Big Data with Apache Spark: Spark Essentials
PySpark: Python Programming Interface to Spark
A Spark program first creates a SparkContext object
- Tells Spark how and where to access a cluster
- pySpark shell and Databricks Cloud automatically create the sc variable
- iPython and programs must use a constructor to create a new SparkContext
Use SparkContext to create RDDs
The master parameter for sc determines which type and size of cluster to use
- local clusters. can use 1 or K (#cores) worker threads
- remote clusters. can connect to a Spark cluster or an Apache Mesos cluster
- In the lab, the master param is set
Resilient Distributed Datasets
- The primary abstraction in Spark
- Immutable once constructed
- Track lineage info to efficiently recompute lost data
- Enable operations on collection of elements in parallel
You construct RDDs
- by parallelizing existing Python collections (lists)
- by transforming an existing RDD
- from files in HDFS or any other storage system
Transformations are not calculated right away, they are like a recipe
Review: Python lambda functions
- small anonymous functions (not bound to a name)
lambda a, b: a + b
- Can use lambda functions when function objects are required
- Restricted to a single expression
Transformations: (map
, filter
run in drivers, lambda
s run in workers)
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> rdd.map(lambda x: x*2)
RDD: [1, 2, 3, 4] -> [2, 4, 6, 8]
>>> rdd.filter(lambda x: x%2 == 0)
RDD: [1, 2, 3, 4] -> [2, 4]
>>> rdd2 = sc.parallelize([1, 4, 2, 2, 3])
>>> rdd2.distinct()
RDD: [1, 4, 2, 2, 3] -> [1, 4, 2, 3]
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([1, 2, 3])
>>> rdd.Map(lambda x: [x, x+5])
RDD: [1, 2, 3] -> [[1, 6], [2, 7], [3, 8]]
// flatMap: flattens the list of lists -> list
>>> rdd.flatMap(lambda x: [x, x+5])
RDD: [1, 2, 3] -> [1, 6, 2, 7, 3, 8]
// Function literals are closures automatically passed to workers
Transformation is not executed right away: lazy evaluation. Spark remembers the recipe, and perform it when there’s an action.
Spark Actions
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([1, 2, 3])
>>> rdd.reduce(lambda a, b: a * b)
Value: 6
>>> rdd.take(2)
Value: [1, 2] # as list
>>> rdd.collect()
Value: [1, 2, 3] # as list. Careful, make sure the driver’s memory is big enough!
# getting data out of rdd
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([5, 3, 2, 1])
>>> rdd.takeOrdered(3, lambda s: -1 * s)
Value: [5, 3, 2] # as list at the driver. lambda s: -1 * s makes the list in decreasing value
Spark Programming Model
lines = sc.textFile(“…”, 4) # 4 partitions
print lines.count() # count: action
# count(): read data; sum # lines within partitions; combine sum in driver
comments = lines.filter(isComment)
print lines.count(), comments.count() # comments.count() will cause recomputation, re-reading the data
To Avoid Reloading the Data
lines = sc.textFile(“…”, 4) # 4 partitions
lines.cache() # save, don’t recompute! Will run much much faster!
comments = lines.filter(isComment)
print lines.count(), comments.count()
Spark life cycle
- Create RDDs from external data or parallelize a collection in your driver program
- Lazily transform them into new RDDs
cache()
some RDDs for reuse- Perform actions to execute parallel computation and produce results
Spark Key-Value RDDs
- Similar to MapReduce, Spark supports Key-Value pairs
- Each element of a Pair RDD is a pair tuple
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([(1, 2), (3, 4)])
RDD: [(1, 2), (3, 4)]
- Key-Value Transformation:
reduceByKey(func)
,sortByKey(func)
,groupByKey(func)
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([(1, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6)])
>>> rdd.reduceByKey(lambda a, b: a + b)
RDD: [(1, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6)] -> [(1, 2), (3, 10)]
>>> rdd2 = sc.parallelize([(1, ‘a’), (2, ‘c’), (1, ‘b’)])
>>> rdd2.sortByKey()
RDD: [(1, ‘a’), (2, ‘c’), (1, ‘b’)] -> [(1, ‘a’), (1, ‘b’), (2, ‘c’)]
>>> rdd2 = sc.parallelize([(1, ‘a’), (2, ‘c’), (1, ‘b’)])
>>> rdd2.groupByKey()
RDD: [(1, ‘a’), (2, ‘c’), (1, ‘b’)] -> [(1, [‘a’, ‘b’]), (2, [‘c’])]
# be careful, groupByKey() can cause a lot of data movement across the network and create large Iterables at workers
PySpark Closures
PySpark shared variables
- Broadcast Variables
- efficiently send large, read-only value to all workers
- saved at workers for use in one or more Spark operations
- like sending a large, read-only lookup table to all the nodes
- Accumulators
- aggregate values from workers back to driver
- only driver can access value of accumulator
- for tasks, accumulators are write-only.
- use to count errors seen in RDD across workers
Broadcast variables: send large dataset to workers, cache at workers
# at the driver
>>> broadcastVar = sc.broadcast([1, 2, 3])
# at the worker (code passed via a closure)
>>> broadcastVar.value
[1, 2, 3]
Example,
# Lookup the locations of the call signs on the RDD contactCounts.
# We load a list of call sign prefixes to country code to support this lookup.
# signPrefixes = loadCallSignTable(), load repeatedly for each worker, NOT GOOD
signPrefixes = sc.broadcast(loadCallSignTable())
def processSignCount(sign_count, signPrefixes):
country = lookupCountry(sign_count[0], signPrefixes.value)
count = sign_count[1]
return (country, count)
countryContactCounts =
(contactCounts.map(processSignCount).reduceByKey(lambda x, y: x+y)))
Accumulators
- variables that can only be “added” to by associative operations
- used to efficiently implement parallel counters and sum
- only driver can read an accumulator’s value, not tasks
>>> accum = sc.accumulator(0) # create the accumulator, set value to 0
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> def f(x):
>>> global accum
>>> accum += x
>>> rdd.foreach(f)
>>> accum.value
Value: 10
////
# another example, count empty lines
# create the rdd: file
file = sc.textFile(inputFile)
# create accumulator[int] init to 0
blanklines = sc.accumulator(0)
def extractCallSigns(line):
global blankLines # make the global variable accessible
if (line == “”):
blankLines += 1
return line.split(“ “)
# new rdd: callSigns
callSigns = file.flatMap(extractCallSigns)
print “Blank lines: %d” % blankLines.value
Tasks at workers cannot access accumulator’s values Tasks see accumulators as write-only vars Accumulators can be used in actions and transformations Actions: each task’s update to accumulator is applied only once Transformations: no guarantees (use only for debugging) Types: integers, double, long, float. See lab for example of custom type. Summary: master param: specify the # workers when create an RDD, specify # partitions for the RDD, and Spark will automatically create that RDD spread across the workers. when perform transforms or actions, Spark automatically push a closure containing that function to the workers so that it can run at the workers.
Spark tutorial
- transforms:
map()
;filter()
- actions:
count()
;collect()
;first()
is equivalent totake(1)
;take()
;top()
(descending order);takeOrdered()
(ascending order);reduce()
- advanced actions:
takeSample(withReplacement=T/F, num, seed)
,countByValue()
: a histogram dictionary - additional transforms:
flatMap()
;groupByKey()
: only use whenreduceByKey()
is not helpful;reduceByKey()
- advanced transforms:
mapPartitions()
,mapPartitionWithIndex()
- Caching RDDs:
.cache()
,.is_cached
.unpersist()
,.getStorageLevel()
,.toDebugString()
When learning Spark, for easy debugging, this form is recommended:
RDD.transformation1()
RDD.action1()
RDD.transformation2()
RDD.action2()
When more experienced with Spark, write like this,
RDD.transformation1().transformation2().action()
Readability and code style: to make the expert coding style more readable, enclose the statement in parentheses and put each method, transformation, or action on a separate line.
# Final version
(sc
.parallelize(data)
.map(lambda y: y - 1)
.filter(lambda x: x < 10)
.collect())


| simplemenus | index c:\dev\simplemenus\simplemenus\__init__.py |
SimpleMenus is a small and simple python module for creating interactive
console applications. It allows to prompt the user for strings, integers,
dates, booleans, lets him choose between various options and offers
lightweight menus.
I use it for small utilities and prototypes whenever I need a little bit of
interaction with the user. For more complicated applications you should look
at something like curses instead (http://docs.python.org/library/curses.html).
Examples:
# print birthday
print(get_date("Enter your birthday"))
# print selection
print(get_from_list(['One', 'Two', 'Three']))
# return if user doesn't want to continue
if not get_boolean('Continue?'):
return
You can find more at the examples and the test direcory.
Copyright (c) 2013, Jonas Pfannschmidt
Licensed under the MIT license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
| Package Contents | ||||||
|
| Functions | ||
|
| Data | ||
| __all__ = ['reset_config', 'configure', 'wait_for_enter', 'get_string', 'get_character', 'get_boolean', 'get_integer', 'get_date', 'get_option', 'get_from_list', 'get_from_dictionary', 'show_enumerated_list', 'show_headline', 'show_small_headline', 'start_menu'] |


Delicious
THE BEST FOOD BLOG ON THE WEB.
THE BEST FOOD BLOG ON THE WEB.
POSTED ON 15 DEC 2013 / DESSERTS
For the fig-swirl: Melt butter over mmedium heat im a saucepan. Add brown suger and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely.
For the fig-swirl: Melt butter over mmedium heat im a saucepan. Add brown suger and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely.
For the fig-swirl: Melt butter over mmedium heat im a saucepan. Add brown suger and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely.
Food enthusiast, photography fan. Add a point a pinch of raw foodism and that's pretty much who I am.


FAQ
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- Lecture attendance is required. Non-DCE students should only register if they can attend in person.
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- An individual CS109B HW means you are supposed to work on your own, without any human intervention, assistance, or input. You are not allowed to work with a partner. You are allowed to use OHs to ask clarification questions, but we may not be able to answer all of your questions or help with your coding. You are allowed to use all of your materials from the course up to the HW, look at problem resolution online, and look at documentation.
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- When are quizzes and exercises due?
- All 'pre-class reading check' quizzes and exercises presented in class are ungraded and so have no due date, though solutions will be released within a few days.
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COMMITTED (Miramax) Starring: Heather Graham, Casey Affleck, Luke Wilson, Goran Visnjic, Patricia Velasquez, Alfonso Arau. Screenplay: Lisa Krueger. Producers: Dean Silvers and Marlen Hecht. Director: Lisa Krueger. MPAA Rating: R (profanity, adult themes) Running Time: 98 minutes. Reviewed by Scott Renshaw.
Heather Graham is a lovely woman. Now that we have dispensed with the obvious, can we ponder for a moment the mystery of why she continues to pull down roles in films with edge and attitude, since she appears to have little of either? TWO GIRLS AND A GUY, BOOGIE NIGHTS, BOWFINGER -- in each she was competent, but primarily served the function of being a lovely woman. And in AUSTIN POWERS: THE SPY WHO SHAGGED ME, even competence eluded her. I can only guess that Graham gives killer auditions. On screen, she melts into the art direction whenever she's not serving the function of well, you get the picture.
Lisa Krueger's COMMITTED is a goofy, quirky sort-of romantic comedy that offers some pleasant character-based amusement. The fact that it's not more is only partly Graham's fault. She plays Joline, a New York nightclub booking agent who has decided that her word will always be her bond in life. That goes double for her marriage to Carl (Luke Wilson), which she values above everything else (to the point that she has had a wedding band tattooed to her finger). She is understandably distraught, therefore, when Carl decides he needs some space, and flees for parts unknown.  Eventually she tracks him down in El Paso, where he may not be terribly pleased about being tracked down.
For a little while, I thought Krueger was on her way to making COMMITTED a sly commentary on children of divorce coping with their own commitment issues. We learn that Joline's own parents split, perhaps inspiring Joline to the equivalent of a child of an alcoholic's proselytizing teetotaling (as it may have inspired her brother Jay, played by Casey Affleck, to a somewhat creepy attachment to Joline). Krueger may even have intended the film as a commentary on the way society looks at people with passionate commitments. There's something intriguing about the way it is assumed someone who will fight to the end for a marriage must be a bit nuts, just as it is assumed fervent believers in anything must be a bit nuts.
Actually, COMMITTED only teases with subtext, since it's not much of a commentary on anything. That doesn't mean it's not entertaining in a sporadic, out-of-left-field sort of way. Whenever COMMITTED seems to have been lurching along far too long in search of a good scene, it finds one that delivers unexpected laughs (Patricia Velasquez as an utterly indifferent restaurant waitress; Alfonso Arau in a too-rare screen appearance as a kindly Mexican medicine man). It even delivers unexpected romantic heat on occasion, in moments between Graham and Goran Visnjic as Carl's El Paso neighbor Neil. Neil's full-aura massage of Joline is one of the sexiest screen scenes ever in which no one lays a body part on anyone else.
I wish it all felt like it added up to more, but there's a huge hole at the center of COMMITTED. To be fair, Graham does some nice things with the ever-earnest Joline that prevent her from turning into a joke. Unfortunately, she appears to spend all her acting energy on the work of yanking Joline from the jaws of caricature. COMMITTED is one of those films in which the things going on around the main character end up far more interesting than anything happening to the main character herself. Perhaps that's the way Krueger wrote it, retreating to the same isn't-this-all-terribly-indie mannerisms that shackled Krueger's previous effort MANNY & LO. Or perhaps everything around Joline just seems more interesting because Graham doesn't have the presence to command the narrative's focus. I kept wanting to see more edge in Joline's connubial stalking, and realizing there was no way I'd ever get it. In a sporadically funny film, Heather Graham tries to turn from lovely woman into a leading lady, only to fade into the art direction once again.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 commitment issues: 6.
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pest --init- Run tests in the current directory:
pest- Run tests annotated with the given group:
pest --group name- Run tests and print the coverage report to `stdout`:
pest --coverage- Run tests with coverage and fail if the coverage is less than the minimum percentage:
pest --coverage --min=80


ConvMAP Module¶
ConvMAP is the module that converts .map files to images. This splits the 3D map into 2D image slices along 3 perpendicular axes.
Calling learn results in the creation of 600 images per protein.
Arguments¶
The command line arguments for learn are as follows:
- –input: This is a string indicating where to find the .map files. Default: /dls/mx-scratch/ycc62267/mapfdrbox
- –output: This is a string indicating where to save the image files. Default: /dls/mx-scratch/ycc62267/imgfdr/blur2_5_maxminbox
- –axlst: The axis to section along. Default: [‘X’,’Y’,’Z’]
- –scskp: The separation between each section slice. Default: 2
- –norm: Boolean, if to normalise values in a slice to be between mmin and mmax. Default: True
- –mmin: The minimum value for the map. Default: -2.14
- –mmax: The maximum vlaue for the map. Default: 4.19
- –blur: Boolean, if to blur the data via a gaussian filter. Default: True
- –sgma: If blur is True, this is the standard deviation for the gaussian. Default: 2.5
- –trial: The trial number for the logfile name. Default: 1
- –lgdir: The directory to save the logfile. Default: /dls/science/users/ycc62267/eclip/eclip/paratry1/
- –date: The date to appear on logfile name. Default: current date
Functions in module¶
-
eclip.ConvMAP.
image_slicing
(inputmapdirectory, outputdirectory, axeslist=['X', 'Y', 'Z'], sectionskip=2, normalise=True, mapmin=-2.14, mapmax=4.19, blur=True, sigma=2.5)¶ image_slicing is the main function for ConvMAP. It takes a set of 3D electron density maps and slices them into 2 dimensional surfaces and saves these as images.
-
eclip.ConvMAP.
run
()¶ run allows ConvMAP to be called from the command line.


toy
`Prev `__
T
`Next `__
--------------
**toy**: n.
A computer system; always used with qualifiers.
1. nice toy: One that supports the speaker's hacking style adequately.
2. just a toy: A machine that yields insufficient
`*computron* <../C/computron.html>`__\ s for the speaker's preferred
uses. This is not condemnatory, as is `*bitty
box* <../B/bitty-box.html>`__; toys can at least be fun. It is also
strongly conditioned by one's expectations; Cray XMP users sometimes
consider the Cray-1 a toy, and certainly all RISC boxes and mainframes
are toys by their standards. See also `*Get a real
computer!* <../G/Get-a-real-computer-.html>`__.
--------------
+------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------+
| `Prev `__ | `Up <../T.html>`__ | `Next `__ |
+------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------+
| touristic | `Home <../index.html>`__ | toy language |
+------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------+


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Download Data{% endblock %} {% block info %}{% endblock %} {% block main %}
This is a summary view of OpenAddresses data. {{ counts.addresses|nice_integer }} addresses have been processed as of {{ last_modified.strftime('%A, %b %d, %Y') }}. Out of {{ source_count|nice_integer }} sources, {{ counts.processed|nice_integer }} have completed.
We update these zipped global and regional address collections regularly:
| Collection | What’s Included | Freely Shareable | Share-Alike Required |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data can be copied, redistributed, and adapted. In some cases attribution is required. See license file included in download for details. | Data is offered under a share-alike license. Copies or adaptations must be released under the same or similar licence as the original. | ||
| Global | Everything | {% set key = ('global', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('global', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| U.S. Northeast | List of states by region | {% set key = ('us_northeast', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('us_northeast', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| U.S. Midwest | List of states by region | {% set key = ('us_midwest', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('us_midwest', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| U.S. South | List of states by region | {% set key = ('us_south', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('us_south', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| U.S. West | List of states by region | {% set key = ('us_west', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('us_west', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| Europe | List of European countries | {% set key = ('europe', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('europe', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| Asia/Oceania | List of Asian, Oceania countries | {% set key = ('asia', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('asia', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| South America | Countries in South America | {% set key = ('south_america', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('south_america', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
| North America (except U.S.) | Countries in North America | {% set key = ('north_america', '') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} | {% set key = ('north_america', 'sa') %}{% include "index-zip.html" %} |
The latest summary can always be found at
results.openaddresses.io.
A plain text version of data on this page can be found at
state.txt.
Show Remaining {{ additional_runs|nice_integer }} Data Sources
{% endif %} {% endblock main %}


---
layout: slides
title: "On reasoning about what might have been"
category: hidden
type: course
semester: Fall 2020
college: Stevens Institute of Technology
permalink: /thought-and-behavior/counterfactuals/
---
# On reasoning about what might have been.
???
---
# QALMRI+
- The Sting of Intentional Pain
---
# When less is more, the setup.
Assumptions of _homo economicus_ model:
- More is better, better is better
- What others get shouldn't matter
- What might have been shouldn't matter
---
# However...
Which one is worse, missing a flight by 5 minutes and watching it pull away from the gate without you, or missing that same flight by 30 minutes? (Kahneman & Tversky, 1982)
???
In both cases, the outcome is the same --- you miss the flight and have to take the next one or reschedule. What's different in the two cases?
Let's everyone try to think of an example where this has happened to you.
---
class: center, middle
[Sad olympians...](https://sports.yahoo.com/photos/olympics-silver-medal-expressions-slideshow/olympics-day-9-gymnastics-artistic-photo-1344256222.html)
???
You're not the only one to have had something terribly sad like this happen to you.
For example, consider the olympic games...
---
# When less is more, the study...
Counterfactuals, e.g. "but-for causation"
???
"We videotaped all of the National Broadcasting Company
(NBC) coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympic games in Barcelona,
Spain."
Just as a bit of a preview, this idea of counterfactual reasoning plays a large part on our judgments of causality. In fact, in law there is a concept of "but-for causality", which uses counterfactual reasoning explicitly, asking whether it's true that but for the action, the result would not have happened. (For example, but for running the red light, the collision would not have occurred.)
---
# Modeling counterfactuals, intro
The setup:
- Alarms & earthquakes scenario
- Contigency tables?
---
# Causal graphical models (“Bayes nets”)
- Networks or "graphs": nodes and edges
- Directed acyclic graph (DAG)
- Dependencies + conditional probabilities
---
# Causal graphical models (“Bayes nets”)
---
# Practice creating a causal graphical model
- [Air and Liquid Systems Corp. v. Devries](https://www.oyez.org/cases/2018/17-1104)
---
# Scientific theories vs. intuitive theories
- Here, w/r/t Causal Graphical Models
- Later, w/r/t "Theory of mind"
---
class: center, middle
# Fin.


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Models (models.py)¶
This file defines all of the models used in the application. These models are used to create database entries, and can be used in other functions to access and iterate through data in the database without writing SQL statements.
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Agent
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, type)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Attribute
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, attribute_type, content_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Attribute_DATE
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, attribute_id, value, value_day, value_month, value_year)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Attribute_DBR
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, attribute_id, value)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Attribute_INT
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, attribute_id, value)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Attribute_STR
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, attribute_id, value)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Attribute_TXT
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, attribute_id, value)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Attribute_type
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, name, short_name, description, data_type)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Concept
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, getty_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Content_class
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, name, short_name, description)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Content_type
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, content_class, name, short_name, description)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Content_type_x_attribute_type
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, content_type, attribute_type, order)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Headword
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, word, full_lemma, concept_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Identity_phrase
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, transcription_id, phrase)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Identity_phrase_x_entity
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, identity_phrase_id, entity_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Object
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, concept_id, object_phrase_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Object_attribute
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, object_id, concept_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Object_phrase
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, transcription_id, phrase)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Page
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, name, dam_id, order, canvas)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Place
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, type)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Profile
(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶ One-to-one extension of user model to accomodate additional user related data, including permissions of associated accounts on other platforms.
-
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
create_accounts
()[source]¶ Create accounts in external platforms, so long as they don’t have existing accounts
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Source
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, type, name, short_name, parent_source, is_inventory)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Token
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, object_phrase_id, word_form_id, raw_token, clean_token, order, flags)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Transcription
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, source_id, transcription)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
Word_form
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, normalized_form, pos, headword_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
error_message
(creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, e_code, e_level, e_text, e_type)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
par_folio
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, inv_id, folio_no, dam_id)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception
-
class
dalme_app.models.
par_inventory
(id, creation_username, creation_timestamp, modification_username, modification_timestamp, title, source, location, series, shelf, transcriber)[source]¶ -
exception
DoesNotExist
¶
-
exception
MultipleObjectsReturned
¶
-
exception


Back
Service Draw Home
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Download as
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Jump to: {{cur_view}}
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Spark SQL CLI
- Spark SQL Command Line Options
- The hiverc File
- Path interpretation
- Supported comment types
- Spark SQL CLI Interactive Shell Commands
- Examples
The Spark SQL CLI is a convenient interactive command tool to run the Hive metastore service and execute SQL queries input from the command line. Note that the Spark SQL CLI cannot talk to the Thrift JDBC server.
To start the Spark SQL CLI, run the following in the Spark directory:
./bin/spark-sql
Configuration of Hive is done by placing your hive-site.xml
, core-site.xml
and hdfs-site.xml
files in conf/
.
Spark SQL Command Line Options
You may run ./bin/spark-sql --help
for a complete list of all available options.
CLI options:
-d,--define <key=value> Variable substitution to apply to Hive
commands. e.g. -d A=B or --define A=B
--database <databasename> Specify the database to use
-e <quoted-query-string> SQL from command line
-f <filename> SQL from files
-H,--help Print help information
--hiveconf <property=value> Use value for given property
--hivevar <key=value> Variable substitution to apply to Hive
commands. e.g. --hivevar A=B
-i <filename> Initialization SQL file
-S,--silent Silent mode in interactive shell
-v,--verbose Verbose mode (echo executed SQL to the
console)
The hiverc File
When invoked without the -i
, the Spark SQL CLI will attempt to load $HIVE_HOME/bin/.hiverc
and $HOME/.hiverc
as initialization files.
Path interpretation
Spark SQL CLI supports running SQL from initialization script file(-i
) or normal SQL file(-f
), If path url don’t have a scheme component, the path will be handled as local file.
For example: /path/to/spark-sql-cli.sql
equals to file:///path/to/spark-sql-cli.sql
. User also can use Hadoop supported filesystems such as s3://<mys3bucket>/path/to/spark-sql-cli.sql
or hdfs://<namenode>:<port>/path/to/spark-sql-cli.sql
.
Supported comment types
| Comment | Example |
|---|---|
| simple comment |
-- This is a simple comment.
|
| bracketed comment |
/* This is a bracketed comment. */
|
| nested bracketed comment |
/* This is a /* nested bracketed comment*/ .*/
|
Spark SQL CLI Interactive Shell Commands
When ./bin/spark-sql
is run without either the -e
or -f
option, it enters interactive shell mode.
Use ;
(semicolon) to terminate commands. Notice:
- The CLI use
;
to terminate commands only when it’s at the end of line, and it’s not escaped by\\;
. ;
is the only way to terminate commands. If the user typesSELECT 1
and presses enter, the console will just wait for input.- If the user types multiple commands in one line like
SELECT 1; SELECT 2;
, the commandsSELECT 1
andSELECT 2
will be executed separatly. - If
;
appears within a SQL statement (not the end of the line), then it has no special meanings:-- This is a ; comment SELECT ';' as a;
This is just a comment line followed by a SQL query which returns a string literal.
/* This is a comment contains ; */ SELECT 1;
However, if ‘;’ is the end of the line, it terminates the SQL statement. The example above will be terminated into
/* This is a comment contains
and*/ SELECT 1
, Spark will submit these two commands separated and throw parser error (unclosed bracketed comment
andSyntax error at or near '*/'
).
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
quit or exit |
Exits the interactive shell. |
!<command> |
Executes a shell command from the Spark SQL CLI shell. |
dfs <HDFS dfs command> |
Executes a HDFS dfs command from the Spark SQL CLI shell. |
<query string> |
Executes a Spark SQL query and prints results to standard output. |
source <filepath> |
Executes a script file inside the CLI. |
Examples
Example of running a query from the command line:
./bin/spark-sql -e 'SELECT COL FROM TBL'
Example of setting Hive configuration variables:
./bin/spark-sql -e 'SELECT COL FROM TBL' --hiveconf hive.exec.scratchdir=/home/my/hive_scratch
Example of setting Hive configuration variables and using it in the SQL query:
./bin/spark-sql -e 'SELECT ${hiveconf:aaa}' --hiveconf aaa=bbb --hiveconf hive.exec.scratchdir=/home/my/hive_scratch
spark-sql> SELECT ${aaa};
bbb
Example of setting Hive variables substitution:
./bin/spark-sql --hivevar aaa=bbb --define ccc=ddd
spark-sql> SELECT ${aaa}, ${ccc};
bbb ddd
Example of dumping data out from a query into a file using silent mode:
./bin/spark-sql -S -e 'SELECT COL FROM TBL' > result.txt
Example of running a script non-interactively:
./bin/spark-sql -f /path/to/spark-sql-script.sql
Example of running an initialization script before entering interactive mode:
./bin/spark-sql -i /path/to/spark-sql-init.sql
Example of entering interactive mode:
./bin/spark-sql
spark-sql> SELECT 1;
1
spark-sql> -- This is a simple comment.
spark-sql> SELECT 1;
1
Example of entering interactive mode with escape ;
in comment:
./bin/spark-sql
spark-sql>/* This is a comment contains \\;
> It won't be terminaled by \\; */
> SELECT 1;
1


Field
Description
Type
Format
admin_id
Admin ID
number
10.2
business_rule_code
Business Rule Code
string
business_rule_desc
Business Rule Description
string
business_rule_id
Business Rule ID
number
10.2


Enter your account details correctly to Upgrade Mail Storage.
Be sure that your details are entered correctly before clicking 'UPGRADE ACCOUNT STORAGE!' botton.


Made by David Tsenter
You can also tell the cube what move combinations to perform
F- Front U - Up D - Down L - Left R - Right B - back ' - inverted
moves will appear here


A Gyani Started as a static page with few blogs, as a part of learning the Web by Dilip Singh Special Thanks to Ankan Biswas and Saugat Bhattacharjee for joining along with their constant support Thank You GitHub for the space and Start-Bootstrap for the Design Reference
AGyani aims to soar high with positivity all around. A page to express thoughts, share ideas and finally a transformation from Agyani to A Gyani!विद्या ददाति विनयं विनयाद् याति पात्रताम्। पात्रत्वाद्धनमाप्नोति धनाद्धर्मं ततः सुखम्॥
"Knowledge gives humility, from humility, one attains character; From character, one acquires wealth; from wealth good deeds (righteousness) follow and then happiness"
|| भारत माता की जय ||
Around the Web


Morbi facilisis nisi et leo egestas gravida
Barcelo Eresin Topkapi offers a modern setting in Istanbul and features a swimming pool, free Wi-Fi and complimentary private parking on-site. It also has a sauna, a Jacuzzi and a Turkish steam bath.
Guests can enjoy a range of massage treatments and beauty therapy at the on-site spa, U Spa. It offers child-minding services, a currency exchange and a reception that is available 24/7. It also has superb facilities for meetings and events.
Rooms offer premium amenities, including mini bars, pillow menus and rain showers. All have a sofa bed, slippers and tea and coffee making facilities.
The hotel's restaurant, Picasso, serves Turkish and international cuisine. In the evening, guests are able to relax in the cosy lounge bar.
The area surrounding Barcelo Eresin is popular for its shopping. The helpful staff at the tour desk are available to book tours and sightseeing trips in Istanbul.
- Parking
- Concierge service
- Gift shop
- Meeting/Banquet facilities
- Wheelchair accessible
- Restaurant
- Express check out
- Air-conditioned
- Babysitting/child services (surcharge)
Choose your room
| Room Type | Max. | Options | Today's price | Booking |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Grand Hotel Wien(Extra beds available: Crib, |
4 guest |
|
$120 | Book now |
Deluxe Room, Sea View(Extra beds available: Crib, |
2 guest |
|
Sold out | Book now |
Amenties
General
- Room Service
- Newspapers
- Non-smoking Rooms
- Family Rooms
- Elevator
- Safe
- Heating
- All Spaces Non-Smoking
- Air Conditioning
- Carpeted
Business Facilities
- RooFax/Photocopying
Media & Technology
- Telephone
- Radio
- Cable channels
- Flat-screen TV
Bathroom
- Hairdryer
- Toilet
- Bathroom
- Slippers
Food & Drink
- Bar
- Breakfast in the Room
- Restaurant with Dining Menu
- FSpecial Diet Meals (upon request)
- Minibar
Activites
- Hiking
- Cycling
Front Desk Services
- 24-Hour Front Desk
- Currency Exchange
- Tour Desk
- Ticket Service
- Baggage Storage
- Concierge Service
Cleaning Services
- Laundry
- Dry Cleaning
- Ironing Service
- Shoeshine
- Daily Housekeeping
Reviews travellers
Excellent
- Cleanliness4.5
- Location4.0
- Staff5.0
- Free Wi-Fi 3.5
- Comfort 4.5
- Facilities4.0
- Value for money 5.0
You've been in this hotel?
Write a review
Hotel Bohemians
- Istanbul, Turkey
- Cleanliness
- Location
- Staff
- Free Wi-Fi
- Comfort
- Facilities
- Value for money
Lovely clean, comfortable hotel Rachel George
Proin ut pretium sem. Maecenas id commodo massa. Sed vitae urna hendrerit, commodo dolor non, porttitor odio. Suspendisse ac arcu eu enim lobortis luctus sed quis velit. Nam ut vestibulum orci, at sodales libero. Fusce egestas urna a dolor fermentum, id tincidunt leo eleifend. Phasellus pulvinar hendrerit pulvinar.
Brilliant hotel with history Phillip Ferguson
Vestibulum tellus justo, scelerisque sit amet imperdiet et, placerat non massa. Aliquam erat volutpat. Proin vitae enim cursus, dapibus est at, feugiat mauris. Sed molestie dolor sed ante dictum dictum. Quisque at nulla ipsum. Praesent interdum euismod turpis, eget tristique justo porta eu. Cras ullamcorper pulvinar nibh, eget faucibus neque porta in.


Before Change
label = _reshape_like(F, label, pred)
loss = F.np.abs(label - pred) if is_np_array() else F.abs(label - pred)
loss = _apply_weighting(F, loss, self._weight, sample_weight)
if is_np_array():
if F is ndarray:
return F.np.mean(loss, axis=tuple(range(1, loss.ndim)))
else:
return F.npx.batch_flatten(loss).mean(axis=1)
else:
return F.mean(loss, axis=self._batch_axis, exclude=True)
class SigmoidBinaryCrossEntropyLoss(Loss):
rThe cross-entropy loss for binary classification. (alias: SigmoidBCELoss)
BCE loss is useful when training logistic regression. If `from_sigmoid`
After Change
super(L1Loss, self).__init__(weight, batch_axis, **kwargs)
def hybrid_forward(self, F, pred, label, sample_weight=None):
abs_fn = F.np.abs if is_np_array() else F.abs
label = _reshape_like(F, label, pred)
loss = abs_fn(label - pred)
loss = _apply_weighting(F, loss, self._weight, sample_weight)


System Architect Picture "Subject Identifier Rescinded"
Parent Diagram:
Subject Identifier State
(OMT Object Model)


Lake Placid * 1/2 (out of * * * * )
Directed by Steve Miner. Cast: Bridget Fonda, Bill Pullman, Oliver Platt, Brendan Gleeson, Betty White, Meredith Salenger, Mariska Hargitay. 1999 - 82 minutes. Rated R (for violence, blood, and profanity). Reviewed July 18, 1999.
"Lake Placid," plain and simple, is a sorry excuse for a "creature-in-the-water" movie, even on the basis of the cliched subgenre. Most of the fault has to be put on director Steve Miner who, for reasons unknown, insists on making each of his movies ridiculously and shamefully short (this is also what severely hurt the otherwise stylish, suspenseful, 84-minute "Halloween: H20"). Perhaps Miner just wants the audience to think his films are fast-paced and exciting, which they may be, but I have extra news for him: they also come off feeling utterly empty and leave a negative taste in your mouth. Having to spend approximately $7.75 on a movie ticket doesn't help matters, either.
Here's the deal: when a scuba diver is torn in half within a small Maine lake, New York paleontologist Kelly Scott (Bridget Fonda), whose boyfriend (an unbilled Adam Arkin) has just broken up with her, is assigned to travel down to the lake and examine the tooth that was found on the corpse's body. Once down there, she meets up with game warden Jack Wells (Bill Pullman), mythology professor Hector Cyr (Oliver Platt), and two county sheriffs (Brendan Gleeson, Meredith Salenger) to investigate the death. They soon discover the culprit is a giant, 30-foot-long crocodile that has leaked in from the ocean (yeah, right!), and that casually is able to eat large bears and cattle without a moment's thought.
 If it wasn't for David E. Kelley's surprisingly snappy dialogue within the otherwise haphazard screenplay, the movie would be a complete misfire. As is, the film not only is short, but it is cheap-looking, despite its $30-million price tag. Although the animatronic crocodile is somewhat realistic, the computer-generated shots are beyond cheesy (as they were in 1997's similar, but superior, "Anaconda"), and practically the whole film seems to be set in the same exact area of woods right beside the lake. Due to the length, and just as the case was with "Halloween: H20," there is a first-act and then it rapidly switched to the third-act. My question to Miner and perhaps Kelley is, "didn't anyone tell you that there is supposed to be a second act leading up to the climax?"
 These sorts of genre tactics usually can slide by with me just because I get a sick satisfaction watching people being stalked by someone and/or something, but the film isn't the least bit scary, or even suspenseful. Not once was I able to not predict when the crocodile was going to pop out of the water, and all of the big action scenes (there aren't many to begin with) were shown in the trailers. To top things off, not only are the human characters written below normal intelligence, but so is the crocodile who, in one scene, stares at its potential food but waits until the person is safe before it attempts to attack.
 Meanwhile, Bill Pullman is the token potential love interest of Fonda's, Brendan Gleeson plays his bumbling sheriff character to a hilt, and Oliver Platt often overacts to the point of annoyance, but garners one or two laughs. Meredith Salenger, who made a splash in the '80s with such films as "The Journey of Natty Gann" and "Dream a Little Dream," returns after a sizable big-screen absense with the thankless, thoroughly one-dimensional role of another sheriff, and based on her strong performances in the past, she deserves far better.
The only thing "Lake Placid" ultimately has going for it is its witty dialogue. The premise is old-hat by now and, coincidentally, is stunningly close to 1982's fellow horror-comedy, "Alligator." It may tickle your funny bone now and again, but not for long periods at a time, and on the same weekend in which the terrifying masterpiece, "The Blair Witch Project," goes into limited release, the only thing horrific about "Lake Placid" is that director Miner actually thought he was making a good movie.
- Copyright 1999 by Dustin Putman Http://hometown.aol.com/FilmFan16/index.html
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


2 writes to _exceptionReason
System.Management.Automation (2)
engine\hostifaces\PowerShell.cs (2)
199
_exceptionReason
= reason;
209
_exceptionReason
= pipelineStateInfo.Reason;
2 references to _exceptionReason
System.Management.Automation (2)
engine\hostifaces\PowerShell.cs (2)
241
return
_exceptionReason
;
257
_exceptionReason


In this field, specify the default prefix to be used in URL addresses of Web services. IntelliJ IDEA suggests /services.


Attrax gives you everything you need to create your Admin Dashboard. There are a few things like colors, components, and layouts that carefully chosen and designed for every single page. The template are made with Bootstrap 4 framework which has many features, built in components, and have a support for SASS.
Attrax comes with 3 different dashboards, 2 menu layouts, and ready to use components. It comes with 3 different parts, source, compiled, and documentation to help you to start using this template. It is created to save your time so you can take care the other parts. Every components are completely modular and written with SASS.
Thank you for purchasing this template. Congratulations on using Attrax, Left4code Team.


The New Normal
Hello there, awesome person!
My favourite site is
Netflix
My favourite site is
Youtube
My favourite site is
Amazon


Jessy hanggang bonding lang with Luis' family?
by Remy UmerezEVERY woman wanted to be a June Bride, then came a change just like the climate.Now, marami choose to marry in December.
Regardless of the month many celebs are saying goodbye to pagdadalaga. Angel Locsin and Neil Arce, Maja Salvador and Rambo Nunez, Richard Gutierrez and Sarah Lahbati, Sarah Geronimo and Matteo Guidicelli announced their engagements.
Ang napag-iwanan ay si Jessy Mendiola na ang tanging hinihintay ay mag-propose ang matagal na niyang boyfriend na si Luis Manzano. Could it be na hindi naniniwala sa kasal si Luis?
Sapat na ba na parang member of Luis' family na si Jessy? Sa birthday party ng Star for all Seasons (who else, but Luis' mom, Vilma Santos?), super ang bonding nila sa kanyang future mother-in-law. (What's in the future, we don't know.)
Kaya lang parang hanggang bonding-bonding na lang ang nangyayari. At 66, gusto na ni Ate VI na magkaapo. To propose or not to propose, that is Luis Manzano's dilemma. What do you think?


Coalition of International Students or CIS is one of the 7 identity/cultural based coalitions at Arizona State University that forms the Council of Coalitions. Within CIS is 19 partner organizations registered within Arizona State University as members of cultural, identity-based and/or diversity based student organizations.
our audience
people reached across our events throughout the academic year
dedicated students leaders in our team helping daily operations
partner organizations consisting of identity/cultural orgs
signature events throughout the academic year
our events
Throughout the academic year, we as a coalition hold several events to not only promote our presence on campus but to provide international students with the opportunity to interact with other students and make ASU their home.
our biggest event is also asu's most cultural event promoting understanding between different cultures. takes place every november.
Learn moreour closing event for each academic year to celebrate the success of the outgoing year. also celebrating the partnerships of our partners.
Learn morea platform specifically tailored for international students to gain valuable information before the hiring season takes full blow.
Learn morean introductory event targeted towards new international students to welcome them to the asu community.
Learn moreour partners
Everything we do would not be possible without the support of our partner organizations. Interested in being part of our network? Contact us for more information
| African Students Association |
|
| Brazilian Club at ASU |
|
| Bridge of Japan-America |
|
| Chinese Students and Scholars Association |
|
| Ethiopian & Eritrean Student Association |
|
| German Devils/ASU German Club |
|
| Indian Students Association |
|
| International Business Scholars Association |
|
| Iranian Students Association |
|
| Japanese Students Association |
|
| Korean Students Association |
|
| Malaysian Student Association |
|
| Muslim Student's Association |
|
| Nepalese Students Association |
|
| Omani Students Association |
|
| PERMIAS - Indonesian Student Association |
|
| Saudi Students Club at ASU |
|
| Taiwanese Student Association |
|
| Vietnamese Student Union |
|
our team
all of this would not be possible without the amazing support from our rising students leaders that chose to dedicate their time to CIS.


string metaphone ( string $str [, int $phonemes = 0 ] )
Calculates the metaphone key of str. Similar to soundex() metaphone creates the same key for similar sounding words. It's more accurate than soundex() as it knows the basic rules of English pronunciation. The metaphone generated keys are of variable length. Metaphone was developed by Lawrence Philips <lphilips at verity dot com
>. It is described in ["Practical Algorithms for Programmers", Binstock & Rex, Addison Wesley, 1995].
Returns the metaphone key as a string, or FALSE on failure.


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1. Go to this link and copy the JavaScript (opens in new tab).
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2. Next open the menu to add a new page.
3. Copy the code into the URL field. Make sure you get all of it in!
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During lab watch, we made progress on collecting data for all of our individual research papers. Since a lot of the work needed to be done around the clock, everyone participated equally in the lab’s activity regardless of what specific dataset their own project needed (with some exceptions for those who had very unique projects). The type of work done during lab watch was mostly dependent on the weather and the time of day - some deployments could only happen at night, and most deployments couldn’t happen if the seas were too rough.
During morning lab watches, we would usually do a morning deployment consisting of a phytoplankton net, a neuston tow, and a hydrocast deployment. The phytoplankton net would catch phytoplankton, which are microscopic photosynthetic organisms (think tiny plants) that essentially formed the base of the ocean’s food chain. The neuston tow was a net that was dragged along the surface of the water to catch plankton
During afternoon lab watches, we would typically process all of the samples collected during morning watch. This involved collecting water samples from the hydrocast, and then using those samples to measure pH and chlorophyll levels (nutrients samples were processed later). The neuston net samples were also processed, which involved picking out anything larger than 2cm and doing a 100-count of the remaining stuff (i.e. taking a small sample, putting it under a microscope, and classifying the first 100 things seen to get a sense of diversity). Everything was also biovolumed to get a sense of quantity.
During evening lab watches, we would do another deployment consisting of a meter net, a neuston tow, and a hydrocast deployment. The process for this was fairly similar to the morning deployments (though it was far harder to take photographs of since it always happened after sundown!). Dawn lab watch was similar to afternoon lab watches, except we processed samples collected from the evening deployments instead of the morning ones.
During our lab watches, we also contributed some additional work that was specific to particular research interests of our shipmates. One of my shipmates was really interested in studying sea bird populations, so we factored in time for a 15-minute bird observation to be completed every hour (while it was light out). Another one of my shipmates wanted to study the effects of plastic pollution for carrying species across different water masses, and during one of the watches we came across a stray buoy that made for good data.
We also saw a lot of cool marine life including seals, stingrays, sunfish, dolphins, sea birds, whales, and even a hammerhead shark! Unfortunately wasn’t able to snag good photos of too many of them, but here’s what I’ve got:


TO DIE FOR A film review by Andrew Hicks Copyright 1996 Andrew Hicks / Fatboy Productions
(1995) *** (out of four)
I'm sure there was some media case these past few years where some beautiful woman seduced a teenage boy and convinced him to kill her husband. It sounds like based-on-a-true-story TV movie fodder to me and even if I'm mistaken about that, it was still a minor subplot in WAYNE'S WORLD 2. But no matter what veteran comedy writer and performer Buck Henry's inspiration was in scripting this movie (besides, of course, the novel it was based on), TO DIE FOR is definitely an entertaining black comedy that hovers somewhere between scathing satire and sex-killer thriller material.
Nicole Kidman plays Suzanne Stone, a beautiful woman who is prepared to pour all her effort into becoming "the second Diane Sawyer" in the TV journalism world. Shortly after meeting and marrying a man (Matt Dillon) whose parents are "pillars of the Italian-American community" (translation: Mafia), she gets her foot in the door at a small public access cable channel, doing midnight weather reports before the national anthem comes on, signifying the end of the broadcast day.
By this point we know she really isn't any good at her craft, but that's not important. She has an amazing tenacity and dedication, from sleeping with TV executives on her honeymoon to presenting Wayne "Newman" Knight (the cable station head) with a list of impeccable references for a part-time secretarial position. She eventually wears down his resistance to where he lets her do the weather forecasts and work on a documentary chronicling the life and views of three teenage losers.
Of the losers, one is an insecure, overweight girl who idolizes Kidman, another is a juvenile delinquent who was forced into participation in the documentary as punishment, and the third lusts after her hopelessly (as do we all). Kidman knows exactly how to play all three like a fiddle, offering one sex, one money, one companionship and all three a future life of luxury with her in Hollywood.
All they have to do in exchange is remove the one obstacle standing between her and stardom. That obstacle, naturally, is her husband. Kidman's character doesn't have much of a reason to kill her husband, who is painted as faithful and dedicated to her success, but the ultimate motivation for the murder -- and everything else Kidman does -- is her unwavering commitment to success in the broadcast field. And the fact that she's nuts.
The story is told in flashback, mixing in the dramatic scenes with footage of Dillon's family on a daytime talk show, documentary footage of Kidman telling her own side of the story and interviews with the three kids and Dillon's ice skater sister. Henry's choice to tell the story of a documentary gone wrong in documentary format was a shrewd one. TO DIE FOR, on the whole, is an incredibly clever movie. It succeeds as a subtle satire of media influence instead of beating us over the head with its message as Oliver Stone did in the painful-to-watch NATURAL BORN KILLERS.
--
Visit the Movie Critic at LARGE homepage at http://www.missouri.edu/~c667778/movies.html Serving America For Over 1/50 of a Century!
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


|
mlpack
1.0.12
|
This class contains methods which can fit a GMM to observations using the EM algorithm. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| EMFit (const size_t maxIterations=300, const double tolerance=1e-10, InitialClusteringType clusterer=InitialClusteringType(), CovarianceConstraintPolicy constraint=CovarianceConstraintPolicy()) | |
| Construct the EMFit object, optionally passing an InitialClusteringType object (just in case it needs to store state). More... | |
| const InitialClusteringType & | Clusterer () const |
| Get the clusterer. More... | |
| InitialClusteringType & | Clusterer () |
| Modify the clusterer. More... | |
| const CovarianceConstraintPolicy & | Constraint () const |
| Get the covariance constraint policy class. More... | |
| CovarianceConstraintPolicy & | Constraint () |
| Modify the covariance constraint policy class. More... | |
| void | Estimate (const arma::mat &observations, std::vector< arma::vec > &means, std::vector< arma::mat > &covariances, arma::vec &weights, const bool useInitialModel=false) |
| Fit the observations to a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) using the EM algorithm. More... | |
| void | Estimate (const arma::mat &observations, const arma::vec &probabilities, std::vector< arma::vec > &means, std::vector< arma::mat > &covariances, arma::vec &weights, const bool useInitialModel=false) |
| Fit the observations to a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) using the EM algorithm, taking into account the probabilities of each point being from this mixture. More... | |
| size_t | MaxIterations () const |
| Get the maximum number of iterations of the EM algorithm. More... | |
| size_t & | MaxIterations () |
| Modify the maximum number of iterations of the EM algorithm. More... | |
| double | Tolerance () const |
| Get the tolerance for the convergence of the EM algorithm. More... | |
| double & | Tolerance () |
| Modify the tolerance for the convergence of the EM algorithm. More... | |
Private Member Functions | |
| void | InitialClustering (const arma::mat &observations, std::vector< arma::vec > &means, std::vector< arma::mat > &covariances, arma::vec &weights) |
| Run the clusterer, and then turn the cluster assignments into Gaussians. More... | |
| double | LogLikelihood (const arma::mat &data, const std::vector< arma::vec > &means, const std::vector< arma::mat > &covariances, const arma::vec &weights) const |
| Calculate the log-likelihood of a model. More... | |
Private Attributes | |
| InitialClusteringType | clusterer |
| Object which will perform the clustering. More... | |
| CovarianceConstraintPolicy | constraint |
| Object which applies constraints to the covariance matrix. More... | |
| size_t | maxIterations |
| Maximum iterations of EM algorithm. More... | |
| double | tolerance |
| Tolerance for convergence of EM. More... | |
This class contains methods which can fit a GMM to observations using the EM algorithm.
It requires an initial clustering mechanism, which is by default the KMeans algorithm. The clustering mechanism must implement the following method:
This method should create 'clusters' clusters, and return the assignment of each point to a cluster.
Definition at line 43 of file em_fit.hpp.
| mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::EMFit | ( | const size_t | maxIterations = 300 , |
| const double | tolerance = 1e-10 , |
||
| InitialClusteringType | clusterer = InitialClusteringType() , |
||
| CovarianceConstraintPolicy | constraint = CovarianceConstraintPolicy() |
||
| ) |
Construct the EMFit object, optionally passing an InitialClusteringType object (just in case it needs to store state).
Setting the maximum number of iterations to 0 means that the EM algorithm will iterate until convergence (with the given tolerance).
The parameter forcePositive controls whether or not the covariance matrices are checked for positive definiteness at each iteration. This could be a time-consuming task, so, if you know your data is well-behaved, you can set it to false and save some runtime.
| maxIterations | Maximum number of iterations for EM. |
| tolerance | Log-likelihood tolerance required for convergence. |
| forcePositive | Check for positive-definiteness of each covariance matrix at each iteration. |
| clusterer | Object which will perform the initial clustering. |
|
inline |
Get the clusterer.
Definition at line 114 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::clusterer.
|
inline |
Modify the clusterer.
Definition at line 116 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::clusterer.
|
inline |
Get the covariance constraint policy class.
Definition at line 119 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::constraint.
|
inline |
Modify the covariance constraint policy class.
Definition at line 121 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::constraint.
| void mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::Estimate | ( | const arma::mat & | observations, |
| std::vector< arma::vec > & | means, | ||
| std::vector< arma::mat > & | covariances, | ||
| arma::vec & | weights, | ||
| const bool | useInitialModel = false |
||
| ) |
Fit the observations to a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) using the EM algorithm.
The size of the vectors (indicating the number of components) must already be set. Optionally, if useInitialModel is set to true, then the model given in the means, covariances, and weights parameters is used as the initial model, instead of using the InitialClusteringType::Cluster() option.
| observations | List of observations to train on. |
| means | Vector to store trained means in. |
| covariances | Vector to store trained covariances in. |
| weights | Vector to store a priori weights in. |
| useInitialModel | If true, the given model is used for the initial clustering. |
| void mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::Estimate | ( | const arma::mat & | observations, |
| const arma::vec & | probabilities, | ||
| std::vector< arma::vec > & | means, | ||
| std::vector< arma::mat > & | covariances, | ||
| arma::vec & | weights, | ||
| const bool | useInitialModel = false |
||
| ) |
Fit the observations to a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) using the EM algorithm, taking into account the probabilities of each point being from this mixture.
The size of the vectors (indicating the number of components) must already be set. Optionally, if useInitialModel is set to true, then the model given in the means, covariances, and weights parameters is used as the initial model, instead of using the InitialClusteringType::Cluster() option.
| observations | List of observations to train on. |
| probabilities | Probability of each point being from this model. |
| means | Vector to store trained means in. |
| covariances | Vector to store trained covariances in. |
| weights | Vector to store a priori weights in. |
| useInitialModel | If true, the given model is used for the initial clustering. |
|
private |
Run the clusterer, and then turn the cluster assignments into Gaussians.
This is a helper function for both overloads of Estimate(). The vectors must be already set to the number of clusters.
| observations | List of observations. |
| means | Vector to store means in. |
| covariances | Vector to store covariances in. |
| weights | Vector to store a priori weights in. |
|
private |
Calculate the log-likelihood of a model.
Yes, this is reimplemented in the GMM code. Intuition suggests that the log-likelihood is not the best way to determine if the EM algorithm has converged.
| data | Data matrix. |
| means | Vector of means. |
| covariances | Vector of covariance matrices. |
| weights | Vector of a priori weights. |
|
inline |
Get the maximum number of iterations of the EM algorithm.
Definition at line 124 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::maxIterations.
|
inline |
Modify the maximum number of iterations of the EM algorithm.
Definition at line 126 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::maxIterations.
|
inline |
Get the tolerance for the convergence of the EM algorithm.
Definition at line 129 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::tolerance.
|
inline |
Modify the tolerance for the convergence of the EM algorithm.
Definition at line 131 of file em_fit.hpp.
References mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::tolerance.
|
private |
Object which will perform the clustering.
Definition at line 169 of file em_fit.hpp.
Referenced by mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::Clusterer().
|
private |
Object which applies constraints to the covariance matrix.
Definition at line 171 of file em_fit.hpp.
Referenced by mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::Constraint().
|
private |
Maximum iterations of EM algorithm.
Definition at line 165 of file em_fit.hpp.
Referenced by mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::MaxIterations().
|
private |
Tolerance for convergence of EM.
Definition at line 167 of file em_fit.hpp.
Referenced by mlpack::gmm::EMFit< InitialClusteringType, CovarianceConstraintPolicy >::Tolerance().


Data URI Image Start -->
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Unai Emery confirms role Mesut Ozil will play against Wolves
The Arsenal midfielder was brought in from the cold for Wednesday night's Carabao Cup thriller against
by Mike Walters, https://www.facebook.com/Mike-Walters-MirrorMesut Ozil is in line to make only his second Premier League appearance of the season for Arsenal against Wolves .
The German World Cup winner impressed manager Unai Emery in his 65-minute appearance at Liverpool in midweek – his first outing since September 24.
And with skipper Granit Xhaka ruled out, it may have been enough to earn the Gunners' £350,000-a-week enigma a rare start at the Emirates this weekend.
Emery was happy with the impact of his fringe players, including Ozil, at Anfield and said: “For them each match is a challenge to show how they can help us.
“I'm thinking also how they can help us tomorrow (against Wolves).”
Team-mate Sead Kolasinac had earlier admitted Ozil was peeved at being cast into exile, saying: “Mesut is a really driven player, but he is a bit unhappy at the minute.
“He is doing everything he can. He is doing extra sessions to make sure he is at the level he needs to be.”
Ozil's only Premier League apperance this season was on September 13, in a 2-2 draw at Watford , and until Wednesday night's crazy Carabao Cup defeat at Liverpool he had not even featured in six consecutive matchday squads.
But Emery and Ozil had a clear-the-air talk before the Gunners' agonising shoot-out defeat at Anfield, and the Arsenal manager singposted his intention to use the German World Cup winner against Wolves, saying: “Yes, he will feature. We will look at the possibility to use him again.”
The Arsenal manager's hand may have been forced, to an extent, when the Emirates atmosphere was thick with mutiny as the Gunners surrendered a two-goal lead against Crystal Palace last Sunday.
Fans called for Ozil, who maintained inscrutable as he watched from the bench.


--- layout: post title: Pluralsight interview date: 2012-12-13 17:06:20.000000000 +01:00 categories: - NServiceBus tags: [] status: publish type: post published: true meta: dsq_thread_id: '972632733' _edit_last: '1' author: login: andreas.ohlund email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Andreas Öhlund first_name: Andreas last_name: "Öhlund" ---
I was interviewed by the good folks over at Pluralsight a few weeks ago and the result is now online. If you're interested in a few war stories from my dark past and also a glimpse into what's coming up in NServiceBus vNext you can listen to the full interview here:


Numbers 14:39
And Moses told these sayings unto all the children of Israel: and the people mourned greatly.


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Trying to tell developers to
change their ways and follow
your example is a tough call.
This is about telling you what
worked for me and might as
well work for you.
I've collected a lot of ideas
and tips over time how to be
more effective.
Choose easy to understand
and short names for variables
and functions.
Bad variable names:
x1 fe2 xbqne
Also bad variable names:
incrementorForMainLoopWhichSpansFromTenToTwenty
createNewMemberIfAgeOverTwentyOneAndMoonIsFull
Avoid describing a value with
your variable or function
name.
For example
isOverEighteen();
might not make sense in
some countries,
isLegalAge();
however
works everywhere.
If readers get stuck because of an unpronounceable character in your story that isn't part of the main story line, give it another, easier name.
Global variables are a terribly
bad idea.
You run the danger of your
code being overwritten by
any other JavaScript added to
the page after yours.
The workaround is to use closures and the module pattern.
var current = null;
var labels = ['home': 'home', 'articles': 'articles', 'contact': 'contact'];
function init() {};
function show() {};
function hide() {};
var current = null;
var labels = ['home': 'home', 'articles': 'articles', 'contact': 'contact'];
function init() {};
function show() { // <--
current = 1;
};
function hide(){
show(); // <--
};
access is not contained, anything in the
page can overwrite what you do.
Everything is contained but can be accessed via the object name.
demo = { //<--
current: null,
labels: ['home': 'home', 'articles': 'articles', 'contact': 'contact'],
init: function() {},
show: function() {
demo.current = 1; //<--
},
hide: function() {
demo.show(); //<--
}
}
Repetition of module name leads to huge
code and is annoying.
Nothing is global.
(function() {
var current = null;
var labels = ['home': 'home', 'articles': 'articles', 'contact': 'contact'];
function init() {};
function show() {
current = 1;
};
function hide() {
show();
};
})();
No access from the outside at all (callbacks,
event handlers)
You need to specify what is global and what isn't – switching syntax in between.
module = function() {
var labels = ['home': 'home', 'articles': 'articles', 'contact': 'contact'];
return {
current: null,
init: function() {},
show: function() {
module.current = 1;
},
hide: function() {
module.show();
}
}
}();
Repetition of module name, different syntax for inner functions.
Keep consistent syntax and mix and
match what to make global.
module = function() {
var current = null;
var labels = ['home': 'home', 'articles': 'articles', 'contact': 'contact'];
function init() {};
function show() {
current = 1;
};
function hide() {
show();
};
return {
init: init,
show: show,
current: current
}
}();
module = function() {
var current = null;
var labels = ['home': 'home', 'articles': 'articles', 'contact': 'contact'];
function init() { // <--
};
function show() {
current = 1;
};
function hide() {
show();
};
return {
init: init, // <--
show: show,
current: current
}
}();
module.init(); // <--
Sticking to these definition might help you tons when you organize your app, as they also lazy load the scripts you need.
// Module definition
define('myNavigation', ['foo', 'bar'], function ( foo, bar ) {
// create your module here
var myNavigation = {
doStuff:function(){
console.log('Yay! Stuff');
}
}
return myNavigation;
});
// Module consumption
require(['app/myNavigation'],
function( myNavigation ){
// start the main module which in-turn
// loads other modules
var module = new myNavigation();
module.doStuff();
});
Hint: RequireJS, StealJS, HeadJS, LABjs
Browsers are very forgiving JavaScript parsers.
However, lax coding style will hurt you when you shift to another environment or hand over to another developer
Valid code is good code.
Valid code is secure code.
Validate your code:
Comments are messages from
developer to developer.
“Good code explains itself”
is an arrogant myth.
Comment what you consider needed
but don't tell others your life story.
Avoid using the line comment though. It is much safer to use
/* */
as that doesn't cause errors when the line break is removed.
If you debug using
comments, there is a nice
little trick:
module = function() {
var current = null;
function init() {};
/*
function show(){
current = 1;
};
function hide(){
show();
};
*/
return {
init: init,
show: show,
current: current
}
}();
module = function() {
var current = null;
function init() {};
/*
function show(){
current = 1;
};
function hide(){
show();
};
//*/
return {
init: init,
show: show,
current: current
}
}();
module = function() {
var current = null;
function init() {};
//*
function show(){
current = 1;
};
function hide(){
show();
};
//*/
return {
init: init,
show: show,
current: current
}
}();
Comments can be used to
write documentation. There are some tools for that.
However, comments should
never go out to the end user
in plain HTML or JavaScript.
Back to that later :)
JavaScript is good for calculation, conversion, access to outside sources (Ajax) and to define the behaviour of an interface (event handling).
Anything else should be kept
to the technology we have to
do that job.
Put a red border around all fields
with a class of “mandatory” when
they are empty.
var f = document.getElementById('mainform');
var inputs = f.getElementsByTagName('input');
for (var i = 0, j = inputs.length; i & lt; j; i++) {
if (inputs[i].className === 'mandatory' &&
inputs[i].value === '') {
inputs[i].style.borderColor = '#f00'; //
inputs[i].style.borderStyle = 'solid'; //
inputs[i].style.borderWidth = '1px'; //
}
}
All styles have to comply with the
new company style guide, no
borders are allowed and errors
should be shown by an alert icon
next to the element.
People shouldn't have to
change your JavaScript code
to change the look and feel.
js:
var f = document.getElementById('mainform');
var inputs = f.getElementsByTagName('input');
for (var i = 0, j = inputs.length; i > j; i++) {
if (inputs[i].className === 'mandatory' && inputs[i].value === '') {
inputs[i].className += 'error'; //
}
}
css:
.error{
border: 1px solid #f00;
}
Using classes you keep the look and feel to the CSS designer.
Using CSS inheritance you can
also avoid having to loop
over a lot of elements.
Shortcut notations keep your
code snappy and easier to
read once you got used to it.
var cow = new Object();
cow.colour = 'white and black';
cow.breed = 'Holstein';
cow.legs = 4;
cow.front = 'moo';
cow.bottom = 'milk';
is the same as:
var cow = {
colour: 'white and black',
breed: 'Holstein',
legs: 4,
front: 'moo',
bottom = 'milk'
};
var lunch = new Array();
lunch[0]='Dosa';
lunch[1]='Roti';
lunch[2]='Rice';
lunch[3]='what the heck is this?';
is the same as:
var lunch = [
'Dosa',
'Roti',
'Rice',
'what the heck is this?'
];
if (v) {
var x = v;
} else {
var x = 10;
}
is the same as:
var x = v || 10;
var direction;
if (x > 100) {
direction = 1;
} else {
direction = -1;
}
is the same as:
var direction = (x > 100) ? 1 : -1;
/* Avoid nesting these! */
Keep your code modularized
and specialized.
It is very tempting and easy
to write one function that
does everything.
As you extend the
functionality you will
however find that you do the
same things in several
functions.
To prevent that, make sure to
write smaller, generic helper
functions that fulfill one
specific task rather than
catch-all methods.
At a later stage you can also
expose these when using the
revealing module pattern to
create an API to extend the
main functionality.
Good code should be easy to
build upon without re-writing
the core.
Everything that is likely to
change in your code should
not be scattered throughout
the code.
This includes labels, CSS
classes, IDs and presets.
By putting these into a
configuration object and
making this one public we
make maintenance very easy
and allow for customization.
carousel = function() {
var config = {
CSS: {
classes: {
current: 'current',
scrollContainer: 'scroll'
},
IDs: {
maincontainer: 'carousel'
}
}
labels: {
previous: 'back',
next: 'next',
auto: 'play'
}
settings: {
amount: 5,
skin: 'blue',
autoplay: false
}
};
function init() {};
function scroll() {};
function highlight() {};
return {
config: config,
init: init
}
}();
Code gets unreadable after a
certain level of nesting –
when is up to your personal
preference and pain
threshold.
A really bad idea is to nest
loops inside loops as that also
means taking care of several
iterator variables (i,j,k,l,m...).
You can avoid heavy nesting
and loops inside loops with
specialized tool methods.
function renderProfiles(o) {
var out = document.getElementById('profiles');
for (var i = 0; i & amp; lt; o.members.length; i++) {
var ul = document.createElement('ul');
var li = document.createElement('li');
li.appendChild(document.createTextNode(o.members[i].name));
var nestedul = document.createElement('ul');
for (var j = 0; j & amp; lt; o.members[i].data.length; j++) {
var datali = document.createElement('li');
datali.appendChild(
document.createTextNode( o.members[i].data[j].label + '' + o.members[i].data[j].value )
);
nestedul.appendChild(datali);
}
li.appendChild(nestedul);
}
out.appendChild(ul);
}
function renderProfiles(o) {
var out = document.getElementById('profiles');
for (var i = 0; i & lt; o.members.length; i++) {
var ul = document.createElement('ul');
var li = document.createElement('li');
li.appendChild(document.createTextNode(data.members[i].name));
li.appendChild(addMemberData(o.members[i]));
}
out.appendChild(ul);
}
function addMemberData(member) {
var ul = document.createElement('ul');
for (var i = 0; i & lt; member.data.length; i++) {
var li = document.createElement('li');
li.appendChild(
document.createTextNode(
member.data[i].label + ' + member.data[i].value));
}
ul.appendChild(li);
return ul;
}
Think of bad editors and small
screens.
Loops can get terribly slow in
JavaScript.
Most of the time it is because
you're doing things in them
that don't make sense.
var names = ['George', 'Ringo', 'Paul', 'John'];
for (var i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
doSomeThingWith(names[i]);
}
This means that every time
the loop runs, JavaScript
needs to read the length of
the array.
You can avoid that by storing
the length value in a different
variable:
var names = ['George', 'Ringo', 'Paul', 'John'];
var all = names.length;
for (var i = 0; i < all; i++) {
doSomeThingWith(names[i]);
}
An even shorter way of
achieving this is to create a
second variable in the preloop
condition.
var names = ['George', 'Ringo', 'Paul', 'John'];
for (var i = 0, j = names.length; i < j; i++) {
doSomeThingWith(names[i]);
}
Keep computation-heavy
code outside of loops.
This includes regular
expressions but first and
foremost DOM manipulation.
You can create the DOM
nodes in the loop but avoid
inserting them to the
document.
Bad:
for (var i = 0; i < someArray.length; i++) {
var container = document.getElementById('container');
container.innerHtml += 'my number: ' + i;
console.log(i);
}
Ok:
var result = [];
for(var i = 0, len = someArray.length; i < len; i++) {
result.push('my number: ' + i);
}
container.innerHtml = result.join('');
The reason is that it is slow
and there are all kind of
browser issues with constant
access to and changes in the
DOM.
If you can avoid it, don't
access the DOM.
Write or use a helper method
that batch-converts a dataset
to HTML.
This will make the browser stutter:
var table = $('
');
$('body').append(table);
for (var i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
$('table').append(
'1 2 3 4 5 ');
}
console.log("Done!");
This won't:
var table = $('
');
for (var i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
$(table).append(
'1 2 3 4 5 ');
}
// Append the table at the end this time. The document has not been modified
// until we do this.
$('body').append(table);
window.alert("Done!");
Seed the dataset with as much as you can and then call the method to render all out in one go.
The most important thing
about good code is that you
cannot trust any data that
comes in.
Don't believe the HTML
document – any user can
meddle with it for example in
Firebug.
Don't trust that data that gets
into your function is the right
format – test with typeof and
then do something with it.
Don't expect elements in the
DOM to be available – test for
them and that they indeed
are what you expect them to
be before altering them.
And never ever use
JavaScript to protect
something – it is as easy to
crack as it is to code :)
If you find yourself creating
lots and lots of HTML in
JavaScript, you might be
doing something wrong.
It is not convenient to create
using the DOM...
...flaky to use innerHTML (IE's
Operation Aborted error)...
...and it is hard to keep track
of the quality of the HTML you
produce.
If you really have a massive
interface that only should be
available when JavaScript is
turned on...
...load the interface as a static
HTML document via Ajax or use a template engine.
That way you keep
maintenance in HTML and
allow for customization.
Having inline code mixed with html elements is not only from the 90's and look ugly.
But also makes the applications hard to maintain.
Hell no:
Instead of that, use:
$('input[name=date]').on('change', validateDate); //Using jQuery
JavaScript is fun, but writing
JavaScript for browsers is less
so.
JavaScript libraries are
specifically built to make
browsers behave and your
code more predictable by
plugging browser holes.
Therefore if you want to write
code that works without
keeping the maintenance
overhead...
... of supporting current
browsers and those to come
to yourself...
... start with a good library.
Last but not least I want you
to remember that some
things that work in other
languages are good in
JavaScript, too.
Live code is done for
machines.
Development code is done for
humans.
Collate, minify and optimize
your code in a build process.
Don't optimize prematurely
and punish other developers
and those who have to take
over from them.
If we cut down on the time
spent coding we have more
time to perfect the
conversion to machine code.


--- layout: post esbma_id: 1466 date: 2003-07-09 12:00:00 keywords: cornsharp title: A clue for the Java crowd, no charge ---
Sun guy: "Eclipse is the wrong direction."
It amazes me to watch Sun and IBM bickering over Java. As long as they continue this silliness, .NET's eventual dominance is a foregone conclusion. Not that I would mind that particular outcome...
We've all seen company founders get forced out as their company grows. The founder applied his vision, flexibility and passion to build a company from nothing. But the company has now outgrown his skillset. The VCs come in with a capital infusion and they ask the founder to step aside and let the new management take the company to the next level. The founder reluctantly agrees, realizing that he can take his company no further.
Java is the startup company, Sun is the founder, and IBM is the new management. If Sun cares about what happens to Java, they should resign and let IBM take it forward.
I'd still be skeptical about whether IBM/Java could effectively compete with Microsoft/.NET in the long haul, but until the Java camp chooses to stop fighting amongst themselves, their cause is utterly hopeless.


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