|
Auxiliary Arithmetic Algorithms
|
Functions | |
| template<typename InputIterator , typename T = value_type_i<InputIterator>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::norm (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init=T{}) |
| template<typename Container , typename T = value_type<Container>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::norm (const Container &a, T init=T{}) |
| template<typename InputIterator , typename T = value_type_i<InputIterator>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::squared_norm (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T init=T{}) |
| template<typename Container , typename T = value_type<Container>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::squared_norm (const Container &a, T init=T{}) |
| template<typename InputIterator1 , typename InputIterator2 , typename T = value_type_i<InputIterator1>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::distance (InputIterator1 first_left, InputIterator1 last_left, InputIterator2 first_right, T init=T{}) |
| template<typename Container1 , typename Container2 , typename T = value_type<Container1>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::distance (const Container1 &left, const Container2 &right, T init=T{}) |
| template<typename InputIterator1 , typename InputIterator2 , typename T = value_type_i<InputIterator1>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::squared_distance (InputIterator1 first_left, InputIterator1 last_left, InputIterator2 first_right, T init=T{}) |
| template<typename Container1 , typename Container2 , typename T = value_type<Container1>> | |
| T | aaa::manhattan::squared_distance (const Container1 &left, const Container2 &right, T init=T{}) |
Manhattan space is also known as taxicab geometry or L-1 space. Manhattan space defines the following functions:
We represent mathematical vectors as either containers, or ranges of iterators. The functions in this module take one or two vectors as input and output a single scalar. This is sometimes refered to as a reduction or fold operation.
| T aaa::manhattan::distance | ( | InputIterator1 | first_left, |
| InputIterator1 | last_left, | ||
| InputIterator2 | first_right, | ||
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The manhattan distance of two vectors. Each vector is represented by a range of iterators. The two containers should have the same size.
| T aaa::manhattan::distance | ( | const Container1 & | left, |
| const Container2 & | right, | ||
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The manhattan distance of two vectors. Each vector is represented by a container. The two containers should have the same size.
| T aaa::manhattan::norm | ( | InputIterator | first, |
| InputIterator | last, | ||
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The manhattan norm of a vector. The vector is represented a range of iterators.
| T aaa::manhattan::norm | ( | const Container & | a, |
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The manhattan norm of a vector. The vector is represented by a container.
| T aaa::manhattan::squared_distance | ( | InputIterator1 | first_left, |
| InputIterator1 | last_left, | ||
| InputIterator2 | first_right, | ||
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The squared manhattan distance of two vectors. Each vector is represented by a range of iterators.
| T aaa::manhattan::squared_distance | ( | const Container1 & | left, |
| const Container2 & | right, | ||
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The squared manhattan distance of two vectors. Each vector is represented by a container. The two containers should have the same size and value type.
| T aaa::manhattan::squared_norm | ( | InputIterator | first, |
| InputIterator | last, | ||
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The squared manhattan norm of a vector. The vector is represented by a range of iterators.
| T aaa::manhattan::squared_norm | ( | const Container & | a, |
| T | init = T{} |
||
| ) |
The squared manhattan norm of a vector. The vector is represented by a container.


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OWL Web Ontology Language
Semantics and Abstract Syntax
W3C Recommendation 10 February 2004
New Version
Available: OWL 2
(Document Status Update, 12 November 2009)
The OWL Working Group has produced
a W3C Recommendation for a new version of OWL which adds
features to this 2004 version, while remaining compatible.
Please see OWL 2
Document Overview for an introduction to OWL 2 and a guide
to the OWL 2 document set.
- This version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-semantics-20040210/
- Latest version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-semantics/
- Previous version:
-
http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-owl-semantics-20031215/
- Editors:
-
Peter F. Patel-Schneider,
Bell Labs Research, Lucent Technologies
Patrick Hayes,
IHMC, University of West Florida
Ian Horrocks,
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
Please refer to the errata
for this document, which may include some normative corrections.
This document is also available in this non-normative form: single HTML file.
See also translations.
Copyright © 2004
W3C®
(MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C
liability,
trademark,
document
use and
software
licensing rules apply.
This description of OWL, the Web Ontology Language
being designed by the W3C Web Ontology Working Group,
contains a high-level abstract syntax for both OWL DL and OWL Lite,
sublanguages of OWL.
A model-theoretic semantics is given to provide a formal meaning for OWL
ontologies written in this abstract syntax.
A model-theoretic semantics in the form of an extension to the RDF
semantics is also given to provide a formal meaning for OWL ontologies
as RDF graphs (OWL Full).
A mapping from the abstract syntax to RDF graphs is given and
the two model theories are shown to have the same consequences on
OWL ontologies that can be written in the abstract syntax.
1. Introduction (Informative)
This document is one part of the specification of OWL, the Web Ontology
Language.
The OWL Overview
[OWL Overview]
describes each of the different documents in the specification
and how they fit together.
This document
contains several interrelated normative
specifications of the several
styles of OWL, the Web Ontology Language being produced by the
W3C Web Ontology Working Group
(WebOnt).
First, Section 2 contains
a high-level, abstract syntax for both
OWL Lite, a subset of OWL,
and OWL DL, a fuller style of using OWL
but one that still places some
limitations on how OWL ontologies are constructed.
Eliminating these limitations results in the full OWL language, called
OWL Full, which has the same syntax
as RDF.
The normative exchange syntax for OWL is
RDF/XML [RDF Syntax];
the OWL Reference document
[OWL Reference]
shows how the RDF syntax is used in OWL.
A mapping from the OWL abstract syntax to
RDF graphs
[RDF Concepts]
is, however, provided in Section 4.
This document contains two formal semantics for OWL.
One of these semantics, defined in
Section 3,
is a direct, standard model-theoretic semantics for
OWL ontologies written in the abstract syntax.
The other, defined in Section 5,
is a vocabulary extension of the RDF semantics
[RDF Semantics] that provides semantics
for OWL ontologies in the form of RDF graphs.
Two versions of this second semantics are provided, one that corresponds
more closely to the direct semantics (and is thus a semantics for OWL DL)
and one that can be used in cases where classes need to be treated as
individuals or other situations that cannot be handled in the abstract
syntax (and is thus a semantics for OWL Full). These two versions are
actually very close, only differing in how they divide up the domain of
discourse.
Appendix A
contains a proof that the direct and RDFS-compatible semantics have the same
consequences on OWL ontologies that correspond to abstract OWL
ontologies that separate OWL individuals, OWL classes, OWL properties,
and the RDF, RDFS, and OWL structural vocabulary.
Appendix A
also contains the sketch of a proof that the entailments in the
RDFS-compatible semantics for OWL Full include all the entailments in
the RDFS-compatible semantics for OWL DL.
Finally a few examples of the various concepts defined in the document are
presented in Appendix B.
This document is designed to be read by those interested in the
technical details of OWL. It is not particularly intended for the
casual reader, who should probably first read the OWL Guide
[OWL Guide]. Developers of parsers
and other syntactic tools for
OWL will be particularly interested in Sections
2 and 4.
Developers of reasoners and other semantic tools for OWL will be
particularly interested in Sections
3 and 5.
Appendix C. Changes from Last Call (Informative)
This appendix provides an informative account of the changes from the
last-call version of this document.
All substantive post-last call changes to the document, as well as some editorial
post-last-call changes, are indicated in the style of this appendix.
C.1 Substantive changes after Last Call
This section provides information on the post Last Call changes to the document that make
changes to the specification of OWL.
- [10 April 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Apr/0046.html,
added owl:Class,
owl:Restriction,
owl:ObjectProperty,
owl:DatatypeProperty,
owl:AnnotationProperty,
owl:OntologyProperty,
owl:Ontology,
owl:AllDifferent,
owl:FunctionalProperty,
owl:InverseFunctionalProperty,
owl:SymmetricProperty, and
owl:TransitiveProperty
to CI
in Section 5.2. Some of these were
inferrable already.
- [10 April 2003]
Related to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Apr/0046.html,
added owl:distinctMembers
to RI
in Section 5.2.
- [15 April 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Apr/0064.html,
added owl:OntologyProperty
to the disallowed vocabulary
in disallowed OWL vocabulary
in Section 4.2.
- [5 May 2003]
Per a decision of the Web Ontology working group on 1 May 2003
to add owl:Nothing to OWL Lite,
recorded in
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0017.html,
changed the introduction of
owl:Nothing to so indicate.
The index for
owl:Nothing
was also updated.
- [9 May 2003]
To improve internal consistency, added optional
rdf:Property types for Annotation
Properties in
Section 4.1.
- [30 May 2003]
Per a decision of the Web Ontology working group on 29 May 2003 to
modify the mapping of EquivalentClasses,
recorded in
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0402.html
and in response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Apr/0003.html
and
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0052.html,
changed the mapping rule for
EquivalentClasses(d1 ... dn)
to
T(di) owl:equivalentTo T(dj) . for all <i,j> in G
where G is a set of pairs over {1,...,n} that if
interpreted as an undirected graph forms a connected graph
for {1,...,n}.
- [30 May 2003]
Per a decision of the Web Ontology working group on 29 May 2003 to
add axioms for ontology properties,
recorded in
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0402.html,
added axioms for ontology properties to the OWL Lite and OWL DL
abstract syntax in Sections <IP_ADDRESS>.
and Section <IP_ADDRESS>;
added direct semantics conditions for ontology property axioms
in Section 3.3; and
added a mapping for ontology property axioms
in Section 4.1.
Fixed the proofs of Lemma 2
and Lemma 3.
- [30 May 2003]
Per a decision of the Web Ontology working group on 29 May 2003 to
change the semantics for
owl:intersectionOf and related
resources from an intensional semantics to an extensional semantics,
recorded in
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0402.html,
modified the semantic conditions for
owl:intersectionOf,
owl:unionOf,
owl:complementOf, and
owl:oneOf
in Section 5.2.
No change needed to be made to the proof of
Lemma 1.
Fixed the proofs of
Lemma 4 and
Lemma 2.
- [2 June 2003]
In response to an observation by Jeremy Carroll in
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jun/0004.html,
changed the mapping rule for anonymous individuals with no types
slightly in Section 4.1.
- [4 June 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jun/0011.html,
the treatment of datatypes and rdfs:Literal has been slightly
changed in Section <IP_ADDRESS>,
Section <IP_ADDRESS>, and
Section 4.1.
- [4 June 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0050.html,
point owlsas-rdf-equivalent-class, modified the treatment of
ontology annotations in Section 3.4.
- [5 June 2003]
In response to a comment by Jeremy Carroll in
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jun/0004.html,
the direct semantics has been modified to allow for domain elements
that are not OWL individuals. These domain elements are used to
provide meaning for annotations on classes, properties, and ontologies.
Changes have been made in
Section 3.1,
Section 3.2,
Section 3.3,
and
Appendix A.1.
- [6 June 2003]
Changed the treatment of datatypes to correspond with the
substantive post-last-call fixes and changes to the treatment of
datatypes in RDF.
Changes have been made in
Section 3.1 and
Appendix A.1.
- [26 June 2003]
Per a decision of the Web Ontology working group on 26 June 2003
to replace owl:sameIndividualAs with
owl:sameAs,
recorded in
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jun/0364.html,
made changes to
Section 2.2,
Section 3.3,
Section 4.1,
Section 4.2,
Section 5.2, and
Appendix A.1.
- [30 June 2003]
Fixed a bug in the semantic conditions for
owl:hasValue
noticed by Jeremy Carroll, changing the conditions for the value
from a property to an individual or a data value
in Section 5.2.
- [23 July 2003]
In response to a substantive post-last-call change to the RDF semantics,
changing the if-and-only-if conditions for
rdfs:subClassOf and
rdfs:subPropertyOf to only-if
conditions,
added if-and-only-if conditions for
rdfs:subClassOf,
over OWL classes, and
rdfs:subPropertyOf,
over OWL individual-valued properties and
over OWL datatype properties,
to Section 5.2.
- [23 July 2003]
In response to a substantive change to the RDF syntax mapping to
triples, removing the typing triples for collections,
[applicable document unknown],
made typing of list resources optional in
Section 4.1.
Also modified an example in
Appendix B.1.
C.2 Editorial changes after Last Call
This section provides information on post Last Call editorial changes to the document,
i.e., changes that do not affect the specification of OWL.
- [9 April 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0023.html,
point 2, changed ``most information about properties'' to
``most information concerning properties''
in Section 2.3.
- [14 April 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0029.html,
point 1, added
``Because there is no standard way to go from a URI reference to an XML
Schema datatype in an XML Schema, there is no standard way to use
user-defined XML Schema datatypes in OWL.''
to the discussion of allowable XML Schema datatypes in
Section 2.
- [14 April 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0029.html,
point 2.1, added
``(The property rdf:type is added to the annotation properties so as
to provide a meaning for deprecation, see
below.)'' after
``ER provides meaning for URI references that are used as
OWL properties.'' in
Section 3.1.
- [14 April 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0029.html,
point 2.3, added ``A datatype theory must contain datatypes for
xsd:string and
xsd:integer. It may contain datatypes
for the other
built-in XML Schema
datatypes that are suitable for use in OWL. It may also
contain other datatypes, but there is no provision in the OWL
syntax for conveying what these datatypes are.'' just after the
definition of a datatype theory in
Section 3.1.
- [14 April 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0029.html,
point 2.5, added ``annotations'' the the list of things that EC is
extended to in
Section 3.2.
- [9 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0050.html,
point owlsas-rdf-datatype-denotation, removed the phrase ``as in RDF''
from
Section 2.1.
- [9 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0050.html,
point owlsas-rdf-equivalent-class, added an explanation of why one
might admit EquivalentClasses with only
one description in
Section <IP_ADDRESS>.
- [9 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0050.html,
added ``, for n>=1 '' in the semantic condition for
multi-restrictions in
Section 3.2.
- [9 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0050.html,
changed to ``include class identifiers and restrictions''
in Section <IP_ADDRESS>
and ``Elements of the OWL vocabulary that construct descriptions''
in Section 5.2.
- [13 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0180.html,
the links in the table of contents for
in Appendix A
were fixed.
- [14 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0030.html,
added a new paragraph to the beginning of
Section 4.
- [14 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0057.html,
made some changes to the wording on OWL ontologies in the abstract
syntax near the beginning of
Section 2.1.
- [14 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0057.html,
added anchors to the transformations in
Section 4.1.
- [14 May 2003]
In response to some discussion about ontology names
changed the discussion of the purpose of ontology names in
Section 2.1.
- [22 May 2003]
In response to a message from Jeff Heflin,
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0302.html,
added a comment to the effect tools should determine entailment
between imports closures in
Section 5.3 and
Section 5.4.
(Removed on 27 May 2003.)
- [22 May 2003]
Changed ``consistent with the Web'' to ``imports closed''
Section 5.3 and
Appendix A.
- [26 May 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0335.html,
changed several `if' to `iff' in definitions in
Section 3.4,
Section 5.3, and
Section 5.4.
This is editorial as
complete definitions are often written using `if'.
- [30 May 2003]
Fixed a typographical error in the proof of
Lemma 4.
- [4 June 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0029.html,
points 2.2 and 2.3, the status of
rdfs:Literal and
rdf:XMLLiteral has been clarified in
Section 2,
Section 2.1, and
Section 4.2.
- [19 June 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jun/0257.html,
changed to note after the proof of
Theorem 2
in Appendix A.2
to note that the converse of the theorem is not true.
- [19 June 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003May/0055.html,
changed some explanatory text concerning the transformation to
triples in Section 4.1.
- [19 June 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jun/0264.html,
added introductory material about the other WebOnt documents to
Section 1.
- [24 June 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003May/0069.html,
added note about correspondence to existing DLs to
Section 2.
- [22 July 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Jul/0011.html and
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Jul/0041.html,
changed several uses of ``object'' to ``individual'' or ``individual-valued'' in
Section 2 and
Section 5.2 and made other editorial
changes to Section 5.2.
- [23 July 2003]
To remove any reference to tools, made wording changes in
Section 3.1 and
Section 2.1, concerning the treatment
of datatypes.
- [25 July 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0064.html,
added explicit tagging of the informative or normative nature of
all sections.
- [25 July 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jul/0296.html,
removed a comment about the relationship between the two model
theories from
Section 1.
- [6 August 2003]
In response to
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-webont-wg/2003Jul/0015.html,
changed owl:IndividualProperty
to owl:ObjectProperty in
Appendix A.2.
- [6 August 2003]
In response to
Section 2.1, concerning the treatment
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-webont-comments/2003Apr/0064.html,
added quotes around
rdfs:Literal
to indicate that it is a terminal, not a non-terminal, in
Section <IP_ADDRESS> and
Section <IP_ADDRESS>.
C.3 Substantive changes after Candidate Recommendation
This section provides information on the post Candidate Recommendation
changes to the document that make changes to the specification of OWL.
C.4 Editorial changes after Candidate Recommendation
This section provides information on post Candidate Recommendation editorial changes to the document,
i.e., changes that do not affect the specification of OWL.
C.5 Changes since Proposed Recommendation
This section provides information on post Proposed Recommendation changes to the document.
The following table provides pointers to information about each
element of the OWL vocabulary, as well as some elements of the RDF and RDFS
vocabularies.
The first column points to the vocabulary element's major definition
in the abstract syntax of Section 2.
The second column points to the vocabulary element's major definition
in the OWL Lite abstract syntax.
The third column points to the vocabularly element's major definition
in the direct semantics of Section 3.
The fourth column points to the major piece of the translation from
the abstract syntax to triples for the vocabulary element
Section 4.
The fifth column points to the vocabularly element's major definition
in the RDFS-compatible semantics of Section 5.
The
Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee
developed DAML+OIL, which is the direct precursor to OWL.
Many of the ideas in DAML+OIL and thus in OWL are also present in the
Ontology Inference Layer (OIL).
This document is the result of extensive discussions within the
Web Ontology Working Group
as a whole. The participants in this working group included:
Yasser alSafadi,
Jean-François Baget,
James Barnette,
Sean Bechhofer,
Jonathan Borden,
Frederik Brysse,
Stephen Buswell,
Jeremy Carroll,
Dan Connolly,
Peter Crowther,
Jonathan Dale,
Jos De Roo,
David De Roure,
Mike Dean,
Larry Eshelman,
Jérôme Euzenat,
Tim Finin,
Nicholas Gibbins,
Sandro Hawke,
Patrick Hayes,
Jeff Heflin,
Ziv Hellman,
James Hendler,
Bernard Horan,
Masahiro Hori,
Ian Horrocks,
Jane Hunter,
Francesco Iannuzzelli,
Rüdiger Klein,
Natasha Kravtsova,
Ora Lassila,
Massimo Marchiori,
Deborah McGuinness,
Enrico Motta,
Leo Obrst,
Mehrdad Omidvari,
Martin Pike,
Marwan Sabbouh,
Guus Schreiber,
Noboru Shimizu,
Michael Sintek,
Michael K. Smith,
John Stanton,
Lynn Andrea Stein,
Herman ter Horst,
David Trastour,
Frank van Harmelen,
Bernard Vatant,
Raphael Volz,
Evan Wallace,
Christopher Welty,
Charles White,
and John Yanosy.
- [RDF Concepts]
- Resource
Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax,
Graham Klyne and Jeremy J. Carroll, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-concepts-20040210/ . Latest version available
at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-concepts/ .
- [RDF Semantics]
- RDF
Semantics, Patrick Hayes, Editor, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-mt-20040210/
. Latest version available
at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/ .
- [RDF Syntax]
- RDF/XML
Syntax Specification (Revised), Dave Beckett, Editor, W3C
Recommendation, 10 February 2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/ . Latest version
available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/ .
- [RDF Tests]
- RDF
Test Cases, Jan Grant and Dave Beckett, Editors, W3C
Recommendation, 10 February 2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-testcases-20040210/ . Latest version
available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/ .
- [XML]
-
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Second Edition).
Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, and Eve Maler, eds.
W3C Recommendation 6 October 2000.
Latest version is available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml.
- [XML Schema Datatypes]
-
XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes..
Paul V. Biron and Ashok Malhotra, eds.
W3C Recommendation 02 May 2001.
Latest version is available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/.
- [DAML+OIL]
-
DAML+OIL (March 2001) Reference Description.
Dan Connolly, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks,
Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, and Lynn Andrea Stein.
W3C Note 18 December 2001.
Latest version is available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference.
- [OWL Guide]
- OWL Web
Ontology Language Guide, Michael K. Smith, Chris Welty, and
Deborah L. McGuinness, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/ . Latest version available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/ .
- [OWL Issues]
-
Web Ontology Issue Status.
Michael K. Smith, ed.
27 June 2003.
- [OWL
Overview]
- OWL Web
Ontology Language Overview, Deborah L. McGuinness and Frank
van Harmelen, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-features-20040210/ . Latest version available
at http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ .
- [OWL
Reference]
- OWL Web
Ontology Language Reference, Mike Dean and Guus Schreiber,
Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-ref-20040210/ . Latest version available at
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-ref/ .
- [RDF Syntax]
- RDF/XML
Syntax Specification (Revised), Dave Beckett, Editor, W3C
Recommendation, 10 February 2004,
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-syntax-grammar-20040210/ . Latest version
available at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/ .
- [RDF
Vocabulary]
- RDF
Vocabulary Description Language 1.0: RDF Schema, Dan
Brickley and R. V. Guha, Editors, W3C Recommendation, 10 February 2004, http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdf-schema-20040210/ . Latest version available
at http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/ .


Hello World
vs. PannerNode
Room Models
Flock of Birds
Treasure Hunt
CPU Benchmark Utility
Flock of Birds
Best experienced over headphones.
Several birds
flying around the head in different flight patterns.
Play


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Packages Dependencies (Class Diagram)
The package of CAPE-OPEN SMST Component.
It contains the CO SMST Specifications.
Diagram of CO SMST Component Package (Class Diagram)
The package of CAPE-OPEN Common Services.
Diagram of Common Services Package (Class Diagram)
The Package of Identification Service.
This Identification concept is a CAPE-OPEN Common Service. Its specification is not proposed here, refer to the CAPE-OPEN Concepts Document.
This package shows only how SMST integrates the Identification concept: the ICapeNumericGATComponent inherits from Identification interface.
Diagram of Identification Service Package (Class Diagram)
Set of Interfaces including the Identification Concept.
It specifies the CAPE-OPEN common service on Identification concept.
No information on its content is given here, refer to the CAPE-OPEN Concepts Document.
The Package of Parameter Service.
This Parameter concept is a CAPE-OPEN Common Service. Its specification is not proposed here, refer to the CAPE-OPEN Concepts Document.
This package shows only how SMST integrates the Parameter concept: 4 SMST interfaces inherit from Parameter interface.
Diagram of Parameter Service Package (Class Diagram)
Set of Interfaces including the Parameter Concept.
It specifies the CAPE-OPEN common services on the Parameter concept.
No information on its content is given here, please refer to the CAPE-OPEN Concepts Document.
The Package of Report Service.
This Report concept is a CAPE-OPEN Common Service. Its specification is not proposed here, refer to the CAPE-OPEN Concepts Document.
This package shows only how SMST integrates the Report concept: the ICapeNumericGATComponent inherits from Report interface.
Diagram of Report Service Package (Class Diagram)
Set of Interfaces including the Report Concept.
It specifies the CAPE-OPEN common service on Report concept.
No information on its content is given here, refer to the CAPE-OPEN Concepts Document.
The Package of SMST.
It contains the specifications specific to the numerical flowsheet server.
Analysis Interface Diagram (Class Diagram)
Flowsheet Interface Diagram (Class Diagram)
Full Interface Diagram (Class Diagram)
Manager Interface Diagram (Class Diagram)
The ICapeNumericAnalysis Interface.
This is the basic Interface of numerical Analysis model: the minimum requirements for an analysis.
It is an "abstract" Interface. It is not distributed. So, no client can get its object reference.
The ICapeNumericAnalysisFactory Interface.
This is the factory of a numerical Analysis.
The ICapeNumericFlowsheet Interface.
This is the basic Interface of Flowsheet description model. Would allow to develop a more complex Flowsheet description model.
It is an "abstract" Interface. It is not distributed. So, no client can get its object reference.
The ICapeNumericFlowsheetFactory Interface.
This is the factory of a Flowsheet model.
The ICapeNumericGATComponent Interface.
This is the entrance object to the CO SMST Component.
First of all, the client must bind to this interface or get its reference by another way. Then, the client can access to the CO SMST Component.
State Diagram:ICapeNumericGATComponent (State Diagram)
The ICapeNumericOpenPartitionGraph interface.

The ICapeNumericPartitionGraph interface.

The ICapeNumericPartitioning Interface.
Use this to perform a Partitioning Analysis on a Flowsheet.
State Diagram:ICapeNumericPartitioning (State Diagram)
The ICapeNumericProcessGraph Interface.

State Diagram:ICapeNumericProcessGraph (State Diagram)
The ICapeNumericSequencing Interface.
Use this to perform a Sequencing Analysis on a Flowsheet.
The flowsheet do not have any recycle.
State Diagram:ICapeNumericSequencing (State Diagram)
The ICapeNumericSMAnalysis Interface.

State Diagram:ICapeNumericSMAnalysis (State Diagram)
The ICapeNumericTearing Interface.
Use this to perform a Tearing Analysis on a Flowsheet.
State Diagram:ICapeNumericTearing (State Diagram)
The package of CAPE-OPEN Numerical Solver Component.
Refer to the Software Component Documentation of Numerical Solvers.
The package of CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation Component.
Refer to the Software Component Documentation of Unit Operations.
The package of a CAPE Simulator Executive.
Diagram of Simulator Executive Package (Class Diagram)
Simulator Executive using Equation Oriented solving.
It is the pre-processor part of a CAPE simulator.
It uses the CAPE-OPEN SMST Component.
Simulator Executive using Sequential Modular solving.
That part of a simulator whose job it is to create or load a previously stored flowsheet, solve it and display the results.


a11y-media-group demo
a11y-media-group demo, dark, with no timestamps, no interactive transcript, and no search feature
a11y-media-group demo, dark, with custom styles
a11y-media-group, customized
Transcript can be located anywhere, even in a different <div/>.
a11y-media-group as audio
Standalone a11y-media-player demo
Standalone a11y-media-player as audio
a11y-media-player demo with width set


This is a simple web interface intended to help players of the videogame Secret World Legends (SWL), a MMORPG by Funcom. Its aim is to provide information during the Talos of Gaia event regarding when each golem will be spawned in Agartha.
Times are shown in the timezone set by your browser.
Use these settings to enable sound notifications for certain events.
If you would like to easily link to this page within the game then download this file and save it to the Scripts directory of your Secret World Legends installation. Once you've done that typing the command /talos will execute the script.
If something is broken go ask Alice.


Random text example
Wrong do point avoid by fruit learn or in death
Am if number no up period regard sudden better. Decisively surrounded all admiration and not you. Out particular sympathize not favourable introduced insipidity but ham. Rather number can and set praise. Distrusts an it contented perceived attending oh. Thoroughly estimating introduced stimulated why but motionless.
Put all speaking her delicate recurred possible. Set indulgence inquietude discretion insensible bed why announcing.  So continued he or commanded household smallness delivered. Door poor on do walk in half. Roof his head the what.
Ask especially collecting terminated may son expression. Extremely eagerness principle estimable own was man. Men received far his dashwood subjects new. My sufficient surrounded an companions dispatched in on. Connection too unaffected expression led son possession. New smiling friends and her another. Leaf she does none love high yet. Snug love will up bore as be. Pursuit man son musical general pointed. It surprise informed mr advanced do outweigh.
Attention he extremity unwilling on otherwise. Conviction up partiality as delightful is discovered.   So if he into shot half many long.
Is education residence conveying so so. Suppose shyness say ten behaved morning had. Any unsatiable assistance compliment occasional too reasonably advantages. Unpleasing has ask acceptance partiality alteration understood two. Worth no tiled my at house added. Married he hearing am it totally removal. Remove but suffer wanted his lively length. Moonlight two applauded conveying end direction old principle but. Are expenses distance weddings perceive strongly who age domestic.
Was certainty remaining engrossed applauded sir how discovery. Settled opinion how enjoyed greater joy adapted too shy. Now properly surprise expenses interest nor replying she she. Bore tall nay many many time yet less. Doubtful for answered one fat indulged margaret sir shutters together. Ladies so in wholly around whence in at. Warmth he up giving oppose if. Impossible is dissimilar entreaties oh on terminated. Earnest studied article country ten respect showing had. But required offering him elegance son improved informed.
Possession her thoroughly remarkably terminated man continuing. Removed greater to do ability. You shy shall while but wrote marry. Call why sake has sing pure. Gay six set polite nature worthy. So matter be me we wisdom should basket moment merely. Me burst ample wrong which would mr he could. Visit arise my point timed drawn no. Can friendly laughter goodness man him appetite carriage. Any widen see gay forth alone fruit bed.
Out too the been like hard off. Improve enquire welcome own beloved matters her. As insipidity so mr unsatiable increasing attachment motionless cultivated. Addition mr husbands unpacked occasion he oh. Is unsatiable if projecting boisterous insensible. It recommend be resolving pretended middleton.
Excited him now natural saw passage offices you minuter. At by asked being court hopes. Farther so friends am to detract. Forbade concern do private be. Offending residence but men engrossed shy. Pretend am earnest offered arrived company so on. Felicity informed yet had admitted strictly how you.
Some other guy


Hi to all.
I have few old emoncms.org inputs successfully running with Wh increments to kWh/d processor for year or so.
Yesterday I was trying to create a new one (by working example) but I did not find this processor in the list.
It is correct that Wh increments to kWh/d is missing in the available process list ?
Thank you for your explanation why and/or workaround suggestion.
Best regards
Michal
Re: Wh increments to kWh/d processor is missing at emoncms.org - available process list
Hello Michal, Yes this processor has been removed with the intention of focusing on a reduced set of better maintained input processors, can you send total watt hours from your monitoring device?
Re: Wh increments to kWh/d processor is missing at emoncms.org - available process list
Hi TrystanLea.
The device is gasmeter with S0 output and there is no totals available.
I am able to calculate power from collection time and number of pulses, but during my tests I found that calculation power, logging power and calculation power to kw and then kw / daily provides less precession than sending pulses increments and processing Wh increments to kWh/d - this is precise solution and there are no loses.
My one year old Wh increments to kWh/d feeds are working well, so I would like to keep the same approach for a new one.
Please, if possible I would vote to return this processor back as there is no simple workaround.
Thank you
Michal
Re: Wh increments to kWh/d processor is missing at emoncms.org - available process list
What are you using to record the pulses? if its OEM hardware or arduino/raspberrypi then you could accumulate the watt hours on the ardunio/raspberrypi, it will reset from time to time if the power is lost but you can correct for this using the wh_accumulator input process in emoncms.
The advantage of this approach for you will be that its less sensitive to internet connection or radio comm issues.
Re: Wh increments to kWh/d processor is missing at emoncms.org - available process list
Hi Trystan
I am running raspberry with small python code to read S0 pulses and log results to emoncms.org
Suggested approach is not what I wont from preciosity point of view.
In fact I am running suggested solution in parallel and one can see different results due a number of calculation needed for getting result. During my tests I ended with logging calculated power (load) for nice charts and logging pulses for precise result of daily usage.
The difference between results is usually +- 0.1 - 0.2 m3 of gas (from 16 in average) on daily base, if I do power to kw and kw daily and when I do wh increments to kw/d. Base on reading real numbers on meter the logging pulses and wh to kw/d is absolutely precise. Compare feeds 100437 (calculated) and 100459 (from increments).
The lost of internet connection I have solved by algorithm keeping everything in memory till is logged to server and getting O.K. response. So only electricity lost cause data lost eventually once for year or less. I am not writing anything to SD card - to avoid wearing issue.
So if you can, please make an exception and create two new wh increments feeds for me to replace feeds: "113787" and "113789" (placeholders) in my "gmondm3" input process chain.
Thank you in advance.
Michal
PS: You and a lot of great people around you made an EXCELENT project and I wish you the best ! Thank you.


Megan STRICKFADEN, Patrick DEVLIEGER and Ann HEYLIGHEN
Unread
Provided as part of the Facemooc course reading materials.


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Getting started¶
Default Configurations¶
optimModels, at the moment supports kinetic metabolic models, communities models and Gecko models. The default configurations used in the optimization/simulation processes are in the optimModels.utils.configuration file. The parameters of EA can be changed using the class optimModels.optimization.evolutionary_algorithm.EAConfigurations
Loading kinetic models¶
The process of loading a model is quite simple, and are based on the classes available on the framed package.
We assume that the vMax parameters associated to each reaction has the follow identifier “vMax**<id of reaction>**”.
from optimModels import load_kinetic_model
model = load_kinetic_model('TinyModel_RHS.xml')
Loading community models or stoichiometric models¶
from framed.io.sbml import load_cbmodel
model = load_cbmodel("Ec_iAF1260.xml", flavor="cobra")
Loading GECKO models¶
Please, to understand the GECKO models read the paper:
Sánchez, Benjamín J., et al. “Improving the phenotype predictions of a yeast genome‐scale metabolic model by incorporating enzymatic constraints.” Molecular systems biology 13.8 (2017): 935.
from geckopy import GeckoModel
model = GeckoModel("single-pool")


Card Probabilities
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0
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0
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Two
0
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LOLITA
Reviewed by Harvey Karten, Ph.D. Samuel Goldwyn Films Director: Adrian Lyne Writer: Stephen Schiff, novel by Vladimir Nabokov Cast: Jeremy Irons, Melanie Griffith, Frank Langella, Dominque Swain, Suzanne Shepherd, Keith Reddin, Erin J. Dean, Joan Glover
Monica Lewinsky was twenty-one when her affair with Bill Clinton began. By chronological age she's no Lolita, and what's more supporters of the president maintain that she is a manipulating seductress who plied her wiles successfully on Mr. Clinton--who should not be considered the ogre. Those who want the president impeached and removed from office maintain that he took advantage of someone half his age, a bimbo in thrall to his position as his country's premier alpha male.
The Lolita of novelist Vladimir Nabokov's creation, like Monica, is a seductress who had at least one lover before she threw herself on the considerably older man. Like our president, the professor did not need much encouragement to respond affirmatively. The difference is that the title character of Vladimir Nabokov's novel is jail bait, a twelve-year-old who is a half dozen years below the legal age for responsible consent.
Pederastry, even with willing partners, is illegal everywhere, considered a particularly heinous offense if the underage subject is horrified by his or her victimization. Pedophilia makes an intriguing topic for films. Studios have shown a general unwillingness to tackle the subject for fear of pickets, but now that "Lolita" has been shown on Cable TV without serious incident, we may get to see more studies of the phenomenon. Already writer-director Todd Solondz is soon to deliver "Happiness," about a WASPish dad who gains release from his demons by raping his son's schoolmates. Compared to child rape, Humbert Humbert's actions, borne out of genuine caring and passion for his young bedmate, is, well, kid stuff. Perhaps that's why some critics have already judged Adrian Lyne's take on the subject to be dull--even though this version sticks more closely to Nabokov's novel than Stanley Kubrick's 1962 adaptation which has James Mason in the role now inhabited by Jeremy Irons, Shelley Winters in the Melanie Griffith guise, with Frank Langella now substituting for Peter Sellers and Dominique Swain in for Sue Lyon. But dull it is not. This "Lolita" is a thoroughly entertaining piece eliciting much of the novel's comic look at Middle-American types and capturing a good deal of its lyric dialogue. If this version has weaknesses, they are in Lyne's apparent mistrust of audience sophistication. Lynn plays up the obvious and substitutes vulgar poses for more innocently suggestive fare. Chief among these flaws is Lolita's ribald mastication of a banana where sucking a lollipop would have been more appropriate and in the sexually suggestive preparation of an ice-cream soda (extra chocolate syrup) by a profoundly Middle-American type in a 1950's-style luncheonette.
The story, which takes place in the early 1950s, centers on the relationship of a shy but cosmopolitan man and a 12-year- old nymphet with whom he develops an overwhelming passion. When French literature professor Humbert Humbert (Jeremy Irons) arrives in a New England town for a teaching job, he runs into a sex-starved widow, Charlotte Haze (Melanie Griffith) whom he marries only to be close to her young daughter Lolita (Dominique Swain). When Charlotte comes upon her new husband's diary, one which poison pens her coupled with amorous scribblings about her daughter, she is determined to leave him but conveniently gets killed in an auto accident. Humbert takes Lolita out of the summer camp to which her mother sent her, only gradually informing the girl that her mother is dead.
Lyne keeps Humbert in pajamas a good deal of the time, suggesting the sexual embraces rather than graphically depicting them. In one of the movie's funniest scenes, the maneuvering Lolita cons a raise in her allowance by seductively moving her hand across Humbert's clothed thigh: having succeeded in doubling her ration, she parlays her little victory into what is essentially trading sex for money, sealing her lover's doom by leaving him for a sinister playwright, Clare Quilty (Frank Langella), whose pedophilia extends far beyond Humbert's.
No person can fill the role of the hapless Humbert Humbert better than Jeremy Irons. The fifty-year-old British actor tends to be typecast as the shy, befuddled, brooding academic, in one instance winning Best Actor plaudits from the New York theater critics for his dual role in "Dead Ringers." His Humbert notably embodies the rise and fall of a man who has been traumatized by the death of his adolescent sweetheart, given new life by his passion for a nubile adolescent, and wholly corrupted by an obsession which was doomed from the start.  The Nabokov story, which has been appropriately respected by scripter Stephen Schiff, is being released as a film at an opportune time when our country's leader is up to his neck in misery brought about by a similar obsession. If only these hapless Humberts looked for real wisdom to the ancient Greeks whose playrights and storytellers knew only too well the agony that can result from immoderate emotions.
Rated R. Running time: 137 minutes. (C) Harvey Karten 1998
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Just need to change the keyword from dark to light. It's easy. Isn't it?
We always add the “sticky” tag with the navbar together.View the page of ”sticky”.


H.B. Woodrose Seeds
Want to dose Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds without puking? Read on.
Personally, I have read or skimmed every single HBW seed report. Holy cow, folks, we are creating a legacy of barf. One after the other, puke-a-rama. And yet, there is information available regarding the extraction of LSA. Why aren’t more of us doing it? Well, below I describe a cheap and very effective extraction method. Next time you ponder these seeds, do yourself a favor and consider this preparation.
Briefly, about me: I’ve done over 250 LSD trips, about 20 MDMA trips, 7 DXM excursions, and a couple significant Salvia experiences. Cannabis and alcohol has flowed throughout it all. Now, drug experiences are rare, but still enjoyable.
Before my successful LSA extraction, I did have one prior HBW seed experience. One week earlier, I ingested 8 (crushed, dark brown coatings removed) seeds in blended water and ginger. I tripped on what felt like 1 1/2 hits of LSD and felt quite drunk. But, 3 hours after I dosed, the incessant stomach cramps overtook me and I puked big time. Felt like poison was crawling through my veins. At dose plus 5 hours, merely walking down my hallway, I lost consciousness, collapsed, and then puked again. That being said, I still had some fun with the seeds.
So now I am determined to make an effort and separate the bad from the good. Exactly one week after my first HBW trip, I dosed again, with proper prep. And, despite a slightly sloppy execution, the method worked flawlessly. (•••However, my trip ended up a little on the light end. Perhaps it was tolerance from the week before, maybe it was I didn’t totally crush up my seeds, or maybe 8 seeds, when using this method is a diminished dose.•••)
PREPARATION:
• 8 Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Seeds
• Coleman Fuel (AKA white gas) (available at camping supply and hardware stores)
• 8 oz. Distilled water (available at grocery stores)
• Two jars with lids
• Two coffee filters
• Cookie sheet or comparable flat surface
This will take about 3 hours preparation and an additional 28 hours of non-involvement waiting. (You must invest this time. No shortcuts.)
Scrape off all dark brown coating on HBW seeds. Perhaps if an extraction really does only extract the LSA, this step is irrelevant, but, for me, with the stomach churning memories of a non-extraction trip fresh in my mind, I scraped anyway. I used a strong Xacto knife. It took about an hour. Eventually I had 8 seeds that now were of a very light coffee color.
Crush / smash seeds. Ideally you want all seed matter to be reduced to powder form. Use a coffee grinder, or a mortar and pestle. I just crushed them with pliers, then dropped them in a Ziploc bag and hammered them. This left me with a portion of powder, a majority of granules, and a few stray larger chunks.
Add seed matter to jar. Pour in fuel, enough to cover seed matter, plus some. I’ve read you can’t add too much, but you can do too little, so go ahead and use the fuel. Leave enough room in the jar to shake it later. I used Coleman’s fuel, which comes in a 1 gallon can and is readily available in camping & hardware stores.
Seal jar and shake it up.
Let this sit for 60 minutes, shaking occasionally. Sometimes a seed chunk would hug the jar above the fuel line. I made sure to swish the liquid around so that all seed matter was in the fuel bath before walking away from it.
With a coffee filter over another jar, pour the seed mush and fuel through it. Takes a little time. Eventually you will have fuel in the 2nd jar and seed pulp in the coffee filter. Apparently you can re-use this fuel, but having bought a gallon, I opted to set the opened jar outside and let it evaporate.
Spread the seed mush out on a cookie sheet. Smell it. Smells bad? It should. But take note of that fuel smell as you will want to let the seed mush sit here for a few hours until YOU DO NOT SMELL THE FUEL ANYMORE! Also, keep it out of the sun, and open a window. Just let it sit and evaporate. For me, it took about 3 hours until I could no longer smell the gas. What was left was a familiar “nutty” scent attributed to the HBW seed.
Add dried, fuel-scent free seed matter to a clean jar. Pour in 8 ozs. of DISTILLED water. I’ve read that tap water, containing chemicals, isn’t good enough. And that 190 proof Vodka is the best. But the extractions using alcohol call for 3 days waiting which I did not have. I bought a jug of distilled water at the grocery store instead. Whatever amount of water you add at this point you will end up drinking the next day for the dose. I chose 8 ozs., but I suppose less would be just as good.
Seal lid. Shake it up. Let sit for 24 hours. The liquid will go from light yellow, to gold, then light brown, and finally, one day later, dark dark brown. I shook it up occasionally.
Now, with a coffee filter over a water glass, carefully pour water & seed mush through filter. This is a much slower process than the first filtration, so be patient. It took about an hour. And I ended up accidentally spilling some over the side. When all water and seed mush is strained, discard the filter and mush.
In your water glass you now have 8 ozs. of water containing the LSA of 8 HBW seeds. Congratulations. I drank mine slowly, over the course of 30 minutes. I held each gulp in my mouth for a few minutes, seeing if I could get the LSA going sublingually quicker than the normal slow LSA onset. I also took large gulps of clean water in between. I felt light effects 20 minutes after starting the drink. Within 2 hours I started my peak.
I had dinner at 8pm. And confidently dosed at 10pm. I had a 4 hour peak LSA trip that can be described as somewhat psychedelic and very “drunk”. Some visual distortions, and some fun emotional journeys. I had absolutely no problems in my stomach. I probably could have even eaten if I had felt like it. Although, since I spilled some water at the end of the extraction (I ended up with 6 ozs. in the glass) and I didn’t entirely smash up my seeds, I’d speculate I did not get as much LSA from 8 seeds as possible.
You could always use a larger amount of seeds and then check yourself as you gradually dose. Also, there is a lot of talk of Everclear or 190 proof Vodka, or even 80 proof alcohol instead of the distilled water. I’ve read that water, no matter what kind, will not totally eliminate the nausea-causing elements of these seeds. But this was not my experience.
At any rate, be careful. I hope this helps. Enjoy.
_Lurid Burn
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


We now invite you back to your regularly scheduled news broadcast.  Join hundreds of players in the alpha and collect a deck early and ready yourself for the Grand Tournament!
Official Discord: https://discord.gg/CAFJRjY
@steemmonsters
We should make it illegal to do stuff
Is it anti-semetic to repeat things he said?
Vaccines
Still don’t get it? Say it with me. Blowback!
These are creepy. Something is up with the Simpsons and there is weird disclosure in these tv shows
Try it
This dude is great!
seems like they aren’t just breaking news but alluding to something
I’m all for border agents to stop gang members from coming in… not sure this mom and baby are target numero uno
This is going viral. American Concentration camps 2.0
Congrats Britain. You are now the laughing stock.
I don’t think they are trolling… I think this is just what statists do
Spygate doc
better ways to save lives
Can you guess which is the conservative and which is the liberal?
Birds of a feather pedo together
Savage- He’s doing some good stuff. Seems like he’s spending too much time making Israel great again
He has some point here
Wikileaks not a fan of Qanon
I’ve always liked this
Do you get any sense of irony here now that Americans run the world’s largest opium production territory (Afghanistan)
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘Meme the News- 5/28/18 We have a new sponsor!’


CL-GSERVER.ACTOR-CELL
handle-message-internal ACTOR-CELL MSG → result
ACTOR-CELL
:
a
T
MSG
:
a
T
result
: a T.
A `:stop' message will response with `:stopping' and the user handlers are not called. Otherwise the result is `:resume' to resume user message handling.


Novemver 23 2015
This Is My First Article
Bacon ipsum dolor amet burgdoggen venison kielbasa shankle pastrami meatball.  Pork belly rump short ribs ball tip bacon, ground round cupim picanha sausage shankle sirloin beef pancetta pastrami. Picanha boudin shankle bresaola chicken, cow andouille t-bone fatback pork chop biltong prosciutto turkey.
 Ham hock picanha pork pig, burgdoggen shoulder ham salami t-bone venison landjaeger capicola. Strip steak ball tip kevin, tri-tip corned beef pork belly tail. Biltong chicken sirloin swine meatball. Hamburger boudin short loin beef, prosciutto ball tip cow meatloaf. Drumstick filet mignon picanha, ham hock tri-tip biltong ham turkey corned beef chicken. Alcatra sausage tenderloin corned beef beef chuck bacon.
Pork chop corned beef tail, brisket pancetta pork belly pastrami. Brisket biltong beef ribs doner spare ribs, sirloin meatloaf flank chuck hamburger tongue short loin.
December 11 2015
This Is Another Article
Bacon ipsum dolor amet burgdoggen venison kielbasa shankle pastrami meatball.  Pork belly rump short ribs ball tip bacon, ground round cupim picanha sausage shankle sirloin beef pancetta pastrami. Picanha boudin shankle bresaola chicken, cow andouille t-bone fatback pork chop biltong prosciutto turkey.
Turducken corned beef beef ribs, capicola rump tri-tip short ribs boudin. Alcatra short ribs porchetta brisket short loin meatloaf drumstick landjaeger beef ribs pastrami beef. Strip steak cupim ribeye pancetta, alcatra beef kielbasa rump sirloin sausage turkey frankfurter. Jerky alcatra pastrami spare ribs swine t-bone. Shoulder pork jerky, ball tip frankfurter t-bone andouille ground round brisket pastrami flank burgdoggen prosciutto beef ribs. Ground round salami drumstick, jowl doner frankfurter beef landjaeger fatback rump shankle.
Pork chop corned beef tail, brisket pancetta pork belly pastrami. Brisket biltong beef ribs doner spare ribs, sirloin meatloaf flank chuck hamburger tongue short loin.


--- title: Design Concept Vignettes summary: Supplementary materials containing images and clips from the HTML prototypes used in the collaborative design session. draft: false date: 2020-12-27T00:00:00Z tags: - awareness and action - thesis - collaborative design - supplement ---
Below we have the set of screenshots that were shown and discussed in the co-design process as part of each of the 6 design concepts. Each design concept was presented and discussed as if it were a snippet from a lesson within the app. Please click on the arrows to move bethe screenshots used for each design concept.


Raw Additions are literally that. Additional content in Raw format, the way DF reads out text files. The objects modders can add are mostly creatures, entities, inorganics, interactions, items, grasses, plants and workshop/reactions. The last one will be explained in great detail for every single workshop, so I wont mention them here.
In the navigation menu you can find a link to each of these categories. I will give as much information as feasable, but just know that MDF adds a ludacris large amount of Raws. It would make no sense to add every detail, because it would take days to read.


City Defender Latest Arrival In Egypt For SA
by Soccer LadumaAs players continue to join the camp of the South African Under-23 team, a Cape Town City defender has become the latest star to arrive for coach David Notoane and the team in camp in Egypt.
It has been confirmed by the South African Football Association that City’s Keanu Cupido joined the team on Tuesday.
Read: PSL Club Coach Search In Progress…
The 21-year old centre-back will be an important addition to Notoane’s side in their attempt to qualify for next year’s Tokyo Summer Olympic Games.
“It truly is an honour to be here. I would also like to thank the coach (David Notoane) and his technical staff for their trust and belief in me. I will do everything in my might to help the team and contribute in whichever way I can,” said Cupido, as quoted on SAFA’s official website.
The SA U23s take on Ivory Coast today in their second Africa Cup of Nations Group B match at the Al Salam Stadium.


@(listings: List[Listing]) @main("UMBooks") {
Most students spend around $1200 on textbooks per year. Don't be like most students. Save big on textbooks.
You are not listing anything yet ...
} else {Author: @listing.author
Price<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Description: @listing.description


{% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load static otree %} {% block styles %} {% endblock %} {% block title %} OT: Consent Form {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Study purpose: The purpose of this research is to learn about how people make energy-related decisions in a group environment.
What will I do? Your participation will involve answering some survey questions and completing a game in which you will make decisions as if you are a resident of a building trying to achieve a group energy conservation goal. Depending on your energy choices and those of others in your building, you will earn a smaller or larger financial incentive. Participation in this research project is voluntary and open to those aged 18 and older. You are free to stop participating at any time.
Study length: You can take approximately 60 minutes to complete the study.
Possible risks: Breach of confidentiality is a potential risk for all research. The researchers have taken actions to minimize this risk. The safeguards to prevent such a risk can be found in the Confidentiality section of the form. There are no additional risks from the study more serious than those in everyday life.
Potential benefits: There are no direct benefits to you for participating in this research study. There may be benefits to general knowledge about how consumers perceive and use energy devices.
Alternative: You may choose not to participate in this study.
Payment and other incentives: Depending on your decisions and those of the other participants in the task, you will earn a minimum of $0.50 from participating in this experiment. Depending on your and others’ choices, you may earn well above $0.50. The credit will be applied to your Amazon M-Turk account.
Confidentiality: You will not be asked to provide your name or any other identifying information during the study. Our HITs are external to Amazon’s servers. Data from these experiments will be retained electronically on a password protected computer, identified only by the Worker IDs (anonymized strings with no personal information), and accessed only by members of the research team. This data will be retained past the end of the project for replicability of any published results and possible future analysis. The project's research records may be reviewed by the National Science Foundation and by departments at Purdue University responsible for regulatory and research oversight .
My rights: Your participation in this study is voluntary. You may choose not to participate or, if you agree to participate, you can withdraw your participation at any time without penalty.
Contact: If you have questions, comments or concerns about this research project, you can talk to one of the researchers via email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you have questions about your rights while taking part in the study or have concerns about the treatment of research participants, please call the Human Research Protection Program at<PHONE_NUMBER>, email (irb@purdue.edu).
Documentation of Informed Consent: I have had the opportunity to read this consent form and have the research study explained. I am prepared to participate in the research study described above. I can screen print this informed consent document for my own records. By signing in the box below AND clicking the following link, I agree to participate in the study described above.
 When finished, you will return to that page to paste the study completion CODE into the Amazon Turk box. This is technically needed for you to receive your payment.


I am experienced in leveraging agile frameworks and leadership to provide robust systems and security analysis. Iterative approaches to problem solving foster collaborative thinking to further the overall value proposition.
Student teacher for Math-1020, assisting Prof. Qiang Dotzel at UMSL. Primary responsibilities include teaching, grading, tutoring, lesson planning.
Primary responsibilities include checking, MoneyGram, lottery, bookeeping, and customer service. Selected as “Teammate of the Month” multiple times for exceptional customer service.
Major GPA: 4.0
GPA: 3.14
Apart from being a computer scientist, I enjoy reading, problem solving, and cooking. I use open.kattis.com and hackathons to challenge myself to solve coding problems and keep me on top of my game. When reading I tend to lean towards classics. I have recently finished, Dante's Inferno, Beowolf and I am currently reading Count of Monte Cristo.


-
Some Dark Beer
Some Place, America
5.5%
Some Description
-
Some Dark Beer
Some Place, Europe
7.8%
Some Description
-
Some IPA
Some Place, America
6.5%
Some Description
-
Some IPA
Some Place, Europe
5.9%
Some Description
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Some Light Beer
Some Place, America
4.1%
Some Description
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Some Light Beer
Some Place, Europe
3.5%
Some Description


Example 3
This is a replot of
Example 1
with the ability to change the range of the plot.
The
source
for this example. Last modified: Fri Oct 27 15:57:27 PDT 1995


This is an RNA container:
This is an output of an RNA folded using RNAcofold:
This is a custom-colored RNA:


--- title: "Introduction to Deep Learning, ESPCI" date: 2022-03-14 layout: page categories: tags: - cours - NNet - espci published: true comments: ---
This course is over now ! and next year (Jan'2023), it will be different.
This course is an introduction to deep-learning approach with lab sessions in pytorch (python module). The goal is to understand the data-driven approach and to be able to efficiently experiment with deep-learning on real data.
Look at this drive for the slides, the material of lab sessions, homework, …
It starts in january 2022 (the 3th). The course is scheduled on monday, starting at 8:30 in the morning.
We will use python 3, pytorch and notebooks. If you need to work with own computer, there are 2 ways:
To use files stored on your google drive you can add in your colab notebook:
from google.colab import drive drive.mount('/content/gdrive') # in my drive, I have a directory "Colab Notebooks" # the dataset is uploaded there root_path = 'gdrive/My Drive/Colab Notebooks/'
If you are not familiar with python notebooks, see this page.
Here, you can find a list of possible projects. Feel free to interact with me. For some of them, just ask me the data, otherwise a link is provided. Of course, you can also propose a project. This section is under construction and maybe some projects will be added as soon as I will have more feedbacks from my colleagues.


Home
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Prediction
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Report an issue
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Precision
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predict another one


If you require any more information or have any questions about our privacy policy, please feel free to contact us by email at
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Access to a family of Gauss error functions for arbitrary complex arguments is provided via the 'Faddeeva' package by Steven G. Johnson (see <http://ab-initio.mit.edu/wiki/index.php/Faddeeva_Package> for more information).
| Version: | 0.1.0 |
| Imports: | Rcpp (≥ 0.11.0), knitr |
| LinkingTo: | Rcpp |
| Suggests: | testthat |
| Published: | 2015-06-09 |
| Author: | Baptiste Auguie [aut, cre], Dirk Eddelbuettel [aut], Steven G. Johnson [aut] (Author of Faddeeva) |
| Maintainer: | Baptiste Auguie <baptiste.auguie at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | RcppFaddeeva results |
| Reference manual: | RcppFaddeeva.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
voigt |
| Package source: | RcppFaddeeva_0.1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: RcppFaddeeva_0.1.0.zip, r-release: RcppFaddeeva_0.1.0.zip, r-oldrel: RcppFaddeeva_0.1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: RcppFaddeeva_0.1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: RcppFaddeeva_0.1.0.tgz |
| Reverse imports: | ecd |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RcppFaddeeva to link to this page.


Host¶
-
class
components.host.
Host
(host_id, backend=None)¶ Bases:
object
Host object acting as either a router node or an application host node.
-
_get_sequence_number
(host)¶ Get and set the next sequence number of connection with a receiver.
- Parameters
host (string) – The ID of the receiver
- Returns
The next sequence number of connection with a receiver.
- Return type
(int)
-
_log_ack
(protocol, receiver, seq)¶ Logs acknowledgement messages. :param protocol: The protocol for the ACK :type protocol: string :param receiver: The sender of the ACK :type receiver: string :param seq: The sequence number of the packet :type seq: int
-
_process_packet
(packet)¶ Processes the received packet.
- Parameters
packet (Packet) – The received packet
-
_process_queue
()¶ Runs a thread for processing the packets in the packet queue.
-
add_c_connection
(receiver_id)¶ Adds the classical connection to host with ID receiver_id.
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The ID of the host to connect with.
-
add_checksum
(qubits, size_per_qubit=2)¶ Generate a set of qubits that represent a quantum checksum for the set of qubits qubits :param qubits: The set of qubits to encode :param size_per_qubit: The size of the checksum per qubit (i.e. 1 qubit encoded into size) :type size_per_qubit: int
- Returns
A list of qubits that are encoded for qubits
- Return type
list
-
add_connection
(receiver_id)¶ Adds the classical and quantum connection to host with ID receiver_id.
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The ID of the host to connect with.
-
add_data_qubit
(partner_id, qubit, q_id=None)¶ Adds the data qubit to the data qubit store of a host. If the qubit has an ID, adds the qubit with it, otherwise generates an ID for the qubit and adds the qubit with that ID.
- Parameters
partner_id – The ID of the host to pair the qubit
qubit (Qubit) – The data Qubit to be added.
- Returns
The qubit ID
- Return type
(string) q_id
-
add_epr
(partner_id, qubit, q_id=None, blocked=False)¶ Adds the EPR to the EPR store of a host. If the EPR has an ID, adds the EPR with it, otherwise generates an ID for the EPR and adds the qubit with that ID.
- Parameters
partner_id (String) – The ID of the host to pair the qubit
qubit (Qubit) – The data Qubit to be added.
q_id (string) – The ID of the qubit to be added.
blocked – If the qubit should be stored as blocked or not
- Returns
The qubit ID
- Return type
(string) q_id
-
add_q_connection
(receiver_id)¶ Adds the quantum connection to host with ID receiver_id.
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The ID of the host to connect with.
-
await_ack
(sequence_number, sender)¶ Block until an ACK for packet with sequence number arrives. :param sequence_number: The sequence number to wait for. :param sender: The sender of the ACK
- Returns
The status of the ACK
-
change_epr_qubit_id
(host_id, new_id, old_id=None)¶ Change an EPR pair ID to another. If old_id is set, then change that specific EPR half, otherwise change the first unblocked EPR half to the new_id. :param host_id: The partner ID of the EPR pair. :type host_id: string :param new_id: The new ID to change the qubit too :type new_id: string :param old_id: The old ID of the qubit :type old_id: string
- Returns
Old if of the qubit which has been changed.
-
property
classical
¶ Gets the received classical messages sorted with the sequence number.
- Returns
Sorted array of classical messages.
- Return type
Array
-
property
classical_connections
¶ Gets the classical connections of the host.
- Returns
classical connections
-
property
delay
¶ Get the delay of the queue processor.
- Returns
The delay per tick for the queue processor.
-
get_classical
(partner_id, wait=-1)¶ Get the classical messages from partner host partner_id.
- Parameters
partner_id (string) – The ID of the partner who sent the clasical messages
wait (float) – How long in seconds to wait for the messages if none are set.
- Returns
A list of classical messages from Host with ID partner_id.
-
get_connections
()¶ Get a list of the connections with the types.
Returns:
-
get_data_qubit
(partner_id, q_id=None, wait=-1)¶ Gets the data qubit received from another host in the network. If qubit ID is specified, qubit with that ID is returned, else, the last qubit received is returned.
- Parameters
partner_id (string) – The ID of the host that data qubit to be returned is received from.
q_id (string) – The qubit ID of the data qubit to get.
wait (float) – The amount of time to wait for the a qubit to arrive
- Returns
Qubit received from the host with partner_id and q_id.
- Return type
-
get_data_qubits
(host_id)¶ Return the dictionary of data qubits stored, just for the information regarding which qubits are stored. Does not remove the qubits from storage like get_data_qubit does.
- Parameters
host_id (int) – The host id from which the data qubit have been received.
- Returns
- If host_id is not set, then return the entire dictionary of data qubits.
Else If host_id is set, then return the data qubits for that particular host if there are any. Return an empty list otherwise.
- Return type
dict
-
get_epr
(partner_id, q_id=None, wait=-1)¶ Gets the EPR that is entangled with another host in the network. If qubit ID is specified, EPR with that ID is returned, else, the last EPR added is returned.
- Parameters
partner_id (string) – The ID of the host that returned EPR is entangled to.
q_id (string) – The qubit ID of the EPR to get.
wait (float) – the amount of time to wait
- Returns
Qubit shared with the host with partner_id and q_id.
- Return type
-
get_epr_pairs
(host_id)¶ Return the dictionary of EPR pairs stored, just for the information regarding which qubits are stored. Does not remove the qubits from storage like get_epr_pair does.
- Parameters
host_id (optional) – If set,
- Returns
- If host_id is not set, then return the entire dictionary of EPR pairs.
Else If host_id is set, then return the EPRs for that particular host if there are any. Return an empty list otherwise.
- Return type
dict
-
get_message_w_seq_num
(sender_id, seq_num, wait=-1)¶ Get a message from a sender with a specific sequence number. :param sender_id: The ID of the sender :type sender_id: str :param seq_num: The sequence number :type seq_num: int :param wait: :type wait: int
Returns:
-
get_next_classical_message
(receive_from_id, buffer, sequence_nr)¶ - Parameters
receive_from_id –
buffer –
sequence_nr –
Returns:
-
get_sequence_number
(host)¶ Get and set the next sequence number of connection with a receiver.
- Parameters
host (string) – The ID of the receiver
- Returns
The next sequence number of connection with a receiver.
- Return type
(int)
-
property
host_id
¶ Get the host_id of the host.
- Returns
The host ID of the host.
- Return type
(string)
-
is_idle
()¶ Returns if the host has packets to process or is idle.
- Returns
If the host is idle or not.
- Return type
(boolean)
-
property
max_ack_wait
¶ Get the maximum amount of time to wait for an ACK
- Returns
The maximum amount of time to wait for an ACK
- Return type
(float)
-
property
quantum_connections
¶ Get the quantum connections for the host.
- Returns
The quantum connections for the host.
- Return type
(list)
-
rec_packet
(packet)¶ Puts the packet into the packet queue of the host.
- Parameters
packet – Received packet.
-
run_protocol
(protocol, arguments=(), blocking=False)¶ Run the protocol protocol. :param protocol: The protocol that the host should run. :type protocol: function :param arguments: The set of (ordered) arguments for the protocol :type arguments: tuple :param blocking: Wait for thread to stop before proceeding :type blocking: bool
-
send_ack
(receiver, seq_number)¶ Sends the classical message to the receiver host with ID:receiver
- Parameters
receiver (string) – The ID of the host to send the message.
seq_number (int) – Sequence number of the acknowleged packet.
-
send_classical
(receiver_id, message, await_ack=False)¶ Sends the classical message to the receiver host with ID:receiver
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The ID of the host to send the message.
message (string) – The classical message to send.
await_ack (bool) – If sender should wait for an ACK.
- Returns
If await_ack=True, return the status of the ACK
- Return type
boolean
-
send_epr
(receiver_id, q_id=None, await_ack=False, block=False)¶ Establish an EPR pair with the receiver and return the qubit ID of pair.
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The receiver ID
q_id (string) – The ID of the qubit
await_ack (bool) – If sender should wait for an ACK.
block (bool) – If the created EPR pair should be blocked or not.
- Returns
If await_ack=True, return the ID of the EPR pair and the status of the ACK
- Return type
string, boolean
-
send_key
(receiver_id, key_size, await_ack=True)¶ - Parameters
receiver_id –
key_size –
await_ack –
- Returns
bool
-
send_qubit
(receiver_id, q, await_ack=False)¶ Send the qubit q to the receiver with ID receiver_id. :param receiver_id: The receiver ID to send the message to :type receiver_id: string :param q: The qubit to send :type q: Qubit :param await_ack: If sender should wait for an ACK. :type await_ack: bool
- Returns
If await_ack=True, return the ID of the qubit and the status of the ACK
- Return type
string, boolean
-
send_superdense
(receiver_id, message, await_ack=False)¶ Send the two bit binary (i.e. ‘00’, ‘01’, ‘10’, ‘11) message via superdense coding to the receiver with receiver ID receiver_id.
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The receiver ID to send the message to
message (string) – The two bit binary message
await_ack (bool) – If sender should wait for an ACK.
- Returns
If await_ack=True, return the status of the ACK
- Return type
boolean
-
send_teleport
(receiver_id, q, await_ack=False, payload=None, generate_epr_if_none=True)¶ Teleports the qubit q with the receiver with host ID receiver
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The ID of the host to establish the EPR pair with
q (Qubit) – The qubit to teleport
await_ack (bool) – If sender should wait for an ACK.
payload –
generate_epr_if_none – Generate an EPR pair with receiver if one doesn’t exist
- Returns
If await_ack=True, return the status of the ACK
- Return type
boolean
-
set_data_qubit_memory_limit
(limit, partner_id=None)¶ Set the limit to how many data qubits can be stored from partner_id, or if partner_id is not set, use the limit for all connections.
- Parameters
limit (int) – The maximum number of qubits for the memory
partner_id (str) – (optional) The partner ID to set the limit with
-
set_epr_memory_limit
(limit, partner_id=None)¶ Set the limit to how many EPR pair halves can be stored from partner_id, or if partner_id is not set, use the limit for all connections.
- Parameters
limit (int) – The maximum number of qubits for the memory
partner_id (str) – (optional) The partner ID to set the limit with
Returns boolean value dependent on if the host shares an EPR pair with receiver with ID receiver_id
- Parameters
receiver_id (string) – The receiver ID to check.
- Returns
Whether the host shares an EPR pair with receiver with ID receiver_id
- Return type
boolean
-
start
()¶ Starts the host.
-
stop
(release_qubits=True)¶ Stops the host. If release_qubit is true, clear the quantum memories.
- Parameters
release_qubits (boolean) – If release_qubit is true, clear the quantum memories.
-
property
storage_epr_limit
¶ Get the maximum number of qubits that can be held in EPR memory.
- Returns
The maximum number of qubits that can be held in EPR memory.
- Return type
(int)
-
property
storage_limit
¶ Get the maximum number of qubits that can be held in data qubit memory.
- Returns
The maximum number of qubits that can be held in data qubit memory.
- Return type
(int)
-
-
components.host.
_get_qubit
(store, partner_id, q_id)¶ Gets the data qubit received from another host in the network. If qubit ID is specified, qubit with that ID is returned, else, the last qubit received is returned.
- Parameters
store – The qubit storage to retrieve the qubit
partner_id (string) – The ID of the host that data qubit to be returned is received from.
q_id (string) – The qubit ID of the data qubit to get.
- Returns
Qubit received from the host with partner_id and q_id.
- Return type


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Apache™ XML Graphics Commons: Image Loader Framework
Overview
Apache™ XML Graphics Commons contains a unified framework for loading and processing images (bitmap and vector). The package name is org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader
. Key features:
-
Unified basic API for all supported image types.
-
Image "Preloading": It allows automatic detection on the image content type and can extract the intrinsic size (in pixels and length units) of the image without loading the whole image into memory in most cases. Apache FOP uses this as it only needs the size of the image to do the layout. The image is only fully read at the rendering stage.
-
Image conversion facility: Images can be converted into different representations depending on the needs of the consumer.
-
Supported formats: All bitmap formats for which there are codecs for the ImageIO API (like JPEG, PNG, GIF etc.), EPS, EMF. These formats are bundled. Other formats such as SVG and WMF are available through plug-ins hosted elsewhere.
-
Supported in-memory representations:
-
RenderedImage/BufferedImage
-
raw/undecoded (JPEG, EPS, CCITT group 3/4)
-
Java2D (Images painted through Graphics2D)
-
XML DOM (for SVG, MathML etc.)
-
Additional representations can be added as necessary.
-
-
Custom image loaders and converters can be dynamically plugged in. Automatic plug-in detection through the application classpath.
-
An image cache speeds up the processing for images that are requested multiple times.
Tutorial
Setting up the manager
Before we can start to work with the package we need to set up the ImageManager
. It provides convenience methods to load and convert images and holds the image cache.
The ImageManager
needs an ImageContext
. This interface provides the ImageManager
with important context and configuration data. Currently this is only the source resolution. The ImageManager
and ImageContext
are intended to be shared within an application.
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.ImageContext;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.ImageManager;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.impl.DefaultImageContext;
[..]
ImageManager imageManager = new ImageManager(new DefaultImageContext());
NOTE:
In this example,
DefaultImageContext
is used. You may need to write your own implementation ofImageContext
for your use case.
Preloading an image
In order to load an image, it needs to be "preloaded" first, i.e. the image content type is detected and the intrinsic size of the image is determined. The result of this process is an ImageInfo
instance which contains the URI, MIME type and intrinsic size. In most cases, this is done without loading the whole image (see SPI section below for information on exceptions to this rule).
Preloading is normally done through the ImageManager
's getImageInfo()
method. For this operation an ImageSessionContext
needs to be provided. It is responsible for supplying JAXP Source
objects, URI resolution and providing other information needed for the image operations. In simple cases you can simply use DefaultImageSessionContext
, but often you will want to write your own implementation of ImageSessionContext
. In that case, it's recommended to subclass AbstractImageSessionContext
which lets you avoid rewriting a lot of code for providing Source
objects.
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.ImageInfo;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.ImageSessionContext;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.impl.DefaultImageSessionContext;
[..]
ImageSessionContext sessionContext = new DefaultImageSessionContext(
imageManager.getImageContext(), null);
ImageInfo info = imageManager.getImageInfo(uri, sessionContext);
Loading an image
Once the image is "preloaded", it can be fully loaded in the form/flavor that is needed by the consuming application. The required flavor is indicated through the ImageFlavor
class. If you want the image as a bitmap image in memory, you could request an ImageFlavor.RENDERED_IMAGE
. Again, the ImageSessionContext
will be needed.
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.Image;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.ImageFlavor;
[..]
Image img = this.imageManager.getImage(
info, ImageFlavor.RENDERED_IMAGE, sessionContext);
ImageRendered imageRend = (ImageRendered)img;
RenderedImage ri = imageRend.getRenderedImage();
//...and do anything with the RenderedImage
In this example above, we simply acquire the image as a RenderedImage instance. If the original image was a vector graphic image (SVG, WMF etc.), it's automatically converted to a bitmap image. Note: The resolution of the created image is controlled by the target resolution returned by the ImageSessionContext
.
Of course, the framework can only provide images in the formats, it has image loaders or image converters for. An example: It is possible to load EPS images, but they can only be provided in raw form. In order to provide it as a bitmap image, a PostScript interpreter would be needed to interpret the PostScript code. This interpreter would be integrated using an ImageConverter
implementation (see SPI section below). If the requested form of the image cannot be provided you will get an ImageException
on which you'll have to react as needed.
In Apache FOP, each renderer supports a different set of image flavors that can be embedded in the target format. For example: The PDF renderer can deal with Java2D image, bitmaps, XML, native JPEG and CCITT images. The PCL renderer, however, can only consume bitmap images. So, if you can accept more than one flavor, the package allows you to specify all of them in an ordered list (the first in the list is the preferred format). The package will then try to return the best representation possible. Here's a code example:
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.Image;
import org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.ImageFlavor;
[..]
final ImageFlavor[] flavors = new ImageFlavor[]
{ImageFlavor.GRAPHICS2D,
ImageFlavor.BUFFERED_IMAGE,
ImageFlavor.RENDERED_IMAGE};
Image img = manager.getImage(
info, flavors, sessionContext);
if (img instanceof ImageGraphics2D) {
//handle Java2D/Graphics2D image
} else if (img instanceof ImageRendered) {
//handle BufferedImage and RenderedImage
//(BufferedImage is a subclass of RenderedImage)
} else {
throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected flavor");
}
NOTE:
While each
BufferedImage
is also aRenderedImage
, it can be more efficient to also specifyImageFlavor.BUFFERED_IMAGE
in the flavor array.
Tips & Tricks
If you are loading bitmap images and you get an error like "Cannot load image (no suitable loader/converter combination available) for
myimage.tif (image/tiff)
, you maybe be missing the necessary ImageIO codec to decode the image. A number of well-written codecs can be found in JAI Image I/O Tools Project. Just download the distribution and add the JAR to the classpath. ImageIO will automatically pick up the new codecs and they will subsequently be available to the image framework.
Service Provider Interface (SPI, Plug-ins)
The whole image framework is designed to be highly extensible. There are various extension points where new functionality can be added. The three main SPI interfaces are:
-
ImagePreloader
: detects the content type and preloads an image -
ImageLoader
andImageLoaderFactory
: loads images -
ImageConverter
: converts images from one representation into another
If you plan to write an implementation of one of the above interfaces, please also take a look at the existing implementations for reference.
Throughout the SPI, you'll find a Map
parameter (hints) in the most important methods. That's a way to supply additional information to the implementation by the caller. For example, the source and target resolutions from the image (session) context is stored in the hints. The implementation should not rely on the presence of specialized information and should always have sensible defaults to rely on in this case.
ImagePreloader
The first task is identifying whether the implementation supports the given image. If the image is loaded using an ImageInputStream it is important to always reset the stream position to the beginning of the file at the end of the preloadImage()
method, because all registered preloaders are check in turn until one implementation signals that it supports the format. In that case, it has to extract only the minimal information from the image necessary to identify the image's intrinsic size. For most formats, this is doable without loading the whole image into memory.
However, for some formats (like MathML or WMF), loading the whole image at preloading time is hard to avoid since the image's size can only be determined that way. In such a case, the ImagePreloader
implementations shall pass the loaded document to the respective ImageLoader
through the custom objects that can be attached to the ImageInfo
object. If the preloader loads the whole document, it shall close the given Source
object (calling ImageUtil.closeQuietly(Source)
).
The priority the implementation reports is used to sort all registered implementations. This is to fine-tune the inner workings and to optimize performance since some formats are usually used more frequently than others.
NOTE:
Normally, if you implement an
ImagePreloader
you will also need to implement the respectiveImageLoader/ImageLoaderFactory
, or vice versa.
ImageLoader and ImageLoaderFactory
The factory interface has been created to allow checking if some library that an implementation depends on is really in the classpath so it can report back that the ImageLoader
is not funtional. The factory also reports what kind of image formats it supports and which image flavors it can return. There can be a complex relationship between the two. It is recommmended, however, to write smaller implementations rather than big, almighty ones.
The usage penalty is used when constructing image conversion pipelines. There can be multiple ways to provide an image in one of the supported flavors and this value helps to make the best decision.
While the factory basically just provides information and creates new ImageLoader
instances, the image loaders are doing the actual leg work of decoding the images. The image flavor returned by the loader must match the flavor that is returned by getTargetFlavor()
.
ImageConverter
The image converter is responsible to transform one image representation into another. Bundled implementations support these conversions: Java2D to bitmap, bitmap to Java2D and RenderedImage to "raw" PNG. Ideas for additional image converters could be: PDF to Java2D, EPS to Java2D or MathML to SVG or Java2D.
Each ImageConverter comes with a usage penalty which is used when constructing conversion pipelines so the pipeline with the least penalty value can be chosen. This is necessary as the consuming application my support multiple image flavors and there can be multiple ways to convert an image in one of the requested image flavors. Internally, Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm is used to find the best path using the penalties as "way lengths".
Customization
Disabling Source Re-use
By default, the Source object being used during the pre-loading stage is re-used when the image is fully loaded later (assuming an ImageSessionContext is used that descends from AbstractImageSessionContext). That means that a stream is only opened once and the image loading framework tries to re-wind the stream when it has to re-read portions of the stream when loading the complete image.
In some situations, this behavior may be undesired. Therefore, it can be disabled through a system property (org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.impl.AbstractImageSessionContext.no-source-reuse
). Set it to "true" and that feature will be disabled.
Adjusting plug-in penalties
Every image loader plug-in has a hard-coded usage penalty that influences which solution is chosen if there are multiple possibilities to load an image. Sometimes, though, these penalties need to be tweaked. The ImageImplRegistry
(reachable through ImageManager.getRegistry()
) supports storing additional penalty values. An example:
ImageImplRegistry registry = imageManager.getRegistry();
registry.setAdditionalPenalty(
"org.apache.xmlgraphics.image.loader.impl.ImageLoaderRawCCITTFax",
Penalty.toPenalty(10000));
This increases the penalty for the raw CCITT loader significantly so it will only be used if no other solutions exist. You can also set Penalty.INFINITE_PENALTY
to disable the plug-in altogether. Negative penalties are possible to promote a plug-in but a negative penalty sum will be treated as zero penalty in most cases.