Arsenic is widely distributed in the earth’s crust and is found most often in ground water rather than surface water. People encounter arsenic in many chemical forms that vary greatly in toxicity. The most toxic of the naturally occurring arsenic compounds are inorganic forms of arsenic and their methylated metabolites. Less toxic are the organic arsenic compounds. Although this method does not reveal the chemical form of arsenic to which a person is exposed, it is sensitive enough to screen urine specimens rapidly from people thought to be exposed to arsenic or to evaluate total environmental or other total non-occupational exposure to arsenic.
All examined participants aged 3 to 5 years were eligible and participants aged 6 years and older from a one-third subsample were eligible.
The method described in this manual assesses arsenic exposure by analyzing urine through the use of inductively coupled-plasma dynamic reaction cell-mass spectrometry (ICP-DRC-MS). Urine is analyzed because urinary excretion is the major pathway for eliminating arsenic from the mammalian body (Vahter ME, 1988). This method achieves rapid and accurate quantification of total urinary arsenic.
Total urine arsenic concentrations are determined by using ICP-DRC-MS. This multi-element analytical technique is based on quadrupole ICP-MS technology (Date AR et al., 1989) and includes DRC™ technology (Tanner SD et al., 1999), which minimizes or eliminates much argon-based polyatomic interference. Coupling radio frequency power into a flowing argon stream seeded with electrons creates the plasma, the heat source, which is ionized gas suspended in a magnetic field. Predominant species in the plasma are positive argon ions and electrons. Diluted urine samples are converted into an aerosol by using a nebulizer inserted within a spray chamber. A portion of the aerosol is transported through the spray chamber and then through the central channel of the plasma, where it is exposed to temperatures of 6000-8000 ºK. This thermal energy atomizes and ionizes the sample. The ions and the argon enter the mass spectrometer through an interface that separates the ICP, which is operating at atmospheric pressure (approximately 760 torr), from the mass spectrometer, which is operating at approximately 10-5 torr. The mass spectrometer permits detection of ions at each mass-to-charge ratio in rapid sequence, which allows the determination of individual isotopes of an element. Once inside the mass spectrometer, the ions pass through the ion optics, then through DRC™, and finally through the mass-analyzing quadrupole before being detected as they strike the surface of the detector. The ion optics uses an electrical field to focus the ion beam into the DRC™. The DRC™ component is pressurized with an appropriate reaction gas and contains a quadrupole. In the DRC™, elimination or reduction of argon-based polyatomic interferences takes place through the interaction of the reaction gas with the interfering polyatomic species in the incoming ion beam. The quadrupole in the DRC™ allows elimination of unwanted reaction by-products that would otherwise react to form new interferences. Electrical signals, resulting from the detection of the ions, are processed into digital information that is used to indicate the intensity of the ions, and subsequently the concentration of the element. In this method, arsenic (isotope mass 75) and gallium (isotope mass 71) is measured in urine by ICP-DRC-MS, using argon/hydrogen (90%/10%, respectively) as a reaction gas (Neubauer K. et al., 1999). Urine samples are diluted 1:9 with 2% (v/v) double-distilled nitric acid containing gallium or tellurium for internal standardization.
Refer to the Laboratory Method Files section for a detailed description of the laboratory methods used.
There were no changes to laboratory methods, lab equipment, or lab site for this component for 2015-2016 cycle.
Urinary Metals and Total Arsenic Laboratory Procedure Manual (June 2018)
Urine samples are processed, stored, and shipped to the Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA for analysis.
Detailed instructions on specimen collection and processing are discussed in the NHANES Laboratory Procedures Manual (LPM). Vials are stored under appropriate frozen (–30°C) conditions until they are shipped to National Center for Environmental Health for testing.
The NHANES quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) protocols meet the 1988 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act mandates. Detailed QA/QC instructions are discussed in the NHANES LPM
Mobile Examination Centers (MECs)
Laboratory team performance is monitored using several techniques. NCHS and contract consultants use a structured competency assessment evaluation during visits to evaluate both the quality of the laboratory work and the quality-control procedures. Each laboratory staff member is observed for equipment operation, specimen collection and preparation; testing procedures and constructive feedback are given to each staff member. Formal retraining sessions are conducted annually to ensure that required skill levels were maintained.
Analytical Laboratories
NHANES uses several methods to monitor the quality of the analyses performed by the contract laboratories. In the MEC, these methods include performing blind split samples collected on “dry run” sessions. In addition, contract laboratories randomly perform repeat testing on 2% of all specimens.
NCHS developed and distributed a quality control protocol for all CDC and contract laboratories, which outlined the use of Westgard rules (Westgard et al., 1981) when running NHANES specimens. Progress reports containing any problems encountered during shipping or receipt of specimens, summary statistics for each control pool, QC graphs, instrument calibration, reagents, and any special considerations are submitted to NCHS quarterly. The reports are reviewed for trends or shifts in the data. The laboratories are required to explain any identified areas of concern.
All QC procedures recommended by the manufacturers were followed. Reported
results for all assays meet the Division of Laboratory Sciences’ quality control
and quality assurance performance criteria for accuracy and precision, similar
to the Westgard rules (Caudill et al., 2008).
The data were reviewed. Incomplete data or improbable values were sent to the performing laboratory for confirmation.
Refer to the 2015-2016 Laboratory Data Overview for general information on NHANES laboratory data.
Subsample Weights
Urinary total arsenic was measured in a
full sample of participants ages 3-5 and a one-third subsample of persons 6
years and older. Special sample weights are required to analyze these data
properly. Specific sample weights for this subsample are included in this data
file and should be used when analyzing these data.
Demographic and
Other Related Variables
The analysis of NHANES laboratory data must be conducted using the appropriate survey design and demographic variables. The NHANES 2015-2016 Demographics File contains demographic data, health indicators, and other related information collected during household interviews as well as the sample design variables. The recommended procedure for variance estimation requires use of stratum and PSU variables (SDMVSTRA and SDMVPSU, respectively) in the demographic data file.
Starting in the 2015-2016 NHANES cycle, the variable URXUCR (urine creatinine) will not be reported in this file. URXUCR can be found in the data file titled Albumin & Creatinine – Urine.
This laboratory data file can be linked to the other NHANES data files using
the unique survey participant identifier (i.e., SEQN).
Detection
Limits
The detection limits were constant in the data set. Two
variables are provided for each of these analytes. The variable name ending in
“LC” (ex., URDUASLC) indicates whether the result was below the limit of
detection: “0” means that the result was at or above the limit of detection, “1”
indicates that the result was below the limit of detection. For analytes with
analytic results below the lower limit of detection (ex., URDUASLC=1), an
imputed fill value was placed in the analyte results field. This value is the
lower limit of detection divided by square root of 2 (LLOD/sqrt [2]). The other
variable prefixed URX (ex., URXUAS) provides the analytic result for that
analyte.
The lower limit of detection (LLOD, in µg/L) for total arsenic is:
|
Variable Name |
SAS Label |
LLOD |
|
URXUAS |
Urinary Total Arsenic |
0.26 |
Please refer to the NHANES Analytic Guidelines and the on-line NHANES Tutorial for further details on the use of sample weights and other analytic issues.
| Code or Value | Value Description | Count | Cumulative | Skip to Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6552.119284 to<PHONE_NUMBER>8 | Range of Values | 3231 | 3231 | |
| 0 | Participants 6+ years with no lab specimen | 48 | 3279 | |
| . | Missing | 0 | 3279 |
| Code or Value | Value Description | Count | Cumulative | Skip to Item |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.18 to 677.14 | Range of Values | 3061 | 3061 | |
| . | Missing | 218 | 3279 |


◆ connect_to()
| void cp::Server::connect_to |
( |
const std::string & |
ip, |
|
|
int |
port |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
connect to the specified port and ip
- Parameters
-
| ip | IP of the server. |
| port | PORT of the server. |
◆ get_identity()
| ID cp::Server::get_identity |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Get the identity object.
- Returns
- ID id of the Server.
◆ get_socket()
| sf::TcpSocket& cp::Server::get_socket |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inline |
Get the socket object.
- Returns
- sf::TcpSocket& INternal handle of the socket.
◆ getLastStatus()
| sf::Socket::Status cp::Server::getLastStatus |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Get the Last Status object.
- Returns
- sf::Socket::Status Status of the last function call to recieve/send.
◆ send_packet()
| void cp::Server::send_packet |
( |
sf::Packet & |
packet | ) |
|
|
inline |
◆ operator<<
| Server& operator<< |
( |
Server & |
server, |
|
|
const key_input_type & |
labelled_input |
|
) |
| |
|
friend |
Overloaded operator<< to send the labelled input.
- Parameters
-
| server | The server that you want to send the labelled input to. |
| labelled_input | The labelled input to send. |
- Returns
- Server& Returns back the server reference.
◆ operator>>
Overloaded operator>> to recieve GameSnaps.
- Parameters
-
| server | The server that you want to recieve snap from. |
| snap | The snap reference for getting incoming snap. |
- Returns
- Server& Returns back the server.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


tawsome
VMware Host Calculation
Save
Load
Requirements
Current GHz
Current Cores
Current vCPU quantity (optional)
Current RAM (TiB or GiB)
Growth Per Year (%)
Years In Scope
HA Level x:1
Server Config
Quantity of hosts
CPU Per Host
Cores Per CPU
GHz Per Core
RAM Per Host
32
64
128
192
256
384
512
768
1024
Clear data
Results
Element
Required
Delivered
Difference
Cores
GHz
RAM (GiB)
vCPU/Core ratio
Save Config
×
Save this JSON string somewhere.
Load Config
×


Alex Scott says she feared Neil Jones wouldn't like her after Strictly swap
Strictly Come Dancing star Alex Scott has said she feared Neil Jones would not like her after it was claimed she wanted to swap him for Kevin Clifton.
Professional dancer Jones, 37, reunited with the former England football star, 35, after he missed two weeks of live shows because of an injury.
During that time Clifton, who lifted the Glitterball Trophy with Stacey Dooley last year, stood in for Jones.
Scott later denied reports she was “fuming” after finding out she would be back with Jones at the last minute.
Scott and Jones, who are dancing to Beyonce’s Run The World (Girls) at Blackpool’s Tower Ballroom this weekend, appeared on This Morning with co-hosts Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby on Wednesday.
Schofield asked: “Were you disappointed? Was there any truth in that at all?”
Scott said: “No and I think that’s why I woke up on Sunday morning actually a little bit gutted because I think, how you said Holly, I had started blossoming when we were together doing the Charleston.
“So it wasn’t just Kev – I have found this confidence. And for me, we had done the amazing jive, which was so much fun, on Saturday night, and you wake up to those headlines.
“My first reaction was, ‘Oh no, my partner is going to think I don’t even like him any more’.
“We started this journey together. So then, straight away, that’s where social media can come in and play a positive part because I just put out a tweet saying it’s absolutely not true.
 It’s not an act. I love dancing with Neil.”
The pair performed a jive on Saturday night’s show, with Jones telling the judges: “It’s good to be back.”
He said he and Clifton had agreed Scott’s new-found confidence had come from her alone.
Jones said: “I know Alex so well and I know we get on well and I have known Kevin for over 25 years. We are really good friends.
“And actually, between me and Kevin, we were joking because we said that her highest score is not me or Kevin, it is from her on her own.
“That’s on her, not on us.”
Strictly Come Dancing continues on BBC One on Saturday.


Welcome to your virtual pet sanctuary
Please choose your pet:
Bunny
Dragon
Velociraptor
Please give your pet a name
submit
Feed your pet
Give your pet a drink
Play with your Pet
Restart


This repo has moved to https://brianleek.me/repo. This repo will no longer receive any updates or new packages. Please add the new repo. Thanks!
Repo: https://brianleek.me/repo
© Brian's Repo.
Repo code from julioverne.github.io.
Code modifications by Brian.


Advanced rendering
If you wish more control over rendering, you can use the advanced rendering format.
Advanced rendering allows you to defined more sections with specific config.
{
section1: ['Options'],
section2: ['Lib', 'FULL']
}
Builtin sections
Use builtin sections with the format [name]: true
:
{
head: true,
}
List of builtin sections:
head
: Package name & descriptiontoc
/tocx
: Table of contentlicense
: License information
Content from a file
Provide the file path:
{
section1<EMAIL_ADDRESS>}
Using template
{
section1: 'basic', // built-in
section2: customTemplate, // custom
}
Declaration rendering
{
section1: [ 'Options', 'SELF' ],
section2: [ 'Lib', 'FULL', { /* options */ } ]
section3: [ 'Class1', customConvert ]
}
A
DeclarationRender
has of 3 parts:
- The WHAT: what the target?
-
The HOW (optional): how to output the WHAT,
default to
SELF
. - The extra (optional): more rendering options.
For the WHAT part, use this format to target a source code element:
-
Direct element: provide its name, ex.
Options
, 'function1', ... -
Indirect element: its parent name and its name with
.
in between, ex.Lib.method1
, ... -
Custom source: list of path, ex.
[path1.ts,path2.ts]
Multiple blocks
Multiple blocks for one section:
{
section1: [
// content block
{
type: "text",
data: "Some text ...",
},
//
["Options", "SELF"],
["Options", "SUMMARY_PROPERTIES"],
];
}
Template or file with options
See
SectionRenderWithOptions
for template or file with options:
{
section1: {
// input
template: '...', // or
file: '...',
// any options
// for certain type of input
// ...
}
}


aria-label:
Button
<button aria-label="Click to be even happier" onclick="alert('🤗 You are the happiest person 😎')"> 😍 </button>
Navigation menu

 W3C

 WWW

Form elements
<form> <input type="search" placeholder="Type any" aria-label="Site Search" name="search" /> <button type="submit">Search 🔎"</button> </form>
aria-labelledby
Multiple labels

Billing:

Name
 <input type="text" aria-labelledby="billing name" />
Address
 <input type="text" aria-labelledby="billing address" />
Billing
Name
Address
Definition lists 📝

anathema

 a ban or curse solemnly pronounced by ecclesiastical authority and accompanied by excommunication

a vigorous denunciation : cursor

homily

a usually short sermon

 a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme

- anathema
- a ban or curse solemnly pronounced by ecclesiastical authority and accompanied by excommunication
- a vigorous denunciation : cursor
- homily
- a usually short sermon
- a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme
ASCII art

FIGURE

 Joan G. Stark, "fish". October 1997. ASCII on electrons. 28×8.

aria-describedby
A close button ❌
<button aria-label="Close" aria-describedby="descriptionClose" onclick="close()" > ❌ </button>
 Closing this window will discard any information entered and return you back to the main page

Closing this window will discard any information entered and return you back to the main page
aria-placeholder
Birthday date 🎂
Birth Date <input id="bday1" type="text" aria-placeholder="mm/dd/yyyy format">


First sign into GitHub and create a new repository. Then give your repository a name (and a README and gitignore if you want). Finally, make your repository.
Forking is a feature on GitHub that allows a user to take a copy of someone else's repository and use it for their own personal use with the ability to make pull requests. Cloning is a Git concept extremely similar to forking, with the main difference being that cloning allows a person to make an unconnected copy of a repository to place in a directory of their choosing.
Branches allow users to work on separate tasks in a project. For every Git repository, there is a master branch, which functions as the source branch where changes are finalized. From then on, a user can create their own branch (essentially a copy of the master branch) where they can work on their designated assignments separate from everyone else contributing to the repository. By giving everyone their own separate workspace instead of piling everything in the master branch, branching helps ensure that multiple contributors don't interfere with each other's work.
When a user's work on their branch is ready to be added to the master branch, it's time for a pull request. A pull request allows a branch to be submitted to the repository owner to see if it can be successfully merged with the master branch. However, when there are major difference in two branches that are set to be merged, a merge conflict is created, barring the merge from happening until the owner settles the conflicts. By choosing to resolve the conflicts within GitHub, the owner can adjust the areas where merge conflicts occur to make sure that the merge can be pulled off. After resolving the merge conflicts, the merge can successfully take place and everyone can go about their own business.
First, go settings on your GitHub repository. Then go to the 'Collaborators' Tab and add a collaborator. Finally, enter your password and the person's username/email.


Welcome to The Corona Arms - a virtual online pub. Sorry there's no beer or wine (bring your own).
There is a pub quiz though...
Ready to enter?


Career Summary
-
Accomplished professional with over 10 years of experience in the business application sphere of the IT industry focused on Cloud and Enterprise technologies: Salesforce, Force.com, Apex, Lightning.
-
Broad experience in Salesforce CRM and other Salesforce products: Service Cloud, Sales Cloud, Health Cloud, Community Cloud and others.
-
Hands-on experience with customer requirements’ analysis, software design, application development, systems integration, and production support.
-
Excellent development skills, strong lead and architect skills.
-
Problem solving, trouble shooting and communication skills with strong focus on client satisfaction.
-
Successful managing of the development teams (of up to 5 engineers).
-
Successfully completed more than 50 projects on the Salesforce CRM and Force.com platform.
-
Experience of technical documentation creation and end-users training.


Tutorial 9 by Nikolai Gad
München, 12. December 2019
Facebook provides various tools to target ads on their platform. But ads are then delivered to actual users based on an algortihm that takes price as well as "relevance" into consideration.
This algorithm is not public though, so this paper tests which users are most likely to be shown political ads from two different candidates.
We consider the following actors:
That's on the ethical side of things. On the legal side of things, we learnt that the ads we're running are considered political donations. We were not allowed to use grant or gift money on political advertising. Instead, all the ads were paid for from personal pockets of the American co-authors (I can't contribute to political parties in the US either), and for each ad they had to file a separate form to the Federal Electoral Commission.
Expreimental research design.
Three randomly assigned groups:
Three dependent variables:
For the last DV only 6.3m users were included and it was analysed on a group level.
Also test another hypothesis about the effect of seeing a friend share that they voted.
Unit of analysis: Users who shared that they voted.
DV's the same, but measured for each of the friends of user who shared that they voted.
IV: Strength of tie with friends (decile of user-friend interactions).
340.000 additional votes in 2010 midterm election, which corresponds to 0,14% of voting age population.
Out of a general increase in turnout by 0,60% points from previous election (from 37,2% in 2006 to 37,8% in 2010) s
In groups, consider one of the four ethical principles from the Belmont/Menlo report in regards to the 61mil study. Do you think they followed this principle? And if not, how can it be justified?


Missing Missouri woman Jennifer Rothwell's disappearance classified as homicide, husband in custody
by Frank MilesA 28-year-old Missouri man has been charged by the St. Louis County Prosecuting Attorney's Office in connection with his wife's disappearance, which has been reclassified as a homicide, officials said.
Fox 2 reported that Beau Rothwell was charged Thursday with tampering with physical evidence, a class E felony.
His wife Jennifer Rothwell has been missing since early Tuesday morning.
BOOK RETURNS IN CHICAGO INCREASE 240 PERCENT AFTER CITY ELIMINATES FINES
She never returned to their St. Louis County home. Her 2011 Hyundai Sonata was discovered about 2 miles from their home.
Authorities said Beau Rothwell is a danger to the community and a flight risk because of the nature of the charges.
He's being held on a $100,000 bond.
According to the probable cause statement, the husband was seen on video purchasing cleaning products including bleach, carpet cleaner and gloves the day before his wife vanished, Fox 2 reported.
CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
Police found a section of wet carpet inside their home that had been soaked with bleach, as well as blood in the carpeting and the underlying padding, authorities said.


Documents
Scheduling Hard Real-time Garbage Collection
To appear in Proceedings of The 30th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS), 2009
Replicating Real-time Garbage Collector for Java
[pdf]
7th International Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-time and Embedded Systems (JTRES), 2009
A Hardware Abstraction Layer for Java
To appear in ACM Transactions in Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Accurate Garbage Collection in
Uncooperative Environments Revisited [pdf]
To appear in Concurrency and Computation:
Practice and Experience.
(supercedes "Accurate Garbage Collection in Uncooperative Environments
with Lazy Pointer
Stacks" in the Proceedings of Compiler Construction, 16th
International Conference (CC'07))
An efficient and flexible toolkit for
composing customized method dispatchers [pdf]
Software: Practice and Experience, vol. 38,
no. 1, 2008.
(supercedes "PolyD: A Flexible Dispatching Framework" in
the Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented
Programming Systems, Languages and Applications (OOPSLA'05))
Hierarchical
Real-Time Garbage Collection [pdf]
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED
Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems
(LCTES'07), 2007.
Streamflex:
High-Throughput Stream Programming in Java [pdf]
Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM SIGPLAN
Conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems and Applications
(OOPSLA'07), 2007.
Reflexes:
Abstractions for Highly Responsive Systems [pdf]
Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference on Virtual Execution Environments (VEE'07), 2007.
A
Real-Time Java Virtual Machine with Applications in Avionics [pdf]
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems
(TECS), vol. 7, no.1, 2007.
(supercedes "Real-time Java in Avionics Applications" in
the Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and
Applications Symposium (RTAS'06))
Accurate
Garbage Collection in Uncooperative Environments with Lazy Pointer
Stacks [pdf]
Proceedings of Compiler Construction, 16th
International Conference (CC'07), 2007.
Encapsulating
Objects with Confined Types [pdf]
ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and
Systems (TOPLAS), vol.29, no.6, 2007.
Scoped
Types and Aspects for Real-Time Java Memory Management [pdf]
Real-Time Systems, vol. 37, no. 1, 2007.
An
Emprical Evaluation of Memory Management Alternatives for Real-Time Java
[pdf]
Proceedings of 27th IEEE International
Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'06), 2006.
A New
Approach to Real-time Checkpointing [pdf]
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Virtual Execution Environments (VEE'06), 2006.
Real-time
Java in Avionics Applications [pdf]
Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Real-Time and
Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), 2006.
Engineering a Customizable Intermediate Representation
for the Ovm Framework [pdf]
Science of Computer Programming no. 57, vol.
3, 2005.
(supercedes "Engineering a Customizable Intermediate Representation" in
the Workshop on Interpreters, Virtual Machines and Emulators,
(IVME'03).)
Preemptible
Atomic Regions for Real-time Java [pdf]
Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International
Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS05), 2005.
PolyD: A Flexible Dispatching Framework
[pdf]
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on
Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages and Applications
(OOPSLA'05), 2005.
Engineering a Customizable Intermediate Representation
Presented at IVME 2003
This paper presents the design of the Ovm intermediate representation
and how various Ovm components are build based upon the IR
specification.
Idioms in Ovm
Technical Report No. CSD-TR-03-017, Department
of Computer Sciences, Purdue University
This paper presents the idioms used in Ovm to efficiently
express non-Java behaviors and compares the Ovm approach with design
characteristics of JikesRVM.
Scoped Types for Real-time Java
[pdf]
Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International
Real-Time Systems Symposium (RTSS'04), 2004.
Real-Time Java Scoped Memory: Design
Patterns and Semantics [pdf]
Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International
Symposium on Object-oriented Real-time distributed Computing, (ISORC
2004), 2004.
Subtype tests in real time [pdf]
Proceedings of the European Conference on
Object Oriented Programming (ECOOP'03), 2003.
Walkabout Revisted: The Runabout
Presented at ECOOP 2003
This paper presents a variation of the visitor patter which allows
programmers to write visitor-like code in a concise way. The Runabout
is a library extension which adds a limited form of multi-dispatch
without requiring changes to Java syntax or the compiler.
Incommunicado: Fast Communication for Isolates [pdf]
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Conference on
Object Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications
(OOPSLA'02).
Encapsulating Objects with Confined
Types [pdf]
Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGPLAN Conference
on Object Oriented Programming, Systems, Languages and Applications
(OOPSLA'01)


|
Group E amazons
|
#include "Libavailable.h"
#include "Variables.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include "Libinteractive.h"
#include <math.h>
Functions | |
| int | is_move_possible (Game *game) |
| Function checks whether the move is possible. More... | |
| int | can_amazon_move (Game *game) |
| Function that checks all fields next to the amazon and returns whether the amazon can move. More... | |
| int | is_diagonall (Game *game) |
| Function that checks whether the amazon wants to move in diagonall direction. More... | |
| int | is_path_clear (Game *game, ERoadType type) |
| Function detects which direction the amazon wants to one. More... | |
| int | can_amazon_move_here (Game *game) |
| Function that checks in what direction amazon wants to move. More... | |
| int | can_amazon_throw_spear_here (Game *game) |
| Function that checks in what direction amazon wants to move. More... | |
| int | can_place_here (Game *game) |
| Function that checks whether the player can place amazon on choosen spot. More... | |
| int can_amazon_move | ( | Game * | game | ) |
Function that checks all fields next to the amazon and returns whether the amazon can move.
| game | structure which contains all variables used in the current game state, this function uses variables holding: board, p. |
| int can_amazon_move_here | ( | Game * | game | ) |
Function that checks in what direction amazon wants to move.
| game | structure which contains all variables used in the current game state, this function uses variables holding: p, pAmazon. |
| int can_amazon_throw_spear_here | ( | Game * | game | ) |
Function that checks in what direction amazon wants to move.
| game | structure which contains all variables used in the current game state, this function uses variables holding: board, p, pAmazon. |
| int can_place_here | ( | Game * | game | ) |
Function that checks whether the player can place amazon on choosen spot.
| game | structure which contains all variables used in the current game state, this function uses variables holding: board, p. |
| int is_diagonall | ( | Game * | game | ) |
Function that checks whether the amazon wants to move in diagonall direction.
| game | structure which contains all variables used in the current game state, this function uses variables holding: board, p, pAmazon. |
| int is_move_possible | ( | Game * | game | ) |
Function checks whether the move is possible.
| game | structure which contains all variables used in the current game state, this function uses variables holding: board, p. |
Function detects which direction the amazon wants to one.
| game | structure which contains all variables used in the current game state, this function uses variables holding: board, p, pAmazon. |
| type | structure which holds which type of road the amazon will take(verticall,diagonall,horizontall) |


This page is a demonstration of binding inputs to a model. The text below the inputs are all bound to the same thing, and when the model changes the html is updated to reflect that.
This can be as simple as just displaying a value, or recalculating values
Thank you for putting in your information {{ title.text }} {{ name }}.
I can see from our records that you are {{ age }} years old. {{ ageDifferenceCalculation() }}
I also loved your last paper on the topic of "{{ research }}"


Cirque du Soleil announces on-ice show coming to Kamloops, Kelowna
by Jenna WheelerCirque du Soleil is coming back to Kamloops and Kelowna next year with an even more impressive show — on ice.
The show, dubbed Cirque du Soleil AXEL, will focus on the character Axel, who is travelling with his band and performing original pieces throughout the show. Axel finds himself falling in love with a character named Lei while the two attempt to retrieve the light that was stolen by a super villain named Vï.
According to a media release, having the show on ice will put a focus on the impressive work of freestyle, pair, and solo skating, which is a new take on the traditional Cirque du Soleil performances.
In Kelowna, the show takes over Prospera Place from June 11 to 14, 2020. The show in Kamloops is at the Sandman Centre from June 18 to 21, 2020.
Click here to buy tickets and find out more information.


this package contains the executor service that enables only 5 thrads per process
Author:
Aloy A Sen


| Top |
GObject ╰── GInitiallyUnowned ╰── GtkWidget ╰── GtkContainer ╰── GtkBin ╰── GtkToolItem ╰── GtkToolButton ╰── GtkToggleToolButton ╰── GtkRadioToolButton
GtkToggleToolButton implements AtkImplementorIface, GtkBuildable, GtkActivatable and GtkActionable.
A GtkToggleToolButton is a GtkToolItem that contains a toggle button.
Use gtk_toggle_tool_button_new()
to create a new GtkToggleToolButton.
GtkToolItem *
gtk_toggle_tool_button_new (void
);
Returns a new GtkToggleToolButton
Since: 2.4
GtkToolItem *
gtk_toggle_tool_button_new_from_stock (const gchar *stock_id
);
gtk_toggle_tool_button_new_from_stock
has been deprecated since version 3.10 and should not be used in newly-written code.
Use gtk_toggle_tool_button_new()
instead.
Creates a new GtkToggleToolButton containing the image and text from a stock item. Some stock ids have preprocessor macros like GTK_STOCK_OK and GTK_STOCK_APPLY.
It is an error if stock_id
is not a name of a stock item.
Since: 2.4
void gtk_toggle_tool_button_set_active (GtkToggleToolButton *button
,gboolean is_active
);
Sets the status of the toggle tool button. Set to TRUE
if you
want the GtkToggleButton to be “pressed in”, and FALSE
to raise it.
This action causes the toggled signal to be emitted.
Since: 2.4
gboolean
gtk_toggle_tool_button_get_active (GtkToggleToolButton *button
);
Queries a GtkToggleToolButton and returns its current state.
Returns TRUE
if the toggle button is pressed in and FALSE
if it is raised.
Since: 2.4
“active”
property“active” gboolean
If the toggle tool button should be pressed in.
Flags: Read / Write
Default value: FALSE
Since: 2.8
“toggled”
signalvoid user_function (GtkToggleToolButton *toggle_tool_button, gpointer user_data)
Emitted whenever the toggle tool button changes state.
toggle_tool_button |
the object that emitted the signal |
|
user_data |
user data set when the signal handler was connected. |
Flags: Run First


In this article, the role of efficiency in the growth of the New Zealand agricultural sector is analysed. Productivity measures based on gross product/gross input ratios, net product/factor input ratios, neutral technology production functions and production functions based on biased factor efficiency growth are examined. It is convenient to define first the terms and symbols employed, and then proceed to the analysis of a model based on factor-augmented technological growth, followed by tests of its explanatory power for the period 1945-67.
Two aggregate production functions are assumed in this study, one defined for the gross output of the sector and the other for net output or the more usual value-added concept. For space reasons, the net output model is used to illustrate the major conclusions drawn. The net output production function can be expressed as
Q = f(L,K,t) | (1) |
and the gross output function as
QG = F(L, K, M, t). | (2) |
For equation (2) the profit-maximization equation can be expressed as
IIG = PQG -WL - RKf - SM, | (3) |
where the symbols have the following meaning:
QG = gross output of the agricultural sector in real terms in March years,
L = annual manpower employed full-time,
K = real capital stock employed as at 1 April of the April-March production year,
Kf = annual flow of real capital services,
* This paper is the fruition of a long-term programme in agricultural productivity research initiated by Professor B. P. Philpott at Lincoln College. The author is particularly indebted to the earlier work of D. D. Hussey and T. W. Francis, who solved many of the initial problems involved in the analysis. Computing work was undertaken on an IBM 1130 by A. D. Meister, which is also gratefully acknowledged.
MARCH 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 77 |
M = index of physical quantity of non-factor inputs,
t = a time factor representing technical change.
To define the product prices of inputs and net output, the following price series are required:
P = aggregate product price index,
W = index of money wage rates,
R = index of money cost of capital replacements,
S = index of money cost of unit non-factor inputs.
Thus,
w = W/P = real product price of labour,
r = R/P = real product price of capital,
s = S/P = real product price of non-factor inputs,
and,
Q = (PQG - SM)/P = net real output in the current period,
FL = wL/Q = factor share of labour in net output,
FK = rK/Q = factor share of capital in net output (obtained by difference),
We = a weather variable based on January, February and March rainfall at Ruakura, Hamilton.
If the product price index is taken as numeraire in equation (3), the profit-maximization equation in real terms is obtained:
IIG = QG -wL - rKt - sM, | (4) |
In general, it is useful to represent capital as a flow of services in setting out the models, although in estimation the stock series is used as a proxy throughout.
The sources of the data are set out in a series of Agricultural Economics Research Unit publications of various dates. The original data series are those devised by Philpott and Stewart [9],1 later updated by Philpott, Ross, McKenzie, Yandle and Hussey [10], and Philpott and Hussey [8]. The capital series have been re-estimated on a replacement-cost basis since the above series were published and are found in a recent paper by the author [5].
Gross output data are based on official government series, but the manpower series, capital stock series and non-factor input series are all derived from official statistics by the above authors. The capital stock series is estimated on a replacement-cost basis and is independent of the valuation method employed formerly. It is also estimated without explicit depreciation rates being required and hence is not subject to the usual criticisms of stock series based on the perpetual inventory method. The series on non-factor inputs is based on a gross farm expenditure approach and could be biased upwards by the inclusion of many capital expenditure items which now contribute to the capital stock series.
(1) Figures in square brackets relate to references listed at the end of the article.
78 | THE ECONOMIC RECORD | MARCH |
The product price series is the implicit index obtained by taking the ratio of an index of the official series of gross farm income to one of gross farm output. The index of farm wages is based on an official index of farm wage rates as modified by Philpott and Hussey. In the model it is assumed that self-employed operators have an opportunity cost equal to wage employees. The index of capital replacement prices is based on the relative eost of all farm improvements, as given in Philpott and Hussey, and does not include an allowance for prices of new plant or livestock purchases. The price series for non-factor inputs is also given by Philpott and Hussey and is a weighted index of all the main farm inputs used in New Zealand.
Efficiency Defined
The specific way in which efficiency growth enters the various productivity models is detailed below, but it is appropriate to indicate at this stage just what efficiency means to the author. Two distinct types of efficiency can be distinguished. Firstly new equipment is usually better, i.e. more productive, other things unchanged, than the equipment replaced. It is often assumed that prices reflect this greater productivity, but in some cases other factors could make productivity quite im;ariant to prices. Other inputs used in agriculture (relevant to the gross output function) are also more productive in this sense, especially new, weedicides and pesticides, trace elements, new crop varieties and genetically better livestock.
The second operational concept of efficiency is in the management area. Better management is synonymous with the 'education' of the entrepreneur and his employees in that new skills of farming are learnt that enable new technology to be incorporated in the day-to-day running of the farm enterprise. Kew combinations of factors can be contemplated and, in the present context, labour-saving use of capital and farm layouts can be accommodated in the entrepreneur's mental approach to his work. The basic point is that managing new kinds and levels of resources is a skill that is slowly but continually being learnt by farmers. Increased labour productivity is achieved largely by adapting management to the labour-saving opportunities available.
The reader will recognize in this description the standard definitions of capital-embodied and -disembodied technological change. Given a single stock of capital, the analysis to follow focuses on disembodied technological change alone.
Measures of Effidency Growth
The major study in the area of gross productivity is the work of Philpott [7]. Using the data referred to in [9], he constructed an annual gross productivity ratio, It, for quinquennial periods from 1920 to 1960 and estimated growth rates, gG, from the standard formula
It = I(o)egGt | (5) |
where, using the symbols set out above,
| 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 79 |
It = ( (POQG) / WOL + ROK + SOM)t | (6) |
Thus the productivity ratio is annual gross output divided by aggregate inputs valued at base-year prices, in this case those of 1949-50.
The base-year price of capital is taken as a fixed charge of 5 per cent; thus the cost of capital services is shown as this proportion of current capital stock employed. Calculated in this way, the sum of inputs does not necessarily exhaust product, although it will in those cases where the residual sum imputed to capital is just equal to 5 per cent of stock.
Quinquennium | Output growth | Input growth | Growth in output per unit of all inputs |
| 1920-25 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
| 1925-30 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 2.1 |
| 1930-35 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 1.9 |
| 1935-40 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
| 1940-45 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.5 |
| 1945-50 | 1.3 | 2.1 | -0.9 |
| 1950-55 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.0 |
| 1955-60 | 3.4 | -0.1 | 3.5 |
| Whole period | 2.6 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
Table I summarizes the Philpott results. Apart from the marked quinquennial variations in growth rates, the main result suggests a long-term gro,vth of productive efficiency of 1 per cent a year over and above increases in the levels of real resources employed. Of the total growth in output, some 60 per cent is explained by increased input of resources and 40 per cent by better technology.
In subsequent revisions of Philpott's basic data [10], [8], the trend in long-run productivity was recalculated. For the period 1920-65 the following equation was fitted to the data:
It = 85.4e0.007t; | (7) |
and for the period 1920-67, the additional years and small revisions in the data gave the following fitted equation:
It = 80.6e0.009t. | (8) |
Apparently the measure of rate of growth of gross productivity is fairly sensitive to changes in aggregate input. High levels of investment and use of current inputs tend to depress the productivity ratio in the short run, and output also tends to be sustained for a period after high investment levels decline, thus increasing the ratio again.
80 | THE ECONOMIC RECORD | MARCH |
In general the long-run growth of gross productiyity approximates to very nearly 1 per cent a year.
In a more recent investigation Hussey has developed the production function approach to productivity analysis [3]. Following Solow [11], the production function in equation (1) is expressed with technology as a multiplicative factor as follows:
Q = A(t) f(L, K). | (9) |
As is well known, the function can only be written in this way if technological change is neutral, i.e. such as to leave the marginal rate of substitution behveen capital and labour unaltered at a given factor ratio. Constant returns to scale are also assumed. By differentiating with respect to time (with the time derivatives expressed in the form Q´/Q, etc.), and defining the profit-maximization factor shares as follows:
α = dQ/dL.L/Q, β = dQ/dK.K/Q, | (10) |
the Solow growth equation is obtained:
Q´/Q = A´/A + α L´/L + β K´/K: | (11) |
If λ is neutral technological growth, and subscripted g represents real output and factor gro\vth, then the growth equation can be expressed as
λ = gQ - α gL - β gK. | (12) |
Hussey only works with net output, and the above equation expresses the accepted proposition that neutral technological growth is equivalent to the growth of net output less the weighted sum of factor growths. If the weights or elasticities are calculated from average or base-year factor shares or some other base, the resulting estimate of λ can vary considerably.
Table II summarizes Hussey's main results. The basic data used are the same as for the Philpott analysis but have been up-dated by seven years. Factor output is defined in the same way as in this paper. Over the long period, neutral technological growth is now estimated as 1.32 per cent a year if average factor share weights are acceptable.
TABLE II
Annual Percentage Rate of Increase in Factor Output due to Technological Advance, from Hussey [3]
Growth rates |
1921-67 |
1921-40 |
1946-67 |
1951-67 |
Factor output |
1.97 |
3.06 |
2.81 |
3.32 |
Technology with base-year weights |
1.08 |
1.81 |
1.06 |
1.67 |
Technology with average factor share weights |
1.32 |
1.91 |
1.29 |
1.95 |
| 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 81 |
In the sub-periods considered by Hussey, somewhat higher growth rates are apparent, as Philpott's results also indicated.
Factor output increases at a slower rate than gross output (1.97 per cent compared with 2.60 per cent approximately), thus indicating that over the long run an increasing share of product has been required to reward non-factor inputs. According to Philpott [7, p. 29], the long-run growth in non-factor inputs has been 3.5 per cent a year, so that the increasing share of product required is apparently a volume effect and not a price effect over the whole period.
The problem of weighting with average factor shares can be overcome by fitting a Cobb-Douglas type function to the time series data.
If the factor elasticities are not constrained, an estimate of the returns to scale can also be obtained. Technology is still assumed to be neutral in its effect on factor productivities. For the period 1921-67, Hussey fitted the following equation:
In Q = -3.26 + |
0.68 ln L + (0.19) |
0.53 ln K + (0.16) |
0.014 t. (0.003) |
(13) |
The coefficients were all significant at the 1 per cent level, and R2 = 0.92. Because the Durbin-Watson statistic was unsatisfactory (d = 1.07), he further investigated several auto-regressive processes to correct for any resulting bias in the estimated standard errors. This resulted in lower estimates of the factor elasticities (so that constant returns to scale were indicated) but no change in the technology coefficient. Apparently the Cobb-Douglas result differs very little from the more direct estimate obtained from the Solow equation. Hussey does not present any Cobb-Douglas functions for sub-periods, owing to multicollinearity problems.
For the post-war period, 1946-67, the author has estimated neutral technology growth rates for a gross output and a net output production function of the Cobb-Douglas type. The variables employed are identical with Hussey's except for the capital stock, K, for which the new series based on replacement cost was available. The two equations fitted were as follows:
(a) ln Q = 17.66 - |
1.94 ln L - (1.15) |
0.40 ln K + (0.78) |
0.025 t. (0.020) |
(14) |
R2 = 0.96; d = 1.20.
(b) ln Qg = 16.24 - |
2.05 ln L - (0.43) |
0.07 ln K + (0.34) |
0.02 ln M + (0.03) |
0.017 t. (0.009) |
(15) |
R2 = 0.99; d = 1.40.
These results are not acceptable due to the high intercorrelation of trend with all the variables except M. It is apparent that a simple growth equation of output and trend would have almost the same explanatory power in this period. Thus,
82 | THE ECONOMIC RECORD | MARCH |
ln Q = 5.23 + |
0.0292t (0.001) |
R2 = 0.95 | (14) |
and
ln QG = 5.72 + |
0.0301t (0.001) |
R2 = 0.98 | (17) |
Taking average factor shares for the period, and applying equation (12), results in an estimate of technological growth in equation (16) of 1.89 per cent a year, and in equation (17) of 1.47 per cent.2
These rates of growth are higher than those indicated for the same period in Table I from Philpott's study but still lower than those estimated by Cobb-Douglas methods if these were statistically acceptable. Hussey's result for the same period, based on the net output growth equation, was a growth rate in technology of 1.58 per cent. Since his measure of capital stock increased annually at 3.4 per cent over the period, a lower rate of growth of technological advance results.
Efficiency Growth in Factors of Production
The concept of factor efficiency growth emerges clearly in constant elasticity of substitution (C.E.S.) production functions when the elasticity of substitution (σ) is not equal to one. This section shows briefly how technology can be incorporated in a more general production function of the C.E.S. type and the economic properties of the model that results.
The basic notion in the model is that factor inputs in the production function are defined in efficiency units so that the relative marginal productivities of the factors, as defined, remain constant. The model set forth below assumes profit maximization in the long term and constant returns to scale. The two-factor case is presented iil detail, but the three-factor case is considered briefly towards the end of this paper.
The C.E.S. production function for New Zealand agriculture in the aggregate is written:
| Q = [(EL.L)p + (EK.K)p]1/p | (18) |
where EL represents the growth in labour efficiency, EK the growth in capital efficiency, and p is the substitution parameter representing the ratio 1 - 1/σ.
As shown below, exponential growth of factor efficiency must be assumed before the necessary estimating equation is properly identified. For this purpose, it is therefore assumed that in any year
| EL(t) = EL(o)eλLt | (19) |
and
| EK(t) = EK(o)eλKt | (20) |
where λL and λK measure the growth of the different factor efficiencies respectively.
2gK = 2.44, gL = -0.69, gM = 2.32; FL for (16) = 0.45, FL for (16) = 0.55, FL for (17) = 0.27, FK for (17) = 0.33, FM = 0.40.
| 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 83 |
Changes in factor efficiency are interpreted as labour-augmenting or capital-augmenting technological advances by the respective growth paths of (19) and (20). It should be noted particularly that an increase of EL is labour augmenting even if technical change enters the production function through better equipment [1], [12]. If the elasticity of substitution is less than unity, labour-augmenting and capitalaugmenting bias in technical change amounts to the same thing as labour-saving and capital-saving advances respectively [1]. Equal rates of factor efficiency gro'wth are equivalent to neutral technical changes discussed earlier.
The identification problem in C.E.S. production function analysis arises out of the effect of unequal (biased) factor efficiency growth on the slope of the substitution isoquant between the factors.3 It was first pointed out by Diamond and McFadden in an unpublished paper, and later amplified by Nerlove [6]. In Figure I factor isoquants are shown for factor's measured in conventional units and in the proposed efficiency units.
FIGURE la FIGURE IbIn Figure 1a, E0, E1, E2 represent the same isoquant in different periods of time with conventional factor inputs. Biased efficiency growth is evident in the greater gains in labour efficiency relative to capital efficiency as one period succeeds another. At A0 the elasticity of substitution (σ) is represented by the ratio of the change in relative ractor inputs to the relative change in the marginal rate of substitution between them. In moving the isoquant to A1, the elasticity of substitution must change as the factor ratio is changing with an unchanged price ratio.
The identification problem is that biased efficiency growth and the elasticity of substitution are both varying simultaneously and one must be helel constant by some means to isolate the other.
In Figure 1b, the axes represent the proposed efficiency measures
3 This section is based on original work by T. W. Francis, whose considerable help in explaining the problems involved is again acknowledged. The interpretation given is solely that of the author however.
84 | THE ECONOMIC RECORD | MARCH |
of factor inputs. By defining efficiency units in terms of relative productivity, the shift in the isoquant is now normalized, and the marginal rate of substitution between the factors remains the same for constant ratios of the factors measured in efficiency units. Efficiency growth is now embodicd in the factors of production, and a method is established of identifying thc aggregate production function.
Nerlove [6, p. 92] quotes Diamond and McFadden on this point as follows,
'. . . it is, in fact, impossible to measure either the bias or the elasticity [of substitution] ; i.e., given the time series of all observable market phenomena for a single economy which has a neo-classical production function, these same time series could have been generated by an alternative function having an arbitrary elasticity or arbitrary bias at the observed points. This statement is subject to the limitations that in the absence of technical change one can measure the elasticity of substitution (and trivially the bias, which is zero) while in the absence of a change in the capital-labor ratio one can determine the bias.'
Finally, it is useful to set out the economic properties of the proposed aggregate production function.
(i) The marginal products of the factors are proportional to their relative efficiencies,
| i.e. | δQ/δK = δQ/δKE.EK | (21) |
where δQ/δKE is the marginal product of an additional efficiency unit of a factor.
(ii) The marginal rate of substitution is defined in terms of conventional factor inputs, or relative efficiencies from (21) above,
| i.e. | R = w/r = (δQ/δL)/(δQ/δK) = (δQ/δL).EL/(δQ/δKE).EK | (22) |
(iii) The elasticity of substitution is now a measure of a relationship between factors measured in efficiency units,
| i.e. | σ = d(EKK/ELL)/(EKK /ELL) / d(w/r)/(w/r). | (23) |
Thus the marginal rate of substitution is defined in terms of conventional inputs and the price ratios, but the elasticity of substitution is defined in terms of the efficiency measures of inputs in relation to the conventional marginal rate of substitution.
Estimation Procedures
Estimates of σ and λL and λK are obtained from the marginal product side relations of equation (18). With some algebraic manipulation, five different estimation equations can be derived.
(1) If (18) is differentiated with respect to L, and rearranged slightly, the following expression for the real wage rate is obtained:
| w = E L p (Q/L)1 - p | (24) |
from which,
| Q/L = w 1/1 - p EL - p/ 1 - p | (25) |
| 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 85 |
This can be expressed in logarithms for estimation purposes as
| ln Q/L = 1/1 - p ln w + [1 - (1/1 - p)] ln EL. | (26) |
Since EL has no absolute value, it is now appropriate to substitute equation (19) in place of this term to obtain
| ln Q/L = α + σ ln w + (1 - σ) λ L t | (27) |
where
α = (1 - σ) ln E L(o).
The estimating equation is identified by the assumption of exponential factor efficiency growth and analysis could not proceed without it. In effect equation (27) simply states that conventional labour productivity will vary with the price of labour and changes in labour efficiency growth.
(2) With independent data on K, it is also possible to estimate the corresponding equation for capital productivity, i.e.
| ln Q/K = α + σ ln r + (1 - σ) λ K t. | (28) |
(3) Next, equation (24) can be combined with the corresponding marginal productivity equation for capital to give the factor proportion estimating equation. Thus
| w/r = (EL/EK)p (K/L)1-p | (29) |
Rearranging,
| K/L = (w/r)1/1 - p (EL/EK) - p/1 - p. | (30) |
Taking logarithms,
| ln K/L = σ ln w/r + (1 - σ) ln EL/EK. | (31) |
Now assume relative factor efficiency grows exponentially,
| EL(t)/EK(t) = (EL(o)/EK(o)) e(λL -λK)t ; | (32) |
then the resulting estimation equation becomes
| ln K/L = α + σ ln w/r + (1 - σ)(λL - λK)t | (33) |
| where | α = (1 - σ) ln EL(o)/EK(o). |
(4) If equation (30) is multiplied by (L/K)σ and rearranged, the factor ratio equation can also be expressed in terms of factor shares, i.e.
| K/L = (FL/FK)σ/l - σ (EL/EK) | (34) |
which in turn gives the following estimating equation:
| ln K/L = α + (σ/1 - σ) ln FL/FK + (λL - λL)t | (35) |
where
| α = ln EL(o) / EK(o). |
86 | THE ECONOMIC RECORD | MARCH |
(5) Equation (25) can also be expressed in terms of factor shares if it is inverted and multiplied by 10
| wL/Q = w - p/1 - p EL p/1 - p | (36) |
which in turn gives the following estimation equation
| ln FL = α + (1 - σ) ln w + λL(σ - 1)t | (37) |
where
α = (σ - 1) ln EL(o).
The corresponding factor share for capital is not estimated as the ratio rKf /Q is only known by residual imputation.
The Hussey Results
Hussey [3] investigated equations (27) and (33) in his study, and found significant coefficients for both the price variables and trend in the periods he studied. Table III snmmarizes his main results.
Autocorrelation was present in most of the equations estimated and experiment with auto-regressive error systems failed to improve the Durbin-Watson statistics markedly. In interpreting the estimates of the elasticity of substitution, Hussey suggests that the marginal conditions assumed are too severely breached to make the estimates acceptable, and the estimates from the K/L relation are probably not significantly different from zero anyway. Most of the change in labonr productivity and the factor ratio is explained by the trend variable alone. Hussey draws attention to the significant role of the main product price deflator in the data series, as the real prices of the factors incorporate all the fluctuations in this series. In short, Hussey concluded that the capital/labour ratios and the labour productivity ratios were unresponsive to annual changes in the real price of factors, and his model built on annual observations was inappropriate.
Some Further Hypotheses
In any consideration of aggregate output it would be fair to infer that entrepreneurs in an industry like agriculture would be slow to
TABLE III
Coefficients of C.E.S. Production Functions for New Zealand
Agriculture, from Hussey [3]
| Dependent Variable: Q/L | Dependent Variable: K/L | |||||
| Period | σ | λL | R² | σ | λL - λK | R² |
| 1921-67 | 0.05 | 0.0254** | 0.94 | 0.06* | 0.0240** | 0.93 |
| 1921-40 | -0.36** | 0.0221** | 0.73 | 0.01 | 0.0077** | 0.65 |
| 1946-67 | 0.17* | 0.0320** | 0.97 | 0.05* | 0.0383** | 0.99 |
| 1951-67 | 0.40** | 0.0258 | 0.98 | -0.04 | 0.0415** | 0.99 |
** Regression coefficient significant at 1 per cent level. All growth coefficients shown depend upon estimated value of σ as shown in equations (24) and (25).
| 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 87 |
respond to price changes in factors of production especially when product prices themselves were uncertain. As is well known, the dilemma posed by Hussey can be represented in a distributed lag system but only with considerable violation of the statistical assumptions needed to apply Durbin-Watson tests, especially in view of the trouble with auto-regressive problems already encountered by Hussey. In this section the investigation of an adjustment hypothesis is duly reported, and perhaps the reader should decide for himself whether the attempt was worthwhile. A seasonal variable representing weather influences on agricultural output is also briefly considered.
For the labour productivity equation (24), Q/L* can be defined as the long-run productivity ratio when all adjustments to prices are complete. Thus
| ln Q/L* = α + σ In w + λL (1 - σ)t. | (38) |
The relationship between the long-run factor productiyity ratio and the obseryed short-run or annual ratio is expressed in the typical adjustment equation
| ln Q/L - ln Q/L - 1 = (ln Q/L* - ln Q/L - 1), 0 < ∅ < 1 | (39) |
which is based on the supposition that the ratio or Q/L to Q/L- 1 is an exponentially weighted average, ∅, of the ratio of Q/L* to Q/L- 1 [1].
The coefficient, ∅, measures the proportion of total adjustment reached in one period, in this case one year.
The adjustment equation is next re-arranged as
| ln Q/L = ∅ ln Q/L* + (1 - ∅) ln Q/L - 1 | (40) |
and equation (38) is substituted for ln Q/L* to give
| ln Q/L = 0 α ln w + 0 λ L (1 - 0 ) ln Q/L - l. | (41) |
If the coefficients of the estimating equation are b1...b4, the estimated parameters are interpreted as follows
|
b1 = ∅(1 - σ) ln E L(0) b2 = ∅ σ b3 = ∅ λL(1 - σ) b4 = (1 - ∅). |
It is plausible that the factor ratio, K/L, and the factor share, FL, also respond in a delayed adjustment pattern to changes in prices, and that equations involving these ratios as dependent variables can be treated in the same way as the labour productivity ratio above. The derivation of the appropriate estimation equations is similar though the estimated coefficients have a different meaning in each case. To save space, details are not shown here.
The influence of weather factors on New Zealand farm output was established by the author in an earlier paper [4]. It was found that the variable, QG was markedly influenced by a weather index based on
88 | THE ECONOMIC RECORD | MARCH |
summer rainfall in the Waikato basin, one of the principal dairying areas of the country. Further inyestigation of the post-war period showed that a similar effect could still be detected in more recent output data, lending support to the hypothesis that some of the annual variation in net output could be explained by the random influence of the weather.
Such influences will not enter the basic economic equation of longterm adjustment in (38) but must be regarded as an additional variable in the estimation equation itself, whenever actual output is contained in the dependent variable. The weather factor, We, does not enter the K/L equation at all.
Thus the final estimating equation for the labour productivity ratio can be set out as follows:
Where the estimating coefficients have the same meaning as defined in equation (41).
The Results
The five equations appropriate to the net output production function are summarised in Table IV. The period investigated is 1946-67 throughout. The parameters are discussed in turn.
The adjustment parameter is not significant in three years out of five, and only for K/L is there a a marked inter-year relationship observed in many studies of this sort. For the productivity ratios, the
TABLE IV
Estimated Coefficients of Adjustment Model of Net Output C.E.S.
Production Function, 1946-67
| Dependent variable | Adjustment parameter | Substitution parameter | Growth parameter | Weather parameter | R² |
| (25) Q/L | 0.298 | 0.146 | 0.0169 | 0.011 | 0.915 |
| (0.18) | (0.05) | (0.006) | (0.02) | ||
| (28) Q/K | 0.288 | 0.097 | 0.00038 | 0.016 | 0.408 |
| (0.18) | (0.06) | (0.002) | (0.02) | ||
| (33) K/L with w/r | 0.820 | -0.035 | 0.0075 | 0.999 | |
| (0.104) | (0.034) | (0.002) | (0.02) | ||
| (35) K/L | 0.681 | 0.004 | 0.0105 | 0.999 | |
| FL/FK | (0.094) | (0.006) | (0.003) | ||
| (37) FL | -0.065 | 0.981 | -0.0344 | -0.028 | 0.981 |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.002) | (0.015) | ||
| Derived parameter | ∅ | σ | Growth | ||
| (25) | O.70 | 0.21 | λL = 0.0305 | ||
| (28) | 0.71 | 0.14 | λK = 0.006 | ||
| (33) | 0.18 | -0.19 | λL - λK = 0.0355 | ||
| (35) | 0.32 | 0.01 | λL - λK = 0.0328 | ||
| (37) | 1.06 | 0.08 | λL = 0.0370 |
| 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 89 |
rate of adjustment appears fairly rapid, if the estimated coefficients can be taken at their face value, while for the factor ratio, adjustment is slow, as suspected earlier.
The substitution parameter is only significant in two cases out of five and, except for the perverse sign in equation (33), gives uniformly low estimates of the elasticity of substitution. In fact, the result is not markedly different from that established by Hussey for the period set out in Table III.
The growth parameter is significant in four cases out of the five, and clearly indicates a pattern of labour efficiency growth in the period concerned, with a zero or slightly negative growth of capital efficiency. This important result is discussed later.
The weather parameter is not significant. This may be because the seasonal effect lies more in QG and not Q, or it may be obscured in the ratios taken as dependent variables. In equations (25), (28) and (37) the same estimates of the derived parameters were obtained when the weather variable was omitted. Further testing of this variable, carried out when gross output was considered the dependent variable, also provided inconclusive results.
For the record, the Durbin-Watson statistics for equations (25), (28), (33) and (35) are all normal, and only equation (37) exhibits serial correlation in its estimated residuals. There are also marked inter-correlations between independent yariables in equations (33 ) and (34): trend, K/L and K/L-1 are all hard to distinguish from each other. The omission of the offending variables reduces the estimating equation to the form used by Hussey, which he found unsatisfactory from the auto-correlation point of yiew. It can be observed, however, that the essential parameters of efficiency growth are not changed markedly by the particular form of the equation employed, and reasonable conclusions can be drawn on this essential aspect of the topic.4
Discussion
The main result of the analysis indicates that post-war efficiency growth has been labour augmenting. Technical change in this period has been relatively labour saving and capital using. Hussey's results [3] for the longer period, 1921-67, broadly confirm this conclusion; when the 1921-40 period was analysed separately, however, capital efficiency growth was nearly as great as labour efficiency growth, thus indicating a low level of bias in factor efficiency growth. In general the pre-war period was marked by an increasing labour force in agriculture, and capital-intensive systems of farming were not forced on entrepreneurs by a tight labour market and rising wage levels.
The broad conclusion for the post-war period is in agreement with the analysis of New Zealand manufacturing industry undertaken by
4 A similar procedure was employed to analyse a three-factor C.E.S. model of production based on labour, capital and material inputs. The estimates of factor efficiency growth and the elasticity of substitution followed closely those set out in Table IV. Details are available on request from the author.
90 | THE ECONOMIC RECORD | MARCH |
Francis [2]. After consideration of thirteen two-digit and nineteen three-digit industries, he concluded that
'technology appears to generally augment labour input more than capital input. Coupled with a low value for the elasticity of substitution, technological bias is then positive, indicating that technical change is relatively labour saving or capital using in its overall effect'.
These conclusions for the post-war period are consistent with rising wage levels and increasing capital intensity in both agricultural and manufacturing industry in New Zealand.
For agriculture the growth of factor efficiency is concentrated almost completely in the labour input. Since gL for 1946-67 was -0.69 per cent, the value of λL of 3.5 per cent indicates an overall growth of the labour input, ELL, measured in efficiency units of 2.8 per cent a year. Assuming zero growth in efficiency of capital and non-factor inputs, the corresponding growth rate of EKK is 2.4 per cent and that of EMM is 2.3 per cent. Since the average labour share of output has been 0.27 for the period, the growth of labour efficiency is equivalent to an overall annual growth in production efficiency of 0.95 per cent, which corresponds readily to the gross productivity index measure discussed earlier.
These almost equivalent rates of growth of the factors of production measured in efficiency units indicate a low long-term rate of substitution between factors. In terms of Figure 1b, the factor ratios have tended to remain constant, and only short-term changes in the ratios have taken place as relative prices change. In addition to (the absence of) a long-run shift in efficiency factors, the estimates of the elasticity of substitution between capital and labour indicate an unresponsive reaction to price changes.
For every 1 per cent change in factor prices, only 0.2 per cent change takes place in factor use (measured in efficiency units). If this lack of reaction is simply a slowness of farmers in the aggregate to respond to price changes, the adjustment model ought to have detected such a phenomenon in part.
In fact the adjustment model employed failed to detect a significantly higher long-run elasticity of substitution than already found in earlier studies. Other reasons for the low reaction could lie in imperfections of the data, especially in the capital price series. Further investigatory work is clearly needed into the motivations of farmers with respect to factor employment decision-making, especially in an industry where owner-occupiers form half the labour force and own 75 per cent of the capital involved.
As equation (21) shows, the marginal product of a factor in conventional units is related to the marginal product in efficiency units through the coefficient of factor efficiency growth. In the case of aggregate labour input, it follows that the marginal product in efficiency units is less than the marginal product in conventional units. The factor-augmented model requires constant marginal productivity of factors in efficiency units; hence it is clear that the real marginal product of a conventional labour unit must be increasing. This is
| 1972 | GROWTH IN N.Z. AGRICULTURE | 91 |
clearly the result of 'labour' capturing the gains from increased technology.
In fact, this whole survey of efficiency growth in New Zealand agriculture shows that technology is utilized in farming through improved farming systems and not so much through better quality inputs themselves. As stated earlier, the model does not exclude the possibility that labour-saving technology is brought about by better capital inputs; all the model does is examine which factors of production have been 'saved' after the effects of price changes in factors have been allowed for. In the post-war period for New Zealand agriculture, this has meant that labour efficiency has increased rapidly through better management techniques, which in turn have incorporated better inputs when and where they have become available.
R. W. M. JOHNSON
University of Wollongong


[gecode-users] branching and copy in Gecode
Guido Tack
tack at gecode.org
Sun Oct 28 01:24:51 CEST 2012
Hi,
backtracking always jumps back to a copy and then recomputes the node that it actually wants to jump to. So you can maintain your propagator data structures incrementally, as long as they're copied (or marked for recomputation) during cloning. See chapter 7.2 in MPG for a more detailed explanation of recomputation.
Cheers,
Guido
On 28/10/2012, at 2:23 , Jun He <hejunnudt at gmail.com> wrote:
> Hi,
>
> In Gecode, copy doesn't happen for every branching of the search tree, and whenever a failure happens it just backtracks to a node between the current failure node and the previous copied node. If a propagator works dependent on some data structure, and the backtrack jumps to a node that is not copied, then the data structure should be recomputed. My question is how to maintain the data structure incrementally for the propagator? Is there an easy setting to make Gecode copy at each branching, so that a simple undo policy can be used to maintain the data structure?
>
> Best regards,
> Jun
>
> _______________________________________________
> Gecode users mailing list
> users at gecode.org
> https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
--
Guido Tack,
http://www.csse.monash.edu/~guidot/
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I am a big fan, user, and tinkerer of
Scuttle: the Open Source
Social Bookmarking System. In case you have never heard of it, Scuttle is similar to other social bookmarking web applications like Delicious and
Pinboard. It allows you to save website bookmarks on a public site, so that other people can follow your bookmarks and you can follow other people with similar interests. Although unlike delicious and pinboard, most scuttle instances are decentralized with only a few users. So there is less of the social aspect. (That is until someone figures out how to federate all of the decentrailized installations.)
You can see some of my work on different Scuttle projects on
my github profile. And here’s my
bookmark site which shows scuttle in use.
Scuttle Web App Additions
I have a
fork of the original scuttle web app. I have add a couple of features recently. I was getting frustrated because I would bookmark a website, and scuttle would tell me that that page was already bookmarked a year ago and so would keep the bookmark in the stream a year ago, even if I updated the bookmark. The problem with that approach is that when something is bookmarked a while ago and I’m researching the topic again, I want the updated bookmark to show up with the most recent bookmarks. So I altered the code to do this. When I resave a bookmark or update it, Scuttle now saves my updated bookmark in the stream with recent bookmarks. It shows both the original date and the modified date.
Firefox Scuttle Plug-in Keyboard Shortcut
There is also a firefox plugin for scuttle to update your scuttle site. I added a keyboard shortcut to the
plugin on my fork of it at github, My addition adds a keyboard shortcut at “Shift-Ctrl-B”, so if you’re reading a good article, you can just type “Shift-Ctrl-B” and the “scuttle save bookmark” window will pop up. If you are interested, you can download the
firefox plugin here.


Start sending mass emails, millions waiting outside to hear you.....
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| 002:155 Khan | : |
And certainly, We shall test you with something of fear, hunger, loss of wealth, lives and fruits, but give glad tidings to As-Sabirin (the patient ones, etc.). |
| 002:155 Maulana | : |
And We shall certainly try you with something of fear and hunger and loss of property and lives and fruits. And give good news to the patient, |
| 002:155 Pickthal | : |
And surely We shall try you with something of fear and hunger, and loss of wealth and lives and crops; but give glad tidings to the steadfast, |
| 002:155 Rashad | : |
We will surely test you through some fear, hunger, and loss of money, lives, and crops. Give good news to the steadfast. |
| 002:155 Sarwar | : |
We shall test you through fear, hunger, loss of life, property, and crops. (Muhammad), give glad news to the people who have patience |
| 002:155 Shakir | : |
And We will most certainly try you with somewhat of fear and hunger and loss of property and lives and fruits; and give good news to the patient, |
| 002:155 Sherali | : |
And WE will try you with something of fear and hunger, and loss of wealth and lives and fruits; but give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere. |
| 002:155 Yusufali | : |
Be sure we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives or the fruits (of your toil), but give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere, |
Concepts/Themes Covered: الإيمان > الإيمان بالله > الابتلاء والفتن اختبار لإيمان المؤمن Faith> Belief In Allah> The Affliction and the Ordeals are test for the Believer's Faith الإيمان > الله جلّ جلاله > التسليم لأوامره جلّ وعلا Faith> Allah, Glory to his Majesty> The Submission to His Orders (Glory and Almighty to Him) الإيمان > المؤمنون > ابتلاؤهم Faith> The Believers> Their Affliction الإنسان والعلاقات الأخلاقية > الأخلاق الحميدة > الصبر Man and The Moral Relations> Good Morals>Patience تنظيم العلاقات المالية > الأموال Organizing Financial Relationships>Wealth Property تنظيم العلاقات المالية > الفقراء Organizing Financial Relationships>The Poor
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


Mining KineticGold
assuming an average $2000/month in deposits
Generation
Sponsored
Total deposits
% Mining
Profit Sharing
1
15
30,000
1%
$300/month
2
150 (10 each)
300,000
.4%
$ 1,200/month
3
750 (5 each)
1,500,000
.4%
$
6,000/month
4
1,500 (2 each)
3,000,000
.4%
$ 12,000/month
$19,500/month


Facts about the game
- Title: Tanks of Freedom
- Developer: P1X (http://p1x.in)
- Genre: Turn Based Strategy
- Release Date: TBA
- Platforms: Windows, OSX, Linux, Android
- Price: $0.00+
- Website: http://tof.p1x.in
- Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Social: Twitter, Facebook
P1X is a team of independent game developers based in Poznań, Poland. We believe in free software and share all of our projects as open source.
In a world full of corruption and political struggles the voice of the weak is often left unheard. When people rebel against governments it is time to pick your side. Join the forces of newly created government and help them rise, or ally with loyalist forces aided by the intervention of one of the neighbouring countries.
Challenge yourself in campaign against AI or battle your friends in a hot-seat mode, where you will fight for control of strategic locations by issuing commands to your infantry, tanks and airforce.
Create your own maps using in-game map editor, then share them with the world.
More on team page


Tableau Web Data Connector
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THE SEVEN SAMURAI A film review by Daniel Saunders Copyright 1997 Daniel Saunders
A week or two ago I had a chance to see my all-time favourite movie, The Seven Samurai, for the fourth time, in a revival movie theatre. Directed and written by Akira Kurosawa, it is the simple story of a tiny farming village on the edge of starvation, threatened by a band of forty brigands who intend to attack and steal everything once the grain has been harvested. One of the farmers overhears their plans, and so the village has time to prepare to fight back. On the advice of Granddad, the local patriarch, they resolve to hire samurai, but they are so poor they can only afford samurai willing to work for three meagre meals of rice a day (while the farmers subsist on millet), so they end up with a rather motley bunch. Nevertheless, they are victorious in their struggle against the bandits. An adventurous friend came along with me, somehow finding the strength to relinquish exam preparation for the three hours and 42 minutes it takes to watch the uncut version of the film. While he was waiting for me, he managed to discover that the two women sitting behind us had seen it six times before! Although it was released in 1954, in Japan, and was filmed in black and white, it still has the power to hold a jaded North American movie-goer's attention and interest to the last minute, whether they're seeing it for the first time or the seventh time. To be sure there are obstacles to enjoying it, such as the subtitles, extreme length, and especially Japanese character names which are a challenge to remember. Consequently once I've mentioned a character in this essay, I will thereafter provide a one or two word reminder in brackets after the character name. Despite all this, it remains rich and spectacular entertainment. Why do I like it so well? First of all it has a wonderful set of characters.  Each of the seven warrior characters is fascinating. There's Kambei, the wise old bald-headed veteran of many wars, all of them, he says, losing ones. There's Katsushiro, his innocent young student who experiences both combat and romance for the first time during the movie. Then there is Kyuzo, the grizzled, silent, highly skilled swordsman, an enigma to the end. Most intriguing of all is Kikuchiyo, the odd one out. Unforgettably played by Toshiro Mifune, Kurosawa's favourite actor, Kikuchiyo is a mad-dog, impulsive, irresponsible wanna-be samurai; he starts off tagging along behind the other six, and ends up fighting bravely and sacrificing his life. There are also a number of memorable farmer charactersManzo, an overprotective father who forcibly cuts his daughter's hair when he hears samurai are coming, and Rikichi, who was forced to hand his wife over to the bandits last time they came by and still feels crippled by guilt. You feel sorry to leave these characters behind when the movie's over. What makes the film really work despite its lengthy running time is its strong structure. Each step of the way the action has a clear direction. The first major section has the party of four farmers in the big city, looking for cheap and strong samurai. They are almost ready to give up when they meet Kambei (veteran), and part two, one of my favourites, is about him recruiting the other six samurai, using the testing device of Katsushiro (kid) trying to whack each one with a big stick as they are invited in. Kikuchiyo (mad dog) makes his unimpressive entrance, falling down drunk, and receives a mighty bump on the head. In the third part, Kambei (veteran) surveys the territory around the village and plans defensive strategy. Each side must have protection against the mounted invaders. In one direction there is a bridge that can be taken down, in another they can build a fence, and in another there are impassible mountains. Section four has general preparations for the battle being made, including the farmers learning to handle bamboo spears and harvesting the barley in record time so the fields can be flooded, sealing off the village from still another direction. Part five is the samurai's bloody pre-emptive raid on the bandit camp, and the last part, which takes up most of the last half of the film, is the three day siege by the bandits. The main characters always have a specific goal they are working towards and even in the first two hours in which there is no fighting the tension is kept up by the ticking clock of the bandits impending arrival, tied to the ripening of the barley. This structure gives the film a strong backbone on which to attach the myriad subplots and minor incidents, and keeps the action moving along. The setting is the beginning of the 16th century, and Kurosawa spares no expense in recreating the period down to the last detail. The credits list four Historical Researchersone for folklore, one for fencing, and two for archery. I am reminded of McCabe and Mrs. Miller, Robert Altman's trail-blazing western, in that the setting is crafted with such integrity and gritty realism that it feels like a peek into a real place in the past, rather than the typical idealized technicolor period piece staged on some backlot. It is dirty and cold and miserabledid I mention dirty?and utterly believable. From the crudely but lovingly constructed wooden huts and the primitive farming implements to the ornate clothing and weaponry of the samurai, everything is perfect. The setting is more than just a backdrop for the story, however. In some ways the scenario is dependent on that particular setting. The 16th century was a chaotic transition period in Japanese history and was especially hard on the farmers. There was a great deal of civil unrest, in the form of large bands of looting and pillaging bandits, unchecked by government action. In addition, new ways of fighting wars brought about by the advent of gunpowder were making the samurai obsolete (in fact all of the samurai who die in the film are killed by primitive rifles), and many master-less "ronin" were forced to wander the countryside looking for temporary jobs and extorting food from farmers. Samurai are not used to having a village full of farmers as their master, and part of the fun of the film is watching the growing understanding and interaction between the two classes as they are forced to work together. At first the peasants are very apprehensive about the warriors' arrival, although the samurai are their only hope. They are all hidden away inside their houses when the seven arrive. Kikuchiyo (mad dog) breaks the tension when he rings the village alarm and everyone streams into the square. "You suckers!" he shouts at them, "You welcomed us as you would a plague! But when you heard the alarmoh! Samurai!'you turned to worship us! Fools!" Another revealing moment occurs when Kikuchiyo (mad dog) is angrily rebuked by Kambei for bringing in some armour from one of the farmer's huts, originally worn by samurai the farmers had hunted down. Kikuchiyo delivers an enraged speech:
What do you all think of farmers? Saints? Bah! They're foxy beasts! They say, "We've got no rice, we've no wheat. We've got nothing!" But they have! They have everything! Dig under the floors! Or search the barns! You'll find plenty!... They pose as saints but are full of lies! If they smell a battle, they hunt the defeated!...But then who made them such beasts? You did! You samurai did it!  Destroy their farms! Steal their food! Force them to labour! Take their women! And kill them if they resist! So what should farmers do?
There is a silence and Kambei says quietly, "You're a farmer's son, aren't you." Kikuchiyo stalks out, ashamed of his humble origin. The class system was especially rigid in Japanese society at that time; children took up their father's station in the social order along with his trade. Kikuchiyo is one of the few with the spunk to flaunt tradition and try to move up the ladder. There is also a sweet "forbidden" love interest between Katsushiro (kid) and Shino, the daughter of Manzo (farmer father). On the second night of the siege the two have an intimate encounter in an old barn, and Manzo is furious. He starts beating Shino. "What do you mean, falling for a samurai?" Kambei (veteran) breaks it up, and Schichiroji, Kambei's (veteran) old side-kick, delivers some sage words: "Manzo! Don't be so angry! When a man sees death in his path he feels the need for a woman's arms....Have some sympathy for youngsters." By the end of the last battle, the two groups have been through a war together, and many have died on both sides. The fear and distrust evident between them at the beginning is gone, but only briefly. As the farmers sing and plant next year's crops, the surviving samurai stand to one side looking on, silent and alienated. Now that they no longer need each other, the gap between the two classes has widened again. The last line of the movie is spoken by Kambei (veteran). "Again we are defeated," he says, looking up at the four samurai burial mounds. "The winners are those farmers, not us." I must say I was a little disappointed with my first experience of The Seven Samurai in the theatre; the 16mm print was poor quality and not widescreen as I'd hoped, and the subtitles were much worse than in the TV version (didn't they notice you couldn't read them at all when they were over something white?) Despite all that it was still a superlative evening at the cinema, enhanced by an appreciative audience and the immediacy of the big screen. Besides what I've mentioned, The Seven Samurai has exciting action sequences, wonderful black and white photography, and just the right amount of humour. This film is an example of how a simple, big-battle-oriented story can be turned into an entertaining, complex and rewarding treatise on the victory of compassion and humanity against tremendous odds.
Daniel Saunders
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---
layout: post
title: Tom's Musical Inspirations for August
date: '2013-08-28T11:00:00.000-05:00'
author: Tom Ray
tags:
- blog
modified_time: '2013-09-23T21:36:26.540-05:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11319466.post-8631633411016547482
blogger_orig_url: http://www.lorenzosmusic.com/2013/08/toms-musical-inspirations-for-august.html
---
While mark and I were discussing the direction of a song we're working on, I sighted a list of songs that have been in heavy rotation on my Google All Access playlist.


About me
- Developer at TVBeat
- PhD student at Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School.
- Solving hard problems with data
Why this topic?
What happens to things that you are working on?
Failure to learn
Rapid feedback
Prototypes
Own your core
part of your system that you spend the most time on
Measurement
We're not here to just learn.
Summing up - learning
- Quick iterations
- Prototypes
- Own critical parts
- Measure
Failures in operation
Sytems behaviour
how does your system respond to load?
Sytems behaviour
is there a cliff?
- Keep the system in the happy zone
- Make the system stable by design
Things will happen
hardware failure is a part of normal operation
- distributed computational systems
- distributed databases
Babysitting
Summing up - systems
- Distributed systems
- The babysitting trap
Failure to communicate
Abstractions
if you use this interface, an implementation can solve your problem
One magic button
Leaky abstractions
Leaky abstraction
Lying abstraction
feature nominally exist, but with ridiculous performance envelope
Summing up - communication & abstraction
- Fake simplicity
- Leaky abstractions
- Lying abstractions
Failure to observe
what axis is your problem hard at?
Performance
Scale
Complexity
Reliability
Politics
Summing up
- Failures to learn
- Failures to operate
- Failures to abstract
- Failures to observe


CreateDTPicker (create a datetimepicker control)
CreateDTPicker( LONG param_Left , LONG param_Top, LONG param_Width, LONG param_Height, UNSIGNED param_Handle, BOOL param_bFocus )
CreateDTPicker Creates a DateTimePicker control with the specified dimensions.
param_Left Specifies the initial horizontal position of the control. param_Left is the x-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the control relative to the upper-left corner of the parent window's client area.
param_Top Specifies the initial vertical position of the control. param_Top is the initial y-coordinate of the upper-left corner of the control relative to the upper-left corner of the parent window's client area.
param_Width Specifies the width, in device units, of the control.
If param_Width is 0 (zero), the param_Width is defaulted to 200.
param_Height Specifies the height, in device units, of the control.
If param_Height is 0 (zero), the param_Height is defaulted to 10.
param_Handle Specifies the Window Handle of the control that the DateTimePicker control will follow in the dialog tabbing order.
param_bFocus If TRUE, the control will be given focus.
Return Value True.
The following style properties can be set prior to calling this method:
See Also: Refresh


A table showing the concepts belonging to the concept sets in the entry event definition that are observed on the index date. In other words, the table lists the concepts that likely triggered the cohort entry. The counts indicate number of cohort entries where the concepts was observed on the index date. Note that multiple concepts can be present on the index date, so the sum of counts might be greater than the cohort entry count.
You can select multiple databases in the side bar to see counts from different databases side-by-side.
Select the cohort to explore in the side bar.


Get connected with us.
You can ask with us for any information about us.
You can ask with us for any information about us.
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01
Blazer Woman - blzwmn01