This technique uses a calibration curve of doubles rate vs effective 240Pu mass for passive assay and doubles rate vs 235U for active assay. Howver, there is one exception. See the section on passive uranium measurements below. The assay mass and error are determined from the doubles rate and error. The doubles rate is corrected for deadtime, background, and normalization and the accidentals/singles and outlier tests are performed before the calibration curve is solved for effective 240Pu mass. Four types of calibration curves can be used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
where
= doubles rate
= calibration coefficients
and, to simplify the notation in this section,
m = effective 240Pu mass or 235U mass
The solutions of these equations are shown below.
Calibration curve type 1:
Case 1:
There is no definite solution and an error message is generated.
Case 2: ;
The solution is
Case 3: ;
If
there is no real solution and an error message is generated. Otherwise, there are two real solutions:
and
The assay mass is taken as the lower value that falls between the upper and lower mass limits (default values: 108 and -108, respectively). If both values are outside the mass limits, an error message is generated.
Case 4:
The procedure, following Ref. 4, is as follows:
Write the cubic equation in the form
where
, ,
Calculate
If
set ; otherwise, if and
set
Case 4a:
There are three real solutions:
Case 4b:
There is one real solution:
Case 4c:
There are three real solutions:
Let
If , set
Let
Then
For case 4 the assay mass is taken as the lowest value that falls between the upper and lower mass limits (default values: 108 and -108, respectively). If all values are outside the mass limits, there is no assay result and an error message is generated.
For cases 2, 3, and 4, the mass error is
where
where
= doubles rate error
= error of calibration coefficient i
= covariance of calibration coefficients i and j
Calibration curve type 2:
If or , there is no definite solution and an error message is generated. If there is no solution and an error message is generated. Otherwise,
and
where
where is the natural logarithm of .
If , then the mass error is set to
If the assay mass is outside the upper and lower mass limits (default values: 108 and -108, respectively, there is no assay result and an error message is generated.
Calibration curve type 3:
If , there is no definite solution and an error message is generated. If there is no solution and an error message is generated. Otherwise,
and
where
If , an error message is generated.
Calibration curve type 4:
If or , there is no definite solution and an error message is generated.
otherwise
If
there is no solution and an error message is generated. The mass error is
where
If , an error message is generated.
Heavy Metal Correction
For the measurement of MOX fuel assemblies a heavy metal correction can be applied to the measured singles and doubles rates. This correction is in the form of
where HMfactor and HMref are empirically determined values from fits to data and g is the declared heavy metal content per unit length which includes the uranium and plutonium mass. This correction factor is then applied to the singles and doubles rate as:
These corrected singles and doubles rates are then applied to the conventional calibration curve assay as described above.
Passive Uranium Measurements
When uranium is measured in the passive mode, the doubles rate is determined by the spontaneous fission of 238U (in the absence of multiplication). The 238U mass is determined from a normal passive calibration curve. The 235U mass is then obtained using the entered 235U enrichment of the sample:
U235 = U238 * e / (1 - e)
where e is the fractional enrichment of the material.


A revolving loan fund (RLF) is a self-replenishing pool of money, utilizing interest and principal payments on old loans to issue new ones. While the majority of RLFs support local businesses, ours targets and supports efforts for affordable housing within the Charlotte community.
City staff estimate that over 34,000 more units of affordable housing are needed to meet the current demand of those making 60 percent or less of the area median income. Affordable housing is what allows these families who are challenged to have alternatives to moving to unsafe and rundown areas of the community and allows them stability. Supporting our neighbors, co-workers, and friends will only help Charlotte grow and thrive as a community not just currently but for generations to come.
Through the CHA revolving loan program, I was able to fix up the other half of my split home and then use that space for an affodable housing family. It was a great chance to utalize the space and the CHA revolving loan program.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.


I mustache you a question...
Looks great on any screen size!
Freshly redesigned for Bootstrap 4.
This theme features a flexible, UX friendly sidebar menu and stock photos from our friends at Unsplash!
A yellow pencil with envelopes on a clean, blue backdrop!
A dark blue background with a colored pencil, a clip, and a tiny ice cream cone!

A yellow workspace with some scissors, pencils, and other objects.


This demo shows that the size of grid elements is related to the viewport width.
Resize the browser window and the sizes of elements are resized in in relation to it!


Pushing Tin A film review by Marty Mapes Copyright 1999 Marty Mapes
**1/2 (out of 4) It is well known that air traffic controllers have one of the most stressful jobs there is. So it seems odd that before now, they haven't shown up as the subjects of a movie.
John Cusack and Billy Bob Thornton break onto the screen as two interesting specimens. Both are at the top of their field, though each takes a different approach to his job.
Nick (Cusack) is extroverted and fun-loving. He has nervous tics and can't handle driving below the speed limit. He's an alpha-male overachiever, a grown-up kid who loves the stress and challenges of his job.
During the film's setup, we catch a glimpse of what goes on in his mind while he's working. The simple blips on the controller's screen transform themselves into an active, dynamic 3-D computer simulation when he's "in the zone."
Once we get a feel for the fast-paced, close-knit camaraderie of the control room, the film introduces us to Bell (Thornton). He's the new kid on the job with a killer rep. Rumors that he stood under a landing 747 to ride the turbulence turn out to be true. But unlike Nick, he's always cool under pressure. He's just as good as Nick, but he doesn't wear his adrenalin on his sleeve.
Nick is thrown off-balance by the arrival of Bell. Having someone equal to him in the control room shakes him deeply, and he doesn't know how to react. He's jealous of Bell. He doesn't dislike or begrudge him, but he can't let go of the fact that someone else might be as good as or better than him.
An unspoken competitive tension exists between the two characters -- mostly in Nick, but kept alive by Bell. Their tension is a spark waiting for some fuel, say three bottles of vodka and several glasses of wine, to ignite it.
Nick finds Bell's buxom wife Mary (played by the big-lipped Angelina Jolie) crying in the supermarket with mostly vodka in her cart. She's looking for sympathy and he's looking to give it. Since neither spouse is home, the two end up in an Italian restaurant sharing lots of stories and too much wine. Nick valiantly offers to follow her home, just to be sure she gets there safely. One thing inevitably leads to another, and the two end up in bed together.
Bell finds out what happened and reacts with his usual calm. Although he's calm, he still manages to get back at Nick by insinuating some cross-cheating with Nick's wife. These mind games make Nick jealous and confused, as they were no doubt intended to.
The plot wanders away from its two main characters before it takes a firm shape. Just when you think the film is entirely about Nick and Bell and their wives, screenwriters Glenn Charles and Les Charles (of "Cheers" fame) introduce a horribly transparent plot device. A bomb threat is called in and the shift supervisor says "I need two" (what a coincidence) "good men to stay and man the scopes!"
After that, it's hardly worth tracking the plot. The bomb threat clears. Nick's wife Connie (Cate Blanchett, underused in this role) eventually learns of his infidelity. Nick's paranoia about Bell comes to a head. There are two or three "endings," none of which really feels like it wraps up the whole movie.
Suffice it to say everything works out in the end for everyone, after Nick undergoes a contrived catharsis that doesn't even make sense emotionally.
PUSHING TIN is borderline recommendable. With such a confused and contrived final act, the movie leaves you with a bad taste. But it CAN be worth the price of admission, if you're not going for the plot.
Go because of the well-formed, well written characters. Go because of the funny, solid camaraderie of the air traffic controllers. Go because Cusack is surprisingly good and Thornton is predictably good. Go with forgiveness in your heart, save some for the ending, and have a good time.
Check out more current movie reviews at http://www.moviehabit.com
-- Marty Mapes<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Movie Habit http://www.moviehabit.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Mr. Editor Sir, Considering the Liberal principles upon which your interesting
and valuable paper is published and myself being a subscriber and feeling a
deep interst in the cause of Zion and in the happiness of my brethren of
mankind I cheerfully take up my pen to contribute my mite at this very
interesting and important period.
For some length of time I have been carefully viewing the state of things as
now appear throughout our christian Land and have looked at it with feelings
of the most painful anxiety while upon the one hand beholding the manifested
withdrawal of God's holy Spirit and the veil of stupidity which seems to be
drawn over the hearts of the people, and upon the other hand beholding the
Judgments of God that have swept and are still sweeping hundreds and thousands
of our race (and I fear unprepared) down to the shades of death. With this
solemn and alarming fact before me I am led to exclaim O that my head were
waters and mine eyes a fountain of tears that I might weep day and night etc.
I think that it is high time for a christian world to awake out of sleep and
cry mightily to that God day and night whose anger we have Justly incurred.
Are not these things a sufficient stimulant to arouse the faculties and call
forth the energies of every man woman and child that possesses feeling of
sympathy for his fellows or that is in any degree endeared to the budding
cause of our glorious Lord; I leave an intelligent community to answer this
important question with a confession that this is what has caused me to
overlook my own inability and expose my weakness to a learned world but
trusting in that God who has said these things are hid from the wise and
prudent and revealed unto babes I step forth into the field to tell you what
the Lord is doing and what you must do to enjoy the smiles of your saviour in
these last days—— The time has at last come arrived when the God of
Abraham of Isaac and of Jacob has set his hand again the seccond time to
recover the remnants of his people which have
been left from Assyria, and from Egypt and from Pathros &.c. and from the
Islands of the sea and with them to bring in the fulness of the Gentiles and
establish that covenant with them which was promised when their sins should be
taken away. see Romans 11, 25, 26, & 27 and also Jeremiah 31. 31, 32, & 33,
This covenant has never been established with the house of Isreal nor with
th[e] house of Judah for it requires two parties to make a covenant and those
two parties must be agreed or no covenant can be made. Christ in the days of
his flesh proposed to make a covenant with them but they rejected him and his
proposals and in consequence thereof they were broken off and no covenant was
made with them at that time but their unbelief has not rendered the promise of
God of none effect; no, for there was another day limited in David which was
the day of his power and then his people Isreal, should be a willing people
and he would write his laws in their hearts and print them in their thoughts
their sins and their eniquities he would remember no more, Thus after this
chosen family had rejected Christ and his proposals the heralds of salvation
said to them. "..." and the gentiles
received the covenant and were grafted in from whence the chosen family were
broken off but the Gentiles have not continued in the goodness of God but have
departed from the faith that was once delivered to the saints and have broken
the everlasting covenant in which their fathers were established see Isaiah
24th 5th. and have become high minded and have not feared therefore but few of
them will be gathered with the chosen family Has not the pride highmindedness
and unbelief of the Gentiles provoked the holy one of Israel to withdraw his
holy spirit from them and send forth his Judgments to scourge them for their
wick edness; this is certianly the case, Christ said to his deciples Mark 16,
17 & 18 that these signs should follow them that believe; In my name shall
they cast out Devils they shall speap [speak] with new tongues they shall take
up serpants and if they drink any deadly thing it shall not hurt them they
shall lay hands on the sick and they shall recover, and also in connection
with this read 1 Corinthians 12 Chapt, By the foregoing testamonies or through
the glass of the foregoing testamonies we may look at the Christian world and
see the apostacy there has been from
the Apostolic platform, and who can look at this, and and not exclaim in the
language of Isaiah, ["..."
The plain fact is this, the power of God begins to fall upon the Nations, and
the light of the latter day glory begins to break forth through the dark
atmosphere of sectarian wickedness and their iniquity rools [rolls] up into
view and the Nations of the Gentiles are like the waves of the sea casting up
mire and dirt or all in commotion and they hastily are preparing to act the
part allotted them when the Lord rebukes the nations, when he shall rule them
with a rod of iron & break them in peaces like a potters vessel, The Lord has
declared to his servants some Eighteen months since that he was then
withdrawing his spirit from the earth, and we can see that such is the fact
for not only the churches are dwindling away, but there are no convers[i]ons,
or but very few, and this is not all, the governments of the earth are thrown
into confusion & division, and distruction to the eye of the spiritual
beholder seemes to be writen by the finger of an invisable hand in Large
capitals upon almost evry thing we behold——
And now what remains to be done under circumstan[c]es like these, I will
proce[e]d to tell you what the Lord requires of all people high and Low, rich
and poor, male and female, ministers & people professors of religeon, and
nonproffessors in order that they may enjoy the holy spirit of God to a
fulness, and escape the Judg ments of God which are almost ready to burst upon
the nations of the earth— Repent of all your sins and be baptized in water
for the remission of them, in the name of the father, and of the son, and of
the Holy Ghost, and receive the ordinance of the laying on of the hands of him
who is ordained and sealed unto this power, that ye may receive the holy
spirit of God, and this according to the holy scriptures, and of the Book of
Mormon; and
the only way that man can enter into the Celestial kingdom. These are the
requesitions of the new Covenant or first principles of of the Gospel of
Christ; then add to you[r] faith virtue and to virtue knowledge and to
knowledge temperance, and to temperance patience, and to patience, brotherly
kindness and to brotherly kindness charity (or Love) and if these things be in
you and abound, they make you to be neither baran nor unfruitful in the
knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ——
The Book of Mormon is a reccord of the forefathers of our western Tribes of
Indians, having been found through the ministration of an holy Angel
translated into our own Language by the gift and power of God, after having
been hid up in the earth for the last fourteen hundred years containing the
word of God, which was delivered unto them, By it we learn that our western
tribes of Indians are desendants from that Joseph that was sold into Egypt,
and that the Land of America is a promised land unto them, and unto it all the
tribes of Israel will come. with as many of the gentiles as shall comply with
the requesitions of the new co[v]en ant. But the tribe of Judah will return to
old Jerusalem, The City, of Zion, spoken of by David in the 102 Psalm will be
built upon the Land of America and the ransomed of the Lord shall return and
come to it with songs and ever lasting joy upon their heads, and then they
will be delivered from the overflowing scourge that shall pass through the
Land But Judah shall obtain deliverence at Jerusalem see Joel 2. 32. Isaiah
26, 20 & 21, Jer. 31, 12, Psalm 50. 5, Ezekiel 34, 11, 12 & 13, These are
testamonies that the good Shepherd will put forth his own sheep and Lead them
out from all nations where they have been scattered in a cloudy and dark day,
to Zion and to Jerusalem beside many more testamonies which might be
brought——
And now I am prepared to say by the authority of Jesus Christ, that not many
years shall pass away before the United States shall present such
a scene of bloodshed as has not a parallel in the hystory of our nation
pestalence hail famine and earthquake will sweep the wicked off this
generation from off the face of this Land to open and prepare the way for the
return of the lost tribes of Israel from the north country— The people of
the Lord, those who have complied with the requsitions of the new covenant
have already commenced gathering togethe[r] to Zion which is in the State of
Missouri. Therefore I decl are unto you the warning which the lord has
commanded me to declare unto this generation, rembring [remembering] that the
eyes of my maker are upon me and that to him I am accountabl for evry word I
say wishing nothing worse to my fellow men then their eternal salvation
therefore fear God, and give glory to him for the hour of his Judgment is
come, Repent, ye and imbrace the everlasting Covenant and flee to
Zion before the over flowing scourge overtake you, For there are those now
living upon the earth whose eyes shall not be closed in death until they see
all these things which I have spoken fulfilled Rem[em]ber these things, call
upon the Lord while he is near and seek him while he may be found is the
exhortation of your unworthy servant
Joseph Smith Jr


FileBox
Upload
Delete All
CLI example - upload:
curl -X PUT
myfile -T myfile
CLI example - download:
curl
myfile
wget
myfile
https://github.com/nanw1103/filebox
Persist Notepad
Paste text here for cross-browser access


Activity Feed
101 Items rescued today!
1 MealSwipe rescued!
1 piece of fruit rescued!
1 hamburger rescued!
1 bag of chips rescued!
1 can of fish rescued!
1 bottle of hot sauce rescued!


Match Play. Red leads 6-4 to 7 post-Crawford. How should Red play 51?
pips Red=112 White=115
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
Over the board Red played 8/2 minimising shots but that was the wrong idea. He has three outside points to clear and so he should choose to attempt to clear the most difficult one now while White has a home board weakness.
To that end 13/12, 13/8 is the indicated play and this is much stronger than trying to clear either of the other points.
But should Red leave any shots? After all White has a four-point home board and a gammon loss would be ruinous. In the rollouts 6/1, 4/3 is only 0.011 weaker than 13/12, 13/8. That is certainly an interesting result and emphasises just how much consideration should be given when leaving voluntary shots against a four-point board.
To that end 13/12, 13/8 is the indicated play and this is much stronger than trying to clear either of the other points.
But should Red leave any shots? After all White has a four-point home board and a gammon loss would be ruinous. In the rollouts 6/1, 4/3 is only 0.011 weaker than 13/12, 13/8. That is certainly an interesting result and emphasises just how much consideration should be given when leaving voluntary shots against a four-point board.
1. Cubeful 2-ply 6/1 4/3 Eq.: +0.031 0.577 0.084 0.001 - 0.423 0.062 0.000 2. Cubeful 2-ply 13/12 13/8 Eq.: +0.028 (-0.003) 0.586 0.125 0.004 - 0.414 0.072 0.000 3. Cubeful 2-ply 6/5 6/1 Eq.: +0.007 (-0.024) 0.566 0.063 0.001 - 0.434 0.063 0.000 4. Cubeful 2-ply 6/1 3/2 Eq.: -0.004 (-0.035) 0.566 0.074 0.001 - 0.434 0.068 0.000 5. Cubeful 2-ply 13/8 4/3 Eq.: -0.016 (-0.047) 0.574 0.125 0.004 - 0.426 0.082 0.000


Language Change
Ruby v.s. Javascript
08/21/15
|
|
Even though Ruby and Javascript are two different languages they are both object-oriented and share many similarities in their code.
In Ruby we have classes that wrap up objects and tell them how to behave. In the example above we have a class called Person and then we have two methods; one to initialize, assigning instant values and the second called fullName to return one’s full name.
Although Javascript is also an object-oriented language, you can see that they operate slightly differently. Javascript doesn’t have classes, rather they use a function to accept the arguments just like the initialize method in Ruby. In Javascript, all object inherit their properties and methods from their prototype. In this example Person.prototype.fullname means that fullName is a new object that was created using an object literal inheriting the properties of the function Person.


Docker overview
Estimated reading time: 10 minutesDocker is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications. Docker enables you to separate your applications from your infrastructure so you can deliver software quickly.  By taking advantage of Docker’s methodologies for shipping, testing, and deploying code quickly, you can significantly reduce the delay between writing code and running it in production.
The Docker platform
Docker provides the ability to package and run an application in a loosely isolated environment called a container. The isolation and security allow you to run many containers simultaneously on a given host. Containers are lightweight because they don’t need the extra load of a hypervisor, but run directly within the host machine’s kernel. This means you can run more containers on a given hardware combination than if you were using virtual machines. You can even run Docker containers within host machines that are actually virtual machines!
Docker provides tooling and a platform to manage the lifecycle of your containers:
- Develop your application and its supporting components using containers.
- The container becomes the unit for distributing and testing your application.
- When you’re ready, deploy your application into your production environment, as a container or an orchestrated service. This works the same whether your production environment is a local data center, a cloud provider, or a hybrid of the two.
Docker Engine
Docker Engine is a client-server application with these major components:
-
A server which is a type of long-running program called a daemon process (the
dockerd
command). -
A REST API which specifies interfaces that programs can use to talk to the daemon and instruct it what to do.
-
A command line interface (CLI) client (the
docker
command).
The CLI uses the Docker REST API to control or interact with the Docker daemon through scripting or direct CLI commands. Many other Docker applications use the underlying API and CLI.
The daemon creates and manages Docker objects, such as images, containers, networks, and volumes.
Note: Docker is licensed under the open source Apache 2.0 license.
For more details, see Docker Architecture below.
What can I use Docker for?
Fast, consistent delivery of your applications
Docker streamlines the development lifecycle by allowing developers to work in standardized environments using local containers which provide your applications and services. Containers are great for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) workflows.
Consider the following example scenario:
- Your developers write code locally and share their work with their colleagues using Docker containers.
- They use Docker to push their applications into a test environment and execute automated and manual tests.
- When developers find bugs, they can fix them in the development environment and redeploy them to the test environment for testing and validation.
- When testing is complete, getting the fix to the customer is as simple as pushing the updated image to the production environment.
Responsive deployment and scaling
Docker’s container-based platform allows for highly portable workloads. Docker containers can run on a developer’s local laptop, on physical or virtual machines in a data center, on cloud providers, or in a mixture of environments.
Docker’s portability and lightweight nature also make it easy to dynamically manage workloads, scaling up or tearing down applications and services as business needs dictate, in near real time.
Running more workloads on the same hardware
Docker is lightweight and fast. It provides a viable, cost-effective alternative to hypervisor-based virtual machines, so you can use more of your compute capacity to achieve your business goals. Docker is perfect for high density environments and for small and medium deployments where you need to do more with fewer resources.
Docker architecture
Docker uses a client-server architecture. The Docker client talks to the Docker daemon, which does the heavy lifting of building, running, and distributing your Docker containers. The Docker client and daemon can run on the same system, or you can connect a Docker client to a remote Docker daemon. The Docker client and daemon communicate using a REST API, over UNIX sockets or a network interface.
The Docker daemon
The Docker daemon (dockerd
) listens for Docker API requests and manages Docker
objects such as images, containers, networks, and volumes. A daemon can also
communicate with other daemons to manage Docker services.
The Docker client
The Docker client (docker
) is the primary way that many Docker users interact
with Docker. When you use commands such as docker run
, the client sends these
commands to dockerd
, which carries them out. The docker
command uses the
Docker API. The Docker client can communicate with more than one daemon.
Docker registries
A Docker registry stores Docker images. Docker Hub is a public registry that anyone can use, and Docker is configured to look for images on Docker Hub by default. You can even run your own private registry. If you use Docker Datacenter (DDC), it includes Docker Trusted Registry (DTR).
When you use the docker pull
or docker run
commands, the required images are
pulled from your configured registry. When you use the docker push
command,
your image is pushed to your configured registry.
Docker objects
When you use Docker, you are creating and using images, containers, networks, volumes, plugins, and other objects. This section is a brief overview of some of those objects.
Images
An image is a read-only template with instructions for creating a Docker
container. Often, an image is based on another image, with some additional
customization. For example, you may build an image which is based on the ubuntu
image, but installs the Apache web server and your application, as well as the
configuration details needed to make your application run.
You might create your own images or you might only use those created by others and published in a registry. To build your own image, you create a Dockerfile with a simple syntax for defining the steps needed to create the image and run it. Each instruction in a Dockerfile creates a layer in the image. When you change the Dockerfile and rebuild the image, only those layers which have changed are rebuilt. This is part of what makes images so lightweight, small, and fast, when compared to other virtualization technologies.
Containers
A container is a runnable instance of an image. You can create, start, stop, move, or delete a container using the Docker API or CLI. You can connect a container to one or more networks, attach storage to it, or even create a new image based on its current state.
By default, a container is relatively well isolated from other containers and its host machine. You can control how isolated a container’s network, storage, or other underlying subsystems are from other containers or from the host machine.
A container is defined by its image as well as any configuration options you provide to it when you create or start it. When a container is removed, any changes to its state that are not stored in persistent storage disappear.
Example docker run
command
The following command runs an ubuntu
container, attaches interactively to your
local command-line session, and runs /bin/bash
.
$ docker run -i -t ubuntu /bin/bash
When you run this command, the following happens (assuming you are using the default registry configuration):
-
If you do not have the
ubuntu
image locally, Docker pulls it from your configured registry, as though you had rundocker pull ubuntu
manually. -
Docker creates a new container, as though you had run a
docker container create
command manually. -
Docker allocates a read-write filesystem to the container, as its final layer. This allows a running container to create or modify files and directories in its local filesystem.
-
Docker creates a network interface to connect the container to the default network, since you did not specify any networking options. This includes assigning an IP address to the container. By default, containers can connect to external networks using the host machine’s network connection.
-
Docker starts the container and executes
/bin/bash
. Because the container is running interactively and attached to your terminal (due to the-i
and-t
flags), you can provide input using your keyboard while the output is logged to your terminal. -
When you type
exit
to terminate the/bin/bash
command, the container stops but is not removed. You can start it again or remove it.
Services
Services allow you to scale containers across multiple Docker daemons, which all work together as a swarm with multiple managers and workers. Each member of a swarm is a Docker daemon, and the daemons all communicate using the Docker API. A service allows you to define the desired state, such as the number of replicas of the service that must be available at any given time. By default, the service is load-balanced across all worker nodes. To the consumer, the Docker service appears to be a single application. Docker Engine supports swarm mode in Docker 1.12 and higher.
The underlying technology
Docker is written in Go and takes advantage of several features of the Linux kernel to deliver its functionality.
Namespaces
Docker uses a technology called namespaces
to provide the isolated workspace
called the container. When you run a container, Docker creates a set of
namespaces for that container.
These namespaces provide a layer of isolation. Each aspect of a container runs in a separate namespace and its access is limited to that namespace.
Docker Engine uses namespaces such as the following on Linux:
- The
pid
namespace: Process isolation (PID: Process ID). - The
net
namespace: Managing network interfaces (NET: Networking). - The
ipc
namespace: Managing access to IPC resources (IPC: InterProcess Communication). - The
mnt
namespace: Managing filesystem mount points (MNT: Mount). - The
uts
namespace: Isolating kernel and version identifiers. (UTS: Unix Timesharing System).
Control groups
Docker Engine on Linux also relies on another technology called control groups
(cgroups
). A cgroup limits an application to a specific set of resources.
Control groups allow Docker Engine to share available hardware resources to
containers and optionally enforce limits and constraints. For example,
you can limit the memory available to a specific container.
Union file systems
Union file systems, or UnionFS, are file systems that operate by creating layers, making them very lightweight and fast. Docker Engine uses UnionFS to provide the building blocks for containers. Docker Engine can use multiple UnionFS variants, including AUFS, btrfs, vfs, and DeviceMapper.
Container format
Docker Engine combines the namespaces, control groups, and UnionFS into a wrapper
called a container format. The default container format is libcontainer
. In
the future, Docker may support other container formats by integrating with
technologies such as BSD Jails or Solaris Zones.
Next steps
- Read about installing Docker.
- Get hands-on experience with the Getting started with Docker tutorial.
- Check out examples and deep dive topics in the Docker Engine user guide.


Total/NBBF Division Two National Final 8 starts
by Bowale OdutolaThe 2019 Nigeria Basketball Federation organised Total Division Two Men’s League final will hold between November 25 and 30, 2019 at the Indoor Sports Hall of the National Stadium, Lagos.
Coal City (Enugu), Discover (Delta), Lyinda Ikpeazu (Anambra) and Ogun Rockets all qualified from the Atlantic Conference which took place in Ibadan.
Nile University, ABU Foundation, Adamawa Lions and Kanem Warriors booked a passage to the National finals after emerging as the top four teams from the Savannah Conference phase held in Abuja.
According to the memo sent to the clubs by the NBBF Secretary General, all teams were expected to arrive on November 24 for the mandatory Technical Meeting before the commencement of hostilities on Monday.
The top four teams will gain promotion to the Division One league with effect from the 2020 league season.
NBBF’s Competition’s Committee Chairman, Prof. Musa Yakasai, assured that all modalities have been put in place for a hitch free competition following the successful conclusion of the Zenith Women Basketball League and the President’s Cup.
Yakasai said: “We are delighted with the modest achievements we have been able to record as well as the stability on the domestic front.
“The Total National Division Two for men will not be an exception as we are focused on organising another successful national final which everybody will be proud of.”
Previous Post
Aribo inspires Rangers win
Next Post
Evelyn Akhator reveals 2020 Olympics dream


Hi, I'm Paul
  This site is an attempt to organize projects both past and present, and categorize them based on what their purpose was. To the right is the blorg, where new projects and ideas will be presented. Currently the site is in a state of flux, but should stabilize soon.
About:  Paul O'Neill is a rapid prototyper interested in the interaction between humans and data, and holds a BS in computational media and a MS in Digital Media both from the Georgia Institute of Technology.
The Blorg
1/29/2015
  Launched bootstrap version of site. Next step is to pop in to angular and try to see what I can do with that. Either that or to include this masonry plugin Brent suggested. Still working on adding content and mobile test--weird behavior still on android, for some reason.   Been busy since I started doing FRC mentoring with my cousin, at Ethel Walker. Finally got my printer back from a friend I lent it to back in September, still working on getting back to my place.
1/28/2015
  Started to transition to bootstrap.
10/2/2014
  Fixed some formatting for the text boxes, added a picture, and have started with some dynamic content stuff. Still writing the blorgs manually, unfortunately
10/1/2014
  So I've been a bit remiss in maintaining a personal website, and feel like it'd be a good way to document my progress on several projects as well as act as a place I can point to. I've currently worked through quite a few of the bugs, and am just closing in on the last few. Currently all the content is static, though that will change once I've decided on a web framework.
  Currently I have no plans on what to do, and have only spent a couple hours working on this site, so it's a little meager. I'm going to be adding past projects over the next few days. As far as the content for the other sections, this is my plan:
Work will contain information that is publicly released related to my current and past employment (as well as things like past academic things and awards).
Build will contain projects exploring different concepts that I'm interested in.
Play will contain projects designed to explore a language or framework
Contact will contain current methods for contacting me
Work
  I'm currently a Research Engineer at United Technologies Research Center where I mostly work on proof of concepts for the business units mostly centered around new user interfaces including gestural and methods of interaction.
One of the projects I worked on in 2013 was an augmented reality testbed, which we presented a poster on at ISMAR 2014 in Munich.
I recently attended the ISMAR conference in Munich, Germany, and have been
Build
  So I recently bought a 3d printer, and have been working on figuring out blender in order to get the kind of results I want. Should see something soon!
Play
  Current list of frameworks/languages I'd like to look into/get better at:
- Bootstrap
- Ruby
- Node.js
- Clojure
- d3.s (though I've already got a fair bit of experience with this)
Contact
You can reach me by removing the apostrophe from my name and tacking on an @gmail.com for now


“Spoken words are the symbols of mental experience, and written words are the symbols of spoken words”—Aristotle
Yellowstone National Park, established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872,[5][6] is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world,[7] is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park.[8] It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is dominant.
Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years.[9] The region was bypassed during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the early 19th century. Aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. The U.S. Army was commissioned to oversee the park just after its establishment. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than 1,000 archaeological sites.
Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2),[1] comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges.[8] Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years.[10] Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism.[11] Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining, nearly intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.[12]
Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened.[8] The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the Continental United States. Grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the park each year; in the large forest fires of 1988, nearly one third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing and sightseeing. Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls. During the winter, visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobile.
Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years.[9] The region was bypassed during the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the early 19th century. Aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. The U.S. Army was commissioned to oversee the park just after its establishment. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than 1,000 archaeological sites.
Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened.[8] The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the Continental United States. Grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the park each year; in the large forest fires of 1988, nearly one third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing and sightseeing. Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls. During the winter, visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobile.
“Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for 11,000 years”


Summary
Logic, patience, communication, and attention to detail are my underlying strengths. I have a knack for not panicking in the face of complexity. I break things down into manageable chunks, and tackle them with the tools at my disposal.Things I'm into: planning, building structures, thinking in systems, puzzles, adapting to change and learning new technologies.
About me
Veteran Technical Support Engineer with over 5 years of experience in enterprise system integration, implementation, and Support in a work setup with a multitude of environments and products. I possess deep technical expertise and great troubleshooting skills that translate to quick solutions for customers. I am seeking a challenging position in a company with opportunity for advancement.
Work Experience
L2 SUPPORT ARCHITECT, ESW Capital, Austin-Texas
Jan 2019
Product support on SLA on escalated tickets at Level 2 and 3 support on the 4 diﬀerent products:-
DotNet Nuke (DNN) – Web Content Management System,
FogBugz – A project/Case management system
ResponseTek – Customer Success Management System
Exinda – Network Management System (Linux Based)
Duties
- Assisting the Level 1 team to gain skills, training whenever needed.
- Ticket resolution on Google analytics, website upgrade, SQL DB, HTML and CSS errors .
- Knowledge transfer, creating and improving content for the benefit of all support.
- Troubleshooting and resolving deep technical issues
- Creation of Knowledgebase articles for Internal and external use in Confluence
- Assist in Testing and upgrade of existing products under Trilogy Group.
- Identify and assist in fixing product bugs
Implementation and Support Engineer, SYBRIN KENYA LTD, Nairobi
Mar 2016 - Dec 2019
I was responsible for uninterrupted uptime of the Automated Central Clearing - house where all Banks in Kenya connect to upload/download clearing files. My main task was to ensure the settlement system was up and running without any errors, bug identification,
training of bank users, user support and improvement of support quality.I supported Oracle Linux, AD/DNS, Clearing System Portal, Sophos UTM Firewall, Oracle 12c cluster, Windows Application cluster, Oracle 12c Database. I helped in deployment, upgrade, and testing of new releases.
SENIOR IT OFFICER, FIDELITY BANK, Nairobi
Oct 2010 - Mar 2016
I handled Level 2 and 3 Support Tasks
- User maintenance and role definition on the core banking and clearing system.
- User support on issues in the core banking system, software and hardware
- Active Directory, administration, user profile creation/management and group policy management.
- Installation and configuration of new workstations as per institution's policy and user requirements.
- Record keeping for system rights request forms, system changes, standard operation procedures for all IT systems, support contracts and IT projects documentation.
EDUCATION & TRAINING
Self-Training on Python Programming and AWS Cloud Essentials.LPIC Linux Certification, Linux Learning Center,
Nairobi 2020
Linux Professional Institute Certification. (LPIC)
College Diploma, Institute Of Software Technologies, Nairobi 2013
Diploma in Oracle Database Development and Administration for Oracle 10g/11g.Bachelor Degree, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi
BSc. in Mathematics & Computer Science


filmcritic.com presents a review from staff member James Brundage. You can find the review with full credits at http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/2a460f93626cd4678625624c007f2b46/c84aaa4bdefe1885882568b1000b1e14?OpenDocument
Chef! (1999, NR)
Directed by Jean-Marie Teno
As Reviewed by James Brundage
It is bad enough when you have a ninety-minute film that feels like two hours, but when you have a 61-minute film that feels like two hours, you know you're in trouble. Such is the case with Chef!, a disorganized documentary probing the injustices in the society of Cameroon.
Chef! is a film that uses a personal narrative to tell us three things that we already know: that lynching isn't a good idea, that patriarchal marriages suck eggs, and that dictatorships are unjust institutions. These three things add up to another simple general impression: that you can't get any sort of justice in the society of Cameroon.
Were Chef! a straight forward narrative film, I would bash it for meandering its way to a stopping point (note: not an end, this film does not end). As a documentary, I must be slightly more creative and state that the film is disorganized. Each type of injustice takes about twenty minutes of time and has no sort of transition into the next injustice. A good documentary should flow like an academic conversation, and Chef! has all of the controlled flow of a series of CNN factoids.
Chef! serves to somewhat redeem itself by having a nice flow inside of each subsection. The subjects are captured and edited well, so that, when all is said and done, a sense of moribund comedy resounds around the society of Cameroon. Sadly, these `jokes' are mostly unintentional, and are come too little too late to save a documentary that has no concept of pacing or organization.
**
In French
Distributed by California Newsreel
A.k.a. Chef!
-- Christopher Null -<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- http://www.filmcritic.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Hostclass: docker
- Inherits:
-
docker::params
- docker::params
- docker
- Defined in:
- manifests/init.pp
Overview
Class: docker
Module to install an up-to-date version of Docker from package.
Parameters
- version
-
The package version to install, used to set the package name. Defaults to undefined
- ensure
-
Passed to the docker package. Defaults to present
- prerequired_packages
-
An array of additional packages that need to be installed to support docker. Defaults change depending on the operating system.
- tcp_bind
-
The tcp socket to bind to in the format tcp://<IP_ADDRESS>:4243 Defaults to undefined
- socket_bind
-
The unix socket to bind to. Defaults to unix:///var/run/docker.sock.
- use_upstream_package_source
-
Whether or not to use the upstream package source. If you run your own package mirror, you may set this to false.
- package_source_location
-
If you're using an upstream package source, what is it's location. Defaults to get.docker.io/ubuntu on Debian
- service_state
-
Whether you want to docker daemon to start up Defaults to running
- service_enable
-
Whether you want to docker daemon to start up at boot Defaults to true
- root_dir
-
Custom root directory for containers Defaults to undefined
- manage_kernel
-
Attempt to install the correct Kernel required by docker Defaults to true
- dns
-
Custom dns server address Defaults to undefined
- socket_group
-
Group ownership of the unix control socket. Defaults to undefined
- extra_parameters
-
Any extra parameters that should be passed to the docker daemon. Defaults to undefined
- proxy
-
Will set the http_proxy and https_proxy env variables in /etc/sysconfig/docker (redhat/centos) or /etc/default/docker (debian)
- no_proxy
-
Will set the no_proxy variable in /etc/sysconfig/docker (redhat/centos) or /etc/default/docker (debian)
- manage_package
-
Won't install or define the docker package, useful if you want to use your own package Defaults to true
- package_name
-
Specify custom package name Default is set on a per system basis in docker::params
- service_name
-
Specify custom service name Default is set on a per system basis in docker::params
- docker_command
-
Specify a custom docker command name Default is set on a per system basis in docker::params
Parameter Summary(collapse)
- - version => $docker::params::version
- - ensure => $docker::params::ensure
- - prerequired_packages => $docker::params::prerequired_packages
- - tcp_bind => $docker::params::tcp_bind
- - socket_bind => $docker::params::socket_bind
- - use_upstream_package_source => $docker::params::use_upstream_package_source
- - package_source_location => $docker::params::package_source_location
- - service_state => $docker::params::service_state
- - service_enable => $docker::params::service_enable
- - root_dir => $docker::params::root_dir
- - tmp_dir => $docker::params::tmp_dir
- - manage_kernel => $docker::params::manage_kernel
- - dns => $docker::params::dns
- - socket_group => $docker::params::socket_group
- - extra_parameters => undef
- - proxy => $docker::params::proxy
- - no_proxy => $docker::params::no_proxy
- - storage_driver => $docker::params::storage_driver
- - execdriver => $docker::params::execdriver
- - manage_package => $docker::params::manage_package
- - package_name => $docker::params::package_name
- - service_name => $docker::params::service_name
- - docker_command => $docker::params::docker_command


Champ.
Home
(current)
Home 1
Home 2
Home 3
Home 4
About Us
Portfolio
Grid 2 Column
Grid 3 Column
Grid 4 Column
Grid No Gutter 2 Column
Grid No Gutter 3 Column
Grid No Gutter 4 Column
Wide 2 Column
Wide 3 Column
Wide 4 Column
Wide No Gutter 2 Column
Wide No Gutter 3 Column
Wide No Gutter 4 Column
Single Portfolio 1
Single Portfolio 2
Single Portfolio 3
Pages
About Us
Service
Pricing
Contact
404
Blog
Blog
Single Blog
Contact
Watch My Overview
Hello, I'm Lim Sarah
I am UX/UI Designer & Front-end Developer.


Refactorying Code (Git)
Refactoring is a systematic process of improving code without creating new functionality that can transform a mess into clean code and simple design. more
Dirty code is result of inexperience multiplied by tight deadlines, mismanagement, and nasty shortcuts taken during the development process. more
Clean is code that is easy to read, understand and maintain. Clean code makes software development predictable and increases the quality of a resulting product. more
Refactoring process: Performing refactoring step-by-step and running tests after each change are key elements of refactoring that make it predictable and safe


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block header_title %}Conference Series{% endblock %} {% block content %}
{{ standalone_conferences.earliest_year }} - {{ standalone_conferences.latest_year }}
Digital humanities events not belonging to a larger conference, such symposia or workshops.
{% include "series_progress_bar.html" with series=standalone_conferences %}


Top 10 clonotypes by frequency. For the full table, please refer to the "*clonotypes.tsv" file produced by the pipeline.


Alex Akinyele, IBB's Information Minister, Is Dead
The late Ondo chief once served as the chairman of the Nigerian Sports Commission.
by SaharaReporters, New YorkA former Minister of Information, Alex Akinyele, is dead.
He reportedly died on Thursday.
The news of his death was disclosed by one of his sons, Constantine Akinfolarin Akinyele.
Akinyele died at the age of 81 after a reported brief illness.
He was an administrator and public relations, specialist.
The late Ondo chief once served as the chairman of the Nigerian Sports Commission.
He was also a former president of the Nigerian Institute of Public Relations.
In 1995, military dictator, Gen. Sani Abacha appointed Akinyele as head of a National Reconciliation Committee with the objective of opening a dialogue with interest groups in the country to support the democratic transition program of the government.


open var created_at: Long
The date/time that the task was created.
created_at - The date/time that the task was created.
created_at


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
Bring a large saucepan of lightly salted water to the boil.
Meanwhile, melt the butter in a large frying pan, add the garlic and sauté for 1-2 minutes, or until golden. Remove the garlic clove and discard.
Add the pancetta and walnuts to the pan and sauté for 3-4 minutes, until the pancetta turns a golden-brown colour, taking care not to let the walnuts burn.
In a bowl, mix together the beaten egg and single cream.
Cook the fusilli according to packet instructions, until al dente, then drain.
Add the pasta to the walnut and pancetta mixture, then stir in the egg and cream mixture. Season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
Serve immediately in warmed bowls. Finish with freshly grated pecorino cheese and garnish with a couple of thyme leaves (optional).


Kernel Machine Score Test for Pathway Analysis in the Presence of Semi-Competing Risks.
| Version: | 1.0.3 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0) |
| Imports: | graphics, MASS, mvtnorm, stats |
| Suggests: | gdata, org.Hs.eg.db |
| Published: | 2016-06-29 |
| Author: | Matey Neykov [aut], Boris P. Hejblum [aut, cre], Jennifer A. Sinnot [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Boris P. Hejblum <bhejblum at hsph.harvard.edu> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/borishejblum/kernscr/issues |
| License: | GPL-2 | file LICENSE |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | kernscr citation info |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | kernscr results |
| Reference manual: | kernscr.pdf |
| Package source: | kernscr_1.0.3.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: kernscr_1.0.3.zip, r-release: kernscr_1.0.3.zip, r-oldrel: kernscr_1.0.3.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: kernscr_1.0.3.tgz, r-oldrel: kernscr_1.0.3.tgz |
| Old sources: | kernscr archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=kernscr to link to this page.


Your devices has been added.
In the case of a self-learning device, press the learning button on the device and then the on button on the page to program the device.


ChessGame
A two player console chess games
Main Page
Related Pages
Classes
Files
File List
File Members
File List
Here is a list of all files with brief descriptions:
[detail level
1
2
3
4
]
▼
src
▼
Controller
Controler.cpp
Controller.h
▼
Model
▼
Chessman
Bishop.cpp
Bishop.h
Chessman.cpp
Chessman.h
King.cpp
King.h
Knight.cpp
Knight.h
Pawn.cpp
Pawn.h
Queen.cpp
Queen.h
Rook.cpp
Rook.h
StraightLineMover.cpp
StraightLineMover.h
Board.cpp
Board.h
Move.cpp
Move.h
Position.cpp
Position.h
UserAction.cpp
UserAction.h
▼
View
View.cpp
View.h
main.cpp
Generated by
1.8.11


Tezgam train tragedy: Coke Studio 12 episode 3 to not release today
by Entertainment DeskAt least 74 lives were snuffed out when a blaze ignited by a cooking gas cylinder blast swept through a passenger train which was en route to Rawalpindi from Karachi on Thursday.
Coke Studio 12 has postponed its third episode in solidarity with the victims of the tragic incident.
In a statement, the producers shared, “In solidarity with the families affected by the Tezgam train tragedy, Coke Studio Season 12 Episode 3 will not be releasing today. Our thoughts and prayers are with the families and individuals who were affected by this tragic incident.”
Coke Studio 12 social media handles also shared the same message.


The batch downloader is a simple yet powerful tool that helps you download lyrics for entire playlists of tracks, or even your entire iTunes library.
To use it, open the batch downloader window by pressing ⌘B or clicking Lyric > "Batch downloader..."
Once open, simply select a playlist in the list to the left and click "Go" to start the download. Progress will be displayed while the batch downloader is working.
When the batch downloader is finished processing a track, an icon representing either success or failure will be displayed.


⇮
RIDING GEAR
Top
Jackets & Vests
SHOP
Boots
SHOP
Pants
SHOP
Gloves
SHOP
Riding Jeans
SHOP
Protection
SHOP
Race Suits
SHOP
Rain Gear
SHOP


Has streaming killed the great song intro?
Requires audio, a large screen and a Spotify premium account for the best experience.
Note this is just so you can play the tracks and save as a playlist if so desired, no personal data is stored.
🏵 Honourable mention at the Pudding Cup 2021 awards! 🏵
It’s 1989, the decade of excess is drawing to a denouement and the Stone Roses have just released I Wanna Be Adored, the opening track on their eponymous classic debut record. Whether due to the onset of digital recording, the MTV effect, or just because everything was done to the extreme in the ‘80s, the decade was a high watermark for the song intro, where a tune builds up slowly toward an opening crescendo before the vocal kicks in.
It has been claimed that thanks to streaming, the age of the great song intro is over . Fickle music fans can now skip tracks if their attention isn’t grabbed almost immediately, and with the voice being the most attention-grabbing instrument there is in music, it needs to come in much more quickly than in years gone by otherwise the listener skips, and if this happens before 30 seconds has elapsed, the stream doesn’t count hitting artists in their pockets.
That’s the theory, but I wanted to see if this holds true in the data. Below are the 30 top selling songs per year based on number of weeks spent in the UK Top 10 chart arranged by date of release and the time before the vocal kicks in (beware of the scale, it isn’t linear as most songs tend to bunch around the 10 second mark and this helps prevent too much overlap).
Click ‘Start’ on the chart to put this into context by comparing them to the intro in ‘I Wanna Be Adored’. This requires you to login with a Spotify premium account but you can still interact with the data without this.
0%
As we can see from the trend, the intro is definitely becoming shorter, but it’s more gradual than precipitous. Perhaps we’ve always craved a quick vocal hit and streaming is just giving us more of what we want. 50% of all intros are over within the first 6 seconds, so, maybe we should hold off writing the intro’s elegy after all. I Wanna Be Adored peaked at #20 in the charts so isn’t on this list. Interestingly, some of the most famous intros don’t make the cut either:
Papa Was A Rollin’ Stone - The Temptations: Pure unadulterated funk and groove for nearly 2 minutes before the vocals. Peaked at #14, and didn't make the list.
Gimme Shelter - The Rolling Stones: A 50 second intro of tense, menacing, distorted riffs from Richards before Jagger’s vocal captures the violent mood of the era. Peaked at #19 and not in this list.
Baba O’Riley - The Who: Over a minute’s worth of pulsating, trance-inducing sounds before we hear the first vocal in one of the all-time classic intros. This wasn’t even released as single!
Blue Monday - New Order: The iconic drum machine intro and throbbing bass line builds up to Bernard Sumner’s deadpan vocal, which can take quite some time depending on the version. Although it was the best selling 12” of all time, it only spent 2 weeks in the Top 10, peaking at #9 and doesn’t quite make the cut.
The songs that do make the cut seem to be on the shorter side in comparison:
A Hard Day’s Night - The Beatles: As with most things, The Beatles prove to be the exception. As intros go it is incredibly short, we hear John Lennon’s vocal just after the 3 second mark, but it’s the opening chord that makes this famous. Can a single chord even be classed as an intro? When it’s The Beatles it most certainly can. George Harrison’s mighty opening chord is probably the most discussed intro of all time.
Billie Jean - Michael Jackson: Minimal instrumentation builds up slowly in this classic pop intro. We get the opening drum beat with a standard hi-hat, joined by a shaker, bassline and synth towards the quiet vocal start at the 30 second point.
I Feel Love - Donna Summer: The hypnotic Giorgio Moroder bassline and sweeping synth still sounds cutting edge over 40 years later. In the single version the vocal enters just after 30 seconds.
Technology having an effect on the music industry isn’t exactly new and noteworthy, but we can see a definite gradual decline in the length of time before the vocals start, and streaming, with its concomitant demands on listener attention, must be a factor. However, it wasn’t as if the super-long, drawn-out intro à la “I Wanna Be Adored” was hugely popular in the past, perhaps this type of intro has always been within the purview of AOR and closet music snobs making claims to music’s decline. There are still plenty of recent anomalies (Billie Eilish, The Weeknd, any new James Bond theme song) and there have been peaks and troughs in the past perhaps suggesting that this might not be a permanent decline and streaming, like anything in the economy, is just providing more of what people want.
I've had this nagging feeling for some time that streaming has fundamentally altered the way I consume music. Just recently the annual Spotify “wrapped” report hit my inbox and it dawned on me that there were no albums, just a loose collection of individual tracks. As a music lover, nay, adorer, I couldn't believe that I'd been sucked into this mode of consumption. Back in the fat days I couldn't wait to go out and buy the latest album, usually on the orders of the NME. Some of my favourite records didn't strike a chord at first listen, it was only after repeated hours that they finally hit, and it was so much more rewarding. So how had I let this situation come to pass? It's down to something dubbed attention economy. The decline of the intro, which we have already looked at, formed part of a wider study into the theory of attention economy on listener attention by Hubert Léveillé Gauvin at Ohio State University .
The study showed that the situation is driven by streaming services where due to the sheer volume of music available at your fingertips, coupled with the ability to instantly skip songs, artists are now facing much higher levels of competition for listeners’ attention, and attention is the scarcest of scarce commodities. In the vinyl days the barrier was higher as it took more effort to go over and switch records.  The barrier hasn't just lowered, it has been obliterated.
This is common knowledge across the internet and is analogous to the back button in a web browser impacting attention spans on websites, but when it comes to music the study showed that it is in-fact a 2-stage screening process. The first being after 5 seconds as a “first-pass” (24% of all Spotify plays were skipped within the first 5 seconds ), and the second stage after 20 seconds as most skips happen within this period, after this there is a relatively small but steady skipping rate. Only 52% of songs were listened to in their entirety. With revenue relying on stream counts, and streams not counting until someone listens for a minimum of 30 seconds, it is vital that the fickle listener’s attention is grabbed almost immediately. The impact of the internet on the music industry is huge, so I wasn't sure why this was such a surprise, I suppose I was like the proverbial addict, tricking myself into believing I had it under control but in reality, the medium is the message and I was at the mercy of the medium all along.
As well as the decline of the intro, this and a similar study looking at the evolution of music identified other possible ways of measuring the attention economy in music. Select from these below to see the yearly averages to view the impact:
Average number of words in the song title
There has been a recent tendency for popular songs to have short titles with Billboard Magazine giving them the moniker of “One-Word Wonders”. Today, it is two and a half times more likely that a hit has a one-word title than back in the 60s. We see a steep decline in the average number of words from the turn of the millennium, possible coinciding with the rising importance of single sales over albums. Why? The theory is that memory span is inversely related to word length, consequently shorter titles should be more memorable and better commercially as a result.
— —


This is the search page with a bootstrap alert just for testing of controllers, data binding and directives.