Our reanalysis of 21st-century CLM and AThaw model results brings to light four critical findings. First, accounting for abrupt permafrost thaw beneath lakes, which peaks mid-century in response to RCP8.5 atmospheric temperature rise (Supplementary Figs 4 and 5), increases late 21st century circumpolar permafrost carbon emissions up to 118% (49–235%, 68% uncertainty range) (Fig. 4b; Supplementary Data 1). Corresponding CPCRE is increased by 130% (62–265%, 68% uncertainty) over that from gradual top-down thaw alone (Fig. 4h), which was the basis of previous PCF assessments 1, 6– 8. We acknowledge that the extent to which AThaw emissions affect CPCRE depends on the land-surface models used 6– 10, but in all cases would result in a significant increase. End-of-the-century weakening of the abrupt thaw lake contribution to CPCRE occurs because strong warming in RCP8.5 ultimately leads to the loss of high CH 4-emitting lakes through significant landscape-scale drainage 43, 45. Meanwhile, gradual top-down thaw increases at the end of the century 7 (Fig. 4).
Circumpolar permafrost carbon emissions from gradual thaw (land) versus abrupt thaw (lakes) from 1950 to 2100. Permafrost soil carbon emissions, modeled according to representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, are distinguished for homogenous gradual thaw from CLM4.5BGC (brown) and heterogeneous abrupt thaw by AThaw thermokarst-lake formation (median values, blue). Cumulative emissions, including percent increase in emissions from old permafrost carbon by abrupt thaw ( a, b). Annual CH 4 and CO 2 emissions expressed individually as Tg yr −1 ( c, d) and collectively as Tg C-CO 2e yr −1 ( e, f) based on a GWP 100 of 28 (ref. 12) and units conversions shown in Supplementary Table 2. Error bars ( c, d) surrounding the median lake emissions are the 68% uncertainty range from a 500 member AThaw model ensemble. Radiative forcing ( g, h) associated with fluxes in c and d. In g and h, the increase in circumpolar permafrost-carbon radiative effect (CPCRE) attributed to abrupt thaw lakes is shown only for years 2018–2100, when the AThaw modeled carbon release exceeds one standard deviation in simulated CLM permafrost carbon fluxes during the 1950– 2017 reference period
Second, while permafrost-carbon emissions from lakes are a similar magnitude under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (Supplementary Fig. 6), the impact of these increased emissions on CPCRE is more pronounced in the moderate forcing scenario (RCP4.5) compared to the strong (RCP8.5) forcing scenario (Fig. 4g, h), intensifying the need for policy makers to take permafrost carbon into account when evaluating climate mitigation scenarios 9. Including the RCP4.5 median cumulative emissions from new thermokarst lakes [12.3 (5.7–26.7, 68% uncertainty) Pg C-CO 2e by 2100] nearly triples what has until now been accepted as the CPCRE from gradual thaw alone (6.4 Pg C-CO 2e by 2100), resulting in a ≤162% increase (76–350%, 68% uncertainty) in circumpolar permafrost-carbon radiative forcing (Fig. 4g, Supplementary Data 1). High AThaw impact on CPCRE under RCP4.5 is caused by differences in the responses of gradual versus abrupt thaw dynamics to moderate climate forcing. In the gradual thaw setting for RCP4.5, atmospheric carbon uptake by plants growing in active layer soils is stimulated more than decomposition of soil organic matter. However, the same degree of warming triggers an acceleration of abrupt thaw via thermokarst-lake formation on up to 4.9% (3.0–6.6%, 68% uncertainty range) of the permafrost-dominated landscape (Supplementary Fig. 4), a pattern consistent with independent thermokarst-lake modeling for northeast Siberia 43.
Third, CH 4, not CO 2, is the dominant driver of the CPCRE, responsible for up to ~70% of circumpolar permafrost-carbon radiative forcing this century (Fig. 4g, h, Supplementary Data 1). On a mass basis AThaw lake CH 4 emissions are small relative to CO 2 (Fig. 4c, d); however, persistent CH 4 emissions and their larger GWP 100 results in CH 4 contributing most of the radiative forcing from abrupt thaw (Supplementary Fig. 6). Methane’s contribution to CPCRE may be still higher in CLM simulations where terrestrial soils do not dry following permafrost thaw 46.
Finally, including AThaw lake formation increases cumulative old ( 14C-depleted), permafrost-derived carbon (C-CO 2e) emissions up to 127% (RCP8.5) and 190% (RCP4.5) during the late 21st century (Fig. 4a, b). Although climate impact is independent of carbon age, 14C-flux monitoring is useful for assessing PCF changes and biogeochemical activation of a previously inert, large carbon pool as increasingly old permafrost thaws. While only a fraction of 21st-century gradual-thaw model emissions originates from permafrost thaw itself (10–95% is active-layer-soil carbon mineralization, range depending on land surface model type 7, 8, Supplementary Fig. 2), talik expansion beneath lakes accelerates deep permafrost thaw, mobilizing older permafrost carbon on shorter time scales 16– 19.
Combining helicopter-borne electromagnetic (AEM) observations of talik depth in lakes formed since 1949 in Goldstream Valley, interior Alaska with field-based quantification of lake CH 4 emissions (Fig. 5, Supplementary Fig. 7), we compared observations of these abrupt permafrost thaw rates and their associated surface fluxes with those of gradual permafrost thaw in the terrestrial uplands reported in the literature. Hotspots of 14C-depleted CH 4 seepage occur in lakes newly formed since 1949 (Figs 1 and 2). In contrast, older lakes that have not expanded lack these hotspots (Supplementary Fig. 8). The vertical thaw depth beneath abruptly-formed thermokarst lakes (8–15 m, Supplementary Fig. 7) was ten to 30-fold greater than the seasonal thaw depth (active layer) in the forested area adjacent to the abrupt thaw study sites (0.5–0.6 m) and in other interior Alaska and Greenland terrestrial sites (0.6–0.8 m) 26, 28, where emissions of old permafrost carbon have also been recently observed 26– 28. This ten to 30-fold difference in thaw depth corresponded to a 21–34-fold larger C-CO 2e yr −1 emission of old ( 14C-depleted) permafrost soil carbon to the atmosphere in the abrupt thaw lake environment compared to gradual thaw in the upland tundra near Healy, Alaska 27. Comparing abrupt thaw emissions to net surface carbon fluxes (NEE) in the terrestrial uplands near Healy, Alaska 26, and Greenland 28, 47, we found a 55- to >2200-fold higher emissions from the abrupt thaw lakes (Fig. 2b) (Kolmogorov Smirnov, p < 0.001). The higher emissions relative to thaw depth ratio for abrupt versus gradual thaw may be explained in part by higher mean annual temperatures in talik sediments beneath lakes that remain unfrozen year-round 48 compared to the deepest thawed material at the base of terrestrial active layers, which reach temperatures just above 0 °C for up to a few months per year when these soil layers are not frozen 5. We acknowledge that talik development will become more widespread in the terrestrial environment in the future too, once thaw goes deep enough to separate permafrost from the seasonally freezing surface layer 49. Nonetheless, the ages of lake-emitted carbon observed among numerous pan-Arctic thermokarst lakes (CH 4: 2174–42,900 years BP, median 17,522 years BP, n = 72) and among our interior Alaska study lakes newly formed since 1949 (CH 4: 6292–10,125 years BP; CO 2: 1626–4811 years BP; Fig. 2c, Supplementary Data 2), are up to tens of thousands of years older than old carbon emissions from gradual permafrost thaw on land (CO 2: 567–700 years BP, n = 4) 27 (Fig. 2c) (Kolmogorov Smirnov, p < 0.001) (Fig. 2c). This suggests that including abrupt thaw in PCF scenarios will increase not only the emission magnitude of old carbon, but also its radiocarbon age, improving feasibility for atmospheric 14C monitoring 50 to detect changes in the permafrost-carbon source.
Interior Alaska abrupt permafrost thaw. Time series (1949–2010) showing thermokarst-lake development based on historical aerial photograph ( a– c) and 2.5-m SPOT ( d) shoreline analysis. Dashed lines in d delineate dark areas in 1949 images interpreted as shallow, vegetated wetlands that later developed into open-water lakes. In e, thaw depth (solid line) and degraded permafrost (dashed line), interpreted from helicopter-borne electromagnetic data-derived 3D resistivity model (Supplementary Methods); extracted cross section is the white line in d. Field work shows strong, 14C-depleted methane ebullition seeps [green dots in ( f) Lake I, Oct. 2014 and ( g) Lake II, Oct. 2016)] overlapping recent abrupt permafrost thaw areas (e.g., thaw since 1949–1967). Strong seeps are absent in lakes lacking recent abrupt thaw (Supplementary Fig. 8, Supplementary Discussion)
Whether the warming Arctic will become wetter or drier will impact future PCF strength according to abrupt thaw lake abundance 43 and gradual-thaw CH 4/CO 2 emission ratios 46. However, state-of-the-art CMIP5 models consistently predict an increase in precipitation relative to evapotranspiration in the Arctic, especially in summer 51, favoring hydrological conditions for enhanced thermokarst-lake development 43. Many newly formed lakes will ultimately be subject to drainage 23, 43, 44 when they intersect topographical drainage gradients by lateral expansion 52, from elevated water levels 53, or when taliks penetrate permafrost, allowing the potential for internal drainage to the groundwater system 54 (Supplementary Figs 4 and 5). While AThaw does not project fluxes in drained lake basins, we consider the implications of lake drainage on landscape-scale fluxes. Present day areal-based carbon fluxes in drained lake basins are one to three orders of magnitude lower than abrupt thaw lake emissions due to refreezing of taliks and colonization of drained basins by plants, whose CO 2 uptake offsets emissions 55, 56 (Supplementary Table 5). It is conceivable that this difference could be smaller by the end of the century, particularly for RCP8.5, when temperatures are warm enough to prevent refreezing of taliks following lake drainage 49. Methanotrophy 57 will offset emissions of CH 4 produced in drained-lake-basin taliks. However, ecosystem-scale microbial studies show a higher temperature response by methanogenesis than by methanotrophy or by CO 2 fluxes attributable to respiration and photosynthesis 58, 59. This indicates that in a warmer world, CH 4 emissions and the ratio of CH 4 to CO 2 emissions from individual ecosystems will increase 59, 60. This also implies that our estimate of AThaw contributions to late-century CPCRE is conservative, particularly for RCP8.5, and would be higher if fluxes in drained lake basins were also taken into account.


Cannabis grown for industry is called industrial marijuana, or hemp. Hemp typically has very low concentrations of THC. Hemp has many uses. The seeds can be crushed for oil, food and beauty products. Hemp fibers can be used for paper, sturdy fabrics and rope. People have grown hemp for millennia. Marijuana is the slang term for portions of the Cannabis plant. It is one of the oldest psychoactive substances used by man. .
Marijuana can help alleviate symptoms for people who suffer from many illnesses and diseases. From alleviating tremors caused by Epilepsy and easing the effects of Tourette's, to alleviating pain caused by cancer and cancer medications.  It assists with neurological damage such as concussions or stroke. It also can stop HIV from spreading, and can slow the progression of Alzheimers. For thousands, Medicinal marijuana has been a life-saver. Prescription medications are only causing worse problems for those that already suffer.
There are many ways to safely consume marijuana, here are some options: burning like tobacco or vaporizing; Edibles like brownies or cookies,gummy candies, lollipops; lotions, waxes and oils;
Front End Developer
Back End Developer
Front End Developer
PotSpotz is a project that will bring consumers together with legal marijuana dispensaries. With the growing legalization in states, our goal is to educate the public about recreational and medical marijuana. PotSpotz aims high to bring together our responsible and aware community.


Bio
Info about me goes here.
Acting Experience
Info about my acting experience goes here.
Translating Experience
Info about my experience with languages goes here.
Other Interests
Other things I do.
Social Media
Links to where I can be found go here.


it's a simple plugin that create your head-menu looks Sticky and amazing. it's lightweight and the animation are based on CSS3 without any additional CSS to add.
Javascript
$(".offset-menu").stickyMenu({
scrollAnchor: ".paragraph"
});
right now the stickymenu has several options to work with.
| Name | Default value | Description |
| scroll | true | Trigger the menu animation on scroll |
| toggle | false | Trigger the menanimation on toggle or click |
| reverse | false | the hide/show menu animation are reverse |
| anchor | 100 | Trigger the menu animation after window position reached the value. you can use selector as the anchor ( it will get the top offset position of the selected anchor ) ex : ".paragraph" |
| speed | 300 (in ms) | menu animation speed |
| toggleBtn | ".pull" | contain selector to apply toggle |
The core of the main animations are the CSS 3. you can customize your animation by override the selector class/id.
SCSS
.offset-menu-2{
ul{
width: 25%;
}
&.active{
ul{
width: 100%;
transition-delay: 500ms;
}
}
}


Anything copy/pasted here will be text/plain:
Any copy/pasted HTML here will remain styled HTML:
« Back


Updated on July 5, 2023
Ph.D. Student, Cognition and Neuroscience (2017 - Present)
The University of Texas at Dallas
Advisors: Dr. Karen M.
Rodrigue & Dr. Kristen M. Kennedy
M.A., Psychology (2016)
San Diego State University
Advisor: Dr. Claire Murphy
Thesis: Altered Functional Connectivity
and Eating Disinhibition in Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome
B.A., Psychology (2012)
California State University,
Northridge
Advisor: Dr. Jose P. Abara
Graduate Research Assistant (2017 - Present)
Cognitive
Neuroscience of Aging Laboratory
Center for Vital Longevity
School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences
The University of Texas
at Dallas
Graduate Research Assistant (2014 - 2016)
Lifespan Human
Senses Laboratory
Department of Psychology
San Diego State
University
Undergraduate Research Assistant (2011 - 2013)
Neuroscience Laboratory
Department of Psychology
California
State University, Northridge
Hoagey, D. A., Pongpipat, E. E., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2023, July, accepted). Estimates of structural brain health demonstrate regionally differential coupling in aging that aligns with underlying biology. Poster session presented at the 2023 Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Lung, T., Pongpipat, E. E., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2023, July, accepted). Longitudinal changes in fMRI task difficulty modulation: Differential relations to cognitive change. Poster session presented at the 2023 Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Edwards, V. M., Pongpipat, E. E., Miranda, G. G., Kennedy, K. M., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2023, February). Four-year age-related cortical thinning is modified synergistically by inflammation, beta-amyloid, and hypertension. Poster session presented at the 2023 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States
Hoagey, D. A., Pongpipat, E. E., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2023, February). White and gray matter structural brain properties demonstrate regionally differential coupling in aging corresponding with underlying biology. Poster session presented at the 2023 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States
Lung, T., Pongpipat, E. E., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2023, February). Aging-related differences in BOLD modulation and its relation to cognitive control: A longitudinal fMRI study. Poster session presented at the 2023 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States
Miranda, G. G., Pongpipat, E. E., Gonen, C., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2023, February). Dopaminergic genetic influence on longitudinal change in cortical thickness and age-associated executive function. Poster session presented at the 2023 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States
Skotnicki, M. H., Kennedy, K. M., Miranda, G. G., Pongpipat, E. E., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2023, February). Baseline subjective memory complaints predict four-year cortical thinning. Poster session presented at the 2023 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States
Pongpipat, E. E., Boylan, M. A., Lung, T., Kennedy, K. M., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2022, June). Four-year change in BOLD variability differs by task difficulty, beta-amyloid deposition, and aging. Poster session presented at the 2022 Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Glasgow, Scotland
Pongpipat, E. E., Lung, T., Kennedy, K. M., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2022, January, accepted). Four Year Longitudinal Change in Task-Related BOLD Modulation across the Adult Lifespan. Poster session presented at the 2022 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States. (Conference cancelled due to COVID-19 omicron variant).
Pongpipat, E. E., Boylan, M. A., Kennedy, K. M., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2022, April). Influence of β-Amyloid and Age on BOLD variability during n-back. Poster session presented at the 2022 Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Kennedy, K. M., Pongpipat, E. E., Boylan, M. A., Lung, T., Rodrigue, K. M. (2022, April). Age-related longitudinal change in BOLD variability during working memory load is dependent upon beta-amyloid deposition. Poster session presented at the 2022 Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, California, United States
Pongpipat, E. E., Boylan, M. A., Foster, C. M., Web, C. E., Kennedy, K. K., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2020, June). Which BOLD feature is most important to working memory performance?. Poster session presented at the 2020 Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Virtual
Pongpipat, E. E., Kennedy, K. M., Boylan, M. A., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2020, April, accepted). Which is More Important to n-back Performance: Changes in BOLD or Changes in BOLD Synchronization?. Poster session presented at the 2020 Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, United States. (Conference cancelled due to COVID-19).
Boylan, M. A., Rodrigue, K. M., Webb, C. E., Pongpipat, E. E., & Kennedy, K. M. (2020, April, accepted). Influence of β-Amyloid and Age on BOLD Variability during n-back. Poster session presented at the 2020 Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, United States. (Conference cancelled due to COVID-19).
Kennedy, K. M., Foster, C. M., Webb, C. E., Pongpipat, E. E., Boylan, M. A., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2020, April, accepted). Four Year Longitudinal Change in Task-Related Functional Activation across the Adult Lifespan. Poster session presented at the 2020 Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, United States. (Conference cancelled due to COVID-19).
Murphy, C., Pongpipat, E. E., Jacobson, A. (2019, September). Is Eating Disinhibition Associated with Altered Functional Connectivity of the Primary Gustatory Cortex with Secondary Gustatory Cortex, Reward or Memory Regions in Metabolic Syndrome?. Poster session presented at the 2019 Chemical Senses Conference, Bonita Springs, Florida, United States
Kmiecik, M. J., Martin, A. D., Kim, L. M., Perez, R., Martinez, D. M., Pongpipat, E. E., & Krawczyk, D. C. (2019, March). Relational Match-to-Sample in Primates: The Interesting Case of the Human. Poster session presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, San Francisco, California, United States
Hoagey, D. A., Foster, C. M., Pongpipat, E. E., Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2019, June). White matter hyperintensities evidence altered diffusion properties suggestive of poorer white matter health in aging. Poster session presented at the 2019 Organization for Human Brain Mapping Annual Meeting, Rome, Italy
Pongpipat, E. E., Foster, C. M., Boylan, M. A., Kennedy, K. M. & Rodrigue, K. M. (2019, January). Examination of the relationship among n-back functional connectivity, task performance, and cortical thickness across the adult lifespan. Poster session presented at the 2019 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States
Leverett, S. D., Boylan, M. A., Pongpipat, E. E., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M (2019, January). Personality, Cognition, and Aging: How and when do personality traits affect executive functioning?. Poster session presented at the 2019 Dallas Aging and Cognition Conference, Dallas, Texas, United States
Pongpipat, E. E., Boylan, M. A., Foster, C. M., Kennedy, K. K. (2018, November). Functional connectivity of the fronto-parietal and default mode network during n-back across the adult lifespan. Poster session presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, California, United States
Pongpipat, E. E., Jacobson, A. & Murphy, C. (2016, November). Metabolic Syndrome is Associated with Altered Functional Connectivity of Primary and Secondary Taste Cortices and Eating Disinhibition. Poster session presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, California, United States
Vertrees, R. B., Pongpipat, E. E., McIntosh, E. C., & Murphy, C. (2016, November). Cortical correlates of metabolic syndrome risk factors and hunger in middle aged and older adults. Poster session presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, California, United States
Pongpipat, E. E., Jacobson, A. & Murphy, C. (2016, April). Metabolic Syndrome is associated with decreased medial temporal lobe cortical thickness and impaired memory ability. Poster session presented at the 96th Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association, Long Beach, California, United States. (Awarded 2016 Western Psychological Association Student Scholarship Award for Outstanding Quality of Research Presented at the Annual Convention).
Pongpipat, E. E., Jacobson, A. & Murphy, C. (2015, November). Functional Connectivity of Taste Sensory and Pleasantness Pathway in Metabolic Syndrome. Poster session presented at the Annual Convention of the Obesity Society and ObesityWeek, Los Angeles, California, United States
Pongpipat, E. E., & Murphy, C. (2015, April). Effects of Cognitive Decline on Odor Threshold and Identification in Alzheimer’s disease. Poster session presented at the 95th Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. (Awarded 2015 Western Psychological Association Student Scholarship Award for Outstanding Quality of Research Presented at the Annual Convention).
Pongpipat, E. E., Magaña, V.M., Sarkissians, S., Camacho, V. & Abara, J.P. (2014, April). An ERP Study of Expectation and Motor Preparation Following Neurofeedback Procedure. Poster session presented at the 94th Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association, Portland, Oregon, United States. (Awarded 2014 Western Psychological Association Student Scholarship Award for Outstanding Quality of Research Presented at the Annual Convention).
Kelson, C.Y., Pongpipat, E. E., & Abara, J.P. (2014, April). Functional Impact of Neurofeedback on Veterans with PTSD. Poster session presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Neswald, J., Pongpipat, E. E., Magaña, V.M., Sarkissians, S., Lenik, C., Barb, D., & Abara, J.P. (2013, November). The Amplitude of the Contingent Negative Variation Following Neurofeedback Procedure. Poster session presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, San Diego, California, United States
Magaña, V.M., Pongpipat, E. E., Rodriguez, T., Camacho, V., Valadez, E.A., & Abara, J.P. (2012, October). The Effects of Cell Phone Use on the P3 of the Event-Related Potential and on Response Time. Poster session presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Scott, N.A., Magaña, V.M., Pongpipat, E. E., Salehi, N.L., Barb, D., & Abara, J.P. (2012, October). An ERP Study of Inhibitory Response During Cell Phone Use. Poster session presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Pongpipat, E. E., Magaña, V.M., Camacho, V., Neswald, J., Barb, D., Lenik, C., Castillo, G., Arab, A., & Abara, J.P. (2012, April). Cell Phone Use Delays Inhibitory Response. Poster session presented at the 93rd Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association, Reno, Nevada, United States
| Year | Institution | Honor | Award |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | The University of Texas at Dallas | Student Scholarship Award | $1000 |
| 2020 | The University of Texas at Dallas | Student Travel Award | $1000 |
| 2018 | The University of Texas at Dallas | Student Travel Award | $1000 |
| 2016 | San Diego State University | Honorable Mention for Outstanding Service as a Teaching Assistant | |
| 2016 | Western Psychological Association | Robert L. Solso Award | $500 |
| 2015 | San Diego State University | Dr. Edward Geldreich Scholarship | $425 |
| 2015 | Western Psychological Association | Robert L. Solso Award | $500 |
| 2014 (June) | Huntington Learning Center | Teacher of the Month | |
| 2014 | Western Psychological Association | Student Scholarship Award | $500 |
| 2014 (January) | Huntington Learning Center | Teacher of the Month | |
| 2012 (Fall) | CSU Northridge | Dean’s List | |
| 2011 (Spring) | CSU Northridge | Dean’s List | |
| 2011 (Fall) | CSU Northridge | Dean’s List | |
| 2010 (Spring) | CSU Northridge | Dean’s List | |
| 2010 (September) | Cope Health Solutions | Clinical Care Extender Intern of the Rotation Award | |
| 2017 (Fall) | CSU Northridge | Dean’s List | |
| Total | $4925 |
| Year | Institution |
|---|---|
| 2020 - Present | Organization for Human Brain Mapping |
| 2020 - Present | Cognitive Neuroscience Society |
| 2012 - Present | Society for Neuroscience |
| 2016 - 2017 | Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society |
| 2015 - 2017 | The Obesity Society |
| 2012 - 2016 | Western Psychological Association |


|
Gypsiesaka the RomaThe Gypsies originated in India. They were almost completely wiped out in the Holocaust, alongside the Jews, the Poles, and everyone else.Gypsies dislike outsiders and tend to live on the road. They speak a bastardized version of Romanian, generally called Rom. It is thought that Gypsies enjoy stealing and consider personal posessions to be fluid. If this is the case, they quite enjoy freeing this fluid. Gypsies exist in the United States, generally living in motor homes or on motorcycles. There are many accounts of gypsy thieves in small suburban communities. Whether the people apprehended for these crimes are actually gypsies or not is up for debate. Gypsies are one of the few racial groups to which decidedly non-ethnic people can lie about belonging. Unless you count wiggers. Gypsies are also one of the few remaining ethnic groups considered socially acceptable targets of open racism. Many a small town police blotter features the escapades of people "who appeared to be gypsies" wrangling their way into the homes of the elderly and stealing their priceless Hummel figurines.
|


--- layout: post title: Why “Science” is an Important Word in the World of Big Data date: '2012-03-05T09:57:17-08:00' tags: tumblr_url: http://alexhwilliams.tumblr.com/post/18796619435/why-science-is-an-important-word-in-the-world-of-big ---
http://bit.ly/wBd4zG


GSoC [01]: Bonding period ends & Coding begins!
· 4 min read
A month-long community bonding period ended on 27 May, commencing the official coding period. In this post, I would like to share my GSoC 2019 community bonding experience with CCExtractor Development, work-progress and the road ahead.
Community Bonding Period
The official list of selected proposals was released by Google on the 6th of May and with it started the community bonding period. It began with me jumping for joy after getting the news of my proposal getting selected.
It was basically a month full of learning and planning. Two social groups have been created, one on Facebook and the other on Telegram, which includes over 600 selected students from around the globe. It is a great platform for sharing your progress and getting help when you are stuck somewhere.
Here are the tasks I checked off during the community period!
-
Deciding the structure of my project
This is the first time I am going to be working on a project which involves so much! Deciding the structure of the project early was a crucial task so that the development stays smooth ahead. I was sure to use C++ as the language and thus I started off with strengthening the concepts of the language. After checking out some popular C++ projects and reading some blogs on the same I have decided to use something like this:
-
Creating a Trello board
As I had mentioned in my proposal I wanted to have a detailed checklist of the tasks to be done with their deadlines. This would help me and my mentor to keep track of my work. I am maintaining the milestones and deliverables in a Trello board, which can be found here :
Milestones and checklist for co-oCCur: High-speed subtitle synchronization tool
-
Setting-up my Blog
For everyone to follow my progress on the project I have set up this blog. This is the best way for the whole community to know what’s cooking. It’s a simple and mediumish themed Jekyll blog hosted on Github pages.
Here it resides: https://sypai.github.io -
Setting-up Payoneer account
There have been more discussions on this in the Telegram group than anything else. Fortunately, it took me around ten minutes to set it up and receive the confirmation email from Payoneer.
Surprise 🎁 📙
As mentioned in the CCExtractor’s website,
This year we're going to try something new. All accepted students will get a programming book immediately after being accepted, with the hope that they read them before the coding starts. We want to see if this increases the quality of the work.
Each of the accepted students was to choose a technical
book of their choice. I chose Elements of Programming
Interviews in Python by Adnan Aziz, Tsung-Hsien Lee and Amit Prakash. Placement season being next
in the queue, this book is a very good addition to my
library.
Thank you CCExtractor Development! 😍
Bad News 😓
My end semester exams have been postponed, this was
known, I had mentioned this in my proposal. But the final
schedule wasn’t announced until 20th May. Guess what!
Exams started from the very same day the coding period
officially began.
I had to re-schedule the weekly milestones and deadlines.
I have informed my mentor regarding this and he says,
as long as you are on track by the time of the first evaluation you're OK. But it would be a good idea to show me your progress often.
It would be a bit of a predicament to manage to work with the exams. I hope by the end of first evaluation, I will able to complete all the deliverables.
Road Ahead! 🛣
At the end of the first four weeks, first evaluation [24 May - 28 May] begins. I will try to stick to the deadlines as I have mentioned in the trello board. I know it is going to be a roller-coaster ride. I am sure I will learn a lot during the next 3 months!
I wish all the participants a fun and a productive summer. Happy Coding!


The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 20 |
| Running time | 6898.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Reverse Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 20 |
| Running time | 6044.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Choose buffer with longest queue |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 20 |
| Running time | 6030.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 25 |
| Running time | 6633.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Reverse Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 25 |
| Running time | 5955.5 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Choose buffer with longest queue |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 25 |
| Running time | 5941.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 40 |
| Running time | 6646.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Reverse Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 40 |
| Running time | 5870.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Choose buffer with longest queue |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 40 |
| Running time | 5854.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 50 |
| Running time | 6446.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Reverse Chronological task selection |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 50 |
| Running time | 5873.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Choose buffer with longest queue |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 50 |
| Running time | 6409.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |
The parameters used in this simulations is described in the following table.
| Machine task choosing logic | Choose buffer with longest queue |
| Batch introduction logic | Loaded when space in first buffer |
| Batch size | 40 |
| Running time | 5854.0 |
| Batches Made | 1000 |


The Trace2 API can be used to print debug, performance, and telemetry information to stderr or a file. The Trace2 feature is inactive unless explicitly enabled by enabling one or more Trace2 Targets.
The Trace2 API is intended to replace the existing (Trace1)
printf-style tracing provided by the existing GIT_TRACE
and
GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE
facilities. During initial implementation,
Trace2 and Trace1 may operate in parallel.
The Trace2 API defines a set of high-level messages with known fields,
such as (start
: argv
) and (exit
: {exit-code
, elapsed-time
}).
Trace2 instrumentation throughout the Git code base sends Trace2 messages to the enabled Trace2 Targets. Targets transform these messages content into purpose-specific formats and write events to their data streams. In this manner, the Trace2 API can drive many different types of analysis.
Targets are defined using a VTable allowing easy extension to other formats in the future. This might be used to define a binary format, for example.
Trace2 is controlled using trace2.*
config values in the system and
global config files and GIT_TRACE2*
environment variables. Trace2 does
not read from repo local or worktree config files or respect -c
command line config settings.
Trace2 Targets
Trace2 defines the following set of Trace2 Targets. Format details are given in a later section.
The Normal Format Target
The normal format target is a tradition printf format and similar
to GIT_TRACE format. This format is enabled with the GIT_TRACE2
environment variable or the trace2.normalTarget
system or global
config setting.
For example
$ export GIT_TRACE2=~/log.normal
$ git version
git version <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
or
$ git config --global trace2.normalTarget ~/log.normal
$ git version
git version <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
yields
$ cat ~/log.normal
12:28:42.620009 common-main.c:38 version <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
12:28:42.620989 common-main.c:39 start git version
12:28:42.621101 git.c:432 cmd_name version (version)
12:28:42.621215 git.c:662 exit elapsed:0.001227 code:0
12:28:42.621250 trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c:124 atexit elapsed:0.001265 code:0
The Performance Format Target
The performance format target (PERF) is a column-based format to
replace GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE and is suitable for development and
testing, possibly to complement tools like gprof. This format is
enabled with the GIT_TRACE2_PERF
environment variable or the
trace2.perfTarget
system or global config setting.
For example
$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf
$ git version
git version <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
or
$ git config --global trace2.perfTarget ~/log.perf
$ git version
git version <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
yields
$ cat ~/log.perf
12:28:42.620675 common-main.c:38 | d0 | main | version | | | | | <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
12:28:42.621001 common-main.c:39 | d0 | main | start | | 0.001173 | | | git version
12:28:42.621111 git.c:432 | d0 | main | cmd_name | | | | | version (version)
12:28:42.621225 git.c:662 | d0 | main | exit | | 0.001227 | | | code:0
12:28:42.621259 trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c:211 | d0 | main | atexit | | 0.001265 | | | code:0
The Event Format Target
The event format target is a JSON-based format of event data suitable
for telemetry analysis. This format is enabled with the GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
environment variable or the trace2.eventTarget
system or global config
setting.
For example
$ export GIT_TRACE2_EVENT=~/log.event
$ git version
git version <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
or
$ git config --global trace2.eventTarget ~/log.event
$ git version
git version <IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb
yields
$ cat ~/log.event
{"event":"version","sid":"sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.620713Z","file":"common-main.c","line":38,"evt":"2","exe":"<IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb"}
{"event":"start","sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.621027Z","file":"common-main.c","line":39,"t_abs":0.001173,"argv":["git","version"]}
{"event":"cmd_name","sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.621122Z","file":"git.c","line":432,"name":"version","hierarchy":"version"}
{"event":"exit","sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.621236Z","file":"git.c","line":662,"t_abs":0.001227,"code":0}
{"event":"atexit","sid":"20190408T191610.507018Z-H9b68c35f-P000059a8","thread":"main","time":"2019-01-16T17:28:42.621268Z","file":"trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c","line":163,"t_abs":0.001265,"code":0}
Enabling a Target
To enable a target, set the corresponding environment variable or system or global config value to one of the following:
-
0
orfalse
- Disables the target. -
1
ortrue
- Writes toSTDERR
. -
[2-9]
- Writes to the already opened file descriptor. -
<absolute-pathname>
- Writes to the file in append mode. If the target already exists and is a directory, the traces will be written to files (one per process) underneath the given directory. -
af_unix:[<socket_type>:]<absolute-pathname>
- Write to a Unix DomainSocket (on platforms that support them). Socket type can be eitherstream
ordgram
; if omitted Git will try both.
When trace files are written to a target directory, they will be named according to the last component of the SID (optionally followed by a counter to avoid filename collisions).
Trace2 API
All public Trace2 functions and macros are defined in trace2.h
and
trace2.c
. All public symbols are prefixed with trace2_
.
There are no public Trace2 data structures.
The Trace2 code also defines a set of private functions and data types
in the trace2/
directory. These symbols are prefixed with tr2_
and should only be used by functions in trace2.c
.
Conventions for Public Functions and Macros
The functions defined by the Trace2 API are declared and documented
in trace2.h
. It defines the API functions and wrapper macros for
Trace2.
Some functions have a _fl()
suffix to indicate that they take file
and line-number
arguments.
Some functions have a _va_fl()
suffix to indicate that they also
take a va_list
argument.
Some functions have a _printf_fl()
suffix to indicate that they also
take a varargs argument.
There are CPP wrapper macros and ifdefs to hide most of these details.
See trace2.h
for more details. The following discussion will only
describe the simplified forms.
Public API
All Trace2 API functions send a message to all of the active Trace2 Targets. This section describes the set of available messages.
It helps to divide these functions into groups for discussion purposes.
Basic Command Messages
These are concerned with the lifetime of the overall git process.
e.g: void trace2_initialize_clock()
, void trace2_initialize()
,
int trace2_is_enabled()
, void trace2_cmd_start(int argc, const char **argv)
.
Command Detail Messages
These are concerned with describing the specific Git command
after the command line, config, and environment are inspected.
e.g: void trace2_cmd_name(const char *name)
,
void trace2_cmd_mode(const char *mode)
.
Child Process Messages
These are concerned with the various spawned child processes, including shell scripts, git commands, editors, pagers, and hooks.
e.g: void trace2_child_start(struct child_process *cmd)
.
Git Thread Messages
These messages are concerned with Git thread usage.
e.g: void trace2_thread_start(const char *thread_name)
.
Region and Data Messages
These are concerned with recording performance data
over regions or spans of code. e.g:
void trace2_region_enter(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo)
.
Refer to trace2.h for details about all trace2 functions.
Trace2 Target Formats
NORMAL Format
Events are written as lines of the form:
[<time> SP <filename>:<line> SP+] <event-name> [[SP] <event-message>] LF
-
<event-name>
-
is the event name.
-
<event-message>
-
is a free-form printf message intended for human consumption.
Note that this may contain embedded LF or CRLF characters that are not escaped, so the event may spill across multiple lines.
If GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF
or trace2.normalBrief
is true, the time
, filename
,
and line
fields are omitted.
This target is intended to be more of a summary (like GIT_TRACE) and less detailed than the other targets. It ignores thread, region, and data messages, for example.
PERF Format
Events are written as lines of the form:
[<time> SP <filename>:<line> SP+
BAR SP] d<depth> SP
BAR SP <thread-name> SP+
BAR SP <event-name> SP+
BAR SP [r<repo-id>] SP+
BAR SP [<t_abs>] SP+
BAR SP [<t_rel>] SP+
BAR SP [<category>] SP+
BAR SP DOTS* <perf-event-message>
LF
-
<depth>
-
is the git process depth. This is the number of parent git processes. A top-level git command has depth value "d0". A child of it has depth value "d1". A second level child has depth value "d2" and so on.
-
<thread-name>
-
is a unique name for the thread. The primary thread is called "main". Other thread names are of the form "th%d:%s" and include a unique number and the name of the thread-proc.
-
<event-name>
-
is the event name.
-
<repo-id>
-
when present, is a number indicating the repository in use. A
def_repo
event is emitted when a repository is opened. This defines the repo-id and associated worktree. Subsequent repo-specific events will reference this repo-id.Currently, this is always "r1" for the main repository. This field is in anticipation of in-proc submodules in the future.
-
<t_abs>
-
when present, is the absolute time in seconds since the program started.
-
<t_rel>
-
when present, is time in seconds relative to the start of the current region. For a thread-exit event, it is the elapsed time of the thread.
-
<category>
-
is present on region and data events and is used to indicate a broad category, such as "index" or "status".
-
<perf-event-message>
-
is a free-form printf message intended for human consumption.
15:33:33.532712 wt-status.c:2310 | d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.126064 | | status | label:print
15:33:33.532712 wt-status.c:2331 | d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.127568 | 0.001504 | status | label:print
If GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF
or trace2.perfBrief
is true, the time
, file
,
and line
fields are omitted.
d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.011717 | 0.009122 | index | label:preload
The PERF target is intended for interactive performance analysis during development and is quite noisy.
EVENT Format
Each event is a JSON-object containing multiple key/value pairs written as a single line and followed by a LF.
'{' <key> ':' <value> [',' <key> ':' <value>]* '}' LF
Some key/value pairs are common to all events and some are event-specific.
Common Key/Value Pairs
The following key/value pairs are common to all events:
{
"event":"version",
"sid":"20190408T191827.272759Z-H9b68c35f-P00003510",
"thread":"main",
"time":"2019-04-08T19:18:27.282761Z",
"file":"common-main.c",
"line":42,
...
}
-
"event":<event>
-
is the event name.
-
"sid":<sid>
-
is the session-id. This is a unique string to identify the process instance to allow all events emitted by a process to be identified. A session-id is used instead of a PID because PIDs are recycled by the OS. For child git processes, the session-id is prepended with the session-id of the parent git process to allow parent-child relationships to be identified during post-processing.
-
"thread":<thread>
-
is the thread name.
-
"time":<time>
-
is the UTC time of the event.
-
"file":<filename>
-
is source file generating the event.
-
"line":<line-number>
-
is the integer source line number generating the event.
-
"repo":<repo-id>
-
when present, is the integer repo-id as described previously.
If GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_BRIEF
or trace2.eventBrief
is true, the file
and line
fields are omitted from all events and the time
field is
only present on the "start" and "atexit" events.
Event-Specific Key/Value Pairs
-
"version"
-
This event gives the version of the executable and the EVENT format. It should always be the first event in a trace session. The EVENT format version will be incremented if new event types are added, if existing fields are removed, or if there are significant changes in interpretation of existing events or fields. Smaller changes, such as adding a new field to an existing event, will not require an increment to the EVENT format version.
{ "event":"version", ... "evt":"2", # EVENT format version "exe":"<IP_ADDRESS>.g426c96fcdb" # git version }
-
"discard"
-
This event is written to the git-trace2-discard sentinel file if there are too many files in the target trace directory (see the trace2.maxFiles config option).
{ "event":"discard", ... }
-
"start"
-
This event contains the complete argv received by main().
{ "event":"start", ... "t_abs":0.001227, # elapsed time in seconds "argv":["git","version"] }
-
"exit"
-
This event is emitted when git calls
exit()
.{ "event":"exit", ... "t_abs":0.001227, # elapsed time in seconds "code":0 # exit code }
-
"atexit"
-
This event is emitted by the Trace2
atexit
routine during final shutdown. It should be the last event emitted by the process.(The elapsed time reported here is greater than the time reported in the "exit" event because it runs after all other atexit tasks have completed.)
{ "event":"atexit", ... "t_abs":0.001227, # elapsed time in seconds "code":0 # exit code }
-
"signal"
-
This event is emitted when the program is terminated by a user signal. Depending on the platform, the signal event may prevent the "atexit" event from being generated.
{ "event":"signal", ... "t_abs":0.001227, # elapsed time in seconds "signo":13 # SIGTERM, SIGINT, etc. }
-
"error"
-
This event is emitted when one of the
error()
,die()
, orusage()
functions are called.{ "event":"error", ... "msg":"invalid option: --cahced", # formatted error message "fmt":"invalid option: %s" # error format string }
The error event may be emitted more than once. The format string allows post-processors to group errors by type without worrying about specific error arguments.
-
"cmd_path"
-
This event contains the discovered full path of the git executable (on platforms that are configured to resolve it).
{ "event":"cmd_path", ... "path":"C:/work/gfw/git.exe" }
-
"cmd_name"
-
This event contains the command name for this git process and the hierarchy of commands from parent git processes.
{ "event":"cmd_name", ... "name":"pack-objects", "hierarchy":"push/pack-objects" }
Normally, the "name" field contains the canonical name of the command. When a canonical name is not available, one of these special values are used:
"_query_" # "git --html-path" "_run_dashed_" # when "git foo" tries to run "git-foo" "_run_shell_alias_" # alias expansion to a shell command "_run_git_alias_" # alias expansion to a git command "_usage_" # usage error
-
"cmd_mode"
-
This event, when present, describes the command variant This event may be emitted more than once.
{ "event":"cmd_mode", ... "name":"branch" }
The "name" field is an arbitrary string to describe the command mode. For example, checkout can checkout a branch or an individual file. And these variations typically have different performance characteristics that are not comparable.
-
"alias"
-
This event is present when an alias is expanded.
{ "event":"alias", ... "alias":"l", # registered alias "argv":["log","--graph"] # alias expansion }
-
"child_start"
-
This event describes a child process that is about to be spawned.
{ "event":"child_start", ... "child_id":2, "child_class":"?", "use_shell":false, "argv":["git","rev-list","--objects","--stdin","--not","--all","--quiet"] "hook_name":"<hook_name>" # present when child_class is "hook" "cd":"<path>" # present when cd is required }
The "child_id" field can be used to match this child_start with the corresponding child_exit event.
The "child_class" field is a rough classification, such as "editor", "pager", "transport/*", and "hook". Unclassified children are classified with "?".
-
"child_exit"
-
This event is generated after the current process has returned from the waitpid() and collected the exit information from the child.
{ "event":"child_exit", ... "child_id":2, "pid":14708, # child PID "code":0, # child exit-code "t_rel":0.110605 # observed run-time of child process }
Note that the session-id of the child process is not available to the current/spawning process, so the child’s PID is reported here as a hint for post-processing. (But it is only a hint because the child process may be a shell script which doesn’t have a session-id.)
Note that the
t_rel
field contains the observed run time in seconds for the child process (starting before the fork/exec/spawn and stopping after the waitpid() and includes OS process creation overhead). So this time will be slightly larger than the atexit time reported by the child process itself. -
"exec"
-
This event is generated before git attempts to
exec()
another command rather than starting a child process.{ "event":"exec", ... "exec_id":0, "exe":"git", "argv":["foo", "bar"] }
The "exec_id" field is a command-unique id and is only useful if the
exec()
fails and a corresponding exec_result event is generated. -
"exec_result"
-
This event is generated if the
exec()
fails and control returns to the current git command.{ "event":"exec_result", ... "exec_id":0, "code":1 # error code (errno) from exec() }
-
"thread_start"
-
This event is generated when a thread is started. It is generated from within the new thread’s thread-proc (for TLS reasons).
{ "event":"thread_start", ... "thread":"th02:preload_thread" # thread name }
-
"thread_exit"
-
This event is generated when a thread exits. It is generated from within the thread’s thread-proc (for TLS reasons).
{ "event":"thread_exit", ... "thread":"th02:preload_thread", # thread name "t_rel":0.007328 # thread elapsed time }
-
"def_param"
-
This event is generated to log a global parameter, such as a config setting, command-line flag, or environment variable.
{ "event":"def_param", ... "param":"core.abbrev", "value":"7" }
-
"def_repo"
-
This event defines a repo-id and associates it with the root of the worktree.
{ "event":"def_repo", ... "repo":1, "worktree":"/Users/jeffhost/work/gfw" }
As stated earlier, the repo-id is currently always 1, so there will only be one def_repo event. Later, if in-proc submodules are supported, a def_repo event should be emitted for each submodule visited.
-
"region_enter"
-
This event is generated when entering a region.
{ "event":"region_enter", ... "repo":1, # optional "nesting":1, # current region stack depth "category":"index", # optional "label":"do_read_index", # optional "msg":".git/index" # optional }
The
category
field may be used in a future enhancement to do category-based filtering.GIT_TRACE2_EVENT_NESTING
ortrace2.eventNesting
can be used to filter deeply nested regions and data events. It defaults to "2". -
"region_leave"
-
This event is generated when leaving a region.
{ "event":"region_leave", ... "repo":1, # optional "t_rel":0.002876, # time spent in region in seconds "nesting":1, # region stack depth "category":"index", # optional "label":"do_read_index", # optional "msg":".git/index" # optional }
-
"data"
-
This event is generated to log a thread- and region-local key/value pair.
{ "event":"data", ... "repo":1, # optional "t_abs":0.024107, # absolute elapsed time "t_rel":0.001031, # elapsed time in region/thread "nesting":2, # region stack depth "category":"index", "key":"read/cache_nr", "value":"3552" }
The "value" field may be an integer or a string.
-
"data-json"
-
This event is generated to log a pre-formatted JSON string containing structured data.
{ "event":"data_json", ... "repo":1, # optional "t_abs":0.015905, "t_rel":0.015905, "nesting":1, "category":"process", "key":"windows/ancestry", "value":["bash.exe","bash.exe"] }
Example Trace2 API Usage
Here is a hypothetical usage of the Trace2 API showing the intended usage (without worrying about the actual Git details).
- Initialization
-
Initialization happens in
main()
. Behind the scenes, anatexit
andsignal
handler are registered.int main(int argc, const char **argv) { int exit_code; trace2_initialize(); trace2_cmd_start(argv); exit_code = cmd_main(argc, argv); trace2_cmd_exit(exit_code); return exit_code; }
- Command Details
-
After the basics are established, additional command information can be sent to Trace2 as it is discovered.
int cmd_checkout(int argc, const char **argv) { trace2_cmd_name("checkout"); trace2_cmd_mode("branch"); trace2_def_repo(the_repository); // emit "def_param" messages for "interesting" config settings. trace2_cmd_list_config(); if (do_something()) trace2_cmd_error("Path '%s': cannot do something", path); return 0; }
- Child Processes
-
Wrap code spawning child processes.
void run_child(...) { int child_exit_code; struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT; ... cmd.trace2_child_class = "editor"; trace2_child_start(&cmd); child_exit_code = spawn_child_and_wait_for_it(); trace2_child_exit(&cmd, child_exit_code); }
For example, the following fetch command spawned ssh, index-pack, rev-list, and gc. This example also shows that fetch took 5.199 seconds and of that 4.932 was in ssh.
$ export GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF=1 $ export GIT_TRACE2=~/log.normal $ git fetch origin ...
$ cat ~/log.normal version 2.20.1.vfs.1.1.47.g534dbe1ad1 start git fetch origin worktree /Users/jeffhost/work/gfw cmd_name fetch (fetch) child_start[0] ssh<EMAIL_ADDRESS>... child_start[1] git index-pack ... ... (Trace2 events from child processes omitted) child_exit[1] pid:14707 code:0 elapsed:0.076353 child_exit[0] pid:14706 code:0 elapsed:4.931869 child_start[2] git rev-list ... ... (Trace2 events from child process omitted) child_exit[2] pid:14708 code:0 elapsed:0.110605 child_start[3] git gc --auto ... (Trace2 events from child process omitted) child_exit[3] pid:14709 code:0 elapsed:0.006240 exit elapsed:5.198503 code:0 atexit elapsed:5.198541 code:0
When a git process is a (direct or indirect) child of another git process, it inherits Trace2 context information. This allows the child to print the command hierarchy. This example shows gc as child[3] of fetch. When the gc process reports its name as "gc", it also reports the hierarchy as "fetch/gc". (In this example, trace2 messages from the child process is indented for clarity.)
$ export GIT_TRACE2_BRIEF=1 $ export GIT_TRACE2=~/log.normal $ git fetch origin ...
$ cat ~/log.normal version <IP_ADDRESS>.g5676107ecd.dirty start git fetch official worktree /Users/jeffhost/work/gfw cmd_name fetch (fetch) ... child_start[3] git gc --auto version <IP_ADDRESS>.g5676107ecd.dirty start /Users/jeffhost/work/gfw/git gc --auto worktree /Users/jeffhost/work/gfw cmd_name gc (fetch/gc) exit elapsed:0.001959 code:0 atexit elapsed:0.001997 code:0 child_exit[3] pid:20303 code:0 elapsed:0.007564 exit elapsed:3.868938 code:0 atexit elapsed:3.868970 code:0
- Regions
-
Regions can be use to time an interesting section of code.
void wt_status_collect(struct wt_status *s) { trace2_region_enter("status", "worktrees", s->repo); wt_status_collect_changes_worktree(s); trace2_region_leave("status", "worktrees", s->repo); trace2_region_enter("status", "index", s->repo); wt_status_collect_changes_index(s); trace2_region_leave("status", "index", s->repo); trace2_region_enter("status", "untracked", s->repo); wt_status_collect_untracked(s); trace2_region_leave("status", "untracked", s->repo); } void wt_status_print(struct wt_status *s) { trace2_region_enter("status", "print", s->repo); switch (s->status_format) { ... } trace2_region_leave("status", "print", s->repo); }
In this example, scanning for untracked files ran from +0.012568 to +0.027149 (since the process started) and took 0.014581 seconds.
$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1 $ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf $ git status ... $ cat ~/log.perf d0 | main | version | | | | | <IP_ADDRESS>.g5676107ecd.dirty d0 | main | start | | 0.001173 | | | git status d0 | main | def_repo | r1 | | | | worktree:/Users/jeffhost/work/gfw d0 | main | cmd_name | | | | | status (status) ... d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.010988 | | status | label:worktrees d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.011236 | 0.000248 | status | label:worktrees d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.011260 | | status | label:index d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.012542 | 0.001282 | status | label:index d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.012568 | | status | label:untracked d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.027149 | 0.014581 | status | label:untracked d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.027411 | | status | label:print d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.028741 | 0.001330 | status | label:print d0 | main | exit | | 0.028778 | | | code:0 d0 | main | atexit | | 0.028809 | | | code:0
Regions may be nested. This causes messages to be indented in the PERF target, for example. Elapsed times are relative to the start of the corresponding nesting level as expected. For example, if we add region message to:
static enum path_treatment read_directory_recursive(struct dir_struct *dir, struct index_state *istate, const char *base, int baselen, struct untracked_cache_dir *untracked, int check_only, int stop_at_first_file, const struct pathspec *pathspec) { enum path_treatment state, subdir_state, dir_state = path_none; trace2_region_enter_printf("dir", "read_recursive", NULL, "%.*s", baselen, base); ... trace2_region_leave_printf("dir", "read_recursive", NULL, "%.*s", baselen, base); return dir_state; }
We can further investigate the time spent scanning for untracked files.
$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1 $ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf $ git status ... $ cat ~/log.perf d0 | main | version | | | | | <IP_ADDRESS>.gb4ccea44db.dirty d0 | main | start | | 0.001173 | | | git status d0 | main | def_repo | r1 | | | | worktree:/Users/jeffhost/work/gfw d0 | main | cmd_name | | | | | status (status) ... d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.015047 | | status | label:untracked d0 | main | region_enter | | 0.015132 | | dir | ..label:read_recursive d0 | main | region_enter | | 0.016341 | | dir | ....label:read_recursive vcs-svn/ d0 | main | region_leave | | 0.016422 | 0.000081 | dir | ....label:read_recursive vcs-svn/ d0 | main | region_enter | | 0.016446 | | dir | ....label:read_recursive xdiff/ d0 | main | region_leave | | 0.016522 | 0.000076 | dir | ....label:read_recursive xdiff/ d0 | main | region_enter | | 0.016612 | | dir | ....label:read_recursive git-gui/ d0 | main | region_enter | | 0.016698 | | dir | ......label:read_recursive git-gui/po/ d0 | main | region_enter | | 0.016810 | | dir | ........label:read_recursive git-gui/po/glossary/ d0 | main | region_leave | | 0.016863 | 0.000053 | dir | ........label:read_recursive git-gui/po/glossary/ ... d0 | main | region_enter | | 0.031876 | | dir | ....label:read_recursive builtin/ d0 | main | region_leave | | 0.032270 | 0.000394 | dir | ....label:read_recursive builtin/ d0 | main | region_leave | | 0.032414 | 0.017282 | dir | ..label:read_recursive d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.032454 | 0.017407 | status | label:untracked ... d0 | main | exit | | 0.034279 | | | code:0 d0 | main | atexit | | 0.034322 | | | code:0
Trace2 regions are similar to the existing trace_performance_enter() and trace_performance_leave() routines, but are thread safe and maintain per-thread stacks of timers.
- Data Messages
-
Data messages added to a region.
int read_index_from(struct index_state *istate, const char *path, const char *gitdir) { trace2_region_enter_printf("index", "do_read_index", the_repository, "%s", path); ... trace2_data_intmax("index", the_repository, "read/version", istate->version); trace2_data_intmax("index", the_repository, "read/cache_nr", istate->cache_nr); trace2_region_leave_printf("index", "do_read_index", the_repository, "%s", path); }
This example shows that the index contained 3552 entries.
$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1 $ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf $ git status ... $ cat ~/log.perf d0 | main | version | | | | | <IP_ADDRESS>.gf9916ae094.dirty d0 | main | start | | 0.001173 | | | git status d0 | main | def_repo | r1 | | | | worktree:/Users/jeffhost/work/gfw d0 | main | cmd_name | | | | | status (status) d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.001791 | | index | label:do_read_index .git/index d0 | main | data | r1 | 0.002494 | 0.000703 | index | ..read/version:2 d0 | main | data | r1 | 0.002520 | 0.000729 | index | ..read/cache_nr:3552 d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.002539 | 0.000748 | index | label:do_read_index .git/index ...
- Thread Events
-
Thread messages added to a thread-proc.
For example, the multithreaded preload-index code can be instrumented with a region around the thread pool and then per-thread start and exit events within the threadproc.
static void *preload_thread(void *_data) { // start the per-thread clock and emit a message. trace2_thread_start("preload_thread"); // report which chunk of the array this thread was assigned. trace2_data_intmax("index", the_repository, "offset", p->offset); trace2_data_intmax("index", the_repository, "count", nr); do { ... } while (--nr > 0); ... // report elapsed time taken by this thread. trace2_thread_exit(); return NULL; } void preload_index(struct index_state *index, const struct pathspec *pathspec, unsigned int refresh_flags) { trace2_region_enter("index", "preload", the_repository); for (i = 0; i < threads; i++) { ... /* create thread */ } for (i = 0; i < threads; i++) { ... /* join thread */ } trace2_region_leave("index", "preload", the_repository); }
In this example preload_index() was executed by the
main
thread and started thepreload
region. Seven threads, namedth01:preload_thread
throughth07:preload_thread
, were started. Events from each thread are atomically appended to the shared target stream as they occur so they may appear in random order with respect other threads. Finally, the main thread waits for the threads to finish and leaves the region.Data events are tagged with the active thread name. They are used to report the per-thread parameters.
$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1 $ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf $ git status ... $ cat ~/log.perf ... d0 | main | region_enter | r1 | 0.002595 | | index | label:preload d0 | th01:preload_thread | thread_start | | 0.002699 | | | d0 | th02:preload_thread | thread_start | | 0.002721 | | | d0 | th01:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002736 | 0.000037 | index | offset:0 d0 | th02:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002751 | 0.000030 | index | offset:2032 d0 | th03:preload_thread | thread_start | | 0.002711 | | | d0 | th06:preload_thread | thread_start | | 0.002739 | | | d0 | th01:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002766 | 0.000067 | index | count:508 d0 | th06:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002856 | 0.000117 | index | offset:2540 d0 | th03:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002824 | 0.000113 | index | offset:1016 d0 | th04:preload_thread | thread_start | | 0.002710 | | | d0 | th02:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002779 | 0.000058 | index | count:508 d0 | th06:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002966 | 0.000227 | index | count:508 d0 | th07:preload_thread | thread_start | | 0.002741 | | | d0 | th07:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.003017 | 0.000276 | index | offset:3048 d0 | th05:preload_thread | thread_start | | 0.002712 | | | d0 | th05:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.003067 | 0.000355 | index | offset:1524 d0 | th05:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.003090 | 0.000378 | index | count:508 d0 | th07:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.003037 | 0.000296 | index | count:504 d0 | th03:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002971 | 0.000260 | index | count:508 d0 | th04:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.002983 | 0.000273 | index | offset:508 d0 | th04:preload_thread | data | r1 | 0.007311 | 0.004601 | index | count:508 d0 | th05:preload_thread | thread_exit | | 0.008781 | 0.006069 | | d0 | th01:preload_thread | thread_exit | | 0.009561 | 0.006862 | | d0 | th03:preload_thread | thread_exit | | 0.009742 | 0.007031 | | d0 | th06:preload_thread | thread_exit | | 0.009820 | 0.007081 | | d0 | th02:preload_thread | thread_exit | | 0.010274 | 0.007553 | | d0 | th07:preload_thread | thread_exit | | 0.010477 | 0.007736 | | d0 | th04:preload_thread | thread_exit | | 0.011657 | 0.008947 | | d0 | main | region_leave | r1 | 0.011717 | 0.009122 | index | label:preload ... d0 | main | exit | | 0.029996 | | | code:0 d0 | main | atexit | | 0.030027 | | | code:0
In this example, the preload region took 0.009122 seconds. The 7 threads took between 0.006069 and 0.008947 seconds to work on their portion of the index. Thread "th01" worked on 508 items at offset 0. Thread "th02" worked on 508 items at offset 2032. Thread "th04" worked on 508 items at offset 508.
This example also shows that thread names are assigned in a racy manner as each thread starts and allocates TLS storage.
Future Work
Relationship to the Existing Trace Api (api-trace.txt)
There are a few issues to resolve before we can completely switch to Trace2.
-
Updating existing tests that assume GIT_TRACE format messages.
-
How to best handle custom GIT_TRACE_<key> messages?
-
The GIT_TRACE_<key> mechanism allows each <key> to write to a different file (in addition to just stderr).
-
Do we want to maintain that ability or simply write to the existing Trace2 targets (and convert <key> to a "category").
-


Bacon Burger:
Applewood smoked Bacon, BBQ Sauce, Cheddar, and red onions.
Avacado Burger:
Chipotle mayo, cherry peppers, pepper Jack avacado, lettuce, and red onion.
Vegan Cheese Burger:
vegan cheddar, lettuce, Tomato and red onion.
Bacon Burger:
Applewood smoked Bacon, BBQ Sauce, Cheddar, and red onions.
Avacado Burger:
Chipotle mayo, cherry peppers, pepper Jack avacado, lettuce, and red onion.
Vegan Cheese Burger:
vegan cheddar, lettuce, Tomato and red onion.


'How They Code' is a software development company search app, where you can see how well (or bad) does a company work depending on some surveys employees or ex-employees fill (using the Joel's test).
If your company is not registered, you can create it and fill the survey yourself. If it is already registered, just go and answer the questions.
This site is based on faith in people, so it's up to you if you trust it or not.
You can have a look or fork this proyect on Github


GET /api # Serves an HTML page with documentation for all the available endpoints
GET /api/topics # Get all the topics
GET /api/topics/:topic_slug/articles # Return all the articles for a certain topic # e.g: `/api/topics/football/articles`
POST /api/topics/:topic_slug/articles # Add a new article to a topic. This route requires a JSON body with title and body key value pairs # e.g: `{ "title": "new article", "body": "This is my new article content", "created_by": "user_id goes here"}`
GET /api/articles # Returns all the articles
GET /api/articles/:article_id # Get an individual article
GET /api/articles/:article_id/comments # Get all the comments for a individual article
POST /api/articles/:article_id/comments # Add a new comment to an article. This route requires a JSON body with body and created_by key value pairs # e.g: `{"body": "This is my new comment", "created_by": "user_id goes here"}`
PATCH /api/articles/:article_id # Increment or Decrement the votes of an article by one. This route requires a vote query of 'up' or 'down' # e.g: `/api/articles/:article_id?vote=up`
GET /api/comments # Returns all the comments
GET /api/comments/:comment_id # Get an individual comment
PATCH /api/comments/:comment_id # Increment or Decrement the votes of a comment by one. This route requires a vote query of 'up' or 'down' # e.g: `/api/comments/:comment_id?vote=down`
DELETE /api/comments/:comment_id # Deletes a comment
GET /api/users # Returns all the users
GET /api/users/:username # e.g: `/api/users/mitch123` # Returns a JSON object with the profile data for the specified user.


{% include breadcrumbs.html %} Written by Jason Swingen, {% include page-meta.html %} {{ content }} {% include sidebar.html %}


￼￼
{errorMsg}
Firstname:
Name:
Email:
Password:
Password confirmation:
Subject:
Praise
Critism
Other
Message:
{message}
Please input the characters above:
{entry}


Identities, Values & Strengths
10 September 2019
Explain a situation where you have had an ethical decision to make. Discuss how you weighed up the values involved in that decision, the decision you made and the consequences of the action you took.
When trying to think of an example for this exercise, I could only think of really heavy or personal examples. An extended family member suggested making up an example, which would ultimately go against being honest, and this is a core value of mine. Yes, this probably would have given me a good example to go on my blog, but wouldn't have been worth feeling guilty over. Using a personal example would have been very challenging for me to do as these examples involved me talking about things that others have shared with me in confidence. Sharing one of those examples would have challenged these values of mine: trust, loyalty and kindness towards the others involved. Using this situation and turning it in to an example that I could use was a more light-hearted way to show my personal values when trying to make an ethical decision.
Describe how your culture has influenced your values and identity.
I am from a hard-working and supportive family. My parents have always been very reliable and hard-working. Honesty was definitely a value that was drilled in to my siblings and I throughout our childhood. I believe that these values have come from my parents and grandparents, and I have seen these values used in my siblings growing families too.
Evaluate your strengths and limitations in terms of your learning and career development. Identify which of your strengths might help you in your learning journey and how they might intersect with learning obstacles.
In terms of my strengths, I believe that I am supportive, reliable and patient. In terms of my learning and career development, these have enabled me to be a supportive team member. I try to be as hard-working as I can, and in terms of reliability, I'll do my best to complete tasks when they are expected to be completed.
In terms of my weaknesses, I tend to take things too personally and often internalise my feelings. I do find it difficult to ask for help when I am struggling as I do not want to burden others. Although being supportive is a strength of mine, it is also a weakness as am often willing to let things slide, or believe things will eventually improve.
Share an example from your experience of where you were trying to work productively with others, but there was resistance or tension. Discuss the strategies you used at that time, how effective they were, and your reflections on what other strategies you would try now, and why.
The example that I am thinking of involves tension with with a work colleague, which not only affected me but other members of my team. This was due to lack of communication and deeper personal issues. I was trying to work as productively and learn as much I could to grow and develop, and in order to do so I learnt to bypass that work colleague and seek others help more than I possibly should have. Other strategies that I used involved sending out reminders and trying to be as organised and structured as possible. This included making sure there was a paper trail to help support myself. I think these strategies were somewhat effective at the time as they helped me complete my work and learn as much as I could to grow. Reflecting back on this, other strategies that I would try would involve better communication, as I ended up bypassing this work colleague and they were often unaware of the work that I was doing at the time. Ensuring that there is as much transparency as possible in the team would hopefully improve productivity.


SWIPE TO NAVIGATE
Home
Map
Report
Stories
Settings
Account
Log Out
Share
911
My reports
12
Settings
Logout


Stream through park in St Werburgh's turns 'milky white'
There are concerns over impact on environment
by Alexander BrockResidents have been left baffled and concerned after a stream in a park abruptly turned "milky white".
The water in Mina Road Park in St Werburgh's in Bristol suddenly changed colour on Monday afternoon (November 25), leaving people living nearby anxious about possible impacts on wildlife.
The Environment Agency is yet to respond to Bristol Live on the issue.
Molly Gilbert, who lives next to the stream, said the strange phenomenon has happened several times in the past.

"We have got a a very fragile ecosystem in the park with the sticklebacks and Kingfishers.

"Its about time someone looked into this as the problem as it's so intermittent that I think people forget about it."
She went on to say that the milky water smelt like "chemicals" and that the substance in the water often disappears within minutes.
Hugh Holden, from the Mina Road Parkgroup, added the mysterious occurrence happens "fairly regularly".
A spokesman for Bristol City Council has said it is not something the council had been made aware of previously.
The Environment Agency has been contacted for comment.
For the latest news in and around Bristol, visit and bookmark Bristol Live's homepage .


IT Resident at Google. Web developer, OSS, Node.js things and hacky projects.
Twitter | GitHub | LinkedIn


Fill out the survey below to display your top 3 path choices!
Ruby is a programming language focused on simplicity and productivity. It has an elegant syntax that is natural to read and easy to write. The Ruby programming language is most commonly used with the Ruby on Rails framework. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Ruby and Rails are typically used by younger companies and startups, especially for building interactive web applications. Companies using Ruby and Rails who have hired Epicodus graduates include New Relic, LivingSocial, and SpendWell. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
PHP is a popular programming language used for web development, especially for content-heavy websites. It's most commonly used with content management systems like WordPress, Drupal, and Joomla, but is also used in many web applications and backends as well. Students who learn to code in PHP will be able to collect form data, generate dynamic page content, send and receive cookies, and much more.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
Java is arguably the most popular programming language today. It's used for everything from web applications to backend services to mobile applications to embedded systems. Students who learn Java programming will be able to create dynamic web applications, and be able continue into our Android track.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
CSS is the language for describing the presentation of Web pages, including colors, layout, fonts, and other stylistic choices. It allows one to adapt the presentation to different types of devices, such as large screens, small screens, and printers. HTML — used for building the structure of the page — and CSS — used for the visual layout — are the two basic languages involved in the building of web pages and web applications.
Web design is a process of conceptualizing, planning, and building a collection of electronic files that determine the layout, colors, text styles, structure, graphics, images, and use of interactive features that deliver pages to your site visitors. Web Design is a crucial component in web development, and students who learn design will be able to engineer positive and interactive user experiences through innovative interfaces.
The C# ("C sharp") programming language is most commonly used with the .NET framework. Students who are well-versed in C# programming can use it to create client applications, database applications, distributed components, and much more. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
Students who learn C# programming and combine it with their knowledge of the .NET framework can target larger enterprises, government agencies, and companies serving enterprise and government clients for employment. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.


Issue 6582:
Removing style sheets dynamically breaks CSS panel
Removing the selected style sheet
Steps to reproduce
- Open Firebug
- Switch to the CSS panel
- Choose issue6582-iframe.html from the Location Menu
- Click this button to remove the iframe+stylesheet
- Another style sheets needs to be selected in the CSS panel.


{% extends "admin/base_site.html" %} {% load i18n static %} {% block extrastyle %}{{ block.super }} {{ form.media }} {% endblock %} {% block extrahead %} {% endblock %} {% block bodyclass %}{{ block.super }} login {% endblock %} {% block usertools %} {% endblock %} {% block nav-global %}{% endblock %} {% block content_title %}{% endblock %} {% block breadcrumbs %}{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% if request.GET.error %} Error: {{ request.GET.error }} {% endif %} {% if request.GET.success %} Successfully added PolicyKit! {% endif %}
Connect PolicyKit to Slack
You must be an admin of the Slack to add PolicyKit to your workspace.
 Then, while logged in to that account, click below to grant PolicyKit permission to act on behalf of that account.
Install PolicyKit to Reddit
You must be a subscriber to the Subreddit first.
Sign in with Reddit
Connect PolicyKit to Discord
You must be an admin of the Discord to add PolicyKit to your server.
Install PolicyKit to Discord


Beheads multiple headers defined according to expressions in .groupings.
get_header_groups(sheet, direction, value_ref, formats, .groupings = groupings(ones), .hook_if = hook_if(ones), .hook_if_rev = hook_if(ones), header_fill = "local_format_id", default_col_header_direction = default_col_header_direction_temp, table_data = tabledata, min_header_index = min_header_index_temp)
| sheet | data frame created by xlsx_cells |
|---|---|
| direction | a string indicating which type of headers are to be labelled. Options include compass direction or up/down/left/right. |
| value_ref | reference to where data cells are located. |
| formats | format object created by tidyxl. |
| .groupings | expressions representing how header cells are differentiated. Most naturally works with fmt_* functions. |
| .hook_if | expression determining whether direction is hooked. |
| .hook_if_rev | expression determining whether direction is reverse hooked. |
| header_fill | deals with merged cells. Fills in neighbouring cells if they have the same "local_format_id", "style" or are within "borders". |
| default_col_header_direction | Indicates which direction is given to col headers by default. Only need if "NNW" is required, rather than "N". |
| table_data | datacell dataframe. |
| min_header_index | min header index |
This is an internal function that: 1. Identifies which cells are likely to be headers 2. groups them according to their indenting, bold and italic formatting 3. Specifies the locatr function specifying the direction of the header w.r.t. table data Behead multiple header groups


|
Host Communication Protocol
2.0
|
#include <fpc_com_chain.h>
Data Fields | |
| bool | initialized |
| uint32_t(* | crc_calc )(uint32_t start, const void *data, uint32_t size) |
| fpc_com_chain_private_t | private_vars |
| void * | session |
| User session pointer. User private stuff, to be able to pass necessary info from the layer that calls hcp down to the user's TX and RX functions (phy_tx/rx), to enable multi threaded applications at the host side. More... | |
| void * | context |
| User context pointer. User private stuff, to be able to pass nessecary context to argument_allocator and argument_free. More... | |
HCP Layer | |
| void *(* | argument_allocator )(fpc_hcp_cmd_t cmd, fpc_hcp_arg_t arg, uint16_t size, bool *free_data, void *context) |
| void(* | argument_free )(fpc_hcp_cmd_t cmd, fpc_hcp_arg_data_t *arg_data, void *context) |
Application Layer | |
| fpc_com_result_t(* | app_tx )(fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
| fpc_com_result_t(* | app_rx )(fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
| uint16_t(* | app_overhead_get )(uint16_t *offset) |
| uint16_t | app_packet_size [2] |
| uint16_t | app_mtu_size [2] |
| uint8_t * | app_mtu_buffer [2] |
Transport Layer | |
| fpc_com_result_t(* | tsp_tx )(fpc_com_packet_tsp_t *packet, fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
| fpc_com_result_t(* | tsp_rx )(fpc_com_packet_tsp_t *packet, fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
| uint16_t(* | tsp_overhead_get )(uint16_t *offset) |
Link Layer | |
| uint16_t(* | link_overhead_get )(uint16_t *offset) |
| fpc_com_channel_t | channel |
Physical Layer | |
| fpc_com_result_t(* | phy_tx )(uint16_t size, const uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t timeout, void *session) |
| fpc_com_result_t(* | phy_rx )(uint16_t size, uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t timeout, void *session) |
| uint16_t | phy_mtu_size [2] |
| uint8_t * | phy_mtu_buffer [2] |
| uint32_t | phy_timeout_tx |
| uint32_t | phy_timeout_rx |
Communication chain struct
Definition at line 50 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint8_t* fpc_com_chain::app_mtu_buffer[2] |
Application MTU buffers
Definition at line 83 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint16_t fpc_com_chain::app_mtu_size[2] |
Application MTU sizes
Definition at line 81 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint16_t(* fpc_com_chain::app_overhead_get) (uint16_t *offset) |
Application layer overhead get interface function
Definition at line 77 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint16_t fpc_com_chain::app_packet_size[2] |
Application packet sizes
Definition at line 79 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_result_t(* fpc_com_chain::app_rx) (fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
Application layer receive interface function
Definition at line 75 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_result_t(* fpc_com_chain::app_tx) (fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
Application layer transmit interface function
Definition at line 73 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| void*(* fpc_com_chain::argument_allocator) (fpc_hcp_cmd_t cmd, fpc_hcp_arg_t arg, uint16_t size, bool *free_data, void *context) |
Argument allocator interface function
Definition at line 59 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| void(* fpc_com_chain::argument_free) (fpc_hcp_cmd_t cmd, fpc_hcp_arg_data_t *arg_data, void *context) |
Argument free interface function
Definition at line 62 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_channel_t fpc_com_chain::channel |
Communication channel
Definition at line 105 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| void* fpc_com_chain::context |
User context pointer. User private stuff, to be able to pass nessecary context to argument_allocator and argument_free.
Definition at line 143 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint32_t(* fpc_com_chain::crc_calc) (uint32_t start, const void *data, uint32_t size) |
CRC calculation interface function
Definition at line 66 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| bool fpc_com_chain::initialized |
Initialization status
Definition at line 52 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint16_t(* fpc_com_chain::link_overhead_get) (uint16_t *offset) |
Link layer overhead get interface function
Definition at line 103 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint8_t* fpc_com_chain::phy_mtu_buffer[2] |
Physical MTU buffers
Definition at line 121 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint16_t fpc_com_chain::phy_mtu_size[2] |
Physical MTU sizes
Definition at line 119 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_result_t(* fpc_com_chain::phy_rx) (uint16_t size, uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t timeout, void *session) |
Physical layer receive interface function
Definition at line 116 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint32_t fpc_com_chain::phy_timeout_rx |
Physical receive timeout
Definition at line 125 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint32_t fpc_com_chain::phy_timeout_tx |
Physical transmit timeout
Definition at line 123 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_result_t(* fpc_com_chain::phy_tx) (uint16_t size, const uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t timeout, void *session) |
Physical layer transmit interface function
Definition at line 113 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_chain_private_t fpc_com_chain::private_vars |
Communication change private variables
Definition at line 129 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| void* fpc_com_chain::session |
User session pointer. User private stuff, to be able to pass necessary info from the layer that calls hcp down to the user's TX and RX functions (phy_tx/rx), to enable multi threaded applications at the host side.
Definition at line 137 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| uint16_t(* fpc_com_chain::tsp_overhead_get) (uint16_t *offset) |
Transport layer overhead get interface function
Definition at line 95 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_result_t(* fpc_com_chain::tsp_rx) (fpc_com_packet_tsp_t *packet, fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
Transport layer receive interface function
Definition at line 93 of file fpc_com_chain.h.
| fpc_com_result_t(* fpc_com_chain::tsp_tx) (fpc_com_packet_tsp_t *packet, fpc_com_chain_t *chain) |
Transport layer transmit interface function
Definition at line 91 of file fpc_com_chain.h.


PART V. TERMINATION OF CHAPTER--REPEALED
§393-51 REPEALED. L 1994, c 99, §§2, 3 as superseded by L 2011, c 228, §§2, 3.


Number of days open
This graph shows how long issues are open, and how they move between different columns on the project board. Some things to look out for:
This graph shows how many issues have been opened and closed since the project began.
If these lines are getting closer together, you're trending towards launch!


BIMERR Weather Ontology: Overview
back to
ToC
This ontology has the following classes and properties.
Classes
Administrative Area
Atmospheric Phenomenon
City
Country
Device
extreme weather period measurement
Feature of Interest
Ground
Humidity
Illuminance
Measurement
Point
Precipitation
Pressure
Property
Radiation
Season
Sensor
Sky Cover
Snow
Spatial Thing
Storm
Temperature
typical weather period measurement
Unit of Measure
weather period measurement
Weather Property
wind
Object Properties
controls property
has measurement
has property
is controlled by device
is measured by device
is measured in
is measurement of
is property of
located in
location
make measurement
measurement made by
measures property
relates to measurement
relates to property
Data Properties
altitude
first Date
has time stamp
has value
last Date
latitude
longitude
Named Individuals
aerosol optical depth
albedo
apparent temperature
apparent temperature high
apparent temperature low
apparent temperature max
apparent temperature min
atmospheric station pressure
candela per square metre
ceilling height
centimetre
cloud cover
data source and uncertainty flags
day
days since last snowfall
degree
degree celsius
degree fahrenheit
density
dew point temperature
diffuse horizontal radiation
direct horizontal illuminance
direct normal illuminance
direct normal radiation
dry bulb temperature
extraterrestial direct normal radiation
extraterrestial horizontal radiation
Fall
global horizontal illuminance
global horizontal radiation
ground conductivity
ground density
ground specific heat
ground temperature
ground temperature depth
horizontal infrared radiation intensity
hour
inch international
inches per hour
joule per kilogram
kilogram per cubicmetre
kilometre
liquid precipitation depth
liquid precipitation quantity
lux
metre
metre per second time
mile statute
mile statute per hour
millibar
millimetre
moon phase
nearest storm bearing
nearest storm distance
opaque skycover
ozone
pascal
percent
precip accumulation
precip intensity
precip intensity error
precip intensity max
precip probability
precip type
precipitable water
present weather codes
present weather observation
pressure
relative humidity
snow depth
Spring
Summer
temperature
temperature high
temperature low
temperature max
temperature min
tenths of coverage
thousandths
total sky cover
uv index
visibility
watt hour per square metre
watt per metre kelvin
wind bearing
wind direction
wind gust
wind speed
Winter
zenith luminance


PronType
: pronominal type
A wide variety of pronouns, and particles and other parts-of-speech with pronominal characteristics can be identified in Old Irish.
Ana
: anaphoric
The anaphoric pronoun, suide, in its various forms, is used in Old Irish to refer back to something which has already been mentioned.
Examples
- inne hi suidiu “the aforementioned things”
- acennbart són “the aforementioned headscarf”
Art
: articles
Pronominal articles in Old Irish include all forms of the definite article, whether they form close compounds with preceding prepositions or not.
Examples
- in ferr “the man”
- dond ḟiur “to the man”
- ind ḟir “the men”
- donaib feraib “to the men”
Dem
: demonstrative
Demonstrative particles, so and sin, are enclitics comparable to the demonstrative pronouns of other languages. These have substantival force when used alone, amal sin “like that”, or with the article, insin “that”. Following other parts of speech they serve to specify something in particular, _in lebor “the book” but in lebor so “this book”.
Examples
- do ndligud so “to this law”
- int í siu “this (thing)”
- a nainmm sin “that noun/name”
- inso “this/here”
- cose “to this”
- briathra grecdi se “these greek words”
Emp
: emphatic
Old Irish has emphasising particles, however, as they inflect for person and number they meet the criteria to be considered pronouns in Universal Dependencies, and are POS-tagged as such. These enclitic particles are used to emphasise pronouns, verbal subjects and objects, and the pronominal elements of conjugated prepositions (prepositional pronouns).
Examples
- meisse “me”
- rosechestar som “which he has followed”
- duitso “to you”
- inna lucsom “in its place”
Ind
: indefinite
Old Irish has a specific independent pronoun, nech/ní, “someone/something”, and several other independent pronominals.
Examples
- adcither nech “that a person is seen”
- cechtar in da leithe sin “each of these two parts”
- cosmail leiss cacha orr “alike to him whichever he may slay”
- etir in dobrethir sechissí “between any adverb”
Int
: interrogative
Interrogative pronouns are used when asking questions.
Examples
- cindas ṁbias “how, then, will…?”
- Caní románda “is it not Roman?”
- im mascul fá femen “is it a masculine or feminine (noun)?”
- in mesorsa “will I judge?”
Prs
: personal
Several types of personal pronoun are used in Old Irish, including independent pronouns, infixed pronouns, suffixed pronouns, and possessive pronouns. Conjugated prepositions (prepositional pronouns) also have a personal pronominal element.
Examples
- ce hé roscríb “who is it that has written”
- it é inna noi “these are the nine”
- immechomarcar duit “which is asked to you”
- in cummasc and som “the confusion in it”
- athitol “its title”
- uit mo chrob “ouch! my hand”
- fomchain lóid luin lúad “a blackbird’s lay sings me praise”
- dagníusa “I say it”
Rel
: relative
The copula in Old Irish has relative forms and can inflect for person and number.
Examples
- asmmé moínur “that it is I alone”
- namba olcc amenma frimm “that his feeling may be not bad towards me”
Void
: void pronoun
A semantically empty pronominal form, d, occurs within the verbal complex following the conjunctions cía “although” and má “if”, if no infixed pronoun already occurs there. It is infixed at the same place that a regular infixed pronoun would be expected, and is supported by the semantically empty conjunct particle no if necessary.
Examples
- cenodfil “though there is”
- manud chinni “if it determines”
- ciadodchommar foi “though we have gone under it”
PronType in other languages: [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [bor] [cs] [el] [en] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [gun] [hu] [hy] [it] [kpv] [ky] [la] [myu] [pcm] [qpm] [sga] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj]


CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF...--.-- Doctor of Philosophy
THERMAL ASPECTS OF GRINDING
PRESENTED BY---_-_-------------- Wolfgang Joachim Sauer
£25,194] L.2E,14F/
PATE
CHAIRMAN DATE
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.


| Group | Program | Date Enrolled | Actions |
|---|---|---|---|
|
{{ group.cohort.name | titlecase }}
|
{{ group.program.name }} | {{ group.startDate | date: 'short' }} |
| Group | Program | Date Joined | Date Exited |
|---|---|---|---|
|
{{ group.cohort.name | titlecase }}
|
{{ group.program.name }} | {{ group.startDate | date: 'short' }} | {{ group.endDate | date: 'short' }} |


TableThe Table component is a common component used to display data that can be compared. Usually a set of item
of
the same type which data is divided on columns to facilitate the comparison between items.
<fd-table>
', description: 'The table header, contains \'
\' header cell elements.'},
{ name: '', description: 'The table body. Use \'
\' to iterate over your collection. Then construct a row using \'
\'s as you would for a standard HTML table.'}
]
}">


CMS Data Element Library - FHIR Implementation Guide - Local Development build (v0.0.1). See the Directory of published versions
| Name | Definition |
| CommonLanguages | This value set includes common codes from BCP-47 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47) |
| EnableWhenBehavior | Controls how multiple enableWhen values are interpreted - whether all or any must be true. |
| Jurisdiction ValueSet | This value set defines a base set of codes for country, country subdivision and region for indicating where a resource is intended to be used. Note: The codes for countries and country subdivisions are taken from ISO 3166 while the codes for “supra-national” regions are from UN Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49). |
| PublicationStatus | The lifecycle status of an artifact. |
| QuestionnaireAnswerCodes | Example list of codes for answers to questions. (Not complete or necessarily appropriate.) |
| QuestionnaireItemOperator | The criteria by which a question is enabled. |
| QuestionnaireItemType | Distinguishes groups from questions and display text and indicates data type for questions. |
| QuestionnaireQuestionCodes | Example list of codes for questions and groups of questions. (Not necessarily complete or appropriate.) |
| ResourceType | One of the resource types defined as part of this version of FHIR. |