solveLP Solves a linear programming problem model a model structure minFlux determines if a second optimization should be performed in order to get rid of loops in the flux distribution 0: no such optimization is performed 1: the sum of abs(fluxes) is minimized. This is the fastest way of getting rid of loops 2: the square of fluxes is minimized. This tends to distribute fluxes across iso-enzymes, which results in a larger number of reactions being used 3: the number of fluxes is minimized. This can result in the flux distributions that are the easiest to interpret. Note that this optimization can be very slow (opt, default 0) params parameter structure as used by getMILPParams (opt) hsSol hot-start solution for the LP solver. This can significantly speed up the process if many similar optimization problems are solved iteratively. Only used if minFlux is 0 or 1 (opt) solution f objective value x primal (flux distribution) stat exit flag 1: the optimization terminated successfully 0: the solution is feasible, but not necessarily optimal -1: no feasible solution found -2: solution found, but flux minimization failed msg string describing the status of the optimization hsSolOut solution to be used as hot-start solution (see the input parameters). Only used if minFlux is 0 or 1 Usage: [solution hsSolOut]=solveLP(model,minFlux,params,hsSol) Rasmus Agren, 2017-02-28
0001 function [solution, hsSolOut]=solveLP(model,minFlux,params,hsSol) 0002 % solveLP 0003 % Solves a linear programming problem 0004 % 0005 % model a model structure 0006 % minFlux determines if a second optimization should be performed 0007 % in order to get rid of loops in the flux distribution 0008 % 0: no such optimization is performed 0009 % 1: the sum of abs(fluxes) is minimized. This is the 0010 % fastest way of getting rid of loops 0011 % 2: the square of fluxes is minimized. This tends to 0012 % distribute fluxes across iso-enzymes, which results in a 0013 % larger number of reactions being used 0014 % 3: the number of fluxes is minimized. This can result 0015 % in the flux distributions that are the easiest to 0016 % interpret. Note that this optimization can be very slow 0017 % (opt, default 0) 0018 % params parameter structure as used by getMILPParams (opt) 0019 % hsSol hot-start solution for the LP solver. This can 0020 % significantly speed up the process if many similar 0021 % optimization problems are solved iteratively. Only used if 0022 % minFlux is 0 or 1 (opt) 0023 % 0024 % solution 0025 % f objective value 0026 % x primal (flux distribution) 0027 % stat exit flag 0028 % 1: the optimization terminated successfully 0029 % 0: the solution is feasible, but not necessarily optimal 0030 % -1: no feasible solution found 0031 % -2: solution found, but flux minimization failed 0032 % msg string describing the status of the optimization 0033 % hsSolOut solution to be used as hot-start solution (see the input 0034 % parameters). Only used if minFlux is 0 or 1 0035 % 0036 % Usage: [solution hsSolOut]=solveLP(model,minFlux,params,hsSol) 0037 % 0038 % Rasmus Agren, 2017-02-28 0039 % 0040 0041 if nargin<2 0042 minFlux=0; 0043 end 0044 if nargin<3 0045 params.relGap=0.4; 0046 end 0047 if nargin<4 0048 hsSol=[]; 0049 end 0050 0051 %Default return values 0052 hsSolOut=[]; 0053 solution.x=[]; 0054 solution.f=[]; 0055 solution.stat=-1; 0056 0057 %Ignore the hot-start if the previous solution wasn't feasible 0058 if isfield(hsSol,'prosta') 0059 if strfind(hsSol.prosta,'INFEASIBLE') 0060 hsSol=[]; 0061 end 0062 end 0063 0064 % Setup the problem to feed to MOSEK. 0065 prob=[]; 0066 prob.c=model.c*-1; 0067 prob.a=model.S; 0068 prob.blc=model.b(:,1); 0069 %If model.b has two column, then they are for lower/upper bound on the RHS 0070 prob.buc=model.b(:,min(size(model.b,2),2)); 0071 prob.blx=model.lb; 0072 prob.bux=model.ub; 0073 0074 %If hot-start should be used 0075 if ~isempty(hsSol) 0076 prob.sol.bas=hsSol; 0077 params.MSK_IPAR_SIM_HOTSTART=1; 0078 end 0079 0080 %Use MSK_OPTIMIZER_FREE_SIMPLEX. This should not be necessary, but I've 0081 %noticed that the interior point solver is not as good at finding feasible 0082 %solutions. 0083 params.MSK_IPAR_OPTIMIZER='MSK_OPTIMIZER_FREE_SIMPLEX'; 0084 res = optimizeProb(prob,params); 0085 0086 %Check if the problem was feasible and that the solution was optimal 0087 [isFeasible, isOptimal]=checkSolution(res); 0088 0089 %If the problem was infeasible using hot-start it is often possible to 0090 %re-solve it without hot-start and get a feasible solution 0091 if ~isFeasible && ~isempty(hsSol) 0092 prob.sol=rmfield(prob.sol,'bas'); 0093 res=optimizeProb(prob,params); 0094 [isFeasible, isOptimal]=checkSolution(res); 0095 end 0096 0097 %Return without solution if the problem was infeasible 0098 if ~isFeasible 0099 solution.msg='The problem is infeasible'; 0100 return; 0101 end 0102 if ~isOptimal 0103 solution.msg='The problem is feasible, but not necessarily optimal'; 0104 solution.stat=0; 0105 else 0106 %All is well 0107 solution.stat=1; 0108 solution.msg='Optimal solution found'; 0109 end 0110 0111 %Construct the output structure 0112 if isfield(res.sol,'bas') 0113 solution.x=res.sol.bas.xx; 0114 if minFlux<=1; 0115 hsSolOut=res.sol.bas; 0116 if(isfield(res,'vbasis')) % gurobi uses vbasis and cbasis as hotstart 0117 hsSolOut.vbasis=res.vbasis; 0118 hsSolOut.cbasis=res.cbasis; 0119 end 0120 end 0121 solution.f=res.sol.bas.pobjval; 0122 else 0123 %Interior-point. This is not used at the moment 0124 solution.x=res.sol.itr.xx; 0125 solution.f=res.sol.itr.pobjval; 0126 end 0127 0128 %If either the square, the number, or the sum of fluxes should be minimized 0129 %then the objective function value should be fixed before another 0130 %optimization. It is not correct to fix the reactions which participate in 0131 %the objective function to their values in solution.x, as there can be 0132 %multiple solutions with the same objective function value. In addition, this 0133 %approach could result in numerical issues when several fluxes are fixed. 0134 %Instead a new "fake metabolite" is added to the problem. This metabolite 0135 %is produced by each reaction with the stoichiometry that reaction has in 0136 %the objective function. The equality constraint of that "fake metabolite" 0137 %is then set to be at least as good as the objective function value. 0138 if minFlux~=0 0139 model.S=[model.S;prob.c']; 0140 model.mets=[model.mets;'TEMP']; 0141 0142 %If the constraint on the objective function value is exact there is a 0143 %larger risk of numerical errors. However for the quadratic fitting 0144 %intervals are not allowed 0145 if minFlux~=2 0146 if size(model.b,2)==1 0147 model.b=[model.b model.b]; 0148 end 0149 if solution.f<0 0150 model.b=[model.b;[-inf solution.f*0.999999]]; 0151 else 0152 model.b=[model.b;[-inf solution.f*1.000001]]; 0153 end 0154 else 0155 model.b=[model.b;ones(1,size(model.b,2))*solution.f]; 0156 end 0157 0158 switch minFlux 0159 %The sum of fluxes should be minimized 0160 case 1 0161 %Convert the model to the irreversible format 0162 revRxns=find(model.rev); 0163 if ~isempty(revRxns) 0164 iModel=convertToIrrev(model); 0165 else 0166 iModel=model; 0167 end 0168 0169 %Minimize all fluxes 0170 iModel.c(:)=-1; 0171 sol=solveLP(iModel); 0172 0173 %Map back to reversible fluxes 0174 if sol.stat>=0 0175 solution.x=sol.x(1:numel(model.c)); 0176 solution.x(revRxns)=solution.x(revRxns)-sol.x(numel(model.c)+1:end); 0177 else 0178 EM='Could not solve the problem of minimizing the sum of fluxes. Uses output from original problem'; 0179 dispEM(EM,false); 0180 solution.stat=-2; 0181 end 0182 %The square of fluxes should be minimized. This only works when 0183 %there is no interval on the mass balance constraints (model.b is a 0184 %vector) 0185 case 2 0186 % if size(model.b,2)==1 0187 % qsol=solveQP(model,model.rxns,zeros(numel(model.lb),1)); 0188 % %There is a problem that the solver seldom converges totally in this 0189 % %kind of minimization. Print a warning but use the fluxes 0190 % if any(qsol.x) 0191 % solution.x=qsol.x; 0192 % if qsol.stat==-1 0193 % fprintf('WARNING: The quadratic fitting did not converge\n'); 0194 % end 0195 % else 0196 % fprintf('WARNING: Could not solve the problem of minimizing the square of fluxes. Uses output from linear program\n'); 0197 % end 0198 % else 0199 % fprintf('WARNING: Cannot minimize square of fluxes when size(model.b,2)==2. Uses output from linear program\n'); 0200 % end 0201 EM='Quadratic solver currently not working. Uses output from original problem'; 0202 dispEM(EM,false); 0203 solution.stat=-2; 0204 %The number of fluxes should be minimized 0205 case 3 0206 [qx,I]=getMinNrFluxes(model,model.rxns,params); 0207 qx(~I)=0; 0208 if any(I) 0209 solution.x=qx; 0210 else 0211 EM='Could not solve the problem of minimizing the number of fluxes. Uses output from linear program'; 0212 dispEM(EM,false); 0213 solution.stat=-2; 0214 end 0215 end 0216 end 0217 end


formula in determining the sample size
What is the formula for calculating a sample size
Your question is a bit ambiguous, but I will provide the equation commonly used to calculate the necessary sample size in estimating the proportion of a .
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_formula_for_calculating_a_sample_size
How to Determine Sample Size - Extension
To use a formula, . If you wish to review the five steps before selecting a sample size . Appendix 3 Example: An Equation for Determining Final Sample Size.
http://extension.psu.edu/evaluation/pdf/TS60.pdf
Sample Size Determination - 3Rs- Reduction
vious experience and when a simple power and sample size calculation should be . H1: (pc ? pe. 0). The formula for determining sample size is derived from .
http://www.3rs-reduction.co.uk/assets/applets/Dell_et_al_v4304Dell.pdf
Things You'll Need
- Certified copies of public records evidence in your case
Instructions
-
-
1
Calculating the Sample Size
The appropriate sample size for a population-based survey is determined . the sample size required can be calculated according to the following formula.
http://www.ifad.org/gender/tools/hfs/anthropometry/ant_3.htmSample Size Calculator - The Survey System
This Sample Size Calculator is presented as a public service of Creative Research Systems survey software. You can use it to determine how many people you .
http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm -
2
DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE FOR RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ...
Small Sample Techniques, the research division of the National Education Association has published a formula for determining sample size. Regrettably a .
http://people.usd.edu/~mbaron/edad810/Krejcie.pdfOrganizational Research: Determining Appropriate Sample Size in ...
This manuscript describes the procedures for determining sample size for continuous and categorical variables using Cochran's (1977) formulas. A discussion .
http://www.osra.org/itlpj/bartlettkotrlikhiggins.pdf -
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3
Sample size determination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mead's resource equation is often used for estimating sample sizes of laboratory animals, as well as in many .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size_determinationPEOD6/PD006: Determining Sample Size
The fourth approach to determining sample size is the application of one of several formulas (Equation 5 was used to calculate the sample sizes in Table 1 and .
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pd006 -
4
Stats: Sample Size Determination
The sample size determination formulas come from the formulas for the maximum error of the estimates. The formula is solved for n. Be sure to round the answer .
http://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch08-n.htmlDetermining the sample size
Determining the sample size. One of the . marriage. She asks, How large a sample size do I need? . The reason is that the standard error formula,. ? p(1? p) .
http://www.unc.edu/~rls/s151-2010/class23.pdf
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1
References
Resources
- Photo Credit Justice image by MVit from metric scale english equivalent


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{% endif %} {% if tag.inc %} {% include tag.inc ignore missing %} {% endif %}Swig's API in the browser is the same as its API for node.js, with the only difference being that you cannot use the swig.compileFile method, since browsers do not have a filesystem.
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ehr·geiz / n. (German) Ambition.
Ehrgeiz was a fighting game released by Square in 1998, first for arcade, then (with a lot of extra goodies) for PlayStation. It wasn't much of a keeper, but it's famous for having tons of FF7 references and characters. Here's an illustrated rundown. Note that the move list was taken from Cheow Enping's FAQ/Move List on GameFAQs, and was directly translated from Japanese. It is not a complete move list - only the moves that have references to FF7 are listed here. Every single FF7 character uses his/her victory stance from the game, and Sephiroth is the only character who has an ending.
| Cloud Strife
Tifa Lockheart Yuffie Kisaragi Vincent Valentine Sephiroth Django Quest Mode Other Crossovers |
Info: Age: 21 Birthplace: Nibelheim Sex: Male Occupation: Former Soldier, Now ???? Weapon/Special Attack: Buster Sword Birthday: 19th August 1976 Height: 173 cm Blood Type: AB
Availablility: 30 days after installation for ARC, initially available in PSX
Combos: Soldier Jab, Soldier High Low, Soldier Low Kick, Soldier Feint Right, Soldier Feint Left, Soldier Chain, Soldier Chain Disrupt, Soldier Knee, Soldier Elbow, Soldier Hook, Soldier Chain Wheel, Soldier Needle, Soldier Tackle, Shinra Chain K X K, Shinra Chain Genesis, Mako Punch, Air Buster, Deathblow
Just Frame Moves: Zax Chain, Zax Shot, Shinra Chain Alpha, Shinra Chain Beta
Throws: Omnislash
Special Move: (one press) Brings out buster sword to be used in battle, (hold) casts Meteorain
Sword Techniques: Shinra First Slash, Shinra Second Slash, Buster Sword Chain, Sephiroth Combo Incomplete, Rune Blade Chain, Braver, Crosslash, Butterfly Edge, Clim Slash, Clim Hazard, Clim Mirage
Second Outfit: Red Soldier uniform.
Third Outfit: Basic Shinra getup Cloud wore (eventually) during his flashbacks. Unlocked after beating the game with Yuffie.
Other Notes: It's possible to fight Cloud in Arcade mode by beating the first 8 fights under a certain amount of time (in the arcade game, he's referred to as "Guardian" here). Cloud's stage is an elevator (slightly similar to the ones in Junon) and the background music is a remix of FF7's main battle theme.
Info: Age: 20 Birthplace: Nibelheim Sex: Female Occupation: Seventh Heaven bar girl, member of AVALANCHE Weapon/Special Attack: Zangan Style Martial Arts Birthday: May 3rd Height: 165 cm Blood Type: B
Availablility: 60 days after installation for ARC, initially available in PSX
Combos: Zangan Style Jab, Zangan Style Middle Kick, Zangan Style Low Kick, Zangan Style ????  (Note: This was actually her original outfit in earlier drafts of FF7)
Third Outfit: The tour guide outfit (what she wore when taking Cloud and Sephiroth to the Nibel Mountains). Unlocked after beating the game with Vincent.
Other Notes: It's possible to fight Tifa in Arcade mode by beating the first 8 fights under a certain amount of time (in the arcade game, she's referred to as "Summoner" here). Tifa's stage resembles a Mako reactor, and her background music is FF7's Prelude.
Info: Age: 16 Birthplace: Wutai Sex: Female Occupation: Ninja undergraduate Weapon/Special Attack: Cross Shuriken Birthday: 20 November 1981 Height: 160 cm Blood Type: A
Availablility: Available after beating game with Cloud
Combos: Wutai Style Straight Punch, Joint Mountain, Joint Valley, Dachao Dance, Dachao Offering, Dachao's Wind, Leviathan's Tail, Leviathan's Anger, Leviathan's ????, Not Be A Thousand, Mirror Water (Clear Tranquil), Tidal Wave, Swift Lightning (Greased Lightning)
Just Frame Moves: Five Supreme Skills, The Alive Will Perish (Doom of the Living), Blood Sacrifice (Bloodfest)
Throws: Mega Phoenix Dance
Special Move: Wind Demon Shuriken, Hawkeye, Makibishi, Cutting Wind, Smoke Bomb, Shyu Shyu Shyu
Second Outfit: Red replaces the green in this outfit. (Note: This was actually her original outfit in earlier drafts of FF7)
Other Notes: There might be more moves of her's that refer to FF7, but since they were written in Kanji, translation is difficult.
 He's the only character who has a separate face pic for the second outfit.
Info:Age: Unknown Birthplace: Unknown Sex: Male Occupation: Legendary soldier Weapon/Special Attack: Masamune
Availablility: Initially available
Combos: Jenova Linkage BIRTH, Jenova Linkage SYNTHESIS, Jenova Linkage DEATH, Jenova Attack, Jenova Shoot, Jenova Reppa
Just Frame Moves: Jenova Linkage Life, Jenova Linkage Incomplete, Playing Reunion, Desperado Edge, Jenova Rush, Duo Fantasy, Sephiroth Combo
Throws: Tragic End
Special Move: (one press) Brings out masamune, (hold) Black Materia (note: this is the same as Cloud's Meteorain)
Sword Techniques: Sephiroth Combo Complete
Second Outfit: Bare chest, what he wears in the very last fight of FF7.
Other Notes: Sephiroth is the only character with an ending. It's basically a montage of scenes from full motion video sequences in FF7 (in fact, there seems to be a bit from almost every scene) set to a slight remix of One Winged Angel.
Info: Age: Unknown Birthplace: Gongaga Sex: Male Occupation: Soldier First Weapon/Special Attack: Buster Sword
Availablility: Available after beating the game with Cloud, Tifa, Yuffie, Vincent, and Sephiroth
Combos: Zax Chain Disrupt, Zax Chain K X K, Zax Chain Wheel, Zax Chain Genesis, Gongaga Attack, Mako Straight, Air Anchor, Slide Buster, Gongaga Low, Deathblow
Just Frame Moves: True Zax Chain, True Zax Shot, Zax Chain Alpha, Zax Chain Beta
Throws: Meteo Drop, Gongaga ????, Omnislash
Special Move: (one press) Brings out buster sword, (hold) Meteo Shower (note: this is the same as Cloud's Meteorain)
Sword Techniques: Mythril Saber Chain, Ogre Nix, High Braver, True Crosslash, Crystal Sword, Clim Slash, Clim Hazard, Clim Mirage
Second Outfit: Red outfit.
Other Notes: Zack is essentially just a palette-swapped Cloud.
Info:Age: Unknown Birthplace: Unknown Sex: Unknown Occupation: Unknown Weapon/Special Attack: Flare
Availablility: 90 days after installation for ARC, initially in PSX after beating the game with all 8 original characters
Combos: Seto Punch, Seto Low Punch, Seto Combination, Nanaki Kick, Nanaki Combination, Titan Header, Chocobo Kick, Bahamut Kick, Ifrit Bite, Hades Bite, Shiva Attack, Sled Fang, Chupon Brush, Blood Fang, Phoenix Roll
Throws: Biting Bahamut Zero
Special Move: Mega Flare, Giga Flare, Knight Round Rolling
Second Outfit: Red fur!
Other Notes: Although Django is the second to last fight, he is the "real" final boss of Ehrgeiz (the next battle doesn't have to be won). His normal form is gray and has nothing to do with FF7, but in his second outfit, he looks remarkably like a recolored Red XIII (and his moves reflect this). However, neither his appearance nor his victory stance are exactly like Red XIII's (they're very similar though), so it is generally thought this might be either an alternative Red XIII or a member of the same species. Ehrgeiz doesn't exactly have much story, so it's hard to tell.
The PSX version of Ehrgeiz has an added "quest mode" which follows Koji Masuda, the previous winner of the Ehrgeiz Tournament, as he explores a ruin. It's a kind of RPG-action-fighting thingy, like a predecessor to Dark Cloud. The monsters are fairly run-of-the-mill, but the equipment is all FF, all the time. Observe!


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If you feel that your heart is beating abnormally, take your pulse. To do so, take the pads of your second and third fingers, place them on the thumb side of your wrist, and find the pulsations of the artery. If your hand is palm up, the pulse is between the bone and the first big tendon (see Figure 8).
Count the number of pulsations you feel in one minute:
There are many benign reasons for an irregular heartbeat. It is normal for your pulse rate to rise to greater than 100 beats per minute with exercise, anxiety and stress, pain, or fever, and it may slow down significantly during sleep. It can also be influenced by herbal supplements/remedies or certain medications (such as Sudafed). In young, healthy people, irregular heartbeats are usually due to a small amount of abnormal electrical activity in a part of the heart; this can be brought on by stress, caffeine, or alcohol. In about 20 percent of the cases of irregular heartbeats in the young population, there is no explanation. These episodes of irregular heartbeats are usually harmless and will often go away when the heart speeds up during or after exercise.
However, a rapid pulse could be the body’s red light warning signal of a life-threatening internal hemorrhage (usually accompanied by weakness and dizziness when you are switching from a lying position to a sitting position, or from a sitting position to a standing position).
Irregular, fast, or slow pulses can be dangerous and require immediate therapy in an emergency room. (Examples of some of the more common causes are listed in Tips 85 through 90.)
Your pulse will normally go up when you run, climb stairs, et cetera, but a resting pulse around 115 or greater is always cause for concern, and depending on the cause, emergency medical treatment can be life-saving. A rise in pulse may be the first signal of a life-threatening hemorrhage in areas such as the stomach or intestines, followed by a drop in blood pressure. When blood loss occurs over a long period of time, a rapid pulse may be accompanied by fatigue and paleness.
When your heart suddenly starts beating too fast because of a heart rhythm abnormality, its rate will usually be over 120 and can even be as high as 160 to 200. This rapidity can interfere with the pumping action of the heart, so that blood flow is compromised. You may experience symptoms of weakness, dizziness, light-headedness, and, if severe enough, sudden loss of consciousness. If you experience any of these symptoms, have someone take you to an emergency room. Make sure you stop consuming all caffeine, street drugs, herbal products (including teas), and over-the-counter medications until you discuss your condition with a doctor. Also tell the doctor you had been taking these products. If you pass out even for a short time, and/or experience chest pain or shortness of breath, call 911.
Sudden changes in your heart rhythm and a rapid or irregular pulse can be dangerous, particularly if you have previously experienced a heart ailment such as a heart attack, heart failure, or heart enlargement from high blood pressure.
If you have this condition, abnormal electrical impulses are originating from the upper chambers of your heart (the atrium), and are conducted to the lower chambers of your heart (the ventricles), typically in an irregular and rapid fashion. Your pulse is often very irregular and rapid, and can be very difficult to count. When the heart’s electrical system is in this abnormal state, the upper heart chambers are no longer effectively squeezing blood into the lower chambers, and this may result in blood pooling, which can sometimes lead to A blood clot. When this occurs, pieces of the clot can break off and travel through blood vessels to the brain, where they may lodge in a vessel and block blood flow to a part of the brain. This part of the brain will be damaged, causing a stroke.
Atrial fibrillation frequently occurs in people with heart and lung disease, and in those with hypertension, but it can also occur in people who consume large amounts of alcoholic beverages or in people with an overactive thyroid (which is associated with shaking, tremors, exhaustion, and intolerance to heat). Please note, however, that atrial fibrillation sometimes occurs spontaneously in healthy people.
Treatment of this disorder may include taking a blood thinner to prevent the blood from clotting. The doctor can convert your heartbeat to a regular rhythm with medication or an electrical shock applied to your heart. If you feel the onset of an irregular and usually rapid pulse with the above symptoms, seek immediate medical care.
The long QT syndrome, a serious heart rhythm problem that occurs in young people, gets its name from the EKG readout, as the syndrome increases the distance between the Q wave and the T wave (which may only show up on an EKG during exercise or on an ambulatory heart monitor). If someone has this syndrome, he or she is at risk of developing a dangerously fast heart rate, requiring cardiac shock or medication.
Even if you are young, if you have the above red light warning signals, it is worthwhile for you to be evaluated by your doctor as soon as possible, because it could be a warning that you have long QT syndrome. It’s very important that you get evaluated for this condition if you have a family history of drowning or of family members dying without any known cause at a young age.
If you have lost an excessive amount of fluid from any cause, including sweating, taking water pills, or having prolonged or severe diarrhea, you may lose large quantities of certain minerals such as potassium. The loss of potassium can result in abnormal electrical charges in your heart, causing dangerous irregular heartbeats. This can be life-threatening; emergency medical therapy and monitoring by a physician is necessary. Often special intravenous fluids are needed to replace these minerals.
On the other hand, heart rhythm problems can also occur if there is an excess of potassium or certain other minerals in the blood. If you experience these symptoms, you need to be taken to an emergency room immediately.
Your heartbeat is regulated by specialized heart cells located in the upper chamber on the right side of the heart. If this area becomes diseased (or altered as a side effect of medication), it may begin to function abnormally, causing a sudden slowing of the pulse. Common medications that slow your heart rate include heart drugs like digoxin, beta-blockers like metoprolol or atenolol, and calcium channel blockers like verapamil or diltiazem.
The slow pulse may be so severe it causes you to pass out, or it may occur intermittently, with your pulse returning to normal for a while. If this is occurring even for short periods of time, you need to be taken to an emergency room immediately.
A heart murmur is a swooshing sound coming from within the heart. Heart murmurs are quite common and frequently do not indicate a serious problem. For example, they may be the result of blood passing rapidly but normally through one of the four valves (doors) in the heart (see Figure 9). A large percentage of adolescents have murmurs that are not caused by disease. But a murmur may be abnormal when a damaged valve in the heart contributes to making the sound. It may also occur when blood travels through an abnormal hole in a wall that separates two heart chambers.
To understand why blood passing through a narrowed opening makes this sound, think about a garden hose. A garden hose makes little noise when water flows from it, but if you put a nozzle on the end, a swooshing noise is created as the water spews through the narrow opening. The same thing happens with the heart when blood flows through an abnormally narrow opening or rapidly through a normal opening. While listening to the heart with a stethoscope, the loudness, location, timing, and pitch of the murmur help the doctor to determine if and where the heart is damaged.
Certain heart murmurs must be monitored by your doctor to determine if the problem is worsening and if and when the abnormality should be corrected so that permanent damage can be avoided. For example, one common cause of a heart murmur is a ventricular septal defect, a birth defect in which there is an opening in the wall that separates the lower chambers of the heart. This opening causes an abnormal flow of blood, which can permanently damage the lungs. Diagnosis and treatment are essential. There are many other situations in which a murmur requires regular monitoring or medical intervention.
Both a damaged valve that has been infected in the past and an artificial valve provide prime targets for bacterial growth (bacterial endocarditis). Therefore, if you have these or certain other heart conditions and you are undergoing a procedure anywhere else on your body, it may be very important for you to take an antibiotic. For example, small amounts of bacteria can get in your blood during dental work or when tubes are put in your body to examine your bladder or colon. These bacteria may then grow on an abnormal heart valve or on an artificial valve in your heart.


Alaska students raise the ukulele to orchestral proportions
by The Associated PressANCHORAGE, Alaska (AP) — The most prominent sign of the growing popularity of ukuleles among Anchorage students is East High’s orchestra dedicated to the short-necked relative of the guitar.
The Anchorage Daily News reported the Anchorage School District has seen a wave of aspiring student musicians who want to pluck the small, four-stringed instruments.
Officials say the number of students enrolled in a ukulele class at East High has eclipsed those in a guitar class, while the ukulele orchestra has nearly 20 players.
East High guitar and ukulele teacher Kiel Schweizer says reasons for the student attraction to ukuleles include affordability, portability and ease of play, as well as their popularity on YouTube.
The instrument is also embedded in the Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander culture of 15% of the school’s students.
___
Information from: Anchorage Daily News, http://www.adn.com
The Associated Press


{ title = "Docs - Luvit.io", main = [[ While we're still working on this docs site, see the following useful resources: - [Luvit on Github](https://github.com/luvit/luvit/blob/master/README.markdown) - [Lit Wiki](https://github.com/luvit/lit/wiki/Creating-Your-First-Package) - [Luvit Invention Toolkit](https://github.com/luvit/lit/blob/master/README.md) - [Luvi Docs](https://github.com/luvit/luvi/blob/master/README.md) - [Luv API](https://github.com/luvit/luv/blob/master/docs.md) - [Node.js API](https://nodejs.org/api/) - [Example Luvit Apps](https://github.com/luvit/luvit/tree/master/examples) The following clickable map shows the relationships between the various parts of the luvit ecosystem in case you get lost. ]]}


1. First download Tofa from here.
Upon launching it you will be greeted with this screen.
It's important to choose a strong password and remember it forever!
This password is used to encrypt/decrypt your local database which holds
your onion services private keys. If you ever loose your password
you will never be able to use the 2FA features for the apps you have created.
Database is encrypted using AES-256-GCM with random salts on each write.
2. After choosing the password you will be greeted with the following screen.
To create your first ever app click on the button:
Name must be unique for each app, but that will be checked by Tofa Client.
After creation, your app will be broadcasted to the Tor network, process which will take
several seconds.
3. "Published" indicates if app is published to Tor network.
"Registered" indicates if app is registered with the online service you're
going to link it to. As end user, this should be enough to bother with!
To see the Tofa URI you need to supply to the online service hit the
"view button" correlated with your app.
Excellent! You can create more apps and register them with different services at your will.
Remember to keep Tofa Client open whenever you wish to use 2FA with the registered services.
And never never post information about your app anywhere else to avoid privacy disclosure
and impersonation, which can occur if you share your app ID.
Pop-ups will show up whenever an external entity contacts your Client and ask for your permission!
For example:


In this demonstration, a speech signal is manipulated by sampling it in various ways. The speech signal is the sentence, "I'm sorry Dave, I'm afraid I can't do that," spoken by HAL, the computer in 2001 Space Odyssey. You will hear the following samples:
The speech waveform is really just a list of numbers. Here is a segment of speech consisting of 1000 samples:
If we zoom in to the the middle of this segment, the signal looks as follows:
This segment shows a transition between a part of the signal that is roughly periodic to one that is much noisier. The roughly periodic part corresponds to a voiced sound, like "aaaa", whereas the noisy part corresponds to an unvoiced sound, like "ffff". This segment is at the transition between voiced and unvoiced in the "af" of "afraid". To emphasize that this waveform is constructed from samples, we can plot each sample as a dot:
In the fourth audio sample above, a set of samples at 4 kHz is interpolated to get a new set of samples at 8 kHz. The interpoloation of the waveform can be understood intuitively by looking at the following picture from the aliasing demo.
If the blue signal represents a set of samples, then the red signal is an interpolated version. The waveform is smoothly interpolated between the given samples.


How to Play Fox and Geese
Fox and Geese is a northern European hunt game played with 13 geese and 1 fox. Its asymmetrical nature is similar to that of hnefatafl. Some theorize there is a relationship between two. Queen Victoria is said to also be a fan on this medieval game.
Step 1: Setup the Board
Arrange the 13 geese pieces on the board according to the following layout:
The fox player may place their piece on any empty point.
Step 2: Learn the Rules
- The geese starts the game.
- Geese may move along any line going from point to point.
- The fox also moves along lines like the geese.
- The fox capures a goose by jumping over it into a vacant spot (like checkers), as long as the jump is along a line.
- If possible, the fox is allowed to capture another goose if in a position to do so.
- Geese can not capture the fox.
The geese wins if the trap the fox so that it may no longer move.
The fox wins if it captures enough (10) geese so that it can’t be trapped.
Step 3: Switch
There is a slight advantage to the geese so switching sides will balance out the game.


We match Third Party supporters in swing states with Hillary Clinton supporters in safe states.
Arizona
Colorado
Florida
Georgia
Iowa
Maine
Michigan
Minnesota
Nevada
New Hampshire
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Virginia
Wisconsin
1) This service operates on the honor system. There's no way we can confirm who you are, where you live, or which candidate you ultimately vote for.
2) This service is designed to help Hillary Clinton in swing states. It intends to serve as a good-faith secondary option to Third Party supporters who can't stomach indirectly helping Donald Trump.
3) We believe that vote trading is legal because:
- voting is political speech
- vote trading is a form of solidarity
- the actual vote trade is fundamentally unverifiable and unenforceable
- vote traders receive no consideration or inducement


This is a header
Home
About
Contact
how you contact with me
phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Gmail: saurabh.kumarjan10@gmail.com


Core API
This documentation covers the core public API and is central to the framework. All methods work in the browser, with JSDOM, and directly in Node. You use this to construct the Virtual DOM, synchronize changes, and patch the DOM.
npm install diffhtml
Some lingo to be aware of:
- Transaction: A class structure which represents a set of changes to the DOM.
- VTree: Virtual Tree, represents the shape of a DOM node, Component, etc. These objects are created when diffHTML first loads and help regulate memory usage.
- Mount: Most commonly a DOM node that you want to update, but can also be VTrees and other types.
Options
tasks Function[]
Manipulate the tasks which run. This can allow you to do interesting things with the core API. You can do API changes like providing a stream or generator API for the return signature, you can remove syncing and provide your own object for patching, etc. This feature is used by the project to create the render-to-string module.
Caution: Only modify this in a closed environment and do not ship components or shared utils which attempt to modify the host tasks.
Example
Change the return value of innerHTML to be a callback.
import { innerHTML, Internals } from 'diffhtml';
// Start with the default tasks.
const newTasks = new Set(Internals.defaultTasks);
newTasks.delete(Internals.tasks.endAsPromise);
// Update the transaction end by returning a callback instead of using a
// Promise based API.
newTasks.add(transaction => {
const { promises } = transaction;
// Change the final return value to a callback.
return callback => {
if (promises && promises.length) {
return transaction.promise = Promise.all(promises).then(() => {
transaction.end();
callback(transaction);
});
}
transaction.promise = Promise.resolve(transaction.end());
callback(transaction);
};
});
// You can supress this behavior by setting executeScripts to false
innerHTML(document.body, `<h1>Hello world</h1>`, {
tasks: [...newTasks],
})(transaction => {
console.log('Render has completed with transaction', transaction);
});
executeScripts Boolean
Control whether or not newly appended scripts are executed or not. Tricks the
browser by setting the type
property to no-execute
when a script is added.
This prevents the browser from executing the script.
Example
import { innerHTML } from 'diffhtml';
// By default scripts will execute
innerHTML(document.body, `<script>window.alert('here')</script>`);
// You can supress this behavior by setting executeScripts to false
innerHTML(document.body, `<script>window.alert('here')</script>`, {
executeScripts: false,
});
parser Object
These options modify the parser by making it more strict or changing which elements are treated as block or self closing.
Learn more about these options
Example
This example will throw an error since the parser encountered invalid markup.
import { innerHTML } from 'diffhtml';
innerHTML(document.body, `

Hello world

`, { parser: { strict: true } });
innerHTML (mount, input, options)
Compares the children of mount with input.
The innerHTML
and outerHTML
methods are the most common to use. They allow
you to mimic the respective browser feature, where you replace the contents of
a DOM node and in the case of outerHTML
replace the top-level element
attributes as well. You may call this once in a complex application where the
individual components re-render themselves, or in a game you would call this on
every render tick, if you're building something simple, you can call it
whenever the state changes.
These methods can work in the browser and browser-like environments like JSDOM. An interesting feature is that you can pass in more than just DOM nodes. This comes in handy for advanced use cases such as
What's nice about these methods is that all renders go through the same scheduling pipeline and VTrees are shared across all other renders.
Arguments
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| mount | The root DOM node to update children in, but not the node itself. |
| input | New markup to replace into mount. |
| options |
|
Examples
import { innerHTML } from 'diffhtml';
innerHTML(document.body, `

Hello world!

`);
outerHTML (mount, input, options)
Compares the attributes and children of mount with input.
Replaces the contents of a DOM node with the passed in markup, only updates what has changed. Additionally updates the attributes of the parent. If the element you're modifying has a parent, you may also change the element type, but this isn't really recommended.
Example:
outerHTML(document.body, 'Hello world');
Arguments
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| mount | The root DOM node to update including attributes and children. |
| input | New markup to replace into mount. |
| options |
|
html (markup)
A
tagged
template
function that parses HTML and creates VTree's under-the-hood. Can also be used
like a normal function. Effectively creates the manual createTree(nodeName,
attributes, children)
calls automatically by parsing the HTML. You are allowed
to "interpolate" or mix dynamic values with the HTML string content. This is
useful when working with Web Components, DOM events,
When you pass a single element and provide newlines and whitespace before and after it, like the example below, it will be automatically trimmed. If you provide multiple elements, the whitespace becomes
A simple example of its usage along with interpolation.
const vTree = html`

Hello world

`;
Will basically convert to:
createTree('body', null, [
createTree('center', { style: { fontSize: '11px' } }, ['Hello world']),
]);
To see how to run this example yourself see the Examples section below.
Arguments
The two required inputs are a reference element and new element to compare. Although "element" is used, the actual input can be of various input types all representing an element (or many elements).
use (middlewareFunction or middlewareObject)
This function is used to hook plugins into your render pipeline. These plugins are referred to as middleware. They are meant for advanced use cases such as observing the render flow, modifying attributes or elements, and more.
Middleware can be enabled and disabled via code or the browser DevTools.
Arguments
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| middlewareFunction | Use this when you want total control over the task flow. Return inner functions to delve deeper into the flow. Any of the middleware object properties may be attached the function and used together. |
| middlewareObject | Use this when you don't care about the transaction start/stop, and want a cleaner way to monitor the VTree lifecycle.
|
Examples
Logging the start of a render transaction
function someTask(transaction) {
console.log('Start of render transaction:', transaction);
}
use(someTask);
Logging the end of a render transaction
function someTask(transaction) {
console.log('Start of render transaction:', transaction);
return () => {
console.log('End of render transaction scheduled');
// Must wait until all transitions complete to know for sure that the
// render action has completed.
transaction.onceEnded(() => {
console.log('End of render transaction completed');
});
};
}
use(someTask);
addTransitionState (stateName, callback)
Adds global transition listeners, which trigger in reaction to when the DOM is patched. If many elements are rendered quickly, this could be an expensive operation, so try to limit the amount of listeners added if you're concerned about performance.
 A good way of filtering is to use the
DOM matches
method. It's fairly well supported
(
http://caniuse.com/#feat=matchesselector
) and may suit many projects. If you
need backwards compatibility, consider using jQuery's is
.
You can do fun, highly specific, filters:
addTransitionState('attached', element => {
// Fade in the main container after it's attached into the DOM.
if (element.matches('body main.container')) {
$(element).stop(true, true).fadeIn();
}
});
If you like these transitions and want to declaratively assign them in tagged templates, check out the diffhtml-inline-transitions plugin .
Arguments
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| stateName | One of the valid transition states: attached | detached | replaced | attributeChanged | textChanged |
| callback | Triggers either an async (returns Promise) or sync function which does something when the specific DOM node has entered a transition state. |
About detached/replaced element accuracy
When rendering Nodes that contain lists of identical elements, you may not receive the elements you expect in the detached and replaced transition state hooks. This is a known limitation of string diffing and allows for better performance. By default if no key is specified, the last element will be removed and the subsequent elements from the one that was removed will be mutated via replace.
What you should do here is add a key
attribute with a unique value
that
persists between renders.
For example, when the following markup...

Test

This

Out

...is changed into...

Test

Out

The transformative operations are:
- Remove the last element
- Replace the text of the second element to 'out'
What we intended, however, was to simply remove the second item. And to achieve that, decorate your markup like so...

Test

This

Out

...and update with matching attributes...

Test

Out

Now the transformative operations are:
- Remove the second element
Arguments
The two required inputs are a reference element and new element to compare. Although "element" is used, the actual input can be of various input types all representing an element (or many elements).
removeTransitionState (stateName, callback)
Removes a global transition listener. When invoked with no arguments, this method will remove all transition callbacks. When invoked with the name argument it will remove all transition state callbacks matching the name, and so on for the callback.
// Removes all registered transition states.
diff.removeTransitionState();
// Removes states by name.
diff.removeTransitionState('attached');
// Removes states by name and callback reference.
diff.removeTransitionState('attached', callbackReference);
Arguments
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| stateName | Optional Filter events to remove by a specific state |
| callback | Optional Filter events to remove by the callback reference |
createTree (nodeName, attributes, ...childNodes)
Creates a Virtual Tree (VTree) which can be interpolated and rendered. This has
a similar purpose to hyperscript's h()
and React's createElement
.
Examples:
const attributes = {
id: 'test',
style: 'color: red',
};
const childNodes = [
createTree('#text', null, 'Hello world'),
];
// Create a div Virtual Tree.
const div = createTree('div', attributes, childNodes);
Arguments
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| nodeName | A string for HTML, or couuld be a component or other types like functions when using middleware |
| attributes | An object of DOM attributes or properties key and value or null |
| ...childNodes | An array of child nodes, or a single element merged with any additional arguments |
release (mount)
Use this method if you need to clean up memory allocations and anything else internal to diffHTML associated with your element. This is very useful for unit testing and general cleanup when you're done with an element. Applications will probably not use this if the app lives as long as the tab.
Arguments
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| mount | Release memory and all internal references to the DOM node. |
domNode
Reference element.
This argument is overloaded. Can be one of many types:
- HTML Element / DOM node (Used interchangeably)
- Virtual Tree Element (produced from
diff.html
)
Internals
These internals are deemed public API and may be relied upon once the library has reached a stable version. The intention is to allow developers to tweak the library, observe and influence internal memory, and build tooling around the runtime.
MiddlewareCache
A JavaScript Set object that contains registered middleware functions that trigger whenever transaction state changes. Use this to help enable/disable middleware functions from running during renders.
CreateNodeHookCache
A JavaScript Set object that contains functions that trigger whenever a DOM Node is created during the patching process.
CreateTreeHookCache
A JavaScript Set object that contains functions that trigger whenever a Virtual
Tree is created through html
, createTree
, or during the parsing process.
ReleaseHookCache
A JavaScript Set object that contains functions that trigger whenever a Virtual Tree is cleaned up by diffHTML's internal garbage collection. You can do additional cleanup here.
SyncTreeHookCache
A JavaScript Set object that contains functions that trigger whenever Virtual Trees are compared.
NodeCache
A Map that can be used to get access to the DOM node associated to a VTree.
This is comparable to findDOMNode
in React. Basically if you encounter an
object that the documentation says is a VTree and you want to convert to a DOM
Node, you could write something like:
import { Internals } from 'diffhtml';
function findDOMNode(vTree) {
return Internals.NodeCache.get(vTree);
}
findDOMNode(someVTree);
If it comes back as null
or undefined
then you should take that to mean
that the VTree is no longer bound to an element in the DOM. You may also find
that diffHTML has re-used the VTree you have saved, so calling NodeCache.get
will yield an unexpected result. Therefore its recommended to call this method
immediately if you need the DOM node and not save a VTree in between
re-renders.
Transaction
A render transaction is scheduled whenever innerHTML
or outerHTML
are
called. It is an instance of a Transaction
class that has a few methods:
abort, end, onceEnded, and start. This instance is mutable and the
properties will change by the internals. You should not modify the transaction
directly unless you know what you're doing. Reading any property is considered
the live source-of-truth and a safe operation.
 Depending
on the build flavor, full or runtime, you will get a different set of tasks. By
default transactions run synchronously and you can observe a result immediately
after running innerHTML
or outerHTML
.
If you use addTransitionState
and return a Promise to delay rendering, this
could cause multiple renders to stack up and then transactions will be
asynchronous.
> schedule # If another transaction is running, this will run after
> shouldUpdate # If nothing has changed, abort early
> parseNewTree # Full build only, will parse a passed in string of HTML
> reconcileTrees # Align trees before diffing
> syncTrees # Loop through and compare trees as efficiently as possible
> patchNode # Apply chnages to the DOM
> endAsPromise # If a transaction is delayed, resolve once complete
Transactions have a number of properties available to access:
- aborted - The transaction was abandoned
- completed - The transaction successfully completed
- domNode - The container element being rendered into
- endedCallbacks - The set of callbacks that will be called once completed
- markup - The raw input to render
- newTree - The reconciled tree to use for new source-of-truth
- oldTree - The old tree which may already be updated with newTree
- options - Options used when updating markup
- patches - What has been updated in the DOM
- promise - The raw promise backing the tranasction completeness
- promises - All promises attached to the transaction from transitions
- state - Internal state object for the transaction
- tasks - Array of functions that were executed when rendering
VERSION
See VERSION
VERSION
Property which indicates the current running version of diffHTML.
Example
console.log(VERSION);


Saudi government to have one-year restriction on selling more Aramco shares after IPO: sources
The Saudi government will be subject to a one-year restriction on selling additional Aramco shares in the oil company after a planned initial public offering (IPO), three sources familiar with the matter said.
DUBAI/RIYADH: The Saudi government will be subject to a one-year restriction on selling additional Aramco shares in the oil company after a planned initial public offering (IPO), three sources familiar with the matter said.
The government is looking to list 2per cent of the company on the Saudi bourse rather than listing the entire share capital on the exchange, the sources said.
Normally public companies list the entire share capital on the exchange and have a portion of that as free float.
Aramco was not immediately available to comment.
Aramco, the world's most profitable company, fired the starting gun on a domestic IPO on Sunday, in what could be the world's biggest listing as the kingdom seeks to diversify its economy away from oil.
Sunday's statement said Aramco and the selling shareholder will be subject to restrictions on the sale, disposition or issuance of additional shares, but did not provide the lockup period.
Aramco roadshows will begin Nov. 18 and final pricing is scheduled for Dec. 5, sources said, adding Aramco is expected to start trading on Dec. 11.
(Reporting by Hadeel Al Sayegh and Marwa Rashad; Writing by Saeed Azhar; editing by David Evans)


15 Jul 2015
You probably already know it: any millisecond that end-users have to wait to
get their results drives us nuts. But what on Earth does this have to do with
Texas? Actually a lot!
You want your search to be instant? Let's talk network...
When looking at the speed of search on a website or a mobile application, the
performance of the search engine is just one part of the equation. When you're
using an extremely fast engine, network latency and saturated links quickly
become your biggest enemies: it simply takes time for the user query to reach
the engine and for the results to get back to the user's browser.
In some cases, the round trip can easily take more than a second. In the US, it
can take up to 300ms to simply establish an SSL connection between the two
coasts. All this also applies to the communications between your backend and
the servers that host your search engine. The network can simply ruin the real
time experience you hoped to offer with your search engine.
A new US Central point of presence to reach a 25ms total delivery time across the US
A great search experience is to drive end-users towards what they're looking
as quickly and seamlessly as possible. For us at Algolia it means to be able
to dynamically update the content displayed as the end-user is typing a query.
Being able to offer this find as-you-type experience obviously requires a very
performant search engine but it also requires to host the search engine itself
as close as possible to the end-user in order to tackle the network latency.
This is why we are adding this new US Central region to our existing twelve
regions. With the addition of the Dallas PoP, Algolia's API is now accessible
from thirteen different regions including US (East, West and Central),
Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Russia,
and Singapore.
If your audience is spread out across multiple regions, you can use Algolia
from a combination of these regions to ensure minimal results delivery time
and optimal speed for all your users (Algolia's Distributed Search Network
automatically routes user queries to your closest region).
This new US Central PoP, combined with Algolia's US East and US West PoPs, now
allows to deliver search results across the US with less than 25 milliseconds of
latency. This guarantees a seamless find-as-you-type experience on websites and
mobile applications all across the US.
Getting closer to additional infrastructure providers
When you choose SaaS providers, especially when their service becomes a core
component of your product, you probably prefer the ones hosted close to where
you operate your backend, for latency and availability reasons. This is
actually why we initially started in the US by opening PoPs in Ashburn (VA)
and San Jose (CA), close to the AWS PoPs, which most of our customers rely on
today.
Our new presence in Texas allows services which rely for their backend on
local infrastructure providers such as Rackspace and Softlayer to also benefit
from the full power of Algolia. This new PoP offers them an extremely low
network latency between their backend and our API.
If you're not already an Algolia user and you want to give it a try, simply
sign up for a 14 day trial and select
the US Central region in the process.
If you are already using Algolia and want to migrate to the US Central region,
simply drop us a line at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or
on the live chat.
If you're none of the two above, we still think you're awesome!
Cheers!
15 Jun 2015
It looked just like another page in the middle of the night. One of the
servers of our search API stopped processing the indexing jobs for an unknown
reason. Since we build systems in Algolia for high availability and
resiliency, nothing bad was happening. The new API calls were correctly
redirected to the rest of the healthy machines in the
cluster and the only impact on the service
was one woken-up engineer. It was time to find out what was going on.
UPDATE June 16:
A lot of
discussions
started pointing out that the issue is related to the newly introduced queued
TRIM. This is not correct. The TRIM on our drives is un-queued and the issue we
have found is not related to the latest changes in the Linux Kernel to disable
this feature.
UPDATE June 17:
We got contacted by Samsung and we provided them all the system specifications and all the information about the issue we had. We will continue to provide Samsung all the necessary information in order to resolve the issue.
UPDATE June 18:
We just had a conference call with the European branch and the Korean HQ of
Samsung. Their engineers are going to visit one of the datacenters we have
servers in and in cooperation with our server provider they will inspect the
mentioned SSDs in our SW and HW setup.
UPDATE June 19:
On Monday June 22, the engineering team from Samsung is going analyze one of our servers in Singapore and if nothing is found on-site, the server will travel to Samsung HQ in Korea for further analysis.
UPDATE July 13:
Since the last update of this blog-post, we have been in a cooperation with Samsung trying to help them find the issue, during this investigation we agreed with Samsung not to communicate until their approval.
As the issue was not reproduced on our server in Singapore, the reproduction
is now running under Samsung supervision in Korea, out of our environment.
Although Samsung requested multiple times an access to our software and
corrupted data, we could not provide it to them in order to protect the
privacy and data of our customers.
Samsung asked us to inform you about this:
- Samsung tried to duplicate the failure with the latest script provided to them, but no single failure has been reproduced so far.
- Samsung will do further tests, most likely from week 29 onwards, with a much more intensive script provided by Algolia.
After unsuccessful tries to reproduce the issue with Bash scripts we have
decided to help them by creating a small C++ program that simulates the
writing style and pattern of our application (no files are open with
O_DIRECT). We believe that if the issue is coming from a specific way we are
using the standard kernel calls, it might take a couple of days and terabytes
of data to be written to the drive.
We have been informed by Samsung that no issue of this kind have been reported
to them. Our server provider has modified their Ubuntu 14.04 images to disable
the fstrim cron in order to avoid this issue. For the last couple of months
after not using trim anymore we have not seen the issue again.
UPDATE July 17:
We have just finished a conference call with Samsung
considering the failure analysis of this issue. Samsung engineering team has
been able to successfully reproduce the issue with our latest provided binary.
- Samsung had a concrete conclusion that the issue is not related to Samsung SSD or Algolia software but is related to the Linux kernel.
- Samsung has developed a kernel patch to resolve this issue and the official statement with details will be released tomorrow, July 18 on Linux community with the Linux patch guide. Our testing code is available on GitHub.
This has been an amazing ride, thank you everyone for joining, we have arrived
at the destination.
The NGINX daemon serving all the HTTP(S) communication of
our API was up and ready to serve the search queries but the indexing process
crashed. Since the indexing process is guarded by
supervise, crashing in a loop
would have been understandable but a complete crash was not. As it turned out
the filesystem was in a read-only mode. All right, let's assume it was a
cosmic ray :) the filesystem got fixed, files were restored from another
healthy server and everything looked fine again.
The next day another server ended with filesystem in read-only, two hours
after another one and then next hour another one. Something was going on.
After restoring the filesystem and the files, it was time for serious analysis
since this was not a one time thing. At this point, we did a breakdown of the
software involved in our storage stack and went through the recent changes.
Investigation & debugging time!
We first asked ourselves if it could be related to our software. Are we using
non-safe system calls or processing the data in an unsafe way? Did we
incorrectly read and write the files in the memory before flushing it to disk?
- Filesystem - Is there a bug in ext4? Can we access the memory space of allocation tables by accident?
- Mdraid - Is there a bug in mdadm? Did we use an improper configuration?
- Driver - Does the driver have a bug?
- SSD - Is the SSD dying? Or even worse, is there a problem with the firmware of the drive?
We even started to bet where the problem was and exactly proposed, in this
order, the possible solutions going from easy to super-hard.
Going through storage procedures of our software stack allowed us to set up
traps and in case the problem happens again, we would be able to better
isolate the corrupted parts. Looking at every single storage call of our
engine gave us enough confidence that the problem was not coming from the way
in which we manipulate the data. Unfortunately.
One hour later, another server was corrupted. This time we took it out of the
cluster and started to inspect it bit by bit. Before we fixed the filesystem,
we noticed that some pieces of our files were missing (zeroed) - file
modification date was unchanged, size was unchanged, just some parts were
filled with zeros. Small files were completely erased.
This was weird, so we started to think if it was possible that our application
could access certain portions of the memory where the OS/filesystem had
something mapped because otherwise our application cannot modify a file without
the filesystem noticing. Having our software written in C++ brought a lot of
crazy ideas of what happened. This turned out to be a dead-end as all of these
memory blocks were out of our reach.
So is there an issue in the ext4? Going through the kernel changelog looking
for ext4 related issues was a terrifying experience. In almost every version
we found a fixed bug that could theoretically impact us. I have to admit, I
slept better before reading the changelog.
We had kernels 3.2, 3.10, 3.13 and 3.16 distributed between the most often
corrupted machines and waited to see which of the mines blows up. All of them
did. Another dead-end. Maybe there was an issue in ext4 that no one else has
seen before? The chance that we were this “lucky” was quite low and we did not
want to end up in a situation like that. The possibility of a bug in ext4 was
still open but highly improbable.
What if there was an issue in mdadm? Looking at the changelog gave us
confidence that we should not go down this path.
The level of despair was reaching a critical level and the pages in the middle
of the night were unstoppable. We spent a big portion of two weeks just
isolating machines as quickly as possible and restoring them as quickly as
possible. The one thing we did was to implement a check in our software that
looked for empty blocks in the index files, even when they were not used, and
alerted us in advance.
Not a single day without corruptions
While more and more machines were dying, we had managed to automate the
restore procedure to a level we were comfortable with. At every failure, we
tried to look at different patterns of the corruption in hopes that we would
find the smallest common denominator. They all had the same characteristics.
But one thing started to be more and more clear - we saw the issue only on a
portion of our servers.
The software stack was identical but the hardware was slightly different. Mainly
the SSDs were different but they were all from the same manufacturer. This was
very alarming and led us to contact our server provider to ask if they have ever
seen something like this before. It’s hard to convince a technical support
person about a problem that you see only once in a while, with the latest
firmware and that you cannot reproduce on demand. We were not very successful
but at least we had one small victory on our side.
Knowing that the issue existed somewhere in the combination of the software
and drive itself, we reproduced the identical software stack from our servers
with different drives. And? Nothing, the corruption appeared again. So it was
quite safe to assume the problem was not in the software stack and was more
drive related. But what causes a block to change the content without the rest
of the system noticing? That would be a lot of rotten bits in a sequence...
The days started to become a routine - long shower, breakfast, restoring
corrupted servers, lunch, restoring corrupted servers, dinner, restoring
corrupted servers. Until one long morning shower full of thinking, “how big
was the sequence?” As it turned out, the lost data was always 512 bytes, which
is one block on the drive.
 A hardware bug? Or is
the block zeroed? What can zero the block?
TRIM! Trim instructs the SSD
drive to zero the empty blocks. But these block were not empty and other types
of SSDs were not impacted. We gave it a try and disabled TRIM across all of our
servers. It would explain everything!
The next day not a single server was corrupted, two days silence, then a week.
The nightmare was over! At least we thought so… a month after we isolated the
problem, a server restarted and came up with corrupted data but only from the
small files - including certificates. Even improper shutdown cannot cause
this.
Poking around in the source code of the kernel looking for the trim related
code, we came to the trim blacklist. This blacklist configures a specific behavior for certain
SSD drives and identifies the drives based on the regexp of the model name.
Our working SSDs were explicitly allowed full operation of the TRIM but some
of the SSDs of our affected manufacturer were limited. Our affected drives did
not match any pattern so they were implicitly allowed full operation.
 The
system was issuing a TRIM to erase empty blocks, the command got
misinterpreted by the drive and the controller erased blocks it was not
supposed to. Therefore our files ended-up with 512 bytes of zeroes, files
smaller than 512 bytes were completely zeroed. When we were lucky enough, the
misbehaving TRIM hit the super-block of the filesystem and caused a
corruption.
After disabling the TRIM, the live big files were no longer
corrupted but the small files that were once mapped to the memory and never
changed since then had two states - correct content in the memory and
corrupted one on the drive. Running a check on the files found nothing because
they were never fetched again from the drive and just silently read from the
memory. Massive reboot of servers came into play to restore the data
consistency but after many weeks of hunting a ghost we came to the end.
As a result, we informed our server provider about the affected SSDs and they
informed the manufacturer. Our new deployments were switched to different SSD
drives and we don't recommend anyone to use any SSD that is anyhow mentioned
in a bad way by the Linux kernel. Also be careful, even when you don't enable
the TRIM explicitly, at least since Ubuntu 14.04 the explicit
FSTRIM runs in a cron
once per week on all partitions - the freeze of your storage for a couple of
seconds will be your smallest problem.
TL;DR
Broken SSDs: (Drives on which we have detected the issue)
Working SSDs: (Drives on which we have NOT detected the issue)
- Intel S3500
- Intel S3700
- Intel S3710
28 May 2015
You may have heard last week in the press,
Algolia has just raised an $18.3M Series A round of financing led by Accel
Partners! Philippe Botteri from Accel is joining our board and we can't wait
to benefit from his experience! We are also excited to welcome Lead Edge
Capital and to have received the trust of industry pioneers such as Ilya
Sukhar of Parse, Solomon Hykes of Docker, Erik Swan of Splunk, and Kevin Rose
of Digg.
This funding represents a major milestone for Algolia. Thanks to the
commitment of our customers our growth last year enabled us to demonstrate a
strong product market fit. We are proud to count many of you as our customers
who have seen in our offer a way to deliver a better search experience,
improving their end-users' engagement.
We want to change the way people interact with information. We don't want
people to "search" in the traditional type-keyword/hit-enter/wait-for-results
/repeat-until-found-or-abandon way; we want them to intuitively access data.
We strongly believe that search should become a frontend and UX priority.
That's why we focus so much on the two must-haves for building a seamless and
interactive experience: speed which enables updating results as-you-type, and
relevance which ensures that results are good even after only a couple of
keystrokes.
It's time for us to accelerate on that vision. With the help of this new
funding, we are going to continue investing in our core product, and in making
it available to an ever-expanding community with many new integrations. Search
is everywhere and you can count on us to come up with new creative ways to
delight your users with an outstanding experience. Stay tuned!
We will also double down on customer success, which has been so important to
our growth. Please make us accountable and let us know if there is anything we
can improve.
We have embarked on a journey to change the face of user-facing search,
everywhere. Join us, it's going to be fun!
PS: We're hiring!
11 May 2015
At Algolia, we are obsessed with finding a way to have a 99.9999% available
architecture. On our way to achieve that, we have to make sure every piece of
the architecture can safely fail without affecting the service.
The first point of the architecture where a customer's request starts to
interact with our service is not the router in the datacenter, but a DNS
resolving a domain name to the IP address "long time" before that. This piece
of architecture is very often overlooked and that is no surprise as you mostly
get best-effort DNS service automatically with your server.
Latency
For couple months we are a happy user of NSONE that
provides us with the first level of logic. We use NSONE for its superb
performance and data-driven DNS that gives us control in steering the traffic
of our Distributed Search Network to the proper
server - whether it means closest or simply available one. But as any other
network dependent service, there are factors outside of NSONE's control that
can influence availability of its DNS resolves and consequently Algolia. BGP
routing is still a huge magic and "optimizations" of some ISPs are beyond
understanding. Well, they do not always make the optimizations in the
direction we would like to. For some services the change of DNS resolution
time from 10 to 500ms does not mean a lot but for us it is a deal breaker.
Resolution of latency-1 via NSONE
DDoS
When we started to think about our DNS dependency, we remembered the 2014
DDoS attack on UltraDNS and the situation when there was not enough
#hugops for all the services impacted.
During the previous attack on UltraDNS in 2009 even
big names like Amazon and SalesForce got impacted.
Solution
In most of the cases it would mean adding another DNS name server from a
different provider and replicate the records. But not in ours. NSONE has some
unique features that we would have to give up and find a common feature subset
with a different provider. In the end we would have to serve a portion of DNS
resolutions via slower provider for no good reason.
Since we provide custom made API clients we have one more place where to put
additional logic. Now came a time to choose a resilient provider for our
secondary DNS and since we like AWS, Route53 was a clear choice. Route53 has
ok performance, many POPs around the world and API we already had integration
for.
In the last moment, one more paranoid idea came to us - let's not rely on a
single TLD. No good reason
for that, it was just "what if...?" moment.
Resolution of latency-1 via
Route53
Right now, all the latest versions of our API clients (detailed list below)
use multiple domain names. "algolia.net" is served by NSONE and provides all
the speed and intelligence, "algolianet.com" is served by Route53 in case that
for any reason contacting server via "algolia.net" fails. It brings more work
to our side, brings more cost on our side but it also brings better sleep for
our customers, their customers and us.
And now we can think what else can fail...
Minimal versions of API clients with support of multiple DNS:


GOLDFINGER A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1998 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): ****
1964's GOLDFINGER, the movie that set the gold standard for spy movies, stars Sean Connery at the peak of his form as the debonair and self-assured James Bond. GOLDFINGER has rightfully been called the best Bond movie that was ever made.
This film brings it all together perfectly. It has an intriguing and ingenious plot, fascinating gadgets, beautiful women, handsome men, lush scenery, great music, well paced action, and a certain indescribable magic. If spy-action films ever had a classic, then this is it.
This time Bond is on the track of an international gold smuggler extraordinaire named Auric Goldfinger (Gert Frobe) -- this was back when gold was worth something. And Bond will find out that Goldfinger has a much more elaborate scheme than his usual simple arbitrage of moving gold illegally from place to place to take advantage of the artificial price differences. This time he's after the mother lode -- Fort Knox.
With 41,000 troops guarding Fort Knox and with the gold both heavy and voluminous, Goldfinger needs a truly ingenious scheme to get it out and that's exactly what he has.
Bond, who got his first gadget pack in the form of a briefcase full of goodies in FROM RUSSIA WITH LOVE, hits the jackpot this time. Q (Desmond Llewelyn) has a very specially configured Aston Martin for 007. Where other cars might have controls for the electric windows, this one has knobs that fire machine guns, generate oil slicks, raise bulletproof shields, and, like the chariot in BEN HUR, stick out a device to cut the tires of the opposing chariot, er, car. But best of all is the hidden ejector button. If his passenger is too talkative or otherwise disagreeable, all Bond needs do is push a little button and his companion shoots straight up and out of the car permanently.
The story has many famous villains. As the non-talking Oddjob, Harold Sakata plays a man with a body stronger than steel and a hat that appears to made of it. Goldfinger, think Midas, is so obsessed with gold that he even kills one of his victims by painting every inch of her skin with gold paint. And, of course, who could ever forget any character who goes modestly by the name of Pussy Galore. What is surprising is that Pussy is played by Honor Blackman, the first female lead on "The Avengers," not as an airhead but as one of the smarter characters in the movie.
This time the gorgeous and exotic locales include the lush Kentucky Bluegrass country and the snow capped majesty of the Swiss Alps. Although the Alps are the more striking of the two, Kentucky looks especially lovely. We see the easy going life of mint juleps on the front porch as their drinkers are serenaded by the cricket minstrels.
Bond's overriding rule has to do less with his assignments than his libido. Whenever a pretty woman appears, he always arranges for an extension in his schedule so he will have time for a roll in the hay -- which he does literally in a scene with Pussy Galore. Bond sex is a special movie style. It consists of a quick but intense kiss followed by a cutaway to later. The sex is hinted at with cute puns and sexual innuendo, but never discussed explicitly. This produces enough titillation for the adults in the audience but stays harmless enough for the younger ones as well. Few movies these days (except Bond pictures) even attempt this style.
"Do you expect me to talk?" Bond asks of Goldfinger, who has pointed a gigantic industrial laser at the strapped-down and spread-eagled Bond. The laser is working its way towards Bond's private parts. "No," Goldfinger laughs. "I expect you to die!"
GOLDFINGER runs 1:52. It is rated PG for violence and sexual innuendo and would be fine for kids around nine and up.
My son Jeffrey, almost 9, liked the movie a lot, especially the car and the gadgets. He has seen the first three Bond movies now. He likes this one much better than FROM RUSSIA WITH LOVE but likes DR. NO better than either of them. He hates the parts at the end of the films where Bond and the pretty woman don't want to be rescued.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
This will document my journey on learning the nuts and bolts of software engineering. What started as a distant pipe dream is now moving in the direction of becoming a new career.


Security reports
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Read our policy for security, which we base our security handling and reporting on.
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We will follow up if and when we have confirmed the issue with a timetable for the fix.
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We will create a GitHub advisory and publish it when the issue has been fixed and deployed in our platforms.
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Security issue archive
You can see all past reports at https://github.com/readthedocs/readthedocs.org/security/advisories.
Version 3.2.0
Version 3.2.0 resolved an issue where a specially crafted request could result in a DNS query to an arbitrary domain.
This issue was found by Cyber Smart Defence who reported it as part of a security audit to a firm running a local installation of Read the Docs.
Release 2.3.0
Version 2.3.0 resolves a security issue with translations on our community hosting site that allowed users to modify the hosted path of a target project by adding it as a translation project of their own project. A check was added to ensure project ownership before adding the project as a translation.
In order to add a project as a translation now, users must now first be granted ownership in the translation project.


--- layout: post title: no title date: '2011-03-23T18:03:36+01:00' tags: [] tumblr_url: http://dotmr.tumblr.com/post/4047199447/me-1-daisy-0-after-15-minutes-of-barking-she ---
Me: 1 Daisy: 0. After 15 minutes of barking she retired to her bed.


Nicolas Perez
- Lab member: 2018-2023
Nicolas Perez was a PhD student working on understanding how spiking neural networks can use heterogeneous neuron properties to carry out multiresolution processing of sensory data. After his PhD he moved to DeepMind.
Videos
-
Neural heterogeneity promotes robust learningTalk / 2021
Talk on neural heterogeneity by Dan Goodman.
Publications
Note that only publications as part of the Neural Reckoning group are included here (see external publications below for full list).
2023
2021
-
Perez-Nieves N, Goodman DFM (2021)
Sparse spiking gradient descent.
Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems -
Perez-Nieves N, Leung VCH, Dragotti PL, Goodman DFM (2021)
Neural heterogeneity promotes robust learning.
Nature Communications
2019
-
Perez-Nieves N, Leung VCH, Dragotti PL, Goodman DFM (2019)
Advantages of heterogeneity of parameters in spiking neural network training.
Cognitive Computational Neuroscience - + 1 conference paper
External publications
This is a short preview of the publications from other sources (ORCID, Semantic Scholar). Note that publications from work done outside the Neural Reckoning group are included in this list.
2023
2021
- Nicolas Perez Nieves, Dan F. M. Goodman (2021)
Sparse Spiking Gradient Descent
Neural Information Processing Systems - D. Mguni, et al. (2021)
LIGS: Learnable Intrinsic-Reward Generation Selection for Multi-Agent Learning
International Conference on Learning Representations - Nicolas Perez Nieves, Yaodong Yang, Oliver Slumbers, D. Mguni, Jun Wang (2021)
Modelling Behavioural Diversity for Learning in Open-Ended Games
International Conference on Machine Learning
2020
- Ming Zhou, et al. (2020)
SMARTS: Scalable Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Training School for Autonomous Driving
arXiv.org