The Developer Rig can be used in two modes to test your Extension, Online Mode and Local Mode. Online Mode will let you test with production APIs and hosted assets on Twitch, but will first require completion of Extensions Developer onboarding here. The Rig also supports Local Mode to let you get started building quickly pre-onboarding, using mock versions of the APIs.
Take these steps to get Hello World running in Local Mode in the Rig.
<IP_ADDRESS> localhost.rig.twitch.tv
to /etc/hosts
.
echo '<IP_ADDRESS> localhost.rig.twitch.tv' | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts
.<IP_ADDRESS> localhost.rig.twitch.tv
to /etc/hosts
.
notepad
.%SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
. This is usually C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
.<IP_ADDRESS> localhost.rig.twitch.tv
to the bottom of the file.NOTE: in the following instructions, a terminal window refers to Git Bash, not a Windows command prompt. The default installation of Git for Windows will put an icon on your desktop to launch Git Bash. In Git Bash, use forward slashes to separate directories, as shown below.
cd path/to/developer-rig
yarn install
yarn extension-init -d ../my-extension
yarn create-manifest -t panel -o ../panel.json
yarn host -d ../my-extension/public -p 8080 -l
Hello, World!
in the browser window.cd path/to/my-extension
npm install
npm run cert
node services/backend -l ../panel.json
cd path/to/developer-rig
yarn start -l ../panel.json
live
in the browser window.+
button. The Add a new view panel will appear.Broadcaster
viewer type and click Save
. The Broadcaster view will appear.Yes, I would
. Verify the color changes and there is output to match that request in the second terminal window.+
button again. The Add a new view panel will appear.Logged-Out Viewer
viewer type and click Save
. The Logged-Out Viewer view will appear.Yes, I would
. Verify the color changes in both views and there is output to match that request in the second terminal window.When you are done using the Developer Rig, you may either close all opened terminal windows or press Ctrl-C
in all of them.
See additional documentation on how to use the Developer Rig in Local Mode here: Using Local Mode
If you're looking to move past Local Mode and run the Rig in Online Mode, go here: Getting Started in Online Mode
Think of Twitch Extensions as Apps for Twitch. Developers can create sandboxed web applications that run on Twitch that provide new and different ways for viewers and broadcasters to interact.
To build the simplest Extension, a developer creates a web application; a collection of assets that include HTML, CSS, and Javascript; and then hosts these assets from the Twitch CDN ext.twitch.tv. A more complicated, but more common, Extension, leverages an Extension Backend Service (EBS). An EBS is a web service written by a developer for managing the state of their Extension. These two blocks of developer written code are often referred to as the frontend and the backend.
Developer's are currently completely responsible for operating their backends.
The Twitch Developer Site is currently where the lifecycle of an Extension is managed. This includes creation, frontend asset upload, submitting to review, and promoting to be released. The Dev Site is where key pieces of data are retrieved to configure and run the Developer Rig.
The Developer Rig hosts Extension frontends locally. This gives developers complete flexibility to run and test their Extensions without needing to load Twitch. For example, the Developer Rig does not currently stream video, reducing friction for testing a Video Overlay Extension. Additionally, multiple views of a single Extension can be loaded onto a single page, giving developers a single pane of glass for the different relevant views for their Extension.
The Developer Rig is a tool that enables Twitch Extensions developers to iterate more quickly and focus on building great Extensions, by providing a single pane of glass for all end user Extensions views and interactions. It is a lightweight web app that runs in a browser and is built using NodeJS 6+ and React. The Developer Rig allows Extensions Developers to quickly and easily, locally end-to-end test in development Extensions.
The Developer Rig renders Extensions in a combination of user contexts, views and different anchor types.
Supported user contexts include:
Supported views include:
Supported anchor types include:
Extension output logs can be redirected to the Rig Console, a Developer Rig specific local console.
If you're just getting started with Extensions and haven't going through Extension Developer Onboarding, follow the steps at the top of the documentation for Local Mode. Otherwise, the following guide will help you create your first Extension on Twitch and run it in the Developer Rig in Online Mode.
There are detailed guides for Mac and Windows to get you from nothing to Hello World.
For each Extension to be tested online in the Developer Rig, a corresponding Extension needs to be created on the Twitch Dev Site. More detailed instructions to do this can be found here. Most fields are not relevant for the Developer Rig. The Type of Extension is loaded into the Developer Rig, and is hence important. Similarly, the Author Email must be correctly set and verified, before an Extension secret can be created.
There are several highly pertinent pieces of data that need to be taken from the dev site, and surfaced in the Developer Rig for it to operate. These include:
These are hard requirements that enable the Developer Rig to function correctly in Online Mode!
Where possible, the Developer Rig is self-contained. Note that you should sign in with your Twitch credentials in Local Mode before using online mode, as it provides necessary information for the Rig Configuration
If you are new to building Twitch Extensions, read this first.
There are several pieces of configuration that the Developer Rig requires to function correctly:
Client ID: the unique identifier for your Extension. Go to the Extensions Dashboard, select the Extension you want to run in the Developer Rig, then look for Client ID
under About This Extension
.
Extension Secret: a valid secret, that allows your Extension to authenticate. Go to the Extensions Dashboard, select the Extension you want to run in the Developer Rig, select the settings
tab, and then navigate to Secret Keys
and create/retrieve a valid secret.
This is not the Client Secret field located on the General tab under settings. Please ensure to go to Secret Keys.
Version: the exact version of an Extension to be loaded in the Developer Rig. Go to the Extensions Dashboard, find the Extension you want to run in the Developer Rig, and take note of the version number displayed under status
.
Values for these fields need to be injected as environment variables to the Developer Rig at startup. The environment variables names are:
EXT_CLIENT_ID
EXT_SECRET
EXT_VERSION
If you don't want to set these values via environment variables, all but the extension secret can be set through a configuration file. This file is specified via a command line argument and is in the format of
{
"clientID": "<client id>",
"version": "<version>",
}
Ensure that the Developer Rig dependencies are installed and required configuration is available.
To start the rig with environment variables, run:
EXT_CLIENT_ID=<client id> EXT_SECRET=<secret> EXT_VERSION=<version> yarn start
To start the rig with a config file and command line arguments, run:
yarn start -s <secret> -c location/of/your/config
The location of your config file can be either relative to the directory you are running the command or an absolute path to the file.
This will cause your browser to open to https://localhost.rig.twitch.tv:3000
.
Note: Depending on your browser and operating system, you may see a warning that the TLS certificate is illegitimate as it is self-signed. You can choose to proceed through this warning (or just use Chrome). TLS certificate generation occurs the first time the Developer Rig is started or it is used to host an example extension. Generated certificates are stored in the ssl
directory. If you are on OSX, we'll generate and install the certs in the keychain. If you are on Windows or Linux, you'll have to configure that yourself.
The Developer Rig UI presents a variety of views, anchors, and contexts.
This is likely the most used area for the Developer Rig. Views, anchors, and contexts can be configured to support comprehensive testing of an Extension.
Click the plus
button to add a new view for the configured Extension Client ID, and remove them by clicking on the x
on a view.
This section displays the Broadcaster Config view that is presented to broadcasters after they have installed an Extension, but before they are able to activate it.
This section displays the Live Config view that appears on a broadcaster's dashboard for an Extension.
The section displays manifest data pulled from Twitch for the corresponding Extension Client ID.
At the bottom of every page, there is the Developer Rig Console. Extensions are able to output directly to this console by making the following call from their Extension's frontend javascript:
window.Twitch.ext.rig.log(<message to log>)
Each view is prefixed with the corresponding "user context", i.e logged in viewer, broadcaster etc. An active video stream is not required to leverage video overlays in the Developer Rig. When an Extension is running in the Developer Rig, developers can interact with it just like an end user.
For developers currently in the Bits Limited Preview, this tab will let you configure your various bits products for use in your extension. You will need to sign in with your developer credentials to get this working. If you are not currently in the Bits Limited Preview, you will not be able to access this page (but stay tuned for when it goes to general availability).
By default, the Developer Rig links to example Extension code available on GitHub. To pull and link this code into the Developer Rig, run:
# Usage: yarn extension-init -a [github_account] -r [github_repo] -d [directory]
yarn extension-init -d <directory>
To have the Developer Rig host the frontend assets of an Extension, use the host
command. Assets for the example Extension can be hosted on https://localhost.rig.twitch.tv:8080
by issuing the following command:
# Usage: yarn host -d <directory> -p [port]
yarn host -d <directory>/public -p 8080
Ensure that the URL that the example Extension's Extension Backend Service (EBS) is running on and the Extension secret, match what is specified in the dev site!
In the above screenshot, assets are specified as being available at:
https://localhost:8080/viewer.html
https://localhost:8080/config.html
If the Developer Rig is used to host
an Extension's front end assets, the Testing Base URI must be set to:
https://localhost.rig.twitch.tv:[port]
When an Extension has been loaded into the Developer Rig, refreshing your browser window will cause the latest Extension assets to be pulled into the page.
Conceptualizing how an Extension works can be tricky, particularly in the context of the Developer Rig. Three main pieces are needed:
yarn start
)yarn host
)The Developer Rig loads the front end assets into its pages. The front end pages are able to call the EBS (signing requests with the Extension's JWT). An EBS can either respond directly to a front end client, or is able to push messages to all connected front ends via PubSub.
If you are experience difficulties getting things to work:
Local Mode enables developers to run their extension projects against mock APIs and mock PubSub locally on their machine. Developers can start building extensions without having first gone through the Twitch Extension Developer onboarding. Additionally, coming soon, it will provide an ability to perform integration tests against your extension via configurable responses to the Extensions Helper Library. The following sections will illustrate how to use Local Mode in the Rig.
There are several options for creating an extension manifest file. The
example above creates an extension manifest file for a panel extension.
There are four types of extensions. You may specify multiple types
for the -t
parameter, any combination of panel, video_overlay,
mobile and video_component. There are other options for panel or
component attributes along with some text descriptors. They all have
reasonable defaults; specifying them is optional. For more information
on the available options, run yarn create-manifest -h
in a terminal
window. Note that you can edit the JSON file to make changes or
adjustments.
When you use Local Mode with your EBS, you'll be using a hard-coded secret in the Rig. This is also included already in the Hello World example. When creating an extension on Twitch, you'll have your own clientID and secret.
The Local Mode Secret is: kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
Do not expose your EBS beyond your local machine while using the Local Mode secret. It is purely meant to speed up initial development.
When you are in Local Mode, to make calls to Pub Sub, it's important to make sure your EBS is pointing at the correct URI. You'll want to be making calls to localhost.rig.twitch.tv:3000/extensions/message
as opposed to api.twitch.tv/extensions/message
in order to correctly send your message. The rest of your message should be formatted the same as if you were sending to Twitch PubSub. See the Hello World backend.js files for examples.
After you create your local extension manifest, you can open up manifest.json and edit the fields directly. Most of the fields are not relevant to running your extension locally in the Developer Rig, but you should be aware of a few:
When creating additional manifests, use the -h flag to see what additional arguments you can add.
Can I use the Developer Rig without first completing Extensions Developer On-boarding?
Yes, but you must use the Developer Rig in Local Mode. For Online Mode, valid client IDs and Extension secrets are required to leverage the Developer Rig. Currently, these can only be generated on the Twitch Dev Site, once on-boarding is complete.
Are the Extensions Function Components supported?
Extensions function components will be added shortly to the Developer Rig.
XXX in the Developer Rig sucks! The Developer Rig is missing feature YYY!
Neither of these are questions :) . Raise a PR with proposed changes, and let's help each other!
What are these Twitch Extensions of which you speak, and how can I learn more?
More information about Twitch Extensions is available on the Twitch Developer Site, and in the Twitch Developer Forums.
The linked Hello World repository uses EXT_OWNER_ID while the Developer Rig uses EXT_OWNER_NAME. What's up with that?
The Developer Rig uses an API call to the Twitch /users endpoint to retrieve an owner's user id. This has not been done yet in the Hello World repository. It should be added shortly.
What browsers are supported?
We know the Developer Rig works in Chrome and Firefox. Feel free to help ensure it works in other browsers!
The Extension I have specified is not appearing the Developer Rig.
There are a number of things that can create problems. The most common causes are: invalid NPM or NodeJS installations; a missing host file entry for the Developer Rig; misconfigured Environment variables being passed to the Developer Rig; or Extension configuration that does not match the contents of the Twitch Developer Site.
I am certain that my Developer Rig Configuration is correct, but my Extension is still not working.
Clear your browser cache and local storage, restart the Developer Rig, and cross your fingers. To delete the rig's local storage open the javascript console in your browser on a tab with the rig open and do
localStorage.clear();
then refresh. Ensure you've included the Twitch Extension Helper is included in your front end files.
I see an error when attempting to run 'yarn test'.
Sometimes deleting and reinstalling your
node_modules
can correct this issue. On MacOS, you may need to explicitly install watchman viabrew install watchman
.
yarn install
fails in libssh2
See issue #48. Be sure libssh, and it's dependencies are installed.
I get an error when pulling in the example project!
Ensure that Git is in your PATH variables by attempting to run "git" at your commmandline. If that works, also ensure that the local folder does not currently exist.
The Developer Rig stops running unexpectedly in Local Mode.
Try deleting the
node_modules
directory and rerunningyarn install
.


Highest Grossing Movies of All Time
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If you want mobile push notifications, you can sign up for pushover.net and enter your code below:
But, if you just want browser notifications, then you don't need to do this.
This will also delete every RP you started!
To delete your account, enter the following:


{% extends "base.html" %} {% import "bootstrap/wtf.html" as wtf %} {% block title %}Municipal Archives{% endblock %} {% block custom_css %} {% endblock %} {% block page_content %}
The Municipal Archives (MA) preserves and makes available the
historical records of New York City government. The MA holds over 200,000 cubic feet and over 50TB of
records dating from the early seventeenth century to the present. Acquired from more than one hundred City
agencies, the collections comprise office records, manuscript material, still and moving images, ledger
volumes, vital records, maps, blueprints, objects, sound recordings, and digital files.
The MA is an active information center. Our collections are dynamic, and we are in the midst of implementing
unparalleled digital access to the municipal collections.
The collections are used by City agencies and the public (even international audiences). The collections
support agency anniversary planning, strategic planning, employee training, and marketing; and the
international public with genealogical, political, economic, and social histories of New York.
As the City’s central archival repository, the MA operates two climate-controlled records storage
facilities.
The Appraisals and Accessions Unit works with RM to transfer records with historical value to the Archives.
Once they arrive, either in boxes or on drives, the team verifies the contents, identifies the organization,
and conducts a series of tasks to formally transfer the custody of the records to the Archives.
A Collections Management Unit manages the physical and intellectual control of records. That includes
creating guides for the public to use when they are researching our collections, ensuring we have accurate
data on the size, formats, and conditions of our collections, and works to further access to our collections
through archival tools.
Conservators at the MA physically repair and/or restore collections at an item level. The MA conservation
lab enables professionals to perform assessments and apply various techniques to stabilize objects, apply
corrective treatments, and manage long term physical and environmental conditions ensuring preventive
conservation efforts in terms of house-keeping, controlling and documenting temperature and humidity,
integrated pest management, and creating archival enclosures to reduce damage and deterioration of records.
Digital Programs Unit manages strategic digital environments for the Municipal Library and Archives
divisions. In addition, the digital lab provides state-of-the-art digitization services while ensuring
industry standard best practices in description, preservation, and access of historical records.


At w3schools.com you will learn how to make a website. We offer free tutorials in all web development technologies.
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You can change that by changing the value of the "rows" attribute.


Place your Orders
Anytime, Anywhere!
Anytime, Anywhere!
Select your Canteen or Shop to Order from!
Only Places near you will be displayed!
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Canteens near you
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The goal of add2bibtex is to help users to easily to use bibtex or bibLatex.
You can install the released version of add2bibtex from CRAN with:
And the development version from GitHub with:
Jiaxiang Li. (2019, July 21). JiaxiangBU/add2bibtex: add2bibtex 0.5.1 (Version v0.5.1). Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3345141
@misc{jiaxiang_li_2019_3345141,
author = {Jiaxiang Li},
title = {JiaxiangBU/add2bibtex: add2bibtex 0.5.1},
month = jul,
year = 2019,
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3345141},
url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3345141}
}
If you use add2bibtex, I would be very grateful if you can add a citation in your published work. By citing add2bibtex, beyond acknowledging the work, you contribute to make it more visible and guarantee its growing and sustainability. For citation, please use the BibTex or the citation content.
add2bibtex
project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct.


Planning Tool for Resource Integration, Synchronization, and Management
Very powerful surveillance program from NSA.
So, What is Crypto?
Study of techniques for secure communication!
Something used to convert a message to nonsense!
Example!
The simplest Example would be: Ceaser Cipher!
The Ceaser Cipher!
converts: I LOVE YOU to
C FIPY SIO
When the Key is: 20
Okay, How does it work?
Each letter is shifted by the key!
To Get it Back
Just shift in opposite direction!
Cons!
One can sit all day and try all 26 combinations!
Types of Encryption
Symmetric
Assymetric
Hybrid
Symmetric
Use same key for encryption and Decryption
Example: Ceaser Cipher!
Exchanging keys securely
Demonstration of symmetric key encryption.
Assymetric
It uses two different keys for encryption and decryption.
Which leads to:
Public Key Cryptography
Public Key Cryptography
Two Keys (A pair)
Public Key
Private Key
Public Key Cryptography
People Encrypt With Your Public Key!
You Decrypt that with your Private Key!
PGP
Pretty Good Privacy
PGP
is an Hybrid CryptoSystem.
So, GPG?
Is an free implementation of OpenPGP standard!
Demo Time!
Generating keys, (gpg --gen-keys)
Exporting keys to public key server (gpg --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --send-key [id])
Importing keys of your friends from public key server (gpg --search-keys --keyserver pgp.mit.edu "[email]") (gpg --recv-keys --keyserver pgp.mit.edu [key_id])
Encrypting a message and sending (gpg --encrypt-files)
Decrypting a received files (gpg --decrypt-files)
Signing a message
Using enigmail with thunderbird
Do's and Dont's on cryptography
Never ever try to use your own algorithm on production
Use only tested and verified encryption libraries.
Do not encrypt passwords, always hash 'em
Do not use depriciated hashing algorithm or any algorithm which is no longer accepted as a good practice such as MD5 or SHA1
Do's and Dont's on cryptography contd.
Do not store decryption key in a plain text format.
Encryption should always happen at users' end.
Always use latest version of library while developing any application.
Do not enter credit card details or other sensitive information on any application which do not run on https


Developing Node.js functions
Node.js function template structure
When you create a Node.js function using the kn func
CLI, the project directory looks like a typical Node.js project, with the exception of an additional func.yaml
configuration file. Both http
and event
trigger functions have the same template structure:
.
├── func.yaml (1)
├── index.js (2)
├── package.json (3)
├── README.md
└── test (4)
├── integration.js
└── unit.js
| 1 | The func.yaml configuration file is used to determine the image name and registry. |
| 2 | Your project must contain an index.js file which exports a single function. |
| 3 | You can add required dependencies in the package.json configuration file, which can include local JavaScript files. |
| 4 | Integration and unit test scripts are provided as part of the function template. |
Dependencies
Developers are not restricted to the dependencies provided in the template package.json
file. Additional dependencies can be added as they would be in any other Node.js project.
npm install --save opossum
When the project is built for deployment, these dependencies will be included in the created runtime container image.
Invoking a function
When using the kn func
CLI to create a function project you can generate a project that responds to CloudEvents, or one that responds to simple HTTP requests. CloudEvents in Knative are transported over HTTP as a POST request, so both function types will listen and respond to incoming HTTP events.
Node.js functions can be invoked with a simple HTTP request. When an incoming request is received, functions are invoked with a context
object as the first parameter.
Context objects
Functions are invoked by providing a context
object as the first parameter.
function processPurchase(context, data)
This object provides access to the incoming HTTP request information, including the HTTP request method, any query strings or headers sent with the request, the HTTP version, and the request body.
Incoming requests that contain a CloudEvent attach the incoming instance of the CloudEvent to the context object, so that it can be accessed using context.cloudevent
.
Context object methods
The context
object has a single method, cloudEventResponse()
that accepts a data value and returns a CloudEvent.
In a Knative system, if a function deployed as a service is invoked by an event broker sending a CloudEvent, the broker will examine the response. If the response is a CloudEvent, this event will then be handled by the broker.
// Expects to receive a CloudEvent with customer data
function processCustomer(context, customer) {
// process the customer
const processed = processCustomer(customer);
return context.cloudEventResponse(customer);
}
CloudEvent data
If the incoming request is a CloudEvent, any data associated with the CloudEvent is extracted from the event and provided as a second parameter. For example, if a CloudEvent is received which contains a JSON string similar to the following in its data property:
{
"customerId": "0123456",
"productId": "6543210"
}
When invoked, the second parameter to the function, after the context
object, will be a JavaScript object that has customerId
and productId
properties.
function processPurchase(context, data)
The data
parameter in this example is a JavaScript object that contains the customerId
and productId
properties.
Return values
Functions can return any valid JavaScript type or can have no return value. When a function has no return value specified, and no failure is indicated, the caller will receive a 204 No Content
response.
Functions may also return a CloudEvent, or a Message
object in order to push events into the Knative Eventing system. In this case, the developer is not required to understand or implement the CloudEvent messaging specification. Headers and other relevant information from the returned values are extracted and sent with the response.
function processCustomer(context, customer) {
// process customer and return a new CloudEvent
return new CloudEvent({
source: 'customer.processor',
type: 'customer.processed'
})
}
Returning headers
You can set a response header by adding a headers
property to the return
object. These headers will be extracted and sent with the response to the caller.
function processCustomer(context, customer) {
// process customer and return custom headers
// the response will be '204 No content'
return { headers: { customerid: customer.id } };
}
Returning status codes
You can set a status code that is returned to the caller by adding a statusCode
property to the return
object:
function processCustomer(context, customer) {
// process customer
if (customer.restricted) {
return { statusCode: 451 }
}
}
Status codes can also be set for errors that are created and thrown by the function:
function processCustomer(context, customer) {
// process customer
if (customer.restricted) {
const err = new Error(‘Unavailable for legal reasons’);
err.statusCode = 451;
throw err;
}
}
Testing a Node.js function locally
Node.js functions can be tested locally on your computer. In the default project that is created when you create a function using kn func create
, there is a test folder which contains some simple unit and integration tests.
-
To run these tests locally, you must install the required dependencies:
$ npm install
-
Once you have installed the dependencies, run the tests:
$ npm test
|
The default test framework for Node.js functions is tape. If you prefer to use another framework, you can remove the tape dependency from the |


邮箱：
url:
number:
range:
date:
month:
week:
time:
datetime:
datetime-local:
search:
telephone:
color:


From Idea to Prototype
For the last several months, I’ve been working on a project I’m calling the “Brew Buddy.” It’s a simple electronics setup that helps manage the homebrewing process from...
For the last several months, I’ve been working on a project I’m calling the “Brew Buddy.” It’s a simple electronics setup that helps manage the homebrewing process from...
Stupidity has a certain charm. Ignorance does not. - Frank Zappa
Several months ago, I decided to build my own smart home controller. In Part 1 of this series, I detailed the process for setting up the Smart...
Several months ago, I decided to build my own smart home controller. My reasons are many, and I’ll detail a few in a future post or two, but...
Let the beauty of what you love be what you do. - Rumi


CS / Schedule Express
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| Students | Submission Status | Grading | |
|---|---|---|---|
{{ sub.author.nickname }}{{ sub.author.email }} |
Team {{ sub.team._id }}{{ sub.team.name }} |
Files:
|
{{ sub.submission.grading.score }} Grades |
{{ sub.author.nickname }}{{ sub.author.email }} |
Team {{ sub.team._id }}{{ sub.team.name }} |
Files:
|
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Hi! Let's keep in touch.
E-mail me here or use the form below (currently under construction).


{% extends 'main_app/base_index.html' %}
{% load static %}
{% block content %}
A free bootstrap template by uicookies.comDonation History Till Date
| Donated By | Amount Donated | To Patient | Patient Id | Date and Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{data.1}} | {{data.3}} | {{data.4}} | {{data.0}} | {{data.2}} |
Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia.


pycos: Concurrent, Asynchronous, Distributed, Communicating Tasks with Python¶
Note
pycos is renamed from asyncoro project to better reflect its functionality and to avoid confusion with asyncore module. See asyncoro2pycos for details.
pycos is a Python framework for, concurrent, asynchronous, network, distributed programming and distributed computing, using generator functions, asynchronous completions and message passing. pycos can be used to create tasks with generator functions, similar to the way threads are created with functions with Python’s threading module. Programs developed with pycos have same logic and structure as programs with threads, except for a few syntactic changes - mostly using yield with asynchronous completions that give control to pycos’s scheduler, which interleaves executions of generators, similar to the way an operating system executes multiple processes.
Unlike threads, creating tasks with pycos is very efficient. Moreover, with pycos context switch occurs only when tasks use yield (typically with an asychronous call), so there is no need for locking and there is no overhead of unnecessary context switches.
Unlike with other asynchronous frameworks, programming with pycos is rather straight forward; Asynchronous Concurrenct Programming (pycos) describes 4 simple steps to convert programming with threads to programming with pycos.
pycos features include:
- No callbacks or event loops! No need to lock critical sections either,
- Efficient polling mechanisms epoll, kqueue, Windows I/O Completion Ports (IOCP) for high performance and scalability,
- Asynchronous (non-blocking) sockets and pipes, for concurrent processing of I/O,
- SSL for security,
- Asynchronous locking primitives similar to Python threading module,
- Asynchronous timers and timeouts,
- Message passing for (local and remote) tasks to exchange messages one-to-one with Message Queue Pattern or through broadcasting channels with Publish-Subscribe Pattern,
- Location transparency with naming and locating (local and remote) resources,
- Monitoring and restarting of (local or remote) tasks, for fault detection and fault-tolerance,
- Distributing computation components (code and data) to execute Distributed Communicating Tasks (dispycos), for wide range of use cases, covering SIMD, MISD, MIMD system architectures at the process level, and web interface to monitor cluster/application status/performance; in-memory processing, data streaming, real-time (live) analytics and Cloud Computing are supported as well,
- Remote execution of tasks for distributed programming with Remote Task Invocation RTI (Remote Task Invocation) and message passing,
- Hot-swapping of task functions, for dynamic system reconfiguration,
- Thread pools with asynchronous task completions, for executing synchronous tasks, e.g., external library calls, such as reading standard input.
For reference purposes, pycos with Python 2.7 on Raspberry Pi Model B+ (compliment by James Philips of pyeq2 project) running the program:
import time
import pycos
def task_proc(task=None):
yield task.suspend()
tasks = [pycos.Task(task_proc) for i in xrange(10000)]
time.sleep(5) # wait for tasks to run (and suspend)
for task in tasks:
task.resume()
for line in open('/proc/self/status'):
if line.startswith('VmPeak'):
print('VM Peak: %d MB' % (int(line.split()[1]) / 1024))
elif line.startswith('VmHWM'):
print('VM Max: %d MB' % (int(line.split()[1]) / 1024))
elif line.startswith('VmStk'):
print('VM Stack: %d MB' % (int(line.split()[1]) / 1024))
shows that running 10,000 tasks takes about 23 MB of memory (with about 10 MB taken by modules used in pycos). Memory and time scale linearly: For 100,000 tasks memory used is 116 MB, for 200,000 tasks it is 218 MB, for 300,000 tasks it is 315 MB.
pycos works with Python 2.7+ and Python 3.1+ and tested on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows; it may work on other platforms too. pycos works with PyPy as well.
Dependencies¶
pycos is implemented with standard modules in Python.
If psutil is available on nodes, node availability status (CPU, memory and disk) is sent in status messages, and shown in web browser so cluster/application performance can be monitored.
Under Windows efficient polling notifier I/O Completion Ports is supported if pywin32 is available; otherwise, inefficient ‘select’ notifier is used.
Node / Servers sends node availability status (availability of CPU as percent, memory in bytes and disk space in bytes) at pulse_interval frequency if psutil module is installed. This information may be useful to clients, for example, to analyze application performance, to filter nodes based on available resources etc.
For IPv6, netifaces module is required with OS X. netifaces module is strongly recommended with Linux and Windows as well (for both IPv4 and IPv6). For IPv6 with Windows, win_inet_pton module is required with Python 2.7 (but not required with Python 3).
Download/Installation¶
pycos package is available in Python Package Index (PyPI) so it can be installed with:
python -m pip install pycos
Docker Container describes how to build Docker image and run pycos modules in containers.
pycos can also be downloaded from Sourceforge Files. ‘py2’ directory contains files to be used with Python 2.7+ and ‘py3’ contains files to be used with Python 3.1+. To use pycos without installing, rename ‘py2’ to ‘pycos’ (to use with Python 2.7+); it can then be used from parent directory of ‘pycos’.
Examples¶
Examples illustrating some of the features of pycos are installed in ‘examples’ directory under where pycos module is installed, which can be obtained with the program:
import os, pycos
print(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(pycos.__file__), 'examples'))
See README
file in that directory for brief
description of each of the files.
Citation¶
If you use pycos in academic/research work, please cite pycos as:
Giridhar Pemmasani, "pycos: Concurrent, Asynchronous, Distributed,
Communicating Tasks with Python", http://pycos.sourceforge.io, 2017.
Contents¶
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Asynchronous Concurrenct Programming (pycos)
- 3. Asynchronous Network Programming (pycos)
- 4. Asynchronous Files and Pipes (asyncfile)
- 5. Distributed Programming (netpycos)
- 6. Distributed Communicating Tasks (dispycos)
- 7. Tutorial / Examples
- 8. asyncoro2pycos
- 9. Contribute to / Recommend / Share pycos


Release Notes for NUCLEO-H743ZI Applications
Copyright © 2017 STMicroelectronics
License
This software component is licensed by ST under Ultimate Liberty license SLA0044, the “License”; You may not use this component except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
http://www.st.com/SLA0044


Twelfth Night
Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.


We'll match you up with a band of likeminded folks. You'll get extra support, help others when they get stuck, and make smart friends.
This is some additional text explaining this question.


In the original Chroma, the architecture of each {_channel channel's} volume control is simple: two {_envelope envelopes} are selected and scaled by their corresponding depth {_parameter}, added together, and then multiplied by an optional third modulation source such as a pedal. The Digital Chroma keeps this same structure, but provides more third modulation choices, and allows its depth to be varied.
There is also one more choice for the first two modulation sources, called "fixed", which outputs a perpetual value of one unit. It is intended for use in the B channel, in those {_patch patches} which mix the B amplifier output with the A oscillator output. In the original Chroma, you had to waste an envelope for this purpose.
The channel's output can be panned between the left and right instrument outputs under control of the extended Pan parameter. It has extended modulation select and depth controls. For those patches which have independent outputs from the A and B channels, the two channels can be panned separately; for those patches which have only a single output, the B channel panning is ignored.
There is also a {Common_link_spread Link Spread} parameter, which only takes effect when a link is in effect. If set to something other than zero, it constrains the entire pan range toward one side or the other. For instance, if it is set to 45\d, the regular pan control in the Main sound will be centered around 45 degrees, and will therefeore pan from center to 90 degrees to the right; the Link sound will be coaxed to the opposite side. If set to 90\d, the Main sound will be forced all the way to the right, regardless of its own pan control, and the Link sound will be forced all the way to the left. There is also a {Control_pan_spread} parameter, which does the same thing when the {Control_voice_count} parameter is used to assign multiple voices per note.


Remembrance service for Devon woman found dead in caves
Peta Harper, 58, was last seen in her red Mini car at nearby Hope Cove
by Colleen SmithA short service of remembrance will be held this week for Peta Harper, 58, whose body was found in caves at Hope Cove.
It will be held at St Andrews Church in Aveton Gifford. A major search and rescue operation was called off last Tuesday two days after the last sighting of her in a car park nearby.
Kingsbridge Police said: "There will be a short service at St Andrews Church, Aveton Gifford on Thursday at 12.30pm for all those who would like to pay remembrance to Peta Harper."
Peta, from Aveton Gifford, was reported missing reported missing from the Hope Cove/ Bolt Tail area on Monday (November 11).
Devon and Cornwall Police confirmed that a body was found in a system of caves at Hope Cove. Although formal identification has not yet taken place, her family have been informed.
Kingsbridge Police released the following statement on their Facebook page: "Today, searches have been carried out around a system of caves within the cliffs at Hope Cove.
"It is with great sadness to report that the body of a female was located within the cave structure.
"Formal identification has not yet taken place but the family of Peta Harper, who was reported as missing from Aveton Gifford on Monday have been informed.
"A file will now be prepared for HM Coroner.
"Our sincere condolences to the friends and family of Peta."
The last known movements of a 58-year-old were released by emergency services as concerns grew for her safety.
A major air and sea search for Peta Harper was called off on Tuesday afternoon.
Police revealed this week that the Kingsbridge woman was last seen in the car park at Hope Cove on Sunday at around 6.30pm. They believe she parked her car and then slept in the red Mini overnight.
She was officially reported missing from the Hope Cove/ Bolt Tail area at around 1.20pm on Monday 11 November.
A police spokesperson said at the time: “The last confirmed sighting of Peta was at around 6.30pm on Sunday 10 November. We believe she parked her red Mini in the car park at Hope Cove and slept there overnight.
“I’d appeal for anyone who saw a red Mini in the car park after 6.30pm on the 10th and anyone who saw Peta in the area, to contact police.”


NZD/USD Technical Analysis: Registers another pullback from 100-day EMA
by Anil Panchal- NZD/USD fails to cross 0.6427/30 resistance confluence.
- A two-month-old rising channel portrays overall bullish sentiment.
NZD/USD again steps back from 100-day EMA, accompanied by 38.2% Fibonacci retracement, while taking rounds to 0.6420 during early Wednesday.
The quote can now aim for 0.6360 during further declines while 23.6% Fibonacci retracement of July-October downpour and the lower line of an ascending trend channel since late-September, around 0.6340 and 0.6320 respectively, could entertain sellers afterward.
If at all bears dominate below 0.6320, mid-October low near 0.6240 and 0.6200 round-figure, including the previous month bottom, will be in the spotlight.
On the contrary, the pair’s sustained break above 0.6430 enables it to challenge the monthly tops near 0.6470. Though, 50% Fibonacci retracement and the resistance of the aforementioned channel could challenges buyers near 0.6500/05.
Adding to the upside barriers is the 200-day Exponential Moving Average (EMA) level of 0.6423.
NZD/USD daily chart
Trend: Pullback expected
additional important levels
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Today last price | 0.6423 |
| Today Daily Change | -5 pips |
| Today Daily Change % | -0.08% |
| Today daily open | 0.6428 |
| Trends | |
|---|---|
| Daily SMA20 | 0.6382 |
| Daily SMA50 | 0.6345 |
| Daily SMA100 | 0.6436 |
| Daily SMA200 | 0.6566 |
| Levels | |
|---|---|
| Previous Daily High | 0.6431 |
| Previous Daily Low | 0.6362 |
| Previous Weekly High | 0.642 |
| Previous Weekly Low | 0.6324 |
| Previous Monthly High | 0.6437 |
| Previous Monthly Low | 0.6204 |
| Daily Fibonacci 38.2% | 0.6404 |
| Daily Fibonacci 61.8% | 0.6388 |
| Daily Pivot Point S1 | 0.6383 |
| Daily Pivot Point S2 | 0.6337 |
| Daily Pivot Point S3 | 0.6313 |
| Daily Pivot Point R1 | 0.6452 |
| Daily Pivot Point R2 | 0.6476 |
| Daily Pivot Point R3 | 0.6522 |


Preparation time
over 2 hours
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Makes 10-12
Try a pineapple marinade on cheaper cuts of meat - and let the enzymes work their magic for sweet, tender barbecue food with a Jamaican feel.
For the marinade, in a glass or ceramic bowl, mix the pineapple juice, vinegar, molasses sugar and seasoning together until smooth and well combined.
For the kebabs, rinse the lamb neck fillet and pat dry with kitchen paper. Place the lamb into an ovenproof glass or ceramic dish and pour over half of the marinade mixture. Cover the dish and chill in the fridge for between one and four hours.
Meanwhile, for the lime, chilli and coriander mayonnaise, in a bowl, beat together the egg yolks, mustard, salt and freshly ground black pepper, garlic and half of the lime juice until well combined.
Gradually add the oil in a thin stream, whisking contiuously, until the mixture thickens and all of the oil has been incorporated into the mixture.
Stir in the shredded chilli and reserved chilli seeds, chopped coriander and the remaining lime juice. Mix until well combined, then chill in the fridge until needed.
Soak twelve wooden skewers in cold water for at least 30 minutes, then shake off any excess moisture.
When the meat has marinated, thread alternate pieces of red and green pepper, onion, pineapple, banana and marinated lamb onto the soaked skewers to make 10-12 kebabs. Leave 3-5cm/1-2in free at one end of each skewer with which you can grip the skewers. Brush the kebabs all over with the oil.
Heat a griddle pan over a high heat. When the pan is very hot, add the kebabs, in batches if necessary, and fry for 8-10 minutes, basting at intervals with the remaining marinade and turning regularly. (NB: The kebabs can also be barbecued or grilled under a medium hot grill, if desired.)
To serve, stuff the flatbreads with the lettuce and drizzle in a little of the lime, chilli and coriander mayonnaise. Sandwich two kebabs inside each flatbread.


Rest easy knowing that our expert chefs are already preparing your order in our kitchen. Expect to recieve your order in approximately an hour.


Goal
In this game, two players will take on the role of a character from the Game of Thrones universe and race each other in a battle to capture the throne in King's Landing. In order to successfully challenge the capital you need to have an army big enough to defeat Queen Cersei Lannister's army. If you are the first player to show up in King's landing with an army of at least 100 000 soldiers, you are the true winner!
Board spaces
| Space |
Description |
Action |
|
|
Start |
You receive 10 000 soldiers. |
|
|
Regular space |
Each of the five main zones on the gameboard has four regular spaces. You will receive 5000 soldiers. |
|
|
Battle space |
In each of the five zones on the gameboard there is a battle space. When you land on one, you will draw a battle card. You may lose soldiers, but you may also get lucky and gain soldiers. |
|
|
Dragon's Den |
You better not land on this space. There are dragons here, and they will cost you 10 000 soldiers. |
|
|
The capital |
This is the goal of your journey, but you must come here with at least 100 000 soldiers to win the game. If you don't have enough soldiers, nothing will happen here. |
How to win
The first player that reaches the capital with at least 100 000 soldiers has won the game.


Section 3: Hearing Acuity Test
In the following section of the questionnaire, we will measure the quietest sound you can hear. For each sound, there are two tests:
- Descending loudness. We will decrease the loudness of the sound from a clearly audible level. As soon as you stop hearing a sound, click on the box.
- Ascending loudness. We will increase the volume of the sound from an inaudible level. As soon as you hear a sound, no matter how faint the sound, click on the box.


Package algorithms
Class FixedSizeSortedVector<T extends java.lang.Comparable<T>>
- java.lang.Object
-
- algorithms.FixedSizeSortedVector<T>
-
- Type Parameters:
T
- class type to be held and sorted by this class. It must implement Comparable.
public class FixedSizeSortedVector<T extends java.lang.Comparable<T>> extends java.lang.Object
a class to hold a fixed number of items of type T which are kept in a sorted stated.runtime complexity is: O(N * (lg_2(k) + smaller than k)) where k is the fixed capacity and N is the number of times add is used. worse case runtime complexity is O(N * (k + lg_2(k))) best case runtime complexity is O(N * (1 + lg_2(k)))
first implemented in project https://github.com/nking/curvature-scale-space-corners-and-transformations w/ Copyright (c) 2014 Climb With Your Feet and using The MIT License (MIT) then moved to this shared library project which has the same copyright and license.- Author:
- nichole
-
-
Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor Description FixedSizeSortedVector(int fixedCapacity, java.lang.Class<T> classTypeToHold)
-
Method Summary
All Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and Type Method Description boolean
add(T value)
add value to the fixed size sorted list using (T).compareTo to order the items in the internal list.T[]
getArray()
get the internal array for the sorted list.int
getFixedCapacity()
get the maximum size of the vector, given at instantiation.int
getNumberOfItems()
return the number of items in the internal array.
-
-
-
Constructor Detail
-
FixedSizeSortedVector
public FixedSizeSortedVector(int fixedCapacity, java.lang.Class<T> classTypeToHold)
- Parameters:
fixedCapacity
-classTypeToHold
-
-
-
Method Detail
-
add
public boolean add(T value)
add value to the fixed size sorted list using (T).compareTo to order the items in the internal list. runtime complexity is O(log_2(capacity) + less than capacity).- Parameters:
value
- value to insert into vector- Returns:
- true if added, else false
-
getArray
public T[] getArray()
get the internal array for the sorted list. note this is not a copy in order to keep the use small, so do not edit it and continue to use the add method. Note that the returned size may be smaller than capacity if the vector was not completely filled. runtime complexity is O(1)- Returns:
- the internal array. note that this is not a copy, intentionally.
-
getNumberOfItems
public int getNumberOfItems()
return the number of items in the internal array. if the array is not yet filled, the return will be less than the capacity, else will be the same as the capacity.- Returns:
- number of items in the vector
-
getFixedCapacity
public int getFixedCapacity()
get the maximum size of the vector, given at instantiation.- Returns:
- the capacity of the vector.
-
-


Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow! Grand Canyon transforms into winter wonderland
by Leora Arnowitz, USA TODAYWe may only be approaching Thanksgiving, but it's beginning to look a lot like Christmas at the Grand Canyon.
Snow blanketed the famed Arizona, national park on Thursday. The official Twitter account for the site warned visitors to expect icy roads.
"An overcast morning on the South Rim, after receiving around 3 inches of snow last night. Caution park roads and footpaths are icy," @GrandCanyonNPS tweeted along with a photo of a view from early Thursday. "There is a possibility of additional snow throughout the day."
Start the day smarter. Get all the news you need in your inbox each morning.
Later, the Grand Canyon account shared a photo of park rangers enjoying the snow-covered views.
"After weeks of dry weather, Grand Canyon National Park Rangers take a moment to enjoy today's snowfall," the tweet read. "At 2 pm, Thursday, Nov. 21, 2019, the canyon is not visible because of thick fog. Snow showers could continue through 11 pm. Friday is expected to be clear, sunny, and cold."
The Grand Canyon is one of the most recognizable landmarks in the world. In 1926, Grand Canyon's first year as a national park, it had 37,745 visitors. In 2017, the latest year for which stats are available, the park had 6.2 million visitors.
Facts: 100 things you should know about the Grand Canyon
At 1.2 million acres (1,902 square miles), Grand Canyon is the 11th largest national park in the United States.
Contributing: Scott Craven and Melissa Yeager
This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow! Grand Canyon transforms into winter wonderland


Table Of Contents
Texture¶
バージョン 1.6.0 で変更: Added support for paletted texture on OES: ‘palette4_rgb8’, ‘palette4_rgba8’, ‘palette4_r5_g6_b5’, ‘palette4_rgba4’, ‘palette4_rgb5_a1’, ‘palette8_rgb8’, ‘palette8_rgba8’, ‘palette8_r5_g6_b5’, ‘palette8_rgba4’ and ‘palette8_rgb5_a1’.
Texture
is a class that handles OpenGL textures. Depending on the
hardware,
some OpenGL capabilities might not be available (BGRA support, NPOT support,
etc.)
You cannot instantiate this class yourself. You must use the function
Texture.create()
to create a new texture:
texture = Texture.create(size=(640, 480))
When you create a texture, you should be aware of the default color and buffer format:
- the color/pixel format (
Texture.colorfmt
) that can be one of ‘rgb’, ‘rgba’, ‘luminance’, ‘luminance_alpha’, ‘bgr’ or ‘bgra’. The default value is ‘rgb’- the buffer format determines how a color component is stored into memory. This can be one of ‘ubyte’, ‘ushort’, ‘uint’, ‘byte’, ‘short’, ‘int’ or ‘float’. The default value and the most commonly used is ‘ubyte’.
So, if you want to create an RGBA texture:
texture = Texture.create(size=(640, 480), colorfmt='rgba')
You can use your texture in almost all vertex instructions with the
kivy.graphics.VertexIntruction.texture
parameter. If you want to use
your texture in kv lang, you can save it in an
ObjectProperty
inside your widget.
Blitting custom data¶
You can create your own data and blit it to the texture using
Texture.blit_buffer()
.
For example, to blit immutable bytes data:
# create a 64x64 texture, defaults to rgba / ubyte
texture = Texture.create(size=(64, 64))
# create 64x64 rgb tab, and fill with values from 0 to 255
# we'll have a gradient from black to white
size = 64 * 64 * 3
buf = [int(x * 255 / size) for x in range(size)]
# then, convert the array to a ubyte string
buf = b''.join(map(chr, buf))
# then blit the buffer
texture.blit_buffer(buf, colorfmt='rgb', bufferfmt='ubyte')
# that's all ! you can use it in your graphics now :)
# if self is a widget, you can do this
with self.canvas:
Rectangle(texture=texture, pos=self.pos, size=(64, 64))
Since 1.9.0, you can blit data stored in a instance that implements the python buffer interface, or a memoryview thereof, such as numpy arrays, python array.array, a bytearray, or a cython array. This is beneficial if you expect to blit similar data, with perhaps a few changes in the data.
When using a bytes representation of the data, for every change you have to regenerate the bytes instance, from perhaps a list, which is very inefficient. When using a buffer object, you can simply edit parts of the original data. Similarly, unless starting with a bytes object, converting to bytes requires a full copy, however, when using a buffer instance, no memory is copied, except to upload it to the GPU.
Continuing with the example above:
from array import array
size = 64 * 64 * 3
buf = [int(x * 255 / size) for x in range(size)]
# initialize the array with the buffer values
arr = array('B', buf)
# now blit the array
texture.blit_buffer(arr, colorfmt='rgb', bufferfmt='ubyte')
# now change some elements in the original array
arr[24] = arr[50] = 99
# blit again the buffer
texture.blit_buffer(arr, colorfmt='rgb', bufferfmt='ubyte')
BGR/BGRA support¶
The first time you try to create a BGR or BGRA texture, we check whether your hardware supports BGR / BGRA textures by checking the extension ‘GL_EXT_bgra’.
If the extension is not found, the conversion to RGB / RGBA will be done in software.
NPOT texture¶
バージョン 1.0.7 で変更: If your hardware supports NPOT, no POT is created.
As the OpenGL documentation says, a texture must be power-of-two sized. That means your width and height can be one of 64, 32, 256... but not 3, 68, 42. NPOT means non-power-of-two. OpenGL ES 2 supports NPOT textures natively but with some drawbacks. Another type of NPOT texture is called a rectangle texture. POT, NPOT and textures all have their own pro/cons.
| Features | POT | NPOT | Rectangle |
| OpenGL Target | GL_TEXTURE_2D | GL_TEXTURE_2D | GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_(NV|ARB|EXT) |
| Texture coords | 0-1 range | 0-1 range | width-height range |
| Mipmapping | Supported | Partially | No |
| Wrap mode | Supported | Supported | No |
If you create a NPOT texture, we first check whether your hardware
supports it by checking the extensions GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two or
OES_texture_npot. If none of these are available, we create the nearest
POT texture that can contain your NPOT texture. The Texture.create()
will
return a TextureRegion
instead.
Texture atlas¶
A texture atlas is a single texture that contains many images. If you want to separate the original texture into many single ones, you don’t need to. You can get a region of the original texture. That will return the original texture with custom texture coordinates:
# for example, load a 128x128 image that contain 4 64x64 images
from kivy.core.image import Image
texture = Image('mycombinedimage.png').texture
bottomleft = texture.get_region(0, 0, 64, 64)
bottomright = texture.get_region(0, 64, 64, 64)
topleft = texture.get_region(0, 64, 64, 64)
topright = texture.get_region(64, 64, 64, 64)
Mipmapping¶
バージョン 1.0.7 で追加.
Mipmapping is an OpenGL technique for enhancing the rendering of large textures to small surfaces. Without mipmapping, you might see pixelation when you render to small surfaces. The idea is to precalculate the subtexture and apply some image filter as a linear filter. Then, when you render a small surface, instead of using the biggest texture, it will use a lower filtered texture. The result can look better this way.
To make that happen, you need to specify mipmap=True when you create a
texture. Some widgets already give you the ability to create mipmapped
textures, such as the Label
and
Image
.
From the OpenGL Wiki : “So a 64x16 2D texture can have 5 mip-maps: 32x8, 16x4, 8x2, 4x1, 2x1, and 1x1”. Check http://www.opengl.org/wiki/Texture for more information.
注釈
As the table in previous section said, if your texture is NPOT, we create the nearest POT texture and generate a mipmap from it. This might change in the future.
Reloading the Texture¶
バージョン 1.2.0 で追加.
If the OpenGL context is lost, the Texture must be reloaded. Textures that have a source are automatically reloaded but generated textures must be reloaded by the user.
Use the Texture.add_reload_observer()
to add a reloading function that
will be automatically called when needed:
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super(...).__init__(**kwargs)
self.texture = Texture.create(size=(512, 512), colorfmt='RGB',
bufferfmt='ubyte')
self.texture.add_reload_observer(self.populate_texture)
# and load the data now.
self.cbuffer = '\x00\xf0\xff' * 512 * 512
self.populate_texture(self.texture)
def populate_texture(self, texture):
texture.blit_buffer(self.cbuffer)
This way, you can use the same method for initialization and reloading.
注釈
For all text rendering with our core text renderer, the texture is generated but we already bind a method to redo the text rendering and reupload the text to the texture.
Texture
¶ ベースクラス:
builtins.object
Handle an OpenGL texture. This class can be used to create simple textures or complex textures based on ImageData.
-
add_reload_observer
()¶ Add a callback to be called after the whole graphics context has been reloaded. This is where you can reupload your custom data into the GPU.
バージョン 1.2.0 で追加.
Parameters: - callback: func(context) -> return None
The first parameter will be the context itself.
-
ask_update
()¶ Indicate that the content of the texture should be updated and the callback function needs to be called when the texture will be used.
-
bind
()¶ Bind the texture to the current opengl state.
-
blit_buffer
()¶ Blit a buffer into the texture.
注釈
Unless the canvas will be updated due to other changes,
ask_update()
should be called in order to update the texture.Parameters: - pbuffer: bytes, or a class that implements the buffer interface (including memoryview).
A buffer containing the image data. It can be either a bytes object or a instance of a class that implements the python buffer interface, e.g. array.array, bytearray, numpy arrays etc. If it’s not a bytes object, the underlying buffer must be contiguous, have only one dimension and must not be readonly, even though the data is not modified, due to a cython limitation. See module description for usage details.
- size: tuple, defaults to texture size
Size of the image (width, height)
- colorfmt: str, defaults to ‘rgb’
Image format, can be one of ‘rgb’, ‘rgba’, ‘bgr’, ‘bgra’, ‘luminance’ or ‘luminance_alpha’.
- pos: tuple, defaults to (0, 0)
Position to blit in the texture.
- bufferfmt: str, defaults to ‘ubyte’
Type of the data buffer, can be one of ‘ubyte’, ‘ushort’, ‘uint’, ‘byte’, ‘short’, ‘int’ or ‘float’.
- mipmap_level: int, defaults to 0
Indicate which mipmap level we are going to update.
- mipmap_generation: bool, defaults to True
Indicate if we need to regenerate the mipmap from level 0.
バージョン 1.0.7 で変更: added mipmap_level and mipmap_generation
バージョン 1.9.0 で変更: pbuffer can now be any class instance that implements the python buffer interface and / or memoryviews thereof.
-
blit_data
()¶ Replace a whole texture with image data.
-
bufferfmt
¶ Return the buffer format used in this texture (readonly).
バージョン 1.2.0 で追加.
-
colorfmt
¶ Return the color format used in this texture (readonly).
バージョン 1.0.7 で追加.
-
static
create
()¶ Create a texture based on size.
Parameters: - size: tuple, defaults to (128, 128)
Size of the texture.
- colorfmt: str, defaults to ‘rgba’
Color format of the texture. Can be ‘rgba’ or ‘rgb’, ‘luminance’ or ‘luminance_alpha’. On desktop, additional values are available: ‘red’, ‘rg’.
- icolorfmt: str, defaults to the value of colorfmt
Internal format storage of the texture. Can be ‘rgba’ or ‘rgb’, ‘luminance’ or ‘luminance_alpha’. On desktop, additional values are available: ‘r8’, ‘rg8’, ‘rgba8’.
- bufferfmt: str, defaults to ‘ubyte’
Internal buffer format of the texture. Can be ‘ubyte’, ‘ushort’, ‘uint’, ‘bute’, ‘short’, ‘int’ or ‘float’.
- mipmap: bool, defaults to False
If True, it will automatically generate the mipmap texture.
- callback: callable(), defaults to False
If a function is provided, it will be called when data is needed in the texture.
バージョン 1.7.0 で変更:
callback
has been added
-
static
create_from_data
()¶ Create a texture from an ImageData class.
-
flip_horizontal
()¶ Flip tex_coords for horizontal display.
バージョン 1.9.0 で追加.
-
flip_vertical
()¶ Flip tex_coords for vertical display.
-
get_region
()¶ Return a part of the texture defined by the rectangular arguments (x, y, width, height). Returns a
TextureRegion
instance.
-
height
¶ Return the height of the texture (readonly).
-
id
¶ Return the OpenGL ID of the texture (readonly).
-
mag_filter
¶ Get/set the mag filter texture. Available values:
- linear
- nearest
Check the opengl documentation for more information about the behavior of these values : http://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glTexParameter.xml.
-
min_filter
¶ Get/set the min filter texture. Available values:
- linear
- nearest
- linear_mipmap_linear
- linear_mipmap_nearest
- nearest_mipmap_nearest
- nearest_mipmap_linear
Check the opengl documentation for more information about the behavior of these values : http://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glTexParameter.xml.
-
mipmap
¶ Return True if the texture has mipmap enabled (readonly).
-
pixels
¶ Get the pixels texture, in RGBA format only, unsigned byte. The origin of the image is at bottom left.
バージョン 1.7.0 で追加.
-
remove_reload_observer
()¶ Remove a callback from the observer list, previously added by
add_reload_observer()
.バージョン 1.2.0 で追加.
-
save
()¶ Save the texture content to a file. Check
kivy.core.image.Image.save()
for more information.The flipped parameter flips the saved image vertically, and defaults to True.
バージョン 1.7.0 で追加.
バージョン 1.8.0 で変更: Parameter flipped added, defaults to True. All the OpenGL Texture are readed from bottom / left, it need to be flipped before saving. If you don’t want to flip the image, set flipped to False.
-
size
¶ Return the (width, height) of the texture (readonly).
-
target
¶ Return the OpenGL target of the texture (readonly).
-
tex_coords
¶ Return the list of tex_coords (opengl).
-
uvpos
¶ Get/set the UV position inside the texture.
-
uvsize
¶ Get/set the UV size inside the texture.
警告
The size can be negative if the texture is flipped.
-
width
¶ Return the width of the texture (readonly).
-
wrap
¶ Get/set the wrap texture. Available values:
- repeat
- mirrored_repeat
- clamp_to_edge
Check the opengl documentation for more information about the behavior of these values : http://www.khronos.org/opengles/sdk/docs/man/xhtml/glTexParameter.xml.
-
-
class
kivy.graphics.texture.
TextureRegion
¶ ベースクラス:
kivy.graphics.texture.Texture
Handle a region of a Texture class. Useful for non power-of-2 texture handling.


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Jane Fonda dismisses critics of her climate protests: ‘Those people don’t matter’
by Dom CalicchioActress Jane Fonda reportedly spent the night in jail following her arrest Friday at a climate-change protest in Washington, D.C.
But before she was taken into custody, the longtime Hollywood star had some strong words to say about those who’ve characterized her “Fire Drill Fridays” protests in the nation’s capital as merely another performance by a lifelong entertainer.
 “The best way to attack a celebrity is to say, ‘Here she is, doing it for their own glory or promotion or whatever.’
JANE FONDA, ROSANNA ARQUETTE AND CATHERINE KEENER ARRESTED DURING DC PROTEST
“It doesn’t matter,” she added. “Those people don’t matter. It doesn’t matter. Good people know. I could be doing a lot of other things besides getting out there. And I’ll be there if it’s snowing, raining, sleeting, hurricane, it doesn’t matter. I’m going to be there.”
"The best way to attack a celebrity is to say, ‘Here she is, doing it for their own glory or promotion or whatever.’ It doesn't matter. Those people don't matter."— Jane Fonda
Fonda, who will turn 82 in December, told FOX 5 she thinks climate change is an urgent crisis and requires “massive numbers in the streets protesting on an unprecedented scale” to push politicians and others into taking action.
CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
According to reports, Friday’s arrest was the fourth for Fonda since she began her weekly protests near the U.S. Capitol, but FOX 5 reported it was the first time since arriving in Washington that she was required to stay in jail overnight.
Arrested along with Fonda at the Hart Senate Building on Friday were actresses Rosanna Arquette and Catherine Keener. In previous weeks, actors Ted Danson and Sam Waterston were arrested with Fonda.


Haris Krkalić
CTO & Founder of Dropbox
345
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My skills
Availability:
Hourly rate:
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I'm an Australian digital artist with experience in Illustration & Art Direction. I've been freelancing since 2006. In that time I've created campaign, editorial, apparel and installation work for Verizon, Nike, The Grammy's, Dolby, American Express, Gatorade and many others."
CONTACT
ADD TO NETWORK
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Shine: {{product.shine}}


Warning!
this pdf was generated from ABS-CH test website.
ABS Clearing-House Checkpoint Communiqué
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Questions about the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing or the operation of the Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House may be directed to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Questions about the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing or the operation of the Access and Benefit-sharing Clearing-House may be directed to the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
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Email: secretariat@cbd.int


AWS::Cognito::UserPoolUserToGroupAttachment
The AWS::Cognito::UserPoolUserToGroupAttachment
resource attaches a user to an Amazon Cognito user pool user group.
Topics
Syntax
To declare this entity in your AWS CloudFormation template, use the following syntax:
JSON
{ "Type" : "AWS::Cognito::UserPoolUserToGroupAttachment", "Properties" : { "GroupName" :
String
, "Username" :String
, "UserPoolId" :String
} }
YAML
Type: AWS::Cognito::UserPoolUserToGroupAttachment Properties: GroupName:
String
Username:String
UserPoolId:String
Properties
GroupName
-
The name of the group.
Required: Yes
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
Username
-
The user's user name.
Required: Yes
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
UserPoolId
-
The ID of the user pool.
Required: Yes
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
Return Value
Ref
When the logical ID of this resource is provided to the Ref
intrinsic function, Ref
returns
a generated ID, such as UserToGroupAttachment-YejJvzrEXAMPLE
.
For more information about using the Ref
function, see Ref.


module WEBrick::AccessLog
AccessLog
provides logging to various files in various formats.
Multiple logs may be written to at the same time:
access_log = [ [$stderr, WEBrick::AccessLog::COMMON_LOG_FORMAT], [$stderr, WEBrick::AccessLog::REFERER_LOG_FORMAT], ] server = WEBrick::HTTPServer.new :AccessLog => access_log
Custom log formats may be defined. WEBrick::AccessLog
provides a subset of the formatting from Apache's mod_log_config httpd.apache.org/docs/mod/mod_log_config.html#formats. See AccessLog::setup_params for a list of supported options
Constants
Public Instance Methods
Escapes control characters in data
# File lib/webrick/accesslog.rb, line 151 def escape(data) data = data.gsub(/[[:cntrl:]\\]+/) {$&.dump[1...-1]} data.untaint if RUBY_VERSION < '2.7' data end
Formats params
according to format_string
which is described in setup_params.
# File lib/webrick/accesslog.rb, line 123 def format(format_string, params) format_string.gsub(/\%(?:\{(.*?)\})?>?([a-zA-Z%])/){ param, spec = $1, $2 case spec[0] when ?e, ?i, ?n, ?o raise AccessLogError, "parameter is required for \"#{spec}\"" unless param (param = params[spec][param]) ? escape(param) : "-" when ?t params[spec].strftime(param || CLF_TIME_FORMAT) when ?p case param when 'remote' escape(params["i"].peeraddr[1].to_s) else escape(params["p"].to_s) end when ?% "%" else escape(params[spec].to_s) end } end
This format specification is a subset of mod_log_config of Apache:
- %a
-
Remote IP address
- %b
-
Total response size
- %e{variable}
-
Given variable in ENV
- %f
-
Response filename
- %h
-
Remote host name
- %{header}i
-
Given request header
- %l
-
Remote logname, always “-”
- %m
-
Request method
- %{attr}n
-
Given request attribute from
req.attributes
- %{header}o
-
Given response header
- %p
-
Server's request port
- %{format}p
-
The canonical port of the server serving the request or the actual port or the client's actual port. Valid formats are canonical, local or remote.
- %q
-
Request query string
- %r
-
First line of the request
- %s
-
Request status
- %t
-
Time the request was received
- %T
-
Time taken to process the request
- %u
-
Remote user from auth
- %U
-
Unparsed URI
- %%
-
Literal %
# File lib/webrick/accesslog.rb, line 95 def setup_params(config, req, res) params = Hash.new("") params["a"] = req.peeraddr[3] params["b"] = res.sent_size params["e"] = ENV params["f"] = res.filename || "" params["h"] = req.peeraddr[2] params["i"] = req params["l"] = "-" params["m"] = req.request_method params["n"] = req.attributes params["o"] = res params["p"] = req.port params["q"] = req.query_string params["r"] = req.request_line.sub(/\x0d?\x0a\z/o, '') params["s"] = res.status # won't support "%>s" params["t"] = req.request_time params["T"] = Time.now - req.request_time params["u"] = req.user || "-" params["U"] = req.unparsed_uri params["v"] = config[:ServerName] params end


A crate that has 1 set of Battle Royale movie inspired/related clothing and random clothing that were already in-game that spawned during a match randomly or that were in the Pioneer Crate. You can use your Battle Points (BP) to buy this crate on the REWARDS page.
These crates have a limit of 6 crates per week, you can either get the Biker Crate or Wanderer Crate randomly.
The cost to purchase all the 6 crates is 21.700 BP. After the 6th crate the cost remains 7.000 BP per crate until reset.


| First Name | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.firstName}} |
| Last Name | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.lastName}} |
| Address | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.address1}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.address2}}
{{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.city}}, {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.state}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.zip}} |
| Social Security Number | ***-**-**** |
| Home Phone | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.homePhone}} |
| Work Phone | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.workPhone}} |
| Employee Response Name | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.ERfirstName}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.ERlastName}} |
| Employee Response Address | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.ERaddress1}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.ERaddress2}}
{{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.ERcity}}, {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.state}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.zip}} |
| Incident Date | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.ERincidentDate}} |
| Incident Number | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.ERincidentNumber}} |
| Employee Potentially Exposed 1 | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE1firstName || N/A}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE1lastName}} (Unit Number: {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE1unitNumber || N/A}} ) |
| Employer and Employer Phone | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE1employerDept || N/A}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE1employerPhone}} |
| Employee Potentially Exposed 2 | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE2firstName || N/A}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE2lastName}} (Unit Number: {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE2unitNumber || N/A}} ) |
| Employer and Employer Phone | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE2employerDept || N/A}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE2employerPhone}} |
| Employee Potentially Exposed 3 | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE3firstName || N/A}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE3lastName}} (Unit Number: {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE3unitNumber || N/A}} ) |
| Employer and Employer Phone | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE3employerDept || N/A}} {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.EPE3employerPhone}} |
| Exposed To | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.exposedTo}} |
| Level of Exposure | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.levelOfExposure}} |
| Explanation | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.explanation}} |
| Requested By | {{emergencyResponseEmployeeReportConfirmationCtrl.emergencyResponseEmployeeReport.requestedBy}} |


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What Will I Learn?
- How to claim BTG in Trezor using Firefox browser
Requirements
- You have the Firefox browser installed.
- You have Trezor device configured and ready.
- OS: Windows 7
- Browser: Mozilla Firefox 57.0.4 (64-bit)
- Trezor firmware: 1.6.0 (latest)
Difficulty
Basic
Tutorial Contents
1) Open https://wallet.trezor.io/ in Firefox browser. To connect the browser to Trezor, we will need a bridge. Select the applicable OS and Download
.
2) Run and install the downloaded Trezor bridge.
3) End the installation with Start TREZOR Bridge
ticked or you will have to manually start the program in the Start Menu.
4) Be sure trezord.exe
is running in the background processes in Windows Task Manager.
5) Plug in Trezor device to the PC and open up https://wallet.trezor.io/ again. Unlock the device and select Bitcoin Gold (BTG)
from the wallet drop-down menu. Then select coin-splitting tool
.
6) Select whatever account that you hold Bitcoin in during the BTG fork. In my case, it was ‘Legacy account’, click Connect with TREZOR
.
7) A pop-up window will appear loading content in relevant accounts. Wait it out.
8) Select Account
with the available amount, it could be more than one if you hold Bitcoin in multiple accounts during the fork. Target Address
is auto-generated and it would be your BTG address. Amount
that you want to claim from the fork, leave it as default. I chose Low
for the Fee as I’m not in rush to claim those coins, the default value is ‘Normal’.
9) Check the recipient address on Trezor and follow further instructions to confirm the transaction. You can check the transaction status using the Hash value, this is mine for example. When the transactions are confirmed, you should see them appearing in your wallet.
Posted on Utopian.io - Rewarding Open Source Contributors
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘Claim BTG in Trezor via Firefox’


60 mililitres Gin
30 mililitres fresh lime juice
30 mililitres simple syrup (sugar dissolved in water, if you don't have any handy and must make it yourself)
Fill a cocktail shaker (or a smaller glass wedged into a larger one if you are without) with ice and pour in the gin, lime juice and simple syrup. Stir (or shake, for you Mr. Bond) vigorously with a long cocktail spoon (or a regular one, for those of you using a glass not a shaker...) until very cold.
Strain the cocktail into a chilled martini glass or over ice in a glass if you prefer it on the rocks. Garnish with that lime wedge or cucumber slice you put aside. Don't forget to use a coaster; we don't want any condensation leaking into your keyboard!


| Vision Online |
|---|
| VisionFAQ: Frequently Asked Questions |
|---|
The most likely problem is that you terminated your method with the ; character so it is not returning anything. For example, the method:
Company defineMethod: [ | peRatio | price / earningsPerShare ; ]would perform the calculation but not return the value. Remove the terminating ; character and the result of the calculation will be returned.
See: The noValue Value
This is probably a precedence order problem. For example, the program:
myList do: [ price / earningsPerShare printNL ; ] ;will print the value of earningsPerShare. Because unary messages are evaluated before binary messages, the value is printed prior to performing the calculation. The results of the calculation are lost in this case. You could use either one of the following programs to print the correct value:
myList do: [ (price / earningsPerShare) printNL ; ] ;or
myList do: [ price / earningsPerShare printNL: 10 ; ] ;
See: Precedence Order
I am getting the Selector Not Found message for select: do:. What does this mean?
You are most likely missing a . character after the select: block. The program:
myList select: [ sales > 25000 ] # <-- . omitted do: [ ticker printNL ] ;would produce this error message. The correct expression is:
myList select: [ sales > 25000 ] . do: [ticker printNL];The program:
"Automotive" take: 4. concat: " Industry" # ^ this dot needs to be preceded by a spaceillustrates a common variation of this problem. In this case the . character following the number 4 is interpretted as part of the number so the Selector Not Found message indicates that take:concat: is not defined. The correct form of this expression is:
"Automotive" take: 4 . concat: " Industry"
See: The dot operator, The . and Collections
The sortUpBy:then: and sortDownBy:then: messages do not work in this case because you want one of your sorts to be ascending and one descending. To accomplish this, you need to take advantage of the fact that the sort messages produce "stable" sorts. This means that when a sort message is applied to a list, the original order of the list is preserved if the sort produces a tied value. If you apply several sort criteria in reverse order (i.e., the most detailed level of sort first), you can produce the desired results. For example, the expression:
myList sortUp: [ name ] . sortDown: [ score ]first sorts myList alphabetically by name. This list is then sorted from highest to lowest score. Any score values that are ties preserve the order of the alphabetical list. As a result, the list is sorted in the desired order.
See: Sorting Collections
How do I group my list into ranges of values?
The message groupedBy: usingCutoffs: was designed for this purpose. The first parameter is the block used to evaluate the list elements; the second parameter is a list of cutoff points to be used to indicate the range boundaries. For example, to group the company master list into price-earnings ratio ranges of < 0, 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, and > 20 you would use:
Company masterList groupedBy: [ price / earningsPerShare ] usingCutoffs: 0, 5, 10, 20This expression returns a list whose elements correspond to the five buckets created (one for each range). Each element of this returned list is extended by the variables lowerBoundary, upperBoundary, categoryNumber, and groupList. The message lowerBoundary returns the lower limit of the range (or NA if it is the first element). The message upperBoundary returns the upper limit of the range (or NA if it is the last element). The message categoryNumber identifies the group (in this case a number from 1 to 5). The groupList message returns the list of original elements falling in this group.
The following program performs the grouping and displays the results in a useful format:
Company masterList groupedBy: [ price / earningsPerShare ] usingCutoffs: 0, 5, 10, 20 . do: [ lowerBoundary isntNA ifTrue: [ upperBoundary isntNA ifTrue: [ lowerBoundary print: 3 ; "-" print ; upperBoundary print: -3 ; ] ifFalse: [ " > " print ; lowerBoundary print: -4; ]; ] ifFalse: [ " < " print ; upperBoundary print: -4 ; ] ; groupList count printNL ; ] ;
Your program probably looks something like this:
myList groupedBy: [ industry sector ] . do: [ !currentSector <- ^self ; currentSector code print: 10 ; groupList count print ; groupList select: [ industry sector = ^my currentSector ] . count printNL ; ] ;Since all the elements in groupList should be in the currentSector by definition, you would expect the two counts to be the same. In actuality, the second count is 0. The selection criteria compares the value of industry sector to the object ^my currentSector. Because currentSector was created as the result of a groupedBy: operation, it is really an extension of a Sector object. As a result, the two objects are not equal.
The following programs offer two alternatives that will both produce correct results:
myList groupedBy: [ industry sector ] . do: [ !currentSector <- ^self ; currentSector code print: 10 ; groupList count print ; groupList select: [ industry sector code = ^my currentSector code ] . count printNL ; ] ;or
myList groupedBy: [ industry sector ] . do: [ !currentSector <- ^self ; currentSector code print: 10 ; groupList count print ; groupList select: [ industry sector = ^my currentSector asSelf ] . count printNL ; ] ;The asSelf message strips any extensions off the object and returns the "pure" sector object.
See: Instance Hierarchy, Object Extensions
The grouping operation groups objects into unique buckets. If you assigned your ratings using two distinct string objects that both contained the contents A, they would group into distinct buckets. This would happen if you assign the values in different executions. For example, if you execute the expression:
Named Company GM :rating <- "A" ;and then execute the expression:
Named Company IBM :rating <- "A" ;in a separate execution, the ratings will not be grouped together. To perform this assignment correctly, you could create class constants that represent each rating as illustrated below:
Company define: 'ratingA' toBe: "A" ; Company define: 'ratingB' toBe: "B" ; Named Company GM do: [ :rating <- ratingA ] ; Named Company IBM do: [ :rating <- ratingA ] ;In this case, the two companies would appear in the same group since the rating value is identical for both of them. Alternatively, you could create a new class of rating values and assign each value to an entry in this table as illustrated below:
Entity createSubclass: "Rating" ; #-- code and name available Rating createInstance: "A" ; Rating createInstance: "B" ; Rating createInstance: "C" ; Named Company GM :rating <- Named Rating A ; Named Company IBM :rating <- Named Rating A ;In this case, you can also correctly group by the rating object.
The previous example often introduces a common programming inefficiency. Instead of grouping by the rating, users will often group by the rating code value. For example, the expressions:
Company masterList groupedBy: [ industry code ] . do: [ print ; groupList count printNL ] ;and
Company masterList groupedBy: [ industry ] . do: [ print ; groupList count printNL ] ;appear to work identically. The inefficiency arises if you wish to access additional information about the industry. For example, the two approaches are used below to also display the industry's name:
#--- Group by industry code and also display the name Company masterList groupedBy: [ industry code ] . do: [ #-- ^self is the string value of code at this point #-- you need to look up the code in the industry dictionary !ind <- ^global Named Industry at: ^self ; ind code print: 10 ; ind name print: 30 ; groupList count printNL ; ] ;and
#--- Group by industry and also display the name Company masterList groupedBy: [ industry ] . do: [ #-- ^self is the industry at this time #-- code and name are both directly available code print: 10 ; name print: 30 ; groupList count printNL ; ] ;The second approach is much cleaner than the first.
The groupedByString message can be used instead of groupedBy: to perform this query correctly.
See: Grouping Collections
You really want the list of messages associated with the elements of the list. You could execute the showMessages message inside the list using:
myList do: [ ^self showMessages ] ; #-- Note: omitting the ^self will display the messages defined #-- inside the block - not what you wantThis technique will work but generates the output for all elements in the list. Since many or all of the list elements are probably from the same class, this produces a good deal of extraneous output. Assuming all the elements are from the same class, the expression:
myList at: 1 . showMessagescan be used to display the messages to which any element of the list will respond. To see what classes are actually present in the list, use the expression:
myList groupedBy: [ whatAmI ] . do: [ ^self print: 50 ; groupList count printNL ] ;
When and why do you have to copy variables using ^my?
Because the magic word ^my can only "reach back" one level of context, you need to copy variables when you create many nested context levels that all need access to information from prior levels. This usually happens when you perform many nested list or time series operations. For example, you could define a local variable x at each level of a 3-level grouping and display each of the values using the program:
myList quintileDown: [ sales ] . groupedBy: [ quintile ] . do: [ !level1 <- ^current ; !x <- 1 ; groupList groupedBy: [ industry sector ] . do: [ !level2 <- ^current ; !level1 <- ^my level1 ; !x <- 2 ; groupList groupedBy: [ industry ] . do: [ !level3 <- ^current ; !level2 <- ^my level2 ; !level1 <- ^my level1 ; !x <- 3 ; groupList do: [ !x <- quintile ; ticker print: 10 ; x print ; ^my level1 x print ; ^my level2 x print ; ^my level3 x print ; newLine print ; ] ; ] ; ] ; ] ;This program will display the values for x from each level for each company in each group. The actual values printed will be the same for all companies (i.e., 1, 2, and 3).
See: The Magic Word ^my
| Copyright © 1999 Innovative Systems Techniques, Inc. | Updated January 28, 1999 |


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Ocean [ag37], ocean, in Crystal Sea
Last updated Turn #79
Ocean [ag37], ocean, in Crystal Sea
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2: Fast Sail [ht2u], ship, 3 hulls, 1 rowing port, 9 sails, 8% damaged,
2: arrived from Ocean [af37], owner:
2: Stewart [k0u], Pen, with 12 sailors
3: Fast Sail [ht2u], ship, 3 hulls, 1 rowing port, 9 sails, 8% damaged,
3: departed for Ocean [ah37].
Routes leaving Ocean:
North, to Ocean [af37], 6 days
East, to Ocean [ag38], 6 days
South, to Ocean [ah37], The Inner Sea, 6 days
West, plain, to Wildhorse Plains [ag36], Oleg's Folly, 2 days


{% extends 'layouts/layout.html' %} {% from 'button/macro.njk' import button %} {% from 'back-link/macro.njk' import backLink %} {% block pageTitle %} Enter your email address {% endblock %} {% block content %}
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