Designing a State Machine without conditionals
05 May 2015I've recently worked in a project, where we had the opportunity to design and implement an SMS sending component, and I'd like to share our experience while elaborating the solution, and also a quick example.
The general idea was to generate calls to an external SMS sending API when certain events occur on 3 distinct web applications (a.k.a Channels). Given an event, the state transition it generates, and also depending on some rules (State Machine) it may be the case to generate an SMS send or not.
There were other internals which I'm going to bypass on this article. For sake of focus this article will go through the State machine internal design only, showing how we made it without handling any sort of conditionals directly.
What is wrong with my IFs?
Oh my god. First they avoided goto. Then they avoided switch. Then they started eliding pointers. Now they avoid ifs! - Quoted from StackOverflow
Well, this brings another good discussion to the table... I might post it later. Meanwhile, here are some references around this topic:
- Replace Conditional with Polymorphism
- If-less programming (basically without conditionals)
- Anti IF Campaign
- http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1167589/anti-if-campaign
- https://www.codeweavers.net/developer-blog/the-anti-if-campaign
- http://standardcode.eu/tag/anti-if
The design components
Having a good design, properly separating the concerns and making them explicit for the team through a clear communication are some of the challenges around solving any kind of software problem, and it was not different on this case.
Our constraints
- 5 developers on the team which were supposed to work simultaneously on this codebase
- Not much time available
- Parallelize the development
- Components isolation
- Testability
- Readability
In short, we wanted the things the more meaningfull and changeable as possible (Clean code).
These are the main components which were designed (the state machine core):
- Transitions: Given the state machine nature, we need to someway perform state transitions.
- Predicates: Having a complex input type which needed to be evaluated on several different aspects, there was also a concept of predicates, which indicates whether a transition should occur or not.
- Rules: Predicate components.
Show me the code (C# - Simplified version)
(Assuming the statuses as strings).
EntryPoint
Transitions
Predicates
Rules
The design outcomes
- A good design helps the team to code better and more efficiently
- A great communication is as important as a great design.
- As well as continuous involvement during the development
- We delivered the module with more than 250 (real) unit tests
- Giving meaningfull names through a centralized point-of-control made it a lot easier to handle changes and properly understanding the context.
- The time spent on development was much lower than we were expecting
- There were changes to the predicates & rules, and all the team was pretty confident to perform them due to the test coverage.
But... This is not a silver bullet
If you thought something similar to:
New pattern, cool I'll start using it everywhere
Or
This will guarantee my job security. I'll use it with my other Unmaintainable code techniques
You shouldn't. Its good to remind that this solution was created based on several considerations mainly driven by the problem nature & constraints.
On the other hand, if you look at this as a hammer, which make everything magically turn into a nail, you just got it all wrong.


"The Caveman's Valentine"
Romulus Ledbetter was a Julliard-trained classical musician and a devoted family man who lost his mind. He now lives in a cave on the edge of Manhattan and is haunted by a delusional enemy, Cornelius Gould Stuyvesant, who manipulates Rom's life from atop the Chrysler building. But, when Ledbetter finds a frozen corpse outside his home, he must put aside his dementia and solve the murder in "The Caveman's Valentine."
Kasi Lemmons, an accomplished actress and screenwriter, made quite a splash with her debut-directing job, "Eve's Bayou," which was the highest grossing independent film of 1997. With "The Caveman's Valentine," she uses George Dawes Green's adaptation of his own novel to unfold a murder mystery with Romulus as a very unlikely homicide detective.
The murder story enveloping Romulus involves a handsome young drifter, Scotty Gates (Sean MacMahon), found dead atop a tree outside of the old schizophrenic's cave. When the police, including Rom's cop daughter Lulu (Aunjanue Ellis), dismiss the transient's death, the former music master must piece the clues together alone. He becomes convinced that a prominent Manhattan art photographer, David Leppenraub (Colm Feore), is the murderer. But, who is going to believe the ranting of a crazy man living in a cave?
The brightest point of "The Caveman's Valentine" is the terrific character depiction of Romulus Ledbetter by Samuel L. Jackson.  The actor puts a completely different spin on each of his characters and Romulus Ledbetter is no exception.  Jackson, as usual, creates a real, three-dimensional person in Romulus.
 This is a fault of the story, not the actors, as the characters are universally overshadowed by the star. False leads and fake outs make up the bulk of the tale as Romulus must strip away the lies and misleading information to finally solve the crime. I don't want to give the story away, but too much slight of hand is used to lead the viewer down false paths in the investigation. Colm Feore does put a slick arrogance into his perf as David Leppenraub and Ann Magnuson, as David's sister and Rom's love interest, comes across as a really nice lady. Anthony Michael Hall has a bit of fun as a yuppie lawyer who, through circumstance, becomes Rom's patron. The rest are there to support Jackson.
Romulus's mental state and delusions are reminiscent of Terry Gilliam's "The Fisher King," especially his ranting against the invisible Stuyvesant. One ongoing hallucination is particularly effective as Ledbetter's ex-wife Sheila (Tamara Tunie), in her younger form, keeps appearing before him as his muse, dispensing advice and criticism as necessary. The focus upon Romulus and his mental illness affords Jackson the opportunity to delve into the character, giving us a terrific study by the actor.
Kasi Lemmons has a tough job topping her debut feature and, without the incredible talent of Samuel L. Jackson, would not have come close. With Jackson in the saddle as Romulus Ledbetter, she has the chance, at least, to successfully get past the sophomore slump. I give "The Caveman's Valentine" a C+.
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Technical Univesity of Mombasa Technology Group is a student led initiative that aims at growing a vibrant technology community within the Univesity.
Snapshots from our past meet ups.
Made with in Mombasa


Citric acid monohydrate is a key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.
Citric acid monohydrate is a key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. from MeSH
Citric Acid is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations due to its antioxidant properties. It maintains stability of active ingredients and is used as a preservative. It is also used as an acidulant to control pH and acts as an anticoagulant by chelating calcium in blood.
Citric acid monohydrate occurs as colourless crystals or as white, crystalline powder with a strongly acidic taste. It is efflorescent in dry air, very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 %) and sparingly soluble in ether.
Citric acid monohydrate is non-toxic and has a low reactivity. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. Citric acid monohydrate is fully biodegradable and can be disposed of with regular waste or sewage.
citric acid monohydrate is supplied in accordance with the current requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur), the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC), and the Commission Regulation (EU) No. 231/2012. Citric acid monohydrate is available in various granulations.
There are many uses for this dry form of citric acid. It can be used in flavorings, cosmetics, candy, gelatin, jams, jellies, soft drinks and fruit. It has the ability to retard discoloration and retain flavor and vitamins. Salts or citrates of citric acid is also used as anticoagulants and are used to lower the citric acid in urine to treat kidney stones by lessening calcium deposits. Anhydrous citric acid has been used to control Caribbean Tree Frogs on the Hawaiian Islands
The product is shipped in 50-lb. and 25kg bags, 2000-lb. and 1000kg bulk bags, by bulk tanker.
Delivery: Within 2-3 weeks
Citric acid helps reduce toxins in the environment because it is an all natural ingredient in many products. The cleaners made wither citric acid as an active ingredient reduces production of chemical cleaners. Pharmaceutical use of citric acid reduces the toxins manufactured and ingested. Fewer people are allergic to the natural ingredient, though some may have a stomach or skin sensitivity to products that use citric acid.
Avoid heat and flames around the substance. Caution needs to be taken with this substance as it will cause respiratory irritation and can also cause eye and skin irritations. Wear protective clothing when handling citric acid. This chemical substance has the ability to ignite dust explosions under certain conditions.


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41 |
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gene(s), biosynthesis, japonica, unigenes, tissues, expression, indigotica, involved, lonicera |
24 |
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chromatography, mass, liquid, method, samples, spectrometry, separation, plasma, HPLC, column |
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L., OS, price(s), species, plants, RS, ethnoveterinary, farmers, tomato |
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alkaloid(s), J., indole, apoptosis, 3, TSL-EO, cell, c-geranylated, isolated |
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In today's world it can be hard to squeeze in time for meeting new people. Peer2Peer Pressure lets people come into contact with each other based on shared barometric pressure.
App is under development!


| 1 | /* ------------ | |
| 2 | * TextBox.java | |
| 3 | * ------------ | |
| 4 | * (C) Copyright 2004-2008, by Object Refinery Limited and Contributors. | |
| 5 | * | |
| 6 | * Original Author: David Gilbert (for Object Refinery Limited); | |
| 7 | * Contributor(s): -; | |
| 8 | * | |
| 9 | * Changes | |
| 10 | * ------- | |
| 11 | * 09-Mar-2004 : Version 1 (DG); | |
| 12 | * 22-Mar-2004 : Added equals() method and implemented Serializable (DG); | |
| 13 | * 09-Nov-2004 : Renamed getAdjustedHeight() --> calculateExtendedHeight() in | |
| 14 | * Spacer class (DG); | |
| 15 | * 22-Feb-2005 : Replaced Spacer with RectangleInsets (DG); | |
| 16 | * 20-Jun-2007 : Copied from JCommon (DG); | |
| 17 | * 14-Feb-2008 : Fixed alignment of text content with respect to insets - see | |
| 18 | * bug report 1892707 (DG); | |
| 19 | * | |
| 20 | */ | |
| 21 | ||
| 22 | package org.jfree.chart.text; | |
| 23 | ||
| 24 | import java.awt.BasicStroke; | |
| 25 | import java.awt.Color; | |
| 26 | import java.awt.Font; | |
| 27 | import java.awt.Graphics2D; | |
| 28 | import java.awt.Paint; | |
| 29 | import java.awt.Stroke; | |
| 30 | import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D; | |
| 31 | import java.io.IOException; | |
| 32 | import java.io.ObjectInputStream; | |
| 33 | import java.io.ObjectOutputStream; | |
| 34 | import java.io.Serializable; | |
| 35 | ||
| 36 | import org.jfree.chart.util.ObjectUtilities; | |
| 37 | import org.jfree.chart.util.RectangleAnchor; | |
| 38 | import org.jfree.chart.util.RectangleInsets; | |
| 39 | import org.jfree.chart.util.SerialUtilities; | |
| 40 | import org.jfree.chart.util.Size2D; | |
| 41 | ||
| 42 | /** | |
| 43 | * A box containing a text block. | |
| 44 | */ | |
| 45 | public class TextBox implements Serializable { | |
| 46 | ||
| 47 | /** For serialization. */ | |
| 48 | private static final long serialVersionUID =<PHONE_NUMBER>180203706L; | |
| 49 | ||
| 50 | /** The outline paint. */ | |
| 51 | private transient Paint outlinePaint; | |
| 52 | ||
| 53 | /** The outline stroke. */ | |
| 54 | private transient Stroke outlineStroke; | |
| 55 | ||
| 56 | /** The interior space. */ | |
| 57 | private RectangleInsets interiorGap; | |
| 58 | ||
| 59 | /** The background paint. */ | |
| 60 | private transient Paint backgroundPaint; | |
| 61 | ||
| 62 | /** The shadow paint. */ | |
| 63 | private transient Paint shadowPaint; | |
| 64 | ||
| 65 | /** The shadow x-offset. */ | |
| 66 | private double shadowXOffset = 2.0; | |
| 67 | ||
| 68 | /** The shadow y-offset. */ | |
| 69 | private double shadowYOffset = 2.0; | |
| 70 | ||
| 71 | /** The text block. */ | |
| 72 | private TextBlock textBlock; | |
| 73 | ||
| 74 | /** | |
| 75 | * Creates an empty text box. | |
| 76 | */ | |
| 77 | public TextBox() { | |
| 78 | this((TextBlock) null); | |
| 79 | } | |
| 80 | ||
| 81 | /** | |
| 82 | * Creates a text box. | |
| 83 | * | |
| 84 | * @param text the text. | |
| 85 | */ | |
| 86 | public TextBox(String text) { | |
| 87 | this((TextBlock) null); | |
| 88 |
1
1. |
if (text != null) { |
| 89 | this.textBlock = new TextBlock(); | |
| 90 |
1
1. |
this.textBlock.addLine(text, new Font("Tahoma", Font.PLAIN, 10), |
| 91 | Color.black); | |
| 92 | } | |
| 93 | } | |
| 94 | ||
| 95 | /** | |
| 96 | * Creates a new text box. | |
| 97 | * | |
| 98 | * @param block the text block. | |
| 99 | */ | |
| 100 | public TextBox(TextBlock block) { | |
| 101 | this.outlinePaint = Color.black; | |
| 102 | this.outlineStroke = new BasicStroke(1.0f); | |
| 103 | this.interiorGap = new RectangleInsets(1.0, 3.0, 1.0, 3.0); | |
| 104 | this.backgroundPaint = new Color(255, 255, 192); | |
| 105 | this.shadowPaint = Color.gray; | |
| 106 | this.shadowXOffset = 2.0; | |
| 107 | this.shadowYOffset = 2.0; | |
| 108 | this.textBlock = block; | |
| 109 | } | |
| 110 | ||
| 111 | /** | |
| 112 | * Returns the outline paint. | |
| 113 | * | |
| 114 | * @return The outline paint. | |
| 115 | */ | |
| 116 | public Paint getOutlinePaint() { | |
| 117 |
1
1. getOutlinePaint : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getOutlinePaint to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.outlinePaint; |
| 118 | } | |
| 119 | ||
| 120 | /** | |
| 121 | * Sets the outline paint. | |
| 122 | * | |
| 123 | * @param paint the paint. | |
| 124 | */ | |
| 125 | public void setOutlinePaint(Paint paint) { | |
| 126 | this.outlinePaint = paint; | |
| 127 | } | |
| 128 | ||
| 129 | /** | |
| 130 | * Returns the outline stroke. | |
| 131 | * | |
| 132 | * @return The outline stroke. | |
| 133 | */ | |
| 134 | public Stroke getOutlineStroke() { | |
| 135 |
1
1. getOutlineStroke : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getOutlineStroke to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.outlineStroke; |
| 136 | } | |
| 137 | ||
| 138 | /** | |
| 139 | * Sets the outline stroke. | |
| 140 | * | |
| 141 | * @param stroke the stroke. | |
| 142 | */ | |
| 143 | public void setOutlineStroke(Stroke stroke) { | |
| 144 | this.outlineStroke = stroke; | |
| 145 | } | |
| 146 | ||
| 147 | /** | |
| 148 | * Returns the interior gap. | |
| 149 | * | |
| 150 | * @return The interior gap. | |
| 151 | */ | |
| 152 | public RectangleInsets getInteriorGap() { | |
| 153 |
1
1. getInteriorGap : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getInteriorGap to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.interiorGap; |
| 154 | } | |
| 155 | ||
| 156 | /** | |
| 157 | * Sets the interior gap. | |
| 158 | * | |
| 159 | * @param gap the gap. | |
| 160 | */ | |
| 161 | public void setInteriorGap(RectangleInsets gap) { | |
| 162 | this.interiorGap = gap; | |
| 163 | } | |
| 164 | ||
| 165 | /** | |
| 166 | * Returns the background paint. | |
| 167 | * | |
| 168 | * @return The background paint. | |
| 169 | */ | |
| 170 | public Paint getBackgroundPaint() { | |
| 171 |
1
1. getBackgroundPaint : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getBackgroundPaint to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.backgroundPaint; |
| 172 | } | |
| 173 | ||
| 174 | /** | |
| 175 | * Sets the background paint. | |
| 176 | * | |
| 177 | * @param paint the paint. | |
| 178 | */ | |
| 179 | public void setBackgroundPaint(Paint paint) { | |
| 180 | this.backgroundPaint = paint; | |
| 181 | } | |
| 182 | ||
| 183 | /** | |
| 184 | * Returns the shadow paint. | |
| 185 | * | |
| 186 | * @return The shadow paint. | |
| 187 | */ | |
| 188 | public Paint getShadowPaint() { | |
| 189 |
1
1. getShadowPaint : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getShadowPaint to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.shadowPaint; |
| 190 | } | |
| 191 | ||
| 192 | /** | |
| 193 | * Sets the shadow paint. | |
| 194 | * | |
| 195 | * @param paint the paint. | |
| 196 | */ | |
| 197 | public void setShadowPaint(Paint paint) { | |
| 198 | this.shadowPaint = paint; | |
| 199 | } | |
| 200 | ||
| 201 | /** | |
| 202 | * Returns the x-offset for the shadow effect. | |
| 203 | * | |
| 204 | * @return The offset. | |
| 205 | */ | |
| 206 | public double getShadowXOffset() { | |
| 207 |
1
1. getShadowXOffset : replaced return of double value with -(x + 1) for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getShadowXOffset → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.shadowXOffset; |
| 208 | } | |
| 209 | ||
| 210 | /** | |
| 211 | * Sets the x-offset for the shadow effect. | |
| 212 | * | |
| 213 | * @param offset the offset (in Java2D units). | |
| 214 | */ | |
| 215 | public void setShadowXOffset(double offset) { | |
| 216 | this.shadowXOffset = offset; | |
| 217 | } | |
| 218 | ||
| 219 | /** | |
| 220 | * Returns the y-offset for the shadow effect. | |
| 221 | * | |
| 222 | * @return The offset. | |
| 223 | */ | |
| 224 | public double getShadowYOffset() { | |
| 225 |
1
1. getShadowYOffset : replaced return of double value with -(x + 1) for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getShadowYOffset → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.shadowYOffset; |
| 226 | } | |
| 227 | ||
| 228 | /** | |
| 229 | * Sets the y-offset for the shadow effect. | |
| 230 | * | |
| 231 | * @param offset the offset (in Java2D units). | |
| 232 | */ | |
| 233 | public void setShadowYOffset(double offset) { | |
| 234 | this.shadowYOffset = offset; | |
| 235 | } | |
| 236 | ||
| 237 | /** | |
| 238 | * Returns the text block. | |
| 239 | * | |
| 240 | * @return The text block. | |
| 241 | */ | |
| 242 | public TextBlock getTextBlock() { | |
| 243 |
1
1. getTextBlock : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getTextBlock to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.textBlock; |
| 244 | } | |
| 245 | ||
| 246 | /** | |
| 247 | * Sets the text block. | |
| 248 | * | |
| 249 | * @param block the block. | |
| 250 | */ | |
| 251 | public void setTextBlock(TextBlock block) { | |
| 252 | this.textBlock = block; | |
| 253 | } | |
| 254 | ||
| 255 | /** | |
| 256 | * Draws the text box. | |
| 257 | * | |
| 258 | * @param g2 the graphics device. | |
| 259 | * @param x the x-coordinate. | |
| 260 | * @param y the y-coordinate. | |
| 261 | * @param anchor the anchor point. | |
| 262 | */ | |
| 263 | public void draw(Graphics2D g2, float x, float y, RectangleAnchor anchor) { | |
| 264 | Size2D d1 = this.textBlock.calculateDimensions(g2); | |
| 265 | double w = this.interiorGap.extendWidth(d1.getWidth()); | |
| 266 | double h = this.interiorGap.extendHeight(d1.getHeight()); | |
| 267 | Size2D d2 = new Size2D(w, h); | |
| 268 | Rectangle2D bounds = RectangleAnchor.createRectangle(d2, x, y, anchor); | |
| 269 | double xx = bounds.getX(); | |
| 270 | double yy = bounds.getY(); | |
| 271 | ||
| 272 |
1
1. draw : negated conditional → SURVIVED |
if (this.shadowPaint != null) { |
| 273 |
2
1. draw : Replaced double addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE 2. draw : Replaced double addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
Rectangle2D shadow = new Rectangle2D.Double( |
| 274 | xx + this.shadowXOffset, yy + this.shadowYOffset, | |
| 275 | bounds.getWidth(), bounds.getHeight()); | |
| 276 |
1
1. draw : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::setPaint → NO_COVERAGE |
g2.setPaint(this.shadowPaint); |
| 277 |
1
1. draw : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::fill → NO_COVERAGE |
g2.fill(shadow); |
| 278 | } | |
| 279 |
1
1. draw : negated conditional → SURVIVED |
if (this.backgroundPaint != null) { |
| 280 |
1
1. draw : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::setPaint → SURVIVED |
g2.setPaint(this.backgroundPaint); |
| 281 |
1
1. draw : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::fill → SURVIVED |
g2.fill(bounds); |
| 282 | } | |
| 283 | ||
| 284 |
2
1. draw : negated conditional → SURVIVED 2. draw : negated conditional → SURVIVED |
if (this.outlinePaint != null && this.outlineStroke != null) { |
| 285 |
1
1. draw : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::setPaint → SURVIVED |
g2.setPaint(this.outlinePaint); |
| 286 |
1
1. draw : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::setStroke → SURVIVED |
g2.setStroke(this.outlineStroke); |
| 287 |
1
1. draw : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::draw → SURVIVED |
g2.draw(bounds); |
| 288 | } | |
| 289 | ||
| 290 |
3
1. draw : Replaced double addition with subtraction → SURVIVED 2. draw : Replaced double addition with subtraction → SURVIVED 3. draw : removed call to org/jfree/chart/text/TextBlock::draw → SURVIVED |
this.textBlock.draw(g2, |
| 291 | (float) (xx + this.interiorGap.calculateLeftInset(w)), | |
| 292 | (float) (yy + this.interiorGap.calculateTopInset(h)), | |
| 293 | TextBlockAnchor.TOP_LEFT); | |
| 294 | ||
| 295 | } | |
| 296 | ||
| 297 | /** | |
| 298 | * Returns the height of the text box. | |
| 299 | * | |
| 300 | * @param g2 the graphics device. | |
| 301 | * | |
| 302 | * @return The height (in Java2D units). | |
| 303 | */ | |
| 304 | public double getHeight(Graphics2D g2) { | |
| 305 | Size2D d = this.textBlock.calculateDimensions(g2); | |
| 306 |
1
1. getHeight : replaced return of double value with -(x + 1) for org/jfree/chart/text/TextBox::getHeight → SURVIVED |
return this.interiorGap.extendHeight(d.getHeight()); |
| 307 | } | |
| 308 | ||
| 309 | /** | |
| 310 | * Tests this object for equality with an arbitrary object. | |
| 311 | * | |
| 312 | * @param obj the object to test against (null permitted). | |
| 313 | * | |
| 314 | * @return A boolean. | |
| 315 | */ | |
| 316 | public boolean equals(Object obj) { | |
| 317 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (obj == this) { |
| 318 |
1
1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return true; |
| 319 | } | |
| 320 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!(obj instanceof TextBox)) { |
| 321 |
1
1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return false; |
| 322 | } | |
| 323 | final TextBox that = (TextBox) obj; | |
| 324 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!ObjectUtilities.equal(this.outlinePaint, that.outlinePaint)) { |
| 325 |
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1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return false; |
| 326 | } | |
| 327 |
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if (!ObjectUtilities.equal(this.outlineStroke, that.outlineStroke)) { |
| 328 |
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return false; |
| 329 | } | |
| 330 |
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if (!ObjectUtilities.equal(this.interiorGap, that.interiorGap)) { |
| 331 |
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return false; |
| 332 | } | |
| 333 |
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1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!ObjectUtilities.equal(this.backgroundPaint, |
| 334 | that.backgroundPaint)) { | |
| 335 |
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1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return false; |
| 336 | } | |
| 337 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!ObjectUtilities.equal(this.shadowPaint, that.shadowPaint)) { |
| 338 |
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1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return false; |
| 339 | } | |
| 340 |
1
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if (this.shadowXOffset != that.shadowXOffset) { |
| 341 |
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return false; |
| 342 | } | |
| 343 |
1
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if (this.shadowYOffset != that.shadowYOffset) { |
| 344 |
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1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return false; |
| 345 | } | |
| 346 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!ObjectUtilities.equal(this.textBlock, that.textBlock)) { |
| 347 |
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return false; |
| 348 | } | |
| 349 | ||
| 350 |
1
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return true; |
| 351 | } | |
| 352 | ||
| 353 | /** | |
| 354 | * Returns a hash code for this object. | |
| 355 | * | |
| 356 | * @return A hash code. | |
| 357 | */ | |
| 358 | public int hashCode() { | |
| 359 | int result; | |
| 360 | long temp; | |
| 361 |
1
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result = (this.outlinePaint != null ? this.outlinePaint.hashCode() : 0); |
| 362 |
3
1. hashCode : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. hashCode : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE 3. hashCode : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
result = 29 * result + (this.outlineStroke != null |
| 363 | ? this.outlineStroke.hashCode() : 0); | |
| 364 |
3
1. hashCode : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. hashCode : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE 3. hashCode : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
result = 29 * result + (this.interiorGap != null |
| 365 | ? this.interiorGap.hashCode() : 0); | |
| 366 |
3
1. hashCode : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. hashCode : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE 3. hashCode : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
result = 29 * result + (this.backgroundPaint != null |
| 367 | ? this.backgroundPaint.hashCode() : 0); | |
| 368 |
3
1. hashCode : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. hashCode : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE 3. hashCode : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
result = 29 * result + (this.shadowPaint != null |
| 369 | ? this.shadowPaint.hashCode() : 0); | |
| 370 |
1
1. hashCode : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
temp = this.shadowXOffset != +0.0d |
| 371 | ? Double.doubleToLongBits(this.shadowXOffset) : 0L; | |
| 372 |
4
1. hashCode : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. hashCode : Replaced Unsigned Shift Right with Shift Left → NO_COVERAGE 3. hashCode : Replaced XOR with AND → NO_COVERAGE 4. hashCode : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
result = 29 * result + (int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32)); |
| 373 |
1
1. hashCode : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
temp = this.shadowYOffset != +0.0d |
| 374 | ? Double.doubleToLongBits(this.shadowYOffset) : 0L; | |
| 375 |
4
1. hashCode : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. hashCode : Replaced Unsigned Shift Right with Shift Left → NO_COVERAGE 3. hashCode : Replaced XOR with AND → NO_COVERAGE 4. hashCode : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
result = 29 * result + (int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32)); |
| 376 |
3
1. hashCode : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. hashCode : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE 3. hashCode : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
result = 29 * result + (this.textBlock != null |
| 377 | ? this.textBlock.hashCode() : 0); | |
| 378 |
1
1. hashCode : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return result; |
| 379 | } | |
| 380 | ||
| 381 | /** | |
| 382 | * Provides serialization support. | |
| 383 | * | |
| 384 | * @param stream the output stream. | |
| 385 | * | |
| 386 | * @throws IOException if there is an I/O error. | |
| 387 | */ | |
| 388 | private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream stream) | |
| 389 | throws IOException { | |
| 390 |
1
1. writeObject : removed call to java/io/ObjectOutputStream::defaultWriteObject → KILLED |
stream.defaultWriteObject(); |
| 391 |
1
1. writeObject : removed call to org/jfree/chart/util/SerialUtilities::writePaint → KILLED |
SerialUtilities.writePaint(this.outlinePaint, stream); |
| 392 |
1
1. writeObject : removed call to org/jfree/chart/util/SerialUtilities::writeStroke → KILLED |
SerialUtilities.writeStroke(this.outlineStroke, stream); |
| 393 |
1
1. writeObject : removed call to org/jfree/chart/util/SerialUtilities::writePaint → KILLED |
SerialUtilities.writePaint(this.backgroundPaint, stream); |
| 394 |
1
1. writeObject : removed call to org/jfree/chart/util/SerialUtilities::writePaint → KILLED |
SerialUtilities.writePaint(this.shadowPaint, stream); |
| 395 | } | |
| 396 | ||
| 397 | /** | |
| 398 | * Provides serialization support. | |
| 399 | * | |
| 400 | * @param stream the input stream. | |
| 401 | * | |
| 402 | * @throws IOException if there is an I/O error. | |
| 403 | * @throws ClassNotFoundException if there is a classpath problem. | |
| 404 | */ | |
| 405 | private void readObject(ObjectInputStream stream) | |
| 406 | throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException { | |
| 407 |
1
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stream.defaultReadObject(); |
| 408 | this.outlinePaint = SerialUtilities.readPaint(stream); | |
| 409 | this.outlineStroke = SerialUtilities.readStroke(stream); | |
| 410 | this.backgroundPaint = SerialUtilities.readPaint(stream); | |
| 411 | this.shadowPaint = SerialUtilities.readPaint(stream); | |
| 412 | } | |
| 413 | ||
| 414 | ||
| 415 | } | |
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This is my drumkit created purely with Vanilla JavaScript
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--- layout: post title: The Lessons of the Robber Barons date: '2010-01-28 21:42:25 -0700' mt_id: 1435 blog_id: 1 post_id: 1435 basename: the-lessons-of-the-robber-barons categories: - essays ---
Despite one prominent politician's statements to the contrary, the era of Big Government is not over. It is difficult in today's society to imagine a limited government—the government is simply too pervasive. For example, most people, especially businessmen, do not question the government's involvement in prescribing an individual's wages or an employer's hiring policies. They do not examine the rationale behind antitrust laws or governmental micro-management of the workplace. They do not question the right of the government to legislate special privileges and exemptions for certain individuals and businesses.
These examples paint a picture of government usurpation of what have traditionally been management prerogatives. Where once managers could focus on effective business principles, now they must keep in mind the countless edicts and regulations imposed by government. Where once managers had the liberty to enact whatever policies they deemed necessary, now they must wait for regulatory approval. Where once managers judged the success of their management style by reduced costs and increased profit, now their judgment is subject to the oversight of innumerable agencies of government.
In spite of this, the United States' economy is booming. The Dow Jones Industrial Average regularly reaches new pinnacles. America's world economic preeminence is unchallenged. To the degree that other nations emulate us is the degree to which their economies prosper. The Gross National Product is growing, albeit moderately. By all measures, the average standard of living is rising. Even amid such affluence, there exists a feeling of malaise and uncertainty. People constantly question the ability of the Dow Jones to continue its climb and they worry about how long the boom will last. They complain about the increasing portion of America's economy devoted to service. Investors hang on every word Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan utters.
On the face of it, these three situations—government micro-management, booming economy, and uncertainty about the future—seem contradictory. Common sense would dictate that government meddling should drag the economy down and that a booming economy should make people jubilant. Since this is not the case, we must look deeper to find meaning. In order to resolve the businessman's plight and to understand this perplexing situation, we must look to history.
It is useful to contemplate present problems through a consultation of history—by which I mean the recording of the past. We find that our forerunners experienced the same sort of situations. By evaluating their resolutions, we can forego making the same mistakes and possibly improve on their solution. American history is replete with periods of increasing government regulation and booming economic growth. The post-World War II era is one good example, but it lacks the historical perspective necessary for an objective analysis.
We need look no further than the post-Civil War era. The two major milestones marking the beginning of economic interventionism—viz., the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887—were in effect. Except for some minor recessions in 1893 and 1907, this was a period of sustained industrial growth. It was also the so-called Gilded Age—a time when the great industrialists roamed the boardrooms and headquarters of America.
Thus, in this paper, I shall examine the effects of government intervention in the economy on the businessmen of this period. In order to delimit the fantastic breadth of this subject, I will focus on the biggest concerns of the time and, more specifically, the entrepreneurs who founded and ran them. The actors are the heavyweights of American industrial history: James J. Hill, John D. Rockefeller Sr., and Charles Schwab. Since many of these businessmen lived through successive waves of government regulation, I will examine both their rise in a system of near-laissez-faire and their fall in a less free economy.
Before we begin an exploration of governmental intervention, we must understand the business environment in which government intervention was undertaken. While commerce was dominated by the many legitimate businessmen—men of integrity like Hill, Schwab, or Rockefeller—there were plenty of scoundrels; men like Jay Gould, Leland Stanford, and James Fisk obtained land grants, government loans, and right-of-ways through influence-peddling. These 'political entrepreneurs,'1 as historian Burton Folsom calls them, flourished not by reducing costs or meeting customer's needs, but through political dealing and unscrupulous stock manipulation. They stifled competition by using various legislatures to put obstacles in the path of their competitors or would-be competitors. They owed their wealth to government handouts rather than productive ability.
During the period in question, there were several ways in which the government affected business. A legislature could subsidize one company with grants or loans. Or: the government could dictate the price at which two parties may transact. Or: it could outlaw combinations of several interests. In other words, government intervention was not always direct and took on many different forms. The rationale behind such government intervention generally fell into one of two categories: promotion of the economy and punishment of unscrupulousness.
By far the most prevalent form of government meddling was assistance to fledgling or foundering enterprises in the form of grants, loans, or subsidies. The most infamous recipients of federal aid were the railroads. That is, except for James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway. The Great Northern was the only transcontinental railroad that never accepted federal assistance and never went bankrupt. It was the least corrupt, best built, and most popular of the transcontinentals. In marked contrast to Hill, the other early railroad builders were not so restrained by integrity. They accepted money from any legislature that would give it, whether state, federal, or both. If a legislature showed any hesitancy about doling out taxpayer money, they bribed, wined and dined, or threatened as many representatives as necessary. They did not develop a region before moving into it, as Hill did. They built tracks as quickly as possible, cutting as many corners as they could, and limited the number of spurs off the main track (since they received no additional money for building them). As the indefatigable Cornelius Vanderbilt said: "Building railroads from nowhere to nowhere at public expense is not a legitimate business."2
It all began in 1862, when Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Act. This Act gave the Union Pacific, building from Nebraska to Utah, and the Central Pacific, building from California to Utah, ten alternate sections of land per mile completed.3 In addition to these land grants, the roads were to get loans in the amount of $16,000 for each mile of plains trackage, $48,000 per mile for mountainous areas, and $32,000 a mile for inter-mountain building.4 In 1864, a second act was passed doubling the roads' land grants and lowering the government's mortgage from first to second position.5 Since the Union Pacific covered eight thousand miles of track and the Central Pacific nearly as much, the money and land was significant. In the end, the Union Pacific had the benefit of $27 million in thirty-year, six-percent government bonds and 12 million acres of land. The Central Pacific garnered $24 million in government bonds and 9 million acres of land.6
The other chartered transcontinental—the Northern Pacific—received twenty sections per mile of trackage in the states and forty sections in the territories.7 It was originally organized by the Civil War bond promoter Jay Cooke, but it soon failed and brought the Panic of 1873 on with it. Henry Villard, a German of considerable charisma, picked up where Cooke left off. Like the Union and Central Pacific, Villard laid his tracks in a straight line as quickly as possible, in order to obtain the land grants. In 1883, the Northern Pacific was near bankruptcy and he was relieved of his duties.
The subsidies aimed at expanding the economy. They actually only succeeded in expanding the wealth of the élite few on the receiving end of government largess. And it was rarely the most productive or most able who got the assistance; it tended to be those businessmen with the best "Washington men" or the most lavish gifts to Congressmen. In other words, the recipients were what philosopher Ayn Rand called "the aristocracy of pull."8 Since they lacked an interest in the success or productivity of their various enterprises, the pull-peddlers spent their aid on boondoggles and lavish mansions.9 And, because they could always appeal to the government for more money if they failed, there was no incentive to succeed.
The remaining previously mentioned measures were intended to right wrongs committed by the pull-peddlers. For example, when the Central Pacific and other transcontinentals began charging exorbitant rates because they held a legally-enforced monopoly, farmers and other freight-producers complained to their representatives. Eventually, the Interstate Commerce Commission was created. Or: when increasing numbers of enterprises combined into larger conglomerates, trying to pool resources and control prices, the newspapers bellowed charges of monopoly and encouraged people to complain to their congressmen. The result was the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts.
As mentioned, the clamor for rate controls resulted in the ICC. In 1874, Jay Gould took charge of the ailing Union Pacific. At that time, the Thurman Law—which forced the railroad to pay 25% of gross revenues to the government in order to retire some of its debt—had just been passed. Of course, lopping off a quarter of revenue had considerable effects which had to be counteracted. So, Gould doubled the rates and, shortly thereafter, raised them another twenty to thirty-three percent—enabling him to pay off some debt and declare a small dividend. The results of such practices were predictable. In 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission was created. It quickly moved to end the Union Pacific's high rates. This shut down the Union Pacific's last-ditch options and it declared bankruptcy in 1893.
The Interstate Commerce Commission was a reaction to the inefficiencies of a subsidized road. The Commission, however, had to apply its edicts and regulations uniformly. This meant that James J. Hill's Great Northern was subject as well. In 1900, Hill had established the Great Northern Steamship Company. This subsidiary was to carry passengers and freight from the Great Northern's Western terminus of Seattle to the Far East. With the great cost-cutting he had achieved, he could ship wheat from Minnesota to Seattle, for transport by steamship to Japan, and still price it competitively. Trade with the Far East to that time was underdeveloped and Hill saw in his steamship company great promise. He envisioned replacing rice as the staple of the Japanese diet with Minnesota wheat.10 "If the people of a single province of China should consume [instead of rice] an ounce a day of our flour," Hill envisioned, "they would need 50,000,000 bushels of wheat per annum, or twice the Western surplus."11 The Hepburn Act, passed in 1906, prohibited rate discrimination. That meant that Hill had to charge the same shipping rate for travel within Minnesota as he did for travel from St. Paul to Japan. He could either give every shipper the same discount he gave to Oriental trade or he could, and did, give the Oriental trade the same rate as he charged everyone else. The immediate effect was the halving of Oriental-American trade. All told, the Hepburn Act and the ICC forced Hill to sell his steamships, discontinue his foreign trade, and end discounts for long-distance shipping.
By far the most common practice of government punishment was antitrust enforcement. The most significant instance of 'trust-busting' was James J. Hill's Northern Securities. A trust is a legal invention that corresponds with our modern notion of a holding company. Simply put, corporations give their stock to the trustees for holding. The trustees then issue shares of the trust to the owners of the assimilated corporations. It was a very efficient way of exercising centralized control over a disparate amalgamation, while retaining corporate identities and operational practices.
Hill's trust, in Northern Securities v. U.S., was the first major target of the antitrust legislation. After the Union Pacific went bankrupt in 1893, E.H. Harriman purchased it for a song. He learned from the mistakes of Gould and the lessons of Hill. He then set his sights on buying the Northern Pacific, which had been bought by Hill and had recently acquired the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy—a highly profitable and well-built road that ran parallel to the Union Pacific. Harriman found the thought of a Hill-controlled direct competitor distasteful and set about surreptitiously purchasing Northern Pacific stock. Hill saw the fluctuations in price and heavy traffic of NP stock and concluded that something was on the horizon. With the assistance of financier J.P. Morgan, he created a trust called Northern Securities.12 This way, anyone trying to purchase control of the CB&Q would have to buy out Northern Securities, capitalized at $400 million.13
Theodore Roosevelt, the legendary 'trust-buster,' targeted Northern Securities in 1902. After two years of costly litigation, the Supreme Court reached its decision. Chief Justice John Marshall Harlan, writing for the 5-4 majority opinion, stated, "The act is not limited to restraints of interstate and international trade or commerce that are unreasonable in their nature, but embraces all direct restraints."14 Previously, antitrust had been interpreted to apply only to so-called 'unreasonable' restraint of trade. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, in his Supreme Court debut, wrote the dissenting opinion. In it, he wrote these now-famous words: "Great cases like hard cases make bad law." Hill vehemently disagreed with the court's ruling, but complied with the decision and broke up Northern Securities.
Whatever the circumstances, the end result was that the good industrialists—the ones who succeeded through hard work and integrity—were lumped with the dishonest. The laws and regulations designed to avert venal practices were applied equally to both groups. While the ruthless sector simply found a new scheme to bilk the Treasury, the productive sector languished. At the very least, the press and the populace linked these two groups together. There were, however, considerable differences.
All the great industrialists previously mentioned shared an uncommon attention to details and efficiency. James J. Hill, for example, standing on a Dakota siding, spotted an engine numbered 94. From that casual spotting, he walked up the engineer and addressed him by name, further noting that that particular engine had just been in for repairs.15 During the depression of 1893, Hill sent this directive: "Take whatever steps are necessary to reduce track, machinery, stations, and other service to the lowest point possible. Take off all extra gangs everywhere, except those relaying steel. Reduce wages section foremen to forty dollars [a month] east and forty-five west, and of section men to one dollar [a day] east and one dollar and a quarter west …."16 As Hill said, "A railroad is successful in the proportion that its affairs are vigilantly looked after."17 Hill built his railroad at the lowest grade, using the best available steel. He understood that money spent now repaid itself many times over. As the previous quotations indicate, the Great Northern was certainly vigilantly looked after.
Another key aspect of long-range thinking was taking risks whose long-term prospects were good, but entailed short-term risk. For example, Charles Schwab learned of Rockefeller's knack for spotting diamonds in the rough when Rockefeller spent almost $40 million in the Mesabi iron range near Lake Superior. Schwab recalled, "Our experts in the Carnegie Company did not believe in the Mesabi ore fields. They thought the ore was poor …. They ridiculed Rockefeller's investments in the Mesabi." By 1901, however, U.S. Steel purchased Rockefeller's Mesabi investments for $90 million.18 Similarly, Hill's plan to build a transcontinental railroad north of the Northern Pacific was dubbed "Hill's Folly" by his detractors. The foresight in each instance is uncommon.
The economic dislocations and unintended consequences of government intervention in the economy were rather obvious in the post-Civil War era. That is because economic regulation was predominantly rare. Today, however, every facet of economic life is prescribed and dictated. Think of the dislocations and unintended consequences that occur under such a system. For example, the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act was supposed to guarantee equal access for the handicapped. Instead, it imposed severe economic repercussions on the businesses affected by it. Congress had not intended to produce the economic consequences—one would hope—but they occurred nonetheless. Similarly, the Federal Reserve system was intended to stabilize the banking industry when it was originally conceived and implemented. Today, it is primarily a means of creating money for the government out of thin air, i.e., inflation. It also destabilizes the banking system by allowing the banks to rely on its money reserves in crunch times. These, however, are subjects which necessitate whole books. The point is that the impact of economic regulation is difficult to judge and, to the policy, detrimental.
If the regulations are pernicious enough, the people will lose faith in the economic system. When this happens, malaise ensues. Although the economy is thriving, people feel like it rests on sand. During the post-Civil War era, this precise thing happened. Shortly after the passage of both the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission, there came about a depression unparalleled in American history. It lasted only four years (1893-7), but was followed less than ten years later by another panic-breeding recession. Today, we have a serious recession every ten to fifteen years. It is endemic to a mixed economy that booms and busts are cyclical.
The lesson is that governmental meddling creates unintended consequences and unnecessary dislocation. It should be vigorously avoided. Furthermore, their example counsels that prosperity is something which comes from commerce and entrepreneurship, not government handouts or privilege. There are two types of entrepreneurs: market and political.19 Finally, it implies that the freer the economy, the more self-correcting it is. If there had not been governmental interference, James J. Hill would have had an incentive to compete directly with the Union Pacific or buy it outright—thus offering better service and better quality that was preempted by regulation. All of these lessons emanate from the very heart of our cultural heritage of rugged individualism and liberty. The message is clear; it is up to us to learn from it.
1 Folsom, Burton. The Myth of the Robber Barons. Young America's Foundation: 1991, passim.
2 Chamberlain, John. The Enterprising Americans: A Business History of the United States. Harper and Row: 1974, p. 138.
3 Morris, Richard B. Encyclopedia of American History. Harper and Row: 1976, p. 611.
4 Chamberlain, pp. 133-4.
5 Morris, p. 636.
6 Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. Harcourt, Brace, and World: 1962, p. 78.
7 Morris, p. 636.
8 Rand, Ayn. "Notes on the History of Free Enterprise." Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. Signet: 1962, p. 108. This article is a good examination of government interference specifically in the railroad industry.
9 For example, Henry Villard in osephson, p. 247, or Jay Gould—'speculative director' of the Erie Railroad in Folsom, p. 107.
10 Malone, Michael P. James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest. U. of Oklahoma Press: 1996, p. 247.
11 Folsom, p. 33.
12 For a complete discussion of the Harriman-Hill battle over the NP, see Pyle, Joseph G. The Life of James J. Hill. Vol. II. Doubleday: 1917, pp. 157-87.
13 Malone, p. 218.
14 Ibid., p. 223. Emphases Harlan's.
15 Ibid., p. 80.
16 Ibid., p. 152.
17 Folsom, p. 28.
18 Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab. Oxford University Press: 1975, pp. 173-7.
19 Folsom, passim.


Zebkit uses rules to order UI components as a better alternative to using absolute location and defined UI component sizes what gives the following advantages:
If existent layout manager are not enough than developing a new custom layout is not a big deal. You need to inherit "zebkit.layout.Layout" class and implement the following two methods:
For instance:
var CustomLayout = zebkit.Class(zebkit.layout.Layout, [
function calcPreferredSize(target) {
// calculate preferred size the container wants to have
...
return { width: <a desired width>,
height: <a desired height> };
},
function doLayout(target) {
// order the target children
...
}
]);
And than use the developed layout as follow:
// create container and set Custom layout to order its kids
var panel = new zebkit.ui.Panel(new CustomLayout());
// add kids
panel.add(new Label("Kid 1"));
panel.add(new Label("Kid 2"));
panel.add(new Label("Kid 3"));
Zebkit comes with number of ready to use layout managers that are in most cases enough to design an application. The following layout managers are available out of box:
| Border layout |
| List layout |
| Percentage layout |
| Flow layout |
| Grid layout |


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java.lang.Object atg.dtm.TransactionDemarcation
This is used by applications to demarcate transactions "by hand" around a section of code. An application will get or create one of these instances, then call begin() before the section of code. When the code finishes (preferably in a finally clause), end() should be called. Instances of this class are reusable, as long as begin/end is always called in sequence.
The begin method allows any of the transaction demarcation attributes specifed by EJB. If none is specified, it defaults to REQUIRED. Most of the time the transaction attribute will be REQUIRED or REQUIRES_NEW. The following explains all of the different transaction attribute types:
The following is a sample use:
TransactionDemarcation td = new TransactionDemarcation (); boolean success = false; try { td.begin (mTransactionManager); ... code to execute within the transaction ... success = true; } finally { td.end (!success); }
| Field Summary | |
static java.lang.String |
CLASS_VERSION
Class version string |
static int |
MANDATORY
|
static int |
NEVER
|
static int |
NOT_SUPPORTED
|
static int |
REQUIRED
|
static int |
REQUIRES_NEW
|
static int |
STATUS_CREATED_TRANSACTION_COMMITTED
|
static int |
STATUS_SUSPENDED_TRANSACTION_RESUMED
|
static int |
STATUS_TRANSACTION_CREATED
|
static int |
STATUS_TRANSACTION_ENDED_IN_CODE
|
static int |
SUPPORTS
|
| Constructor Summary | |
TransactionDemarcation()
Constructs a new TransactionDemarcation |
| Method Summary | |
void |
begin(javax.transaction.TransactionManager pTransactionManager)
This should be called at the beginning of a section of code to be demarcated by a transaction. |
void |
begin(javax.transaction.TransactionManager pTransactionManager,
int pTransAttribute)
This should be called at the beginning of a section of code to be demarcated by a transaction. |
int |
end()
This calls end with a rollback flag of false, meaning that it will commit the transaction unless it has been marked for rollback only. |
int |
end(boolean pRollback)
This must be called at the end of a section of code demarcated by this TransactionDemarcation, preferably in a finally clause. |
static boolean |
equalTransactions(javax.transaction.Transaction pTransaction1,
javax.transaction.Transaction pTransaction2)
Compare two Transactions for equality. |
javax.transaction.Transaction |
getTransaction()
Get the Transaction that is associated with this TransactionDemarcation; |
boolean |
isTransactionCreated()
Return whether we created a transaction. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
public static java.lang.String CLASS_VERSION
public static final int NOT_SUPPORTED
public static final int SUPPORTS
public static final int REQUIRED
public static final int REQUIRES_NEW
public static final int MANDATORY
public static final int NEVER
public static final int STATUS_TRANSACTION_CREATED
public static final int STATUS_CREATED_TRANSACTION_COMMITTED
public static final int STATUS_SUSPENDED_TRANSACTION_RESUMED
public static final int STATUS_TRANSACTION_ENDED_IN_CODE
| Constructor Detail |
public TransactionDemarcation()
| Method Detail |
public javax.transaction.Transaction getTransaction()
public void begin(javax.transaction.TransactionManager pTransactionManager, int pTransAttribute) throws TransactionDemarcationException
TransactionDemarcationException
public void begin(javax.transaction.TransactionManager pTransactionManager) throws TransactionDemarcationException
TransactionDemarcationException
public int end(boolean pRollback) throws TransactionDemarcationException
This must be called at the end of a section of code demarcated by this TransactionDemarcation, preferably in a finally clause. This will commit (or rollback if marked for rollback only) any created transaction, and resume any suspended transaction. If the demarcated code already committed the current transaction, everything is fine. But if the demarcated code changed the current transaction (by suspending and not resuming, or creating and not committing), an error is produced.
The pRollback flag indicates if the transaction should be rolled back. If true, the transaction will bve rolled back. If false, then the transaction will be rolled back only if it has been marked for rollback only.
This method returns a status code indicating what happened to the transactions during the demarcated area. The status code is a bitwise-OR of several flags, indicating the following:
A typical use of the status flags is to see if a transaction was rolled back ((status & STATUS_TRANSACTION_CREATED != 0) && (status & STATUS_TRANSACTION_COMMITTED == 0)). But be aware - the only time this will be valid is if the code enclosed by the demarcation explicitly set the transaction to rollback only. If the transaction tried to commit and rolled back because of some other error, the result will be a rollback exception (enclosed in a TransactionDemarcationException).
TransactionDemarcationException
public int end() throws TransactionDemarcationException
This calls end with a rollback flag of false, meaning that it will commit the transaction unless it has been marked for rollback only.
TransactionDemarcationException
public static final boolean equalTransactions(javax.transaction.Transaction pTransaction1, javax.transaction.Transaction pTransaction2)
pTransaction1
- first transaction to comparepTransaction2
- second transaction to compare
equals()
, else false.public boolean isTransactionCreated()
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java.lang.Object MarginLayoutParams android.support.v7.widget.GridLayout.LayoutParams
public static class GridLayout.LayoutParams
Layout information associated with each of the children of a GridLayout.
GridLayout supports both row and column spanning and arbitrary forms of alignment within
each cell group. The fundamental parameters associated with each cell group are
gathered into their vertical and horizontal components and stored
in the rowSpec
and columnSpec
layout parameters.
Specs
are immutable structures
and may be shared between the layout parameters of different children.
The row and column specs contain the leading and trailing indices along each axis and together specify the four grid indices that delimit the cells of this cell group.
The alignment properties of the row and column specs together specify
both aspects of alignment within the cell group. It is also possible to specify a child's
alignment within its cell group by using the setGravity(int)
method.
#width
and #height
properties are both #WRAP_CONTENT
, this value never needs to be explicitly
declared in the layout parameters of GridLayout's children. In addition,
GridLayout does not distinguish the special size value #MATCH_PARENT
from
#WRAP_CONTENT
. A component's ability to expand to the size of the parent is
instead controlled by the principle of flexibility,
as discussed in GridLayout
.
WRAP_CONTENT
or MATCH_PARENT
when configuring the children of
a GridLayout.
#width
= #WRAP_CONTENT
#height
= #WRAP_CONTENT
#topMargin
= 0 when
useDefaultMargins
is
false
; otherwise GridLayout.UNDEFINED
, to
indicate that a default value should be computed on demand. #leftMargin
= 0 when
useDefaultMargins
is
false
; otherwise GridLayout.UNDEFINED
, to
indicate that a default value should be computed on demand. #bottomMargin
= 0 when
useDefaultMargins
is
false
; otherwise GridLayout.UNDEFINED
, to
indicate that a default value should be computed on demand. #rightMargin
= 0 when
useDefaultMargins
is
false
; otherwise GridLayout.UNDEFINED
, to
indicate that a default value should be computed on demand. rowSpec
.row
= GridLayout.UNDEFINED
rowSpec
.rowSpan
= 1 rowSpec
.alignment
= GridLayout.BASELINE
columnSpec
.column
= GridLayout.UNDEFINED
columnSpec
.columnSpan
= 1 columnSpec
.alignment
= GridLayout.START
GridLayout
for a more complete description of the conventions
used by GridLayout in the interpretation of the properties of this class.
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
GridLayout.Spec |
columnSpec
The spec that defines the horizontal characteristics of the cell group described by these layout parameters. |
GridLayout.Spec |
rowSpec
The spec that defines the vertical characteristics of the cell group described by these layout parameters. |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
GridLayout.LayoutParams()
Constructs a new LayoutParams with default values as defined in GridLayout.LayoutParams . |
|
GridLayout.LayoutParams(android.support.v7.widget.ViewGroup.LayoutParams params)
|
|
GridLayout.LayoutParams(Context context,
AttributeSet attrs)
Values not defined in the attribute set take the default values defined in GridLayout.LayoutParams . |
|
GridLayout.LayoutParams(GridLayout.Spec rowSpec,
GridLayout.Spec columnSpec)
Constructs a new LayoutParams instance for this rowSpec
and columnSpec . |
|
GridLayout.LayoutParams(MarginLayoutParams params)
|
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
boolean |
equals(java.lang.Object o)
|
int |
hashCode()
|
void |
setGravity(int gravity)
Describes how the child views are positioned. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
getClass, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
public GridLayout.Spec rowSpec
ViewGroup#setLayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams)
must be made to notify GridLayout of the change. GridLayout is normally able
to detect when code fails to observe this rule, issue a warning and take steps to
compensate for the omission. This facility is implemented on a best effort basis
and should not be relied upon in production code - so it is best to include the above
calls to remove the warnings as soon as it is practical.
public GridLayout.Spec columnSpec
ViewGroup#setLayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams)
must be made to notify GridLayout of the change. GridLayout is normally able
to detect when code fails to observe this rule, issue a warning and take steps to
compensate for the omission. This facility is implemented on a best effort basis
and should not be relied upon in production code - so it is best to include the above
calls to remove the warnings as soon as it is practical.
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public GridLayout.LayoutParams(GridLayout.Spec rowSpec, GridLayout.Spec columnSpec)
rowSpec
and columnSpec
. All other fields are initialized with
default values as defined in GridLayout.LayoutParams
.
rowSpec
- the rowSpeccolumnSpec
- the columnSpecpublic GridLayout.LayoutParams()
GridLayout.LayoutParams
.
public GridLayout.LayoutParams(android.support.v7.widget.ViewGroup.LayoutParams params)
public GridLayout.LayoutParams(MarginLayoutParams params)
public GridLayout.LayoutParams(Context context, AttributeSet attrs)
GridLayout.LayoutParams
.
| Method Detail |
|---|
public void setGravity(int gravity)
LEFT | BASELINE
.
See Gravity
.
gravity
- the new gravity valuepublic boolean equals(java.lang.Object o)
public int hashCode()
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{% if event and event.is_added_favorite %}
{% include "motion/assets/body/favorite.html" %}
{% else %}
{# Asset body is determined by the type of asset #}
{% withblock %}motion/assets/body/{{ entry.type_id }}.html{% as template_name %}
{% include template_name %}
{% endwithblock %}
{% endif %}


Although the recent advance in computer vision has effectively boosted the performance of multimedia systems, a core question still cannot be explicitly answered: Does the machine understand what is happening in a video, and are the results of the analysis interpretable by human users? Another way to look at the limitation is to evaluate how many facts the machine can recognize from a video. In many AI and knowledge-based systems, a fact is represented by a relation between a subject entity and an object entity (a.k.a. <subject,predicate,object>), which forms the fundamental building block for complex inferences and decision-making tasks.
As a key aspect of recognizing facts, Video Relation Understanding (VRU) is very challenging since it requires the system to understand many perspectives of the two entities, including appearance, action, speech, and interactions between them. In order to detect and recognize the relations in videos accurately, a system must recognize not only the features in these perspectives, but also the large variance in relation representation. This year’s VRU challenge encourages researchers to explore and develop innovative models and algorithms to detect object entities and the relationships between each pair of them in a given video.
This benchmark dataset contains 10,000 user-generated videos (98.6 hours) from YFCC100M. It is spatial-temporally annotated with 80 categories of objects (e.g. adult, dog, toy) and 50 categories of relationships (e.g. next to, watch, hold).
This task is to detect relation triplets (i.e. <subject,predicate,object>) of interest and spatio-temporally localize the subject and object of each detected relation triplet using bounding-box trajectories. For each testing video, we compute Average Precision to evaluate the detection performance and rank according to the mean AP over all the testing videos.
This challenge is a team-based competition. Each team can have one or more members, and an individual cannot be a member of multiple teams. To register, please create an account and form teams in the submission server. More guides to the usage of the server can be found in FAQs. Note that each team must select a final submission in the server before the submission deadline, and we will conduct a final evaluation based on the selection.
At the end of the challenge, all teams will be ranked based on the objective evaluation metrics, and the leaderboard of main task will be public on this website. To be eligible for ACM MM'21 grand challenge award competition, each team need further submit a 4-page overview paper (plus 1-page reference) to the conference's grand challenge track. The top three teams in terms of both the solution novelty and the ranking in the main task will receive award certificates.
| Rank | Team Name | Performance: mean AP* | Team Members |
|---|
* The two mean AP metrics are computed in different way. Please look for the evaluation details in each task description.
For general information about this challenge, please contact:


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public interface Datalogic
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_BARCODE_SYMBOLOGY_IDENTIFIER
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODABAR
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_11
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_CHECK_DIGIT_TYPE
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_FIRST_GROUP_SEPARATOR
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_GROUP_SEPARATOR_BYTE
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_STANDARD
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INDUSTRIAL
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INDUSTRIAL_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INDUSTRIAL_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INTERLEAVED
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INTERLEAVED_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INTERLEAVED_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MATRIX
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MATRIX_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MATRIX_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CIP_CONVERSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_CONVERSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_REMOVE_A
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_FULL_ASCII_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_FULL_ASCII_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_FULL_ASCII_CONVERSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: Code39
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_STANDARD
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_93
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_CHECK_DIGIT_TYPE
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_CHECK_DIGIT_TYPE
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_13
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_13_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_13_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_8
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_8_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_8_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_8_TO_EAN_13
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_2
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_5
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_AUTODISCRIMINATE
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_LINEAR_CODE_SEVERITY
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_REDUNDANCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_POSTAMBLE_STRING
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_PREAMBLE_STRING
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_QUIET_ZONE_TYPE
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_A
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_A_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_A_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_A_TO_EAN_13
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_E
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_E_CHECK_DIGIT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_E_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method.
|
static int |
BCD_PARAM_UPC_E_CONVERSION_TYPE
To be used with Datalogic scanners = ; in the setParam method.
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_BEEPER_DURATION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: beeper duration on barcode event, expressed in terms of milliseconds
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_BEEPER_FREQUENCY
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: beeper frequency on barcode event, expressed in terms of hertz
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_BEEPER_TYPE
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: beeper type, dual-tone (0), monotone (1)
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_CONTINUOUS_MODE
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: disable/enable the scanning continous mode, the scanning doesn't stop on barcode event
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_KEYBOARD_EMULATION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: disable/enable the keyborad emulation, all scanned data are translated to keyboard events
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_LED_NUM_OF_PULSES
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: how many pulses we blink the led on barcode event
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_LED_PULSE_DURATION
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: duration of each pulse on barcode event, expressed in terms of milliseconds
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_SCAN_ALWAYS_ENABLED
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: if enabled, allows the scanner to read, even if the active() function has not been called.
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_SOFT_TRIGGER
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: disable/enable the soft trigger functions. if enabled, allows the scanner to read, even if the scan button is not pressed
|
static int |
SCAN_PARAM_TIMEOUT
To be used with Datalogic scanners, in the setParam method: scanning timeout, expressed in terms of milliseconds
|
static final int SCAN_PARAM_TIMEOUT
static final int SCAN_PARAM_BEEPER_DURATION
static final int SCAN_PARAM_BEEPER_FREQUENCY
static final int SCAN_PARAM_LED_NUM_OF_PULSES
static final int SCAN_PARAM_LED_PULSE_DURATION
static final int SCAN_PARAM_CONTINUOUS_MODE
static final int SCAN_PARAM_KEYBOARD_EMULATION
static final int SCAN_PARAM_SOFT_TRIGGER
static final int SCAN_PARAM_SCAN_ALWAYS_ENABLED
static final int SCAN_PARAM_BEEPER_TYPE
static final int BCD_PARAM_PREAMBLE_STRING
static final int BCD_PARAM_POSTAMBLE_STRING
static final int BCD_PARAM_BARCODE_SYMBOLOGY_IDENTIFIER
static final int BCD_PARAM_LINEAR_CODE_SEVERITY
static final int BCD_PARAM_QUIET_ZONE_TYPE
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CIP_CONVERSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_STANDARD
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_FULL_ASCII_CONVERSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_FULL_ASCII_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_FULL_ASCII_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_CONVERSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_39_CODE_32_REMOVE_A
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INTERLEAVED
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INTERLEAVED_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INTERLEAVED_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INDUSTRIAL
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INDUSTRIAL_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_INDUSTRIAL_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MATRIX
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MATRIX_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_25_MATRIX_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY
static final int BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_PLESSEY_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODABAR
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODABAR_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_STANDARD
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_STANDARD_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_11
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_CHECK_DIGIT_TYPE
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_11_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_93
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_CHECK_DIGIT_TYPE
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_93_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_MIN_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_MAX_TEXT_LENGTH
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_CHECK_DIGIT_TYPE
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_MSI_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_REDUNDANCY
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_2
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_5
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_UPC_SUPPLEMENTAL_AUTODISCRIMINATE
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_A
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_A_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_A_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_A_TO_EAN_13
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_E
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_E_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_E_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_UPC_E_CONVERSION_TYPE
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_8
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_8_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_8_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_8_TO_EAN_13
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_13
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_13_CHECK_DIGIT
static final int BCD_PARAM_EAN_13_CHECK_DIGIT_TRANSMISSION
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_FIRST_GROUP_SEPARATOR
static final int BCD_PARAM_CODE_128_EAN_GROUP_SEPARATOR_BYTE


Steven Pinker - The Sense of Style
Steven Pinker 2015. The Sense of Style. The thinking person’s guide to writing in the 21st century. London: Allen Lane. 359 pp.
Despite the title, not a style guide, but certainly a guide to writing. Much to be learned here. Henceforth to live on my desk, along with Fowler’s Modern English Usage, Stephen Murray-Smith’s Right Words and Huddleston & Pullum’s A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar.
Haven’t read it all, more of a reference (as the author himself advises).
Not without faults. I found Chapter 4 The web, the tree, and the string totally impenetrable (a damning criticism of a book which claims to be a guide to clarity in writing). I couldn’t come to grips with the extensive use of branching tree diagrams to explain relationships between grammatical elements in sentences. Perhaps it was me; I might try again one day. I could have done with some guidance on hyphenation (“sea-level” or “sea level”? “saltwater”, “salt-water” or “salt water”?). But hyphen does not even appear in the index.
Highlights so far include the valuable advice, well and truly taken on board, not to over-use pointers: “this is what the previous paragraph was about” and “this is what the next paragraph is about” or even “this is what this paragraph is about”. Instead, just say it! Also the timely criticism of the increasingly widespread and very irritating incorrect use of apostrophes, often with ludicrous results. And his advice not to get hung up about split infinitives, lest one write nonsense such as “I’m moving to France not to get fat”. There are numerous other examples of how not to write (a rich field, admittedly) which makes for highly amusing reading. I daresay Stephen Pinker (should he read this paragraph) would (if he could be bothered) advise me not to over-do parentheses.
Chapter 6 Telling right from wrong. How to make sense of the rules of correct grammar, word choice, and punctuation is the most valuable. It is full of instructions on correct usage, examples of incorrect usage, and explanations. To be consulted regularly. If only it could be made compulsory reading for serial offenders such as sports commentators and authors or retail signs and newsletters.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block body %} {% include 'partials/list_of_chapters.html' %}
In this course every participant (including myself) will be having many interactions with other participants. Some potential examples of this:
I expect every participant (including myself) to act with kindness during these interactions.
Some examples of how this applies to me:


Known vulnerabilities (CVE)
Component
Version
CVE details
Operation error
Close
Main
Attack template
Description
Default
Value
Attack
false
Enable Websocket messaging debug
false
Enable tracking requests on opened tabs
true
Max number of requests per tab/frame
50
Max number of tracking tabs
5
Default system integration
true
Enable bootstrap, macro recording and validate functionality for Rapid7 AppSec products
false
Set window size on recording/playback
true
Recorder window height
768
Recorder window width
1024
Save
Reset to default
All good
Attack details:
Request
Send to R-Builder
Response


|
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| Packages that use NetworkParameters | |
|---|---|
| com.google.bitcoin.core |
| Uses of NetworkParameters in com.google.bitcoin.core |
|---|
| Fields in com.google.bitcoin.core declared as NetworkParameters | |
|---|---|
protected NetworkParameters |
BlockChain.params
|
protected NetworkParameters |
Message.params
|
| Methods in com.google.bitcoin.core that return NetworkParameters | |
|---|---|
static NetworkParameters |
NetworkParameters.prodNet()
The primary BitCoin chain created by Satoshi. |
static NetworkParameters |
NetworkParameters.testNet()
The test chain created by Gavin. |
| Methods in com.google.bitcoin.core with parameters of type NetworkParameters | |
|---|---|
Address |
ECKey.toAddress(NetworkParameters params)
Returns the address that corresponds to the public part of this ECKey. |
| Constructors in com.google.bitcoin.core with parameters of type NetworkParameters | |
|---|---|
Address(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] hash160)
Construct an address from parameters and the hash160 form. |
|
Address(NetworkParameters params,
String address)
Construct an address from parameters and the standard "human readable" form. |
|
BitcoinSerializer(NetworkParameters params,
boolean usesChecksumming)
Constructs a BitcoinSerializer with the given behavior. |
|
Block(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] payloadBytes)
Constructs a block object from the BitCoin wire format. |
|
BlockChain(NetworkParameters params,
Wallet wallet,
BlockStore blockStore)
Constructs a BlockChain connected to the given wallet and store. |
|
BoundedOverheadBlockStore(NetworkParameters params,
File file)
|
|
DiskBlockStore(NetworkParameters params,
File file)
|
|
DnsDiscovery(NetworkParameters netParams)
Supports finding peers through DNS A records. |
|
DnsDiscovery(String[] hostNames,
NetworkParameters netParams)
Supports finding peers through DNS A records. |
|
DumpedPrivateKey(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] keyBytes)
Allows the output of a private key in versioned, checksummed form. |
|
DumpedPrivateKey(NetworkParameters params,
String encoded)
Parses the given private key as created by the "dumpprivkey" Bitcoin C++ RPC. |
|
GetBlocksMessage(NetworkParameters params,
List<byte[]> locator,
byte[] stopHash)
|
|
GetDataMessage(NetworkParameters params)
|
|
GetDataMessage(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] payloadBytes)
|
|
InventoryMessage(NetworkParameters params)
|
|
InventoryMessage(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] bytes)
|
|
ListMessage(NetworkParameters params)
|
|
ListMessage(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] bytes)
|
|
MemoryBlockStore(NetworkParameters params)
|
|
NetworkConnection(InetAddress remoteIp,
NetworkParameters params,
int bestHeight,
int connectTimeout)
Connect to the given IP address using the port specified as part of the network parameters. |
|
Peer(NetworkParameters params,
NetworkConnection conn,
BlockChain blockChain)
Construct a peer that handles the given network connection and reads/writes from the given block chain. |
|
PeerAddress(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] payload,
int offset,
int protocolVersion)
|
|
Script(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] programBytes,
int offset,
int length)
Construct a Script using the given network parameters and a range of the programBytes array. |
|
SeedPeers(NetworkParameters params)
|
|
Transaction(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] payloadBytes)
Creates a transaction from the given serialized bytes, eg, from a block or a tx network message. |
|
Transaction(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] payload,
int offset)
Creates a transaction by reading payload starting from offset bytes in. |
|
TransactionInput(NetworkParameters params,
Transaction parentTransaction,
byte[] payload,
int offset)
Deserializes an input message. |
|
TransactionOutPoint(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] payload,
int offset)
Deserializes the message. |
|
TransactionOutput(NetworkParameters params,
Transaction parent,
byte[] payload,
int offset)
Deserializes a transaction output message. |
|
UnknownMessage(NetworkParameters params,
String name,
byte[] payloadBytes)
|
|
VersionAck(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] payload)
|
|
VersionMessage(NetworkParameters params,
byte[] msg)
|
|
VersionMessage(NetworkParameters params,
int newBestHeight)
|
|
Wallet(NetworkParameters params)
Creates a new, empty wallet with no keys and no transactions. |
|
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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


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Code snippets that are executed on a timer or an event that perform a specific action and then terminate.
▼npm i -g azure-functions-cli
func host start
to start functions server| Meter | Price | Free Grant (Per Month) |
|---|---|---|
| Execution Time* | $0.000016/GB-s | 400,000 GB-s |
| Total Executions* | $0.20 per Million Executions | 1 Million Executions |
npm i -g azure-functions-cli


Before Change
traxelgraph._graph.nodes[(t,obj)]["value"] = len(trackSet)
for t in list(labels.keys()):
if t < max(list(labels.keys())):
for source in list(labels[t].keys()):
if (misdetectionLabel not in labels[t][source]) and t+1 in list(labels.keys()):
for dest in list(labels[t+1].keys()):
After Change
for source_object_id in labels[t].keys():
// check not marked as misdetection, if there is an annotation at all in the next frame
if (misdetectionLabel in labels[t][source_object_id]) or (t+1 not in labels.keys()):
continue
// check object ids in the following frame
for destination_object_id in labels[t+1].keys():
// skip if misdetection inside
if (misdetectionLabel in labels[t+1][destination_object_id]):
continue


{% extends "las_util/layout.html" %} {% load static %} {% block body %}
Welcome to the Log Ascii Standard Util
This utility is based on LAS file formats
Specification of LAS file formats is maintained by the Canadian Well Logging Society at:
http://www.cwls.org/las/ {% endblock %}


Welcome to HSociety. We are a group specialised in hacking and cyberattacks.
Today, our target is set. But to achieve your goals, we need your help.
Join our discord now.
#hsociety
#anarchy


Please enter a username
Username must be atleast 5 characters
Username is {{mainCtrl.username}}
Please enter a password
Password must only be alphanumeric characters
Password is {{mainCtrl.password}}
Submit


{% extends 'layouts/full_width.html' %} {% load humanize %} {% block body %}
You don't have any goods at the moment.


These Layout demos are curated from the AngularJS Material documentation, GitHub Issues, StackOverflow, and CodePen.
Hint: Click on any of the samples below to toggle the layout direction(s).
Minim laborum qui excepteur exercitation elit et ipsum Lorem ut ad aliquip et nulla dolore.
folder
favorite
And one more


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
{% if not course.published %} The course is not published. You can preview it and publish {% else %} The course is published. You can view it and move to drafts {% endif %}
{% block forms %} {% endblock %} {% endblock %}