WMC Loader¶
Mapbender can save configurations (see WMC Editor). This configurations can be loaded with the element WMC loader.
You can add WMC Loader to your application as a selectbox or a button which opens a dialog.
When you choose a configuration, the services in the configuration will be merged in your existing application.
Configuration¶
- Title: Title of the element. The title will be listed in “Layouts” and allows to distinguish between different buttons. It will be indicated if “Show label” is activated.
- Tooltip: text to use as tooltip.
- Target: Id of Map element to query.
- Components: select components from:
- Id Loader: load configuration by id on start of application like ?wmcid=<wmcid>,
- From List Loader: load configuration from a list,
- Wmc Xml Loader: load the configuration from a file
- Wmc From Url Loader: loads the WMC from a URL, for example: ?wmcurl=<wmcurl>
- Keepsources: defines what should happen with the services of the application
- no: No Sources are kept. All sources are overridden by the WMC.
- BaseSources: Keeps the BaseSources and overrides the other ones. For example in connection with a BaseSourceSwitcher.
- AllSources: Keeps all sources and adds the sources from the WMC.
- Keep Extent: keeps the actual extent, default is false (will apply the extent of the configuration).
YAML-Definition:¶
title: WMC Loader
tooltip: 'Load configuration' # text to use as tooltip
target: map # name of map element
components: ['idloader', 'listloader', 'wmcloader'] # select components from
# idloader - load configuration by id on start of application like ?wmcid=<wmcid>
# listloader - load configuration from a list
# wmcloader - load from a file
keepSources: false # defines what should happen with the services of the application
# default false
# BaseSources - keep only the sources marked as BaseSource in the application
# AllSources - keep the sources that are already loaded in the application
keepExtent: false # keeps the actual extent, default is false (will apply the
# extent of the configuration)
You can configure this module as a selectbox or dialog. When you use dialog then you need a button to show this element. See Button for inherited configuration options.
Class, Widget & Style¶
- Class: Mapbender\WmcBundle\Element\WmcLoader
- Widget: <Put Widget name here>
- Style: <Put name of css file here>


|
gtsam
4.1.0
gtsam
|
A cluster-tree that eliminates to a Bayes tree.
Public Member Functions | |
Standard Interface | |
| std::pair< boost::shared_ptr< BayesTreeType >, boost::shared_ptr< FactorGraphType > > | eliminate (const Eliminate &function) const |
| Eliminate the factors to a Bayes tree and remaining factor graph. More... | |
Advanced Interface | |
| const FastVector< sharedFactor > & | remainingFactors () const |
| Return the remaining factors that are not pulled into elimination. | |
Public Types | |
| typedef BAYESTREE | BayesTreeType |
| The BayesTree type produced by elimination. | |
| typedef GRAPH | FactorGraphType |
| The factor graph type. | |
| typedef EliminatableClusterTree< BAYESTREE, GRAPH > | This |
| This class. | |
| typedef boost::shared_ptr< This > | shared_ptr |
| Shared pointer to this class. | |
| typedef BAYESTREE::ConditionalType | ConditionalType |
| The type of conditionals. | |
| typedef boost::shared_ptr< ConditionalType > | sharedConditional |
| Shared pointer to a conditional. | |
| typedef GRAPH::Eliminate | Eliminate |
| Typedef for an eliminate subroutine. | |
| typedef GRAPH::FactorType | FactorType |
| The type of factors. | |
| typedef boost::shared_ptr< FactorType > | sharedFactor |
| Shared pointer to a factor. | |
Protected Member Functions | |
Standard Constructors | |
| EliminatableClusterTree (const This &other) | |
| Copy constructor - makes a deep copy of the tree structure, but only pointers to factors are copied, factors are not cloned. | |
Details | |
| This & | operator= (const This &other) |
| Assignment operator - makes a deep copy of the tree structure, but only pointers to factors are copied, factors are not cloned. | |
| EliminatableClusterTree () | |
| Default constructor to be used in derived classes. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| FastVector< sharedFactor > | remainingFactors_ |
| std::pair< boost::shared_ptr< BAYESTREE >, boost::shared_ptr< GRAPH > > gtsam::EliminatableClusterTree< BAYESTREE, GRAPH >::eliminate | ( | const Eliminate & | function | ) | const |
Eliminate the factors to a Bayes tree and remaining factor graph.
| function | The function to use to eliminate, see the namespace functions in GaussianFactorGraph.h |


System Architect Picture "Normality Of Property"
Parent Diagram:
Perception Of Property
(OMT Object Model)


Tonal
public enum Tonal: String, FreesoundDescriptor
Undocumented
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
case hpcp_entropy,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_scale,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_number_rate,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
key_strength,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_progression,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
key_scale,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_strength,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
key_key,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_changes_rate,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_count,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
hpcp_crest,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_histogram,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
chords_key,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
tuning_frequency,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
hpcp_peak_count,
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
hpcp
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public var string: String


Da Capo Students and Parents
RCM Examination Dates 2016-17
Spring Session
Registration Opens: January 17, 2017
Registration Deadline: March 7, 2017
Theory Examinations: May 12 and 13, 2017
Practical Examinations: June 5 - 24, 2017
Summer Session
Registration Opens: April 4, 2017
Registration Deadline: June 6, 2017
Theory Examinations: August 11 and 12, 2017
Practical Examinations: August 14 - 26, 2017


Hong Kong girds for more protests after student dies
HONG KONG: Hong Kong authorities readied on Friday (Nov 8) for a series of student demonstrations and further weekend protests, the latest in more than five months of anti-government unrest that has sparked the Chinese-ruled city's worst crisis in decades.
Students and young people have been at the forefront of the thousands who have taken to the streets since June to press for greater democracy, among other demands, and rally against perceived Chinese meddling in the Asian financial hub.
READ: Masked university students rally at graduation ceremony in Hong Kong
READ: Our coverage of the Hong Kong protests
"Free Hong Kong, Revolution Now," read banners held up by some students at a graduation ceremony on Thursday, where many wore banned masks and chanted slogans.
The protests, ignited by a now-scrapped extradition Bill for people to be sent to mainland China for trial, have evolved into wider calls for democracy, posing the biggest challenge for Chinese President Xi Jinping since he took charge in 2012.
Protesters have thrown petrol bombs and vandalised banks, stores and metro stations, while police have fired rubber bullets, tear gas, water cannon and, in some cases, live ammunition in scenes of chaos.
Notices circulated on social media said students planned a march on Friday at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.
READ: Hong Kong student who fell during weekend protests dies
One of the university's students who fell during protests at the weekend died early on Friday morning, hospital authorities said.
The man was a 22-year-old Chow Tsz-lok, a second-year undergraduate in the computer science department.
He had apparently fallen from one floor to another in a parking lot during weekend crowd dispersal operations.
Students had swarmed the hospital in support of him, to hold prayers and gatherings and at universities across the former British colony.
On Friday evening, schools plan a rally in the eastern working class district of Kwun Tong, protesters said in advertisements.
Protests scheduled over the weekend include "Shopping Sunday" centred on prominent shopping malls, some of which have previously descended into chaos as riot police stormed areas crowded with families and children.
Last weekend anti-government protesters crowded a shopping mall in running clashes with police that saw a man slash people with a knife and bite off part of the ear of a local politician.
Hong Kong returned to Chinese rule in 1997 under a "one country, two systems" formula, allowing it colonial freedoms not enjoyed on the mainland, including an independent judiciary and the right to protest.
China denies interfering in Hong Kong and has blamed Western countries for stirring up trouble.
Follow us on Telegram for the latest on Hong Kong: https://cna.asia/telegram


Class: Use0MK::Interface
- Inherits:
-
Object
- Object
- Use0MK::Interface
- Defined in:
- lib/use0mk.rb
Overview
This class represents the main interface through which one can operate on the 0.mk API.
Instance Attribute Summary (collapse)
-
- (String?) apikey
the API key for 0.mk.
-
- (String?) username
the username associated with 0.mk.
Class Method Summary (collapse)
-
+ (true, false) delete(delete_uri, delete_code)
Deletes a shortened URI from 0.mk.
Instance Method Summary (collapse)
-
- (Interface) initialize(username = nil, apikey = nil)
constructor
Initializes the Interface.
-
- (Use0MK::ShortenedURI) preview(link = {:short_name => nil, :uri => nil})
Inspects an already shortened URI.
-
- (Use0MK::ShortenedURI) shorten(uri, short_name = nil)
Shortens a URI.
Constructor Details
- (Interface) initialize(username = nil, apikey = nil)
Initializes the Use0MK::Interface.
228 229 230 231 |
# File 'lib/use0mk.rb', line 228 def initialize(username = nil, apikey = nil) @username = username @apikey = apikey end |
Instance Attribute Details
- (String?) apikey
the API key for 0.mk
222 223 224 |
# File 'lib/use0mk.rb', line 222 def apikey @apikey end |
- (String?) username
the username associated with 0.mk
219 220 221 |
# File 'lib/use0mk.rb', line 219 def username @username end |
Class Method Details
+ (true, false) delete(delete_uri, delete_code)
Deletes a shortened URI from 0.mk. This method does not raise or handles any exceptions. It also does not handle redirection.
240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 |
# File 'lib/use0mk.rb', line 240 def self.delete(delete_uri, delete_code) delete_uri = URI.parse(delete_uri) response = Net::HTTP.post_form(delete_uri, {'brisiKod' => delete_code}) case response when Net::HTTPSuccess return true # phew, that was hard work, that delete end return false end |
Instance Method Details
- (Use0MK::ShortenedURI) preview(link = {:short_name => nil, :uri => nil})
Inspects an already shortened URI. This method can raise several exceptions of which most importantly:
- URI::Error
- Net::HTTPException
- Error
It is a wise idea to watch for any of these.
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 |
# File 'lib/use0mk.rb', line 281 def preview(link = {:short_name => nil, :uri => nil}) uri = nil if !link[:short_name].nil? and !link[:short_name].empty? uri = "http://0.mk/#{link[:short_name]}" elsif !link[:uri].nil? and !link[:uri].empty? uri = link[:uri] if (link[:uri] =~ /http:\/\/0\.mk\/.*/) end if uri.nil? raise ArgumentError, ':uri should be a valid http://0.mk shortened URI.' end _preview(uri) end |
- (Use0MK::ShortenedURI) shorten(uri, short_name = nil)
Shortens a URI. This method can raise several exceptions of which most importantly:
- URI::Error
- Net::HTTPException
- Error
It is a wise thing to watch for any of those exceptions.
265 266 267 268 269 |
# File 'lib/use0mk.rb', line 265 def shorten(uri, short_name = nil) uri = URI.parse(uri) _shorten(uri, short_name) end |


"Finally a Privacy-friendly alternative for reading my messy Twitter timeline!"
"Decent is dope. It makes me want to read Twitter again, knowing that my data is not being sold to others"
"I can say that I don't feel overwhelmed anymore and enjoy Twitter again thanks to Decent!"


|
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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
| Packages that use com.fasterxml.aalto.in | |
|---|---|
| com.fasterxml.aalto.async | Package that contains implementations of asynchronous (non-blocking) parser. |
| com.fasterxml.aalto.dom | |
| com.fasterxml.aalto.in | |
| com.fasterxml.aalto.stax | |
| com.fasterxml.aalto.util | |
| test |
| Classes in com.fasterxml.aalto.in used by com.fasterxml.aalto.async | |
|---|---|
| ByteBasedScanner
Intermediate base class used by different byte-backed scanners. |
|
| PName
Prefixed Name is similar to QName (qualified name),
but only contains information about local name optionally prefixed by
a prefix and colon, without namespace binding information. |
|
| ReaderConfig
This is the shared configuration object passed by the factory to reader, and by reader to whoever needs it (scanners at least). |
|
| XmlScanner
This is the abstract base class for all scanner implementations, defining operations the actual parser requires from the low-level scanners. |
| Classes in com.fasterxml.aalto.in used by com.fasterxml.aalto.dom | |
|---|---|
| ReaderConfig
This is the shared configuration object passed by the factory to reader, and by reader to whoever needs it (scanners at least). |
| Classes in com.fasterxml.aalto.in used by com.fasterxml.aalto.in | |
|---|---|
| AttributeCollector
Object used by the tokenizer to collect and store information about attributes, specifically, names and values. |
|
| ByteBasedPName
This intermediate abstract class defines more specialized API needed by components like symbol tables, which need to provide efficient access to byte-based PNames. |
|
| ByteBasedPNameFactory
Simple factory that can instantiate appropriate PName
instances, given input data to use for construction. |
|
| ByteBasedPNameTable
This is a symbol table implementation used for storing byte-based PNames , specifically, instances of (ByteBasedPName ). |
|
| ByteBasedScanner
Intermediate base class used by different byte-backed scanners. |
|
| ByteSourceBootstrapper
Class that takes care of bootstrapping main document input from a byte-oriented input source: usually either an InputStream ,
or a block source like byte array. |
|
| CharBasedPNameTable
This is a symbol table implementation used for storing byte-based PNames , specifically, instances of
(PNameC ). |
|
| CharSourceBootstrapper
Class that takes care of bootstrapping main document input from a Stream input source. |
|
| ElementScope
Simple container of information about an open element (one for which start tag has been seen, but not yet end; or, for empty tags, START_ELEMENT has been returned but END_ELEMENT not yet) |
|
| FixedNsContext
Non-transient implementation of NamespaceContext . |
|
| InputBootstrapper
Abstract base class that defines shared functionality between different bootstrappers (byte stream, char Readers, block input) |
|
| NsDeclaration
This class encapsulates information about a namespace binding declaration, associated with start elements. |
|
| PName
Prefixed Name is similar to QName (qualified name),
but only contains information about local name optionally prefixed by
a prefix and colon, without namespace binding information. |
|
| PNameC
An alternate implementation of PName: instead of coming straight from byte contents, it is actually just built from a character array. |
|
| ReaderConfig
This is the shared configuration object passed by the factory to reader, and by reader to whoever needs it (scanners at least). |
|
| StreamScanner
Base class for various byte stream based scanners (generally one for each type of encoding supported). |
|
| XmlScanner
This is the abstract base class for all scanner implementations, defining operations the actual parser requires from the low-level scanners. |
| Classes in com.fasterxml.aalto.in used by com.fasterxml.aalto.stax | |
|---|---|
| InputBootstrapper
Abstract base class that defines shared functionality between different bootstrappers (byte stream, char Readers, block input) |
|
| PName
Prefixed Name is similar to QName (qualified name),
but only contains information about local name optionally prefixed by
a prefix and colon, without namespace binding information. |
|
| ReaderConfig
This is the shared configuration object passed by the factory to reader, and by reader to whoever needs it (scanners at least). |
|
| XmlScanner
This is the abstract base class for all scanner implementations, defining operations the actual parser requires from the low-level scanners. |
| Classes in com.fasterxml.aalto.in used by com.fasterxml.aalto.util | |
|---|---|
| ReaderConfig
This is the shared configuration object passed by the factory to reader, and by reader to whoever needs it (scanners at least). |
| Classes in com.fasterxml.aalto.in used by test | |
|---|---|
| ByteBasedPName
This intermediate abstract class defines more specialized API needed by components like symbol tables, which need to provide efficient access to byte-based PNames. |
|
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None
Cash
Assets
Saving Reference
Liabilities
Saving Control
Savings Transfers In Suspense
Expenses
Interest On Savings
Income
Income From Fees
Income From Penalties
Advanced Accounting Rule
Configure Fund Sources for Payment Channels
Add
Map Fees to Income Accounts
Add
Map Penalties to Specific Income Accounts
Add


This is a package for running H2O via its REST API from within R. To communicate with a H2O instance, the version of the R package must match the version of H2O. When connecting to a new H2O cluster, it is necessary to re-run the initializer.
| Package: | h2o |
| Type: | Package |
| Version: | <IP_ADDRESS>999 |
| Branch: | doc-updates-weightscolumn-targetencode |
| Date: | Tue Apr 17 12:04:17 PDT 2018 |
| License: | Apache License (== 2.0) |
| Depends: | R (>= 2.13.0), RCurl, jsonlite, statmod, tools, methods, utils |
This package allows the user to run basic H2O commands using R commands. In order to use it, you must first have H2O running. To run H2O on your local machine, call h2o.init
without any arguments, and H2O will be automatically launched at localhost:54321, where the IP is "<IP_ADDRESS>" and the port is 54321. If H2O is running on a cluster, you must provide the IP and port of the remote machine as arguments to the h2o.init() call.
H2O supports a number of standard statistical models, such as GLM, K-means, and Random Forest. For example, to run GLM, call h2o.glm
with the H2O parsed data and parameters (response variable, error distribution, etc...) as arguments. (The operation will be done on the server associated with the data object where H2O is running, not within the R environment).
Note that no actual data is stored in the R workspace; and no actual work is carried out by R. R only saves the named objects, which uniquely identify the data set, model, etc on the server. When the user makes a request, R queries the server via the REST API, which returns a JSON file with the relevant information that R then displays in the console.
If you are using an older version of H2O, use the following porting guide to update your scripts: Porting Scripts


Reports any uses of classes from the
sun.*
hierarchy. Such classes are non-portable between different JVM's.
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Who was Mahatma Gandhi?
An international symbol of piece and human rigths, an exceptional leader.
Short bio
- Full name Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
- Mahatma Gandhi was born 2 Octomber 1869 in Gujarat and was assasinated on 30 January 1948 in New Delhi, India.
- Was the leader of India's non-violent independence movement against British rule.
- Studied law at UCL Faculty of Laws
- Known for his lifelong fight for India's independence


whoami
Keiron Pizzey
echo $EMAIL
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>cat personal_details.txt | grep CAREER | awk -F= '{print $2}'
Senior Data Scientist and Tech Lead. Previously PhD in experimental atomic physics.
python
Python 3.7.6 (default, Jan 8 2020, 13:42:34)
import skills
for skill in skills:
print(skill)
Data science
Machine learning
Data engineering and architecture
Rapid prototyping and innovation
DevOps
AWS
exit()


Burro is a collaborative robot designed to help people work more productively while building the base for more automation where it is needed most.
We have been testing a fleet of Burros through the 2019 table grape season where they have enabled crews of 10 to pick/pack 42% more fruit each day.
Now, having proven that our machines can drive productivity gains, and having tested them extensively, we are taking orders for delivery in spring 2020.
Burro is designed to provide the base for more automation where it is needed most. Below are some autonomy attachments that we are also developing for Burro:
Q: How is it charged?
A: Burro can be plugged into the wall for charging. Batteries can also be swapped in field in 3 minutes without any tools.
Q: How much range does it have?
A: Range is a function of load, speed, terrain, and temperature. In real world testing, our base battery option yields 6.5 miles of range while running 2 miles per hour and loaded 50% of the time, with an average load of around 250 pounds. We offer longer range batteries for growers who desire more range.
Q: How many does Burros does a crew need?
A: In Table Grape production one Burro can support up to 8 or 10 people working (2-3 packers, 6-7 pickers) depending on crew layout, crop load, and picker speed. You can download this excel model to make different assumptions.
Q: How should I arrange things on my vineyard to let Burros work well?
A: See this video which runs through things you can do to help Burros run smoothly. In short, relatively clean rows without too many weeds or vines hanging down, push packing tables to the opposite row and pick out full rows so that Burros can enter/exit easily, and train your crews so they understand how best to use Burro.
Q: What is the payback on a Burro?
A: You can download this excel model which runs through productivity levels the Augean Robotics team has observed while testing with the California Table Grape Commission. In the optimal scenario for Burro, the productivity gains that have been observed through testing should yield a 24 day ROI.
Q: What safety standards apply to Burro?
A: See this paper which runs through the safety we have designed into our product.
email AGR team with questions not shown here.


Simple Verbal Clauses
This chapter focuses on nominal dependents of verbs in declarative clauses, especially on the distinction between core and oblique dependents. TO DO: Provide links to extended topics related to simple clauses. Later chapters will extend the discussion in various directions:
- Ditransitive (trivalent) clauses and secondary objects.
- Expletive, dislocated and vocative “arguments”.
- Various transformed clauses, either by valency-changing operations (e.g. passive), or negation, questions, commands etc.
- Clauses where the predicate consists of multiple verbal nodes, or is a complex of verbal and nonverbal elements, or is not verbal at all. Also fragments that lack a predicate.
- Complex clauses containing one or more subordinate clauses, or consisting of one or more coordinate clauses.
Most examples in this chapter show finite clauses, although the guidelines can be
extended to non-finite clauses where appropriate. Non-finite verb forms are often
associated with subordinate clauses, hence more examples will be given in chapters
on subordination. In principle, any phrase whose head is tagged VERB
is a clause
in UD (while the opposite implication does not hold, a clause may be headed by a
non-verb). This becomes important when a class of words such as participles or
gerunds has a mixture of verbal and non-verbal features, and language-specific
guidelines decide whether a word is still considered a verb, or rather a derived
non-verb (NOUN, ADJ or ADV).
- Core vs. oblique
- Coding strategies
- Annotation means
Core Arguments vs. Oblique Modifiers
The UD taxonomy is centered around the fairly clear distinction between core arguments (primarily subjects and objects) and other dependents. It does not make a distinction between adjuncts (general modifiers) and oblique arguments (arguments said to be selected by a head but not expressed as a core argument).
The Definition of Core Arguments
The core/oblique distinction is ultimately an information packaging distinction. All or nearly all languages have a basic way of expressing the one or two arguments of most verbs (intransitive and transitive verbs), and this unmarked form of argument expression is as a core argument. If additional arguments can appear that are treated similarly to these arguments, they may also be regarded as core arguments. (Some languages have no additional core arguments, while other languages allow multiple object arguments, for instance.) Status as a core argument is decoupled from the semantic roles of participants. Normally, depending on the meaning of a verb, many different semantic roles can be expressed by the same means of encoding core arguments. Nevertheless, there is a correlation: agent and patient or theme roles of predicates in their unmarked valence are normally realized as core arguments.
Syntactically, there is not a single criterion which can be used crosslinguistically to distinguish core arguments from obliques, though there are often good and useful criteria for particular languages. These include:
- Verbs usually only agree with core arguments
- Oblique arguments may usually or always appear marked by an adposition while core arguments appear as bare nominals
- Certain cases, traditionally called nominative, accusative, and absolutive typically mark core arguments
- Core arguments in many languages occupy special positions in the clause, often adjacent to the verb
- Syntactic phenomena such as being the controller of a subordinate clause argument or the target of relativization are limited to core arguments in some languages
At the end of the day, the distinction must be drawn and documented on language particular grounds. For example, many languages have certain verbs which take arguments in oblique cases such as dative or an experiencer case, but these arguments should be regarded as core arguments based on their syntactic behavior being parallel to the arguments of other transitive verbs.
Avoiding an Argument/Adjunct Distinction
Many grammatical frameworks suggest that some obliques are selected by or are arguments of a head (for instance, a source argument of from the Queen is an argument of the head receive), while other obliques are general adjuncts, which can appear with any predicate without the head selecting for them (for instance, a temporal argument such as after the holidays).
However, the argument/adjunct distinction is subtle, unclear, and frequently argued over. For instance, syntacticians at certain times have argued for various obliques to be arguments, while at other times arguing that they are adjuncts, particularly for certain semantic roles such as oblique instruments or sources. We take the distinction to be sufficiently subtle (and its existence as a categorical distinction sufficiently questionable) that the best practical solution is to eliminate it. Nevertheless, if the distinction is available in a treebank that is being converted to UD, it can be preserved using subtypes of dependency relations: obl:arg is used for oblique arguments, and bare obl then denotes adjuncts.
The core-oblique distinction is generally accepted in language typology as being both more relevant and easier to apply cross-linguistically than the argument-adjunct distinction. See, for example:
- Avery D. Andrews. 2007. The Major Functions of the Noun Phrase. In Timothy Shopen (ed.) Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Clause Structure (2nd ed), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp. 132-223. (1st edition, 1985.)
- Sandra A. Thompson. 1997. Discourse Motivations for the Core-Oblique Distinction as a Language Universal. In Akio Kamio (ed.) Directions in Functional Linguistics. Benjamins, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 59-82.
Determining the Language-Specific Criteria for Core Arguments
A useful approach is to start with primary transitive clauses, i.e. clauses with predicates that license the semantic roles of agent (actor) and patient (undergoer) in the prototypical sense. Verbs describing violent actions are often good examples:
- George killed the dragon.
Such verbs have two core arguments. The more active argument (the agent) is said to have the grammatical function A. The other argument (the patient) is said to have the grammatical function P. Then we note the coding strategies and grammatical rules that, within the language, are typical for arguments with the functions A and P, and we generalize to clauses with other predicates that receive the same treatment, regardless of their semantic roles. Such predicates will be called transitive and their arguments will also have the functions A and P, respectively. For instance,
- John loves Mary.
is a transitive clause, John has the function A because it behaves the same way as George in the dragon killing example, and Mary has the function P because the grammar treats her the same way as the dragon in the first example. Semantic roles are no longer important: John is an experiencer rather than actor, and Mary may not be affected by his love; she may not even be aware of it.
Now we can recognize that a predicate has two core arguments, and, consequently, we can also recognize predicates that have at most one (regardless whether they have an additional oblique argument). Clauses headed by such predicates are intransitive and their single core argument is said to have the grammatical function S.
Finally, we define that nominal arguments with functions S and A should be called subjects and labeled nsubj, and arguments with function P should be called objects and labeled obj. We also say that the subject is usually the “more core-like” argument of the two; nevertheless, it depends on language-particular criteria whether there is a scale of “coreness”, and how it can be measured.
Coding Strategies
English
In English, nominal core arguments are bare noun phrases (that is, without preposition). Oblique arguments and nominal adjuncts are prepositional phrases. There is one exception: a bare nominal may be used as a temporal adjunct:
- He works the whole week.
- She comes every Friday.
In an unmarked declarative sentence, the core argument preceding the verb is the subject, and if there is another core argument following the verb, it is the object. A finite verb agrees in person and number with its subject:
- The boy eats one apple.
- The boy eats many apples.
- The boys eat one apple.
 PUNCT _ _ 3 punct _ _
If the arguments are realized as personal pronouns, the subject is in the nominative form (I, he, she, we, they) and the object is in the accusative (me, him, her, us, them). Nouns do not inflect for case in English.
# text = We help them.
1 We we PRON _ Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ _
2 help help VERB _ Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
3 them they PRON _ Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs 2 obj _ SpaceAfter=No
4 . . PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ _
The reasons why the whole week is not a core argument in He works the whole week are complex. One possibility would be to exceptionally appeal to the argument-adjunct distinction, which is otherwise avoided. Temporal adjuncts are an uncontroversial subset of adjuncts, they can occur with virtually any predicate, they are optional and their semantics is independent of the predicate. However, there seem to be also word order-based tests that allow to reject them as core arguments at least in English (see later in this chapter for similar adjuncts in languages with more flexible word order). In the following examples, work is an intransitive verb and if it is accompanied by the whole week, then the whole week is a temporal adjunct; as such, it can swap positions with a locational adjunct and the sentence stays grammatical. On the other hand, spend is a transitive verb which requires a direct object, the whole week functions as the object and cannot swap positions with an adjunct; the object stays close to the verb.
- John worked the whole week in Paris. John worked in Paris the whole week.
- John spent the whole week in Paris. *John spent in Paris the whole week.
Another observation is that the first example cannot passivize (*The whole week was worked by John), but passivization is in general not very reliable diagnostic test in English, as there are transitive verbs that cannot passivize, and prepositional verbs that can.
  PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ _
Spanish
The behavior of Spanish core arguments is somewhat similar to English but there are differences. Like in English, it is typical for a core argument to be a bare nominal without preposition. However, prepositions are not completely excluded. If the object is animate, it is marked by the preposition a:
- Vimos a alguien. “We saw somebody.”
The subject’s person and number is cross-referenced by verbal inflection. Spanish is a pro-drop language, meaning that the subject can be omitted if it is a personal pronoun.
- (Yo) bebo vino. “I drink wine.”
- (Tú) bebes vino. “You drink wine.” (singular)
- El hombre bebe vino. “The man drinks wine.”
- (Nosotros) bebemos vino. “We drink wine.”
- (Vosotros) bebéis vino. “You drink wine.” (plural)
- Los hombres beben vino.
If the arguments are realized as personal pronouns, the subject is in the nominative form (yo, tú, él, nosotros, vosotros, ellos) and the object is in the accusative (me, te, lo, nos, os, los). Nouns do not inflect for case in Spanish.
If both core arguments are present and if they are realized as full noun phrases, the prototypical word order is the same as in English: the subject precedes the verb and the object follows it. However, if the object is realized as a pronominal clitic (and if the verb is finite indicative), the object precedes the verb.
- El hombre lo bebe.
Both coding strategies that are used for core arguments can also appear with adjuncts. Bare nominal adjuncts are rare, the exception being temporal adjuncts. In contrast, the preposition a can be used with various directional and temporal adjuncts.
- Él trabaja toda la semana. “He works the whole week.”
- Subiremos al tren a las cinco.
Neither toda la semana nor al tren or a las cinco can be promoted via passivization. Furthermore, they are inanimate, and only animate direct objects take the preposition. None of the adjuncts can be replaced by an accusative pre-verbal clitic: *Él la trabaja.
Czech
Classification of verbal arguments in Czech depends on case morphology. There are certain anomalies of the case system when the argument is a quantified phrase (with a cardinal number or a pronominal quantifier, the head noun may have different case than the entire phrase). We exclude quantified phrases from the following overview.
The coding strategy most typical for Czech core arguments is bare noun phrase in nominative or accusative. Some authors claim that core arguments are not marked for case. This is not true and Czech is one of the counter-examples. The nominative can be considered unmarked in the vague sense that it is the default case that is used if there are no external factors requiring another case. However, it is not unmarked in the morphological sense: many nouns must use suffixes to form the nominative (and the same holds for the accusative).
The nominative argument is the subject, the accusative is object. The subject’s person, number, and sometimes also gender and animacy are cross-referenced by verbal inflection. Czech is a pro-drop language, meaning that the subject can be omitted if it is a personal pronoun.
- Snědl jsem jablko. “I ate an apple.” (masculine)
- Snědla jsem jablko. “I ate an apple.” (feminine)
- Snědl jsi jablko. “You ate an apple.” (masculine singular)
- Snědla jsi jablko. “You ate an apple.” (feminine singular)
- Chlapec snědl jablko. “The boy ate an apple.”
- Snědl jablko. “He ate an apple.”
- Snědla jablko. “She ate an apple.”
- Snědlo jablko. “It ate an apple.”
- Snědli jsme jablko. “We ate an apple.” (masculine animate)
- Snědly jsme jablko. “We ate an apple.” (feminine)
- Snědli jste jablko. “You ate an apple.” (masculine animate plural)
- Snědly jste jablko. “You ate an apple.” (feminine plural)
- Snědli jablko. “They ate an apple.” (masculine animate)
- Snědly jablko. “They ate an apple.” (feminine or masculine inanimate)
- Snědla jablko.  PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ _
Czech word order is free and while the SVO order is preferred by default, other permutations are possible and may be required to distinguish topic and focus.
- Chlapec snědl jablko. “The/a boy ate an apple.”
- Jablko snědl chlapec. “It was a/the boy who ate the apple.”
- Chlapec jablko snědl. “What the boy did to the apple was that he ate it.”
- Jablko chlapec snědl. “As for the apple, what the boy did to it was that he ate it.”
- Snědl chlapec jablko. “A boy ate an apple.”
- Snědl jablko chlapec. “It was a boy who ate an apple.”
It is not guaranteed that a bare accusative nominal is a core argument. It can also be a temporal adjunct, as in:
- Pracuje celý týden. “He works the whole week.”
- Přichází každou středu.
The nominal celý týden cannot be promoted to subject via passivization, which supports the claim that it is not an object; however, this test is not sufficient because of some transitive verbs that cannot passivize (dostat “to get”, mít “to have”). Therefore, accusative temporal adjuncts have to be stated as an exception and the argument/adjunct distinction cannot be avoided in this case.
Many two-argument verbs in Czech specify the second argument as a bare noun phrase in a case other than accusative (namely in the dative, genitive or instrumental). Whether these arguments are core arguments is a point of disagreement among different authors. The current (UD 2.1) approach in UD for Czech and several similar Indo-European languages is to analyze them as core; however, it is less easy to find examples that could qualify as primary transitive verbs, and there are more confusions with dependents that would be better described as oblique arguments or adjuncts. Also, the treatment of these arguments by the grammatical rules such as passivization is different from the treatment that accusatives receive. Thus it might be better to say that only bare nominative and accusative arguments are core, while all the rest is oblique. Consequently, such two-argument clauses are intransitive.
- Zuzka pomohla Martinovi.
Note that this is a shift away from the recommendation published in Daniel Zeman (2017): Core Arguments in Universal Dependencies, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Dependency Linguistics (Depling 2017), pp. 287–296, Pisa, Italy.
Basque
See also: Fernando Zúñiga, Beatriz Fernández (draft 26.6.2014): Grammatical relations in Basque
In Basque, like in Czech, nominal case morphology is essential for recognition of core argument relations. However, instead of nominative-accusative, the core pair of cases in Basque is ergative-absolutive. Most two-argument verbs have one argument in the ergative and the other in the absolutive case (but see below for other possibilities). The ergative argument is labeled as subject, the absolutive argument is object. With primary transitive verbs, the ergative argument corresponds to the agent and the absolutive argument to the patient.
- Ekaitzak itsasontzia hondoratu du.
The single argument of intransitive verbs takes mostly the absolutive but sometimes the ergative form. It is labeled as subject in both cases.
- Gizona hil da.
- Urak irakin du.
The third core case is the dative. Arguments in all three core cases are cross-referenced on finite verbs. Thanks to cross-referencing, the arguments can be omitted if they are just personal pronouns.
Some two-argument verbs take dative+absolutive, instead of ergative+absolutive:
- (Niri) ardoa gustatzen zait. “I like wine.” (lit.
In the current data (UD 2.1), the dative argument seems to be labeled iobj
even in dative-absolutive constructions. However, Zúñiga and Fernández (2014)
write that the dative encodes the A function in such constructions; that
would mean that it should be nsubj
.
Some supporting evidence is also provided by causativization, a
valency-changing operation that takes a
transitive clause, adds a third, ergative argument, and switches the original
subject to the dative (unless it already was in dative). The fact that
causativization is available for dative-absolutive clauses supports our
treatment of the dative argument as the subject.
Some two-argument verbs take ergative+dative, instead of ergative+absolutive:
- Irakasleak haserre begiratu die ikasleei.
In the current data (UD 2.1), the dative argument seems to be labeled iobj
even in ergative-dative constructions. However, Zúñiga and Fernández (2014)
write that the dative encodes the P function in such constructions; that
would mean that it should be obj
.
Yidiɲ
See also:
- Avery D. Andrews: The major functions of the noun phrase (2007). In Timothy Shopen (ed.): Language Typology and Syntactic Description, second edition, volume I: Clause Structure. Pp. 193-197. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58156-1.
- R. M. W. Dixon: A Grammar of Yidiny (1977). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21462-9.
Yidiɲ (Pama-Nyungan, Australia) has a combination of the ergative-absolutive system (similar to Basque) and the nominative-accusative system (similar to Czech). The former pair is typical for nouns, the latter for pronouns.
- Ŋayu maŋga:ɲ. “I laughed.” (nominative)
- Buɲa maŋga:ɲ. “The woman laughed.” (absolutive)
- Ŋaɲaɲ buɲa:ŋ wuɹa:ɲ. “The woman slapped me.” (ergative-accusative)
- Ŋayu buɲa wuɹa:ɲ. “I slapped the woman.” (nominative-absolutive)
- Waguɖaŋgu guda:ga wawa:l. “The man saw the dog.” (ergative-absolutive)
# sent_id = 3.98a/yii
# Yidiɲ (Pama-Nyungan, Australia)
# source = Dixon, 1977
# text = Ŋayu maŋga:ɲ.
# gloss = I(NOM) laugh-PAST
# text_en = I laughed.
1 Ŋayu ŋayu PRON _ Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 nsubj _ Gloss=I|MGloss=I(NOM)
2 maŋga:ɲ maŋgan VERB _ Tense=Past 0 root _ Gloss=laughed|MSeg=maŋga:-ɲ|MGloss=laugh-PAST|SpaceAfter=No
3 . .
None of the core arguments is cross-referenced by verbal morphology.
Yidiɲ is interesting because some of its grammatical rules target the S and P arguments (i.e., subjects of intransitive clauses and objects of transitive clauses) but exclude A arguments (subjects of transitive clauses) (Andrews, 2007). See the discussion of the antipassive in Valency-Changing Operations for futher details.
Tagalog
The arguments in Tagalog are marked by function words that could be analyzed as either prepositions, or case-bearing determiners. Although adpositions are often associated with oblique arguments and adjuncts, we have seen that it is not a universal rule. Spanish marks an animate direct object with the preposition a; Slavic and other languages have prepositional objects that, despite not being considered core in UD, seem to work the same way as other non-accusative (but prepositionless) arguments; and in Japanese, all arguments are marked by postpositions, including the subject and the direct object. On the other hand, if the nominal markers in Tagalog are determiners, then Tagalog somewhat resembles modern German, where nominal inflection has been greatly reduced and the varying forms of determiners are often the only clue about the case of a noun phrase. Categorizing the Tagalog markers as determiners seems to be more favored in the literature.
The most core-like argument (also called pivot) is marked by the determiner ang. The other core argument (if any) is marked by the determiner ng (pronounced nang). A different set of determiners is used with proper nouns. No determiners are used with personal pronouns, but the pronouns themselves inflect for case.
There have been disputes about whether the pivot is subject and whether Tagalog has a subject at all. Andrews (pp. 210–211) distinguishes two grammatical relations, the a-subject and the p-subject, each having some properties that are often associated with subjects in the more familiar languages. He also says that the actor “has subject-like properties regardless of whether or not it is the pivot.” Nevertheless, for the purpose of easier and consistent annotation of Universal Dependencies it seems advantageous to simplify the matter and always reserve the nsubj relation for the ang-phrase (the pivot).
It seems appropriate to mark the determiners and the personal pronouns with the Case feature: the pivot with nominative, and the other core argument with accusative.
- Nagsalita ka.        PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ Gloss=punct
Transitive (two-argument) sentences have two core arguments, one in the nominative (pronoun or determiner) and the other in the accusative.
- Naglilinis siya ng bahay.  PUNCT _ _ 1 punct _ Gloss=punct
Locative, directional and benefactive arguments are normally coded as oblique. However, there are additional voices where these arguments become subjects. One of the reasons why an argument is fronted as the subject is that the subject is understood as the topic of the sentence. The ang determiner implies definiteness (while ng-marked arguments can be definite or indefinite).
- Magaalis ang babae ng bigas sa sako para sa bata. “The woman will take some rice out of a/the sack for a/the child.” (agent voice)
- Aalisan ng babae ng bigas ang sako para sa bata. “A/the woman will take some rice out of the sack for a/the child.” (locative voice)
# sent_id = 3.111a/tl
# text = Magaalis ang babae ng bigas sa sako para sa bata.
# gloss = AP-FUT-take.out PIV woman OBJ rice DIR sack for BEN child
# text_en = The woman will take some rice out of a/the sack for a/the child.

Since the agent and patient stay core arguments even in the locative voice, we actually have a ditransitive clause with three core arguments. In contrast, the verbs of giving, which are typical representatives of ditransitive predicates in other languages, form a standard transitive clause in the agent and patient voices, as the recipient is coded as a directional (locative) oblique dependent.
- Nagbigay ang lalaki ng libro sa babae.
Plains Cree
See also:
- Arok Elessar Wolvengrey (2011): Semantic and pragmatic functions in Plains Cree syntax (PhD thesis). Utrecht: LOT. ISBN 978-94-6093-051-5.
The Algonquian (North American) language Plains Cree is similar to Basque in its cross-referencing of both the subject and the object by verbal inflection. It is also very dissimilar to Basque due to its almost complete lack of case marking on the nouns. Yet the marking of the argument on the verbal head is sufficient to allow for a relatively free word order (unlike English).
Like in many other languages where person and number of an argument is cross-referenced by the verb, the argument does not need to appear as a separate word if it would be just a pronoun.
- Niwīcihānānak. “We help them.”
- Niwīcihikonānak. “They help us.”
# text = Niwīcihānānak.
# text_en = We help them.
1 Niwīcihānānak wīcih VERB _ Animacy=Anim|Clusivity[high]=Ex|Mood=Ind|Number[high]=Plur|Number[low]=Plur|Person[high]=1|Person[low]=3|Tense=Pres|Voice=Dir 0 root _ Gloss=we-help-them|MSeg=ni-wīcih-ā-nān-ak|MGloss=1-help-DIR-1PL-3PL|SpaceAfter=No
2 . .
The two verb forms in the two previous examples differ in Voice. The first example is in the direct voice, where the argument higher in a language-specific obliqueness hierarchy is more agent-like and the other argument is more patient-like. First person arguments are higher than third person arguments, therefore the agent is “we” and the patient is “they”.
In the second example, the argument-marking morphemes have not changed but the verb is in the inverse voice where the argument lower in the hierarchy (“they”) is the agent and the higher argument (“we”) is the patient.
It is undoubted that the two arguments that are cross-referenced by the verb are core arguments. It is less clear how to label the two arguments, as Plains Cree does not seem to have a subject in the Indo-European sense. Nevertheless, it seems quite natural to postulate that the argument higher in the hierarchy is more core-like and thus it gets the label nsubj in UD; the other core argument then gets obj. Such a distinction can be annotated easily and consistently. The subject will be more agent-like in the direct voice, and more patient-like in the inverse voice, which will be somewhat parallel to the active and passive voices in other languages.
In the following two examples, the verb forms differ because the first verb cross-references a singular object, the second a plural.
- Nikī-wīcihāw Cān. “I helped John.”
# text = Nikī-wīcihāw Cān.
# text_en = I helped John.
1 Nikī-wīcihāw wīcih VERB _ Animacy=Anim|Mood=Ind|Number[high]=Sing|Number[low]=Sing|Person[high]=1|Person[low]=3|Tense=Past|Voice=Dir 0 root _ Gloss=I-helped-him|MSeg=ni-kī-wīcih-ā-w|MGloss=1-PAST-help-DIR-3SG
2 Cān Cān PROPN _ Animacy=Anim|Number=Sing|Obviation=Prx 1 obj _ Gloss=John|SpaceAfter=No
3 . .
- Nikī-wīcihāwak Cān ēkwa Mēriy.
If two third-person arguments are involved, one of them is considered proximate (more topical, higher in the obliqueness hierarchy) and the other is considered obviative (less topical, lower in the obliqueness hierarchy). The obviative noun is marked morphologically by the suffix -a. Note that Plains Cree distinguishes singular and plural Number for proximate but not for obviative third person arguments.
Current UD data (as of UD 2.1) does not include languages with direct-inverse
voice systems and proximate-obviative division of third-person arguments.
(Though there has been a paper
that discusses possible application of the old UD v1 guidelines to the related
language of Arapaho.)
The guidelines define a special value for the “fourth person”, which could be
used for obviative arguments (see Person). This value is inspired by the
Unimorph project.
However, the Unimorph specification seems to favor using Person=3
with an
additional subfeature for proximate and obviative status:
“In some languages, a fourth person category is used to describe an otherwise
third-person referent that is differentiated from other third-person referents
by a switch-reference-like distinction … or, more commonly, by a distinction in
obviation status… For the purposes of morphological distinctions, these fourth
person categories may call for dedicated verbal morphology. While in some
cases their meaning can be captured by third person (3) plus switch-reference
features or features marking pragmatic voice distinctions (such as the
proximate (PRX) and obviative (OBV)), we include a fourth person category with
the feature 4 to allow for identification of a fourth person category when the
semantic distinctions are complicated or not strictly inflectional in nature.”
A possible alternative would be to revoke the “fourth person” and define
a separate feature Obviation
with the values Prx
and Obv
. There are two
places where the feature could be used: as a verbal feature (cross-referencing
the argument) and as a nominal feature (marking the argument). Especially in
nominal inflection it seems preferable to use a new feature rather than assert
that the noun inflects for person (with values 3
and 4
only).
Yet another option would be to include the nominal inflection under Case
marking, i.e., a noun with the obviative morpheme would be Case=Acc
and
the unmarked nouns would be Case=Nom
. However, such an extension could be
perceived as stretching the usual definition of case too far. The main oddity
would be that it only applies to third-person referents and only if two such
referents compete as arguments of the same verb. If one argument of the verb
is first-person and the other third-person, both will stay in the “nominative”
regardless of their semantic roles. Therefore, defining a new feature,
separate from Case
, is probably a better and less confusing solution.
- Cāniy kī-wīcihēw Mērīwa. “Johnny helped Mary.” (direct voice)
- Cānīwa kī-wīcihēw Mēriy. “Mary helped Johnny.” (direct voice)
- Cāniy kī-wīcihik Mērīwa. “Mary helped Johnny. / Johnny was helped by Mary.” (inverse voice)
- Cānīwa kī-wīcihik Mēriy. “Johnny helped Mary.   PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Gloss=.
# text = Cāniy kī-wīcihik Mērīwa.
# text_en = Mary helped Johnny.  PUNCT _ _ 2 punct _ Gloss=.
# text = Cānīwa kī-wīcihik Mēriy.
# text_en = Johnny helped Mary.
Even though Plains Cree does not use morphological cases to distinguish agents
from patients, there is a form of nouns that can be classified as the locative
case (Case=Loc
). It clearly marks the noun as oblique and unable to be
cross-referenced by verbal inflection. The other, bare nominal forms, could
then be tagged as nominative (Case=Nom
), or, optionally, left with the Case
feature empty.
- Akocikanihk nikī-ahāwak nitastisak.
Adpositions may accompany the locative, too:
- Nikī-nīhtināw akocikanihk ohci.
Morphological Features
This chapter is primarily about relations between a VERB (possibly accompanied by an AUX), and its nominal dependents (typically headed by a NOUN, PROPN or PRON).
If the language uses morphological case to mark the relation between the
predicate and its arguments, the Case feature should be used to annotate
the form of the nominal. If nouns are unmarked and only personal pronouns
inflect for case, then nouns omit the feature. However, if one form of a lemma
has a non-empty Case
feature, then preferably all other forms should also
receive that feature (that is, morphologically “unmarked” forms should get
nominative or absolutive rather than an empty value). If the noun itself does
not inflect but its case is determined by a function word that modifies it
(such as a DET), then the function word will bear the Case
feature.
The UD guidelines currently do not specify whether the same approach should be
taken when the case is determined by an adposition (ADP), i.e., whether
the adposition should bear the Case
feature. (Some languages can combine
morphological case of nouns with prepositions. The noun paradigm defines the
repertory of case values in the language, while the preposition would typically
add meaning corresponding to cases that are not known in the language, although
they are known in other languages. Hence it would look unnatural to add the
new case values to the description of the language, and to use them only with
adpositions.)
In languages like Plains Cree, nominals will also have the feature
Obviation with values Prx
and Obv
. Depending on language, some other
nominal features may be relevant because they are cross-referenced by the
verb (Number, Gender, Animacy etc.) but marking the verb-noun
relation is usually not their only purpose. Personal pronouns also bear the
Person feature, often cross-referenced by verbs, but nouns do not.
A noun almost always denotes a third-person participant.
For more details on nominal features see Simple Noun Phrases.
If the verb cross-references one core argument in its own morphology, the verb should be annotated with the same features (Person, Number, Gender, Animacy, Polite, Obviation). In some languages these features are not marked directly on the main verb but rather on an auxiliary verb that accompanies it; the annotation should appear on the word that really bears the morphology.
If the verb cross-references two or more arguments, layered features
must be used. Language-specific guidelines must specify whether all layers
will have identifiers in square brackets, or whether one of the layers
(typically the one cross-referencing the subject) can be treated as default.
Identifiers of non-default layers consist of lowercase English letters and
typically refer to either grammatical relations ([subj] and [obj]) or case
of the argument ([erg], [abs], [dat], [nom], [acc]), whichever suits the
situation in the concrete language better. For example, auxiliary verbs in
Basque cross-reference one, two or three arguments, and their cases are
ergative, absolutive or dative. So the auxiliary die will have features
Number[erg]=Sing
, Person[erg]=3
, Number[dat]=Plur
, Person[dat]=3
,
Number[abs]=Sing
, and Person[abs]=3
. None of the three layers is treated
as default in Basque UD, all features have explicit layer identifiers.
Of course, there are many other verbal features but they are not relevant to the topic of this chapter and they are described elsewhere.
Summary of Relations
The features discussed in this chapter are nsubj, obj (core arguments), obl and obl:arg (oblique dependents).
- nsubj — nominal subject, corresponding to the S function in intransitive clauses and to the A function in transitive clauses.
- obj — nominal object, corresponding to the P function in transitive clauses.
- obl — nominal oblique argument or adjunct.
If some of the
obl
subtypes are used in the language, then the bareobl
denotes the remaining situations not covered by the subtypes.- obl:arg — oblique argument (if the data provider decides to distinguish it from adjuncts)
There are other optional subtypes of these relations defined elsewhere in this documentation or in language-specific guidelines. If such subtypes exist, then quite naturally the label without subtype denotes only the remaining cases, not covered by subtypes.


| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| MixIdealGasAir | Ideal gas air medium model |
| FlueGas | Ideal gas flue gas model |
| N2AsMix | Air and steam mixture (no condensation!, pseudo-mixture) |
| IdealGasN2 | Test IdealGas.SingleMedia.N2 medium model |
| IdealGasN2Mix | Test IdealGas.SingleMedia.N2 medium model |


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{:setStr(strip_tags($good->content),50)} |
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|
| Price | {foreach $user->compares()->select() as $good}{$good->a_price==0?$good->price:$good->a_price}(元) | {/foreach}|
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| 操作 | {foreach $user->compares()->select() as $good}{/foreach} |


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Cacti - T. Pachanoi & Morning Glory
After 2 failed attempts at a Mescaline trip (1 wrong cactus, 1 not enough for any pronounced effects) I finally got it right. I prepared the cactus by first cutting off aprox. 2 feet with an axe (4in. diameter). Next I de-spined it with an exacto knife, then skinned it, and cut off the green outer-most flesh. This process took about 1.5 hours in all. I put the green material into a large pot with water and let it soak overnight. The next morning I boiled it for about 1.5 hours, and strained it. I took the pieces of cactus and blended them up, added wated and boiled for 15 more minutes, then strained this mixture through a metal coffee filter, getting about 2 more large cups of green liquid. I then drank the liquid slowly starting at 9:45am, violently barfing at 11:00, and drinking 2 more glasses at 11:10am. Nothing I tried helped the taste very much, but what worked the best was just pretending I didn't taste it, then drinking some water.
The first effects were felt at 12pm. It felt like shrooms, but much smoother and did not come on as abruptly. Distortions in my sight, arms/limbs seeming like foreign things, etc. By 12:30 plants in pictures were growing, walls breathing, and carpet was swirling around. I then decided to strengthen this trip by drinking the MG fluid I had made 3 days pervious by grinding up 125 MG seeds along with about 20 coffee seeds in a coffee grinder and let them sit in a water bottle for 2 days, then filtered the mixture and left it in my closet. I tasted good, like slightly sweetened coffee. This came on in about 15 minutes, reaching full strength in another 15 minutes.
I began to hear trees, birds, bugs, etc talking to me and comforting my soul. It was not a sharp feeling like I normally assiociate with acid, the mescaline definantly smoothed it completely out, and in turn the MG strengthened the trip. I sat outside and felt completely in harmony with all the universe. I realized that problems I had recently (depression/anger/confusion from 2 very shitty years in a row) been having were because I let the mundane insignifigant stuff pile up on top of the inner joy that everyone posseses. This feeling of peace was not overwhelming just from the mescaline alone, but took some meditation and relaxation to acheive. Time passed very very slowly. I starred at a tree for about an hour, then went inside and watched TV for another 2 hours going back and forth outside and inside.
4 hours after drinking the MG mixture, I felt it wearing off, so I ground up and drank the remaining 3.75g of seeds. This mixture hit me very fast, about 10 mins after the 1st drink, I was beginning to feel like I had taken too much after a hose turned into a mean looking snake, and it felt very much like a strong acid trip with very jagged thoughts and I began hearing very faint screams inside my head. At this point I just concentrated on some beautiful blue flowers went with the flow to avoid having a great trip turn into a bad one, which worked well and soon enough (about 10 mins) the mescaline smoothed the MG seeds over. The strong trip lasted until about 10pm with no noticable peak after 12:30pm. When I began to come down and feel incredibly hungry. I still felt dissociated with my body, and colors were still very vivid. At about 11:30 I was able to sleep after lying in bed for an hour.
What struck me about the trip was that the next day I remembered everything perfectly, very unlike shrooms or acid where I forget most everything that I found so cool during the trip. My head stayed very clear and conscience. While coming down I had a great feeling of relief like I had just intensely cried for an hour and had no more troubles on my mind. I tripped alone at my house in a comfortable setting. It is a very long trip, so prepare well and happy tripping.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Located behind McKay Hall, Drollinger Field is a perfect place for soccer!
Not just for working out! The Burns Rec center is your go to for a game of pick up Basketball.
Located between Regents Terrace and Sacred Heart Chapel, the Sunken Gardens is another wide open space where you can find spikeball and volleyball.
Check out Doolan 112 for the best lab on campus! Here you can find your video and table-top gaming events.


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Spoilers: Surprise Emmerdale romance for Tracy ahead of exit story
Emmerdale is lining up a new romance for Tracy Shankley (Amy Walsh) and Pete Barton (Anthony Quinlan) towards the end of this year – but fans are already preparing themselves for disaster as Pete is due to exit the show before long.
It was recently reported that Anthony would soon finish filming with the show, meaning that any hope of a long term future for him and Tracy seems to have been dashed. Both characters are pretty unlucky in love after the breakdown of relationships with David Metcalfe (Matthew Wolfenden) and Rhona Goskirk (Zoe Henry) – and that doesn’t seem set to change.
However, quite how far the romance goes – and how it will conclude – remains to be seen as details of Pete’s exit story remains under wraps.
Speaking to The Inside Soap Yearbook 2020, Amy teased: ‘There’s a flirtation going on between Tracy and Pete at the moment, so I’m hoping she’ll get some kind of happiness there. I want her to find love, even if it’s not with Pete.
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‘I’d love to work with Matthew again, but getting back with David isn’t the right thing for Tracy. She’s too good for him!’
The other relationship in Tracy’s life has been that with her sister Vanessa Woodfield (Michelle Hardwick) as both women have dealt with the fallout of Frank’s death differently.
Amy explained: ‘I think it’s really nice to see the sisters’ relationship and how they deal with their grief very differently. It’s an extremely important message to tell, because people on the outside might make judgements about the way they are dealing with things: they haven’t got upset or they’re not coping but it proves that everyone takes it at their own pace.
‘It’s much more interesting to watch the dynamics between the two of them than it would be to have them both sat crying every day.’
The Inside Soap Yearbook is on sale now.


H.B. Woodrose & Coffee
Previous experience: Loads of alcohol & cannabis
The very first time I took HBWR seeds, I wanted to avoid the nausea.
I didn't eat for 6-7 hours. I removed the light-brownish husks with
nails and a knife. I chew 4 seeds for 15 minutes and then I spitted
everything out. It didn't work so well. In one particular moment I
felt like I was totally numb and later on I felt like I was going
to fell asleep. I also smoked some hashish because I didn't really
believe the seeds we're working. And while I was doing this I drank
couple of beers.  I
can't truly tell if I was intoxicated by the seeds or not.
The next morning, I prepared for the nausea. First I removed once
again carefully the light-brownish husks from the seeds. Then I
ground up 6 seeds in 3 different cups, each holding 2 seeds.
I boiled some mineral water, let it cool down to 60 celsius and
added that into every cup. I waited for 2-3 hours for the mixtures
to cool down into room temperature. I also didn't eat anything for
4 hours. Just 10 minutes before I started to ingest the actual
mixture, I ate a teaspoonfull of ginger. Some people claim it
helps avoiding the nausea. The taste of ginger is not so pleasant.
It burns all the way down my throat and into my stomach.
After the 'ginger hell' I drank 2 cups of my mixture, so I had
ingested total of 4 seeds. After 15-20 minutes, I started to feel
light-headed. I had to resist the vomiting.  I knew I had to.
Still, I resisted. It was quite difficult to relax or to walk, I
felt like I was a bit drunk and I wanted to vomit. I decided to wait
for 60 minutes, and then I would throw up if I had to. Right after
this I realized, I could control my feelings quite well. I could
sing along with some piece of music and forget the urge for vomiting.
I believed I could control these kind of feelings, I believed it was
all in my head. I carefully chose good songs to make me feel better.
And it did. I also did some things I really like, playing guitar,
singing & such. All these things made me feel even better.
The only downside, besides the urge for vomiting, was the feeling
of drowsyness... I even made some coffee just to keep me awake.
Then I wanted to drink the last cup of 2 seeds mixture I made earlier.
I drank it and went to see my friend. I still felt like I was only a bit
drunk. When I reached my friends residence, we watched a video and smoked
some cannabis. I told my friend what I had done and he didn't seem to care,
I felt like I had no-one to tell this.
Then, from out of nowhere, appeared a new world in front of me.
I started to realize things from a totally new perspective.
I knew I had to leave immediately. The information that kept
coming from things I did there was too much. I told my friend
I couldn't concentrate for what we we're doing because I was
somewhere else, doing something else. And then I left.
When I was walking back home, I saw a group of people who were
sitting in a bar nearby. They all arose and left the bar as soon
as I walked by. At first, I thought to myself, am I that horrible?
Then I realized they split up because they were going somewhere else.
It was the relief of my life. And as I continued walking back home,
I saw some elderly people as well, they looked at me and I swear,
I knew exactly what they were thinking. So I reacted differently,
and I saw how it affected them. I believed I could control this
situation. It was all just a matter of understanding gestures.
And those gestures had always been there for me. But only now, I could
understand those gestures so well that I could control the situation.
I was quite polite and I enjoyed it. And it made me feel good too.
When I got back home, I saw my entire life like a book. It was all
there. I just never realized it, because it didn't have any meaning.
By looking any object I own, I saw where it had come from, why it
was there, why I liked it and why I chose to keep it. I remembered
all the things it had been through, where was it made, who had played
with it and so on... In my everyday life, I pass by many things
I have gathered throughout my years of existence like it didn't
mean anything to me. Well it does. I just never stop there to
see and understand the meaning of it all. But this time I could see.
I was so overwhelmingly happy of all the objects I had received from
thousands of different sources it made me smile. It made me cherish
life itself.
Then I got an another idea. I wanted to record a video of myself
thinking these kinds of things. In case I would forget how happy I was.
It was a difficult task. I had to remind myself of what I was doing
for every 5 seconds. I just saw the camera and I remembered every little
recording the camera had ever recorded and every little detail of the
camera made me remember where it was damaged and so on... When I finally
managed to assemble it, I started recording. It was impossible to speak
those things which were inside my head. It was all too much.  Every sentence I started, ended prematurely as
my mind drifted away with the memories I encountered everywhere I gazed
upon. This is when I decided not to record anymore.
I went to my bed to lie down and enjoy. I have no idea how long I was
there, since time had no meaning at all. Or at least, I didn't care.
The rest of my trip I embraced life and tried to focus my thoughts
to gain understanding of life. And I did understand. The trip
was over in about 6 hours or so, and I started to feel the after
effects. I called my friend to come see me and apologized why
I was so rude earlier. He said he understanded why I did it, and
I understanded it too. We smoked some pot, watched some videos and
had a great time. Afterwards we just fell asleep.
Conclusion:
At the first time, I didn't take enough seeds and my technique was
totally incorrect. The next time I drank the seed mixtures I was
successful and had just the right amount. I had some slight visuals
too, not worth mentioning though. The inner adventure I had was so
much more. I still feel happy about my journey, and I believe my
journey was successful because my timing was right. My life was so
perfect at the time it reflected my trip very pleasantly. Also I would
like to point out the side-effects I had, the terrible nausea at first
and the hangover which included 'foggy' mind, thirst and numb legs.
Still, it was the price to pay and I will certainly do this again.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


| # | Location | Contractor Name | Cleanliness factor |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Public Toilet - Janpath | Shailendra Pal | 88 % |
| 2 | Public Toilet - CP | Rishi Singh | 86 % |
| 3 | Public Toilet - NDRS | Madan Manjerekar | 82 % |
| 4 | Public Toilet - Janpath | Azad Hussain | 81 % |
| 5 | Public Toilet - Tilak Nagar | Mohan Joshi | 77 % |
| # | First Name | Last Name | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Shailendra | Pal | Public Toilet - Janpath |
| 2 | Rishi | Singh | Public Toilet - CP |
| 3 | Madan | Manjerekar | Public Toilet - NDRS |
| 4 | Azad | Hussain | Public Toilet - Janpath |
| 5 | Mohan | Joshi | Public Toilet - Tilak Nagar |
| 6 | Om | Praksah | Public Toilet - Janpath |
| 7 | Rishpal | Singh | Public Toilet - CP |
| 8 | Pravesh | Lal | Public Toilet - NDRS |
| 9 | Amit | Yadav | Public Toilet - Janpath |
| 10 | Hira | Lal | Public Toilet - Tilak Nagar |


MADAME PERNELLE and FLIPOTTE, her servant; ELMIRE, MARIANE, CLÉANTE, DAMIS, DORINE
Madame Pernelle
Come, come, Flipotte, and let me get away.
Elmire
You hurry so, I hardly can attend you.
Madame Pernelle
Then don’t, my daughter-in-law. Stay where you are.
I can dispense with your polite attentions.

Why must you go away in such a hurry?
Madame Pernelle
Because I can’t endure your carryings-on,
And no one takes the slightest pains to please me.

Dorine
If…

Damis
But…
Madame Pernelle
You’re a fool, my boy—f, o, o, l
Just spells your name.
Mariane
I think…
Madame Pernelle
O dearie me, his little sister!
You’re all demureness, butter wouldn’t melt
In your mouth, one would think to look at you.
Still waters, though, they say … you know the proverb;
And I don’t like your doings on the sly.
Elmire
But, mother…
Madame Pernelle
Daughter, by your leave, your conduct
In everything is altogether wrong;
You ought to set a good example for ’em;
Their dear departed mother did much better.
You are extravagant; and it offends me,
To see you always decked out like a princess.
A woman who would please her husband’s eyes
Alone, wants no such wealth of fineries.
Cléante
But, madam, after all…
Madame Pernelle
Sir, as for you,
The lady’s brother, I esteem you highly,
Love and respect you. But, sir, all the same,
If I were in my son’s, her husband’s, place,
I’d urgently entreat you not to come
Within our doors. You preach a way of living
That decent people cannot tolerate.
I’m rather frank with you; but that’s my way—
I don’t mince matters, when I mean a thing.
Damis
Mr. Tartuffe, your friend, is mighty lucky…
Madame Pernelle
He is a holy man, and must be heeded;
I can’t endure, with any show of patience,
To hear a scatterbrains like you attack him.
Damis
What!
And shall we never dare amuse ourselves
Till this fine gentleman deigns to consent?
Dorine
If we must hark to him, and heed his maxims,
There’s not a thing we do but what’s a crime;
He censures everything, this zealous carper.
Madame Pernelle
And all he censures is well censured, too.
He wants to guide you on the way to heaven;
My son should train you all to love him well.
Damis
No, madam, look you, nothing—not my father
Nor anything—can make me tolerate him.
I should belie my feelings not to say so.
His actions rouse my wrath at every turn;
And I foresee that there must come of it
An open rupture with this sneaking scoundrel.
Dorine
Besides, ’tis downright scandalous to see
This unknown upstart master of the house—
This vagabond, who hadn’t, when he came,
Shoes to his feet, or clothing worth six farthings,
And who so far forgets his place, as now
To censure everything, and rule the roost!
Madame Pernelle
Eh! Mercy sakes alive! Things would go better
If all were governed by his pious orders.
Dorine
He passes for a saint in your opinion.

Madame Pernelle
Just listen to her tongue!
Dorine
I wouldn’t trust him,
Nor yet his Lawrence, without bonds and surety.
Madame Pernelle
I don’t know what the servant’s character
May be; but I can guarantee the master
A holy man. You hate him and reject him
Because he tells home truths to all of you.
’Tis sin alone that moves his heart to anger,
And heaven’s interest is his only motive.
Dorine
Of course. But why, especially of late,
Can he let nobody come near the house?
Is heaven offended at a civil call
That he should make so great a fuss about it?

Madame Pernelle
You hold your tongue, and think what you are saying.
He’s not alone in censuring these visits;
The turmoil that attends your sort of people,
Their carriages forever at the door,
And all their noisy footmen, flocked together,
Annoy the neighbourhood, and raise a scandal.
I’d gladly think there’s nothing really wrong;
But it makes talk; and that’s not as it should be.
Cléante
Eh! madam, can you hope to keep folk’s tongues
From wagging? It would be a grievous thing
If, for the fear of idle talk about us,
We had to sacrifice our friends. No, no;
Even if we could bring ourselves to do it,
Think you that everyone would then be silenced?
Against backbiting there is no defence
So let us try to live in innocence,
To silly tattle pay no heed at all,
And leave the gossips free to vent their gall.

Those whose own conduct’s most ridiculous,
Are always quickest to speak ill of others;
They never fail to seize at once upon
The slightest hint of any love affair,
And spread the news of it with glee, and give it
The character they’d have the world believe in.
By others’ actions, painted in their colours,
They hope to justify their own; they think,
In the false hope of some resemblance, either
To make their own intrigues seem innocent,
Or else to make their neighbours share the blame
Which they are loaded with by everybody.
Madame Pernelle
These arguments are nothing to the purpose.
Orante, we all know, lives a perfect life;
Her thoughts are all of heaven; and I have heard
That she condemns the company you keep.
Dorine
O admirable pattern! Virtuous dame!
She lives the model of austerity;
But age has brought this piety upon her,
And she’s a prude, now she can’t help herself.
As long as she could capture men’s attentions
She made the most of her advantages;
But, now she sees her beauty vanishing,
She wants to leave the world, that’s leaving her,
And in the specious veil of haughty virtue
She’d hide the weakness of her worn-out charms.
That is the way with all your old coquettes;
They find it hard to see their lovers leave ’em;
And thus abandoned, their forlorn estate
Can find no occupation but a prude’s.
These pious dames, in their austerity,
Must carp at everything, and pardon nothing.
They loudly blame their neighbours’ way of living,
Not for religion’s sake, but out of envy,
Because they can’t endure to see another
Enjoy the pleasures age has weaned them from.
Madame Pernelle (to ELMIRE)
There! That’s the kind of rigmarole to please you,
Daughter-in-law. One never has a chance
To get a word in edgewise, at your house,
Because this lady holds the floor all day;
But none the less, I mean to have my say, too.

These visits, these assemblies, and these balls,
Are all inventions of the evil spirit.
You never hear a word of godliness
At them—but idle cackle, nonsense, flimflam.
Our neighbour often comes in for a share,
The talk flies fast, and scandal fills the air;
It makes a sober person’s head go round,
At these assemblies, just to hear the sound
Of so much gab, with not a word to say;
And as a learned man remarked one day
Most aptly, ’tis the Tower of Babylon,
Where all, beyond all limit, babble on.
And just to tell you how this point came in…
(To CLÉANTE)
So! Now the gentlemen must snicker, must he?

(To ELMIRE)
Daughter, good-bye; not one word more.
As for this house, I leave the half unsaid;
But I shan’t soon set foot in it again,
(Cuffing FLIPOTTE)
Come, you! What makes you dream and stand agape,
Hussy! I’ll warm your ears in proper shape!
March, trollop, march!
CLÉANTE, DORINE
Cléante
I won’t escort her down,
For fear she might fall foul of me again;
The good old lady…
Dorine
Bless us!
She’d surely tell you you’re too “good” by half,
And that she’s not so “old” as all that, neither!
Cléante
How she got angry with us all for nothing!
And how she seems possessed with her Tartuffe!
Dorine
Her case is nothing, though, beside her son’s!
To see him, you would say he’s ten times worse!
His conduct in our late unpleasantness
Had won him much esteem, and proved his courage
In service of his king; but now he’s like
A man besotted, since he’s been so taken
With this Tartuffe.  He tells him all his secrets
And lets him guide his acts, and rule his conscience.
He fondles and embraces him; a sweetheart
Could not, I think, be loved more tenderly;
At table he must have the seat of honour,
While with delight our master sees him eat
As much as six men could; we must give up
The choicest tidbits to him; if he belches, (’tis a servant speaking)
Master exclaims: “God bless you!”—Oh, he dotes
Upon him! he’s his universe, his hero;
He’s lost in constant admiration, quotes him
On all occasions, takes his trifling acts
For wonders, and his words for oracles.
The fellow knows his dupe, and makes the most on’t,
He fools him with a hundred masks of virtue,
Gets money from him all the time by canting,
And takes upon himself to carp at us.
Even his silly coxcomb of a lackey
Makes it his business to instruct us too;
He comes with rolling eyes to preach at us,
And throws away our ribbons, rouge, and patches.
The wretch, the other day, tore up a kerchief
That he had found, pressed in the Golden Legend,
Calling it a horrid crime for us to mingle
The devil’s finery with holy things.
ELMIRE, MARIANE, DAMIS, CLÉANTE, DORINE
Elmire, to CLÉANTE
You’re very lucky to have missed the speech
She gave us at the door. I see my husband
Is home again. He hasn’t seen me yet,
So I’ll go up and wait till he comes in.
Cléante
And I, to save time, will await him here;
I’ll merely say good-morning, and be gone.
CLÉANTE, DAMIS, DORINE
Damis
I wish you’d say a word to him about
My sister’s marriage; I suspect Tartuffe
Opposes it, and puts my father up
To all these wretched shifts. You know, besides,
How nearly I’m concerned in it myself;
If love unites my sister and Valere,
I love his sister too; and if this marriage
Were to…
Dorine
He’s coming.
ORGON, CLÉANTE, DORINE
Orgon
Ah! Good morning, brother.
Cléante
I was just going, but am glad to greet you.
Things are not far advanced yet, in the country?
Orgon
Dorine…
(To CLÉANTE)
Just wait a bit, please, brother-in-law.
Let me allay my first anxiety
By asking news about the family.
(To DORINE)
Has everything gone well these last two days?
What’s happening? And how is everybody?
Dorine
Madam had fever, and a splitting headache
Day before yesterday, all day and evening.
Orgon
And how about Tartuffe?
Dorine
Tartuffe? He’s well;
He’s mighty well; stout, fat, fair, rosy-lipped.
Orgon
Poor man!
Dorine
At evening she had nausea
And could’t touch a single thing for supper,
Her headache still was so severe.
Orgon
And how
About Tartuffe?
Dorine
He supped alone, before her,
And unctuously ate up two partridges,
As well as half a leg o’ mutton, deviled.
Orgon
Poor man!
Dorine
All night she couldn’t get a wink
Of sleep, the fever racked her so; and we
Had to sit up with her till daylight.
Orgon
How
About Tartuffe?
Dorine
Gently inclined to slumber,
He left the table, went into his room,
Got himself straight into a good warm bed,
And slept quite undisturbed until next morning.
Orgon
Poor man!
Dorine
At last she let us all persuade her,
And got up courage to be bled; and then
She was relieved at once.
Orgon
And how about
Tartuffe?
Dorine
He plucked up courage properly,
Bravely entrenched his soul against all evils,
And to replace the blood that she had lost,
He drank at breakfast four huge draughts of wine.
Orgon
Poor man!
Dorine
So now they both are doing well;
And I’ll go straightway and inform my mistress
How pleased you are at her recovery.

Was such infatuation ever heard of?
And can a man to-day have charms to make you
Forget all else, relieve his poverty,
Give him a home, and then…?
Orgon
Stop there, good brother,
You do not know the man you’re speaking of.
Cléante
Since you will have it so, I do not know him;
But after all, to tell what sort of man
He is…
Orgon
Dear brother, you’d be charmed to know him;
Your raptures over him would have no end.
He is a man … who … ah! … in fact … a man
Whoever does his will, knows perfect peace,
And counts the whole world else, as so much dung.
His converse has transformed me quite; he weans
My heart from every friendship, teaches me
To have no love for anything on earth;
And I could see my brother, children, mother,
And wife, all die, and never care—a snap.
Cléante
Your feelings are humane, I must say, brother!
Orgon
Ah! If you’d seen him, as I saw him first,
You would have loved him just as much as I
He came to church each day, with contrite mien,
Kneeled, on both knees, right opposite my place,
And drew the eyes of all the congregation,
To watch the fervour of his prayers to heaven;
With deep-drawn sighs and great ejaculations,
He humbly kissed the earth at every moment;
And when I left the church, he ran before me
To give me holy water at the door.
I learned his poverty, and who he was,
By questioning his servant, who is like him,
And gave him gifts; but in his modesty
He always wanted to return a part.
“It is too much,” he’d say, “too much by half;
I am not worthy of your pity.” Then,
When I refused to take it back, he’d go,
Before my eyes, and give it to the poor.
At length heaven bade me take him to my home,
And since that day, all seems to prosper here.
He censures everything, and for my sake
He even takes great interest in my wife;
He lets me know who ogles her, and seems
Six times as jealous as I am myself.
You’d not believe how far his zeal can go:
He calls himself a sinner just for trifles;
The merest nothing is enough to shock him;
So much so, that the other day I heard him
Accuse himself for having, while at prayer,
In too much anger caught and killed a flea.
Cléante
Zounds, brother, you are mad, I think! Or else
You’re making sport of me, with such a speech.
What are you driving at with all this nonsense…?

Cléante
That is the usual strain of all your kind;
They must have every one as blind as they.
They call you atheist if you have good eyes;
And if you don’t adore their vain grimaces,
You’ve neither faith nor care for sacred things.
No, no; such talk can’t frighten me; I know
What I am saying; heaven sees my heart.
We’re not the dupes of all your canting mummers;
There are false heroes—and false devotees;
And as true heroes never are the ones
Who make much noise about their deeds of honour,
Just so true devotees, whom we should follow,
Are not the ones who make so much vain show.
What! Will you find no difference between
Hypocrisy and genuine devoutness?
And will you treat them both alike, and pay
The self-same honour both to masks and faces
Set artifice beside sincerity,
Confuse the semblance with reality,
Esteem a phantom like a living person,
And counterfeit as good as honest coin?
Men, for the most part, are strange creatures, truly!
You never find them keep the golden mean;
The limits of good sense, too narrow for them,
Must always be passed by, in each direction;
They often spoil the noblest things, because
They go too far, and push them to extremes.
I merely say this by the way, good brother.

All men, compared to you, are downright fools.
Cléante
I’m not the sole expounder of the doctrine,
And wisdom shall not die with me, good brother.
But this I know, though it be all my knowledge,
That there’s a difference ’twixt false and true.
And as I find no kind of hero more
To be admired than men of true religion,
Nothing more noble or more beautiful
Than is the holy zeal of true devoutness;
Just so I think there’s naught more odious
Than whited sepulchres of outward unction,
Those barefaced charlatans, those hireling zealots,
Whose sacrilegious, treacherous pretence
Deceives at will, and with impunity
Makes mockery of all that men hold sacred;
Men who, enslaved to selfish interests,
Make trade and merchandise of godliness,
And try to purchase influence and office
With false eye-rollings and affected raptures;
Those men, I say, who with uncommon zeal
Seek their own fortunes on the road to heaven;
Who, skilled in prayer, have always much to ask,
And live at court to preach retirement;
Who reconcile religion with their vices,
Are quick to anger, vengeful, faithless, tricky,
And, to destroy a man, will have the boldness
To call their private grudge the cause of heaven;
All the more dangerous, since in their anger
They use against us weapons men revere,
And since they make the world applaud their passion,
And seek to stab us with a sacred sword.
There are too many of this canting kind.
Still, the sincere are easy to distinguish;
And many splendid patterns may be found,
In our own time, before our very eyes
Look at Ariston, Périandre, Oronte,
Alcidamas, Clitandre, and Polydore;
No one denies their claim to true religion;
Yet they’re no braggadocios of virtue,
They do not make insufferable display,
And their religion’s human, tractable;
They are not always judging all our actions,
They’d think such judgment savoured of presumption;
And, leaving pride of words to other men,
’Tis by their deeds alone they censure ours.
Evil appearances find little credit
With them; they even incline to think the best
Of others. No caballers, no intriguers,
They mind the business of their own right living.
They don’t attack a sinner tooth and nail,
For sin’s the only object of their hatred;
Nor are they over-zealous to attempt
Far more in heaven’s behalf than heaven would have ’em.
That is my kind of man, that is true living,
That is the pattern we should set ourselves.
Your fellow was not fashioned on this model;
You’re quite sincere in boasting of his zeal;
But you’re deceived, I think, by false pretences.
Orgon
My dear good brother-in-law, have you quite done?
Cléante
Yes.
Orgon
I’m your humble servant.
(Starts to go.)
Cléante
Just a word.
We’ll drop that other subject. But you know
Valere has had the promise of your daughter.
Orgon
Yes.
Cléante
You had named the happy day.
Orgon
’Tis true.
Cléante
Then why put off the celebration of it?
Orgon
I can’t say.
Cléante
Can you have some other plan
In mind?
Orgon
Perhaps
Cléante
You mean to break your word?
Orgon
I don’t say that.
Cléante
I hope no obstacle
Can keep you from performing what you’ve promised.
Orgon
Well, that depends.
Cléante
Why must you beat about?
Valere has sent me here to settle matters.
Orgon
Heaven be praised!
Cléante
What answer shall I take him?
Orgon
Why, anything you please.
Cléante
But we must know
Your plans. What are they?
Orgon
I shall do the will
Of Heaven.
Cléante
Come, be serious. You’ve given
Your promise to Valère. Now will you keep it?
Orgon
Good-bye.
Cléante (alone)
His love, methinks, has much to fear;
I must go let him know what’s happening here.


PSALMS 48
A psalm written by one of the descendants of Korah
1 Yahweh is great, and he deserves to be greatly praised in the city where he lives,
which is built on Zion, his sacred hill.
2 That city on a high hill is beautiful;
it is the city where the true God, the great king, lives,
and it causes people all over the world to rejoice when they see it.
3 God is in the strong towers there,
and he shows that he protects the people in that city.
4 Many kings gathered with their armies to attack our city,
5 but when they saw it, they were amazed;
they became terrified, and ran away.
6 Because they were very afraid, they trembled
like a woman who is about to give birth to a child.
7 They shook as ships sailing from Tarshish shake in a strong wind.
8 We had heard that this city was glorious,
and now we have seen that it is.
It is the city in which Yahweh, Commander of the angel armies, lives.
It is the city that God will preserve forever.
9 God, here in your temple we think about how you love us as you promised to do.
10 People all over the earth will praise you
because you rule powerfully and justly.
11 The people who live at Mount Zion should be happy!
The people in all the cities of Judah should rejoice
because you judge people fairly.
12 You Israelite people should walk around Mount Zion
and count the towers there;
13 notice the walls there and examine their strongest parts
so that you can tell your children about them.
14 Say to your children, "This is the city of our God, the one who lives forever;
he will guide us during all of our lives."


 I went from smoking pot 5 times a day to maybe twice a month if i was lucky, not to mention the complete stopage of various other substances, which i used sporadically.
It's extremely easy to maintain alcohol on a budget in school, but i've never really been a big drinker, because i can't stand the taste. Eventually, because of the limited cash flow, i began to explore over the counter highs. I started off with DXM, which i did maybe 10 times, and i never really found it overly enjoyable. I tried to learn to like alcohol, but i just couldn't get over the taste, the dizzy feeling, and the sickness to my stomach. Not to mention the occasional passing out, throwing up, and hangovers. I was running out of options, aside from sobriety (ha!) when i first tried diphenhydramine, in the form of benadryl. I broke enough tablets into a cup of soda to be 300mg, then downed the whole nasty-ass drink (which still was better than alcohol thank you very much).
Most of the reports I read involving diphenhydramine were horror stories, but i actually enjoyed it.  The draw for me was feeling normal, aside from feeling like the gravity is much stronger, and seeing this stuff that seems so real, but you know it's not. I did this numerous times, and each time i dosed i was sleeping longer and longer. I finally quit when one time i took the diphenhydramine at 6pm, then woke up at 10pm.........the next day.
It was a moderately rough withdrawal, but nothing i couldn't handle. Unfortunately, something within me had changed. I think it had something to do with the way diphenhydramine skews the difference between fiction and reality. After I quit, I no longer had the coma-like sleeps, so I began to dream again. My dreams were no longer normal, however. What i mean by 'normal' though, is having weird things happen in my dreams: thats normal. Falling off a cliff and waking up just before you hit the ground, that's normal. The dreams I was having now were so realistic that i was constantly wondering if i were awake.
 I would talk to my girlfriend, open my eyes and ask her about it, only to find i had dreamed the entire episode. These dreams were so real that i could touch things, smell things, feel heat and cold, everything you can do when you're awake. The common way in which we forget dreams didn't apply either. I remeber these dreams like they were actual events. I wonder to this day how much there is that I remember, but didn't actually happen.
This went on for months. That is, until i received 100mg of 5-meo-dmt. I had tried it one or two times before, without producing more than ringing ears and an intense body high, but nothing special. Then one night, just for fun, i spinkled a small amount of crystals into a spoon, heated it with a lighter, and took two hits through a straw. I laid back in my bed, and let the effects set in. As i felt my head expanding, I felt myself go into a very peaceful meditative state. I had tried meditation, some years before, and that is why i am able to relate the two experiences. My mind was floating in a silent, black abyss.  I think my mind was being cleansed of my previous 'mind-condensing' experiences.
I'm not sure how long it took, it seemed like an eternity, but all of a sudden something appeared in my field of view that was like acid eating away at my consciousness. It looked kind of like if I looked down at a sheet of paper while I burned it from underneath with a lighter; the way the flame spreads and consumes the paper.  From that night forth, i no longer had the diphenhydramine dreams (nightmares?), and I sleep soundly, thanks to this powerful substance.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.