Page Contents
- Saving Data
- A Glance Over Saving Data
- Converting Request Data into Entities
- Saving Entities
- Strict Saving
- Saving Multiple Entities
- Bulk Updates
Cake\ORM\
Table
After you have loaded your data you will probably want to update and save the changes.
Applications will usually have a couple of ways in which data is saved. The first one is obviously through web forms and the other is by directly generating or changing data in the code to be sent to the database.
The easiest way to insert data in the database is by creating a new entity and
passing it to the save()
method in the Table
class:
use Cake\ORM\TableRegistry;
$articlesTable = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articlesTable->newEntity();
$article->title = 'A New Article';
$article->body = 'This is the body of the article';
if ($articlesTable->save($article)) {
// The $article entity contains the id now
$id = $article->id;
}
Updating your data is equally easy, and the save()
method is also used for
that purpose:
use Cake\ORM\TableRegistry;
$articlesTable = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articlesTable->get(12); // Return article with id 12
$article->title = 'CakePHP is THE best PHP framework!';
$articlesTable->save($article);
CakePHP will know whether to perform an insert or an update based on the return
value of the isNew()
method. Entities that were retrieved with get()
or
find()
will always return false
when isNew()
is called on them.
By default the save()
method will also save one level of associations:
$articlesTable = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$author = $articlesTable->Authors->findByUserName('mark')->first();
$article = $articlesTable->newEntity();
$article->title = 'An article by mark';
$article->author = $author;
if ($articlesTable->save($article)) {
// The foreign key value was set automatically.
echo $article->author_id;
}
The save()
method is also able to create new records for associations:
$firstComment = $articlesTable->Comments->newEntity();
$firstComment->body = 'The CakePHP features are outstanding';
$secondComment = $articlesTable->Comments->newEntity();
$secondComment->body = 'CakePHP performance is terrific!';
$tag1 = $articlesTable->Tags->findByName('cakephp')->first();
$tag2 = $articlesTable->Tags->newEntity();
$tag2->name = 'awesome';
$article = $articlesTable->get(12);
$article->comments = [$firstComment, $secondComment];
$article->tags = [$tag1, $tag2];
$articlesTable->save($article);
The previous example demonstrates how to associate a few tags to an article.
Another way of accomplishing the same thing is by using the link()
method in the association:
$tag1 = $articlesTable->Tags->findByName('cakephp')->first();
$tag2 = $articlesTable->Tags->newEntity();
$tag2->name = 'awesome';
$articlesTable->Tags->link($article, [$tag1, $tag2]);
Unlinking many to many records is done via the unlink()
method:
$tags = $articlesTable
->Tags
->find()
->where(['name IN' => ['cakephp', 'awesome']])
->toArray();
$articlesTable->Tags->unlink($article, $tags);
When modifying records by directly setting or changing the properties no validation happens, which is a problem when accepting form data. The following sections will demonstrate how to efficiently convert form data into entities so that they can be validated and saved.
Before editing and saving data back to your database, you’ll need to convert the request data from the array format held in the request, and the entities that the ORM uses. The Table class provides an easy and efficient way to convert one or many entities from request data. You can convert a single entity using:
// In a controller
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
// Validate and convert to an Entity object
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData());
Note
If you are using newEntity() and the resulting entities are missing some or
all of the data they were passed, double check that the columns you want to
set are listed in the $_accessible
property of your entity. See Mass Assignment.
The request data should follow the structure of your entities. For example if you have an article, which belonged to a user, and had many comments, your request data should resemble:
$data = [
'title' => 'CakePHP For the Win',
'body' => 'Baking with CakePHP makes web development fun!',
'user_id' => 1,
'user' => [
'username' => 'mark'
],
'comments' => [
['body' => 'The CakePHP features are outstanding'],
['body' => 'CakePHP performance is terrific!'],
]
];
By default, the newEntity()
method validates the data that gets passed to
it, as explained in the Validating Data Before Building Entities section. If you wish to
bypass data validation pass the 'validate' => false
option:
$entity = $articles->newEntity($data, ['validate' => false]);
When building forms that save nested associations, you need to define which associations should be marshalled:
// In a controller
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
// New entity with nested associations
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
'associated' => [
'Tags', 'Comments' => ['associated' => ['Users']]
]
]);
The above indicates that the ‘Tags’, ‘Comments’ and ‘Users’ for the Comments should be marshalled. Alternatively, you can use dot notation for brevity:
// In a controller
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
// New entity with nested associations using dot notation
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
'associated' => ['Tags', 'Comments.Users']
]);
You may also disable marshalling of possible nested associations like so:
$entity = $articles->newEntity($data, ['associated' => []]);
// or...
$entity = $articles->patchEntity($entity, $data, ['associated' => []]);
Associated data is also validated by default unless told otherwise. You may also change the validation set to be used per association:
// In a controller
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
// Bypass validation on Tags association and
// Designate 'signup' validation set for Comments.Users
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
'associated' => [
'Tags' => ['validate' => false],
'Comments.Users' => ['validate' => 'signup']
]
]);
The Using A Different Validation Set For Associations chapter has more information on how to use different validators for associated marshalling.
The following diagram gives an overview of what happens inside the
newEntity()
or patchEntity()
method:
You can always count on getting an entity back from newEntity()
. If
validation fails your entity will contain errors, and any invalid fields will
not be populated in the created entity.
If you are saving belongsToMany associations you can either use a list of entity data or a list of ids. When using a list of entity data your request data should look like:
$data = [
'title' => 'My title',
'body' => 'The text',
'user_id' => 1,
'tags' => [
['tag' => 'CakePHP'],
['tag' => 'Internet'],
]
];
The above will create 2 new tags. If you want to link an article with existing tags you can use a list of ids. Your request data should look like:
$data = [
'title' => 'My title',
'body' => 'The text',
'user_id' => 1,
'tags' => [
'_ids' => [1, 2, 3, 4]
]
];
If you need to link against some existing belongsToMany records, and create new ones at the same time you can use an expanded format:
$data = [
'title' => 'My title',
'body' => 'The text',
'user_id' => 1,
'tags' => [
['name' => 'A new tag'],
['name' => 'Another new tag'],
['id' => 5],
['id' => 21]
]
];
When the above data is converted into entities, you will have 4 tags. The first two will be new objects, and the second two will be references to existing records.
When converting belongsToMany data, you can disable the new entity creation, by
using the onlyIds
option. When enabled, this option restricts belongsToMany
marshalling to only use the _ids
key and ignore all other data.
New in version 3.1.0: The onlyIds
option was added in 3.1.0
If you want to update existing hasMany associations and update their properties, you should first ensure your entity is loaded with the hasMany association populated. You can then use request data similar to:
$data = [
'title' => 'My Title',
'body' => 'The text',
'comments' => [
['id' => 1, 'comment' => 'Update the first comment'],
['id' => 2, 'comment' => 'Update the second comment'],
['comment' => 'Create a new comment'],
]
];
If you are saving hasMany associations and want to link existing records to a
new parent record you can use the _ids
format:
$data = [
'title' => 'My new article',
'body' => 'The text',
'user_id' => 1,
'comments' => [
'_ids' => [1, 2, 3, 4]
]
];
When converting hasMany data, you can disable the new entity creation, by using
the onlyIds
option. When enabled, this option restricts hasMany marshalling
to only use the _ids
key and ignore all other data.
New in version 3.1.0: The onlyIds
option was added in 3.1.0
When creating forms that create/update multiple records at once you can use
newEntities()
:
// In a controller.
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$entities = $articles->newEntities($this->request->getData());
In this situation, the request data for multiple articles should look like:
$data = [
[
'title' => 'First post',
'published' => 1
],
[
'title' => 'Second post',
'published' => 1
],
];
Once you’ve converted request data into entities you can save()
or
delete()
them:
// In a controller.
foreach ($entities as $entity) {
// Save entity
$articles->save($entity);
// Delete entity
$articles->delete($entity);
}
The above will run a separate transaction for each entity saved. If you’d like
to process all the entities as a single transaction you can use
transactional()
:
// In a controller.
$articles->getConnection()->transactional(function () use ($articles, $entities) {
foreach ($entities as $entity) {
$articles->save($entity, ['atomic' => false]);
}
});
It’s also possible to allow newEntity()
to write into non accessible fields.
For example, id
is usually absent from the _accessible
property. In
such case, you can use the accessibleFields
option. It could be useful to
keep ids of associated entities:
// In a controller
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$entity = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData(), [
'associated' => [
'Tags', 'Comments' => [
'associated' => [
'Users' => [
'accessibleFields' => ['id' => true]
]
]
]
]
]);
The above will keep the association unchanged between Comments and Users for the concerned entity.
Note
If you are using newEntity() and the resulting entities are missing some or
all of the data they were passed, double check that the columns you want to
set are listed in the $_accessible
property of your entity. See
Mass Assignment.
In order to update entities you may choose to apply request data directly to an
existing entity. This has the advantage that only the fields that actually
changed will be saved, as opposed to sending all fields to the database to be
persisted. You can merge an array of raw data into an existing entity using the
patchEntity()
method:
// In a controller.
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articles->get(1);
$articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData());
$articles->save($article);
Similar to newEntity()
, the patchEntity
method will validate the data
before it is copied to the entity. The mechanism is explained in the
Validating Data Before Building Entities section. If you wish to disable validation while
patching an entity, pass the validate
option as follows:
// In a controller.
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articles->get(1);
$articles->patchEntity($article, $data, ['validate' => false]);
You may also change the validation set used for the entity or any of the associations:
$articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData(), [
'validate' => 'custom',
'associated' => ['Tags', 'Comments.Users' => ['validate' => 'signup']]
]);
As explained in the previous section, the request data should follow the
structure of your entity. The patchEntity()
method is equally capable of
merging associations, by default only the first level of associations are
merged, but if you wish to control the list of associations to be merged or
merge deeper to deeper levels, you can use the third parameter of the method:
// In a controller.
$associated = ['Tags', 'Comments.Users'];
$article = $articles->get(1, ['contain' => $associated]);
$articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData(), [
'associated' => $associated
]);
$articles->save($article);
Associations are merged by matching the primary key field in the source entities to the corresponding fields in the data array. Associations will construct new entities if no previous entity is found for the association’s target property.
For example give some request data like the following:
$data = [
'title' => 'My title',
'user' => [
'username' => 'mark'
]
];
Trying to patch an entity without an entity in the user property will create a new user entity:
// In a controller.
$entity = $articles->patchEntity(new Article, $data);
echo $entity->user->username; // Echoes 'mark'
The same can be said about hasMany and belongsToMany associations, with an important caveat:
Note
For belongsToMany associations, ensure the relevant entity has a property accessible for the associated entity.
If a Product belongsToMany Tag:
// in the Product Entity
protected $_accessible = [
// .. other properties
'tags' => true,
];
Note
For hasMany and belongsToMany associations, if there were any entities that could not be matched by primary key to a record in the data array, then those records will be discarded from the resulting entity.
Remember that using either patchEntity()
or patchEntities()
does not
persist the data, it just edits (or creates) the given entities. In order to
save the entity you will have to call the table’s save()
method.
For example, consider the following case:
$data = [
'title' => 'My title',
'body' => 'The text',
'comments' => [
['body' => 'First comment', 'id' => 1],
['body' => 'Second comment', 'id' => 2],
]
];
$entity = $articles->newEntity($data);
$articles->save($entity);
$newData = [
'comments' => [
['body' => 'Changed comment', 'id' => 1],
['body' => 'A new comment'],
]
];
$articles->patchEntity($entity, $newData);
$articles->save($entity);
At the end, if the entity is converted back to an array you will obtain the following result:
[
'title' => 'My title',
'body' => 'The text',
'comments' => [
['body' => 'Changed comment', 'id' => 1],
['body' => 'A new comment'],
]
];
As you can see, the comment with id 2 is no longer there, as it could not be
matched to anything in the $newData
array. This happens because CakePHP is
reflecting the new state described in the request data.
Some additional advantages of this approach is that it reduces the number of operations to be executed when persisting the entity again.
Please note that this does not mean that the comment with id 2 was removed from the database, if you wish to remove the comments for that article that are not present in the entity, you can collect the primary keys and execute a batch delete for those not in the list:
// In a controller.
$comments = TableRegistry::get('Comments');
$present = (new Collection($entity->comments))->extract('id')->filter()->toArray();
$comments->deleteAll([
'article_id' => $article->id,
'id NOT IN' => $present
]);
As you can see, this also helps creating solutions where an association needs to be implemented like a single set.
You can also patch multiple entities at once. The consideration made for patching hasMany and belongsToMany associations apply for patching multiple entities: Matches are done by the primary key field value and missing matches in the original entities array will be removed and not present in the result:
// In a controller.
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$list = $articles->find('popular')->toArray();
$patched = $articles->patchEntities($list, $this->request->getData());
foreach ($patched as $entity) {
$articles->save($entity);
}
Similarly to using patchEntity()
, you can use the third argument for
controlling the associations that will be merged in each of the entities in the
array:
// In a controller.
$patched = $articles->patchEntities(
$list,
$this->request->getData(),
['associated' => ['Tags', 'Comments.Users']]
);
If you need to modify request data before it is converted into entities, you can
use the Model.beforeMarshal
event. This event lets you manipulate the
request data just before entities are created:
// Include use statements at the top of your file.
use Cake\Event\Event;
use ArrayObject;
// In a table or behavior class
public function beforeMarshal(Event $event, ArrayObject $data, ArrayObject $options)
{
if (isset($data['username'])) {
$data['username'] = mb_strtolower($data['username']);
}
}
The $data
parameter is an ArrayObject
instance, so you don’t have to
return it to change the data used to create entities.
The main purpose of beforeMarshal
is to assist the users to pass the
validation process when simple mistakes can be automatically resolved, or when
data needs to be restructured so it can be put into the right fields.
The Model.beforeMarshal
event is triggered just at the start of the
validation process, one of the reasons is that beforeMarshal
is allowed to
change the validation rules and the saving options, such as the field whitelist.
Validation is triggered just after this event is finished. A common example of
changing the data before it is validated is trimming all fields before saving:
// Include use statements at the top of your file.
use Cake\Event\Event;
use ArrayObject;
// In a table or behavior class
public function beforeMarshal(Event $event, ArrayObject $data, ArrayObject $options)
{
foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
if (is_string($value)) {
$data[$key] = trim($value);
}
}
}
Because of how the marshalling process works, if a field does not pass validation it will automatically be removed from the data array and not be copied into the entity. This is to prevent inconsistent data from entering the entity object.
Moreover, the data in beforeMarshal
is a copy of the passed data. This is
because it is important to preserve the original user input, as it may be used
elsewhere.
The Validating Data chapter has more information on how to use the validation features of CakePHP to ensure your data stays correct and consistent.
When creating or merging entities from request data you need to be careful of
what you allow your users to change or add in the entities. For example, by
sending an array in the request containing the user_id
an attacker could
change the owner of an article, causing undesirable effects:
// Contains ['user_id' => 100, 'title' => 'Hacked!'];
$data = $this->request->getData();
$entity = $this->patchEntity($entity, $data);
$this->save($entity);
There are two ways of protecting you against this problem. The first one is by setting the default columns that can be safely set from a request using the Mass Assignment feature in the entities.
The second way is by using the fieldList
option when creating or merging
data into an entity:
// Contains ['user_id' => 100, 'title' => 'Hacked!'];
$data = $this->request->getData();
// Only allow title to be changed
$entity = $this->patchEntity($entity, $data, [
'fieldList' => ['title']
]);
$this->save($entity);
You can also control which properties can be assigned for associations:
// Only allow changing the title and tags
// and the tag name is the only column that can be set
$entity = $this->patchEntity($entity, $data, [
'fieldList' => ['title', 'tags'],
'associated' => ['Tags' => ['fieldList' => ['name']]]
]);
$this->save($entity);
Using this feature is handy when you have many different functions your users can access and you want to let your users edit different data based on their privileges.
The fieldList
options is also accepted by the newEntity()
,
newEntities()
and patchEntities()
methods.
Cake\ORM\Table::
save
(Entity $entity, array $options = [])¶When saving request data to your database you need to first hydrate a new entity
using newEntity()
for passing into save()
. For example:
// In a controller
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($this->request->getData());
if ($articles->save($article)) {
// ...
}
The ORM uses the isNew()
method on an entity to determine whether or not an
insert or update should be performed. If the isNew()
method returns true
and the entity has a primary key value, an ‘exists’ query will be issued. The
‘exists’ query can be suppressed by passing 'checkExisting' => false
in the
$options
argument:
$articles->save($article, ['checkExisting' => false]);
Once you’ve loaded some entities you’ll probably want to modify them and update your database. This is a pretty simple exercise in CakePHP:
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articles->find('all')->where(['id' => 2])->first();
$article->title = 'My new title';
$articles->save($article);
When saving, CakePHP will apply your rules, and wrap
the save operation in a database transaction. It will also only update
properties that have changed. The above save()
call would generate SQL
like:
UPDATE articles SET title = 'My new title' WHERE id = 2;
If you had a new entity, the following SQL would be generated:
INSERT INTO articles (title) VALUES ('My new title');
When an entity is saved a few things happen:
Model.beforeRules
event. If this event is
stopped, the save operation will fail and return false
.create
rules
will be used. If the entity is being updated, the update
rules will be
used.Model.afterRules
event will be triggered.Model.beforeSave
event is dispatched. If it is stopped, the save will
be aborted, and save() will return false
.Model.afterSave
event will be dispatched.Model.afterSaveCommit
event will be dispatched.The following diagram illustrates the above process:
See the Applying Application Rules section for more information on creating and using rules.
Warning
If no changes are made to the entity when it is saved, the callbacks will not fire because no save is performed.
The save()
method will return the modified entity on success, and false
on failure. You can disable rules and/or transactions using the
$options
argument for save:
// In a controller or table method.
$articles->save($article, ['checkRules' => false, 'atomic' => false]);
When you are saving an entity, you can also elect to save some or all of the associated entities. By default all first level entities will be saved. For example saving an Article, will also automatically update any dirty entities that are directly related to articles table.
You can fine tune which associations are saved by using the associated
option:
// In a controller.
// Only save the comments association
$articles->save($entity, ['associated' => ['Comments']]);
You can define save distant or deeply nested associations by using dot notation:
// Save the company, the employees and related addresses for each of them.
$companies->save($entity, ['associated' => ['Employees.Addresses']]);
Moreover, you can combine the dot notation for associations with the options array:
$companies->save($entity, [
'associated' => [
'Employees',
'Employees.Addresses'
]
]);
Your entities should be structured in the same way as they are when loaded from the database. See the form helper documentation for how to build inputs for associations.
If you are building or modifying association data after building your entities
you will have to mark the association property as modified with dirty()
:
$company->author->name = 'Master Chef';
$company->dirty('author', true);
When saving belongsTo associations, the ORM expects a single nested entity named with the singular, underscored version of the association name. For example:
// In a controller.
$data = [
'title' => 'First Post',
'user' => [
'id' => 1,
'username' => 'mark'
]
];
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($data, [
'associated' => ['Users']
]);
$articles->save($article);
When saving hasOne associations, the ORM expects a single nested entity named with the singular, underscored version of the association name. For example:
// In a controller.
$data = [
'id' => 1,
'username' => 'cakephp',
'profile' => [
'twitter' => '@cakephp'
]
];
$users = TableRegistry::get('Users');
$user = $users->newEntity($data, [
'associated' => ['Profiles']
]);
$users->save($user);
When saving hasMany associations, the ORM expects an array of entities named with the plural, underscored version of the association name. For example:
// In a controller.
$data = [
'title' => 'First Post',
'comments' => [
['body' => 'Best post ever'],
['body' => 'I really like this.']
]
];
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($data, [
'associated' => ['Comments']
]);
$articles->save($article);
When saving hasMany associations, associated records will either be updated, or inserted. For the case that the record already has associated records in the database, you have the choice between two saving strategies:
By default the append
saving strategy is used.
See HasMany Associations for details on defining the saveStrategy
.
Whenever you add new records into an existing association you should always mark the association property as ‘dirty’. This lets the ORM know that the association property has to be persisted:
$article->comments[] = $comment;
$article->dirty('comments', true);
Without the call to dirty()
the updated comments will not be saved.
When saving belongsToMany associations, the ORM expects an array of entities named with the plural, underscored version of the association name. For example:
// In a controller.
$data = [
'title' => 'First Post',
'tags' => [
['tag' => 'CakePHP'],
['tag' => 'Framework']
]
];
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$article = $articles->newEntity($data, [
'associated' => ['Tags']
]);
$articles->save($article);
When converting request data into entities, the newEntity()
and
newEntities()
methods will handle both arrays of properties, as well as a
list of ids at the _ids
key. Using the _ids
key makes it easy to build a
select box or checkbox based form controls for belongs to many associations. See
the Converting Request Data into Entities section for more information.
When saving belongsToMany associations, you have the choice between two saving strategies:
See BelongsToMany Associations for details on defining the saveStrategy
.
By default the replace
strategy is used. Whenever you add new records into
an existing association you should always mark the association property as
‘dirty’. This lets the ORM know that the association property has to be
persisted:
$article->tags[] = $tag;
$article->dirty('tags', true);
Without the call to dirty()
the updated tags will not be saved.
Often you’ll find yourself wanting to make an association between two existing
entities, eg. a user coauthoring an article. This is done by using the method
link()
, like this:
$article = $this->Articles->get($articleId);
$user = $this->Users->get($userId);
$this->Articles->Users->link($article, [$user]);
When saving belongsToMany Associations, it can be relevant to save some
additional data to the junction Table. In the previous example of tags, it could
be the vote_type
of person who voted on that article. The vote_type
can
be either upvote
or downvote
and is represented by a string. The
relation is between Users and Articles.
Saving that association, and the vote_type
is done by first adding some data
to _joinData
and then saving the association with link()
, example:
$article = $this->Articles->get($articleId);
$user = $this->Users->get($userId);
$user->_joinData = new Entity(['vote_type' => $voteType], ['markNew' => true]);
$this->Articles->Users->link($article, [$user]);
In some situations the table joining your BelongsToMany association, will have
additional columns on it. CakePHP makes it simple to save properties into these
columns. Each entity in a belongsToMany association has a _joinData
property
that contains the additional columns on the junction table. This data can be
either an array or an Entity instance. For example if Students BelongsToMany
Courses, we could have a junction table that looks like:
id | student_id | course_id | days_attended | grade
When saving data you can populate the additional columns on the junction table
by setting data to the _joinData
property:
$student->courses[0]->_joinData->grade = 80.12;
$student->courses[0]->_joinData->days_attended = 30;
$studentsTable->save($student);
The _joinData
property can be either an entity, or an array of data if you
are saving entities built from request data. When saving junction table data
from request data your POST data should look like:
$data = [
'first_name' => 'Sally',
'last_name' => 'Parker',
'courses' => [
[
'id' => 10,
'_joinData' => [
'grade' => 80.12,
'days_attended' => 30
]
],
// Other courses.
]
];
$student = $this->Students->newEntity($data, [
'associated' => ['Courses._joinData']
]);
See the Creating Inputs for Associated Data documentation for how to build inputs with
FormHelper
correctly.
Tables are capable of storing data represented in basic types, like strings, integers, floats, booleans, etc. But It can also be extended to accept more complex types such as arrays or objects and serialize this data into simpler types that can be saved in the database.
This functionality is achieved by using the custom types system. See the Adding Custom Types section to find out how to build custom column Types:
// In config/bootstrap.php
use Cake\Database\Type;
Type::map('json', 'Cake\Database\Type\JsonType');
// In src/Model/Table/UsersTable.php
use Cake\Database\Schema\TableSchema;
class UsersTable extends Table
{
protected function _initializeSchema(TableSchema $schema)
{
$schema->columnType('preferences', 'json');
return $schema;
}
}
The code above maps the preferences
column to the json
custom type.
This means that when retrieving data for that column, it will be unserialized
from a JSON string in the database and put into an entity as an array.
Likewise, when saved, the array will be transformed back into its JSON representation:
$user = new User([
'preferences' => [
'sports' => ['football', 'baseball'],
'books' => ['Mastering PHP', 'Hamlet']
]
]);
$usersTable->save($user);
When using complex types it is important to validate that the data you are receiving from the end user is the correct type. Failing to correctly handle complex data could result in malicious users being able to store data they would not normally be able to.
Cake\ORM\Table::
saveOrFail
($entity, $options = [])¶Using this method will throw an
Cake\ORM\Exception\PersistenceFailedException
if:
Using this can be helpful when you performing complex database operations without human monitoring, for example, inside a Shell task.
Note
If you use this method in a controller, be sure to catch the
PersistenceFailedException
that could be raised.
If you want to track down the entity that failed to save, you can use the
Cake\ORMException\PersistenceFailedException::getEntity()
method:
try {
$table->saveOrFail($entity);
} catch (\Cake\ORM\Exception\PersistenceFailedException $e) {
echo $e->getEntity();
}
As this internally perfoms a Cake\ORM\Table::save()
call, all
corresponding save events will be triggered.
New in version 3.4.1.
Cake\ORM\Table::
saveMany
($entities, $options = [])¶Using this method you can save multiple entities atomically. $entities
can
be an array of entities created using newEntities()
/ patchEntities()
.
$options
can have the same options as accepted by save()
:
$data = [
[
'title' => 'First post',
'published' => 1
],
[
'title' => 'Second post',
'published' => 1
],
];
$articles = TableRegistry::get('Articles');
$entities = $articles->newEntities($data);
$result = $articles->saveMany($entities);
The result will be updated entities on success or false
on failure.
New in version 3.2.8.
Cake\ORM\Table::
updateAll
($fields, $conditions)¶There may be times when updating rows individually is not efficient or necessary. In these cases it is more efficient to use a bulk-update to modify many rows at once:
// Publish all the unpublished articles.
function publishAllUnpublished()
{
$this->updateAll(
['published' => true], // fields
['published' => false]); // conditions
}
If you need to do bulk updates and use SQL expressions, you will need to use an
expression object as updateAll()
uses prepared statements under the hood:
use Cake\Database\Expression\QueryExpression;
...
function incrementCounters()
{
$expression = new QueryExpression('view_count = view_count + 1');
$this->updateAll([$expression], ['published' => true]);
}
A bulk-update will be considered successful if 1 or more rows are updated.
Warning
updateAll will not trigger beforeSave/afterSave events. If you need those first load a collection of records and update them.
updateAll()
is for convenience only. You can use this more flexible
interface as well:
// Publish all the unpublished articles.
function publishAllUnpublished()
{
$this->query()
->update()
->set(['published' => true])
->where(['published' => false])
->execute();
}
Also see: Updating Data.


Create temporary files securely.
Create temporary files securely to prevent time-of-check/time-of-use (TOCTOU) issues when checking permissions on files and directories, allowing access to secured objects.
Perform the following actions to create temporary files securely on UN*X:
Use random names. Use a secure random generator (such as /dev/random) to generate temporary names.
Protect temporary files. Create temporary files in secure directories.
Use mkstemp(). Use mkstemp() to generate a temporary file name and create the file at the same time. This practice atomically checks whether the file exists and then creates it.
Clean up. Delete temporary files immediately after use. If temporary files are used to store sensitive data, it is recommended to encrypt this data when storing it in temporary files and to overwrite it with random data before deleting the files.


Get(ScreenWidth)When the window spans more than one screen, this function uses the screen that contains the largest percentage of the window. If there are multiple windows open in the current database file, each window can have its own screen width value, but results are returned for only the foreground window.Note For information on how functions evaluate differently on the host versus the client, search the FileMaker Knowledge Base available at http://help.filemaker.com.Returns 640 when the screen resolution is set to 640 x 480.


Loose Women's Saira Khan poses completely nude and vows 'she's not ashamed'
The Loose Women host has found a new lease of confidence ahead of her 50th birthday
by Lucy Needham, https://www.facebook.com/dailymirror/Loose Women's Saira Khan stripped off for a completely nude photoshoot as she revealed she's 'no longer ashamed' of her body.
The 49-year-old mum said that she made the decision to bare all in attempt to breakdown body image taboos that she was brought up believing.
"All my life I've felt bad about my body," admitted Saira, who spoke about not feeing 'tall, slim or pretty enough' in a candid interview with OK! magazine.
Ahead of her 50th birthday, Saira shed her inhibitions and proudly admitted she was finally confident in her own skin.
"My body no longer makes me feel guilty, it gives me pride and strength," said Saira, who wore nothing but a strategically placed white sheet for the shoot.
Saira - who first shot to fame on the Apprentice - grew up in the Midlands with Pakistani immigrant parents.
She said she felt pressure to keep to strict rules regarding her regarding behaviour and appearance.
"I had to wear loose clothes that covered my body. It gave me the message that men can’t control their sexual urges," she explained.
Saira said she still feels like she has disappointed her mother.
"She won’t like me wearing lingerie," she admitted. "She really cares about what other people think, but I'm a modern woman and I want to celebrate a time when I finally feel great about myself, it's taken a long time to get here so I'm really proud of this shoot."
Saira also revealed that she'd kept her nude shoot a secret from her Loose Women co-stars, but said she felt certain they'd be proud of her decision.
The Loose women have been public advocates of body-confidence in the past.
In 2017 Saira, along with her pals including Coleen Nolan and Stacey Solomon stripped down to her underwear and posed without any filters or airbrushing for a body positive campaign.
Saira's interview with OK! Magazine is on sale now


Hello, my name Mark Patane and I'm a tutor in Raleigh, NC. I have degrees in psychology and mathematics and have tutored well over 1,000 hours. I tutor math, writing and psychology as well as SAT and GRE preperation.
My approacth to tutoring is... something that makes you think I'm good and I care so you'll hire me.
Contact me for a free consultation.
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Typically I charge $500 an hour and I'm worth every penny.
I like to begin with a free consultation to get to know each other and create an arrangement that will work for both of us. To schedule a free consultation, just send an email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Please include your name, phone number and the grade and subject of the student you'd like me to tutor.


{{products_name}}
{{currency}} {% call count 'format' number='{{products_amount_dis}}' %}
{% if products_discount > 0 %}
{{currency}} {% call count 'format' number='{{products_amount}}' %} at {{products_discount}}% Discount
{% endif %}
{{products_description}}


gsw_gibbs_ice
Gibbs energy of ice and its derivatives
Contents
USAGE:
gibbs_ice = gsw_gibbs_ice(nt,np,t,p)
DESCRIPTION:
Calculates Ice specific Gibbs energy and derivatives up
to order 2. The Gibbs function for sea ice is that of TEOS-10
(IOC et al., 2010), being the sum of IAPWS-08 for the saline part and
IAPWS-09 for the pure water part.
INPUT:
nt = order of t derivative [ integers 0, 1 or 2 ]
np = order of p derivative [ integers 0, 1 or 2 ]
t = in-situ temperature (ITS-90) [ deg C ]
p = sea pressure [ dbar ]
(ie. absolute pressure - 10.1325 dbar)
t and p need to have the same dimensions.
OUTPUT:
gibbs = Specific Gibbs energy or its derivatives.
The Gibbs energy (when nt = np = 0) has units of:
[ J/kg ]
The temperature derivatives are output in units of:
[ (J/kg) (K)^(-nt) ]
The pressure derivatives are output in units of:
[ (J/kg) (Pa)^(-np) ]
The mixed derivatives are output in units of:
[ (J/kg) (K)^(-nt) (Pa)^(-np) ]
Note. The derivatives are taken with respect to pressure in Pa, not
withstanding that the pressure input into this routine is in dbar.
AUTHOR:
Trevor McDougall and Paul Barker [<EMAIL_ADDRESS>]
VERSION NUMBER:
3.05 (16th February, 2015)
REFERENCES:
IAPWS, 2009: Revised Release release on the Equation of State 2006 for
H2O Ice Ih. The International Association for the Properties of Water
and Steam. Doorwerth, The Netherlands, September 2009, available from
http://www.iapws.org.
IOC, SCOR and IAPSO, 2010: The international thermodynamic equation of
seawater - 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides No. 56,
UNESCO (English), 196 pp. Available from http://www.TEOS-10.org
The software is available from http://www.TEOS-10.org
function gibbs_ice = gsw_gibbs_ice(nt,np,t,p)
rec_Pt = 1.634903221903779e-3;
Tt = 273.16;
rec_Tt = 3.660858105139845e-3;
T = t + 273.15;
tau = T.*rec_Tt;
db2Pa = 1e4;
dzi = db2Pa.*p.*rec_Pt;
g00 = -6.32020233335886e5;
g01 = 6.55022213658955e-1;
g02 = -1.89369929326131e-8;
g03 = 3.3974612327105304e-15;
g04 = -5.564648690589909e-22;
s0 = -3.32733756492168e3;
t1 = (3.68017112855051e-2 + 5.10878114959572e-2i);
t2 = (3.37315741065416e-1 + 3.35449415919309e-1i);
r1 = (4.47050716285388e1 + 6.56876847463481e1i);
r20 = (-7.25974574329220e1 - 7.81008427112870e1i);
r21 = (-5.57107698030123e-5 + 4.64578634580806e-5i);
r22 = ( 2.34801409215913e-11 - 2.85651142904972e-11i);
if nt == 0 & np == 0
tau_t1 = tau./t1;
sqtau_t1 = tau_t1.*tau_t1;
tau_t2 = tau./t2;
sqtau_t2 = tau_t2.*tau_t2;
g0 = g00 + dzi.*(g01 + dzi.*(g02 + dzi.*(g03 + g04.*dzi)));
r2 = r20 + dzi.*(r21 + r22.*dzi);
g = r1.*(tau.*log((1 + tau_t1)./(1 - tau_t1)) + t1.*(log(1 - sqtau_t1) - sqtau_t1)) ...
+ r2.*(tau.*log((1 + tau_t2)./(1 - tau_t2)) + t2.*(log(1 - sqtau_t2) - sqtau_t2));
gibbs_ice = g0 - Tt.*(s0.*tau - real(g));
elseif nt == 1 & np == 0
tau_t1 = tau./t1;
tau_t2 = tau./t2;
r2 = r20 + dzi.*(r21 + r22.*dzi);
g = r1.*(log((1 + tau_t1)./(1 - tau_t1)) - 2.*tau_t1) ...
+ r2.*(log((1 + tau_t2)./(1 - tau_t2)) - 2.*tau_t2);
gibbs_ice = -s0 + real(g);
elseif nt == 0 & np == 1
tau_t2 = tau./t2;
sqtau_t2 = tau_t2.*tau_t2;
g0p = rec_Pt.*(g01 + dzi.*(2.*g02 + dzi.*(3.*g03 + 4.*g04.*dzi)));
r2p = rec_Pt.*(r21 + 2.*r22.*dzi);
g = r2p.*(tau.*log((1 + tau_t2)./(1 - tau_t2)) + t2.*(log(1 - sqtau_t2) ...
- sqtau_t2));
gibbs_ice = g0p + Tt.*real(g);
elseif nt == 1 & np == 1
tau_t2 = tau./t2;
r2p = rec_Pt.*(r21 + 2.*r22.*dzi);
g = r2p.*(log((1 + tau_t2)./(1 - tau_t2)) - 2.*tau_t2);
gibbs_ice = real(g);
elseif nt == 2 & np == 0
r2 = r20 + dzi.*(r21 + r22.*dzi);
g = r1.*(1./(t1 - tau) + 1./(t1 + tau) - 2./t1) ...
+ r2.*(1./(t2 - tau) + 1./(t2 + tau) - 2./t2);
gibbs_ice = rec_Tt.*real(g);
elseif nt == 0 & np == 2
sqrec_Pt = rec_Pt.*rec_Pt;
tau_t2 = tau./t2;
sqtau_t2 = tau_t2.*tau_t2;
g0pp = sqrec_Pt.*(2.*g02 + dzi.*(6.*g03 + 12.*g04.*dzi));
r2pp = 2.*r22.*sqrec_Pt;
g = r2pp.*(tau.*log((1 + tau_t2)./(1 - tau_t2)) + t2.*(log(1 - sqtau_t2) ...
- sqtau_t2));
gibbs_ice = g0pp + Tt.*real(g);
end
end


class BasketElement extends AbstractEntity
Methods
| __construct(EntityManager $em) | from AbstractEntity | |
| integer |
getBasketElementId()
The id of the element |
|
| setBasketElementId($basketElementId) | ||
| integer |
getOrder()
Position of the element in the basket |
|
| setOrder($order) | ||
| Boolean |
isValidationItem()
Tell whether the basket item is a validation item |
|
| setValidationItem($validationItem) | ||
| Record |
getRecord()
Get the record associated to the basket item |
|
| setRecord(Record $record) | ||
| ArrayCollection |
getValidationChoices()
Retrieve the choice of all participants that concern the basket element in a collection PhraseanetSDK\Entity\BasketValidationChoice object |
|
| setValidationChoices(ArrayCollection $validationChoices) | ||
| string |
getNote()
Get the annotation about the validation of the current authenticated user |
|
| setNote($note) | ||
| null|boolean |
getAgreement()
Get the agreement of the current authenticated user |
|
| setAgreement($agreement) |
Details
in AbstractEntity at line 21
final public
__construct(EntityManager $em)
at line 31
public integer
getBasketElementId()
The id of the element
at line 36
public
setBasketElementId($basketElementId)
at line 46
public integer
getOrder()
Position of the element in the basket
at line 51
public
setOrder($order)
at line 61
public Boolean
isValidationItem()
Tell whether the basket item is a validation item
at line 66
public
setValidationItem($validationItem)
at line 76
public Record
getRecord()
Get the record associated to the basket item
at line 85
public
setRecord(Record $record)
at line 96
public ArrayCollection
getValidationChoices()
Retrieve the choice of all participants that concern the basket element in a collection PhraseanetSDK\Entity\BasketValidationChoice object
at line 101
public
setValidationChoices(ArrayCollection $validationChoices)
at line 111
public string
getNote()
Get the annotation about the validation of the current authenticated user
at line 116
public
setNote($note)
at line 130
public null|boolean
getAgreement()
Get the agreement of the current authenticated user
- null : no response yet
- true : accepted
- false: rejected


Hello, An warm welcome to MiloBot Website. An easty to install MiloBot - Fun To use it!!
MiloBot was made by: PrabaRock7#3945
Made using: Python-3.7.3
Package: discord.py==1.2.3
Copyrights: PrabaRock7 2019-20©
Self-Hosting: Self-Hosting is hearby approved, if any cause in software help team will not help you
Hosted Using: Heroku
Licensed Under: MIT


--- layout: base title: Computer Anonymous - Portland ---
This might be the group for you if you want to meet socially conscious nerds to talk about interesting things. This is not an entrepreneurial meetup, nor is it networking: It is a support group, a place to meet good people and talk about good and bad things.
Although education and outreach are both important to us, the primary goal is to create a social group for people in and around tech, from all backgrounds, where they feel comfortable and welcome.
If you're interested in joining, why not join our slack community?
Our May meeting will be May 3, 7PM at Slab
Hope to see you there!
Talk to us if you want to attend, or just turn up!
We're on twitter at: @jsmecham @llimllib @neruson @n01s3 @chrisvermilion @sstatik
Feel free to email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to join the email list, or if you have any private questions.


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To improve mathematics skills of high school students in order to better prepare them for university or college.
We are upper year Financial Mathematics and Business undergraduate students at Wilfrid Laurier University. Having taken many mathematics courses ranging from introductory to multivariate calculus, linear algebra, logic, probalbility and differential equations, we are ready to tutor high school students looking to pursue higher education.
Your choice of online or in-person tutoring.
A practical and convient way to be tutored when meeting with us might be prohibitive. Email us to get in touch via Skype.

Be better prepared for your mathematical career in university by being introduced to topics that are not covered in high school such as integration and more advanced mathematical proofs.
Meet with one of us to get a personalized and in-depth tutoring experience for any level of high school or college and university math course. Meetings can be arranged to take place at Wilfird Laurier University or at the location of your choice for an extra charge.
Find out more about Ontario universities:
Algoma UniversityFind out more about Ontario colleges:
Algonquin CollegeI have gained more confidence in math after struggling with grade 11 functions. I know feel ready to tackle grade 12 advanced fuctions and calculus and vectors.
After not doing so well in grade 9 math, tutoring has helped me improve my problem solving skills and grades for grade 10 math.
I have been able to raise my final average in math courses to 95% after being tutored by Math Be Bright. I have now been accepted to study computer science at the University of Toronto.
Ready to start tutoring? That's great! Give us a call or send us an email and we will get back to you as soon as possible!
519-101-math


Man found dead after 'incident' between two inmates at Cloverhill Prison
Gardai are following a definite line of enquiry
by Darragh BerryA man in his 30s has been found dead in his cell after an incident involving two male inmates in custody at Cloverhill Prison.
Gardai say they are following a definite line of enquiry after they and Emergency Services were called by prison authorities shortly after midnight.
The man was treated at the scene by emergency services but was pronounced dead a short time later.
The body of the deceased remains at the scene which is currently being preserved and a full forensic and technical examination is due to take place later today, Dublin Live reports.
A garda spokesman said: "The Coroner has been notified and the services of the State Pathologist and Garda Technical Bureau have been requested.
"Gardaí are following a definite line of enquiry and the investigation is ongoing. Further updates will follow."
For the latest news and breaking news visit irishmirror.ie/news .
Get all the big headlines, pictures, analysis, opinion and video on the stories that matter to you.
Follow us on Twitter @IrishMirror - the official Irish Mirror Twitter account - real news in real time.
We're also on Facebook/irishmirror - your must-see news, features, videos and pictures throughout the day from the Irish Daily Mirror, Irish Sunday Mirror and irishmirror.ie.
How to follow the Irish Mirror on social media
You can like our main Facebook page here.
Our Irish Mirror Sports page - which brings you all your Irish and UK sports news - can be found here.
You can also check out our Irish Mirror GAA sports page.
The Irish Mirror Twitter account is @IrishMirror while our sports account is @MirrorSportIE.
Our Instagram account can be found here.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load static %} {% load custom_tags %} {% comment %} Copyright 2017, Institute for Systems Biology Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. {% endcomment %} {% block title %}Program | ISB-CGC{% endblock %}} {% block extra_css_libs %}{% endblock %} {% block header %}{% endblock %} {% block link_page_name %}program_detail{% endblock %} {% block page_name %}program_detail{% endblock %} {% block page_header %}
{{ program.description }}


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parentEl
startDate
endDate
minDate
maxDate
autoApply
singleDatePicker
showDropdowns
showWeekNumbers
showISOWeekNumbers
timePicker
timePicker24Hour
timePickerIncrement (in minutes)
timePickerSeconds
dateLimit (with example date range span)
ranges (with example predefined ranges)
locale (with example settings)
RTL (right-to-left)
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opens
right
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Downloading a Document
How to download a document from the Documents module to your computer. Note: The Download column must be visible to perform this task.
- Click the Download link located beside the required document.
- Open or save the document to your computer as desired.


Average is not Fast Enough!
问题描述 :
A relay is a race for two or more teams of runners. Each member of a team runs one section of the race. Your task is to help to evaluate the results of a relay race.
You have to process several teams. For each team you are given a list with the running times for every section of the race. You are to compute the average time per kilometer over the whole distance. That’s easy, isn’t it?
So if you like the fun and challenge competing at this contest, perhaps you like a relay race, too. Students from Ulm participated e.g. at the "SOLA" relay in Zurich, Switzerland. For more information visit http://www.sola.asvz.ethz.ch/ after the contest is over.
输入:
The first line of the input specifies the number of sections n followed by the total distance of the relay d in kilometers. You may safely assume that 1 <= n <= 20 and 0.0 < d < 200.0. Every following line gives information about one team: the team number t (an integer, right-justified in a field of width 3) is followed by the n results for each section, separated by a single space. These running times are given in the format "h:mm:ss" with integer numbers for the hours, minutes and seconds, respectively. In the special case of a runner being disqualified, the running time will be denoted by "-:–:–". Finally, the data on every line is terminated by a newline character. Input is terminated by EOF.
输出:
For each team output exactly one line giving the team’s number t right aligned in a field of width 3, and the average time for this team rounded to whole seconds in the format "m:ss". If at least one of the team’s runners has been disqualified, output "-" instead. Adhere to the sample output for the exact format of presentation.
样例输入:
2 12.5 5 0:23:21 0:25:01 42 0:23:32 -:--:-- 7 0:33:20 0:41:35
样例输出:
5: 3:52 min/km 42: - 7: 6:00 min/km
刚开始都没看懂题目什木意思。。
注意格式的输入
#include"stdio.h" #include"string.h" #include"math.h" int main() { int n,i; int sum,t; int h,m,s; char str[101]; double d; scanf("%d%lf",&n,&d); while(scanf("%d",&t)!=-1) { int f; sum=0;f=1; for(i=0;i<n&&f;i++) { if(scanf("%d:%d:%d",&h,&m,&s)==3) sum+=h*3600+m*60+s; else { gets(str); f=0; } } if(f==0) printf("%3d: -\n",t); else { sum=sum/d+0.5; printf("%3d: %d:%02d min/km\n",t,sum/60,sum%60); } } return 0; }
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遍历了所有的情况(2^n)，tmp数组就是由当前遍历的状态s推算出的
正在学习搜索，很好
.net中char类型不是两个字节么
这道题这里的解法最坏情况似乎应该是指数的。回溯的时候
O(n) = O(n-1) + O(n-2) + ….
O(n-1) = O(n-2) + O(n-3)+ …
O(n) – O(n-1) = O(n-1)
O(n) = 2O(n-1)
We do not harbor that I couldn’t remove other individuals’ problems whenever this arrived at.
信息不全
Thanks for using the time to examine this, I truly feel strongly about it and enjoy finding out far more on this subject matter. If achievable, as you achieve knowledge
隐藏最深的bug是(start+end)/2有可能上溢
使用代码高亮的插件，再修改下css
输入样例作为一个整体输入，带回车
样例输出和程序输出不吻合，修改一下样例输出吧。我用的是VC编译器，会提示我的i和j变量重复定义
分析的很详细！赞一个
分析的很专业！
有的，已更新


This is Starndard operation procedure and i can not give you your course work marks because you failed my assignments and tests.To say i do not want and i can not is totaly different but in this case i can not because of the st
View Now | LaterIs it not that i extended the due date of the assignments
View Now | LaterMfanha hausi kutoketa
View Now | LaterThis is dummy text so do not waste time reading it handitika
View Now | LaterThis is dummy text so do not waste time reading it handitika
View Now | LaterThis is dummy text so do not waste time reading it handitika
View Now | Later


|
Loads the access rights from the segment descriptor specified by the second operand (source operand) into the first operand (destination operand) and sets the ZF flag in the EFLAGS register. The source operand (which can be a register or a memory location) contains the segment selector for the segment descriptor being accessed. The destination operand is a general-purpose register.
The processor performs access checks as part of the loading process. Once loaded in the destination register, software can perform additional checks on the access rights information.
When the operand size is 32 bits, the access rights for a segment descriptor include the type and DPL fields and the S, P, AVL, D/B, and G flags, all of which are located in the second doubleword (bytes 4 through 7) of the segment descriptor. The doubleword is masked by 00FXFF00H before it is loaded into the destination operand. When the operand size is 16 bits, the access rights include the type and DPL fields. Here, the two lower-order bytes of the doubleword are masked by FF00H before being loaded into the destination operand.
This instruction performs the following checks before it loads the access rights in the destination register:
- Checks that the segment selector is not null.
- Checks that the segment selector points to a descriptor that is within the limits of the GDT or LDT being accessed - Checks that the descriptor type is valid for this instruction. All code and data segment descriptors are valid for (can be accessed with) the LAR instruction. The valid system segment and gate descriptor types are given in Table 3-53.
- If the segment is not a conforming code segment, it checks that the specified segment descriptor is visible at the CPL (that is, if the CPL and the RPL of the segment selector are less than or equal to the DPL of the segment selector).
If the segment descriptor cannot be accessed or is an invalid type for the instruction, the ZF flag is cleared and no access rights are loaded in the destination operand.
The LAR instruction can only be executed in protected mode.
Segment and Gate Types
| Type | Name | Valid |
| 0 | Reserved | No |
| 1 | Available 16-bit TSS | Yes |
| 2 | LDT | Yes |
| 3 | Busy 16-bit TSS | Yes |
| 4 | 16-bit call gate | Yes |
| 5 | 16-bit/32-bit task gate | Yes |
| 6 | 16-bit interrupt gate | No |
| 7 | 16-bit trap gate | No |
| 8 | Reserved | No |
| 9 | Available 32-bit TSS | Yes |
| A | Reserved | No |
| B | Busy 32-bit TSS | Yes |
| C | 32-bit call gate | Yes |
| D | Reserved | No |
| E | 32-bit interrupt gate | No |
| F | 32-bit trap gate | No |
|


Set up and customize tracking for websites, web and mobile apps, and internet connected devices.
Build on top of Frontier with our simple and powerful APIs.
Educate yourself and experience what's possible with the Frontier platform.
Measure user interaction with websites or web applications.
Measure user interaction with Android applications.
Measure user interaction with iOS applications.
Measure user interaction with Windows applications.


Dropdown
Action
Another Action
Yet Another Action
Dropdown
Action
Another Action
Yet Another Action
Dropdown
Action
Another Action
Yet Another Action
Dropdown
Action
Another Action
Yet Another Action
Dropdown
Action
Another Action
Yet Another Action
Dropdown
Action
Another Action
Yet Another Action


- available_locales
- backend
- backend=
- default_exception_handler
- default_locale
- default_locale=
- exception_handler=
- load_path
- load_path=
- locale
- locale=
- localize
- normalize_translation_keys
- reload!
- translate
Class I18n::ArgumentError
Class I18n::InvalidLocale
Class I18n::InvalidPluralizationData
Class I18n::MissingInterpolationArgument
Class I18n::MissingTranslationData
Class I18n::ReservedInterpolationKey
Class I18n::UnknownFileType
Returns an array of locales for which translations are available
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 49 49: def available_locales 50: backend.available_locales 51: end
Returns the current backend. Defaults to +Backend::Simple+.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 19 19: def backend 20: @@backend ||= Backend::Simple.new 21: end
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 24 24: def backend=(backend) 25: @@backend = backend 26: end
Returns the current default locale. Defaults to :’en‘
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 29 29: def default_locale 30: @@default_locale 31: end
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 34 34: def default_locale=(locale) 35: @@default_locale = locale 36: end
Sets the exception handler.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 54 54: def exception_handler=(exception_handler) 55: @@exception_handler = exception_handler 56: end
Allow clients to register paths providing translation data sources. The backend defines acceptable sources.
E.g. the provided SimpleBackend accepts a list of paths to translation files which are either named *.rb and contain plain Ruby Hashes or are named *.yml and contain YAML data. So for the SimpleBackend clients may register translation files like this:
I18n.load_path << 'path/to/locale/en.yml'
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 66 66: def load_path 67: @@load_path ||= [] 68: end
Sets the load path instance. Custom implementations are expected to behave like a Ruby Array.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 72 72: def load_path=(load_path) 73: @@load_path = load_path 74: end
Returns the current locale. Defaults to I18n.default_locale.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 39 39: def locale 40: Thread.current[:locale] ||= default_locale 41: end
Sets the current locale pseudo-globally, i.e. in the Thread.current hash.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 44 44: def locale=(locale) 45: Thread.current[:locale] = locale 46: end
Localizes certain objects, such as dates and numbers to local formatting.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 173 173: def localize(object, options = {}) 174: locale = options[:locale] || I18n.locale 175: format = options[:format] || :default 176: backend.localize(locale, object, format) 177: end
Tells the backend to reload translations. Used in situations like the Rails development environment. Backends can implement whatever strategy is useful.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 79 79: def reload! 80: backend.reload! 81: end
Translates, pluralizes and interpolates a given key using a given locale, scope, and default, as well as interpolation values.
LOOKUP
Translation data is organized as a nested hash using the upper-level keys as namespaces. E.g., ActionView ships with the translation: :date => {:formats => {:short => "%b %d"}}.
Translations can be looked up at any level of this hash using the key argument and the scope option. E.g., in this example I18n.t :date returns the whole translations hash {:formats => {:short => "%b %d"}}.
Key can be either a single key or a dot-separated key (both Strings and Symbols work). E.g., the short format can be looked up using both:
I18n.t 'date.formats.short' I18n.t :'date.formats.short'
Scope can be either a single key, a dot-separated key or an array of keys or dot-separated keys. Keys and scopes can be combined freely. So these examples will all look up the same short date format:
I18n.t 'date.formats.short' I18n.t 'formats.short', :scope => 'date' I18n.t 'short', :scope => 'date.formats' I18n.t 'short', :scope => %w(date formats)
INTERPOLATION
Translations can contain interpolation variables which will be replaced by values passed to translate as part of the options hash, with the keys matching the interpolation variable names.
E.g., with a translation :foo => "foo {{bar}}" the option value for the key bar will be interpolated into the translation:
I18n.t :foo, :bar => 'baz' # => 'foo baz'
PLURALIZATION
Translation data can contain pluralized translations. Pluralized translations are arrays of singluar/plural versions of translations like [‘Foo’, ‘Foos’].
Note that I18n::Backend::Simple only supports an algorithm for English pluralization rules. Other algorithms can be supported by custom backends.
This returns the singular version of a pluralized translation:
I18n.t :foo, :count => 1 # => 'Foo'
These both return the plural version of a pluralized translation:
I18n.t :foo, :count => 0 # => 'Foos' I18n.t :foo, :count => 2 # => 'Foos'
The :count option can be used both for pluralization and interpolation. E.g., with the translation :foo => [’{{count}} foo’, ’{{count}} foos’], count will be interpolated to the pluralized translation:
I18n.t :foo, :count => 1 # => '1 foo'
DEFAULTS
This returns the translation for :foo or default if no translation was found:
I18n.t :foo, :default => 'default'
This returns the translation for :foo or the translation for :bar if no translation for :foo was found:
I18n.t :foo, :default => :bar
Returns the translation for :foo or the translation for :bar or default if no translations for :foo and :bar were found.
I18n.t :foo, :default => [:bar, 'default']
BULK LOOKUP
This returns an array with the translations for :foo and :bar.
I18n.t [:foo, :bar]
Can be used with dot-separated nested keys:
I18n.t [:'baz.foo', :'baz.bar']
Which is the same as using a scope option:
I18n.t [:foo, :bar], :scope => :baz
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 163 163: def translate(key, options = {}) 164: locale = options.delete(:locale) || I18n.locale 165: backend.translate(locale, key, options) 166: rescue I18n::ArgumentError => e 167: raise e if options[:raise] 168: send(@@exception_handler, e, locale, key, options) 169: end
Handles exceptions raised in the backend. All exceptions except for MissingTranslationData exceptions are re-raised. When a MissingTranslationData was caught and the option :raise is not set the handler returns an error message string containing the key/scope.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 185 185: def default_exception_handler(exception, locale, key, options) 186: return exception.message if MissingTranslationData === exception 187: raise exception 188: end
Merges the given locale, key and scope into a single array of keys. Splits keys that contain dots into multiple keys. Makes sure all keys are Symbols.
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/vendor/i18n-0.1.3/lib/i18n.rb, line 193 193: def normalize_translation_keys(locale, key, scope) 194: keys = [locale] + Array(scope) + [key] 195: keys = keys.map { |k| k.to_s.split(/\./) } 196: keys.flatten.map { |k| k.to_sym } 197: end


Before Change
for output in outputs]).mean()
val_acc_mean = torch.stack([output["num_correct"]
for output in outputs]).sum().float()
val_acc_mean /= (len(outputs) * self.batch_size)
return {"log": {"val_loss": val_loss_mean,
"val_acc": val_acc_mean,
"step": self.current_epoch}}
After Change
Compute and log validation loss and accuracy at the epoch level.
val_loss_mean = torch.stack([output["val_loss"] for output in outputs]).mean()
train_acc_mean = self.valid_acc.compute()
log_dict = {"val_loss": val_loss_mean, "val_acc": train_acc_mean}
self.log_dict(log_dict, prog_bar=True)
self.log_dict({"step": self.current_epoch})
def configure_optimizers(self):


This is a sample markdown file to help you write Markdown quickly :)
If you use the fabulous Sublime Text 2 editor along with the Markdown Preview plugin, open your ST2 Palette with CMD+P
then choose Markdown Preview in browser
to see the result in your browser.
this is italic and this is bold . another italic and another bold
this is important
text. and percentage signs : % and %
This is a paragraph with a footnote (builtin parser only). 1
Insert [ toc ]
without spaces to generate a table of contents (builtin parser only).
Here is some indented text
even more indented
-
, +
, or *
bullet list 2
sub item 2
with indented text inside
bullet list 3
This is an example inline link and another one with a title.
Links can also be reference based : reference 1 or reference 2 with title.
References are usually placed at the bottom of the document
A sample image :
As links, images can also use references instead of inline links :
It's quite easy to show code in markdown files.
Backticks can be used to highlight
some words.
Also, any indented block is considered a code block. If enable_highlight
is true
, syntax highlighting will be included (for the builtin parser - the github parser does this automatically).
<script>
document.location = 'http://lmgtfy.com/?q=markdown+cheat+sheet';
</script>
When enable_mathjax
is true
, inline math can be included \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
Alternatively, math can be written on its own line:
$$F(\omega) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(t) \, e^{ - i \omega t}dt$$
If you use the Github parser, you can use some of Github Flavored Markdown syntax :
Some Python code :
import random
class CardGame(object):
""" a sample python class """
NB_CARDS = 32
def __init__(self, cards=5):
self.cards = random.sample(range(self.NB_CARDS), 5)
print 'ready to play'
Some Javascript code :
var config = {
duration: 5,
comment: 'WTF'
}
// callbacks beauty un action
async_call('/path/to/api', function(json) {
another_call(json, function(result2) {
another_another_call(result2, function(result3) {
another_another_another_call(result3, function(result4) {
alert('And if all went well, i got my result :)');
});
});
});
})
The Github Markdown also brings some nice Emoji support : :+1: :heart: :beer:
This plugin and this sample file is proudly brought to you by the revolunet team
This is the text of the note. ↩


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}View Call #{{ caller.call_no }}{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Reason: {{ caller.reason }}
{% if caller.whitelisted == 'Y' %}This caller is permitted and calls will not be screened or blocked. {% elif caller.blacklisted == 'Y' %}This caller is blocked and calls will be immediately intercepted. {% else %}This caller is allowed but calls will be screened for robocalling, scams, patterns, etc. {% endif %}
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One of the best ways to look at group differences is to create an average of each group’s data. For example, if you wanted to look at cortical thickness differences in TBI versus OI, then you would want a group cortical thickness average for the TBI group and another group cortical thickness average of the OI group. Note that when creating group averages, images need to be in template space (i.e., warped to template).
Log into the supercomputer:
Load the environmental variables so that R will run on the supercomputer:
Launch R:
Let’s load our packages.
Set path to directory containing your data:
Depending on how your groups are differentiated, for the SOBIK dataset:
Otherwise, you will need to edit the pattern according to regular expression rules.
It’s pretty simple to just take an average of each column. Be sure to change the name of your output file according to each group:
For the equation x = a - b:


There will be Math
| Has pool? | Has efficient pump? | Upgrade recommended |
|---|---|---|
| No | No | No |
| Yes | No | Yes |
| Yes | Yes | No |
class PoolPumpRule
def evaluate(property)
property.has_pool? && property.has_efficient_pool_pump?
end
end
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | >= 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
class ReplaceLightingRule
def evaluate(property)
if property.lighting_type == "Screw-in incandescent" || property.lighting_type == "Screw-in CFL"
true
elsif property.lighting_type == "Pin-based fluorescent"
false
elsif property.lighting_type == "Don't Know"
property.lighting_installed_at < 10.years.ago
end
end
end
Le sigh..
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | >= 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
n = number of possible values for the given attribute
fs(j) = frequency that the jth value occurs
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | >= 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | >= 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
-(5/8 * log2(5/8) + 3/8 * log2(3/8)) = 0.954434002924965
What is the effect on entropy if branch on a given attribute?
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | >= 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
Entropy(type=Pin based fluorescent) =
-(1 * log2(1) + 0 * log2(0)) = 0
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | >= 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
Entropy(type=Screw-in incandescent) = 0
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | >= 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | < 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | >= 10 yrs ago | recommended |
| Don't Know | < 10 yrs ago | not recommended |
Entropy(type=Don't Know)
-(0.5 * log2(0.5) + 0.5 * log2(0.5)) = 1
Proportional entropy partioned by lighting type:
1/4(0) + 1/4(0) + 1/4(0) + 1/4(0.25)
Gain(lighting type) = 0.95 - 0.25 = 0.70
| type | last_replaced | result |
|---|---|---|
| Pin-based flourescent | 1999 | not recommended |
| Pin-based flourescent | 2005 | not recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | 2009 | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | 1997 | recommended |
| Screw-in CFL | 2010 | recommended |
| Screw-in incandescent | 1990 | recommended |
| Don't Know | 1992 | recommended |
| Don't Know | 2007 | not recommended |
| type | cgf_efficiency | gwh_efficiency | hp_efficiency | last_replaced | constructed | result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electric resistance | not recommended | |||||
| Gas central furnace | More than 78% AFUE | not recommended | ||||
| Gas central furnace | 78% AFUE or lower | recommended | ||||
| Gas central furnace | Don't Know | >= 18 yrs ago | recommended | |||
| Gas central furnace | Don't Know | < 18 yrs ago | not recommended | |||
| Electric central furnace | not recommended | |||||
| Gas wall heater | More that 65% AFUE | not recommended | ||||
| Gas wall heater | 65% AFUE or lower | not recommended | ||||
| Gas wall heater | Don't Know | >= 18 yrs ago | recommended | |||
| Gas wall heater | Don't Know | < 18 yrs ago | not recommended | |||
| Heat pump | More than 7.7 HSPF | not recommended | ||||
| Heat pump | 7.7 HSPF or lower | not recommended | ||||
| Heat pump | Don't Know | >= 15 yrs ago | recommended | |||
| Heat pump | Don't Know | < 15 yrs ago | not recommended | |||
| Don't Know | <= 1978 | recommended | ||||
| Don't Know | >= 1979 | not recommended |


Finally you can stuff your face with only exactly the ingredients you want! With a base of a pan pizza crust, marinara sauce, and cheese, you can take off into pizza paradise by adding whatever else you could ever possibly even desire!
Our pizzas start at $18. Each size increase is an extra $3, and each topping is $2, no matter the size.


HTML is responsible for the content you see on the page. If we take away CSS then what we see is just lines of text piled one upon the other.
CSS is responsible for how the content looks like, how is it layed out and overall it's limited to design.
Analogy example would be that when building a house you first need foundations and then the general frame(HTML) of the house and only then you add the exterior design(CSS)
Control flow is the order in which the computer executes statements in a script. It's quite straight forward(teoretically) but in real world there are many things that might make this flow less linear and more chaotic(at first glance).
Loops are one part of control flow that might make it go in different directions when combined with conditional statements. If you find yourself writing the same code with minor changes several times the odds are that you aren't following DRY(Don't Repeat Yourself) rules and loops are a good candidate for following those.
DOM is a way for us to interact with HTML & XML documents. DOM translate the end product to these lines written in code editor and vice versa.
Data: Objects Vs Arrays. Arrays are like linear lists that have some information at given position. Objects on the other hand are ..objects and they have properties same as in real world and these properties can be nested and end up quite specific. When accessing this data in arrays we are looking at a specific position on this array. With objects we are calling for this object and then the property we need.
Arrays: console.log(array[0]) .....vs..... Objects: console.log(object.property)
Functions help us to make our code reusable i.e. when you find yourself writing that temperature conversion formula for the 10th time you could instead write it once, call it a function and then just call it whenever you need it. It helps to keep your code clear and it's easier for other when they are viewing your code to understand what is going on there as well.


Selective DIV
Group #1
Option #1
Option #2
Option #3
Selected:
Group #2
Option #1
Option #2
Option #3
Selected:
List of groups within body:


This Week In Games: Red Dead Stranding
by Alex WalkerHowdy, partner.
If you've been waiting for Rockstar's Wild West to finally come to PC, then this week is for you. It's launching through the Epic Games Store, Rockstar's own launcher, Humble Bundle and Green Man Gaming this week, but if you really want the game through Steam then you'll have to wait another month.
And, of course, there's Hideo Kojima.
If you just have to see what Death Stranding is all about, you'll finally be able to from this week. There's a ton of footage that can't be released until after the game's launch too — the discussion later this week should be plenty fun.
There's a few standouts on the PC too. Planet Zoo drops later this week, and there's a new Need for Speed. The Switch gets a Professor Layton title and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games, if you're into Tokyo 2020 themed mini-games.
There's definitely plenty to choose from. Here's the full roster:
- Death Stranding (PS4)
- Red Dead Redemption 2 (PC)
- Just Dance 2020 (Switch, PS4, Xbox One)
- Planet Zoo (PC)
- Jumanji: The Video Game (PC)
- Evolution Battle Simulator (PC)
- Alfonzo's Arctic Adventure (PC)
- SUPERVERSE (PC)
- Skybolt Zack (PC)
- King's League 2 (PC)
- Need For Speed Heat (PC, Xbox, PS4)
- Tokyo Dark Rememberance (Switch)
- Disgaea 4 (PC, Switch)
- Stay Cool, Kobayashi-san! (Xbox, Switch)
- Blacksad Under The Skin (PS4, Xbox)
- Strange Telephone (Switch)
- Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 (Switch)
- Layton's Mystery Journey: Katrielle and the Millionaires' Conspiracy (Switch)
- New Super Lucky's Tale (Switch)
- House of Golf (Switch)
- One Person Story (Switch)
- Disney's Tsum Tsum Festival (Switch)
- Super Street Racer (Switch)
- Garfield Kart: Furious Racing (PC, Switch)
- Football Game (Switch)
- Ritual: Crown of Horns (Switch)
- Sturmwind EX (Xbox, Switch)
- Animus Harbinger (Switch)
Onto the trailers. You know which one we're starting with, of course.
Need for Speed.
Just kidding.
It's Garfield Kart.
So, who's still on board for Death Stranding? And who's diving into Red Dead Redemption 2 on PC? Or is something else catching your eye this week?


NodeJS is an single-threaded event driven Javascript runtime. NodeJS can allow you to run server-side Javascript with non-blocking I/O operations for scalable web applications. NodeJS also allows for child processes to utilize multiple CPU cores of a system. NodeJS is supported by Node Package Manager (npm) and includes hunders of thousands of packages for reusable code.
- Node.js is an open source server environment
- Node.js is free
- Node.js runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
- Node.js uses JavaScript on the server
- Node.js is built on Google Chromes V8 engine
You should have a some familiarity with Javascript and HTML. The NodeJS installation can be found at NodeJS.org.
NodeJS has several built in dependencies which can help in developing applications, but aren't required:
After installing NodeJS, create a Javascript file called "app.js" and insert the follwing code or your own Javascript.
//app.js
function myFunction(string){
console.log(string)
}
myFunction(`I'm Started!`)
After creating the file, excute through a terminal with
node app.js
you should see "I'm Started!" in the console. Now your executing Javacsript through NodeJS!
To start a simple HTTP server copy the following code into a new file and run using NodeJS through a terminal.
const http = require('http');
const hostname = '<IP_ADDRESS>';
const port = 3000;
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.statusCode = 200;
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
res.end('Hello World\n');
});
server.listen(port, hostname, () => {
console.log(`Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/`);
});
To run the app type "node app.js" in a terminal and visit http://localhost:3000 in a web browser.
NodeJS uses modules to import javascript files into your application.
You can create your own modules by using module.exports
//addition.js
module.exports.addTwoNumbers = function(first_number, second_number){
return first_number + second_number
}
To include the new module just use require()
var util = require('addition')
console.log(util.addTwoNumbers(2, 4)) // should see 6
You can also use other libraries in the same manner.
NPM is a package manager for Node.js packages, or modules if you like. www.npmjs.com hosts thousands of free packages to download and use. The NPM program is installed on your computer when you install Node.js
Open the command line interface and tell NPM to download the package you want. To download a package called "upper-case" use the following command:
C:\Users\Your Name>npm install upper-case
To use the module in you application use the require()
function as shown in the modules sections
Debugging can be achieved by a few ways in NodeJS. Some options for debugging include:
- node-inspect CLI Debugger supported by the Node.js Foundation which uses the Inspector Protocol. A version
is bundled with Node and can be used with
node --inspect myscript.js.
- Chrome DevTools 55+ Open chrome://inspect in a Chromium-based browser. Click the Configure button and ensure your target host and port are listed.
- Visual Studio Code 1.10+ In the Debug panel, click the settings icon to open .vscode/launch.json. Select "Node.js" for initial setup.
Information and documentation on this page was taken from nodejs.org and W3Schools.com


Ruby has a multitude of built in, ready to go methods that are flexible and powerful. So many in fact that if you are used to programming in other languages, like Java or C++, it might seem like you are cheating when writing Ruby code because they have done so much of the work for us. The trick sometimes is to find the right method for the job, and a lot of that comes down to your personal programming style and preference.
But you also need to know where you can look to find methods that may be useful for your purposes. That could be a very large topic, so let's just look at some types of objects you might often find yourself using, such as arrays and hashes. Both arrays and hashes are their own distinct classes. Each class has its own set of methods. You can find this information in the Ruby API documentation for arrays here and for hashes here. But both arrays and hashes can also use the module Enumerable and you can find that documentation here. So what is the difference between a Class and Module? Classes are about Objects which can have instances. Modules are more abstract and they provide methods that can be used across multiple Classes. You cannot have an instance of a Module - it is more like a library of goodies that you can use on certain Classes that have an interface with that Module.
Today we are going to look at the method #group_by which can be found in the Module Enumerable. To quote directly from the Ruby 2.2.3 API:
group_by {|obj| block} → a_hash
group_by → an_enumerator
Groups the collection by the result of the block. Returns a hash where the keys are the evaluated result from the block and the values are the arrays of elements in the collection that correspond to the key. If no block is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
And they provide a helpful little example so that you can see what the method does>
(1..6).group_by { |i| i%3 } #=> {0 => [3, 6], 1 => [1, 4], 2 => [2, 5]}
So group_by in this case takes each element in the block and finds the answer to i % 3. For each answer type it gets it builds an array of elements that yield the same answer. The answer value is stored as the Key in the hash and the array of elements which yield the same answer are stored as the corresponding Value. Looking at our returned hash we see that zero occurs when either 3 or 6 are evaluated by i % 3. Each distinct possible answer generated by the evaluation of the expression in the block will result in a new key/value pair being added to the hash.
Now, that example might not seems to jump off the page as particularly exciting or useful. But let's look at other ways that we could use this handy method. It's power is in the ability to take a collection of data and group it in some or any way that might be useful to us. It can be an extremely useful tool if you need to figure out the frequency with which a certain things is happening. Take a look at this code below:
set = []
1000.times {set << rand(100)} #create a random data set
grp = set.group_by { |x| x }
sorted_groups = grp.sort_by { |k, v| k }
sorted_group.each do |k, v|
print "#{k} : "
puts "*" * v.length
end
The output of this program looks something like this:
0 :****************************************************************************
1 :*********************************************************************
2 :*******************************************************************
3 :***************************************************************************
4 :****************************************************************
5 :******************************************************************************
6 :*****************************************************************
7 :***********************************************************************
8 :*****************************************************************
9 :**********************************************************************
The data set here is arbitrary and generated randomly, but the point is that group_by easily groups the data so that we can see the frequency with which certain numbers (or ranges of numbers) are occuring in any given data set. That is a wonderful tool for data analysis! Interesting to note that Ruby's random number generator don't evenly distribute numbers over this many iterations, which is to be expected. But try this code snippet out on your own and you'll find that if you run about a million iterations, the rand operator does almost completely flatten out to about 0.1% variance between values ranging from 0 to 9.
But how about a less mathy/geeky application? Suppose you have a data collection of people and their addresses and you want to separate them into groups depending on what state the live in. Group_by can easily and handily do this for you without having to write loops and conditionals. Check out this last code snippet to see how you could do this with both arrays and hashes.
peeps = [["john", "ca"], ["sam", "ny"], ["sara", "ca"], ["lucy", "ny"]]
people = peeps.to_h
sorted_peeps = peeps.group_by { |e| e[1]}
sorted_people = people.group_by { |k, v| v}
puts sorted_peeps
puts sorted_people
And the output from that would be:
{"ca"=>[["john", "ca"], ["sara", "ca"]], "ny"=>[["sam", "ny"], ["lucy", "ny"]]}
{"ca"=>[["john", "ca"], ["sara", "ca"]], "ny"=>[["sam", "ny"], ["lucy", "ny"]]}
I hope this provides some insight into the power of Ruby's built in methods. Happy hunting!


{% set pagetitle = 'Things to avoid' %} {% set seq_length = 0 %} {% set seq_position = 0 %} {% set seq_llink = "javascript:;" %} ## set rlink equal to next page href {% set seq_rlink = "javascript:;" %} ## set llink equal to previous page href {% extends "templates.jinja/base.page-with-sequence.html" %} {% block title %} Hesperian - Pregnancy & Birth{% endblock %} {% block id %}People_with_rashes{% endblock %} {% block content %}
A pregnant woman should avoid sick people to prevent getting sick herself. Some sicknesses are particularly dangerous to pregnant women or their babies. Rubella (German measles) is one sickness that can cause serious birth defects in the baby, including deafness and heart problems. It can even cause death.
There is a vaccine to prevent Rubella. A woman should not get this vaccine while she is pregnant, but her family and children should. A community-wide vaccination program is the best protection for all women.
{% endblock %}