11.5 Graph Example: Topological
Sorting
Sometimes we encounter problems in
which we must determine an acceptable ordering by which to
carry out tasks that depend on one another. Imagine a set of
classes at a university that have prerequisites, or a
complicated project in which certain phases must be completed
before other phases can begin. To model problems like these,
we use a directed graph, called a precedence graph , in which
vertices represent tasks and edges represent dependencies
between them. To show a dependency, we draw an edge from the
task that must be completed first to the task that depends on
it.
For example, consider the directed
acyclic graph in Figure
11.9a, which represents a curriculum of seven courses and
their prerequisites: CS100 has no prerequisites, CS200
requires CS100, CS300 requires CS200 and MA100, MA100 has no
prerequisites, MA200 requires MA100, MA300 requires CS300 and
MA200, and CS150 has no prerequisites and is not a
prerequisite itself.
Depth-first search helps to determine an acceptable
ordering by performing a topological
sort on the courses. Topological sorting orders the
vertices in a directed acyclic graph
so that all edges go from left to right. In the problem
involving course prerequisites, this means that all
prerequisites will appear to the left of the courses that
require them (see Figure
11.9b). Formally, a topological sort of a directed acyclic
graph G = (V, E )
is a linear ordering of its vertices so that if an edge (u, v)
exists in G, then u appears before v in the linear ordering. In many
cases, there is more than one ordering that satisfies
this.
This example presents a function, dfs (see Examples Example
11.5 and Example
11.6), that implements depth-first search. It is used here to sort a number of
tasks topologically. The function has two arguments:
graph is a graph, which in this problem
represents the tasks to be ordered, and
ordered is the list of topologically sorted
vertices that is returned. The function modifies
graph, so a copy should be made before calling
the function, if necessary. Also, vertices returned in
ordered are pointers to the actual vertices
from graph, so the caller must ensure that the
storage in graph remains valid as long as
ordered is being accessed. Each vertex in
graph is a DfsVertex structure (see Example
11.5), which has two members: data is a
pointer to the data associated with the vertex, and
color maintains the color of the vertex during
the search. The match function for
graph, which is set by the caller when
initializing the graph with graph_init, should compare only the
data members of DfsVertex
structures.
The dfs function performs depth-first search
as described earlier in this chapter. The function dfs_main is
the actual function that executes the search. The last loop in
dfs ensures that we end up
searching all components of graphs that are not connected,
such as the one in Figure
11.9a. As each vertex is finished and colored black in
dfs_main, it is inserted at the
head of ordered. At the end,
ordered contains the topologically sorted list
of vertices.
The runtime complexity of dfs is O (V +
E ), where V is the number of vertices in the
graph and E is the number of
edges. This is because initializing the colors of the vertices
runs in O (V ) time, and the calls to dfs_main run in O (V +
E ) overall.
Example 11.5.
Header for Depth-First Search /*****************************************************************************
* *
* -------------------------------- dfs.h --------------------------------- *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
#ifndef DFS_H
#define DFS_H
#include "graph.h"
#include "list.h"
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* Define a structure for vertices in a depth-first search. *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
typedef struct DfsVertex_ {
void *data;
VertexColor color;
} DfsVertex;
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* --------------------------- Public Interface --------------------------- *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
int dfs(Graph *graph, List *ordered);
#endif
Example 11.6.
Implementation of a Function for Depth-First Search /*****************************************************************************
* *
* -------------------------------- dfs.c --------------------------------- *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "dfs.h"
#include "graph.h"
#include "list.h"
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* ------------------------------- dfs_main ------------------------------- *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
static int dfs_main(Graph *graph, AdjList *adjlist, List *ordered) {
AdjList *clr_adjlist;
DfsVertex *clr_vertex,
*adj_vertex;
ListElmt *member;
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* Color the vertex gray and traverse its adjacency list. *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
((DfsVertex *)adjlist->vertex)->color = gray;
for (member = list_head(&adjlist->adjacent); member != NULL; member =
list_next(member)) {
/**************************************************************************
* *
* Determine the color of the next adjacent vertex. *
* *
**************************************************************************/
adj_vertex = list_data(member);
if (graph_adjlist(graph, adj_vertex, &clr_adjlist) != 0)
return -1;
clr_vertex = clr_adjlist->vertex;
/**************************************************************************
* *
* Move one vertex deeper when the next adjacent vertex is white. *
* *
**************************************************************************/
if (clr_vertex->color == white) {
if (dfs_main(graph, clr_adjlist, ordered) != 0)
return -1;
}
}
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* Color the current vertex black and make it first in the list. *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
((DfsVertex *)adjlist->vertex)->color = black;
if (list_ins_next(ordered, NULL, (DfsVertex *)adjlist->vertex) != 0)
return -1;
return 0;
}
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* ---------------------------------- dfs --------------------------------- *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
int dfs(Graph *graph, List *ordered) {
DfsVertex *vertex;
ListElmt *element;
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* Initialize all of the vertices in the graph. *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
for (element = list_head(&graph_adjlists(graph)); element != NULL; element =
list_next(element)) {
vertex = ((AdjList *)list_data(element))->vertex;
vertex->color = white;
}
/*****************************************************************************
* *
* Perform depth-first search. *
* *
*****************************************************************************/
list_init(ordered, NULL);
for (element = list_head(&graph_adjlists(graph)); element != NULL; element =
list_next(element)) {
/**************************************************************************
* *
* Ensure that every component of unconnected graphs is searched. *
* *
**************************************************************************/
vertex = ((AdjList *)list_data(element))->vertex;
if (vertex->color == white) {
if (dfs_main(graph, (AdjList *)list_data(element), ordered) != 0) {
list_destroy(ordered);
return -1;
}
}
}
return
0;
}
|


Home page Flask output for app2
hello Alex
Home page Flask output of app3 (try http://<IP_ADDRESS>:5000/Alexander in address)
try changing name after / to anything in address that will get print down here and in code pay attention to variable V1
V1 is {{name}}


The base plug-in protocol.
The methods declared in this protocol are supported by all Growl plug-ins.
preferencePane |
Return an NSPreferencePane instance that manages the plugin's preferences.
- (NSPreferencePane *) preferencePane
Your plug-in should put the controls for its preferences in
this preference pane.
The size of the preference pane's view should be 354 pixels by 289 pixels.
This is because that's all the available space right now. We haven't yet
figured out what to do if there are more options than fit in that space.
You should set the springs of the view and its subviews under the
assumption that it can be resized horizontally and vertically to any size.
© The Growl Project (Last Updated May 14, 2005)


#!/usr/bin/env node
/**
* lsp api exposed via the command line.
*
* When called from the command line, parses the command line arguments,
* calls the required functions from main and prints out the output to the
* console.
*
* @module cli/lsp
*/
var program = require('commander'),
main = require('../main.js');
/**
* Define command line arguments
*/
program
.version('1.1.0')
.option('-a, --all', 'Show hidden files')
.option('-d, --depth <n>', 'Depth <int>. Defaults to 0', parseInt, 0)
.option('--full',
'List files and directories recursively, with no limit on depth')
.option('--list-deepest-paths',
'Lists the deepest paths in the directory tree')
.parse(process.argv);
/**
* Prints out the contents of a directory, and it's sub directories to a
* given depth or till the maximum depth if fullRecurse is true, to the
* console
*
* @param baseDir {string} - path to the directory the contents of which are
* to be listed
* @param depth {number} - the maximum depth, relative to the base directory
* till will results are be to fetched recursively. Defaults to 0
* @param showHidden {boolean} - whether to list hidden files and directories.
* Defaults to false
* @param fullRecurse {boolean} - whether to fetch contents of all sub
* directories of the base directory. Defaults to false
*/
var lsp = function(baseDir, depth, showHidden, fullRecurse) {
var data = main.walkDir(baseDir, 0, depth, showHidden, fullRecurse),
output = main.prettyPrint(data, 0, 'name', true);
console.log(output);
};
/**
* Prints out the number of files and subdirectories that are at the deepest
* level from the base direcotry and their level relative to the base
* directory, along with each path, to the console.
*
* @param baseDir {string} - path of the directory for which the deepest paths
* are to be listed
*/
var listDeepestPaths = function(baseDir) {
var data = main.getDeepestPaths(baseDir, program.all),
output = main.prettyPrint(data.deepestPaths, 0, 'path', false);
output = data.deepestPaths.length +
' path(s) at a depth of ' +
data.maxDepth +
'\n' +
output;
console.log(output);
};
/**
* Helper method that calls either lsp or listDeepestPaths based on the
* arguments passed via the command line.
*/
var cli = function() {
if (program.listDeepestPaths) {
listDeepestPaths(process.cwd());
} else {
lsp(process.cwd(), program.depth, program.all, program.full);
}
};
/** Run cli */
cli();


Native dialogs support
- ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER
- ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG
- al_init_native_dialog_addon
- al_shutdown_native_dialog_addon
- al_create_native_file_dialog
- al_show_native_file_dialog
- al_get_native_file_dialog_count
- al_get_native_file_dialog_path
- al_destroy_native_file_dialog
- al_show_native_message_box
- al_open_native_text_log
- al_close_native_text_log
- al_append_native_text_log
- al_get_native_text_log_event_source
- al_get_allegro_native_dialog_version
These functions are declared in the following header file. Link with allegro_dialog.
#include <allegro5/allegro_native_dialog.h>
ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER
typedef struct ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER;
Opaque handle to a native file dialog.
ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG
typedef struct ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG;
Opaque handle to a text log window.
al_init_native_dialog_addon
bool al_init_native_dialog_addon(void)
Initialise the native dialog addon.
Returns true on success, false on error.
Since: 5.0.9, 5.1.0
Note: Prior to Allegro 5.1.0 native dialog functions could be called without explicit initialisation, but that is now deprecated. Future functionality may require explicit initialisation. An exception is al_show_native_message_box, which may be useful to show an error message if Allegro fails to initialise.

Since: 5.0.9, 5.1.5
See also: al_init_native_dialog_addon
al_create_native_file_dialog
ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER *al_create_native_file_dialog(
char const *initial_path,
char const *title,
char const *patterns,
int mode)
Creates a new native file dialog. You should only have one such dialog opened at a time.
Parameters:
initial_path: The initial search path and filename. Can be NULL. To start with a blank file name the string should end with a directory separator (this should be the common case).
title: Title of the dialog.
patterns: A list of semi-colon separated patterns to match. You should always include the pattern "*.*" as usually the MIME type and not the file pattern is relevant. If no file patterns are supported by the native dialog, this parameter is ignored.
mode: 0, or a combination of the flags below.
Possible flags for the 'flags' parameter are:
- ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER_FILE_MUST_EXIST
- If supported by the native dialog, it will not allow entering new names, but just allow existing files to be selected. Else it is ignored.
- ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER_SAVE
- If the native dialog system has a different dialog for saving (for example one which allows creating new directories), it is used. Else ignored.
- ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER_FOLDER
- If there is support for a separate dialog to select a folder instead of a file, it will be used.
- ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER_PICTURES
- If a different dialog is available for selecting pictures, it is used. Else ignored.
- ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER_SHOW_HIDDEN
- If the platform supports it, also hidden files will be shown.
- ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER_MULTIPLE
- If supported, allow selecting multiple files.
Returns:
A handle to the dialog which you can pass to al_show_native_file_dialog to display it, and from which you then can query the results. When you are done, call al_destroy_native_file_dialog on it.
If a dialog window could not be created then this function returns NULL.
al_show_native_file_dialog
bool al_show_native_file_dialog(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *display,
ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER *dialog)
Show the dialog window. The display may be NULL, otherwise the given display is treated as the parent if possible.
This function blocks the calling thread until it returns, so you may want to spawn a thread with al_create_thread and call it from inside that thread.
Returns true on success, false on failure.
al_get_native_file_dialog_count
int al_get_native_file_dialog_count(const ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER *dialog)
Returns the number of files selected, or 0 if the dialog was cancelled.
al_get_native_file_dialog_path
const char *al_get_native_file_dialog_path(
const ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER *dialog, size_t i)
Returns one of the selected paths.
al_destroy_native_file_dialog
void al_destroy_native_file_dialog(ALLEGRO_FILECHOOSER *dialog)
Frees up all resources used by the file dialog.
al_show_native_message_box
int al_show_native_message_box(ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *display,
char const *title, char const *heading, char const *text,
char const *buttons, int flags)
Show a native GUI message box. This can be used for example to display an error message if creation of an initial display fails. The display may be NULL, otherwise the given display is treated as the parent if possible.
The message box will have a single "OK" button and use the style informative dialog boxes usually have on the native system. If the buttons
parameter is not NULL, you can instead specify the button text in a string, with buttons separated by a vertical bar (|).
- ALLEGRO_MESSAGEBOX_WARN
- The message is a warning. This may cause a different icon (or other effects).
- ALLEGRO_MESSAGEBOX_ERROR
- The message is an error.
- ALLEGRO_MESSAGEBOX_QUESTION
- The message is a question.
- ALLEGRO_MESSAGEBOX_OK_CANCEL
- Instead of the "OK" button also display a cancel button. Ignored if
buttons
is not NULL. - ALLEGRO_MESSAGEBOX_YES_NO
- Instead of the "OK" button display Yes/No buttons. Ignored if
buttons
is not NULL.
al_show_native_message_box may be called without Allegro being installed. This is useful to report an error to initialise Allegro itself.
Returns:
- 0 if the dialog window was closed without activating a button.
- 1 if the OK or Yes button was pressed.
- 2 if the Cancel or No button was pressed.
If buttons
is not NULL, the number of the pressed button is returned, starting with 1.
If a message box could not be created then this returns 0, as if the window was dismissed without activating a button.
 This can be useful for debugging if you don't want to depend on a console being available.
Use al_close_native_text_log to close the window again.
The flags available are:
- ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG_NO_CLOSE
Prevent the window from having a close button. Otherwise if the close button is pressed an event is generated; see al_get_native_text_log_event_source.
- ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG_MONOSPACE
Use a monospace font to display the text.
Returns NULL if there was an error opening the window, or if text log windows are not implemented on the platform.
See also: al_append_native_text_log, al_close_native_text_log
al_close_native_text_log
void al_close_native_text_log(ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG *textlog)
Closes a message log window opened with al_open_native_text_log earlier.
Does nothing if passed NULL.
See also: al_open_native_text_log
al_append_native_text_log
void al_append_native_text_log(ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG *textlog,
char const *format, ...)
Appends a line of text to the message log window and scrolls to the bottom (if the line would not be visible otherwise). This works like printf. A line is continued until you add a newline character.
If the window is NULL then this function will fall back to calling printf. This makes it convenient to support logging to a window or a terminal.
al_get_native_text_log_event_source
ALLEGRO_EVENT_SOURCE *al_get_native_text_log_event_source(
ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG *textlog)
Get an event source for a text log window. The possible events are:
- ALLEGRO_EVENT_NATIVE_DIALOG_CLOSE
- The window was requested to be closed, either by pressing the close button or pressing Escape on the keyboard. The user.data1 field will hold a pointer to the ALLEGRO_TEXTLOG which generated the event. The user.data2 field will be 1 if the event was generated as a result of a key press; otherwise it will be zero.
al_get_allegro_native_dialog_version
uint32_t al_get_allegro_native_dialog_version(void)
Returns the (compiled) version of the addon, in the same format as al_get_allegro_version.


Built-in Types¶
Bitstream reads and writes work out-of-the-box for many Python data types. It is also tightly integrated with NumPy, since this is the library of choice to deals with arrays of numeric data.
>>> import bitstream
>>> from bitstream import BitStream
>>> from numpy import *
Bools¶
Write single bits to a bitstream with the arguments True
and False
:
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(False, bool)
>>> stream.write(True , bool)
>>> stream
01
Read them back in the same order with
>>> stream.read(bool)
False
>>> stream.read(bool)
True
>>> stream
<BLANKLINE>
Write multiple bits at once with lists of bools:
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write([], bool)
>>> stream
<BLANKLINE>
>>> stream.write([False], bool)
>>> stream.write([True] , bool)
>>> stream
01
>>> stream.write([False, True], bool)
>>> stream
0101
Alternatively, specify the data type bool
as a a keyword argument:
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(False, type=bool)
>>> stream.write(True , type=bool)
>>> stream
01
For single bools or lists of bools, this type information is optional:
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(False)
>>> stream.write(True)
>>> stream.write([])
>>> stream.write([False])
>>> stream.write([True])
>>> stream.write([False, True])
>>> stream
010101
To read one boolean from a stream, do
>>> stream.read(bool)
False
>>> stream
10101
and to read several booleans, use the second method argument
>>> stream.read(bool, 2)
[True, False]
>>> stream
101
Since the booleans are returned in a list when the second argument
differs from the default value (which is None
),
stream.read(bool, 1)
is not same as stream.read(bool)
:
>>> copy = stream.copy()
>>> stream.read(bool, 1)
[True]
>>> copy.read(bool)
True
Numpy bool_
scalars or one-dimensional arrays can be used instead:
>>> bool_ # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<... 'numpy.bool_'>
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(bool_(False) , bool)
>>> stream.write(bool_(True) , bool)
>>> stream
01
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> empty = array([], dtype=bool)
>>> stream.write(empty, bool)
>>> stream
<BLANKLINE>
>>> stream.write(array([False]), bool)
>>> stream.write(array([True]) , bool)
>>> stream.write(array([False, True]), bool)
>>> stream
0101
For such data, the type information is also optional:
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(bool_(False))
>>> stream.write(bool_(True))
>>> stream.write(array([], dtype=bool))
>>> stream.write(array([False]))
>>> stream.write(array([True]))
>>> stream.write(array([False, True]))
>>> stream
010101
Actually, many more types can be used as booleans when the type information is explicit. For example, Python and Numpy numeric types are valid arguments: zero is considered false and nonzero numbers are considered true.
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(0.0, bool)
>>> stream.write(1.0, bool)
>>> stream.write(pi , bool)
>>> stream.write(float64(0.0), bool)
>>> stream.write(float64(1.0), bool)
>>> stream.write(float64(pi) , bool)
>>> stream
011011
Strings are also valid arguments, with a boolean value of True
unless
they are empty.
One-dimensional lists and numpy arrays are considered holders of
multiple data, each of which is converted to bool.
>>> bool(b"")
False
>>> bool(b" ")
True
>>> bool(b"A")
True
>>> bool(b"AAA")
True
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(b"", bool)
>>> stream.write(b" ", bool)
>>> stream.write(b"A", bool)
>>> stream.write(b"AAA", bool)
>>> stream
0111
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write([b"", b" " , b"A", b"AAA"], bool)
>>> stream
0111
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(array([b"", b" " , b"A", b"AAA"]), bool)
>>> stream
0111
Any other sequence (strings, tuples, lists nested in lists, etc.) is considered as a single datum.
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write( (), bool)
>>> stream.write( (0,), bool)
>>> stream.write((0, 0), bool)
>>> stream
011
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write([[], [0], [0, 0]], bool)
>>> stream
011
More generally, arbitrary custom "bool-like" instances,
which have a __bool__
method (or __nonzero__
for Python 2)
to handle the conversion to boolean, can also be used:
>>> class BoolLike(object):
... def __init__(self, value):
... self.value = bool(value)
... def __bool__(self):
... return self.value
... __nonzero__ = __bool__
>>> false = BoolLike(False)
>>> true = BoolLike(True)
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(false, bool)
>>> stream.write(true, bool)
>>> stream.write([false, true], bool)
>>> stream
0101
BitStreams¶
A lists of bool is not the most efficient way to represent a binary stream.
The best type is ... an instance of BitStream
of course!
Consider the stream
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(8 * [True], bool)
>>> stream
11111111
To read 2 bits out of stream
as a bitstream, use
>>> stream.read(BitStream, 2)
11
Since this is a common use case, the BitStream
type is assumed by default:
>>> new_stream = stream.read(n=2)
>>> type(new_stream) is BitStream
True
>>> new_stream
11
The simpler code below also works:
>>> new_stream = stream.read(2)
>>> type(new_stream) is BitStream
True
>>> new_stream
11
When the number of items to read is also specified (n=None
),
the read empties the stream:
>>> stream.read()
11
>>> stream
<BLANKLINE>
Strings¶
In Python 2.7, strings are the structure of choice to represent
bytes in memory.
Their type is str
(or equivalently bytes
which is an alias).
Fortunately, it's straightforward to convert strings to
bitstreams: create a stream from the string "ABCD"
with
>>> stream = BitStream(b"ABCD")
To be totally explicit, the code above is equivalent to:
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(b"ABCDE", bytes)
Now, the content of the stream is
>>> stream
0100000101000010010000110100010001000101
It is the binary representation of the ASCII codes of the string characters, as unsigned 8-bit integers (see Integers for more details):
>>> char_codes = [ord(char) for char in "ABCDE"]
>>> char_codes
[65, 66, 67, 68, 69]
>>> stream == BitStream(char_codes, uint8)
True
There is no "single character" type in Python:
characters are represented as bytes of length 1.
To read one or several characters from a bitstream,
use the read
method with the bytes
type:
>>> stream.read(bytes, 1) # doctest: +BYTES
b'A'
>>> stream.read(bytes, 2) # doctest: +BYTES
b'BC'
Without an explicit number of characters, the bitstream is emptied
>>> stream.read(bytes) # doctest: +BYTES
b'DE'
but that works only if the bitstream contains a multiple of 8 bits.
>>> stream = BitStream(42 * [True])
>>> try:
... stream.read(bytes)
... except bitstream.ReadError:
... print("42 is not a multiple of 8")
42 is not a multiple of 8
To accept up to seven trailing bits instead, use the more explicit code:
>>> stream = BitStream(42 * [True])
>>> n = len(stream) // 8
>>> n
5
>>> stream.read(bytes, n) # doctest: +BYTES
b'\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff'
>>> stream
11
Integers¶
First, let's clear something out: since Python integers can be of arbitrary size and there is not a unique convenient and commonly accepted representation for such integers1, you cannot create a bitstream from Python integers by default.
>>> BitStream(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported type 'int'.
>>> BitStream(2**100) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported type ...
>>> BitStream(b"A").read(int)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported type 'int'.
You need to specify somehow an integer type that determines
what binary representation should be used. For example,
to represent 1
as an unsigned 8bit integer:
>>> BitStream(1, uint8)
00000001
>>> BitStream(uint8(1))
00000001
For integer sequences, there are even more ways to specify the integer type:
>>> BitStream([1,2,3], uint8)
000000010000001000000011
>>> BitStream([uint8(1), uint8(2), uint8(3)])
000000010000001000000011
>>> BitStream(array([1, 2, 3], dtype=uint8))
000000010000001000000011
Bitstream supports six integer types from numpy:
-
unsigned integers:
uint8
,uint16
,uint32
-
signed integers:
int8
,int16
,int32
The representation of unsigned integers is based on their decomposition as powers of 2. For example, since
>>> 13 == 1*2**3 + 1*2**2 + 0*2**1 + 1*2**0
True
we have
>>> BitStream(13, uint8)
00001101
In this scheme, only unsigned integers in the range 0-255 can be represented
as 8bit integers.
Out-of-bounds integers are accepted,
but mapped to the correct range by a modulo 2**8
operation.
Numpy follows this convention
>>> 500 % 2**8
244
>>> uint8(500)
244
and so does bitstream
>>> BitStream(500, uint8)
11110100
>>> BitStream(244, uint8)
11110100
>>> BitStream(500, uint8).read(uint8)
244
The representation of 16bit and 32bit unsigned integers follows the same approach
>>> BitStream(2**10, uint16)
0000010000000000
>>> BitStream(uint16(2**10))
0000010000000000
For the readers that know about this, we use the big-endian representation by default for multi-byte
integers. If you want to use the little-endian convention instead,
NumPy provides the method newbyteorder
for this:
>>> BitStream(uint16(2**10).newbyteorder())
0000000000000100
Finally, for signed integers, we use the two's complement representation
>>> BitStream(0, int8)
00000000
>>> BitStream(1, int8)
00000001
>>> BitStream(-1, int8)
11111111
Floating-Point Numbers¶
Bitstream supports natively the IEE754 double-precision floating-point numbers, which have a well-defined binary representation (see e.g. What every computer scientist should know about binary arithmetic).
>>> stream = BitStream()
>>> stream.write(0.0)
>>> stream.write([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
>>> stream.write(arange(4.0, 10.0))
>>> len(stream)
640
>>> output = stream.read(float, 10)
>>> type(output) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
<... 'numpy.ndarray'>
>>> all(output == arange(10.0))
True
Python built-in float
type and NumPy float64
types may be used interchangeably:
>>> BitStream(1.0) == BitStream(1.0, float) == BitStream(1.0, float64)
True
Scalar, lists and arrays of floats are supported:
>>> BitStream(1.0) == BitStream([1.0]) == BitStream(ones(1))
True
The byte order is big endian:
>>> import struct
>>> PI_BE = struct.pack(b">d", pi)
>>> PI_BE # doctest: +BYTES
b'@\t!\xfbTD-\x18'
>>> BitStream(pi) == BitStream(PI_BE)
True
The NumPy newbyteorder
method should be used beforeand
(on a float64
or an array of floats)
to get a little-endian representation instead.
-
Why not simply use the binary decomposition of integers? For example, since
>>> 13 == 1*2**3 + 1*2**2 + 0*2**1 + 1*2**0 True
you may be tempted to not represent
13
as>>> BitStream([True, True, False, True]) 1101
But this scheme is ambiguous if we consider sequences of integers:
1101
could represent the integer13
but also[1,5]
or[3,1]
or[3,0,1]
, etc. ↩


Codebase
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thermo-fisher-scientific
Businessmodel of Thermo Fisher Scientific
Customer Segments
Thermo Fisher Scientific has a segmented market business model, with customer groups that have slightly different needs. The company targets its offerings at the following end markets: Pharma & Biotech (accounted for 31% of business in 2015); Diagnostics & Healthcare (25%); Academic & Government (25%); and Industrial & Applied (19%).
Value Proposition
Thermo Fisher Scientific offers three primary value propositions: accessibility, cost reduction, and brand/status.
The company creates accessibility by providing a wide variety of options. It has been able to do so in part due to its many acquisitions. For example, in the past three years alone it has purchased FEI, Affymetrix, Alfa Aesar, Advanced Scientifics, and Life Technologies. This strategy has enabled it to diversify its capabilities and expand its portfolio.
The company reduces cost by providing many deals. It maintains a “Promotions” section on its website that provides free samples, free product offers, and sizable discounts as high as 50% off.
The company has established a strong brand due to its success. It is one of the top firms in the genetic testing and precision lab equipment markets. It has 51,000 employees in 50 countries and generates annual revenues of $17 billion. It offers five prominent brands: Thermo Scientific, Applied Biosystems, Invitrogen, Fisher Scientific, and Unity Lab Services. Lastly, it serves more than 400,000 customers around the world.
Channels
Thermo Fisher Scientific’s main channel is its direct sales force. It also sells its offerings through third party distributors, catalogs, and its website. The company promotes its offering through its website, social media pages, and participation in seminars, workshops, trade shows, and conferences.
Customer Relationships
Thermo Fisher Scientific’s customer relationship is primarily of a self-service nature. Customers utilize its products while having limited interaction with employees. The company’s website provides a number of self-help resources, including product selection guides and tools, product documentation (technical manuals, safety data sheets), videos, webinars, and answers to frequently asked questions.
Despite this orientation, there is a personal assistance component, as follows:
- Training Services – The company operates Customer Training Centers throughout the world at which customers can take Application Training Courses. These classes offer enhanced knowledge of applications and instrument operation, and provide computer-based interactive training, hands-on lab experience, and the opportunity to collaborate with application scientists.
- Support Services – The company provides a variety of customer support services, including instrument services (maintenance plans as well as compliance, validation, and calibration services), custom services (one-on-one help), licensing and commercial supply services, enterprise services, financial and leasing services, and enterprise-level lab informatics services. ### Key Activities
Thermo Fisher Scientific’s business model entails designing, developing, and manufacturing its products and delivering its services for customers.
Key Partners
Thermo Fisher Scientific’s key partners are the suppliers that provide it with the raw materials it needs to manufacture its products. The company also relies on the following:
- Third-party distributors to assist in the sale of its products
- Entities that work with its business development and licensing team to develop and market commercial IP, technology, and new products; partners include companies and universities
- Companies that license its technology in order to develop their own products and services ### Key Resources
Thermo Fisher Scientific’s main resources are its human resources, who include over 4,600 scientists and engineers that design, develop, and/or manufacture its products, and over 16,600 customer service workers.
It maintains important physical resources in the form of its global manufacturing facilities. Lastly, it places a high priority on its intellectual property, with over 4,000 patents.
Cost Structure
Thermo Fisher Scientific has a cost-driven structure, aiming to minimize expenses through significant automation. Its biggest cost driver is cost of product revenues, a variable expense. Other major drivers are in the areas of cost of service revenues, sales/marketing, R&D, and administration.
Revenue Streams
Thermo Fisher Scientific has two revenue streams: revenues it generates from the sale of its products and revenues it obtains from the sale of services to its customers.


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This is a project that was for my graphics programming module, CMP301 in my 3rd year. It features:
Vertex manipulation - heightmap.
Post processing - bloom and chromatic abberation.
Lighting and shadows - directional light, point light, spotlight.
Tessellation - tesselated heightmap
Use of the geometry shader - billboard trees.
Source code
The source code for this project can be found on Github here
DOWNLOADS Please note all downloads are from OneDrive. Once you click on the link you will be taken to OneDrive. Wait a moment and the download will become a avilable. If you are downloading the full project. Click the link and then download in OneDrive.


logread
queries the state of the gallery. It prints which employees and
guests are in the gallery or its rooms, and allows for various
time-based queries of the state of the gallery. The following
invocations must be supported:
logread -K <token> -S <log>
logread -K <token> -R (-E <name> | -G <name>) <log>
The following invocations are optional (for extra points). If you do not implement an optional feature, be sure to print unimplemented
to standard output when an optional argument is provided.
logread -K <token> -T (-E <name> | -G <name>) <log>
logread -K <token> -I (-E <name> | -G <name>) [(-E <name> | -G <name>) ...] <log>
As per the above invocations, only one of -S
, -R
, -T
, or -I
may be specified at once.
In what follows, we refer to employees or visitors who are 'in the
gallery'. Each person is expected to first enter the gallery (using
logappend
option -A
) prior to entering any particular room of the
gallery. Once in the gallery, he or she may enter and leave various
rooms (using logappend
options -A -R
and options -L -R
,
respectively). Finally, the person will leave the gallery (using logappend
option -L
). During this whole sequence of events, a person is
considered to be 'in the gallery'. See the examples
for more information.
When output elements are comma-separated lists, there will be no spaces before or after the commas.
-K
token Token used to authenticate the log. This token consists of an arbitrary sized string of alphanumeric characters and will be the same between executions of logappend
and logread
. If the log cannot be
authenticated with the token (i.e., it is not the same token that was used to create the file), then "integrity violation"
should be printed to stdout
and 255 should be returned.
-S
Print the current state of the log to stdout. The state should
be printed to stdout on at least two lines, with lines separated by
the \n
(newline) character. The first line should be a
comma-separated list of employees currently in the gallery. The
second line should be a comma-separated list of guests currently in
the gallery. The remaining lines should provide room-by-room
information indicating which guest or employee is in which
room. Each line should begin with a room ID, printed as a decimal
integer, followed by a colon, followed by a space, followed by a
comma-separated list of guests and employees. Room IDs should be
printed in ascending integer order, all guest/employee names should
be printed in ascending lexicographic string order.
-R
Give a list of all rooms entered by an employee or guest. Output the list of rooms in chronological order. If this argument is specified, either -E or -G must be specified. The list is printed to stdout in one comma-separated list of room identifiers.
-T
Gives the total time spent in the gallery by an employee or guest. If the employee or guest is still in the gallery, print the time spent so far. Output in an integer on a single line. This feature is optional. If the specified employee or guest does not appear in the gallery, then nothing is printed.
-I
Prints the rooms, as a comma-separated list of room IDs, that were occupied by all the specified employees and guests at the same time over the complete history of the gallery. Room IDs should be printed in ascending numerical order. This feature is optional. If a specified employee or guest does not appear in the gallery, it is ignored. If no room ever contained all of the specified persons, then nothing is printed.
-E
Employee name. May be specified multiple times when used with -I
.
-G
Guest name. May be specified multiple times when used with -I
.
log
The path to the file log used for recording events. The filename may be specified with a string of alphanumeric characters (including underscores and periods). Slashes and periods may be used to reference log files in other directories.
If logread
is given an employee or guest name that does not exist in the log, it should print nothing about that employee (which may result in empty output).
If logread
cannot validate that an entry in the log was created with an invocation of logappend
using a matching token, then logread
should return a 255 and print "integrity violation" to stdout
.
Some examples of conditions that would result in printing "invalid" or "integrity violation" (and return 255):
-I
or -T
used specifying an employee that does not exist in the log, should print nothing and exit with return 0


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My name is Ben Holmes. I'm a Software Engineering student at Iowa State, expecting to graduate in the fall of 2018. I'm currently working at the Iowa Department of Transportation, but before that I was an intern for the United Health Group.
I enjoy playing guitar, working with new technologies, answering questions on Quora, and watching movies.


Sync Service
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Extension Statuses
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Database Dump
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N/A
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N/A
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Debug Log
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Just an update on this guys, we had three other customers login this morning and it seems that
their accounts are also listed as: "Sync not running" but some of their messages have been synced.
Emails are below:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(which is somehow listed
twice)
s.k@g.comoprokhorenko@splunk.com


DRC police fire live rounds to break up Beni protests
Police and soldiers fired live ammunition on Friday to disperse demonstrators in the town of Beni in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, an AFP correspondent said.
The demonstrators were protesting over the authorities failing to stop the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) militia from killing seven civilians in the town on Wednesday.
Security forces moved in with gunfire and tear gas to disperse the protestors in the northern Boikene district at around 13:30.
There was no immediate report of casualties.
Several dozen youths fought back with stones and pieces of wood, trying to get to a base of the UN mission deployed in Congo, MONUSCO. They also accuse UN troops of doing nothing about ADF killers.
The army three weeks ago announced a "large-scale operation" against strongholds of the ADF rebels, who originated in northern Uganda and form one of a number of armed groups active on the Congolese side of the border.
The tense standoff in northern Beni was accompanied by a stoppage of normal activities in other parts of the town.
The mayor of Butembo, a trading crossroads town 54 kilometres (34 miles) to the east of Beni, told AFP that demonstrators had blocked roads in solidarity with people in Beni. Buses and taxis were not in circulation and markets were closed.
"Ten people have been arrested," said mayor Sylvain Kanyamanda. "Police will interrogate them separately to have them explain what they were doing on the public highway this morning."
"We can't mourn compatriots killed while breaching the peace. In a few moments, order will be restored," he added.
More than 60 civilians have been massacred in the Beni region since military action against the ADF began at the start of November.
The ADF began as an Islamist rebellion hostile to Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni. They fell back into eastern DRC in 1995 and have recruited people of different nationalities, but appear to have halted raids inside Uganda.


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{% extends 'bootstrap/base.html' %} {% block title%} Bad Request {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Some things you can try:
1.retype
2.find page on main site
3. unsubscribe to pewdiepie and subscribe to t-series
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| # | Sta | Rlx | Name | Row Text |
| 0 | ST | 0 | autoRow0 | erosion of soil has a negative impact on the environment ; soil quality (1fc9-87b3-4b09-6451) |
| 1 | ST | 0 | autoRow1 | erosion usually causes harm to the environment (a12e-c34a-ab3d-d601) |
| 2 | ST | 0 | autoRow2 | soil erosion can cause desertification of the land (7c20-d1c7-aa17-41a2) |
| 3 | ST | 0 | autoRow3 | erosion ; storms can cause a landslide (ad27-ad14-2ed7-2b55) |
| 4 | ST | 0 | autoRow4 | a landslide is when water ; gravity rapidly moves rocks ; soil downhill especially after a rain storm (14a5-1229-3653-681c) |
| 5 | ST | 0 | autoRow5 | landslides often occur on mountains (368d-e93c-2b60-3348) |
| 6 | ST | 0 | autoRow6 | a decrease in soil fertility has a negative impact on environment (4818-fc4f-65c7-8598) |
| 7 | ST | 0 | autoRow7 | erosion sometimes decreases the amount of nutrients in soil (b0fc-d00e-2723-8578) |
| 8 | ST | 0 | autoRow8 | soil fertility means the ability of soil to sustain plant growth (2137-7934-4c51-573e) |


Bachelors degree in Computer Information Systems, with a minor in Business
Mount Royal University
MORE ABOUT MEWe live in an exciting time in history. For decades, technology has been swiftly empowering humanity towards a brighter future. From gaming to medicine, communication to space exploration, technology is pushing us further than we ever thought possible. Even as a kid, I knew that I wanted to be a part of this movement.
My degree, personal projects, past work experience, and ongoing professional development have all been geared towards a better understanding of how technology can enhance our lives. My skill set includes a knowledge of both hardware and software, Windows, Linux, and OSX operating systems, and a variety of programming languages, DBMS's, and run time environments such as: Java, Javascript, JQuery, Node.js, Pug, HTML, CSS, MySQL/Oracle, Mongoose/MongoDB, C/C++ (arduino subset), and C#
I have experience in building complex, modular applications using many different design patterns, API’s, and many testing methods to ensure a high level of accuracy in code for both functional and nonfunctional requirements. My professional software development and testing experience includes my employment at ICE Health Systems, where I was given opportunities to expand my knowledge and skills to an industry leading standard. While working at ICE, I gained experience quality assurance through the implementation of end to end automated tests using many industry leading testing suites like JUnit, Selenium with BrowserStack, and Puppeteer.
My work and volunteering experience demonstrates my passion for people and my strong interpersonal and communication skills. Most recently, I was nominated as an ambassador for the second year Computer Information System students at Mount Royal University, where I had the privilege of actively contributing to the formal review process of the BCIS program. I also strive to share my passion for technology with others, as demonstrated by my recent volunteer work with the Explore IT event, where I shared my knowledge and experience in object-oriented programming and the BCIS program with prospective female MRU students.
SEE MOREAs demonstrated by my command of several coding languages, there's nothing I love more than exploring new programming concepts, frameworks and techniques.
One of my favourite things to do is experiment with micro controllers, reworking old electrical/mechanical components into new applications and projects.
I have a passion for computing in many different operating systems and love to learn about their system architecture, file organization, and system security.
When I'm not engrossed in my latest tech projects, you can find me camping, hiking, longboarding, snowboarding, and taking advantage of the beautiful Canadian Rockies.


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{% extends 'public/templates/public_template.html' %}
{% block title %}
ArcredX | Nasa International Space Application Challenge 2020
{% endblock %}
{% block main %}
Fire Mapping @
ArcredX helps you detect, predict and be aware of any nearby 'Fire Hazard'
Easy-to-use visualization tool powered by Artificial Intelligence and Augmented Reality.


Headers
- This is a simple type alias for a map of headersheaders::request
- This module contains static strings of the HTTP request headers found on https://enheaders::response
- This module contains static strings of the HTTP response headers found on https://enHeaders
type Headers = HashMap<~str, ~str>
This is a simple type alias for a map of headers


{{ course.title }}
by {{ course.addedBy|display_full_username }}
Live Session - {% if chat.last_modify_timestamp%}{{ chat.last_modify_timestamp|date:"F j, Y P" }}{% else %}{{ chat.timestamp }}{% endif %}
{% else %}{{ unit.title }}
{% endif %}{{ unit.description }} Remember that it doesn't matter if your answers are correct on Courselets. They are only a starting point for learning more about a concept.
You will learn about
-
{% if will_learn %}
{% for title, url in will_learn %}
- {{ title }} {% endfor %} {% else %}
- No prerequisities {% endif %}
You need to know about
-
{% if need_to_know %}
{% for title, url in need_to_know %}
- {{ title }} {% endfor %} {% else %}
- No prerequisities {% endif %}
This is your history from your live session with {{ course.addedBy.get_full_name }} on {% if chat.last_modify_timestamp%}{{ chat.last_modify_timestamp|date:"F j, Y" }}{% else %}{{ chat.timestamp }}{% endif %}. You can view your previous answers, but you can't submit new ones.
{% endif %}My History
Click on a chat session to continue working on it or to review your previous answers. You can start over if you want work on the threads in this courselet again by clicking on New Chat Session below.
-
{% if chat_sessions %}
{% for chat_sess in chat_sessions %}
-
{% if chat_sess.last_modify_timestamp%} {{ chat_sess.last_modify_timestamp|date:"F j, Y P" }} {% else %}{{ chat_sess.timestamp }} {% endif %}
{{ chat_sess.lessons_done }} of {{ chat_sess.total_lessons }} threads completed
Time spent: {{ chat_sess.get_formatted_time_spent }}
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
-
New Chat Session


Check-in Automation System
Date
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Welcome to the automated check-in system.
Please select your check-in date.
Enter the number of nights you wish to stay.


Enthusiastically create intuitive ROI whereas functionalized methodologies. Objectively syndicate fully researched scenarios with open-source process improvements.
Enthusiastically create intuitive ROI whereas functionalized methodologies. Objectively syndicate fully researched scenarios with open-source process improvements.


OsNAC drought plants rice expression tolerance stress genes using DNA Plant (Figure analysis conditions transcription Osg transgenic overexpression NAC OsRADA protoplasts Kim gene induced used {border-style protein promoter px;} #ffffff;} control performed plants. data Arabidopsis qRT-PCR showed PCR damage grown < Jeong Overexpression factor field involved repair resistance response up-regulated Lee Oryza Osg), RNA indicated leaves number value (Table .). Figure Piz-t Wang abiotic independent mean min reported represent sequence total treatment water yield Data Jung OsNAC, cv. enhances grain lines normal recombination responses transient RNA-sequencing S). Zhang analyzed defense exposed growth high highly homozygous levels p-value protoplast rate sativa soil target ./s--- Average Click Drought LINK Mol. Sci. additional chromatin differences different downstream extracted factors file. homologous isolated localization molecular normalization. px; region rice. root solution strigolactone tolerance. {font-family (one-tailed (pH .), ABA Biol. Cell Expression OsNAC. OsRADA, Physiol. Redillas Significant Student's Table Thus, acid analysis. applied asterisks buffer cell conditions. days drought, enhanced expressed font-size gRNA internal low meiosis panicle reduced regulation reproductive resuspended stresses t-test, transfected various vector (Figures -week-old Biotechnol. ChIP Choi Chung Jang National PGD::OsNAC Res. Results Rice SD) Yao abscisic binding component components dark deviation double; family fluorescence genes, measured mechanisms pathway pellet performance plant previously regulates required response, responsive selected stability stage standard suggest temperature time °C, (Osg), (Tuteja Bang Chen Fujita Korea Liu Moreover, OsUbi RAD SC). Total Tris-HCl University Yang amplified article assay border-color border-width compared conditions, confers confirm developmental direct extraction generated group higher increased incubated induction key length moisture non-transgenic nuclear observed overexpressing pattern point protease regulate repair, results revealed roots salt, seedlings significantly solid; system. tested transcriptional treatments vegetative {font-style {font-weight (/hill) (Osg) (−. ./j.-...x ./j.-X...x ./pp.. A). C-terminal ChIP-PCR GFP Gene Genome-wide Ilmi) Maruyama NACs ONACII OsPAE RPP-like Science Tran Transgenic Zheng accession addition, affected antibody application base bold centrifugation coding constitutive contents courier; decrease development disease em; exogenous filling function genes. identified immunoprecipitation increases induces line mediated motif mutant mutants osnac paddy patterns plants, process processes pt;} quantitative re-watering reactions reads regulated relative sequences software stable stages stress-inducible structure study, survival transcript transformation treatment. weeks ′-region −.%)


{% extends "dash/data.html" %} {% set page_title = 'User and Permission Administration' %} {% block content %}
Use the tabs above to view the users, roles and permissions that you have permission to view. Administrators can find instructions on data sharing in the Administration documentation. Administrators may request to add users to their organization by contacting<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{% endblock %}


It looks like you’ve got the default admin password still set.
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Chocolate Pizza
POSTED ON 15 DEC 2013/DESSERTS
PRINT
For the fig-swirl: Melt butter over medium heat in a saucepan. Add brown sugar and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely
Venessa Stevenson
Food enthusiast, photography fan. Add a pinch of raw foodism and that's pretty much who I am.