inheritance provides a powerful and natural mechanism for organizing and structuring software programs."
A good example for inheritance is this: Do you know what a "Penny farthing" is? If i told you it was a bicycle it would greatly help to understand that it has two wheels, handle bars and pedals. Essentially inheritance allows you to pass common traits from a superclass (bicycle) to a subclass (penny farthing). Penny farthing inherits all of the traits of the bicycle class and is able to add additional states and behaviour. The tandem bike is a classic example where it inherits a lot of state and behaviour from a bike, but also adds new state (two seats for example).
Subclasses can also override states and behaviour, for example a mountain bike may override the bike superclass by specifying more gears than the original.
Inheritance is not limited to one layer, it can be as deeply nested as needed, this is known as either the inheritance tree or hierarchy. Generally speaking as you navigate deeper down the tree you keep adding more specialised behaviour and state.
What Is an Interface?"An interface is a contract in the form of a collection of method and constant declarations. When a class implements an interface, it promises to implement all of the methods declared in that interface."
Back to the bicycle analogy. A bike class only defines what it can do, not how it interacts with the rest of the world. An unrelated item could be an inventory management tool in a store. The two evidently share a relationship but it's not in terms of what they can each do. In order for the inventory program to be able to track the bike it needs to have a price and tracking number. Where they come from is what matters to the inventory program. So in order for the bike to be in the system it agrees to implement the state and behaviour for the inventory. It interfaces with the application by delivering the price and track number.
And this completes part 1. Part 2 will look at the language itself in more detail, covering variables, operators, expressions, statements, blocks, control flow statements and branching statements.


From:Derr Dawn To:Geaccone Tracy ; West Terry Sent:2017-01-11T04:35:20.0000000Z Subject:2002 Benefit Rates and Analyst/Associate Charges
Below is the file containing Flex Dollar amounts and the Benefit Rates to be used in preparing your Business Unit's 2002 Plan. I have also included the flat rates for the Analyst and Associate Program.
Beginning in June 2001, the Analyst and Associate Program began billing the flat fees to GL account - 52503000 Allocations Other. A new GL account - 52502600 Analyst & Associate Allocations will be set up and should be used to plan for next year. PLEASE NOTE: If you have any reports, cost element groups or spreadsheets that use a listing of GL accounts, you will need to update them to include the new account.
Please fee free to call me if you have any questions.
Dawn Derr
37775
***********
EDRM Enron Email Data Set has been produced in EML, PST and NSF format by ZL Technologies, Inc. This Data Set is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/> . To provide attribution, please cite to "ZL Technologies, Inc. (http://www.zlti.com)."
***********
California


... enables real-time, bidirectional and event-based communication.
Javascript library for manipulating WebSockets
Handles diconnection and connection events
Room broadcasting
... WebSocket is a computer communications protocol, providing full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection.
Changing to Visual Studio Code


Represents the touch surface of a BLOCKS device.
Public Member Functions | |
| TouchSurface (Block &) | |
| virtual | ~TouchSurface () |
| Destructor. More... | |
| virtual void | cancelAllActiveTouches () noexcept=0 |
| Forces a touch-off message for all active touches. More... | |
| virtual int | getNumberOfKeywaves () const =0 |
| For the on-screen seaboard view, this will return the number of keys. More... | |
| void | callListenersTouchChanged (const TouchSurface::Touch &t) |
| Testing feature: this allows you to inject touches onto a touch surface. More... | |
| void | addListener (Listener *) |
| Adds a listener to be called when the surface is touched. More... | |
| void | removeListener (Listener *) |
| Removes a previously-registered listener. More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| Block & | block |
| The block that owns this touch surface. More... | |
Protected Attributes | |
| juce::ListenerList< Listener > | listeners |
Classes | |
| struct | Listener |
| Receives callbacks when a touch moves or changes pressure. More... | |
| struct | Touch |
| Structure used to describe touch properties. More... | |
| TouchSurface::TouchSurface | ( | Block & | ) |
|
virtual |
Destructor.
|
pure virtualnoexcept |
Forces a touch-off message for all active touches.
|
pure virtual |
For the on-screen seaboard view, this will return the number of keys.
For other types of touch-surface, it will return 0.
| void TouchSurface::callListenersTouchChanged | ( | const TouchSurface::Touch & | t | ) |
Testing feature: this allows you to inject touches onto a touch surface.
References listeners, and TouchSurface::Listener::touchChanged().
| void TouchSurface::addListener | ( | Listener * | ) |
Adds a listener to be called when the surface is touched.
| void TouchSurface::removeListener | ( | Listener * | ) |
Removes a previously-registered listener.
| Block& TouchSurface::block |
The block that owns this touch surface.
|
protected |
Referenced by callListenersTouchChanged().


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load crispy_forms_tags %} {% load static %} {% load i18n %} {% block content %}
{% trans "A reminder has already been sent for this meeting. If you update this meeting, a message will be sent to inform participants of the change and a new reminder will be sent two days before the updated meeting date if it is still in the future." %}
{% trans "Updating this meeting will regenerate the associated reminder. You will lose any edits you may have made to the message." %}
{% if object %}{% trans "Save" %}{% else %}{% trans "Add" %}{% endif %}


FRESH START
Rangers star Ryan Jack hopes Cyprus performance will kickstart Scotland career
by David FrielRYAN JACK won his first Scotland cap in November 2017.
Two years on, he hopes his international career is really starting now.
The Rangers midfielder was excellent as Scotland secured a 2-1 win in Cyprus.
Jack has had to be patient over the last 24 months — due to fierce competition in his position.
But he looked the part as he won his third cap and now wants to nail down a place in Steve Clarke’s side.
Jack said: “I hope it is starting now. I’ve always said I want to play for Scotland and be a part of it so I hope that is the case.
“I hope I did enough here to get the nod again in the future. Obviously I can’t decide that, but I enjoyed every minute of it against Cyprus. It was good to be in there.
"I’ve come away with the squad, worked hard and the gaffer has been really good with me. It’s obviously a proud moment every time you get called up or get a cap.
“Growing up, you always want to play for your country. I am proud to do so. You see games at Hampden when there are full houses and the atmosphere that creates.
“You want to be part of it and I don’t want to stop. I want to keep going and I want more.
“Hopefully, this can be a box ticked and I get the nod in the future. It was good, I enjoyed it.
“It was obviously a tough night and a tough test. But it was job done and we got the win we wanted.
“There are no easy games at this level but I felt I settled in fine. First half, we did well. Second half, they scored and that was a bit of a sickener.
“But we showed a great attitude to come back and get in front again. The manager did say that if we face adversity we have to stand up to it.
“We did that so, all round, I’m delighted we got the job done.”
Jack combined well with Celtic rival Callum McGregor in central midfield, with John McGinn playing as a No 10.
Scott McTominay was injured and seems his direct competitor but the Rangers man doesn’t think it’s that simple.
He said: “I have played with Callum before for the Under-21s. It was good. I enjoyed playing with everyone to be honest.
“I felt we dug in well when we had to and we showed a bit of resilience. Is it a case of me v Scott? Not at all. If you look at the midfield there is talent right through it.
“Kenny McLean and Scott are out with injuries. Then you have myself, Callum, John McGinn, John Fleck, Stuart Armstrong.
“The list is endless because there is that much talent in the one position.
“Every time I get a chance, I just want to stake a claim. That’s all I can do.
“I’m sure the other boys are the same when they play.
“We are all working for the same goal and want to get to a major tournament.”
Jack has excelled against Porto and Feyenoord for Rangers this season — so Cyprus were never going to scare him.
But the Ibrox midfielder believes more Europa League games have developed him.
He said: “The experience I have gained playing in Europe always helps, of course it does.
"I am playing for a good team at club level and I am facing good opposition in the likes of Porto and Feyenoord.
“That does help when I come away on these trips. I am hoping for a successful season for club and country. Everything is going well so far.
“Club level has been very good. I have been doing well in Europe and now I’ve got a start for my country after being called up.
“As I said, I really enjoyed it and I am just glad that we got the win.”
Jack looks set to keep his place for Kazakhstan tomorrow as Scotland attempt to secure third place in Group I.
Another win would help boost confidence ahead of the March play-offs but Clarke’s men aren’t taking anything for granted.
Jack said: “It’s all positive. And we are looking to now take that into Tuesday night. We all want to build momentum and get wins.
“It has not all been positive in this campaign, but hopefully we can go three wins on the spin on Tuesday night.
“Now you want to put in the performances to stake a claim for the huge games in March.
“If we can get the wins and build momentum then hopefully we will go into the play-offs with a real chance.
“Getting the win in Cyprus was great but in football you know that everything can turn very quickly.
“You can’t rest on it. It’s about more hard work and keeping things going. We can’t get carried away by anything now.
"We have won two on the bounce.
“But we want to get three and then try and get Scotland to a major tournament, which would be a great achievement for us.”


Welcome to a live
Github visualization in the style of the 80's cold war movie
WarGames.
This is made with nodejs, socket.io, d3, and IRC (as the messaging infrastructure... yeah, really). Data is from
github.com and
geonames.org.
This is part of a larger *casual* general purpose streaming data platform I'm putting together. See
the
Github repo for information. It is a work in progress!


class: middle, center # Spring 2019 Reproducibility Workshop: "Containerization and Docker" .left[Ryan Dale, Ph.D.] .left[Scientific Information Officer, NICHD] .left[Head, NICHD Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core] *Slides & code available at [github.com/daler/docker-rw2019](https://github.com/daler/docker-rw2019)* --- class: middle, center *Opinions are my own; nothing here should be construed as an endorsement* --- # Reproducibility stack
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2018.03.014 --- # Containerization Containerization is a way of packaging an application with all of its dependencies into a standardized unit. -- Helps resolve "well, it worked on *my* machine" -- A container can be distributed and shared, ensuring others are using the same programs -- Popular containerization engines are Docker, rkt, Singularity. --- # Docker Docker is currently the most popular containerization system. A major limitation of Docker is that *it must run with root privileges*. -- It is not allowed on shared systems like HPC clusters. On NIH's Biowulf cluster, use Singularity (https://hpc.nih.gov/apps/singularity.html). --- # Docker, cloud, and scientific workflows Containers are great for web applications: - microservices split a single application into pieces - microservices can scale independently - independent upgrades - sophisticated networking tools -- This is a different architecture compared to scientific workflows: - iterative analysis - interactive exploration - every experiment is different - heterogeneous data from many sources -- It is often worth the investment to containerize especially at the end of an analysis for long-term reproducibility. -- **...but it's hard.** --- # Terminology **Docker Engine:** You need to install this on your computer to run Docker -- **Container:** Standardized unit of software. Runs an OS, includes any dependencies plus the application. -- **Image:** A file which is a snapshot of a container. -- **Dockerfile:** Defines how to create an image. This is where you put your effort when building a docker image -- **Registry:** online location that stores Docker images. Docker Hub and quay.io are the big ones. -- **Tag:** Label for an image on a registry. By convention holds version information. --- # Terminology usage We write a *Dockerfile* which we use to build an *image*. We run the image to create a running *container*. Someone else can run that same image and get an identical running container. --- # Get started Prerequisites: - [install Docker](https://docs.docker.com/v17.12/install/) - Succesfully run the following command: ```bash docker run hello-world ``` --- class: middle, center # Worked example --- # About this example Uses real-world tools but on toy data Progressively builds to a sufficiently complex example you can reverse-engineer - view a BAM file - download data from SRA - run FastQC - run an R script and save a PDF from it Slides, code, scripts at https://github.com/daler/docker-rw2019 --- # Overview of BioContainers When working with Docker in bioinformatics, images for thousands of tools are already available for your use. This is a joint project between [bioconda](https://bioconda.github.io) and [BioContainers](https://biocontainers.pro/#/). We will use an existing container for `samtools`. --- # Find an image to use - Visit https://bioconda.github.io - Search for `samtools` - It tells us the image is `quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:
` but we need to determine which tag to use. - Follow the link on that site to visit https://quay.io/repository/biocontainers/samtools?tab=tags - Use the latest tag unless you have a good reason for another version -- So we want to use: ```bash quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 ``` --- # Download an example BAM file Download a file to use for demonstrating passing data into containers. With `wget`: ```bash wget https://github.com/daler/pybedtools/raw/master/pybedtools/test/data/y.bam ``` or with `curl`: ```bash curl https://github.com/daler/pybedtools/raw/master/pybedtools/test/data/y.bam > y.bam ``` Or download the file with web browser from: https://github.com/daler/pybedtools/raw/master/pybedtools/test/data/y.bam --- # Run the container ```bash docker run quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 ``` -- **Explanation** - download the image if needed - run the image as a new container - since there's no default command, after downloading and running nothing happened. --- # Run the container again We need to give it a command to run (`samtools`): ```bash # Note the "\" line continuation # so the command fits on screen docker run quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 \ samtools ``` -- **Explanation** - download the image if needed (it didn't need to this time) - run the image as a new container - within that running container, call `samtools` - the help for `samtools` is printed to `stdout` (its default behavior when run with no arguments) --- # Interactive containers Use **`-it`** to drop into an interactive shell in the container. **Anything you do here is ephemeral.** ```bash docker run \ -it \ quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 ``` -- **Explanation:** - run the image as a new container - instead of exiting immediately, drop into an interactive shell - type `exit` to exit the container --- # View the downloaded file using the container The BAM file we downloaded is in binary format To read it we use `samtools`. We might logically try the following. ```bash docker run quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 \ samtools view y.bam ``` -- but this returns: ``` open: No such file or directory [main_samview] fail to open "y.bam" for reading. ``` What happened? --- # Make data available to the container A running docker container is isolated. By default it cannot see anything on your computer. We need to explicitly tell it what is available with **`-v`**. -- This allows us to mount paths from the host machine to paths inside the container. ```bash docker run -v
:
``` -- **Notes:** - Paths must be absolute - Paths in the container are automatically created recursively - **`-v`** should come *before* the image name, otherwise you'll get errors like this: ```text docker: Error response from daemon: OCI runtime create failed: container_linux.go:344: starting container process caused "exec: \"-v\": executable file not found in $PATH": unknown. ``` --- # Mount the current directory to the container Use `-v` to mount local paths inside the container: ```bash docker run \ -v $(pwd):/data \ quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 \ samtools view /data/y.bam ``` -- Output should be: ``` AAGGGTCGT:DBR4KXP1:220:C27T3ACXX:7:1211:12450:44710 16 chr1 16286 255 3S33M * 0 0 ATCTACACTGGGAGACACAGCAGTGAAGCTGAAATG HGIIFGEIJJJJJJJIJJJJIJIJJJJJIJJJJJJJ NH:i:1 HI:i:1 AS:i:32 nM:i:0 NM:i:0MD:Z:33 jM:B:c,-1 jI:B:i,-1 RG:Z:foo AAGGGTCGT:DBR4KXP1:220:C27T3ACXX:7:1212:8027:29378 16 chr1 16286 255 3S33M * 0 0 ATCTACACTGGGAGACACAGCAGTGAAGCTGAAATG HG>DD
GD?BB?)IEDBFFDHCEF?>GD9EEDGGCHFAGE NH:i:1 HI:i:1 AS:i:30 nM:i:1 NM:i:1MD:Z:4C28 jM:B:c,-1 jI:B:i,-1 RG:Z:foo ...output truncated for brevity ``` --- # Mount the current directory to the container Use `-v` to mount local paths inside the container: ```bash docker run \ -v $(pwd):/data \ quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 \ samtools view /data/y.bam ``` **Explanation** - `$(pwd)` is evaluated on the host system - current working directory *outside* container becomes the directory `/data` *inside* the container - `/data` was created automatically inside the container at run time - The result is that the container can see everything in the working directory at `/data`, so the command run inside the container reflects this location and we get output as expected --- # Get data back out of the container `stdout` comes back to the host. If the results you need are printed to `stdout`, you can capture results like this: ```bash docker run \ -v $(pwd):/data \ quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 \ samtools view /data/y.bam > result.sam ``` -- **Explanation** - run `samtools` in the container, which prints to `stdout` - bash on the host interprets **`>`** as the end of a command, and therefore the end of the `docker run` call - `stdout` is redirected to a file *back on the host*, `result.sam` --- # More complex input/output Use `bash -c` to run more complex commands. This also demonstrates mapping multiple locations to the container: ```bash mkdir -p results docker run \ -v $(pwd):/data \ -v $(pwd)/results:/tmp \ quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 \ bash -c "samtools view /data/y.bam > /tmp/result.sam" ``` -- **Explanation** - create a local directory `results` - mount it to the container's `/tmp` directory - `bash -c` means "commands are to be read from the following string" - samtools output redirects to a file in `/tmp`, which is mapped to the local directory `results`. - `>` is executed by bash inside the container so we use container-appropriate paths. - On Linux, **user/group ownership of created files is `root`** --- # Modify the user Something like this may be necessary on Linux: ```bash mkdir -p results docker run \ -u $(id -u):$(id -g) \ -v $(pwd):/data \ -v $(pwd)/results:/tmp \ quay.io/biocontainers/samtools:0.1.19--h94a8ba4_6 \ bash -c "samtools view /data/y.bam > /tmp/result.sam" ``` **Explanation:** - Run docker as the current user and group (*`id -u`* returns the UID of the current user) --- # Combine multiple tools This script downloads 100 reads from SRA and runs FastQC on the resulting file. It uses a Docker container for sra-tools and another for FastQC. This script is executed on the host, and communicates between containers by mounting the same directory to each. ```bash #!/bin/bash # Download some FASTQ data using fastq-dump from sra-tools: docker run \ -u $(id -u):$(id -g) \ -v $(pwd):/data \ quay.io/biocontainers/sra-tools:2.9.1_1--h470a237_0 \ bash -c "cd /data && fastq-dump -X 100 --gzip SRR1574251" # Run FastQC on the resulting file docker run \ -u $(id -u):$(id -g) \ -v $(pwd):/data \ quay.io/biocontainers/fastqc:0.11.8--1 \ bash -c "fastqc /data/*.fastq.gz" ``` --- Assuming the above file is saved as `run.sh`, run this locally as: ```bash bash run.sh ``` You should get the following output: ``` Read 100 spots for SRR1574251 Written 100 spots for SRR1574251 Started analysis of SRR1574251.fastq.gz Analysis complete for SRR1574251.fastq.gz ``` And when you check your working directory, you should see: ``` SRR1574251.fastq.gz SRR1574251_fastqc.zip SRR1574251_fastqc.html ``` -- **Note:** Due to the way fastq-dump works, running with `-u $(id -u)` will crash it. Painful workarounds may be required if you don't want files owned by root. --- # Build a custom container BioContainers has containers for single tools. What if we need multiple R packages in the same container? We can't combine images; we need to build a custom image. Use Bioconda to more easily build a custom image. --- # Dockerfiles A **Dockerfile** specifies how to build the container. The most common Dockerfile commands are: **`FROM`:** indicates which image should be used as a starting point. Here we use `continuumio/miniconda3` because the conda package manager is already installed. Generally `ubuntu:18.04` is a good choice. **`RUN`:** Excutes the command in the building container. **`COPY`:** Copy a file from the build directory on the host to a location inside the image. --- # Dockerfile ```docker # This Dockerfile installs samtools, fastqc, R, and DESeq2 # We start from a container that already has conda installed FROM continuumio/miniconda3 # Set up bioconda channel, see # https://bioconda.github.io/index.html#set-up-channels RUN conda config --add channels defaults && \ conda config --add channels bioconda && \ conda config --add channels conda-forge # Install packages. Pinning versions is optional # but good practice RUN conda install \ "bioconductor-deseq2==1.22.1" \ "fastqc==0.11.8" \ "r-base>=3.5.1" \ "samtools==1.9" ``` --- # Build the image Tags provide easier-to-remember labels. Conventional format is username/label. Use your own Docker Hub username here if you're going to be uploading. ```bash docker build . -t daler/docker-rw2019 ``` -- **Explanation** - Execute the commands in the Dockerfile in the current directory (this may take some time) - Save the resulting image as `daler/docker-rw2019` -- Optionally push to docker hub: ```bash docker push daler/docker-rw2019 ``` --- # Put it all together Run an R script, which is itself run by a bash script, all inside our new container. **Results:** - FASTQ file - FastQC report (HTML and zip) - PCA plot in PDF format --- # R script Create an R script in the working directory. It will be available in the container once the working directory is mounted. ```r library(DESeq2) dds <- makeExampleDESeqDataSet(betaSD=1) rld <- rlog(dds) pdf(file='pca.pdf') plotPCA(rld) dev.off() sessionInfo() ``` --- # Modified bash script Saved as `run.sh`: ```bash #!/bin/bash cd /data fastq-dump -X 100 --gzip SRR1574251 fastqc /data/*.fastq.gz Rscript demo.R ``` --- # Run everything in a single container ```bash docker run \ -v $(pwd):/data \ daler/docker-rw2019 \ bash /data/run.sh ``` **Explanation** - in the container we built (which has everything we need), run the bash script - the bash script also runs the R script --- # Extra notes 1 - When building locally and then pushing, *Docker Hub does not show Dockerfiles* since the Dockerfile is not included in the image itself. It is better to have a GitHub repo and connect that to Docker Hub. Images will then get built automatically when the Dockerfile is changed on GitHub. Docker Hub will provide a link to that Dockerfile so that it can be inspected by the user. - when building in Ubuntu containers, use the following idiom because apt repos are not included in the base images and therefore need to be updated. Be sure to include the `-y` argument, otherwise the build will hang waiting for user input. ```bash RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \ package1 \ package2 \ ``` --- # Extra notes 2 - Docker builds in layers, which are cached. Try to write Dockerfiles such that the earlier lines have less likelihood of needing to be changed. - While it's possible to copy data over to the container, this wastes time and space -- try to maintain a separation of data and runtime dependencies - Connect a GitHub repo to Docker Hub to auto-build containers (that users can see the Dockerfile for) - One container -> one Snakemake rule --- # Resources - [Practical computational reproducibility in the life sciences](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405471218301406) - [Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/get-started/) - [Singularity on Biowulf](https://hpc.nih.gov/apps/singularity.html) - BioContainers [best-practices](https://biocontainers-edu.readthedocs.io/en/latest/best_practices.html) - [BioContainers quickstart](http://biocontainers-edu.biocontainers.pro/en/latest/running_example.html) - [Multi-package containers](https://biocontainers.pro/#/multipackage) (with a corresponding [github repo](https://github.com/BioContainers/multi-package-containers)) still in development - [Awesome Docker](https://github.com/veggiemonk/awesome-docker)


--- layout: post title: Keeping it simple date: 2012-05-08 21:26:47.000000000 -07:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: tags: [] meta: _edit_last: '1' author: login: admin email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: admin first_name: Carina C. last_name: Zon ---
Applies to many things, in life as well as profession:
I've kept this bit of wisdom for years. Alas, without retaining source info. My apologies to the author. If it's yours, let me know so you can be properly cited. Thank you!


WHP Selection - Mr J Smith - Provision
{% set currentClaimantPage = 'selectionTool' %}
{% include "includes/summary_nav.html" %}
Based on your answers, Mr J Smith has been submitted to the Private Sector Provision.
Based on your answers, Mr J Smith has been submitted to the Private Sector Provision.


-
Mediatonic Games Jan 2017 - Present
Part of a large team of dedicated C# engineers responsible for implementing features on a range of primarily mobile focused games that attract millions of monthly players.
A typical day consists of a morning stand up; time spent reviewing comments on any open PRs; and feature work, mostly involving server-side C# but also including some Angular.js based admin functionality.
As part of this position I have become familiar with technologies such as Kubernetes; Docker; and .NET Core. I've also become comfortable working in an entirely Windows based development environment.
-
Graphite Digital July 2015 - Dec 2016
Server side engineer responsible for planning and implementing features on large scale systems that handle millions of unique users a month, as part of a small team of engineers and designers.
For most of my time at Graphite I was the lead engineer on Costa's loyalty platform API, working closely with a senior architect and the mobile teams to deliver a new "Pay & Collect" feature, working to regular deadlines along
the way.
Most recently I worked with a small team to build a new sales incentive platform. We had a month to plan, build, test, and deliver an MVP. It featured a Laravel API with a Vue.js powered browser client, plus a simple admin panel
to manage the various campaigns.
I helped manage and prioritise the task backlog in order to ensure we met the tight deadline, and implimented systems for tracking sales and giving rewards to top ranked users.
-
Tann Westlake August 2012 - June 2015
Responsible for building sites for a multitude of clients, using a mobile first approach, HTML5 and BEM-style Scss. Building Javascript modules such as sliders, tab systems, and other interactive elements using the revealing module
pattern.
Worked with clients in multiple industries, primarily pharmaceutical and marine, and built applications that hook into the Google Maps API to help users find medical centers close-by, and other geographical data.
I was also responsible for configuring and maintaining Apache hosting spaces on shared and VPS hosting platforms, as well as deploying sites and monitoring their health.
As the development team grew I implemented processes to ensure mistakes weren't made during the development and deployment phases, such as a gulpfile for automating tedious build steps.
-
Freelance 2012 - 2015
I carried out small freelance work for various clients over the years.
For one of my last projects I was contracted to work on part of the front end for the promotional site for the Mad Max movie-tie-in game. I was responsible for building an interactive map that heavily utilized Javascript for things
like sliders, overlays, and tooltips. It also used techniques such as background videos.


CAKE
HOT CHOCOLATE
ICE CREAM
THE NAME GOOD QUALITY COMES FROM THIS HOTEL.

EVER TASTED THE ELIXIR ? TASTE IT!!


Refactoring - Simplifying Conditional Expressions
25 Jun 20151. Decompose Condtional
You have a complicated conditional (if-then-else) statement. Extract methods from the condition, “then” part, and “else” parts. Mechanics *1. Extract the condition into its own method. *2. Extract the “then” part and the “else” part into their own methods.
2. Recompose Conditional
You have conditional code that is unnecessarily verbose and does not use the most readable Ruby construct. Replace the conditional code with the more idiomatic Ruby construct.
before:
parameters = params ? params : []
after:
parameters = params || []
3. Consolidate Conditional Expression
You have a sequence of conditional tests with the same result. Combine them into a single conditional expression and extract it.
4. Consolidate Duplicate Conditional Fragments
The same fragment of code is in all branches of a conditional expression. Move it outside the expression.
5. Replace Condtional with Polymorphism
Motivation One of the grandest sounding words in object jargon is polymorphism. The essence of polymorphsim is that it allows you to avoid writing an explicit con- ditional when you have objects whose behavior varies depending on their types. As a result you find that case statements or if-then-else statements that switch on type codes are much less common in an Object-Oriented program.
Polymorphism gives you many advantages. The biggest gain occurs when this same set of conditions appears in many places in the program. If you want to add a new type, you have to find and update all the conditionals. But with polymorphism you just create a new class and provide the appropriate methods. Clients of the class don’t need to know about the polymorphism, which reduces the dependencies in your system and makes it easier to update.
Ruby’s duck typing makes it easy to introduce polymorphism. In a statically typed language like Java, you need inheritance or implementation of an inter- face to be able to call a method polymorphically. But in Ruby, an object’s cur- rent set of methods—not its inheritance from a particular class—determines its valid semantics. So long as objects A and B have the same method, you can call them in the same way.
Mechanics
Polymorphism in Ruby can be achieved in a couple of ways. In its simplest form, you can implement the same method signature on multiple objects and call these methods polymorphically. You can introduce a module hierarchy and have the method that is to be called polymorphically on the module. Or you can introduce an inheritance hierarchy and have the method that is to be called polymorphically on the subclasses. In each case, the mechanics are the same. The code you target may be a case statement or an if statement.
*1. If the conditional statement is one part of a larger method, take apart the conditional statement and use Extract Method. *2. If necessary use Move Method to place the conditional at the appropriate place in the object structure. **3. Pick one of the polymorphic objects. Create a method on the polymor- phic object that will override the conditional statement method. Copy the body of that leg of the conditional statement into the polymorphic method and adjust it to fit.
6. Introuduce a Null Object
You have repeated checks for a nil value. Replace the nil value with a null object.
The essence of polymorphism is that instead of asking an object what type it is and then invoking some behavior based on the answer, you just invoke the behavior. The object, depending on its type, does the right thing. One of the less intuitive places to do this is where you have a null value in a field.


{% extends "templates/includes/_base.html" %} {% set bodyClass = "holding" %} {% block main %}
Our App is coming soon, register your interest today!


--- layout: default permalink: /documentation category: start category_page: Assistants title: Documentation description: "The developers' party begins with eFrolic, a simple and modern framework." ---
Start with eFrolic in a few minutes, easy and fast.
Design components, classes to design the structure.
Diversity of components for the design. You will love them!
Essential and useful elements when creating designs.


103.Sridhar, B., Ng, H. K., Linke, F. & Chen, N. Y. Benefits analysis of wind-optimal
operations for trans-Atlantic flights. In
14th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Atlanta, GA, 2014).


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Welcome to my blog about programming ! My name is Enrique and I am originally from Caracas, Venezuela. I arrived to Miami, Florida in 2011 to study Economics with a minor in International Business. After I graduated from college I realized that I was not enjoying my what I was doing with my life, so I decided to take a chance with programming. So far I love it and I can wait until I am able to create my own applications. I hope that you enjoy my blog.


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--- layout: post title: "Cheat Sheets" description: "Everything for last minute revisions on any topic, but don't justify the name by cheating!" date: 2020-05-22 categories: cheat sheets icon: 'loader' ---
Trigonometry Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Algebra Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Vocabulary Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Vocabulary Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Metric conversion Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Operation order Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Integers Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Sampling and sampling distrbutions Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Calculus Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Maple 11 Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Area under a curve Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Coordinate geometry basics Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Circle Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Complex numbers Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Differential equations Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Definite integrals Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Differentiation Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Greatest integer and fractional part function Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Graph Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Ellipse Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Advanced graph transformation Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Hyperbola Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Indefinite Integral Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Inverse triogonometry functions Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Inverse triogonometry functions graph Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Log Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Limits Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Mod Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Parabola Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Mathematical Reasoning Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Quadratic Equations Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.
Properties of triangle Cheat Sheet - Click here to download.


I will develop Your web application which will perform according to your needs and hope that it will satisfy your requirements
My Main goal will be user Satisfaction in every possible workspace
Will to make any sort of adjustments necessary where needed
Full stack website made with reacts js ,redux ,firebase firestore database and authentication
No framework used only made with Pure JavaScript offers a cart system with database and user authentication
Small page to test out open weather api to get weather of different locations
Sir Syed Univesity of Engineering & Technology
Apptron Technologies
Govt College Formen
Bahria Foundation School


OpenLawsGR at Hackerspace
OpenLawsGR was presented at Hackerspace.gr
OpenLawsGR was presented at Hackerspace.gr
Our presentation at the 20th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics
A short presentation of three projects, each one focused on a different stage of the Greek legislative process
A short tutorial on distinguishing Greek laws from other types of legislative texts in the Government Gazzette issues
Presentation of Master thesis @CEID
The revised architecture of our system.
Two papers were accepted to PCI 2016 and Jurix 2016
This is a short tutorial on converting pdf files to plain text
A review of the efforts of researchers from Greek institutions related to the analysis of Greek law texts
Our presentation at the 19th Panhellenic Conference on Informatics


Creates text that scales according to the viewport width. - Use the `clamp()` CSS function to clamp the value of `font-size` between `1rem` and `3rem`. - Use the formula `8vw - 2rem` to calculate a responsive value for `font-size` (`1rem` at `600px`, `3rem` at `1000px`).
Hello World!


List of services
{% for id, properties in services %}
{{ properties.url }}
{% endfor %}
Add new service
{% for field in SERVICE_FIELDS %}
{{ field.label }}:
{% endfor %}


Isotope geochemistry is based on the accurate and precise determination of elemental and isotopic compositions of rocks and minerals. Although some of the earliest geochronological methods (notably the 14C method, see Section 4.1) were based on the detection of radioactivity by means of Geiger-Müller counters and liquid scintillation detectors, nearly all modern isotope geochemistry is done by mass spectrometry.
A mass spectrometer is a device that separates electrically charged atoms or molecules based on their mass, enabling precise measurement of the isotopic composition. A mass spectrometer consists of the following parts:
In the remainder of this section, we will assume the source to be a
filament and the mass analyser to be an electromagnet.
After pumping the mass spectrometer down to (ultra-)high vacuum
conditions (10−6 to 10−9 mbar), the sample enters the ion source as a gas,
where it is bombarded with electrons. The resulting ions (with charge e) are
accelerated in an electric field (with potential difference V ) and
collimated to a narrow beam. This beam is sent through a magnetic field
(with strength H) which deflects it into a circular trajectory with a
radius proportional to the ion mass (m). This results in a physical
separation of the incoming ion beam into various outgoing beams.
The beams of interest are steered into the ion detector which, in its
simplest design (the so-called ‘Faraday Cup’) consists of a long and
narrow cup. The ion beam is neutralised in the cup by electrons
flowing from ground through a resistor. The potential difference across
this resistor is measured and registered on a computer for further
processing.
The electric field transfers a certain amount of kinetic energy to the ions:
|
| (3.1) |
With e is the electrical charge (in multiples of 1.60219 ×10−19C, which is the elementary charge of an electron. Because each type of ion has a different mass (m, in multiples of 1.660538 ×10−27kg, the atomic mass unit), their terminal velocity (v) differs as well:
|
| (3.2) |
The mass analyser deflects the ions according to the following equation:
|
| (3.3) |
Substituting Equation 3.2 into 3.3 yields:
|
| (3.4) |
from which it follows that:
|
| (3.5) |
Equation 3.5 allows us to calculate the radius of the ion trajectory for any given mass-to-charge ratio m∕e. Note that light isotopes are more strongly deflected than equally charged heavy ones. Equation 3.5 can also be used to calculate the magnetic field strength required to deflect an ion beam with a given m∕e ratio into the collector. This is more practical because most mass spectrometers have a fixed radius so that the different ions must be collected by varying H. Some modern mass spectrometers are equipped with multiple ion collectors the enabling simultaneous analysis of several ionic masses.
Several types of mass spectrometers are used for geoscience applications:
Besides determining isotopic compositions, the mass spectrometer can also be used to measure elemental concentrations, using a method called isotope dilution. This is done by mixing the sample solution (whose isotopic composition has already been determined) with a known quantity of a solution with a different (but known) isotopic composition and known elemental concentration. The latter solution is called the spike. The isotopic composition of the mixture is analysed by mass spectrometry. The measured isotopic ratio Rm for an element with two isotopes (aX and bX) is given by:
|
| (3.6) |
with
|
|
N is the only unknown in Equation 3.6, which can therefore be rewritten as:
|
| (3.7) |
N can also be expressed as a function of the isotopic ratios in the sample RN(= aXN∕bXN) and in the spike RS(= aXS∕bXS). The atomic abundance of aX and bX in the sample are given by:
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| (3.8) |
and in the spike:
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| (3.9) |
Substituting Equations 3.9 and 3.8 into 3.7 yields:
|
| (3.10) |
Equations 3.7 and 3.10 give the atomic concentration of X (in atoms/g). Dividing N by Avogadro’s number NA and multiplying with the atomic weights (g/mol) yields the corresponding weight percentages. Isotope dilution is a very powerful method because:
Isotope dilution is the ‘gold standard’ for isotope geochemistry, recommended when the most accurate and precise results are desired. Unfortunately, isotope dilution is also very time consuming and cannot be readily applied to micro-analytical techniques such as LA-ICP-MS and SIMS. In those cases, and alternative method is used, which is less precise (%- rather than o- level precision) but quicker. The idea is to normalise the signal ratios recorded by the mass spectrometer to a standard of known age. As before, let P be a radioactive parent which decays to a radiogenic daughter D. Suppose that we can measure both nuclides on the same mass spectrometer, yielding two electronic signal intensities SP and SD. These signals may be recorded in units of V, A, or Hz. We cannot directly use the signal ratios as a proxy for the isotopic ratio:
because the parent and daughter are two different elements with different chemical properties and ionisation efficiencies. We can, however, assume that the isotopic ratio is proportional to the signal ratio:
|
| (3.11) |
Thus, if we double ND (and thus ND∕NP), we would also expect to double SD (and thus SD∕SP). To determine the constant of proportionality C, we analyse a standard of known age (ts) and, hence (ND∕NP)-ratio (due to Equation 2.5):
|
| (3.12) |
where λP is the decay constant of the parent and SPs∕SDs is the (inverse) signal ratio of the standard.


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List of all members.
Classes |
| struct | Rep |
Public Types |
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typedef size_t | size_type |
Public Member Functions |
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| TiXmlString (const TiXmlString ©) |
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TIXML_EXPLICIT | TiXmlString (const char *copy) |
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TIXML_EXPLICIT | TiXmlString (const char *str, size_type len) |
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TiXmlString & | operator= (const char *copy) |
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TiXmlString & | operator= (const TiXmlString ©) |
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TiXmlString & | operator+= (const char *suffix) |
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TiXmlString & | operator+= (char single) |
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TiXmlString & | operator+= (const TiXmlString &suffix) |
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const char * | c_str () const |
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const char * | data () const |
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size_type | length () const |
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size_type | size () const |
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bool | empty () const |
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size_type | capacity () const |
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const char & | at (size_type index) const |
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char & | operator[] (size_type index) const |
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size_type | find (char lookup) const |
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size_type | find (char tofind, size_type offset) const |
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void | clear () |
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void | reserve (size_type cap) |
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TiXmlString & | assign (const char *str, size_type len) |
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TiXmlString & | append (const char *str, size_type len) |
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void | swap (TiXmlString &other) |
Static Public Attributes |
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static const size_type | npos = static_cast< TiXmlString::size_type >(-1) |
Private Member Functions |
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void | init (size_type sz) |
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void | set_size (size_type sz) |
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char * | start () const |
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char * | finish () const |
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void | init (size_type sz, size_type cap) |
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void | quit () |
Private Attributes |
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Rep * | rep_ |
Static Private Attributes |
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static Rep | nullrep_ = { 0, 0, { '\0' } } |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files: