--- Day 2: Rock Paper Scissors ---
--- Part 1 ---
parsing input
func toGames(inp: seq[string]): seq[(int, int)] =
inp.mapIt((ord(it[0]) - ord('A'), ord(it[2]) - ord('X')))
let games = day.filename.lines.toSeq.toGames
echo games[0..2]
@[(2, 2), (1, 1), (2, 0)]
solving part 1
func score1(game: (int, int)): int =
# win: you: 2 (scissors), other: 1 (paper) -> you - other = 1 -> + 1 mod 3 = 2 -> *3 = 6
# draw: you - other = 0 -> + 1 mod 3 = 1 -> *3 = 3
# lose: you: 0 (rock), other: 1 (paper) -> you - other = -1 -> + 1 mod 3 = 0 -> *3 = 0
((game[1] - game[0] + 4) mod 3)*3 + game[1] + 1 # outcome + what you play
func part1(games:seq[(int, int)]): int =
sum games.mapIt(score1 it)
# 1 mistake (-1 mod 3 -> -1)
echo part1 games
11386
Notes:
- assumed by mistake that
mod N
always maps to 0..(N-1), instead it can take negative values - also learned python's modulo operator
%
is different than nim'smod
- python equivalent mod is available in math module as
floorMod
- both modulo operator are defined as remainders of integer division
but nim uses
system.div
(rounds towards zero) while python's usesfloorDiv
(rounds down)
These were the examples I used to debug:
#example 1
echo "A Y\nB X\nC Z".split("\n").toGames.part1 # ok 15
echo "A Y\nB X\nC Z".split("\n").toGames.mapIt(score1 it) # ok 8, 1, 6
# new example
echo "A Z\nB Y\nC X".split("\n").toGames.part1
echo "A Z\nB Y\nC X".split("\n").toGames.mapIt(score1 it)
15 @[8, 1, 6] 15 @[3, 5, 7]
--- Part 2 ---
func score2(game: (int, int)): int =
let you = (game[1] - 1 + game[0] + 3) mod 3
# Y draw 1: same as game[0]
# X lose 0: 1 less than game0
#debugEcho (you, game[0]), score1 (game[0], you)
score1 (game[0], you)
func part2(games: seq[(int, int)]): int = sum games.mapIt(score2 it)
#example 1
echo "A Y\nB X\nC Z".split("\n").toGames.part2 # ok 12
echo part2 games
12 13600
Notes:
- first mistake I had to debug, I inverted you and game[0] when computing score
- second mistake: I initially forgot parentheses in you expression


**Part 6 Configure the Linux System, Ethernet Connection, and Python Libraries**
**by [Erwin Setiawan](https://yohanes-erwin.github.io/)**
**[Easy FPGA and Embedded Linux on ZYBO](../index.html)**
Introduction
===========================
In the tutorial part 1-5, we have designed, simulated, and tested a system in Zynq that calculates GCD both in hardware and software.
In this and the next couple of tutorial, we are going to focus on the Linux OS and the web application.
First of all, we should install a pre-built Linux OS on the ZYBO.
Then, we should configure the Ethernet connection, in order to be access the network.
Finally, in this tutorial, we are going to install several libraries that are needed for the next couple of tutorial.
Prerequisites
===========================
In addition to the ZYBO board, you need the following:
* A microSD card with 4GB or more, most preferably SanDisk.
* An Ethernet switch or a WiFi router (that has an Ethernet port) with an Internet connection.
* A VGA or HDMI monitor.
* A USB keyboard.
Linux OS Installation
===========================
In this tutorial, we are going to use [Xillinux](http://xillybus.com/xillinux). It is a pre-built Linux distribution for Zedboard, ZYBO, and MicroZed.
It is also support full graphic desktop based on Ubuntu LTS 16.04 for ARM.
The VGA or HDMI output of the ZYBO board functions as the computer’s screen output.
We can also use keyboard and mouse.
So. it just like the Raspberry Pi.
Although, Xillinux supports full graphic desktop, in this tutorial, we are not going to use that.
We are going to use SSH to access the ZYBO.
In Xillinux documentation, there is a [getting started guide](http://xillybus.com/downloads/doc/xillybus_getting_started_zynq.pdf) on how to use the Xillinux.
Please follow that guide for the complete reference.
I am going to summarize what you need to do to get started:
* Download and extract the Xillinux image file: [xillinux-2.0.img.gz](http://xillybus.com/downloads/xillinux-2.0.img.gz).
* For windows users, download and install [Win32 Disk Imager](https://sourceforge.net/projects/win32diskimager/).
* Open the Win32 Disk Imager, then choose your microSD card and the image file xillinux-2.0.img. After that, press the write button.
* For Linux users, please follow the instructions in [getting started guide](http://xillybus.com/downloads/doc/xillybus_getting_started_zynq.pdf) page 18 (3.4.3 Loading the image (Linux)).
* Download and extract boot partition kit for ZYBO: [xillinux-eval-zybo-2.0c.zip](http://xillybus.com/downloads/xillinux-eval-zybo-2.0c.zip).
* Copy the **boot.bin** and **devicetree.dtb** from **xillinux-eval-zybo-2.0c\bootfiles\** and paste them in the microSD partition.
* Download pre-generated **xillydemo.bit** from [here](https://github.com/yohanes-erwin/handsonembedded/tree/master/gcd_accelerator/part_6_configure_linux_system) and copy it to the microSD partition.
* Before attempting to boot, please verify that the boot partition is populated as follows:
* **uImage**
* **boot.bin**
* **devicetree.dtb**
* **xillydemo.bit**
* Insert your microSD to ZYBO and change the jumper JP5 (near to the VGA connector) to SD.
* Connect a VGA or HDMI monitor and a keyboard to the ZYBO.
* Connect the Ethernet cable from the swicth or WiFi router and to the ZYBO.
* Power up your ZYBO.
After your ZYBO booted, a shell prompt is given on the monitor. Then, please follow the instruction in the getting started guide:
* Page 32 (4.4.1 Resize the file systems).
* Page 36 (4.4.2 Allow remote SSH access).
Ethernet Connection
===========================
First, we can connect the ZYBO to the network using several different ways.
We can use an Ethernet switch or a WiFi router that has an Ethernet port.
In this case, I am going to use a WiFi router that has an Ethernet port.
This router is also connected to the Internet.
The network diagram is shown in Figure [fig:wiring_zybo_ethernet].
![Figure [fig:wiring_zybo_ethernet]: The network diagram](wiring_zybo_ethernet.jpg width=600px)
The WiFi router is configured with DHCP feature, so the the ZYBO will get an IP address automatically (visit the WiFi router’s admin page in order to know the ZYBO’s IP address).
If you want to use static IP address, then you should configure the static IP address via the shell prompt.
To test the network connection, you can ping from the host PC to the ZYBO as shown in Figure [fig:ping_zybo].
The <IP_ADDRESS> is my ZYBO’s IP address.
![Figure [fig:ping_zybo]: Ping from the host PC to the ZYBO](ping_zybo.png width=700px)
After that, you need to download SSH terminal, for example PuTTY in order to connect to the ZYBO via SSH.
On PuTTY, enter your ZYBO’s IP address and press enter.
Login to the ZYBO by typing **root** for the username and enter your root password (the one that you set before using the **passwd** command).
Then, you should see the shell prompt in PuTTY terminal as shown in Figure [fig:ssh_zybo].
![Figure [fig:ssh_zybo]: Shell prompt in PuTTY terminal](ssh_zybo.png width=700px)
Until this step, you should interact to your ZYBO remotely via SSH.
You can disconnect the monitor and keyboard from ZYBO.
Next, please make sure that your ZYBO is already connected to the internet by doing ping to the Google’s DNS **<IP_ADDRESS>** as in Figure [fig:ping_google].
![Figure [fig:ping_google]: Ping to Google’s DNS](ping_google.png width=700px)
Install Libraries
===========================
We are going to install libraries that are required for creating a web server in Python.
First, we are going to use Python3 and it is already installed on Xillinux.
Second, we should install pip3, as shown in line 1.
Third, we should install Flask framework version 1.1.1, as shown in line 2.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ shell linenumbers
apt-get install python3-pip
pip3 install flask==1.1.1
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[Listing [lst:install]: (ZYBO) Install pip3 and Flask]
Program the FPGA
===========================
At this point, in order to program the FPGA, you can’t use the XIlinx SDK anymore.
Instead, please follow the following instructions.
First, make a folder called **workspace** in your ZYBO’s **/root**:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ shell linenumbers
mkdir workspace
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[Listing [lst:mkdir]: (ZYBO) Make a workspace directory in ZYBO]
Then, in your host PC, you should copy the **system_wrapper.bit** (it is the same bitstream file as in the previous tutorial) to the ZYBO **/root/workspace** directory by using SCP program.
In this case, I use scp command in Git Bash tool.
You can also use any scp program.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ shell linenumbers
cd //axi_gcd_performance_linux/axi_gcd_performance_linux.runs/impl_1
scp system_wrapper.bit root@<IP_ADDRESS>:/root/workspace/system_wrapper.bit
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[Listing [lst:bitstream]: (Host PC) Copy bitstream file from host PC to ZYBO]
In ZYBO, program the PL (FPGA) by using the **cat** command.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ shell linenumbers
cat system_wrapper.bit > /dev/xdevcfg
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[Listing [lst:program_pl]: (ZYBO) Program PL (FPGA)]
After you program the FPGA with the **system_wrapper.bit**, you will not be able to connect the ZYBO to the monitor again (the SSH is still working).
This happens because in **system_wrapper.bit**, we didn’t add VGA controller IP core, so there is no video output to the VGA port nor to the HDMI port.
If you still want to use the graphic desktop, then you should redesign the Vivado project with the template provided by the Xillinux (you can found it in xillinux-eval-zybo-2.0c.zip).
Please refer to the getting started guide for more details.
Then, we need to download **devmem2** tool.
The function of this tool is similar to the XSDB.
So, we can test and debug the GCD core without writing any program.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ shell linenumbers
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hackndev/tools/master/devmem2.c --no-check-certificate
gcc -o devmem2 devmem2.c
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[Listing [lst:devmem2]: (ZYBO) Download and complie devmem2 tool]
Finally, enter the following command to test the GCD core.
In line 1-2, we write the input to the GCD core.
Then, in line 3, we start the GCD operation.
After that, in line 4, we read the GCD result.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ shell linenumbers
./devmem2 0x41000004 w 35
./devmem2 0x41000008 w 25
./devmem2 0x41000000 w 1
./devmem2 0x4100000C
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[Listing [lst:test_gcd]: (ZYBO) Test the GCD core]
Summary
===========================
In this tutorial, we have configure the Linux system on ZYBO by using Xillinux.
Then, we have connected the ZYBO to the network and Internet via the Ethernet port.
After that, we have installed the required libraries for the next couple of tutorial.
Finally, we have learned how to program the FPGA via shell prompt.


Sorry, we are late
for those unspoken miracle
152430 autism patients being cured
8205 vegetables express themselves again
2984000 babe's opinions are heard
Sorry, we are late
for those ignorant anger
1000,000 families are being saved
2096 diplomatic activities were helped
301 elections were heard
Comprehension, Empathy, Communication


pyrex.askaryan.ARVZAskaryanSignal.em_shower_profile¶
-
static
ARVZAskaryanSignal.
em_shower_profile
(z, energy, density=0.92, crit_energy=0.0786, rad_length=36.08)¶ Calculates the electromagnetic shower longitudinal charge profile.
The longitudinal charge profile is calculated for a given distance, shower energy, density, critical energy, and electron radiation length in ice.
- Parameters
- zarray_like
Distance (m) along the shower at which to calculate the charge.
- energyfloat
Energy (GeV) of the shower.
- densityfloat, optional
Density (g/cm^3) of ice.
- crit_energyfloat, optional
Critical energy (GeV) for shower formation.
- rad_lengthfloat, optional
Electron radiation length (g/cm^2) in ice.
- Returns
- array_like
The charge (C) at the given distance along the shower.
Notes
Profile calculated by the Greisen model [1], based on equations 24 and 25 of the radar feasibility paper [2].
References
- 1(1,2)
K. Greisen, “The Extensive Air Showers.” Prog. in Cosmic Ray Phys. III, 1 (1956).
- 2(1,2)
K.D. de Vries et al, “On the feasibility of RADAR detection of high-energy neutrino-induced showers in ice.” Astropart. Phys. 60, 25-31 (2015). arXiv:1312.4331 DOI:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.05.009


The examples here listen to push
events on the body which are thrown by the push_kit
service.
The push_kit
service subscribes to a topic/filter on an exchange and address as configured in the meta tags.
In this example this is: ws://localhost:15674/ws/exchange/patternslib
and a topic filter of push_marker
.
If a message is sent through rabbitmq on the "patternslib" exchange on the push_marker
topic containing the message "message_counter" or "message_counter2" the messages badge below will be updated.


class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # 3.3 — Invalidating Contracts ## ECON 315 • Economics of the Law • Spring 2021 ### Ryan Safner
Assistant Professor of Economics
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ryansafner/lawS21
lawS21.classes.ryansafner.com
--- class: inverse # Outline ### [When Should a Contract Not be Enforced?](#3) ### [Incompetence](#9) ### [Duress](#18) ### [Performance Excuses: Impossibility](#42) ### [Mistake and Information](#56) --- class: inverse, center, middle # When Should a Contract Not be Enforced? --- # When Should Voluntary Trade Be Prohibited? .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Recalling in property law: - Coase theorem: to get efficient outcomes, let people trade whenever they want to - But also exceptions: unalienability rules, e.g. selling uranium to a terrorist - Similarly with contract law: - To get efficient outcomes, generally enforce any contract both parties want enforced - But also exceptions: contracts that should not be enforced ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/Settlement-handshake.jpg) ] ] --- # When Should Voluntary Trade Be Prohibited? .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Situations where promise will not be enforced and no compensation is due - Two categories of conditions: 1. .hi[Formation defenses] - claim that valid contract *does not exist* - example: no consideration 2. .hi[Performance excuses] - Yes, a valid contract exists - but circumstances have changed and promisor should be allowed to breach without penalty ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/breach.jpg) ] ] --- # When Should Voluntary Trade Be Prohibited? .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Most legal doctrines for invalidating a contract have two economic bases: 1. individuals’ agreement was .hi-purple[not rational] 2. .hi-purple[high transaction costs] or a .hi-purple[market failure] - information, externalities, monopoly, etc. ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/breach.jpg) ] ] --- # Ideal Contract Conditions & Ideal Market Conditions .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Main goal of contract is facilitating gains from trade for efficiency - Economic theory teaches us that competitive markets maximize gains from trade (and efficiency) when: 1. Individuals are rational 2. No externalities 3. No market power/disproportionate bargaining power 4. Perfect information 5. Low transaction costs - Violations of these conditions often imply a .hi[market failure] - analogously, *might* imply a contract should be invalid ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/marketcompetition.jpg) ] ] --- # Obvious Cases: Contracts that Break the Law .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Contract that violates the law is unenforceable - .hi-green[Examples]: buying a kilo of cocaine for $25,000; murder-for-hire - Less obvious: contracts that .hi[derogate public policy] are also unenforceable - .hi-green[Examples]: victim of a crime rewarding police for catching criminal; contracts in restraint of trade (antitrust law) - Recall inalienability rules; enforcing these contracts creates negative externalities - Party that reasonably knew performance was illegal should be liable ] ] .pull-left[ .center[ ![](../images/secret.jpg) ] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Incompetence --- # Incompetence .pull-left[ - Courts will not enforce contracts with people with .hi-purple[mental incapacity] (lack of rationality) — incapable of understanding the implications of a contract - Children - Legally insane - Intoxicated? - Doctrine of .hi[incompetence]: one party “not competent to enter into the agreement” - Offer and acceptance not valid, no “meeting of the minds” ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mind.png) ] ] --- # Incompetence .pull-left[ > “The kid bid about $113,000 on the aircraft at a fixed price...The kid’s dad notified the seller that his son had hit the buy now button and lacked the money in his piggy bank to cover the jet.” ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/ebayfighterjet.png) ] .source[[Source](https://www.slashgear.com/7-year-old-boy-wins-ebay-auction-for-harrier-jet-dad-not-happy-10132489/)] ] --- # Incompetence .pull-left[ - What about if you signed a contract while drunk? - Need to be really really really drunk to get out a contract > “Intoxicated to the extent of being unable to comprehend the nature and consequences of the instrument he executed.” ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/beerbottles.jpg) ] ] --- # Incompetence: Lucy v. Zehmer .pull-left[ .smallest[ - *Lucy v. Zehmer* Virginia Sup Ct 1954 - Zehmer owned a farm (“the Ferguson farm”), Lucy had been trying to buy it for some time - While out drinking, Lucy “already high as a Georgia pine” offers $50,000 - Zehmer responds: “You haven’t got $50,000 in cash” - ...eventually, Lucy grabs a discarded guest check and writes: > “We hereby agree to sell W.O. Lucy the Ferguson Farm complete for $50,000.00, title satisfactory to buyer.” ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/lucyzehmer.png) ] ] --- # Incompetence: Lucy v. Zehmer .pull-left[ .smallest[ - A day later, Lucy raises money to carry out the contract - Zehmer later claims he was drunk and joking: “a bunch of two doggoned drunks bluffing to see who could talk the biggest and say the most” - Lucy sues for .hi[specific performance]: court issuing an order for the contract to be performed as specified (i.e. Zehmer sell to Lucy for $50,000) ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/lucyzehmer.png) ] ] --- # Incompetence: Lucy v. Zehmer .pull-left[ .smallest[ - *Lucy v. Zehmer* 196 Va. 493; 84 S.E.2d 516 (1954) - Court: Zehmer not so drunk as to be “unable to comprehend the nature and consequences” of what he was doing - Joke or not, Zehmer behaved exactly as if he actually wanted to sell, wrote what looked like a proper (if unorthodox) contract - It's not Lucy’s duty to know Zehmer was joking! - Court held the contract was valid and Zehmer owed .hi[specific performance] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] --- # Incompetence: Should Drunkenness Count? .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Might think Zehmer, being drunk, lacked necessary intent to enter into a contract - Makes more sense to not easily invalidate a contract just for drunkenness/joking - Otherwise, rent-seeking & excessive litigation over *how drunk* someone was, more signing of contracts at bars, etc. - If you are *visibly* drunk and other party clearly knows, court might be more willing to invalidate (on some other grounds coming soon) - Moral of the story: .hi-turquoise[don’t get drunk with people who might ask you to sign a contract!] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] --- # Similarly, the Borat Lawsuits .pull-left[ .quitesmall[ > “Two college fraternity buddies shown guzzling alcohol and making racist remarks in the “Borat” movie have lost their bid for a court order to cut the scene they claim has tarnished their reputations...The students sued the movie’s distributor and producers last month, saying filmmakers had duped them into appearing in “Borat” by getting them drunk and falsely promising the film would never be shown in the United States.” > “The scene at issue in the lawsuit depicts Borat getting drunk with three frat boys in a motor home while they watch a sex tape and make racist remarks about slavery and minorities in the United States.” ] .source[Source: [Reuters (Jan 20, 2007)](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-borat-lawsuit/l-a-judge-sides-with-borat-against-frat-boys-idUSN1121340420061211) See also [this great legal analysis of this case](https://supreme.findlaw.com/legal-commentary/borat-sequel-legal-proceedings-against-not-kazakh-journalist-for-make-benefit-guileless-americans-in-film.html), has to do with the validity of “merger clauses” in contracts ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/boratlawsuit.png) ] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Duress --- # Dire Constraints .pull-left[ - Court will not enforce contracts made under .hi-purple[dire constraints], e.g.: - .hi[Necessity] - .hi-green[Example]: I'm about to starve, someone offers me a sandwich for $10,000; my boat is about to sink, someone offers to save me for $1 million - Contracts would be held invalid, I signed out of necessity (my BATNA is death) ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/dyingofthirst.png) ] ] --- # Dire Constraints .pull-left[ - Court will not enforce contracts made under .hi-purple[dire constraints], e.g.: - .hi[Duress] - The other party is responsible for the situation I am in - “I made him an offer he couldn’t refuse” - Contract signed at gunpoint would not be enforced by courts ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/godfather.jpg) ] ] --- # Duress .pull-left[ .quitesmall[ “A man who held a Kansas couple hostage in their home while fleeing from authorities is suing them, claiming they broke an oral contract made when he promised them money in exchange for hiding him from police. The couple has asked a judge to dismiss the suit...Jesse Dimmick of suburban Denver is serving an 11-year sentence after bursting into Jared and Lindsay Rowley's Topeka-area home in September 2009...Dimmick filed a breach of contract suit in Shawnee County District Court.” > “‘I, the defendant, asked the Rowleys to hide me because I feared for my life. I offered the Rowleys an unspecified amount of money which they agreed upon, therefore forging a legally binding oral contract,’ Dimmick said in his hand-written court documents. He wants $235,000, in part to pay for the hospital bills that resulted from him being shot by police when they arrested him.” ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mansueshostages.png) ] .source[Source: [Yahoo Finance (Nov 29, 2011)](https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/man-sues-former-hostages-says-they-broke-promise-12191680.html)] ] --- # Friedman on Duress and Rent-Seeking .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ .smaller[ > “A mugger catches you alone in a dark alley and offers you a choice: Give him a hundred dollars or he kills you. You reply that your life is well worth the price, but unfortunately you are not carrying that much cash. He offers to take a check. When you get home, should you be free to stop payment? Should a contract made under duress be enforceable?” (p.152) ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Friedman on Duress and Rent-Seeking .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ .smaller[ > “The argument in favor of enforceability is that if the contract is not enforceable, the mugger will refuse your check—or accept it and then make sure you can’t stop payment by killing you and cashing the check before news of your death reaches the bank. Seen from that perspective, it looks as though even a contract made under duress produces benefits for both parties and so should be enforceable.  Where’s the problem? ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Friedman on Duress and Rent-Seeking .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ .smaller[ > “The problem is that making the contract enforceable makes offering people the choice between their money and their life a much more profitable business—most of us have more in our checking accounts than in our wallets. The gain from enforceability is a better chance, if you are mugged, to buy yourself free. It must be balanced against the higher probability of being mugged. It seems likely that the current legal rule, holding contracts made under duress unenforceable, is the efficient one.” ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Duress and Rent-Seeking .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Recall .hi-purple[Efficiency requires enforcing a contract if both parties wanted it to be enforceable] - Mugger did – he wants your $100 - You did – you’d rather pay $100 than be killed - So why not enforce it? - Makes muggings more profitable, leads to more muggings - .hi-turquoise[Tradeoff: refuse to enforce a Pareto-improving trade in order to avoid incentive for bad behavior] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/extortion.jpg) ] ] --- # Peace Treaties? .pull-left[ .quitesmall[ - Tradeoff means not *always* optimal to rule out enforceability under duress! - .hi-green[Example]: what about peace treaties between nations at war? - Contract signed under duress: losing side facing threat of continuing to battle a superior force - Most people agree peace treaties being enforceable is a good thing - *Ex post*, make war less costly, end it quicker - But might this encourage more wars? - Likely efficient for peace treaties to be enforceable but promises made a mugger to not be! ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/interkorean.jpg) ] ] --- # Real Duress vs. Fake Duress .pull-left[ - Courts won’t enforce contracts made under threat of harm - “Give me $100 or I'll shoot you” - But many negotiations contain threats - “Give me a raise or I'll quit” - “$3,000 is my final offer, take it or I'll walk” - This is fine, often necessary to tease out both parties’ BATNAs and determine whether it’s efficient to cooperate ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/threat.jpg) ] ] --- # Real Duress vs. Fake Duress .pull-left[ - What’s the difference? Consider what happens in each case **when bargaining fails** - First case: threat to **destroy** value - Second case: failure to **create** value ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/threat.jpg) ] ] --- # Real Duress vs. Fake Duress .pull-left[ .quitesmall[ - More subtle in cases involving .hi-turquoise[contract modification]: changes to contract made between formation & performance - .hi[“Preexisting duty” rule]: law only recognizes changes to contract supported by **new consideration** - Ordinarily, self-enforcing rule - .hi-green[Example]: hardware store requests more snow shovels from supplier during unexpectedly harsh winter; supplier will provide them for more payment; (essentially a new contract where both benefit) - .hi-turquoise[What if events cause a party to agree to a modification that she later regrets?] Coerced? ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/contract1.jpg) ] ] --- # Real vs. Fake Duress: Alaska Packers .pull-left[ .smaller[ - *Alaska Packers’ Association v Domenico* (117 F. 99, 9th Cir. 1902) - APA hired sailors to go fishing for salmon off coast of Alaska - Crew agreed to wage before setting sail - Once at sea, sailors refused to work unless their wage was increased - Ship captain, in no position to refuse, complied with their demands - later refused to pay, sailors sued the company ] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/oldship.jpg) ] --- # Real vs. Fake Duress: Alaska Packers .pull-left[ .smallest[ - *Alaska Packers’ Association v Domenico* (117 F. 99, 9th Cir. 1902) - Court voided the new contract on grounds that there was no additional consideration to support the promised wage increase - All the crew offered in return was to complete the job they were initially hired for at wage they agreed to - Want to avoid monopoly power and one-sided bargaining power - exploiting other side’s poor BATNA because *you put them in that position* ] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/oldship.jpg) ] --- # Real vs. Fake Duress: Goebel v. Linn .pull-left[ .smallest[ - *Goebel v. Linn* (47 Mich. 489, 11 N.W. 284, 1882) - Brewery contracted with ice company to supply ice during the summer - Unusually warm winter caused ice shortage - Ice company requested a price increase, brewery (having already brewed beer that would spoil) agreed - Brewery later reneged on paying the higher price - Claimed it was unenforceable because ice company had offered no new consideration (merely performed original promise) ] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/beer_ice.jpg) ] --- # Real vs. Fake Duress: Goebel v. Linn .pull-left[ - *Goebel v. Linn* (47 Mich. 489, 11 N.W. 284, 1882) - Seems like straightforward application of preexisting duty rule (?) - Court enforced the modification in this case! - Reasoned the price increase was necessary to sustain the ice company in the face of .hi-turquoise[genuine economic changes] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/beer_ice.jpg) ] --- # Real vs. Fake Duress: Monopoly Power .pull-left[ .smaller[ - These cases show “economic duress” is really about preventing monopoly power - *Alaska Packers* case was pure opportunism, no genuine economic changes - *Goebel* case was a genuine economic change (supply curve shifted upward) - Enforcing the contract resulting from true cost increases enhances the value of the contract - promotes beneficial trades that would have been lost otherwise (DWL) ] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/marketpower.jpg) ] --- # Real vs. Fake Duress: Monopoly Power .pull-left[ - Recall: under bargain theory, courts will enforce any legitimate *bargain*, not inquire whether the terms are *fair* - Historically, weak protection in common law against monopoly - Primarily rely on .hi-purple[statutes] to reduce monopoly power - Antitrust laws, regulation of business ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/marketpower.jpg) ] --- # Unconscionability .pull-left[ - But there is a growing body of precedent in common law banning contracts that are .hi[unconscionable] - terms appear to be grossly unfair to one of the parties - terms which would “shock the conscience of the court” - Logic: party would not have voluntarily accepted such terms, must have been either incompetent, under duress, or defrauded - but there is no evidence of any of these (to constitute reasons to invalidate contract) - Court shifts burden to defendant to prove that contract *was* fair when it was agreed to ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/marketpower.jpg) ] --- # Unconscionability .pull-left[ .smallest[ - *Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.* (350 F.2d 445, D.C. Cir. 1965) - WT Co. extended credit to Williams to buy several pieces of furniture over 1957-1962 - Contract contained “add-on” clause where none of the furniture could be considered paid off until *all* pieces were paid off - If Williams defaulted on any item, company could repossess *all* furniture items, including those apparently paid off - Court ruled the clause unconscionable, grossly unfair to low-income buyers (form of economic duress) ] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/reposession.jpg) ] --- # Unconscionability .left-column[ .center[ ![](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] .right-column[ > “[W]e hold that where the element of unconscionability is present at the time a contract is made, the contract should not be enforced....Unconscionability has generally been recognized to include an absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties together with contract terms which are unreasonably favorable to the other party....In many cases the meaningfulness of the choice is negated by a gross inequality of bargaining power.” .source[*Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.* (350 F.2d 445, D.C. Cir. 1965)] ] --- # Unconscionability .pull-left[ .smallest[ - But is this efficient? - Was the add-on clause the *cause*, or the *response* to a market failure? - A tradeoff: - Firms often not willing to lend to low-income buyers without collateral (the paid-off furniture) to secure the loans - If contracts like this are invalid, low-income buyers might not be able to buy at all ] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/marketpower.jpg) ] --- # Unconscionability .pull-left[ - Of course consumers can be taken advantage of by complex contracts - Ideally, evidence of incompetence, duress, or fraud should be external to the contract itself ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/marketpower.jpg) ] --- # Unconscionability .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Unconscionability tends not to be invoked in usual circumstances of monopoly, but in “situational monopoly” - particular circumstances that limit one’s choice of trading partners - Recall *Ploof v. Putnam* (boat in storm) from property law - Putnam was the only person who could give Ploof safe harbor during the storm - Putnam became monopolist in this situation, where he normally would not have been ] ] .pull-right[ ![](../images/boatinstorm.jpg) ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Performance Excuses: Impossibility --- # Impossibility .pull-left[ - Next, a .hi-purple[performance excuse], .hi[impossibility]: circumstances change to make performance of the contract impossible - Should the .red[promisor] be excused from performing (without penalty)? - A perfect contract would specify who bears each risk, or industry custom might be clear, but occasionally court must fill in gap ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/transactionscosts.JPG) ] ] --- # Impossibility .pull-left[ - In most situations, where contract & industry norm is silent, .red[promisor] usually held liable for breach (pay damages), even when it isn’t their fault - Analogous to .hi[strict liability] in tort law - .hi-green[Example]: construction company finishes a building later than promised due to unforseen complications — generally held liable ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/transactionscosts.JPG) ] ] --- # Impossibility .pull-left[ .smallest[ - Sometimes excused by .hi-truquoise[*physical* impossibility] - .hi-green[Examples]: - famous artist agrees to paint someone’s portrait, later dies - manufacturer whose factory burns down - civilian ships commandeered for military use - Common legal doctrine to excuse due to a change that .hi-turquoise[“destroyed a basic assumption on which the contract was made”] - painter assumed he’d be alive; manufacturer assumed factory operational; shipper assumed peacetime ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/impossible_cube.png) ] ] --- # Impossibility .pull-left[ .smallest[ - What would be efficient? .hi-purple[Assign liability to the party who can bear the risk at the lowest cost] - In many cases, parties can invest in precautions to **minimize these risks of breach** - painter can prioritize commissioned works; manufacturer can install sprinklers in factory - Similar to our findings about gaps, risk from gap should be borne by party that can minimize risk cheapest - What the contract *would have* stipulated, had parties bothered to address it ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/risk_management.png) ] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .pull-left[ - A few economic bases to answer this question: 1. .hi-turquoise[Spreading losses] across many transactions 2. .hi-turquoise[Moral hazard]: who is in a better position to **influence the outcome**? 3. .hi-turquoise[Adverse selection]: who is more **aware** of the risk, even if they can’t do anything about it? ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/risk_management.png) ] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ - Spreading losses: .smallest[ > “Suppose I am having a house built by a large firm that builds many houses each year. There is some risk that the house might burn down while it is being built. We could allocate that risk either to me, by specifying that I will have to pay for the additional construction costs in such a case, or to the builder. Since the builder is building many houses in different places, he can spread the risk; I cannot. From that standpoint at least, our contract should specify a fixed price, whether or not something goes wrong. If the contract does not specify who bears the risk, risk spreading provides an argument for assigning it to the builder” (p.161). ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ - Moral hazard & influencing the outcome: .smaller[ > “In the case of a firm that builds houses the two arguments go in the same direction. The builder is not only in a better position than I am to spread the risk, he is also in a better position than I am to keep the house from burning down while he is building it” (p.161). ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ - Adverse selection & awareness of the risk: .smaller[ > “I have agreed to deliver ten thousand customized widgets to you by January 10th. Early on the morning of January 1st a drunk driver smashes his car through the wall of my warehouse, crushing half the widgets. One result is that I will have to replace them, at a cost of a hundred thousand dollars. A second is that I will deliver them a month late, costing you another hundred thousand dollars in lost sales. The drunk driver is dead, and his estate bankrupt. Who pays for the losses?” (p.161). ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ - Adverse selection & awareness of the risk: .smallest[ > “I did not know that that particular drunk driver was going to crash through that particular wall. But I probably do know a good deal more than you do about the chance that something — accident, strike, or bad planning — will prevent me from delivering the widgets to you on schedule. > “If our contract makes me liable for the resulting loss, you don’t have to worry about that risk in deciding whom to buy your widgets from. You know what price I am charging, and you know that I am insuring you against the risk of nondelivery. If the contract specified that you had to bear the risk, you would need to know the reliability of alternative sellers as well as their price in order to decide which one is offering the best deal,” (p.162). ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ .smaller[ > “As this example suggests, moral hazard and adverse selection tend to cut in the same direction. As a general rule .hi[the party with control over some part of the production process is in a better position both to prevent losses and to predict them.] It follows that .hi[an efficient contract will usually assign the loss] associated with something going wrong .hi[to the party with control over that particular something],” (p.162). ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .pull-left[ .smallest[ - That’s why *Hadley v. Baxendale* rule was so “surprising” - Baxendale (shipper) could influence speed of delivery, Hadley (miller) could not - Baxendale was the efficient bearer of delay risk - But court ruled Baxendale was *not* liable for Hadley’s lost profits, forcing Hadley to bear most of the delay risk/loss - This only makes sense as a penalty default (Ayres and Gertner) - Creates incentive for Hadley/millers to reveal urgency of the shipment ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mill.png) ] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ .smaller[ > “A professional photographer spends six months taking photographs in the Himalayas for National Geographic, at a cost of a hundred thousand dollars. When he gets home, he gives his film to the local Walgreen’s — which loses it. Do they owe him a hundred thousand dollars? > “From the standpoint of risk spreading the answer would be ‘yes.’ Walgreen’s handles a large number of rolls of films each year, so it can easily pool the risk. From the standpoint of moral hazard, incentives to keep the loss from happening, the answer is ‘no,’” (p.161). ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- # Who Is the Efficient Bearer of Risk? .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 80%](../images/davidfriedman5.jpg) .smallest[ David D. Friedman (1945—) ] ] ] .right-column[ .smaller[ > “Walgreen’s has no way of knowing that there is anything special about these rolls of film. The only way they can prevent the loss is by increased precautions on all rolls. They have the choice of an inefficiently low level of care for ten rolls of film or an inefficiently high level for ten million. The photographer does know that these films are especially valuable and can avoid the problem by taking them to a specialist film lab and making sure the proprietor realizes what they are. The efficient rule from the standpoint of moral hazard is to make the photographer liable, because he is the one in the best position to prevent the loss. That, called the rule of *Hadley v. Baxendale* after an early case, is in fact the law.” ” (p.162). ] .source[Friedman, David D, 2000, *Law's Order: What Economics Has to do with Law and Why it Matters*] ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Mistake and Information --- # Faulty Information .pull-left[ - What if the parties made a contract based on a .hi[mistake] - Four major legal doctrines for invalidating a contract based on faulty information 1. fraud 2. failure to disclose (sometimes) 3. frustration of purpose 4. mutual mistake ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mistakeregret.jpg) ] ] --- # Fraud .pull-left[ - .hi[Fraud]: one party deliberately tricked the other - Economic rationale for not enforcing contracts with fraud is obvious - Not a Pareto-improving exchange - Also carries .hi-purple[criminal sanctions] — the State (as a third party) has an interest in deterring and punishing fraud ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/fraud.png) ] ] --- # Fraud .pull-left[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/fakeipad.png) ![:scale 70%](../images/fakeipad2.png) .source[Source: [CNET (Aug 30, 2011)](https://www.cnet.com/news/woman-pays-180-for-wooden-ipad-its-fake/)] ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/fraudcoppertrade.png) .source[Source: [BBC (Mar 10, 2021)](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56330378)] ] ] --- # Witholding Information .pull-left[ .smallest[ - What if you trick someone by **witholding** information? - In civil law systems, a .hi-purple[duty to disclose] - If you fail to provide info you should have, contract voided under **failure to disclose** - In common law, less so - Seller obligated to share info about hidden **dangers** - but generally **not** info that makes product less valuable - Except **new** products come with an “implied warranty of fitness” for their stated purpose ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/secrets.jpg) ] ] --- # Withholding Information, Exceptions .pull-left[ - *Obde v. Schlemeyer* (Sup. Ct. WA 1960) - Seller knew building was infested with termites, did not tell buyer - Termites should have been exterminated immediately to prevent further damage - Buyer sued seller for damages - Court imposed duty to disclose onto the contract, i.e. awarded damages to buyer ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/termite-damaged-wood.png) ] ] --- # Withholding Information, Exceptions .pull-left[ - Many States require: - used car dealers to reveal major repairs done - sellers of homes to reveal certain defects - lenders to disclose APRs on all loans - Improve information exchange, lower transaction costs ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/carfax.jpg) ] ] --- # Mutual Mistake .pull-left[ - Fraud & failure to disclose are situations where **one party** is misinformed - What if **both** parties are misinformed? - .hi[Frustration of purpose]: change in circumstances make performance of a promise pointless, court will often not enforce the contract - Coronation cases (e.g. *Krell v. Henry*) in 1902 for King Edward VII’s coronation ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/edwardcoronation.jpg) .smallest[ Coronation parade for King Edward VII, 1902 ] ] ] --- # Mutual Mistake: Frustration of Purpose .pull-left[ - When a contingency makes performance pointless, .hi-purple[assign liability to party who can bear risk at least cost] - property owners could eliminate the losses by renting again during the rescheduled event - Similar to efficient rule above ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/edwardcoronation.jpg) .smallest[ Coronation parade for King Edward VII, 1902 ] ] ] --- # Mutual Mistake: About Facts .pull-left[ .smaller[ - .hi[Mutual mistake] about **facts**: circumstances changed without either party realizing - .hi-green[Examples]: - Logger buys land with timber on it, but unbeknownst to us, a forest fire wiped out all trees before contract signed - I buy painting at auction, gallery and I later learn the painting was a forgery - Owner at time of event (fire) usually the low-cost avoider of the risk, allocate risk to them by invalidating contract ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mutualmistake.png) ] ] --- # Mutual Mistake: About Identity - .hi[Mutual mistake] about **identity**: we disagree about what is being exchanged .smallest[ > “One neighbor offers to sell a used car to another for $1000. The buyer gives the money to the seller, and the seller gives the car keys to the buyer. To her great surprise, the buyer discovers that the keys fit the rusting Chevrolet in the back yard, not the shiny Cadillac in the driveway. The seller is equally surprised to learn that the buyer expected the Cadillac. The buyer asks the court to order the seller to turn over the Cadillac.” ] -- - Court typically invalidates contract based on mutual mistake - No true meeting of the minds --- # Knowledge and Control .pull-left[ .smaller[ - Efficiency generally requires .hi-purple[uniting knowledge and control] - Contracts that **unite** knowledge & control are generally efficient, should be **enforced** - Contracts that **separate** knowledge from control may be inefficient, should more often be **invalidated** ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/information.png) ] ] --- # Knowledge and Control .pull-left[ .smaller[ - .hi-green[Example]: recall Hadley v. Baxendale (miller & shipper) - Hadley *knew* shipment was urgent (but didn’t tell Baxendale) - But Baxendale was the decisionmaker over how fast crankshaft would be shipped - Party that had the **information** `\(\neq\)` party that **makes the decision** ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mill.png) ] ] --- # Unilateral Mistake .pull-left[ - What if *one* party does not have full information but the other does? - .hi-green[Example]: a boy buys a baseball card from a shop, realizes it is worth a lot of money, resells it for large profit - Shop-owner sues, claiming the original contract was invalid based on mistake ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![:scale 70%](../images/baseballcard.png) ] ] --- # Unilateral Mistake .pull-left[ - Courts generally *enforce* (that is, they don’t invalidate) contracts where there is a .hi[unilateral mistake] - Beliefs by parties about value of good is subjective and not determinable - Shop would argue both parties were mistaken - Boy would argue the seller knew all along the card was worth a lot - Court has no way to determine which is true ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mutualmistake.png) ] ] --- # Unilateral Mistake .pull-left[ - Why is this efficient? - Contracts based on unilateral mistake generally unite knowledge & control - An enforcing them creates an incentive to gather information prior to agreement ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/mutualmistake.png) ] ] --- # Unilateral Mistake: Laidlaw v. Organ .pull-left[ .smallest[ - *Laidlaw v. Organ*, 15 U.S. 178 (1817) - War of 1812, British blockaded New Orleans - Price of tobacco fell, since can’t be exported - Organ (buyer) learned the war was over - Immediately negotiated with Laidlaw to buy a bunch of tobacco at depressed wartime price - Next day, news broke that the war had ended, tobacco price went up - Laidlaw refused to deliver, Organ sued for breach of contract ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/1812blockade.jpg) ] ] --- # Unilateral Mistake: Laidlaw v. Organ .left-column[ .center[ ![:scale 100%](../images/court1.jpg) ] ] .right-column[ .smaller[ - Supreme Court: “The court is of opinion that [Organ] was not bound to communicate [this information]” to Laidlaw ] .smallest[ > “It would be difficult to circumscribe the contrary doctrine within proper limits, where the means of intelligence are equally accessible to both parties. But at the same time, each party must take care not to say or do any thing tending to impose upon the other” ] .smaller[ - Adopts the rule of .hi-purple[caveat emptor] in American law - Doctrine gets a bit fuzzy from here, not a rock-solid rule - But *in general*, unilateral mistake is **not** a valid reason to void a contract ] ] --- # Uniting Knowledge and Control .pull-left[ .smaller[ - *Laidlaw* establishes that contracts based on **unilateral** mistake are generally **valid** - Agrees with efficiency: these contracts typically **unite knowledge and control** - Organ didn’t invest time & resouces into seeking out this information for a productive purpose, happened upon it fortuitously - Contract merely accelerated the discovery of public information by one day, didn’t affect tobacco production ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/information.png) ] ] --- # Uniting Knowledge and Control .pull-left[ .smaller[ - What about Obde v. Schlemeyer (termites case)? - Also based on unilateral mistake - Court upheld contract, but punished seller for hiding information - In that case, contract **separated** knowledge from control ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/information.png) ] ] --- # Productive vs. Redistributive Information .pull-left[ .smallest[ - .hi-turquoise[Productive information]: information that can be used to **produce more wealth** - .hi-turquoise[Redistributive information]: information that can be used to **redistribute wealth** from an uninformed party to an informed party - Cooter & Ulen: contracts based on one party’s knowledge of: - **productive** information should be **enforced**, especially if result of active investment - **redistributive** information, or “fortuitiously acquired” information, should **not** be enforced ] ] .pull-right[ .center[ ![](../images/information.png) ] ]


Alexander Petersen, Dinesh Majeti, Kyeongan Kwon, Mohammed E. Ahmed, and Ioannis Pavlidis "Cross-disciplinary evolution of the genomics revolution", Science Advances [Impact Factor: 11.51]
Dinesh Majeti, Kyeongan Kwon, Ergun Akleman, Alexander Peterson, Brian Uzzi, and Ioannis Pavlidis "Scholar Plot: Well-Abstracted and Scalable Interface for Academic Performance", The Science of Team Science, SciTS 2018, Galveston,
TX, USA. Slide
Kyeongan Kwon, Dinesh Majeti, Brian Uzzi and Ioannis Pavlidis "Scholar Plot: Visualizing Scientific Careers at a Glance", The 2nd Annual International Conference on Computational Social Science, IC2S2 2016, Evanston, IL, USA.
Kyeongan Kwon, Dinesh Majeti and Ioannis Pavlidis "Scholar Plot: A Compact and Scalable Visualization Method for Academic Careers", The Science of Team Science, SciTS 2016, Phoenix, AZ, USA. Slide
Salah Taamneh, Malcolm Dcosta, Kyeongan Kwon and Ioannis Pavlidis "SubjectBook: Hypothesis-Driven Ubiquitous Visualization for Affective Studies", ACM Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2016, San Jose, CA, USA. [Acceptance
Rate: 43.4%]
Salah Taamneh, Malcolm Dcosta, Kyeongan Kwon and Ioannis Pavlidis "SubjectBook: Web-based Visualization Of Multimodal Affective Datasets Residing On The Cloud", The Society for Affective Science, SAS 2016, Chicago, IL, USA.
Dinesh Majeti, Kyeongan Kwon, Panagiotis Tsiamyrtzis and Ioannis Pavlidis "Dissecting Scholarly Patterns in Biology and Computer Science", The Science of Team Science, SciTS 2015, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Kyeongan Kwon, Dvijesh Shastri and Ioannis Pavlidis "Information Visualization in Affective User Studies", The IEEE Visual Analytics Science and Technology, IEEE Information Visualization, and IEEE Scientific Visualization, VIS
2014, Paris, France.
Kyeongan Kwon, Dvijesh Shastri and Ioannis Pavlidis "Interfacing Information in Affective User Studies", The 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Ubicomp 2014, Seattle, WA, USA.
Tao Feng, Ziyi Liu, Kyeongan Kwon, Weidong Shi, Bogdan Carbunar, Yifei Jiang and Nhung Nguyen, "Enhancing Mobile Security with Continuous Authentication Based on Touchscreen Gestures", The twelfth annual IEEE Conference on Technologies
for Homeland Security, HST 2012, Waltham, MA, USA.
JongHyuk Lee, Ziyi Liu, Xiaonan Tian, Dong Hyuk Woo, Weidong Shi, Dainis Boumber, Yonghong Yan, and Kyeongan Kwon, "Acceleration of Bulk Memory Operations in a Heterogeneous Multicore Architecture", 21st International Conference
on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques, PACT 2012, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Non-Refereed Papers
Kyeongan Kwon, "Design Principles: Information Visualization in User Studies", Proceedings of the 2015 US-Korea Conference on Science, Technology and Entrepreneurship, UKC 2015 Atlanta, GA, USA.
Kyeongan Kwon, "Interfacing Information with Mixed Methods", Proceedings of the 2014 US-Korea Conference on Science, Technology and Entrepreneurship, UKC 2014 San Francisco, CA, USA.
Papers Presented
The 2017 US-Korea Conference on Science, Technology and Entrepreneurship, UKC, Washington, D.C., Aug 2017
The 13th Young Generation Technical and Leadership Conference, Philadelphia, PA, Jan 2017
The 12th Annual Young Generation Technical and Leadership Conference, Dallas, TX, Jan 2016
The 2nd Graduate Research and Scholarship Projects (GRaSP), at University of Houston, Houston, TX, Oct 2015
The 2015 US-Korea Conference on Science, Technology and Entrepreneurship, UKC, Atlanta, GA, July 2015
The 11th Annual Young Generation Technical and Leadership Conference, Orlando, FL, Jan 2015
The IEEE Information Visualization, and IEEE Scientific Visualization, Info VIS, Paris, France, Nov 2014
The 1st Graduate Research and Scholarship Projects (GRaSP), at University of Houston, Houston, TX, Oct 2014
The 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Seattle, WA, Sept 2014
The 2014 US-Korea Conference on Science, Technology and Entrepreneurship, UKC, San Francisco, CA, Aug 2014
The Ph.D. Showcase of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Houston, Houston, Feb 2014
The 10th Annual Young Generation Technical and Leadership Conference, Houston, TX, Jan 2014
Research Posters
Misc.
How To Turn Ideas into Data Products, Kyeongan (Karl) Kwon, Oct 2020
How to become a software engineer on wall st, Karl Kwon, UNLV (University of Nevada, Las Vegas), Feb 2020


Indonesia Office
PT. Formulatrix Indonesia was established in 2006 to manufacture and develop laboratory automation hardware and software for the life science.
The company is located in the Central Java city of Salatiga, a small city with cool weather and beautiful scenery as well as the developing city of Semarang. Formulatrix has both a manufacturing and engineering division developing advanced automation and robotics. Over the years we have expanded our office space to multiples sites with over 100.000 square feet for engineering and manufacturing space. The company continues to experience aggressive growth with healthy profits because of our industry recognized patented technology and superior software delivery services. We maintain a small-company culture with a worldwide outlook, with offices in the United States, Europe, and Asia.
We are seeking to hire people who are passionate about their work and enjoy doing it. We are rapidly expanding our employee base. We currently have more than 300 full-time employees on staff and we are seeking even more talented individuals. Please consider joining a fun place to work with a chance to challenge and grow yourself. See our available opportunities below.
Contact
Address
FORMULATRIX Indonesia
Jl. Soekarno Hatta 121
Salatiga, 50731
Indonesia
Phone
+62 298 312 762
Fax
+62 298 315 190


yasm
Yasm is Copyright (c) 2001-2010 Peter Johnson and other Yasm developers. Yasm developers and/or contributors include: Peter Johnson Michael Urman Brian Gladman (Visual Studio build files, other fixes) Stanislav Karchebny (options parser) Mathieu Monnier (SSE4 instruction patches, NASM preprocessor additions) Anonymous "NASM64" developer (NASM preprocessor fixes) Stephen Polkowski (x86 instruction patches) Henryk Richter (Mach-O object format) Ben Skeggs (patches, bug reports) Alexei Svitkine (GAS preprocessor) Samuel Thibault (TASM parser and frontend) ----------------------------------- Yasm licensing overview and summary ----------------------------------- Note: This document does not provide legal advice nor is it the actual license of any part of Yasm. See the individual licenses for complete details. Consult a lawyer for legal advice. The primary license of Yasm is the 2-clause BSD license. Please use this license if you plan on submitting code to the project. Yasm has absolutely no warranty; not even for merchantibility or fitness for a particular purpose. ------- Libyasm ------- Libyasm is 2-clause or 3-clause BSD licensed, with the exception of bitvect, which is triple-licensed under the Artistic license, GPL, and LGPL. Libyasm is thus GPL and LGPL compatible. In addition, this also means that libyasm is free for binary-only distribution as long as the terms of the 3-clause BSD license and Artistic license (as it applies to bitvect) are fulfilled. ------- Modules ------- The modules are 2-clause or 3-clause BSD licensed. --------- Frontends --------- The frontends are 2-clause BSD licensed. ------------- License Texts ------------- The full text of all licenses are provided in separate files in the source distribution. Each source file may include the entire license (in the case of the BSD and Artistic licenses), or may reference the GPL or LGPL license file. BSD.txt - 2-clause and 3-clause BSD licenses Artistic.txt - Artistic license GNU_GPL-2.0 - GNU General Public License GNU_LGPL-2.0 - GNU Library General Public License


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---
layout: page
title: "About"
description: "Hey, this is Nastul."
header-img: "img/post-bg-rwd.jpg"
---
This is Nastul
a PhD Candidate in Swinburne University of Technology CyberSecurity Lab
Hi，我是李霖(Nastul)，伪全栈工程师、 乐队吉他手
专长捣鼓 Biometrics、 Software Vulnerability Detection、 MachineLearning、 DeepLearning、 NLP 偶尔做做Android、 PHP、 Python、 Web 的开发
Nastul(李霖)
Researcher and Full stack developer, born in 1994.
Skills
- Programming Language: Java, Python, PHP
- Framework & Tool Usage: Android, Git, ThinkPHP
- Spoken Language: Chinese, English
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
Reviewer
- The IEEE / CVF Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR)
- Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)
- European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)
- IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics & Security
- Annals of Telecommunications, Springer
Experience
- Beijing square root technology co. LTD
2018.6 - 2019.1 as Full Stack Developer
- BgBj-Club2017.12 - 2018.8 as Full Stack Developer
- Wrote Server API.
- Wrote Web front-end.
- ZoubaTrip2017.10 - 2017.12 as PHP Developer & Operation Engineer
- Wrote Server API.
- Management & maintenance API.
- Shanghai Bo Yun Logistics Ltd. 2015.7 - 2017.10 as Full Stack Developer
- Construction of the network platform, Content Manage System
- Wrote Android client.
- Wrote Server API.
- Auto Repair Platform 2015.5 - 2015.8 as Android Developer
Education
Awards
{% if site.gitalk.enable %}


| 005:090 Khan | : |
O you who believe! Intoxicants (all kinds of alcoholic drinks), gambling, Al-Ansab, and Al-Azlam (arrows for seeking luck or decision) are an abomination of Shaitan's (Satan) handiwork. So avoid (strictly all) that (abomination) in order that you may be successful. |
| 005:090 Maulana | : |
O you who believe, intoxicants and games of chance and (sacrificing to) stones set up and (dividing by) arrows are only an uncleanness, the devil's work; so shun it that you may succeed. |
| 005:090 Pickthal | : |
O ye who believe! Strong drink and games of chance and idols and divining arrows are only an infamy of Satan's handiwork. Leave it aside in order that ye may succeed. |
| 005:090 Rashad | : |
O you who believe, intoxicants, and gambling, and the altars of idols, and the games of chance are abominations of the devil; you shall avoid them, that you may succeed. |
| 005:090 Sarwar | : |
Believers, wine, gambling, the stone altars and arrows (that the pagans associate with certain divine characters) are all abominable acts associated with satanic activities. Avoid them so that you may have everlasting happiness. |
| 005:090 Shakir | : |
O you who believe! intoxicants and games of chance and (sacrificing to) stones set up and (dividing by) arrows are only an uncleanness, the Shaitan's work; shun it therefore that you may be successful. |
| 005:090 Sherali | : |
O ye who believe ! wine and the game of chance and idols and divining arrows are only the abomination of Satan's handiwork. So shun each one of them that you may prosper. |
| 005:090 Yusufali | : |
O ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination,- of Satan's handwork: eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: الإيمان > الغيب > الشيطان > وسوسته Faith> The Unseen World> Satan, the Devil> Satanic Temptations العمل > العمل الطالح > الأعمال المحرمة > شرب الخمر والسكر Action(Work)> Bad Deeds>The Forbidden Deeds> Drinking Alcoholic Drink and Drunkenness العمل > العمل الطالح > عبادة الأنصاب والأزلام Action(Work)> Bad Deeds>Methods of Worship by Using Arrows Seeking Luck and Sacrifice Animals for the Idols Before Islam العمل > العمل الطالح > الفلاح والسعادة Action(Work)> Bad Deeds>Success and Happiness العمل > العمل الطالح > في المال > (الميسر(القمار Action(Work)> Bad Deeds>In Earning Money>Gambling الإنسان والعلاقات الأخلاقية > الأخلاق الذميمة > السكر Man and The Moral Relations>The Dispraised Morals>Intoxication(of Alcohol) تنظيم العلاقات المالية > الميسر Organizing Financial Relationships>Gambling
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


Unpaired : Idle
PAIR UNPAIR
Confirm Code Cancel Pairing Verify account Open Preauth Topup Preauth Reduce Preauth Extend Preauth Complete Preauth Cancel Preauth Accept Signature Decline Signature Cancel Ok Cancel


$CD97/52631: U2, Block write without changing buffer pointer CD97: 20 6F CC JSR $CC6F ; get command parameters CD9A: 20 F2 CD JSR $CDF2 ; open channel CD9D: 20 64 D4 JSR $D464 ; and write block to disk CDA0: 4C 94 C1 JMP $C194 ; done Previous Page / Next Page


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This page features a collection of testimonials from students who are currently in university about all things college. Each alumni was interviewed to share one thing they believed they did well, one thing they regret, and any words of wisdom that they have to offer about diving into the application process. All views expressed on this page are based on each student’s individual experiences, so it is important to do your own research and ensure that any advice taken from this page is applicable to the college(s) and career path that you choose to pursue!
Who's speaking: Kaia Yager, UC
Los Angeles
What’s one thing you did well?
“I spent a lot of time and effort perfecting my essays.”
What's one thing you regret?
“I wish I knew research universities aren’t for everyone."
Any final words of advice?
“Look past prestigious schools! Do research and see which colleges match your best interests.”
Who’s speaking: Kyoung Jae Shin, USC
Marshall
What’s one thing you did well?
“Calling myself the God of Economics.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Calling myself the God of Economics."
Any final words of advice?
“Don't call yourself the God of Economics.”
Who's speaking: Courtney-An Le, UC
Berkeley
What’s one thing you did well?
“Adding that sprinkle of pathos to my essays.”
What's one thing you regret?
“I wish I had more cohesive ties within my essays."
Any final words of advice?
“Read prompts as soon as they come out regardless of when you plan on actually writing.”
Who’s speaking: Fiona Huang, UC
Riverside
What's one thing you regret?
“I wish I did more research on all the available schools apart from the ones with big names."
Any final words of advice?
“Entering your grades for each year takes super long -
don’t put it off.”
Who's speaking: Jana, UC
San Diego
What's one thing you regret?
“Not applying for colleges I didn’t feel like going to because of my major."
Any final words of advice?
“Cool your head, be as authentic and honest as you can be. Hard work is rewarded.”
Who’s speaking: Brian Park, UC
Los Angeles
Who's speaking: Xiomara Alejandre, San
Diego State University
What’s one thing you did well?
“I remained honest on my application process and logically thought things out.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Applying to almost every school which was very expensive."
Any final words of advice?
“College admissions do not define you. You may not get into the college you wanted but make it your home.”
Who’s speaking: Carlos Garcia, UC San
Diego
What’s one thing you did well?
“Talk in detail about major events in my life and extracurriculars.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Not being part of more extracurriculars."
Any final words of advice?
“Don’t stress - just stay organized and study a little bit every day.”
Who's speaking: Taewon Kim,
UC Berkeley
What’s one thing you did well?
“Maintain good stats. Also made sure to show rather than say that I am eager to learn.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Not doing more research and putting more effort into my applications."
Any final words of advice?
“Start. Early”
Who’s speaking: Elaine Llacuna, UC
Berkeley
What’s one thing you did well?
“I wrote my essays like a narrative and I tried my best to stay humble and authentic while highlighting my accomplishments and passions.”
What's one thing you regret?
“I wish I started writing my essays sooner."
Any final words of advice?
“Be you :) and write consistently even if it’s just a little. I recommend setting up a timer for 10 minutes and free writing.”
Who's speaking: Karla Padilla Leon, USC
Keck School of Medicine
What’s one thing you did well?
“Creating a story with my essays and extracurriculars that showcased my passions.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Not prioritizing standardized testing because although it is not the only important factor for college admissions, it would’ve saved me a lot of stress when I didn’t think my scores were good enough."
Any final words of advice?
“College admissions are unpredictable, but you can present the best version of yourself and staying true to your interests. Show them how you align to the values of their school and why you would be a great asset!”
Who’s speaking: Jose Ortiz,
University of Conneticut
What’s one thing you did well?
“Being able to create good connections with teachers, which led me to have good and detailed letters of recommendation for colleges.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Not beginning my essays sooner and researching for colleges in and out of state."
Any final words of advice?
“Begin your essays as soon as possible, and try to ask teachers and friends to proofread them. They may give great advice and feedback! Also, try to apply to as many scholarships as possible.”
Who's speaking: Lya Puente,
UC Irvine
What’s one thing you did well?
“Explained issues I’ve overcome to succeed in great detail.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Not seeing how loans work, or going over finances with my parents"
Any final words of advice?
“Communicate with your parents; they are your supporters. Also, there are a lot of scholarships available for seniors.”
Who’s speaking: Carl Michael Garcia, San
Diego State University
What’s one thing you did well?
“Putting myself out there in clubs, activities, competitions.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Not asking my peers to review my applications."
Any final words of advice?
“It doesn’t matter where you go, it’s what you make of it.”
Who’s speaking: Joshua Dumaua,
San Diego State University
What’s one thing you did well?
“Checked to make sure I included all the necessary information.”
What's one thing you regret?
“Not applying for many scholarships. I also wish I had some level of work experience."
Any final words of advice?
“Really sell yourself on the extracurriculars (awards, level of experience, etc.”


As I have moved forward, I have acquired a variety of skills from my various jobs and travels. And as I continue to move forward with learning at Epicodus and on my own, I hope that these skills will help me in doing work and projects that I will enjoy and wish to share with everyone! The skills are as follows:
For more information, please feel free to see my resume here.


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Asgard Green is hacking Octoberfest. Come out Tuesday evenings to learn some coding, complete quests, and win free stuff.
What is Asgard Hacks Anyways?
Asgard Hacks is an opportunity for people to participate in Hacktoberfest.
Hacktoberfest is a competition put on every year by GitHub inviting people to make 3 code contributions to any public project. If, before the end of October, a person has made the 3 contributions (and signed up to the event beforehand) GitHub will send you a Hacktoberfest t-shirt and a sticker pack for free!
Code Contributions Seem Hard
THe point of Asgard Hacks is to provide a comfortable entry point for everyone. There will be a set up project to contribute to with "quests" of varying difficulty. The first session will also be an intro session where we make sure everyone is signed up to the event and a workshop where we teach people about git and how to contribute.
Experienced mentors will be there to help anyone struggling or who has questions. The goal is to learn a bit about coding and to help people complete the event successfully.
When Is It?
Every Tuesday evening there will be coding sessions in the Asgard Green community Centre.
What Do I Need?
You will need to bring a computer. It doesn't matter how old or portable it is. Feel free to bring a desktop if that's all you have, we'll get you set up.


UNBC offers credit, other options as faculty strike continues - Barriere Star Journal
by The Canadian PressValue of the credit will depend on the length of the strike, school says
The University of Northern British Columbia says it will provide a non-refundable financial credit to all students who have been out of class since a strike by faculty began earlier this month.
A post on the university’s website says the value of the credit depends on the length of the strike, and that that will be determined once a new contract is reached with about 180 faculty at the Prince George-based university.
The notice informs students that if classes resume on or before next Tuesday, the semester will be extended to Dec. 14 and final exams will be cancelled or delayed, but if job action continues past Dec. 3, the semester will pick up in January, delaying the new term.
Wages are a key issue in the strike involving professors and other faculty who walked out Nov. 7, after being without a contract since June.
Talks stalled over the weekend, but a social media post issued by the union says it remains ready to negotiate this week.
READ MORE:
About 3,500 students in Prince George and at satellite campuses in Terrace, Prince Rupert, Quesnel and Fort St. John are affected by the dispute, the second in four years at the university after a two-week strike ended in March 2015.
The Canadian Press


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Hey! I am recent graduate of the Univiersity of Colorado Boulder, where I earned a bachelor's degree in Astrophysics and a minor in Computer Science. When I was young, I loved taking things apart to see what made them tick. Later I had a passion for putting things together, like building PCs. Both of these interests encompass my yearning to analyze, evaluate, and understand the
workings of our world. This is what led to my fascination with physics from quantum to interstellar and my passion to learn the mathematical and programming methods to understand them. When I'm not geeking out or reading, I love exploring the incredible natural beauty of Colorado, enjoying snowboarding, hiking, and camping.


And how I became one..
(A poet; not a monkey!!)
You try to be moody when you're young and it had a good ring to it.
I'm the moody parrot.
Says stuff.
Acts awkward.
Dances a little.
Flies away sometimes.
Just like that.
;)
All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages.
I am in awe.
Of this violently beautiful Universe.
Its endless chaos.
I am surrounded by extraordinary beauty.
A flurry of emotions.
The teeming millions.
Living.
Breathing the same air.
Each last particle dancing,
Jiggling to the one rhythm,
Reverberating through the Cosmos.
What would I not give,
To live like this forever...
But, I too am a performer,
Jiggling to that Cosmic tune,
Who one day shall see his Act to the last.
Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love.
Someone very special has left my life.
Probably forever.
I'm one who never said
what I should have a hundred times.
I understand too that sometimes
somethings are not in your hand.
Now. It's too late.
Boy, I have faith.
But, all you can do is trust the stars.
The puppet sometimes.
Sometimes.
We are only puppets, our strings are being pulled by unknown forces.
I'm only worried because you're too.
Creating demons out of thin air.
Demons unwarranted.
Uninvited. Yet, so real.
Why are we upset?
Upset at an innocent truth.
A reality deemed sad.
I pledge today.
Integrity.
That will hold me together.
An Honest acceptance.
To remember to smile
like I used to.
Can I?
Of course.
We are Puppets of Destiny,
Or are we?
I find hope in the darkest of days, and focus in the brightest. I do not judge the universe.
Do you see what I see?
I see wonder.
I see freedom.
I see a better tomorrow.
We are often the masters of our fate.
But deny it.
Let's embrace hope.
We are puppets if we wish to be.
Or not.
Soothsayer: Stop fighting. Let it flow.
As I close my eyes
A million voices begin to sing
An eternal hymn
A ballad of the Wisdom of the ages
The sound of breath
The music of silence
Echoes through my heart
Invigorates the soul
Fleeting flashes
Of Colours old and new
The aroma of love
The moisture on her lips
A surge of passion
The unrelenting nostalgia
Agony and regret
Burn within the bosom
Then it all fades away
Visions subside
Sounds muffle
A gripping calm ensues
Beyond all pain
Beyond all pleasure
Standing on the brink of existence
I pass into nothingness
I have found the paradox, that if you love until it hurts, there can be no more hurt, only more love.
I have fallen in love.
With this wonderful world.
With this beautiful life.
Look around.
Everything is just so beautiful.
It gives me so much happiness to live in the moment.
To relish the sheer joy
of learning something new everyday.
The passion of work.
The tranquility of solitude.
Think about it.
Let's just chuck all our worries in a closet.
And lock it forever.
Let's learn how to live.
Not just persist through our day.
Have the courage to do what you love.
Those little things you never care about.
Matter a lot.
Pick up the phone.
Tell people that you love them.
Say sorry.
Be grateful.
You ain't got as much time as you think sonny.
Laugh a little more.
Look at a mirror and smile.
Know that no one can take that away.
I'm only surprised why I've never done this before.
Now, I smile. I dance. I cry.
I can't waste even a single moment of my life in regret.
Anguish and pain are part of life.
But, happiness too is an equal part.
Accept them.
Learn from the moments of sorrow.

Take part in a marathon.
Run till your lungs burn.
Relish the moment of victory.
Whatever you do.
Listen to your heart.
Don't let obsessions steal the fun.
Always know when to take a break.
When to get on the table and dance.
Just remember.
Only one thing matters.
And that's you.
A thing of beauty is a joy forever: its loveliness increases;
it will never pass into nothingness.
Zindagi mein itna nasha hai,
Daaru kise chahiye?
Gaur se zara dekhiye to sahi,
Har pal ek nayi mehfil hai.
Us botal ke sahare jiye to kya jiye?
Zara haath thaam ke to dekhiye.
Par lag jaane deejiye har khaawish ko.
Dil ko khula chhod ke to dekhiye.
Kuchh raat saath guzaar ke dekhiye.
Kabr mein to neend bahut aani hai.
Zindagi mein itna nasha hai mere dost,
Daaru kise chahiye?
Kuchh pariya.n pha.nsi hai.n zameen par
Unko Jannat le jaana hai
Par nahi to kya hua
Firdaus yahi.n pe basaana hai
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.


#include <le_doublyLinkedList.h>
This is the list object. User must create this list object and initialize it by assigning LE_DLS_LIST_INIT to it.


Before this morning I have had 3 other experiences with DXM all of which were amazing, enlightening experiences, even though they were low doses (90mg, 105mg, 165mg). Today was my birthday so I decieded to have a little fun. At 8:00 AM I went to the bathroom at school and took 180 mg of DXM. By English class which started at 8:45 I was comming up fast. I took a bite of a cookie a friend gave me and the taste was overwhelming nausiating.  I went to the bathroom and puked. A friend saw me and went back to english class and told everyone I was sick.
By the time I got back into the class I was having an exteamly hard time walking. Everthing was distorted. I had to lay my head down to keep from felling sick. In my head I constructed buildings over and over again to keep discomforting thoughts away. After about 45 minutes of that we had to move our desks to form a circle around the room. It was extreamly difficult. Having my eyes open made me sick again. I barely made it to the bathroom. By them time I got back I no longer felt so sick, and could keep my eyes open. The shapes on my sprite can were dancing people.
After an hour and a half of pure hell in english it was over and I got to go to lunch. My friends' presence was very comforting. I calmed down a lot and went to my freinds car to lay down the rest of the day. I listened to Sgt. Peppers and Revolver. They both sounded pretty cool. This experiece was very different from my other 3, seemed like a completely different drug. Shook me up. At least I learned not to do DXM at school or on an empty stomach.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Boy, 10, dies after being hit by taxi during walk to school in KZN - paramedics
by Kaveel SinghA 10-year-old boy was killed in KwaZulu-Natal when a taxi hit him during his walk to school, a paramedic services official said on Tuesday.
The incident occurred near the R102 in Hambanathi, at the Tongaat intersection, according to IPSS spokesperson Paul Herbst.
"Unfortunately, the child was declared dead due to the extent of his injuries."
Herbst said that the driver of the taxi had to stop a few metres away from the scene, "due to the public wanting to assault the driver".
"However, police and other services are now on [the] scene," he added.


WITNESS LIST Transportation & Homeland Security Committee March 30, 2005 - 8:00A SB 11 FOR: Eaton, Holly Director of Professional Development and Advocacy (Texas Classroom Teacher's Association), Austin, TX Griffin, Richard A. Executive Driector (Harris County Dept. of Edu.'s Center for Safe and Secure Schools), Houston, TX Whiteker, Mary Ann Superintendent (Hudson ISD), Lufkin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Beneski, Amy Assoc. Executive Director (Texas Association of School Administrators), Austin, TX Duty, David Director of IGR (Austin ISD), Austin, TX Hartman, Eric Legislative Director (Texas Federation of Teachers), Austin, TX On: Griffith, Steve Director (Texas School Safety Center), San Marcos, TX Jacobs, Billy G. Sr. PR Safe Schools (TEA), Austin, TX Thompson, Edwin W. Director, Loss Prevention Services (Texas Association of School Boards), Austin, TX SB 250 ON: Knauth, Danny W. Captain (Texas Department of Public Safety), Austin, TX Spinks, Margaret Asst. Mgr (Texas Dept. of Public Safety/Driver License Divison), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: On: Harrell, Will Executive Director ACLU (ACLU/NAACP/LULAC), Austin, TX SB 322 Registering, but not testifying: On: Bass, James Director, Finance Division (Texas Department of Transportation), Austin, TX SB 338 Registering, but not testifying: On: Swenson, Curt Tax Policy Specialist (Comptroller), Austin, TX SB 637 FOR: Box, James C. Past President (Greater Houston Builders Assoc./ Houston Real Estate Council), Jersey Village, TX ON: Saenz, Amadeo Assistant Executive Director, Engineering Operations (Texas Department of Transportation), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Crocker, Maureen Deputy Director, Gov't Aff. (City of Houston - Office of the Mayor), Houston, TX Miller, Tami Regulatory Analyst (CenterPoint Energy), Houston, TX Short, Jim Lobbyist (Houston Real Estate Council), Fulshear, TX Stout, Bob Gov. Rel. Consultant (The Woodlands Development Co. L.P.), Houston, TX SB 678 Registering, but not testifying: On: Lopez, Carlos Director, Traffic Operations (Texas Department of Transportation), Austin, TX SB 821 FOR: Sisk, Cathy Division Chief (Harris County Attorney's Office and Harris County Commissioners Court), Houston, TX SB 866 FOR: Barber, Dave Chief of Police (Texas Police Chiefs Association), Houston, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Brye, Gary M. Police Chief (Southeast Texas Law Enforcement Administrators Association), Houston, TX Kelly, Tim Police Captain (Metropolitan Transit Authority Police), Houston, TX Taylor, William F. Chief of Police Rice University (Texas Association of College and University Police Administrators (TACUPA)), Houston, TX SB 1060 FOR: O'Ryan, Ann Legislative and Community Affairs (AAA Texas), Austin, TX AGAINST: Cernosek, Larry Chairman (Texas Towing and Storage Assoc.), Pasadena, TX Miller, Allan Pres./Board of Directors (Allan's Wrecker Service Inc./Texas Towing and Service Assn.), Victoria, TX Rash, Jeanette Leg. Chair (Texas Towing and Storage Assoc.), Houston, TX ON: Smith, Steve Chairman (Greater Dallas Emergency Wrecker Association), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: Against: Roper, Angela Owner (Tiptow), Georgetown, TX On: Breshears, Joe L. Director Office of Mobility (City of Houston), Houston, TX Lopez, Carlos Director, Traffic Operations (Texas Department of Transportation), Austin, TX SB 1061 FOR: Cernosek, Larry Chairman (Texas Towing and Storage Assoc.), Pasadena, TX Miller, Allan Pres./Board of Directors (Allan's Wrecker Service Inc./Texas Towing and Service Assn.), Victoria, TX O'Ryan, Ann Legislative and Community Affairs (AAA Texas), Austin, TX Rash, Jeanette Leg. Chair (Texas Towing and Storage Assoc.), Houston, TX Smith, Steve Chairman (Greater Dallas Emergency Wrecker Association), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Roper, Angela Owner (Tiptow), Georgetown, TX On: Breshears, Joe L. Director Office of Mobility (City of Houston), Houston, TX Lopez, Carlos Director, Traffic Operations (Texas Department of Transportation), Austin, TX SB 1062 AGAINST: Cernosek, Larry Chairman (Texas Towing and Storage Assoc.), Pasadena, TX Miller, Allan Pres./Board of Directors (Allan's Wrecker Service /Texas Towing and Storage Association), Victoria, TX O'Ryan, Ann Legislative and Community Affairs (AAA Texas), Austin, TX Rash, Jeanette Leg. Chair (Texas Towing and Storage Assoc.), Houston, TX Smith, Steve Chairman (Greater Dallas Emergency Wrecker Association), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: Against: Roper, Angela Owner (Tiptow), Georgetown, TX On: Breshears, Joe L. Director Office of Mobility (City of Houston), Houston, TX SB 1073 FOR: Bonner, Matt Police Officer (City of Carrollton TX Police Dept.), Carrollton, TX AGAINST: Blanton, Tom Vice President for Legislative Affairs (Texas Automobile Dealers Association), Austin, TX ON: Bray, Brett Director, Motor Vehicle Division (Texas Department of Transportation), Austin, TX Knauth, Danny W. Captain (Texas Department of Public Safety), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: Against: Balch, Mandy Attorney/Leg. Consultant (Texas Independent Automobile Dealers Assn.), Austin, TX


Elon Reeve Musk (born June 28, 1971) is a South African-born Canadian-American business magnate,[10][11] engineer,[12] inventor[13] and He is the founder, CEO and CTO of SpaceX; co-founder, CEO and product architect of Tesla Motors; chairman of SolarCity, co-chairman of OpenAI; co-founder of Zip2; and co-founder of PayPal.[17][18][19] As of April 2016, he has an estimated net worth of US$14.2 billion, making him the 68th wealthiest person in the US.
At the age of 19, Musk was accepted into Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, for undergraduate study. In 1992, after spending two years at Queen's University, Musk transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where, at the age of 24, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics at Penn's College of Arts and Sciences, and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Musk stayed on a year to finish his second bachelor's degree.[41] While at the University of Pennsylvania, Musk and fellow Penn student Adeo Ressi rented a 10-bedroom fraternity house, using it as an unofficial nightclub.[37] In 1995, at age 24, Musk moved to California to begin a PhD in applied physics at Stanford University, but left the program after two days to pursue his entrepreneurial aspirations in the areas of the Internet, renewable energy and outer space.[35][42] In 2002, he became a U.S. citizen.
Politically, Musk has described himself as "half Democrat, half Republican". In his own words: "I'm somewhere in the middle, socially liberal and fiscally conservative."[109] Nationalism Musk is a self-described American exceptionalist and nationalist, describing himself as "nauseatingly pro-American". According to Musk, the United States is "[inarguably] the greatest country that has ever existed on Earth", describing it as "the greatest force for good of any country that's ever been". Musk believes outright that there "would not be democracy in the world if not for the United States", arguing there were "three separate occasions in the 20th-century where democracy would have fallen with World War I, World War II and the Cold War, if not for the United States".[110]


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Music Socket
Best to use your keyboard or the piano keys below.
No keyboard ability to play
Websocket Output Here
Click here if sheet music does not appear
Use at your own risk, by Jeremy Ellis
MusicSocket Github at https://github.com/hpssjellis/musicSocket
Thanks to the following
Tone.js at github https://github.com/Tonejs/Tone.js/
ABCjs by Paul Rosen https://github.com/paulrosen/abcjs
Websocket Hack by Jeremy Ellis https://github.com/hpssjellis/Particle-Spark-Core-Photon-Websocket-Hack
Website: http://rocksetta.com/
Twitter: @rocksetta


Email address for a valid EASE user in your organization's EASE account.
Email address is an EASE user's unique identifier and is used to log in to the EASE database.
Based on this email address, the EASE web service identifies your organization in the EASE database.
Username and password could be skipped here if there is some credential stored in Jenkins credential plugin. Matching is done in global store and domain that includes url's hostname.
Here variable expansion $VAR is allowed. Standard jenkins namespace is used thus it could be environment variables or build parameters.


When clicking Run in the Workbench, the app is built and ECMAScript 6 code is translated to regular JavaScript code (ECMAScript 5).
The application code is in folder app.
The built code is in folder www.
Settings are in file evothings.json.
Overview of settings:
app-dir: Application directory.
www-dir: Build output directory.
index-file: Main HTML file in application directory.
dont-build: Array of subdirectories in the application directory that should not be processed, these directories are copied verbatim to the output directory.


Posts about “Editing”
Nothing like a slip-up in bullet list formatting to completely change meaning. Check out this hilarious example from failblog.org:
Now that’s a major copy-editing FAIL.
I was trying to figure out how many people are reading my writing/editing and the numbers are pretty huge. First of all, I’ve been writing for the print edition of alive at a readership of about 500,000. Then every Tuesday articles I’ve edited for Metro Canada comes out countrywide at a readership of 700,000. And the tips of the day I write for Living Naturally are published on at least 7000 websites in the US and Canada, according to this Google search.
When editing technical documents, how aware should you be of regional differences in pronunciation? Here is an interesting article on the subject by Brian Forte. Forte raises the following issue regarding the usage of an indefinite article with initialisms:
How do you pronounce an initialism like HTML?
I was taught English in public Australian schools of the 1970s. So I was taught aitch rather than haitch. Which means I pronounce ‘HTML’ with an initial vowel sound and I write ‘an HTML page.


The game screen should resize to fit the bordered rectangle and maintain aspect ratio
Width (vw):
Height (vh):


Panda Relief works with more than 20 villages within China, such as Liziba village and many more such as Dujiangyan Panda Base, Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Centre, but our main partner is Liziba village as it is a popular area for pandas to live.
We help fight against deforestation and the destruction of their habitat.
The International Panda Festival in Beijing has been postponed indefinitely following the outbreak of Covid-19.
We do the best to improve living conditions for pandas across China and Asia.


{{set . "title" "OATH-HOTP demo: enter a code"}}
{{template "header.html" .}}
OATH-HOTP / Google Authenticator Demo
From here on out, you just need to enter an OTP code. You can even try to skip a few values - I'll scan up 3 codes ahead looking for a match. If you want to try to see this fail, just make up a number.


{{ template "theme/_includes/head.html" . }}
{{ template "theme/_includes/nav.html" . }}
{{ .Title }}
{{ .Date.Format "2 January 2006" }}
{{ .Content }}
{{ template "theme/_includes/footer.html" . }}
{{ template "theme/_includes/js.html" . }}


[keys,comments,inline]=KEYS(d)
[keys,comments,inline]=KEYS(d) retrieve all key names and their comments from a diagnostics object.


Stormzy and Crowded House announce Irish gigs
by By Digital Desk staffStormzy and Crowded House have announced Irish gigs for 2020.
British grime star Stormzy will play the 3Arena as part of his 55-date world tour.
The Heavy in the Head World Tour will stop in Dublin on September 8 next year.
His second album Heavy in the Head drops on December 13.
Fans who pre-order the album from the musician's official store will gain early access to tickets.
Tickets will go on general sale on Friday, December 6 at 9am.
Meanwhile, Australian band Crowded House have announced their return to Irish shores.
They will play the Summer Series at Trinity College on July 1.
Singer-songwriter Neil Finn recently toured the world with Fleetwood Mac.
Tickets will go on sale on Friday, December 6 at 9am.
READ MORE
Stormzy reveals he turned down chance to collaborate with his ‘hero’ Jay Z


Expression of mRNA for the GATA-binding proteins in human eosinophils and basophils: potential role in gene transcription.
Abstract
The expression of the hematopoietic transcription factors GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3 was studied in eosinophils and basophils. Eosinophils express mRNA for GATA-1, GATA-2, and GATA-3. Basophils express GATA-2 and GATA-3. Treatment of HL-60 eosinophilic sublines with either interleukin-5 or butyric acid increased the expression of GATA-1 mRNA concomitant with the expression of eosinophil-specific genes, whereas levels of GATA-2 mRNA remained relatively constant. The presence of mRNA for these proteins in eosinophils and basophils suggests that gene transcription in these lineages may be regulated by GATA-binding proteins.


Germany detains Syrian over suspected bomb plot
by AFPPolice in Berlin on Tuesday arrested a 26-year-old Syrian man accused of planning an Islamist attack, with prosecutors saying he had begun to acquire chemicals for a bomb.
The unnamed suspect also exchanged instructions on ways to manufacture weapons and explosives with other suspected Islamists in a chat group on the Telegram messaging app, Berlin prosecutors said.
The Syrian stands accused of preparing "a serious act of violence against the state" and was arrested at his Berlin home, they added.
In a separate statement, federal prosecutors specializing in terrorist cases said special police officers searched the man's flat on Tuesday.
The accused had in recent months purchased acetone and hydrogen peroxide, they added. Both are key components in the highly explosive TATP.

The Syrian was working as a cleaner in a Berlin elementary school, a spokesman for the Berlin interior ministry told AFP. Before that, he was employed at the capital's Bode-Museum.
German security forces had been watching the suspect for the past three months following a tip-off from a foreign intelligence service, he added.
Germany remains on alert following a series of Islamist attacks, the deadliest of which was a truck rampage at a Berlin Christmas market in 2016 that killed 12 people.
Dozens of suspects have been arrested or charged over alleged terror plots in recent years.


features
package
features
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features
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sealed
trait
ApplicationFeature
extends
KMFeature
case class
ApplicationFeatures
(
features:
Set
[
ApplicationFeature
]
)
extends
Product
with
Serializable
Value Members
object
ApplicationFeature
extends
Logging
object
ApplicationFeatures
extends
Logging
with
Serializable
object
KMBootstrapClusterConfigFeature
extends
ApplicationFeature
with
Product
with
Serializable
object
KMClusterManagerFeature
extends
ApplicationFeature
with
Product
with
Serializable
object
KMPreferredReplicaElectionFeature
extends
ApplicationFeature
with
Product
with
Serializable
object
KMReassignPartitionsFeature
extends
ApplicationFeature
with
Product
with
Serializable
object
KMTopicManagerFeature
extends
ApplicationFeature
with
Product
with
Serializable
def
app
(
f:
ApplicationFeature
)
(
content:
Html
)
(
implicit
af:
ApplicationFeatures
)
:
Html
val
empty
:
Html
Inherited from
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Inherited from
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