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Core Interaction Lab (Spring 2020)
Parsons The New School for Design
Communication Design
Mark Beasley ~ beasleym@newschool.edu


The U.S. postal system was the nation's largest communications network in the nineteenth century. By the close of the century the U.S. Post had extended its reach into nearly every city, town, and hamlet in the country. No other public institution was so ubiquitous and so central to everyday life; dropping off a letter or checking for mail at the local post office was a ritual shared by millions of Americans from Connecticut to Colorado. This visualization maps the spread of the postal network on its western periphery by charting the opening and closing of more than 14,000 post offices west of the hundredth meridian.
The stacked bar chart along the bottom is a timeline of post office openings (dark blue) and closings (light blue), year by year. Users can click-and-drag to select different periods of years to visualize the network's geography at any point in the late nineteenth century. You can clear out your selections by clicking "Reset Map."
Buttons at the top of the map allow you to toggle between two views. "Duration View" offers a snapshot of post offices colored brighter or darker according to how long they were in operation for a given period of time. "Status View" shows what happened to post offices within the selected timespan - whether they opened, closed, or continuously operated for the entire period.
Hovering over an individual post office will display its name and the years it was in operation.
The map uses data compiled by postal historian and philatelist Richard Helbock in United States Post Offices, Volumes 1-8. We extend our gratitude to Richard Helbock for his incredible work to compile this data.
Three disclaimers are in order. First, many post offices are missing from the map. We attempted to look up the location of every post office in the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), but we couldn't locate many of the offices. In order to capture the incomplete nature of our data, the sidebar displays how many post offices are successfully mapped for a given time period and how many offices are missing from the map. Second, we have not captured when an office changed names. A name change shows up as if it were a brand-new post office, with the old office "closing" and the new office "opening," even if it was the same post office in continuous operation. Finally, the closing date of an office represents a final date at which an office ceased to operate. Multiple openings and closings of the same office are not represented.
This visualization was built using D3.js by Jason Heppler, Jocelyn Hickox, and Cameron Blevins as part of the Geography of the Post project at Stanford's Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis. Special thanks to Tara Balakrishnan for her initial work and to Elijah Meeks for additional technical help.
The map works best in modern browsers, especially Safari or Chrome.


Circumflex Markeven is a tool for converting semantic plain text into valid HTML markup.
It is based on Markdown, a famous tool ported to several languages, but has more strict stucture and improved performance.
Markeven is a “golden middle” in a range of markup technologies: from human-readable visually appealing formats which are hard for semantic analysis to strict XML-like languages designed for machines and barely legible for human being.
The usage is pretty simple:
val html = toHtml(text)
circumflex-markeven at Maven Central:
master/circumflex-markeven at GitHub:


BTS’ Jungkook takes over worldwide trends and stuns knetz with his charismatic visuals during muster in Japan
by dose-nelJungkook showed up with a new hairstyle during muster which sent fans and knetz alike into frenzy. He took over worldwide trends by trending in 43 countries with over 47 trends. His hair also got a special Twitter moment and was hailed by various magazines like Paper magazine and international media. His fancam from muster was also trending in Korea. Knetz were mesmerized by his charisma and proportions and left positive comments. Quoting: “His physical is not a joke“,
“ He’s good at dancing and facial expressions ㅜㅜㅜㅜㅜ He has good body proportions and that blue silk shirt made him look more perfectㅜㅜㅠ”,
“His dance is great and sexy.”,
“He looks perfect from outfit to physical”.
It's safe to say that Jungkook has stolen hearts all over with his gorgeous visuals and intense performance skills.
https://twitter.com/jungkookti...


//Samples (tested with cmd.exe):
//
// [command line] [arg#1] [arg#2] [arg#3]
//
// aaa" => aaa
// aaa\" => aaa"
// aaa\\" => aaa\
// aaa\\\" => aaa\"
// "aaa\" => aaa"
// "aaa\\" => aaa\
// "aaa\\\" => aaa\"
// a"bc => abc
// a"bc\ => abc\
// a"bc\\ => abc\\
// a"bc\\\ => abc\\\
// a"bc\"d => abc"d
// a"bc\\ ddd" e => abc\\ ddd e
// a"bc\"\ ddd" e => abc"\ ddd e
// ab\\c d => ab\\c d
// ab\\ c => ab\\ c
// \\ab c => \\ab c
// a ""bc\"o" e" => a bc"o e
// a "bc\"o" e" => a bc"o e
// "a"""b => a"b
// "a"""b" => a"b
// "a\"b" => a"b
// "a""" b" => a" b
// """ => "
// """" => "
// """"" => ""
// """""" => ""
// ^"ab cd\^"^&echo foo^" => ab cd"&echo foo
// "ab cd\^"^&echo foo^" => ab cd\^&echo foo
// ^"ab cd\^" ee" => ab cd" ee
// "ab cd\" ee" => ab cd" ee
// "ab cd\^" ee" => ab cd\^ ee
// "a^b" c => a^b c
// ^"a^b" c => ab c
// ^"ab^" c => ab c
// ^"ab^"" c => ab" c
// a \bb c => a \bb c
// a \"bb c" d => a "bb c d
// a ^"bb^" c" d => a bb c d
// a \"b c => a "b c
// a""b c => ab c
// a\"b c => a"b c
// "a""b" c => a"b c
// "a\"b" c => a"b c
// a ^"" b => a b
// a ^"^" b => a b
// ^"" a => a
// ^"^" a => a
// ^"test\^"^&whoami^" => test"&whoami
// ^"test\\^"^&whoami^" => test\&whoami
// ^"test\"^&whoami^" => test"^&whoami^
// a\\\\"b => a\\b
// ^"a\\\\"b" => a\\b
// ^"a\^\^\\"b" => a\\b
// ^"a\^\\^\"b" => a\\b
// ^"a\^\\\^"b" => a\\b
//Rules:
// 1. [space] or tabs characters are argument delimiters/separators but *ONLY* when outside a string and outside a caret-string.
// a b c a b c
// 1.1. Double quotes character (") starts/ends a string. The " character is omitted from the argument. Strings *may* not always be ended (the end of the command line may be hit without the end-of-string character)
// If a string is juxtaposed to another argument (not separated by a delimiter character), they are part of the same argument.
// "a b c" a b c
// a" b" c a b c
// "a "b c a b c
// 2. Plain " character must be escaped with \" (or escaped with "") and does not ends the string. (If not escaped, they act as rule #1).
// Characters escaped with \" can be seen inside or outside strings but characters escaped with "" can *ONLY* be seen inside a string.
// a \"b c a "b c
// "a \"b" c a "b c
// "a ""b" c a "b c
// a ""b c a b c
// """" "
// 2.1 Plain " character must be escaped with \^" when inside a caret-string.
// Note: \^" character sequence can also be visible outside a string.
// ^"a \^" b^" c a " b c
// ^"a \" b^" c a " b^ c
// a b\^"c a b"c
// 3. Plain \ character must be escaped with \\ *ONLY* if they precedes a " character or ^" character sequence. (string or caret-string termination).
// a\\b a\\b
// "a\\b" a\\b
// a\\"b c a\b c
// a\\"b c" a\b c
// "a\\\"b c" a\"b c
// a\\^"b c a\b c
// a\\^"b c" a\b c
// "a\\\^"b c" a\\\^b c
// 4. ^" sequence starts/ends a caret-string. Caret-strings are different than normal strings. Caret-strings may be ended with an unescaped " character. Caret-string may not be ended.
// If a caret-string is juxtaposed to another argument (not separated by a delimiter character), they are part of the same argument.
// ^"a b^" c a b c
// ^"a b" c a b c
// ^"a b^"c a bc
// a^"b c^" ab c
// 5. The following characters are special shell characters: &,<,>,(,),|,% or !
// 5.1. Shell characters must be read as plain text when inside a string.
// "a < b" c a < b c
// "a ^< b" c a ^< b c
// 5.2. Plain shell characters must be escaped with ^ when inside a caret-string or outside a string.
// a ^< b a < b
// ^"a ^< b^" c a < b c
// ^"a < b^" c => The system cannot find the file specified.
// ^"a & b^" c => 'b"' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.
// ^"a &whoami^" => outputs: %USERDOMAIN%\%USERNAME%
// 5.3 Non-shell characters that are escaped with ^ when inside a caret-string or outside a string must be read as plain characters.
// ^a^b ^c ab c
// "^a^b" ^c ^a^b
// 6. Empty arguments must be specified with "" and must be enclosed by argument delimiters or located at the start/end of the command line.
 Two juxtaposed strings (not separated by a delimiter character), will insert a plain " character between each other.
 All other characters must be read as plain text.
// 9. Exceptions:
// 9.1 \" character sequence inside a caret-string.
// Note: This formatting is against rule 2.1.
// ^"test\"<test&whoami^" test"<test&whoami^
// \" sequence in caret-string should be read as [close caret-string] and [open string] and plain " character.
// Seems to be explained by rule 7.
// 9.2 OK: RULE 7. ^"" character sequence inside a caret-string.
// OK: RULE 7. ^"a ^""<test b^" c a "<test b^ c
// OK: RULE 7. ^"" sequence in caret-string should be read as [close caret-string] and [open string] and plain " character.
// x. To Validate...
// OK: ^"a " b^" c a[space] b^ c


interface VideoSource
VideoSource is an interface for sources which produce video frames, and can send to a VideoSink. Implementations can be passed to the AudioVideoFacade to be used as the video source sent to remote participants
contentHint |
Content hint for downstream processing abstract val contentHint: VideoContentHint |
addVideoSink |
Add a video sink which will immediately begin to receive new frames. abstract fun addVideoSink(sink: VideoSink): Unit |
removeVideoSink |
Remove a video sink which will no longer receive new frames on return abstract fun removeVideoSink(sink: VideoSink): Unit |
BackgroundBlurVideoFrameProcessor |
BackgroundBlurVideoFrameProcessor Draws frames to RGBA, converts to CPU, identifies the foreground person and blurs the background of a video frame. class BackgroundBlurVideoFrameProcessor : VideoSource, VideoSink |
BackgroundReplacementVideoFrameProcessor |
BackgroundReplacementVideoFrameProcessor Draws frames to RGBA, converts to CPU, identifies the foreground person and replaces the background of a video frame. class BackgroundReplacementVideoFrameProcessor : VideoSource, VideoSink |
VideoCaptureSource |
VideoCaptureSource is an interface for various video capture sources (i.e. screen, camera, file) which can emit VideoFrame objects All the APIs here can be called regardless of whether the AudioVideoFacade is started or not. interface VideoCaptureSource : VideoSource |


Maninder Singh Grabs UPSC AIR-195
Name : Maninder Singh
Rank: 195
Optional Subject : Geography
Medium : English
Place of birth : Ambala City
Place of residence : Mohali (Punjab)
Educational Qualifications :
10 th from St. Xavier’s Mohali – 92%
12 th from Shishu Niketan Chandigarh – 86%
B. Tech. in Mechanical Engineering from IIT Jodhpur – 6.75 CGPA
Occupation details :
Father – Sub- Divisional Officer – Water resources department, Punjab
Mother – Homemaker
Coaching details : GS from Vajiram and Ravi, Geography from Shabbir Sir (Vajiram and Ravi), test
series and mock interviews given at various institutes in Chandigarh and Delhi. I want to emphasise
that coaching is no substitute for hard work. In fact you can very well clear the exam with flying
colours without coaching.
My Journey.
- By Maninder SinghBack in June 2018, as you’re about to learn ahead, I needed a lot of motivation and read a lot of stories of successful candidates which gave me hope. My intention behind this write-up is simple – provide a glimmer of hope.
It was in May 2015 that I arrived in Delhi, started preparation, gave prelims without preparation just to get the feel of the exam and didn’t clear it. I gave Punjab PCS prelims and wrote mains but couldn’t clear that. I learned a very important lesson then when I’d switched off my phone for a while after the result.
I was still in Delhi for CSE 2016, increasingly frustrated at the rising cost of living, became insomniac, wasn’t able to sleep properly due to the noise (horns and dog barks) and started losing focus and also my mind, remaining irritated for most part of the day. I gave the interview that year and was waiting for the result on 31/5/2017 and at 7 got a big shock when I didn’t see my name up on the list. But then the important lesson had been learnt: to show up a brave face especially in front of your parents because for them the result doesn’t matter but your happiness and state of mind does. And they get anxious if you’re not okay, especially if you’re away from home. And so I acknowledged the fact that I’d indeed made very far in the first serious attempt (was extremely fortunate to get 787 in Mains- the cut-off marks for that year!).
But the expenses were taking a toll and my educational background suddenly started haunting me as I started getting swayed by societal expectations of an IITan- earning crazy money! So I decided to head back home for CSE 2017. I cleared prelims, was very happy with my attempt and was waiting for the result to be declared on 27 th April. Anxiety had already started building up close to the result days. That very same time at about 7 PM came the results. I searched but didn’t find my name. The important lesson came into play. Feeling devastated and numb inside, I had to pretend that everything is okay. Came back home, showed an extremely brave face to my parents, even comforted them that it doesn’t matter. I blamed an easy scapegoat for the bad result- my optional subject Geography.
But an even more devastating shock awaited me on 11/5/2018 when the marks came out. I’d scored 851 in Mains (806 being the cut-off) and only 132 in the PT and missed the list by 23 marks. I’d become normal thinking that geography ruined my attempt. But PT marks were incomprehensible! Who else do I blame now? It was me myself who did something horribly wrong at the PT and got such a low score. Yes I know PT is unpredictable, but a very low score makes you doubt yourself. I was not just blaming myself, but questioning my basic character-traits, every judgement, and every single act done in the past. It was like losing an identity, starting to hate oneself as an individual – and all due to just 30 minutes of PT.
And things only turned for the worst on 3/6/2018 – prelims for CSE 2018. I checked the answer key, was getting 94 and almost lost all hope. I hadn’t slept all night. At about 6 in the morning I filled up the form for SSC, 4/6 being last date of registration. I didn’t sign up for any test series, was doing nothing but staying in front of the books and engaging in destructive thought patterns. The basic thought I believe is this- 2 years of my life lost! 1 to wait for next prelims another 1 for the whole cycle to complete, apart from the other thought that 30 minutes cost me an year earlier. Regrets, what-ifs, tears, sadness, cursing luck and everything happened. And the saddest thing was thinking about my parents who I knew were getting bombarded with difficult questions about my future and yet having faith in me. This thought would make me feel like the weakest person alive. I’m pretty sure I was on the brink. These, anyone would concur, are the early signs of depression. However, one thought made me feel good – “This too shall pass”. It somehow did on 14/7/2018. Prelims result came and it was such a relief that I almost collapsed in my mother’s arms while telling her the result! I knew that this is something unusual, a Heavenly gift and an opportunity of a lifetime. I also discovered a new WHY: this time I was going to do it for my parents, to make them happy and proud. I prepared a schedule, got down to study and took active steps to take care of my mind and body- daily exercising and practising meditation. I was determined to give it my best try. I just wanted to be proud of my efforts in this attempt. I said to myself that whatever happens now would not be due to lack of efforts but fate. I went to a psychologist to understand what happens to me on the day of the interview to overcome that obstacle as well. And I kept saying to myself that even if I don’t qualify in CSE, I’ve learnt to work hard and wherever else I go, I would do good enough.
As fate would have it, things changed for good on 5/4/2019. The feeling was more of a relief. I could finally see the proud faces of my parents. They’d suffered much more than I had and thoroughly deserve to be blissfully happy.
Looking back, everything about the journey makes absolute sense. A lot of lessons needed to be learnt, a lot of mistakes were to be made, a lot of strength and resilience needed to be developed, a lot of faith needed to be placed on oneself and God. There are many folks out there who didn’t make it to the list. I’m sure many of them are much more capable and deserving than I am. This is where fate comes in. I was even more humbled and thankful to God for this blessing seeing my prelims score:
This journey is much more about becoming a civil servant. I am extremely fortunate to have absolute gems of persons surrounding me throughout the journey, especially my parents. I approached the UPSC journey in a positive stride - to develop such qualities that an ideal officer needs to have, to introspect deep into my personality and hone myself as a good citizen and a better person, and above all to develop an inquisitive attitude for living a lifetime of fulfilment. It is a transformational journey and my sincere advice is to approach it on these very lines.  This exam is neither a medal of success nor a certificate of failure. It is just the means to a good career, which can be pursued in many other different ways. What ultimately would matter would be how you are as a person and how beautifully you’ve pursued life.
I wish every one of you the very best of luck for a great life ahead.
Suggestions for new aspirants :
- Have a positive and determined approach towards the exam if you’ve just started preparing – no distractions, no 2 nd thoughts about any back-up or anything. Just focus single-mindedly on what is in your hand – studying hard.
- Have absolute faith in yourself, your capabilities and your hard work. Your efforts will never go unrewarded. As I mentioned earlier, even if God-forbid you are unable to make it, you’ll become an altogether different personality in the end and do extremely well in life.
- The market is flooded with all types of content. My sincere advice is to focus on limited content and do repeated revisions of the same material, especially for the static portions.
- This exam is not testing the depth of your knowledge but the breadth of your knowledge. This means that you have to work very smartly to neither have too shallow knowledge of any topic, nor too deep because you get just 200 words to express.
- As a corollary to previous point, the exam requires you to write brilliant answers that stand out from the rest, and this requires a lot of practice. You can go through toppers’ answer sheets, have a look at how they write, what structure they follow. Then try to incorporate these in your daily answer writing practice. This is one portion which is extremely important, yet is overlooked by majority of the candidates.
- Memorise the Mains syllabus. If not, at least put up the syllabus in front of your study table. Also go through previous year papers. This way you’ll know about the topic you’re reading from any book or the newspaper and better judge its importance.
- Gmail -<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Booklist that I followed:
History:
Ancient – R S Sharma Old NCERT
Medieval – NCERT Class 7
Modern – Spectrum for Prelims, Bipin Chandra for Mains
World history – Arjun Dev Old NCERTs Classes 9 th and 10 th (only topics mentioned in the syllabus)
Post-independence – VisionIAS summary available in ORN(Old Rajendra Nagar) + Pradhan Mantri series on Youtube
Culture – Nitin Singhania + Class 11 th Fine Arts NCERT
Geography: Optional covered most topics + GC Leong
Environment by Shankar IAS
Society: NCERTs for classes 11 th and 12 th
Polity: M. Laxmikant
GS 2 notes by M. Puri Sir – available in ORN shops
International relations notes by Chokhalingam Sir – available in ORN shops
Governance notes by Ram Babu Sir – available in ORN shops
GS3 security portion – Challenges to internal Security of India (TMH publication)
Economy portion + agriculture portions for GS3 – book by Ramesh Singh or Sriram IAS economy handout available at ORN shops
GS 4 – Lexicon
In case of any queries, suggestions or any sort of help, you can reach me at the following:


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[2.5/4.0] (Dialog in Bengali, English subtitles)
This film is also known by the English title "The Big City".
In most ways, the Mazumdar family is a typical, traditional Indian family. Subrata (Anil Chatterjee) is the head of the family and the breadwinner, while his wife Arati (Madhabi Mukherjee) keeps everything in order at home. Besides their two children, Subrata's parents also live with them. That make quite a few people to support on a single income, and Subrata's job as a bank clerk does not always provide everything the extended family needs. Because they live in Calcutta, a large modern city, they have the option of getting a second income if Arati was to also join the workforce. This choice is too tempting, so that is what they decide.
The Mazumdars live in a place and time where it is becoming acceptable for women to work, but the idea does not sit well with everyone. Initially, only Subrata is in favor of Arati working because he know how badly the family needs the money. Subrata's father, Priyogopal (Haren Chatterjee), is especially opposed to Arati pursuing a career. The retired school headmaster thinks it is undignified for women to work, yet he hypocritically visits his successful students and begs favors from them.
Arati is initially unsure of the new world she has entered, and she must learn how to be a door-to-door sales representative. Her dedication and determination pay off as she becomes rather successful, and a favorite of her boss. The extra money she brings the family noticeably boosts their standard of living. The family members are more accepting of her career now that they have access to material comforts that they previously did without.
The story is set (and was filmed) in a time when it was still uncommon for women to work outside the home. The practice was just becoming acceptable in modern urban India. What may seem commonplace by the standards of today, was more exceptional at the time the film was made.
With this film, Satyajit Ray has crafted another good film. The story is engaging and the viewer gets closely involved in the story of the Mazumdar family. However, it does not reach the high standards set by many of his other works. The problem is not that the film is flawed in what it attempts, but rather it does not make much of a statement beyond the narrative. The plot tells a story in a single dimension, and does not contain much symbolism or allegory. It is an enjoyable film, but it is not engaging.
Recommended. This is a well-made and realistic film. However, it does not deliver much more than the surface level story, and as a result is not as profound as other Satyajit Ray works.
(c) 1999 Murali Krishnan The Art House Squatter http://ArtHouseSquatter.com
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ Share what you know. Learn what you don't.
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5 references to _syncObject
System.Management.Automation (5)
engine\remoting\client\Job2.cs (5)
556
lock (
_syncObject
)
581
lock (
_syncObject
)
1731
lock (
_syncObject
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1745
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Test Modification
This includes several attributes that modify how a test is
executed.
-
is used to indicate that a test should throw a particular exception.
- causes the
test culture setting to be changed while running the test.
- marks
a test or an assembly as needing a particular addin.


--- layout: default title: About Samantha Ballard ---
I am a second year PhD student studying physical oceanography at the University of Miami.


--- layout: archive exerpt: "Musings of a Geek. Personal website and blog of Sebastian Cachia" tags: [sebcachia, Sebastian Cachia, blog, website, geek] author_profile: true header: image: homepage2.png --- {% include base_path %}


Microsoft Visual Studio
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ as your IDE, these functions can be accessed through the icons on the following add-in toolbar:
(
).
When you are working with DIScover from within Microsoft Visual Studio, DIScover messages appear in the Macro tab of the Messages window in the bottom pane of your studio. If your Messages pane does not appear in your studio environment, select, View > Output from the menu bar.
Note: Messages appear on the Macro tab, which does not become active until you invoke a command from the DIScover toolbar.
Related Topics


ChemEAStry is a website designed to give students a one stop resource for help with different types of chemistry calculations.
Check out the tool that performs dimensional analysis for you!
Click on different elements to display information related to them!
Learn about the different conversions between the acids and bases. Try them for yourself!


Organizations often have multiple storage accounts to let them implement different sets of requirements. In the chocolate-manufacturer example, there would be one storage account for the private business data and one for the consumer-facing files. Here, you will learn the policy factors that are controlled by a storage account, which will help you decide how many accounts you need.
Azure provides many ways to store your data. There are multiple database options like Azure SQL Database, Azure Cosmos DB, and Azure Table Storage. Azure offers multiple ways to store and send messages, such as Azure Queues and Event Hubs. You can even store loose files using services like Azure Files and Azure Blobs.
Azure selected four of these data services and placed them together under the name Azure Storage. The four services are Azure Blobs, Azure Files, Azure Queues, and Azure Tables. The following illustration shows the elements of Azure Storage.
These four were given special treatment because they are all primitive, cloud-based storage services and are often used together in the same application.
A storage account is a container that groups a set of Azure Storage services together. Only data services from Azure Storage can be included in a storage account (Azure Blobs, Azure Files, Azure Queues, and Azure Tables). The following illustration shows a storage account containing several data services.
Combining data services into a storage account lets you manage them as a group. The settings you specify when you create the account, or any that you change after creation, are applied to everything in the account. Deleting the storage account deletes all of the data stored inside it.
A storage account is an Azure resource and is included in a resource group. The following illustration shows an Azure subscription containing multiple resource groups, where each group contains one or more storage accounts.
Other Azure data services like Azure SQL and Azure Cosmos DB are managed as independent Azure resources and cannot be included in a storage account. The following illustration shows a typical arrangement: Blobs, Files, Queues, and Tables are inside storage accounts, while other services are not.
A storage account defines a policy that applies to all the storage services in the account. For example, you could specify that all the contained services will be stored in the West US datacenter, accessible only over https, and billed to the sales department's subscription.
The settings that are controlled by a storage account are:
Subscription: The Azure subscription that will be billed for the services in the account.
Location: The datacenter that will store the services in the account.
Performance: Determines the data services you can have in your storage account and the type of hardware disks used to store the data. Standard allows you to have any data service (Blob, File, Queue, Table) and uses magnetic disk drives. Premium introduces additional services for storing data. For example, storing unstructured object data as block blobs or append blobs, and specialized file storage used to store and create premium file shares. These storage accounts use solid-state drives (SSD) for storage.
Replication: Determines the strategy used to make copies of your data to protect against hardware failure or natural disaster. At a minimum, Azure will automatically maintain three copies of your data within the data center associated with the storage account. This is called locally-redundant storage (LRS), and guards against hardware failure but does not protect you from an event that incapacitates the entire datacenter. You can upgrade to one of the other options such as geo-redundant storage (GRS) to get replication at different datacenters across the world.
Access tier: Controls how quickly you will be able to access the blobs in this storage account. Hot gives quicker access than Cool, but at increased cost. This applies only to blobs, and serves as the default value for new blobs.
Secure transfer required: A security feature that determines the supported protocols for access. Enabled requires HTTPs, while disabled allows HTTP.
Virtual networks: A security feature that allows inbound access requests only from the virtual network(s) you specify.
A storage account represents a collection of settings like location, replication strategy, and subscription owner. You need one storage account for every group of settings that you want to apply to your data. The following illustration shows two storage accounts that differ in one setting; that one difference is enough to require separate storage accounts.
The number of storage accounts you need is typically determined by your data diversity, cost sensitivity, and tolerance for management overhead.
Organizations often generate data that differs in where it is consumed, how sensitive it is, which group pays the bills, etc. Diversity along any of these vectors can lead to multiple storage accounts. Let's consider two examples:
Do you have data that is specific to a country or region? If so, you might want to locate it in a data center in that country for performance or compliance reasons. You will need one storage account for each location.
Do you have some data that is proprietary and some for public consumption? If so, you could enable virtual networks for the proprietary data and not for the public data. This will also require separate storage accounts.
In general, increased diversity means an increased number of storage accounts.
A storage account by itself has no financial cost; however, the settings you choose for the account do influence the cost of services in the account. Geo-redundant storage costs more than locally-redundant storage. Premium performance and the Hot access tier increase the cost of blobs.
You can use multiple storage accounts to reduce costs. For example, you could partition your data into critical and non-critical categories. You could place your critical data into a storage account with geo-redundant storage and put your non-critical data in a different storage account with locally-redundant storage.
Each storage account requires some time and attention from an administrator to create and maintain. It also increases complexity for anyone who adds data to your cloud storage; everyone in this role needs to understand the purpose of each storage account so they add new data to the correct account.
Storage accounts are a powerful tool to help you get the performance and security you need while minimizing costs. A typical strategy is to start with an analysis of your data and create partitions that share characteristics like location, billing, and replication strategy, and then create one storage account for each partition.


Standard allocator based on the RTOS system default memory manager. More...
#include <cmsis-plus/rtos/os.h>
Public Types | |
| using | value_type = T |
| Type of elements to be allocated. | |
Public Member Functions | |
Constructors & Destructor | |
| allocator_stateless_default_resource () noexcept=default | |
| Default constructor. Construct a default resource allocator object instance. | |
| allocator_stateless_default_resource (allocator_stateless_default_resource const &other)=default | |
| Copy constructor. | |
| template<typename U > | |
| allocator_stateless_default_resource (allocator_stateless_default_resource< U > const &other) noexcept | |
| Copy constructor template. | |
| allocator_stateless_default_resource (allocator_stateless_default_resource &&other)=default | |
| Move constructor. | |
| ~allocator_stateless_default_resource ()=default | |
| Destruct the default resource allocator object instance. | |
Operators | |
| allocator_stateless_default_resource & | operator= (allocator_stateless_default_resource const &other)=default |
| Copy assignment operator. | |
| allocator_stateless_default_resource & | operator= (allocator_stateless_default_resource &&other)=default |
| Move assignment operator. | |
Public Member Functions | |
| value_type * | allocate (std::size_t elements) |
Allocate a number of memory blocks of type value_type . | |
| void | deallocate (value_type *addr, std::size_t elements) noexcept |
Deallocate the number of memory blocks of type value_type . | |
| std::size_t | max_size (void) const noexcept |
The maximum number of elements that can be passed to allocate() . | |
Standard allocator based on the RTOS system default memory manager.
| T | Type of elements to be allocated. |
This class template is used as the default allocator for system classes. It gets memory from the system default memory manager os::rtos::memory::get_default_resource()
.
Definition at line 539 of file os-memory.h.
| using os::rtos::memory::allocator_stateless_default_resource< T >::value_type = T |
Type of elements to be allocated.
Definition at line 546 of file os-memory.h.
|
defaultnoexcept |
Default constructor. Construct a default resource allocator object instance.
|
default |
Copy constructor.
| other | Reference to existing allocator. |
|
noexcept |
Copy constructor template.
| other | Reference to allocator. |
|
default |
Move constructor.
| other | Reference to existing allocator. |
|
default |
Destruct the default resource allocator object instance.
| value_type * os::rtos::memory::allocator_stateless_default_resource< T >::allocate | ( | std::size_t | elements | ) |
Allocate a number of memory blocks of type value_type
.
| elements | Number of elements of type value_type . |
|
noexcept |
Deallocate the number of memory blocks of type value_type
.
| addr | Pointer to previously allocated memory blocks. |
| elements | Number of elements of type value_type . |
|
noexcept |
The maximum number of elements that can be passed to allocate()
.
value_type
.
|
default |
Move assignment operator.
| other | Reference to existing allocator. |
|
default |
Copy assignment operator.
| other | Reference to existing allocator. |


--- layout: doc title: Documentation ---
The node you are looking for is at Switching between proof scripts.


The Problem
Defining errors in movement poses a very difficult problem for engineers. This is because no quantitative system detailing the correct way for people to move exists, nor should it. Everyone's bodies are differently shaped, everyone has different requirements put on their bodies, and so everyone moves in different ways. For that reason, it is usually the job of a physiotherapist to determine what a healthy movement is for their unique patient. This highly trained therapist will take into account a patient's past injuries, body type, personal goals, and a variety of other factors to design programs to help them rehabilitate from disability or generally improve their physical health.
Rather than trying to automate the vastly difficult and sensitive task of determining correct movements for patients, we leverage the expertise of physiotherapists to do this, and then assist them in teaching good movements to their patients once they've been defined.
The Method
The way that we can leverage the expertise of a physiotherapist is by having them design a movement for their patient, and then use a wearable motion tracking device to record the patient themselves doing this movement in the physiotherapist's office. This recording gives us the quantitative definition of a good measurement for us to help the user try to achieve on their own. Once recordings of good movements have been taken, the patient can go home and perform the movements, with the Articul8 motion tracking device helping them do the exercises as prescribed.
When the patient is performing the exercises without the supervision of the physio, the Articul8 system will track their movement, compare it to the pre-recorded baseline, and vibrate to guide the user away from errors. The system can quantitatively measure the difference between their current movement and the baseline, and vibrate in a way that ensures they do the movements correctly. The system can then track the user's progression over time, which can be summarized at the patient's next meeting with the physiotherapist.
The Technology
To track the movement of the patient, accelerometer and gyroscope motion sensors are sewn into comfortable garments such as bands or leg and arm sleeves. This sensor data can be fed into a kinematic model of the patient's body to allow for good estimation of all of the patient's joint angles. These joint angles completely define the person's position in a movement, and the difference between their current joint angles and the joint angles in the baseline movement defines their error.
Defining error as a set of errors in the patient's joint angles gives us a basis for correcting their movement and guiding them back towards the baseline. For example, if a user is performing a bicep curl and their arm is not opening up enough, this error would be represented as an insufficient elbow angle. The user would then be signaled to open their arm up until they reached the elbow angle in the baseline, at which point they would be signaled to close their arm.
To signal the user to adjust their joint angles, eight vibrating motors are placed in the garment around every body segment involved in the movement. In the example of the bicep curl, an arm sleeve would be slipped on to the arm before performing the movement, and it would have eight vibrating motors around the forearm and eight around the upper arm. To signal the user to open their arm, motors on the inside of the arm would vibrate, and to signal them to close their arm, motors on the back of the arm would vibrate. The Articul8 system can be used for more complex movements, such as squats, where a leg sleeve is worn and can help correct for errors such as insufficient depth or heels coming off of the ground.
Summary
In summary, Articul8 avoids the fundamentally ill-posed problem of trying to determine an objectively correct movement. Instead, we allow physiotherapists to do what they do best: prescribe exercises to help people recover. We then assist physiotherapists where they most need it, by helping patients do their prescribed exercises on their own.


Die Deutung der Skizzen Beethovens zur Erkenntnis seines Stils
Paul Mies, 1925
Part 1. The melodic line
Translated by Doris L. Mackinnon as
Beethoven's Sketches:
an analysis of his style based on a study of his sketch-book
publ. Oxford University Press 1929, reprinted Dover 1974
1. The melodic line:
(a) Up-beat and 'curtain'
- 5
(b) The melodic apex and its treatment
- 16
(c) Repetition of notes
- 35
(d) Suspension: absolute melodic structure
- 39
II. The melodic form:
(a) The types of melody
- 44
(b) Threefold repetition
- 46
(c) Avoidance of sequences and uniform rhythms;
characteristic relations between the melodic types, and their changes
- 56
(d) Sequence-contractions
- 76
(e) Transformation of the types
- 85
(f) Themes with irregular number of bars
- 101
(g) Melodic breadth and elimination of caesurae
- 102
(h) The fugue theme
- 110
Index of Opus-numbers
List of Abbreviations
Bibliography
Editor's notes
INTRODUCTION
' . . . To write the history of Beethoven's inner and
outer life would be a wonderful undertaking.'
Thus Schumann wrote in the year 1838
(Briefe, Neue Folge, II. Aufl., p.122).
And perhaps no other musician offers conditions so favourable for
the study of his inner history (i.e. the growth of the
musical ideas, motives, themes and completed works).
Writers have been quick to see this.
Special mention must be made of G. Nottebohm, who, in a large number
of works, opened Beethoven's sketch-books to us and
therewith the composer's inner history - a most laborious
task, in view of the almost illegible nature of
much of the manuscript. Schumann's idea,
that genius must be aided by a will of iron
(Gesammelte Schriften, P. Reclam, vol. iii, p.126),
might have been expressed with special reference to these sketch-books.
For, through them, it is often possible to trace, step by step, how the
most sublime melodies take origin in something very simple.
It is often said that Beethoven's 'daemoniacal constructive power'
(H. Schenker, Erläuterungsausgabe zur Sonate Op.111, p.64)
always succeeded in getting the best end-result from what he had sketched.
'And though these sketches not infrequently give an impression of
hesitation and groping, our admiration revives at sight of this power
of self-criticism, brought to the pitch of genius;
and we marvel at the way in which, after everything has been tested,
it confidently retains that which is best.
I have had the opportunity of examining not a few of Beethoven's
sketch-books; but I have never come across an instance where I was not
bound to admit that what he selected was really the most beautiful'
(O. Jahn, Gerammelte Aufsätze über Musik, p.244).
'One cannot but be struck by the
way in which Beethoven's admirable artistic instinct
infallibly selects from out a mass of sketches the best
reading.' (M. Friedländer,
Jahrbuch der Musikbibliotek Peters, 14. Jahrg. p.19)
And Nottebohm (N. II, p.iX) lays stress on the
importance of these sketches for 'the history of his
evolution as an artist'. ln his first publication (N. 65, p.7)
he says: 'Once it is shown that Beethoven never
moved in a rut (and how else would anyone describe his
independence of any conventional method of procedure ?)
it is obvious that we shall not discover from the
sketch-books what was the inner law that guided him
in his creative work.' By this Nottebohm meant that
Beethoven sometimes sketched out a large plan as the
commencement, and sometimes began with the detail.
And clearly he was thinking of the same thing when
later (N. II, p.lx) he wrote: 'What one sees in Beethoven's
sketch-books occurs over and over again: and
it would be so much waste effort to repeat the same
remark or explanation with regard to each of the sketches,
thrown out, as they are, now in one direction and now in another.'
More recent investigators, whose endeavour has been to penetrate so
far as possible the idiosyncrasies of Beethoven's musical style,
have taken up one instance or another from the sketch-books,
and from these have drawn important conclusions as regards
the final form and the other works. Gal (pp.60, 72),
for instance, through a comparison of this kind, has
revealed the infrequency of suspensions and of chromaticism
in Beethoven's music, the result of which is
an idiosyncrasy of the melody to which he gives the
name 'absolute'. Becking (pp.128, 137, 140) has
shown what the special features of Beethoven's scherzo
theme are, and with what sureness these were developed
from sketches that at first were framed quite differently.
Such examples, however, deal with isolated instances
from the sketch-books, and not with a comparison drawn
from the wealth of material which these contain.
Again and again
(P. Mies, Stilmomente und Ausdrucksstilformen in Brahmsschen Lied, p.3)
I have insisted that, while a single
instance may be of great interest, yet, for determining
points of style, it is of immense value to collect together
a number of such instances and make a comparison
between them. If one carefully goes through the sketch-books
published by Nottebohm, one sees that actually
a number of groups can be formed, in which similar
alterations were made on the original drafts: as, for
instance, where melodies lacking an up-beat were given one,
or where melodies of a certain form were re-shaped
although the main motive was retained; and so forth.
We are justified in concluding that to Beethoven the
final reading represented an advance on the sketches,
and that it is in the final selection that the individual
features of his style will therefore be most fully expressed.
The direction of the alteration draws our
attention to the points that Beethoven's musical sense
selected as the best. The laws governing his art are thus revealed;
these are the style determinants that must be grasped.
In a special section (II) we shall consider
to what extent the alterations were made with deliberate intent,
and to what extent they were unconscious.
In addition to noting the similarity of the changes that he made,
it is well worth while to observe what Beethoven chose to retain.
For these must also be things that he thought good and valuable
and in correspondence with his ideas as an artist:
by studying them we may get further clue to his musical idiosyncrasy.
The following study is based on this line of argument.
The main material is taken from the four works [2]
published by Nottebohm, I have also, of course, drawn
on other sources, such as Schenker's editions, Thayer's
biography, etc. It is obvious, and indeed inevitable,
that a number of the conclusions I submit here must
coincide with those of other investigators who have
interested themselves in Beethoven's style (Gal, Fischer,
Jalowetz, Becking): the researches of these authors,
since they are based on the completed work,
must necessarily include these points of style, which, in the
present work, are indicated by the alterations and retentions.
The use of Nottebohm's works instead of the
original sketch-books imposes a certain restriction;
for while Nottebohm noted the essential points concerning
the themes and the alterations made in these,
it was only in the sketch-book devoted to the Eroica (N. 80)
that he enlarged on the changes in the working-out, etc.
In this essay, style idiosyncrasies are determined
according as Beethoven altered or retained his initial idea.
This limitation is necessary: there is the difficulty
in interpreting the sketch-books; and, still more
important, the fact that, even where one can do so,
a general view of the manifold phenomena they reveal is not easy.
Now, for such a study as I propose, this wide
and continuous survey is just what is necessary.
I believe, however, that, by the method I have adopted,
I have succeeded in tracing to their objective foundations
the essential peculiarities of Beethoven's melodic structure.
PART 1. STYLE DETERMINANTS
I THE MELODIC LINE
(a) Up-beat and 'curtain'.
FISCHER (p.50) has emphasized the importance in the
Viennese classical style of the lively up-beat, combined
with sustained endings to the motives. As a matter
of fact, in the sketch-books there are a large number
of instances in which melodies, originally without up-beat,
are given one later on. It is at once obvious that
Beethoven attached importance to up-beats of this kind;
otherwise he would not have changed the original ideas.
The reasons for inserting an up-beat are several.
Frequently all that had to be done was to impart greater
movement and tension to an existing up-beat.
There is an example of this in the piano sonata Op.90:
It is also to be noted here that at first the melodic line
began with the repetition of a note. Later on I shall
show in more detail that Beethoven preferred to avoid
such repetitions. So the up-beat G sharp was changed
to E, F sharp.
The same thing is shown by the change
in the up-beat in No. 2 of the song-cycle Op.98:
Here the harmonisation shows something further;
to the key of G its dominant D has been prefixed.
This makes the up-beat more tense, and forces it
towards the principal key.
Sonata Op.22 also shows a
deliberate emphasising of the dominant in the up-beat.
Moreover, by this device Beethoven avoids having the
first note of the melody as apex: I shall return to this point
later.
Often this tension in the dominant is evidently
Beethoven's reason for introducing an up-beat in a
tune that previously lacked it.
(Eisner speaks of the 'impetus' of Beethoven's up-beats.)
One of the most striking
examples is the trio in the minuet of the eighth
symphony. Ex.4 gives the process of evolution; only
in the final form does the up-beat C, D, E occur, whereby
the dominant C major obviously imparts tension to the beginning.
(Concerning the reading of this bar see Müller-Reuter, Lexikon
der deutschen Kunstliteratur, Nachtrag zu Bd.I, p.31.)
Much of the same requirement has produced the up-beat
in the theme of the Cello sonata Op.102. I.
The adagio in the quartet in E flat major, Op.127,
shows the same sort of thing. The theme in A flat
major, originally without up-beat, is given one by the
notes in which again the dominant prevails.
At the same time, the melody receives two
introductory bars on the dominant seventh - a 'curtain',
to use Riemann's terminology.
(System der musikalischen Rhytmik und Metrik, p.230.)
And these brief 'curtains', which appear, especially
in the later works, in melodies originally without up-beat,
must have seemed to Beethoven of great importance:
in the Sketches they often do not occur at all.
I would instance the theme of the allegro appassionato in the
A minor quartet, Op, 132. Beethoven often began
thus: he even thought of using it for the finale of the
ninth symphony. Ex.6 brings together some sketches,
the second of which has an up-beat, and the final version
a two-bar curtain over tonic and dominant.
The eight-bar introduction to the scherzo of the ninth symphony
was later added to it as well.
In both cases the actual melody is without up-beat.
And a well-known instance is that of the interpolation
of the initial bar in the slow movement of Op.106,
where the dominant is indicated by the note C sharp;
Of the effect of this one bar, F. Ries (Leitzmann,
I, p.76) tells us: 'A very striking thing, from the artistic
standpoint, happened in the case of ... Op.106, which,
when engraved, is 41 pages in length ... When the
engraving was finished, and I was daily expecting a letter
fixing the date of publication, I got one with nothing
in it but the following remarkable instruction, "at the
beginning of the Adagio" (which, when engraved, occupies
9-10 pages) "insert these two notes -
|
I was to add two notes to a work that had been elaborated
in every detail and finished six months before.
But I was equally astonished at the effect these two
notes produced.' It is not mere chance that, among the
examples Riemann gives in the chapter on 'curtains',
Beethoven's later works are especially numerous: it was
only in his more mature years that he became such a
master in the art of creating the right atmosphere by the
simple device of using an up-beat containing the
dominant chord.
|
The re-shaping of the up-beat in Op.22 (Ex.3)
shows that Beethoven tried to avoid having an apex at
the beginning of the melody. We should not be justified
in drawing this conclusion from a single instance, but
there are other indications of the same kind.
|
We frequently find that melodies originally written without
up-beat, and having their highest note at the beginning,
were later modified by the introduction of an up-beat
in a lower register. The opening bars of the last movement
of the piano sonata Op.27. I will illustrate this:
The dominant up-beat B flat is added to the original
draft seemingly quite arbitrarily.
It is interesting to notice also that in none of the concluding sections
of this movement is the up-beat quaver treated in an unusual way
- a clear sign that it was inserted afterwards;
and often in the course of the movement the theme comes in without it.
|
The alteration on the melody of the
variations in Op.18 No.5 belong to the same category;
By avoiding the first, schematic form of the melody,
the highest note came near the beginning; in the later
Working-out, where the thematic material is otherwise
very similar, an up-beat was inserted first.
|
The alterations in the opening themes of the sonata Op.106 and
of the quartet Op.131 show the same thing.
|
In Op.131 (Ex.10), probably on account of the
chromaticism, it was important to prepare the way for the
apex even more effectively than was done in the sketch.
(See also Ex.33).
And the addition of the 'curtain' to the slow movement of Op.106
(see p.9),
may have the same object. In all these examples, the intention is
to avoid beginning with the highest note of the melody,
which might too easily be felt as the climax.
The beginning of Op.106 (Ex.9) shows this clearly.
Nottebohm also was struck by the change in the second theme in the
last movement of Op.53. The crotchet C became repeated quaver,
and from that the actual up-beat was derived.
The change in the mood is especially clear in this example.
At the same time, in this theme he avoids a halt in the melody
and the obvious effect of the repeated note by
a breaking up the first crotchet into two quavers, and by
the caesura after the first quaver, as the result of the up-beat.
A halt in the melody may be produced by a rest,
and Beethoven prefers to change such pauses into a up-beats.
The second theme in Sonata Op.10 No.3 illustrates a case of the kind:
In this example also the apex of the melody comes early.
In other places Beethoven merely fills in the rests
and does not add the up-beat at the beginning.
Thus, in the violin sonata Op.30 No.3.
The same thing is beautifully illustrated in the threefold
recurrence of the adagio melody in the serenade Op.8,
and in the first theme of the rondo of the string trio Op.9 No.2.
But it should be noticed that, in the last example from Op.30 No.3,
the apex of the melody
is placed further from the beginning than in the previous ones.
The three repetitions from Op.8:
show admirably the development towards an increasing
dominant-tendency in the up-beat.
To the same category belongs the up-beat to the second part of 'Adelaide',
the late addition of which surely no one would have suspected.
Here also it is obvious that Beethoven intended to
fill in the second rest, and so was led to the up-beat.
The up-beat does not correspond to the rhythm of the
verse; further on, I shall frequently have occasion to
point out such 'instrumental' influences in the vocal
music.
A phrase from the theme of the funeral march
of the Eroica shows the same thing, and something
additional. Originally the phrase ran as in Ex.16a. In
a later sketch one up-beat was introduced (Ex.16b), no
doubt merely to fill in the rest. But this meant that the
two sequences were now different; in the final version
an up-beat is inserted in the middle, and, in a higher
register, repeats the first up-beat in intensified form.
Among the reasons for introducing the up-beat here
is the intention of getting greater roundness and
symmetry into the form.
Many further examples can be brought to illustrate this point.
The second theme of the first movement of the violin sonata
Op.30 No.2 originally had the form Ex.17a;
the next form (Ex.17b) introduces the up-beat when the theme
(expanded now from four bars to eight) is repeated;
and thence the final reading sets it directly at the beginning.
We must interpret the elongation by syncopation of
the initial quaver in the beautiful andante melody of
the slow movement of the ninth symphony as having,
formally, a similar significance; for each bar overlaps
the next with an up-beat (semiquaver or quaver).
This syncopated up-beat results in the syncopated binding
of the bars that follow, and repeated notes are thereby avoided.
An experiment following the above in the
sketch-book shows that Beethoven actually had this
avoidance in mind (Ex.18c). But it destroyed the
peaceful beauty of the passage: the solution finally
selected is undoubtedly both the simplest and the
richest in feeling.
The theme of the A minor quartet, Op.132, is an
instructive example of how the up-beat character of the
later segments has an effect in a backward direction.
At first the sketches (Ex.19a) show it without initial up-beat;
it is obvious that the later bars have an up-beat.
Then at the beginning it acquires an up-beat (Ex.19b);
in the next sketch this up-beat is cut out, with a sequential
continuation (Ex.19c); in a later experiment (Ex.19d),
the second part of the sequence again has an up-beat
- the pause on G sharp was obviously too long.
Finally, the last reading (Ex.19e) reverts to the first plan,
but the beginning is given the force of an up-beat.
I consider that the instances cited (and I might give
many more of the kind) show that Beethoven added
up-beats to the original ideas for the following reasons:
to avoid repetition of notes, to prepare the apex of
the melody, and to clarify and round off the form.
To what degree this was conscious or unconscious does not
concern us here: all we have to do is to demonstrate the fact.
These phenomena fall into two classes;
in the one, the principle and object is the alteration of the melodic line;
in the other, it is the shaping of the form.
The distribution of the up-beats contributes to the establishment of the form,
and their dominant character brings out the tonality more clearly.
The beginning of the trio in the eighth symphony (Ex.4)
constitutes thus a much better cut between the main movement and the
trio than it would without an up-beat: the form is made much clearer.
These two aims appear again and again in a number of alteration groups.
As the next peculiarity, let us deal with the position of the melodic apex.
(b) The melodic apex and its treatment.
The position of the melodic apex is of great importance
for the effect of the melody. Naumann
(E. Naumann, Darstellung eines bisher unbekannt gebliebenen
Stilgesetzes im Aufbau des klassischen Fugenthemas, 1878.)
has demonstrated certain laws bearing on this point - for instance,
as regards the ancient classical fugue theme; and I
have been able to confirm and apply these rules to
a particular instance (the fugue based on the name of
Bach).
(Die Kraft des Themas, dargestellt an B-A-C-H, Bach-Jahrbuch
1922, p.14.)
In the present connection I take the apex to be,
not the highest note of the whole melody,
but merely the highest note of a large portion
clearly delimited by sequence or cadence;
unimportant auxiliary notes, grace-notes, etc. may be higher still,
though for the most part these are only seconds.
In comparing the sketches, several types of treatment
can be demonstrated, by the aid of which Beethoven
devised an effective position for the melodic
apex. In Part I we have seen examples showing how,
by its tension, a lower up-beat, usually in the dominant,
prepares the way for the apex (Exs.
3,
7,
8,
9,
10,
11).
It was Beethoven's custom to strengthen the thematic
material and effect of early apexes by immediate repetition
of the first motive, often in a higher register.
The technique of the sequences in Beethoven's melody
is one of the points already most often noted,
and we shall go into it in detail later on.
The sequences under notice are remarkable for their brevity,
and consist almost exclusively of two segments.
A characteristic example is the beginning of the violin sonata Op.24,
which has the highest note coming first with a one-bar sequence.
The rondo melody of Op.22 (Ex.3) also belongs here:
with the change in the up-beat the apex was removed from the beginning;
there is a two-bar sequence.
Ex.21a gives the minuet melody of the eighth symphony
as first sketched. Two things were altered, which
have relation to the high note's position so near the
beginning. Here, where we have to do with the eight-bar
song type, we can scarcely speak of a repetition of
sequences; nevertheless, a strengthening is constantly
effected in this way. At first the apex lay in the
up-beat: that was changed. And finally an ascending two-bar
'curtain' was also inserted.
Ex.21b gives the final version. It is easy to find
numerous instances of the kind in the completed works.
Of greater importance to us here are those places in the
sketches where the actual steps towards such repetitions
are elucidated. In the first draft for the presto
melody of Op.18 No.3 (Ex.22a) the theme opens with
the high note on the unaccented part of the bar; the
movement is so quick that the effect of the sequence of
the first four half-bars is not great.
The final reading (Ex.22b) shows the progress to
the short sequence of two segments of four bars, as
a result of the tempo. In addition, the high note is
repeated in the accented part of the bar.
The alterations in the finale of Op.59 No.2 follow the
same tendency. The two first drafts (Exs. 23 a and b)
have the high note at the beginning, and no repetition:
a later one (Ex.23c) has the curtain placed low,
but there is no repetition: the final reading (Ex.23d)
has both, and the repetition is strengthened by a
sequence.
The development of the scherzo melody of Op.106 is also important for
our consideration later on. We see here (Exs. 24 a and b) how the sequences,
originally of two bars, become changed into one-bar sequences, and the
numerous attempts to alter the up-beat (Ex.24c) aim at accentuating the apex.
The unusual inversion of the melody in the finale of the Trio Op.1 No.2
(but see also Ex.23)
seems to me most simply explained as an attempt to avoid the early apex.
In view of this example, I consider the statement justified that the melodic
climax, when it occurs early, is often led up to by short sequences.
Undoubtedly energy radiates from a melodic apex;
but the apex must be given opportunity to take full effect.
The progress from the sketches to the final form shows a twofold aim:
firstly, to raise the apex definitely above the adjacent notes,
not to give it out just before or just after these.
The case of the eighth symphony (Ex.21)
shows the separation from the up-beat of an anticipatory high note.
In cases like this I shall speak of 'isolation' of the apex.
But it must come where there is a marked rhythmic emphasis, i.e.
in the accented part of the bar. The instance just cited
will serve as the first illustration of this.
Perhaps the theme for the variations in sonata Op.109 is unique as
regards the simplicity of the alteration and the splendour of its effect.
The immediate repetition of the opening theme with early apex is clear.
The climax of the whole melody is B natural;
the sketch has this note in the most unfavourable position,
in the third beat of the fourth bar, i.e. as the last note of the first half.
How different is the effect in the final draft!
The apex, B natural, appears at the beginning of the second half,
and strengthened by a harmonic anticipation.
The tempo di menuetto of the violin sonata Op.90 No.3
also places the most effective apex, A flat, in the first part of the bar,
and puts a lower up-beat before it.
Two sketches and the final reading of the third movement of the
fifth symphony are distinguished from one another
solely by the position given to the group forming the apex.
With reference to the second of these sketches,
Nottebohm remarks: 'The pulse which the theme with
its rhythmic tendency to a two-bar structure requires
is more impressive just at the entry than would appear in print.'
The opening bars, which doubtless were at
first conceived merely as a curtain, hold the main
interest and force back the apical group. This actually
falls (if we think of it as in double bars) on the fourth
bar, which has but little rhythmic stress. That was the
reason for the removal of the opening bars: the shortening
of the C is less important, and indeed does not
occur in the repetition after the trio. It was not that the
curtain was 'superfluous ballast', but that it masked the
effect of the apex. In the other sketch, the opposite
experiment was made. The apex appears without a real
up-beat, in the unaccented part of the bar (double-bars);
and coming so early in the theme, it is much too short
to be effective in this quick tempo, unless there is
repetition. The final reading avoids both these mistakes.
The idea of double bars is not so compelling, the group
forming the apex is lengthened, and is prepared by an ascent.
It would be difficult to find a better demonstration
of the importance Beethoven attached to the position
of the melodic apex.
Without discussing them, I shall add a few simpler and less important examples,
illustrating how, even in these, the same principle holds good.
The apex may be isolated and brought out in several ways.
Ex.31 shows how, as compared with sketch a,
the final form b lengthens the chief note of the apex.
From sketch c we may possibly conclude that here
Beethoven intended to devote the accented first part of
the bar to the apex: in any case, the disposition within
the bar-lines is not quite uniform. The final reading,
b, syncopates the lengthened apex over the first bar-line.
In another instance I have shown that, in certain
circumstances, this kind of tension produces a greater stress.
(P. Mies, 'Goethes Harfenspielgesang "Wer sich der Einsamkeit ergibt"
in den Kompositionen Schuberts, Schumanns und H. Wolfs', Zeitschrift
für Aesthetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft, Bd. XVI, p.384.)
In another group of alterations the apex is isolated by very long leaps,
occurring either immediately before or immediately after it.
This type figured very prominently in Naumann's study.
The scherzo melody of the Violin Sonata Op.96 shows this treatment
in the seventh and eighth bars.
The cavatina of the quartet Op.130 was evolved exactly in the same way:
the apex in bars 4, 5 and 6, set gradually higher and higher
- C, E flat, F - is made more and more obvious by the drop that follows.
The beginning of the quartet Op.131 shows the same thing,
as well as the addition of the up-beat (Ex.10).
Finally, the apex may be isolated by adjacent notes
in unaccented parts being shortened or removed,
so that their effect is diminished or eliminated.
The following contrast shows this clearly: the high notes E and F,
which at first interfered with the apex, are abbreviated in its favour.
The theme of the scherzo in the Cello Sonata Op.69
is a very instructive instance. The first sketch (Ex.35a)
has, it is true, an isolated apex; but the complete parallelism
of the four-bar segments is disturbing.
The second sketch (Ex.35b) improves this; but
now the descent from the apex is impeded. The final
reading does away with this fault, and sets the second
cadence in sharp contrast with the first. Becking, in his
remarkable study (p.137), has discussed the importance
of this change for the scherzo character of the theme.
In the sketch (Ex.36a) for the quartet Op.74 the melodic line ascends
in both the half-periods; in the final reading this is changed
to a consistent ascent to the apex in the middle of the melody,
and a descent therefrom.
This form may be represented diagrammatically thus /\
and so is reminiscent of the typical classical fugue theme
(Naumann, op. cit., pp.13,17.).
But though Naumann (Op.cit., p.44.) has shown that
the converse form (beginning with a descent) is almost
unknown in the classical fugue theme, it is to be found
in Beethoven: I have already given instances of it.
In addition to the peculiarities of these themes, with
apex at the beginning (lower up-beat, sequence, or
repetition), there is often yet another; towards the end of
the theme is introduced a second apex, which balances
the first, and the way for which is carefully prepared by
sequences or special ascending forms. The diagrammatic
construction would be the reverse of the one
in the sketch, namely \/. It is very characteristic
of Beethoven that, at the same time, the first apex is
often prepared for in like manner.
The melody of the minuet in Op.18 No.5 shows this very beautifully:
Here a three-fold sequence introduces the apex, B natural.
Jalowetz (p.472) makes the statement:
"It is also characteristic of the technique employed by Beethoven
to get melodic intensity that at the close of a piece
he repeats a theme exactly, up to a certain point; but
then, where in the first form of the theme the melodic
line began to descend, he now adds another apex, and it
is only after this that the melodic line finally declines."
This development has already been traced here in the
first arrangement of the theme: the sketch still shows
the normal melodic form; the final reading creates a
balance between the apexes.
The theme of the andante cantabile in the quintet Op.16
shows a similar transformation in the second part. The second apex
D in the sketch, which, in spite of sequences, is unjustified,
is finally attained by a melodic line preceding it.
Whereas the transformation of the first half of the
scherzo theme in Op.106 (Ex.24) enhances the
sequence, the purpose of the second part is to bring in
the second apex steadily and smoothly.
As the next example, let us put side by side the beginning of the
violin sonata, Op.24 from a sketch and in the final
form: they require no further discussion.
From the foregoing instances, I think we may
confidently conclude that Beethoven seldom placed an
apex at the beginning of the theme, and considered
that apexes always required special introduction and
special treatment; a survey of his completed works
confirms the inferences drawn from the sketches.
And at this point we must make a further inquiry - i.e.
how far, in these style determinants, it is a question
of peculiarities of Beethoven's own, and to what extent
he shares them with other composers. To follow out
this inquiry in detail is beyond the scope of the present
book. When Gal (p.68), comparing similar themes by
Mozart and Beethoven, shows that Mozart set contrasting
parts side by side, whereas Beethoven used sequences
even in the construction of the melody, we
may conclude that in Mozart it is rare to find the initial
apex led up to by a sequence.
A survey of Brahms' early pianoforte works (Op.1-5) shows, for instance,
that, unlike Beethoven, he wrote a large number of
melodies that descend from the beginning, without up-beat
or sequence, and have a very different structure.
The theme of the andante in the quintet Op.16
(Ex.38) resembles in character the andante theme of
Brahms: piano sonata Op 5; here also there is an apex
at the beginning, but it is quite differently constructed
from Beethoven's.
In many of the foregoing points concerning the melodic apex,
I consider that unquestionably we have to do with
characteristic features of Beethoven's style;
for they must have had vital influence on the expressive force
and the effective distribution of stress.
My short remarks are intended to strengthen this view,
at any rate to some extent.
In my study of the songs of Brahms (Op. cit., p.177 et seq.)
I have shown that the melodic forms which, as their name 'ornament'
suggests, have often been understood as mere external decorations
of the melody, fulfill important functions in expression.
Here we were able to draw from the idioms employed in the vocal music
conclusions as to the instrumental music.
In the present study this possibility is, of course, very limited.
But once our attention is turned to the melodic apex and the way in
which it is brought out, it is natural to investigate special cases,
such as that from Op.109 (Ex.26); we pointed out
how the apex is emphasized there by means of the arpeggiated chord.
Thus Nottebohm was wrong in describing as 'ornament' an important note
in the theme of the Waldstein Sonata Op.53. I refer to the grace-note
C sharp, in the fourth bar, a note not present in the sketch (N.80, p.59).
The real explanation is simpler but less superficial.
The first apex, G, in the third bar, is steadily prepared for by
the progression E-F sharp; the following bar, a sort of repetition,
has nothing to set against this but the higher pitch.
So the grace-note serves to strengthen the apex;
if it appears only in the final draft, it does so not
as mere ornament, but in order to give more emphasis.
It is not difficult to show that turns and similar elements,
whether written out in full or not, have merely
the purpose of emphasizing the climaxes and apexes. On
pp.70 and 88 Gal gives us information about elements
of this sort. But I cannot support him unconditionally
when he says, referring to the beginning of the trio in
Op.1 No.3: 'That the turn at the beginning is purely
ornamental is obvious from the fact that the string
instruments playing in unison with the piano do not have
it in their parts.' To my way of thinking, there are
quite different reasons for this. Whoever has played
the similar opening of the clarinet trio by Mozart (K.V.
498) must have noticed how difficult it is for the
instrumentalists to execute this figure simultaneously, in spite
of its being in strict rhythm.
Moreover, the string instruments have at their disposal certain dynamic
effects, such as crescendo and vibrato on the note,
which give the same sort of result as does the turn on the piano.
No doubt Gal is right in saying that these figures
are very stereotyped, especially in the early works.
But even in these, there are cases where they belong unconditionally
to the melodic line, which, without them, would
have quite a different effect: as an example, let us
consider the first theme of the C minor quartet Op.18 No.4.
In bars 1 and 3 we have to do with a subdual of
the thirds C->E flat, F->A flat, which allows the short,
transcient apexes E flat and A flat to be emphasized.
The writing of the theme for the violin in the Joachim-Moser
edition shows how the player, by means of changes
of position, introduces in the fifth and sixth bars the
same sort of effect by means of the leaps F->D, B->F.
I quote here two more examples from the early works:
(1) a simple one from Op.13, where the grace-notes
in the fifth and sixth bars help to raise the line, A flat->G,
of the highest notes:
(2) In the theme from Op.2 No.3 (Ex.45) the turn in the
first bar is meant to correspond to the ascents C->F sharp,
B->A flat in the third and fourth:
to get this effect, the melodic ascent in seconds in the
first bar would not be sufficient.
In the later works Beethoven succeeded in making this preparation
with greater variety and force. The beautiful line in bars 20-21
of the cavatina in Op.130 has the same basis, but the
figure is rhythmically matched to that of the first bar.
The grace-note at the beginning of Op.135 seems
merely to prepare the initial apex.
And the trill in the up-beat in the main theme of the
sonata Op.96 has the same force.
The repetition of the motive in the last two examples
confirms what has already been said. In all these
cases, and in innumerable others, we really cannot speak of ornament.
Strengthening the expressive effect of melodic apexes
is a peculiarity of Beethoven's manner.
In the early works it is associated more or less with a structural feature
in the style; later on, it becomes more complicated and forceful.
Schmitz (p.73) has also emphasized the importance
of the turn as motive in Op.18 No.1.
Of interest are some cases in which the original melodies,
shaped in accordance with the above instrumental principles,
are altered in the vocal works to suit new expressive requirements.
We shall consider this more fully in a later section.
The fragment of an early opera contains the germ of the great duet in the
'Leonore'. Ex.49a gives the beginning of the episodic phrase:
The initial high note involves the repetition.
Ex.49b shows the corresponding part in the sketches for the
'Leonore', with the same structural form.
This descending formation in sequences was found
inadequate to express the joy of the husband and wife at their reunion;
the melody, constructed on instrumental lines,
was altered to correspond closely with the feeling of the words (Ex.49c).
A similar thing appears in the sketches for the entrance of Pizarro:
The sketches show the instrumental sequences clearly;
they consistently contradict the feeling of the passage.
Nottebohm is right in considering them suitable for a 'jackass'.
How different is the 'Leonore'!
It is true that an apex like this at the beginning would be
almost impossible in Beethoven's instrumental music;
and here there is actually a second one, well prepared,
which in some degree supports the first.
Such passages show how attentively
Beethoven allowed the feeling of the text to influence him,
and how he tried to follow it, sometimes against his own usual practice.
(c) Repetition of notes.
In the first section I have already given a number of instances in which,
by alteration, Beethoven avoided repetition of notes in the melodic line.
Such repetition tends to bring about a sort of melodic stagnation.
Many of Haydn's themes, with their gay and naive melody,
have, as Gal (p.85) has pointed out,
a tendency to repetition of notes which comes direct from folk-song.
"In thematic construction of this sort,
the undeniable melodic weakness is balanced by rhythmic vivacity.
The mature Beethoven, striving to make his musical ideas as concentrated
as possible, was naturally obliged to discard this technique,
just as he was obliged to discard the mannerisms of Mozart's style.
In the youthful Beethoven, those mannerisms are to be found chiefly
in cantabile passages, to which Haydn's technique,
as we have aready seen, would scarcely have been applicable."
Accordingly it would be of great interest to find instances
in which the one mode of expression is converted into the other.
There are indeed such passages,
among them the following unused draft with alternative
(Veröffentlichungen des Beethovenhauses Bonn. III. 1924.
Beethoven, Unbekannte Skizzen und Entwürfe, p.vi.):
The alternatives come in at the places where there are
conspicuous repetitions of notes.
How much better the final reading with its harmonized suspension
fits in with the character of the remainder of the melodic structure
than does the fourfold note-repetition of the sketch !
The opening theme of Sonata Op.24 given in
Ex.39
likewise substitutes suspension for the repeated note in bar 9
(compare Ex.53 and Ex.39b).
By this means the flowing melodic structure of the
other bars is continued in an even stream, which
undoubtedly has contributed to the name 'Spring Sonata'
(Thayer, ii, p.247).
And the bars, already referred to,
in the rondo of Op.22 (Ex.3) become more soft and
flowing through the introduction of suspension; progressions are formed.
In other places progressions without suspension are
substituted for repetition of notes. Compare the 'soaring'
continuation of the theme in the quartet Op.18 No.5
with the curious stagnation of the sketch, or the altered
up-beats in the sonata Op.90 (Ex.1), and in the second
part of the song-cycle (Ex.2).
The example from Op.90 also shows how the rest is filled in
by a repetition of notes. Even this is not just chance: in
a later Section (Chapter II g)
I shall explain it as one of the determinants of Beethoven's style,
employed to produce a quite definite effect.
Gal's remark about the 'naive gaiety', like that of a folk-song,
produced by note-repetition, would apply especially to the sketch
for the G major quartet Op.18 No.2 (Ex.55a):
By rhythmic-harmonic enlivenment and slurring
something quite different is produced (Ex.55b).
The sketch could never have given rise to the name
'Compliment Quartet'
(Th. Helm, Beethoven's Streichquartette, p.12);
for this demands something graceful and gallant rather than naive -
"the idea of the festive opening of some reception-hall (in the rococo
period, of course), and the ceremonious presentations
and reverences that follow".
The last examples are peculiarly suited to show how
limited in their scope alterations in the melodic structure
often are, and how great the change in feeling
associated with them may be. And we see that the
element producing naive gaiety is repetition of notes;
whereas elegance and grace, such as cantabile passages
especially require, are effected by suspension. This has
often been pointed out before, of course; but seldom
has an opportunity offered to see so clearly how
the feeling underlying the whole intention seizes on
unsuitable portions of the melody, and proceeds to reject,
alter, and unify them.
(d) Suspension: absolute melodic structure.
In dealing with another peculiarity of Beethoven's style I can be brief -
partly because I have already said something about it in the preceding pages,
and partly because Gal has studied it in detail.
I refer to Beethoven's treatment of suspension.
On this subject Gal (p.60) says:
"No melodic notes foreign to the chord are used
except regular changing notes and diatonic passing
notes in the unaccented part of the bar.
Suspension is excluded, and so is chromatic progression."
Gal gives a beautiful example from a sketch for the slow movement
of the fifth symphony.
He calls this 'absolute melody', and defines it (p.61) as
"a purely diatonically conceived melody, containing neither suspension
nor passing notes on the accented part of the bar".
In the works of Beethoven's mature years this is the rule;
it is the goal towards which the master, even while he
was still young, slowly and surely strove.
In the sketches there are few instances showing, as clearly as
occurs in the fifth symphony, the rejection of suspension.
Here we have to do with an idiosyncracy so characteristic
of Beethoven's development that eventually it seldom
became necessary to make any such change.
|
The sketches for the funeral march in the Eroica contain a very fine example.
Ex.56 shows the changes in the sixth and eighth bars.
Finally, in the eighth bar the suspension is entirely rejected:
in the sixth bar there is a change in rhythm
and especially in the harmonisation.
Gal has shown the same thing, and remarks (p.80),
"In this way notes originally suspended become independent harmony notes,
and gain proportionately in expressive force."
In the example from Op.59 No.1 (Ex.52)
I have already drawn attention to the same thing.
The almost ethereal effect due to the absence of suspension
is shown in a couple of bars from the adagio in Op.106.
Ex.57a reproduces the sketch, as follows, and
Ex.57b gives the completed work.
These chords without suspension appear in admirable
contrast to the crowded ones in the preceding bars
- a triumph of 'absolute melody'.
Naturally those instances are of interest to us where,
in contrast to the foregoing, suspensions are afterwards
introduced. As a matter of fact, this happens
more frequently; but the instances can be brought
together in a few groups and arranged under certain effects. Thus
in Chapter 1c
I have already mentioned the substitution of suspension for repetition of notes
(Ex.3, Ex.53)
in order to produce a flowing effect.
A second group has its origin in an endeavour to meet
the requirements of form. Here, as in cases previously
mentioned, up-beats are added so as to correspond to
up-beats occurring later.
The minuet in sonata Op.10 No.3 illustrates this in the sketch and
the final reading of bars 7-8: originally only the last bar of the
melody had this suspension. The result is a sort of musical rhyme.
To this group belongs also the development of the
alla danza tedesca from Op.130.
A sketch in A major of the movement
was originally intended for the A minor quartet Op.132;
neither in the fourth nor in the eighth bar has it
the suspension it receives in the final reading;
only the second and third quavers in the eighth bar of the sketch
contain something of the kind.
In a further sketch (Ex.59c) this flowing line has become a suspension
- indeed, as the final form shows, a fully harmonised one.
The fourth bar is missing, as if Beethoven were not
quite clear about it. A later sketch (Ex.59d) in B flat
major has the suspension in bar 4 also, but resting on
bar 3. It is only in the final reading, however, that one
gets the complete suspension in one bar independently.
The flowing line, then, was the basic idea. At first it
developed into the fully harmonized suspension in bar 3 ;
then for a time it was not so clear. And this involved
the suspension in bar 4, for the sake of symmetry.
What Gal has demonstrated is not affected by these
examples; in all of them the idea leading to the suspension
is perfectly obvious.
Twice already I have mentioned groups of alterations that
have come about in obedience to principles governing form;
for an understanding of the development of the melodic form,
comparison of the sketches and the finished works yields valuable information.
Continued in Part II: The melodic form
See also:
Index of Opus-numbers,
List of Abbreviations,
Bibliography,
Editor's notes
Also:
www.pjb.com.au,
www.pjb.com.au/mus


public static class EnglishTreebankParserParams.EnglishTrain
extends java.lang.Object
implements java.io.Serializable
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
int |
collapseWhCategories
Collapse WHPP with PP, etc., in training and perhaps in evaluation.
|
boolean |
correctTags
'Correct' tags to produce verbs in VPs, etc.
|
boolean |
dominatesC
Verbal distance -- mark whether symbol dominates a conjunction (CC)
|
boolean |
dominatesI
Verbal distance -- mark whether symbol dominates a preposition (IN)
|
int |
dominatesV
Verbal distance -- mark whether symbol dominates a verb (V*, MD).
|
boolean |
gpaRootVP
Grand-parent annotate (root mark) VP below ROOT.
|
boolean |
joinJJ
Joint comparative and superlative adjective with positive.
|
boolean |
joinNounTags
Join proper nouns with common nouns.
|
boolean |
joinPound
Join pound with dollar.
|
int |
leaveItAll
if true, leave all PTB (functional tag) annotations (bad)
|
int |
makePPTOintoIN
Change TO inside PP to IN.
|
int |
markCC
Mark phrases which are conjunctions.
|
boolean |
markContainedVP |
int |
markDitransV
Attempt to record ditransitive verbs.
|
boolean |
markReflexivePRP
Mark reflexive PRP words.
|
boolean |
rightPhrasal
Right edge has a phrasal node.
|
int |
sisterSplitLevel
Set the support * KL cutoff level (1-4) for sister splitting
-- don't use it, as far as we can tell so far
|
int |
splitAux
Make special tags for forms of BE and HAVE (and maybe DO/HELP, etc.).
|
int |
splitBaseNP
Mark base NPs.
|
int |
splitCC
Provide annotation of conjunctions.
|
int |
splitIN
Annotate prepositions into subcategories.
|
boolean |
splitJJCOMP
Put a special tag on 'adjectives with complements'.
|
boolean |
splitMoreLess
Specially mark the comparative/superlative words: less, least,
more, most
|
int |
splitNNP
Mark NNP words as to position in phrase (single, left, right, inside)
or subcategorizes NNP(S) as initials or initial/final in NP.
|
boolean |
splitNOT
Annotates forms of "not" specially as tag "NOT".
|
int |
splitNPADV
Retain NP-ADV annotation.
|
int |
splitNPNNP
Mark NP-NNP.
|
int |
splitNPpercent
Mark phrases that are headed by %.
|
boolean |
splitNPPRP |
boolean |
splitNumNP
Mark "numeric NPs".
|
boolean |
splitPercent
Mark the nouns that are percent signs.
|
int |
splitPoss
Give a special tag to NPs which are possessive NPs (end in 's).
|
boolean |
splitPPJJ
A special test for "such" mainly ("such as Fred").
|
boolean |
splitQuotes
Mark quote marks for single vs.
|
boolean |
splitRB
Split modifier (NP, AdjP) adverbs from others.
|
int |
splitSbar
Split SBAR nodes.
|
boolean |
splitSFP
Separate out sentence final punct.
|
int |
splitSGapped
Mark specially S nodes with "gapped" subject (control, raising).
|
int |
splitSTag
Mark S/SINV/SQ nodes according to verbal tag.
|
int |
splitTMP
Retain NP-TMP (or maybe PP-TMP) annotation.
|
boolean |
splitTRJJ
Put a special tag on 'transitive adjectives' with NP complement, like
'due May 15' -- it also catches 'such' in 'such as NP', which may
be a good.
|
int |
splitVP
Add (head) tags to VPs.
|
boolean |
splitVPNPAgr
Put enough marking on VP and NP to permit "agreement".
|
boolean |
tagRBGPA
Grand parent annotate RB to try to distinguish sentential ones and
ones in places like NP post modifier (things like 'very' are already
distinguished as their parent is ADJP).
|
boolean |
unaryDT
Mark "Intransitive" DT.
|
boolean |
unaryIN
Mark "Intransitive" IN.
|
boolean |
unaryPRP
"Intransitive" PRP.
|
boolean |
unaryRB
Mark "Intransitive" RB.
|
boolean |
vpSubCat
Pitiful attempt at marking V* preterms with their surface subcat
frames.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
display() |
public int leaveItAll
public int splitIN
public boolean splitQuotes
public boolean splitSFP
public boolean splitPercent
public int splitNPpercent
public boolean tagRBGPA
public int splitNNP
public boolean joinPound
public boolean joinJJ
public boolean joinNounTags
public boolean splitPPJJ
public boolean splitTRJJ
public boolean splitJJCOMP
public boolean splitMoreLess
public boolean unaryDT
public boolean unaryRB
public boolean unaryPRP
public boolean markReflexivePRP
public boolean unaryIN
public int splitCC
public boolean splitNOT
public boolean splitRB
public int splitAux
public boolean vpSubCat
public int markDitransV
public int splitVP
splitVPNPAgr
. If it is true, its effects override
any value set for this parameter.public boolean splitVPNPAgr
public int splitSTag
public boolean markContainedVP
public boolean splitNPPRP
public int dominatesV
public boolean dominatesI
public boolean dominatesC
public int markCC
public int splitSGapped
public boolean splitNumNP
public int splitPoss
public int splitBaseNP
public int splitTMP
public int splitSbar
public int splitNPADV
public int splitNPNNP
public boolean correctTags
public boolean rightPhrasal
public int sisterSplitLevel
public boolean gpaRootVP
public int makePPTOintoIN
public int collapseWhCategories


If you wish to give users the ability to dismiss a message, add the class .message-dismissible
as well as include an element of class .message-dismissible-indicator
inside your message.

  ×  Message: This is a relevant message you should read.


Culture
At Clancap we try to give you the maximum job opening, specifically seeking positions at firms that are in sync with your values, finding hires that are cultural fits for both the company and the employee.
Passion
Passion is key for vibrant personal and organisational health. Organisations need to identify, nurture and grow passion of people. In my past decade of experience, I have seen team managers and HR-partners coming together to boost this phenomena in their people.
Sharing
Clancap gives you an exceptional way to connect with new people of same interest as yours and gives you an opportunity to refer them for any internal job post in your company.
Easily Customizable & Unlimited Support
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Character Name
Class & Level
Background
Player Name
Race
Alignment
Experience Points
Strength
Dexterity
Constitution
Wisdom
Intelligence
Charisma
Inspiration
Proficiency Bonus
Strength
Dexterity
Constitution
Wisdom
Intelligence
Charisma
Saving Throws
Acrobatics
(Dex)
Animal Handling
(Wis)
Arcana
(Int)
Athletics
(Str)
Deception
(Cha)
History
(Int)
Insight
(Wis)
Intimidation
(Cha)
Investigation
(Int)
Medicine
(Wis)
Nature
(Int)
Perception
(Wis)
Performance
(Cha)
Persuasion
(Cha)
Religion
(Int)
Sleight of Hand
(Dex)
Stealth
(Dex)
Survival
(Wis)
Skills
Passive Wisdom (Perception)
Other Proficiencies and Languages
Armor Class
Initiative
Speed
HP Max
Current Hit Points
Temporary Hit Points
Total
Hit Dice
Death Saves
Successes
Failures
Attacks, Actions and Cantrips
Weapon/Cantrip
Hit
Damage/Type
Equipment
cp
sp
ep
gp
pp
Name
Qty
Weight
Name
Quantity
Weight
Personality
Ideals
Bonds
Flaws
Features & Traits
Character Backstory and Appearance


Whether you're making a salad or a salsa you'll always find the freshest fruits and vegitables in our produce department at everyday competitive prices. Our stores recieve fresh produce daily to ensure that your meals have the highest freshness and taste
In addition to carrying all the name brand products you expect, Chavez Supermarket also offers hard to find brands imported from Mexico, Central and South America. We offer a large variety of Mexican and Latin American goods and many other grocery items needed to prepare traditional homemade meals.
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged.


A usability study was conducted on selected uncertainty visualisation methods. This study aimed at testing the different uncertainty visualisation methods with respect to different user categories.
These user categories belong to the respective domains: Map visualisation, Urban planning, Decision Support, GIS, Statistics and Other. Users who belong to either one of the domains please select one. Users who doesn't belong to any of the domains please select "Other".