IAMSU! Goes In On New Album "Boss Up V" With Kool John, Dave Steezy, & More
IAMSU! drops another strong project to close out the year.
by Alex ZidelBoss Up V
Iamsu!
Editor Rating: VERY HOTTTTT
User Rating: n/a - 0% (0)
IAMSU! is way too slept on. The 29-year-old from Richmond, California is one of the most influential West Coast artists to have broken out in the last decade, coming through strong to complete a solid discography. Heartbreak Suzy has already dropped a number of projects this year but he decided to close out 2019 with the latest instalment in his Boss Up series, dropping Boss Up V this week and representing the HBK gang with precision and mastery.
Enlisting help from Skipper, Kool John, Show Banga, and Dave Steezy, Boss Up V is officially out now with eighteen new tracks available for our consumption. Let us know what your favorite track is and be sure to leave your rating above.
Tracklist:
1. Intro
2. Side By Side
3. San Pablo Ave
4. Payola (feat. Skipper)
5. Bay Area Funk
6. Top Down (feat. Kool John)
7. On The Side
8. I Tap Danced When I Was Little
9. Foolish
10. 30 Years
11. The Pros
12. Live Like Us
13. 45 Jordan (feat. Show Banga)
14. 6AM
15. Bands (feat. Dave Steezy)
16. Wipe Me Down
17. Milestones
18. A Lot To Offer


2020 budget: 5-year temporary tax extension unheard of – Terkper
Former Finance Minister Seth Terkper has raised concerns over portions of the 2020 budget statement read by finance minister Ken Ofori-Atta last week.
Mr. Terkper said the extension of temporary taxes for five years by the government is unheard of.
Analyzing the budget with Francis Abban on the Morning Starr Tuesday, he said “temporary taxes extended for 5 years is unheard of. It shouldn’t be the case and should never happen.”
“Under Ex-President Rawlings, when the economy went down, temporary taxes were introduced on the revenue side. When there is recovery, taxes were taken off,” he indicated.
“We are told we are on a path of unprecedented fiscal consolidation meanwhile that is not the case”.
On flagship projects of the ruling government he said “flagships should have given us breakdowns. We should know how much is going into food, classroom blocks among others.”
“We’re not in the 2016 situation where there are power crisis and the like and so we expected much more,” he ended.


About me: I love sports and I love music. I play the guitar, drums, and piano. My other interest is the outdoors. I love to rock climb, mountain bike, hike, and swim.
About me: I love sports and I love music. I play the guitar, drums, and piano. My other interest is the outdoors. I love to rock climb, mountain bike, hike, and swim.


[1]
pingpong was next to hotel with in-and-out privileges compared to 40+ at downtown hotels.
[2]
pingpong was next to hotel with in-and-out privileges compared to 40+ at downtown hotels in the area.


Bridging Careers and Organizations
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{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %} Welcome to the wonderful collective for wrestling photos. Upload your own and I'll see if they make the cut.


api-server
About
A REST Express API, has various endpoints that perform CRUD operations on a Mongo Database, using the REST standards . It has 2 data models and 2 routers : clothes and food .
Author
Emran Aloul
Links
Setup
(.env)
file
PORT = 4000
MONGOOSE_URI = mongodb://localhost:27017/things
MONGOOSE_TEST_URI = mongodb://localhost:27017/test
- Install the following dependencies
npm init -y
npm i cors dotenv express morgan mongoose
npm i -D jest supertest
npm i @code-fellows/supergoose
mongod --dbpath=/Users/path/to/data/db
Running the app
- clone the repo.
- Enter the command
npm start
- Use endpoints :
Food
* /api/v1/food
- Method : GET
- CRUD Operation : Read / Gets All Food Records
- Response Body : JSON
[
{
"_id": "60a56705551ded2577c7c720",
"name": "mansaf",
"country": "jordan",
"__v": 0
}
]
- Method : POST
- CRUD Operation : Create / Add a Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a59e7a719cee596009cbf0",
"name": "jeans",
"country": "jordan",
"__v": 0
}
* /api/v1/food/id
- Method : GET
- CRUD Operation : Read / Get One Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a59e7a719cee596009cbf0",
"name": "jeans",
"country": "jordan",
"__v": 0
}
- Method : PUT
- CRUD Operation : UPDATE / Update a Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a59e7a719cee596009cbf0",
"name": "jeans",
"country": "jordan",
"__v": 0
}
- Method : DELETE
- CRUD Operation : DELETE / Delete a Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a59e7a719cee596009cbf0",
"name": "jeans",
"country": "jordan",
"__v": 0
}
Clothes
* /api/v1/clothes
- Method : GET
- CRUD Operation : Read / Gets All clothes Records
- Response Body : JSON
[
{
"_id": "60a56ce6c837cb27d79d0d94",
"name": "shirt",
"__v": 0
},
{
"_id": "60a56cfac837cb27d79d0d95",
"name": "jeans",
"__v": 0
}
]
- Method : POST
- CRUD Operation : Create / Add a Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a56cfac837cb27d79d0d95",
"name": "jeans",
"__v": 0
}
* /api/v1/clothes/id
- Method : GET
- CRUD Operation : Read / Get One Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a56cfac837cb27d79d0d95",
"name": "jeans",
"__v": 0
}
- Method : PUT
- CRUD Operation : UPDATE / Update a Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a56cfac837cb27d79d0d95",
"name": "jeans",
"__v": 0
}
- Method : DELETE
- CRUD Operation : DELETE / Delete a Record
- Response Body : JSON
{
"_id": "60a56cfac837cb27d79d0d95",
"name": "jeans",
"__v": 0
}
- Test .
- There's 2 test files . logger.test.js and server.test.js
- In terminal run :
npm test


|
Cayley
Pseudo-Random Bits from Finite Groups
|
Implementation of the extensible unsigned integer class. More...
Go to the source code of this file.
Variables | |
| const int | HalfBytesInWord = 2*sizeof(uint32_t) |
| Number of nibbles in a word. | |
| const int | BitsInHalfByte = 4 |
| Number of bits in a nibble. | |
| const int | BitsInWord = 8*sizeof(uint32_t) |
| Number of bits in a word. | |
Logical AND of two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer |
Definition at line 633 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| int operator & | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| int | y | ||
| ) |
Logical AND of a extensible unsigned integer and an integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A word. |
Definition at line 647 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Multiply two extensible unsigned integers.
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| z | A extensible unsigned integer |
Definition at line 686 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Multiply a extensible unsigned integer by an integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An integer. |
Definition at line 703 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Multiply an integer by a extensible unsigned integer.
| x | An integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 726 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Multiply a extensible unsigned integer by an unsigned integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 735 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Multiply an unsigned integer by a extensible unsigned integer.
| x | An unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 758 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Unequality test for two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 495 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator!= | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| uint32_t | y | ||
| ) |
Unequality test for a extensible unsigned integer and an unsigned integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 504 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator!= | ( | uint32_t | x, |
| uintx_t | y | ||
| ) |
Unequality test for an unsigned integer and a extensible unsigned integer.
| x | An unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 513 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Remainder after dividing a extensible unsigned integer by a extensible unsigned integer.
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| z | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 880 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Remainder after dividing a extensible unsigned integer by an unsigned integer.
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| z | An unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 909 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Add a pair of extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 290 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Subtract a extensible unsigned integer from a extensible unsigned integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer |
Definition at line 782 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Divide a extensible unsigned integer by a extensible unsigned integer.
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| z | An unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 832 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Divide a extensible unsigned integer by an unsigned integer.
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| z | An unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 862 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Less than test for two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 424 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator< | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| int | y | ||
| ) |
Less than test for a extensible unsigned integer and an integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An integer. |
Definition at line 433 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Left-shift a extensible unsigned integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| d | Number of bits to left-shift by. |
Definition at line 568 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Less than or equal to test for two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 442 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator<= | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| int | y | ||
| ) |
Less than or equal to test for a extensible unsigned integer and an integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An integer. |
Definition at line 451 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Equality test for two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 460 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator== | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| uint32_t | y | ||
| ) |
Equality test for a extensible unsigned integer and an unsigned integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 477 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator== | ( | uint32_t | x, |
| uintx_t | y | ||
| ) |
Equality test for an unsigned integer and a extensible unsigned integer.
| x | An unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 486 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Greater than test for two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 371 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator> | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| int | y | ||
| ) |
Greater than test for a extensible unsigned integer and an integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An integer. |
Definition at line 388 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Greater than or equal to test for two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer. |
Definition at line 397 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| bool operator>= | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| int | y | ||
| ) |
Greater than or equal to test for a extensible unsigned integer and an integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | An integer. |
Definition at line 415 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Right-shift a extensible unsigned integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| d | Number of bits to right-shift by. |
Definition at line 617 of file uintx_t.cpp.
Logical OR of two extensible unsigned integers.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A extensible unsigned integer |
Definition at line 656 of file uintx_t.cpp.
| int operator| | ( | uintx_t | x, |
| int | y | ||
| ) |
Logical OR of a extensible unsigned integer and an integer.
| x | A extensible unsigned integer. |
| y | A word. |
Definition at line 670 of file uintx_t.cpp.


• BREED •
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Restart the game
Remove all dead abominations
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Inside London’s Billionaires Row: The Russian financier’s home hit by one of the city’s most lucrative burglaries then ravaged by fire
by Bill Bostock- A mile-long road in London has been the city’s “Billionaires Row” since World War II: a destination for luxury, scandal, murder, and secrecy.
- One property was owned by Russian asset manager Iouri Chliaifchtein when it was struck by one of London’s worst burglaries.
- In 2006, two men were sentenced at Harrow Crown Court for stealing £2 million ($2.6 million) in cars and jewellery from the home of Russian financier Iouri Chliaifchtein.
- It would likely have been worse had the thieves had enough time or help to make off with two more sports cars.
- This post is part of an interactive Insider series profiling Billionaires Row.
Exactly halfway along The Bishops Avenue lies a fairly unremarkable red brick house, one which cost financier Iouri Chliaifchtein £3 million ($4 million) in the late 1990s.
Multi-millionaire Chliaifchtein, director of private wealth management company Telora Ltd, also owned an £18 million apartment in the central Belgravia district, and was well-known in the 2000s as one of London’s most successful asset managers.
While Chliaifchtein succeeded in accruing wealth, his family’s home was the victim of one of London’s most expensive burglaries.
In 2006, two men were sentenced at Harrow Crown Court for stealing £2 million ($2.6 million) in cars, jewellery, and possessions while the Chliaifchtein family was holidaying in Ecuador.
O’Leary and his accomplice then proceeded to steal and speed off in a £350,000 ($437,000) Mercedes McLaren and a £50,000 ($62,000) Lexus.
The burglars left a Ferrari and second Lexus behind. None of the stolen items were ever recovered.
The Bishops Avenue, given its tight concentration of luxury, has always been a target for thieves, and was once known as The Burglars’ Avenue. The Chliaifchtein home has been burgled at least once more since.
The homestead was ravaged again in 2012. This time the roof collapsed when a fire ripped through the property in the early hours of the morning.
Three family members escaped unharmed, but it took several hours and 40 firefighters to extinguish the blaze.
Chliaifchtein was in the headlines a second time, this time at his second London property, a luxury apartment in Belgravia.
In 2017 he sued the apartment block’s owner, 3-10 Grosvenor Crescent Management Ltd, for laying off concierge staff in April 2015.
Chliaifchtein was furious with the sackings, telling a judge at length that this meant nobody was around to drive his car to and from the garage, and that his fishmonger was unable to deliver on at least two occasions.
Chliaifchtein was also the director of the company he sued.
Chliaifchtein cut his loses with No. 23 after the fire and the two break-ins.
He sold it to Gopal Krishnan Gupta, the joint secretary of India’s Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, and his wife Meena, a solicitor, for £4 million ($5 million) in March 2019.


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- According to the Hindu religious texts, on the day of Uttarayani, the sun enters the Zodiacal sign
of ‘Makar’ (Capricon) from the Zodiacal sign of the Kark (Cancer).
- From this day onwards the sun becomes ‘Uttarayan’ or it starts moving to the north.
- It is said that from this day, which signals a change of season, the migratory birds start returning to the hills.
- On Makar Sankranti people give Khichadi (a mixture of pulses and rice) in charity, take ceremonial dips in holy rivers,
participate in the Uttarayani fairs and celebrate the festival of Ghughutia or Kale Kauva.
- During the festival of Kale Kauva (literal translation ‘black crow’) people make sweetmeats out of sweetened flour
(flour and gur) deep fried in ghee, shape them like drums, pomegranates, knives, swords etc.
- They are strung togather and worn as necklace-in the middle of which an oragne in fixed.
Early in the morning children wear these necklaces and sing “Kale Kauva..” to attract crows and other birds and offer them portions of these necklaces, as a token of welcome for all the migratory birds, who are now coming back after their winter sojourn in the plains.
Wearing garlands of the above eatables the children come out calling the crows with following song on their lips:
Kale Kale, bhol bate aile
bor puwa Khale
Ie Kauva bara, mai ke de sunu gharo
Ie Kauva dhal, mai ke de sunu thai.
(come dear crow, come daily
you will enjoy eating bara and puwa.


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Warranty Info
Products found for customer
Click the row to insert the warranty response in the users email


Welcome to the KSP Un-Orbit Calculator written by SharpCoder (@ecmahacker). This calculator is designed to tell you roughly when to burn retrograde during a landing. I am not a mathematics guy, so this works more like a simulator. Think Monte Carlo Method! In an effort to make it really easy to use (and in traditional kerbal fashion) I've made a lot of assumptions about your ship and its orbit. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK!


title = "Events" url = "/events" layout = "default" hidden = "0" ==
This is the event page. There is a lot happening at AXI!


This tool retrieves up-to-date data of COVID-19 worldwide outbreak from Our World in Data and renders it into an interactive graph. It is a lightweight alternative for quick data viewing.


Rex Swain's HTMLified
Perl 5 Reference Guide
Last updated 22 March 2001
[Links updated 7 September 2003]
This is an HTMLified version of the Perl 5 Desktop Reference,
ISBN 1-56592-187-9, copyright © 1996 by
Johan Vromans.
HTML copyright © 1996-2000 by
Rex Swain.
See Perl 5 Desktop Reference
for information about ordering a printed copy ($6.95) of the booklet from O'Reilly.
[But it's no longer in print -- instead, get
the Perl 5 Pocket Reference, 2nd Edition,
updated for Perl version 5.005.]
[Now there is a
3rd Edition,
revised to cover Perl version 5.6.]
[Now there is a
4th Edition,
revised to cover Perl version 5.8.]
See The Perl Reference Guide
for links to other online versions in various formats (PostScript, PDF, etc.).
For more detail, see Perl Documentation
or Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions.
Contents
Index
abs
accept
alarm
and
ARGV
ArithmeticFunctions
ArrayListFunctions
ArraysSpecial
atan2
BEGIN
bind
binmode
bless
caller
chdir
chmod
chomp
chop
chr
chroot
close
closedir
cmp
CommandLineOptions
connect
Contents
continue
Conventions
ConversionFunctions
ConversionStructure
cos
crypt
dbmclose
dbmopen
Debugger
defined
delete
die
DirectoryReadingRoutines
do
do
do
dump
each
else
elsif
END
ENV
EnvironmentVariables
eof
eq
eval
eval
exec
exists
exit
exp
EXPORT
EXPORT_OK
ExpressionsRegular
fcntl
fileno
FileOperations
FilesSystemInformationFrom
FileTestOperators
flock
for
foreach
fork
Formats
formline
FunctionsArithmetic
FunctionsArrayList
FunctionsConversion
FunctionsSearchReplace
FunctionsString
ge
getc
getlogin
getpeername
getpgrp
getppid
getpriority
getsockname
getsockopt
glob
gmtime
goto
goto
grep
gt
hex
HOME
if
import
INC
Index
index
InformationFromSystemFiles
InputOutput
int
InteractionSystem
ioctl
ISA
join
keys
kill
last
lc
lcfirst
le
length
link
ListArrayFunctions
listen
Literals
local
localtime
log
LOGDIR
lstat
lt
m
map
Miscellaeous
mkdir
Modules
my
ne
Networking
next
no
npt
ObjectOrientedProgramming
oct
open
opendir
OperationsFile
Operators
OperatorsFileTest
OptionsCommandLine
or
ord
OutputInput
OVERLOAD
pack
package
Packages
PATH
PERL5DB
PERL5LIB
PERLLIB
pipe
pop
pos
print
printf
push
quotemeta
rand
read
readdir
ReadingDirectoryRoutines
readlink
recv
redo
ref
RegularExpressions
rename
ReplaceSearchFunctions
require
reset
return
reverse
rewindir
rindex
rmdir
RoutinesDirectoryReading
s
scalar
scalar
SearchReplaceFunctions
seek
seekdir
select
send
setpgrp
setpriority
setsockopt
shift
shutdown
SIG
sin
sleep
socket
socketpair
sort
SpecialArrays
SpecialVariables
splice
split
sprintf
sqrt
srand
stat
Statements
StringFunctions
StructureConversion
study
sub
Subroutines
substr
symlink
syscall
sysread
system
SystemFilesInformationFrom
SystemInteraction
SystemVIPC
syswrite
tell
telldir
TestFileOperators
tie
time
times
tr
truncate
uc
ucfirst
umask
undef
unless
unlink
unpack
unshift
untie
until
until
use
utime
values
Variables
VariablesEnvironment
VariablesSpecial
vec
wait
waitpid
wantarray
warn
while
write
xor
y
Conventions
| fixed |
denotes literal text. |
| THIS |
means variable text, i.e., things you must fill in. |
| THIS |
means that THIS will default to $_ if omitted. |
| word |
is a keyword, i.e., a word with a special meaning. |
| RETURN key |
denotes pressing a keyboard key. |
| [...] |
denotes an optional part. |
Command-Line Options
- -a
- turns on autosplit mode when used with -n or -p.
Splits to @F.
- -c
- checks syntax but does not execute.
- -d
- runs the script under the debugger.
Use -de 0 to start the debugger without a script
- -D NUMBER
- sets debugging flags.
- -e COMMANDLINE
- may be used to enter a single line of script.
Multiple -e commands may be given to build up a multiline script.
- -F REGEXP
- specifies a regular expression to split on
if -a is in effect.
- -iEXT
- files processed by the < > construct are
to be edited in place.
- -IDIR
- with -P, tells the C preprocessor where to look for include files.
The directory is prepended to @INC.
- -l [OCTNUM]
- enables automatic line-end processing, e.g., -l013.
- -n
- assumes an input loop around your script. Lines are not printed.
- -p
- assumes an input loop around your script. Lines are printed.
- -P
- runs the C preprocessor on the script before compilation by Perl.
- -s
- interprets -xxx on the command line as a switch and sets
the corresponding variable $xxx in the script.
- -S
- uses the PATH environment variable to search for the script.
- -T
- forces taint checking.
- -u
- dumps core after compiling the script. To be used with the undump(1)
program (where available).
- -U
- allows perl to perform unsafe operations.
- -v
- prints the version and patchlevel of your Perl executable.
- -w
- prints warnings about possible spelling errors and other error-prone
constructs in the script.
- -x [DIR]
- extracts Perl program from input stream.
If DIR is specified,
switches to this directory before running the program.
- -0VAL
- (that's the number zero.) Designates an initial value for the record
separator $/. See also -l
Literals
- Numeric:
- 123
- 1_234
- 123.4
- 5E-10
- 0xff (hex)
- 0377 (octal)
- String:
- 'abc'
- literal string, no variable interpolation or escape characters,
except \' and \\.
Also: q/abc/.
Almost any pair of delimiters can be used instead of /.../.
- "abc"
- Variables are interpolated and escape sequences are processed.
Also: qq/abc/.
Escape sequences:
\t (Tab),
\n (Newline),
\r (Return),
\f (Formfeed),
\b (Backspace),
\a (Alarm),
\e (Escape),
\033 (octal),
\x1b (hex),
\c[ (control)
\l and \u lowercase/uppercase the following character.
\L and \U lowercase/uppercase until a \E
is encountered.
\Q quote regular expression characters until a \E
is encountered.
- `COMMAND`
- evaluates to the output of the COMMAND.
Also: qx/COMMAND/.
- Array:
- (1, 2, 3). () is an empty array.
(1..4) is the same as (1,2,3,4),
likewise ('a'..'z').
qw/foo bar .../ is the same as ('foo','bar',...).
- Array reference:
- [1,2,3]
- Hash (associative array):
- (KEY1,
VAL1,
KEY2,
VAL2,...)
Also
(KEY1=>
VAL1,
KEY2=>
VAL2,...)
- Hash reference:
- {KEY1,
VAL1,
KEY2,
VAL2,...}
- Code reference:
- sub {STATEMENTS}
- Filehandles:
-
<STDIN>,
<STDOUT>,
<STDERR>,
<ARGV>,
<DATA>.
User-specified:
HANDLE,
$VAR.
- Globs:
- <PATTERN>
evaluates to all filenames according to the pattern.
Use <${VAR}>
or glob $VAR
to glob from a variable.
- Here-Is:
- <<IDENTIFIER
Shell-style "here document."
- Special tokens:
- __FILE__: filename;
__LINE__: line number;
__END__: end of program;
remaining lines can be read using the filehandle DATA.
Variables
| $var |
a simple scalar variable. |
| $var[28] |
29th element of array @var. |
| $p = \@var |
now $p is a reference to array @var. |
| $$p[28] |
29th element of array referenced by $p.
Also, $p->[28]. |
| $var[-1] |
last element of array @var. |
| $var[$i][$j] |
$jth element of the $ith element of
array @var. |
| $var{'Feb'} |
one value from hash (associative array) %var. |
| $p = \%var |
now $p is a reference to hash %var. |
| $$p{'Feb'} |
a value from hash referenced by $p.
Also, $p->{'Feb'}. |
| $#var |
last index of array @var. |
| @var |
the entire array;
in a scalar context, the number of elements in the array. |
| @var[3,4,5] |
a slice of array @var. |
| @var{'a','b'} |
a slice of %var;
same as ($var{'a'},$var{'b'}). |
| %var |
the entire hash;
in a scalar context, true if the hash has elements. |
| $var{'a',1,...} |
emulates a multidimensional array. |
| ('a'...'z')[4,7,9] |
a slice of an array literal. |
| PKG::VAR |
a variable from a package, e.g.,
$pkg::var, @pkg::ary. |
| \OBJECT |
reference to an object, e.g.,
\$var, \%hash. |
| *NAME |
refers to all objects represented by NAME.
*n1 = *n2 makes n1 an alias for n2.
*n1 = $n2 makes $n1 an alias for $n2.
|
You can always use a {BLOCK}
returning the right type of reference instead of the variable identifier, e.g.,
${...},
&{...}.
$$p is just a shorthand for ${$p}.
Operators
| ** |
|
Exponentiation |
| + - |
* / |
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division |
| % |
|
Modulo division |
| & | |
^ |
Bitwise AND, bitwise OR, bitwise exclusive OR |
| >> |
<< |
Bitwise shift right, bitwise shift left |
| || |
&& |
Logical OR, logical AND |
| . |
|
Concatenation of two strings |
| x |
|
Returns a string or array consisting of the left operand (an array or a string)
repeated the number of times specified by the right operand |
|
All of the above operators also have an assignment operator,
e.g., .= |
| -> |
|
Dereference operator |
| \ |
|
Reference (unary) |
| ! |
~ |
Negation (unary), bitwise complement (unary) |
| ++ |
-- |
Auto-increment (magical on strings), auto-decrement |
| == |
!= |
Numeric equality, inequality |
| eq |
ne |
String equality, inequality |
| < |
> |
Numeric less than, greater than |
| lt |
gt |
String less than, greater than |
| <= |
>= |
Numeric less (greater) than or equal to |
| le |
ge |
String less (greater) than or equal to |
| <=> |
cmp |
Numeric (string) compare. Returns -1, 0, 1. |
| =~ |
!~ |
Search pattern, substitution, or translation (negated) |
| .. |
|
Range (scalar context) or enumeration (array context) |
| ?: |
|
Alternation (if-then-else) operator |
| , |
|
Comma operator, also list element separator.
You can also use =>.
|
| not |
|
Low-precedence negation
|
| and |
|
Low-precedence AND
|
| or |
xor |
Low-precedence OR, exclusive OR
|
All Perl functions can be used as list operators, in which case
they have very high or very low precedence, depending on
whether you look at the left or the right side of the operator.
Only the operators not, and, or and xor have lower precedence.
A "list" is a list of expressions, variables, or lists. An array
variable or an array slice may always be used instead of a list.
Parentheses can be added around the parameter lists
to avoid precedence problems.
Statements
Every statement is an expression, optionally followed by a modifier,
and terminated by a semicolon. The semicolon may be omitted if the
statement is the final one in a BLOCK.
Execution of expressions can depend on other expressions using one of the modifiers
if, unless, while or until, for example:
EXPR1 if EXPR2 ;
EXPR1 until EXPR2 ;
The logical operators ||,
&& or
?: also allow conditional execution:
EXPR1 || EXPR2 ;
EXPR1 ? EXPR2 : EXPR3 ;
Statements can be combined to form a BLOCK
when enclosed in {}. Blocks may be used to control flow:
if (EXPR) BLOCK
[ [ elsif (EXPR) BLOCK ... ]
else BLOCK ]
unless (EXPR) BLOCK
[ else BLOCK ]
[ LABEL: ]
while (EXPR) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ]
[ LABEL: ]
until (EXPR) BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ]
[ LABEL: ]
for (EXPR; EXPR; EXPR) BLOCK
[ LABEL: ]
foreach VAR (LIST) BLOCK
[ LABEL: ]
BLOCK [ continue BLOCK ]
Program flow can be controlled with:
| goto LABEL |
Continue execution at the specified label. |
| last [ LABEL ] |
Immediately exits the loop in question. Skips continue block. |
| next [ LABEL ] |
Starts the next iteration of the loop. |
| redo [ LABEL ] |
Restarts the loop block without evaluating the conditional again. |
Special forms are:
do BLOCK while EXPR ;
do BLOCK until EXPR ;
which are guaranteed to perform BLOCK
once before testing EXPR, and
which effectively turns BLOCK into an expression.
Subroutines, Packages and Modules
- &SUBROUTINE LIST
- Executes a SUBROUTINE declared by a sub declaration, and
returns the value of the last expression evaluated in SUBROUTINE.
SUBROUTINE can be an expression yielding a reference to a code object.
The & may be omitted if the subroutine has been declared
before being used.
- bless REF [ , PACKAGE ]
- Turns the object REF
into an object in PACKAGE.
Returns the reference.
- caller [ EXPR ]
- Returns an array ($package,$file,$line,...)
for a specific subroutine call.
caller returns this info for the current subroutine,
caller(1) for the caller of this subroutine, etc.
Returns false if no caller.
- do SUBROUTINE LIST
- Deprecated form of &SUBROUTINE.
- goto &SUBROUTINE
- Substitutes a call to SUBROUTINE for the current subroutine.
- import MODULE [ [ VERSION ] LIST ]
- Imports the named subroutines from MODULE.
- no MODULE [ LIST ]
- Cancels imported semantics. See use.
- package NAME
- Designates the remainder of the current block as a package.
- require EXPR
- If EXPR is numeric, requires Perl to be at least that
version. Otherwise EXPR must be the name of a file
that is included from the Perl library. Does not
include more than once, and yields a fatal error if
the file does not evaluate to a true value.
If EXPR is a bare word, assumes extension .pm
for the name of the file.
- return EXPR
- Returns from a subroutine with the value specified.
- sub NAME { EXPR ; ... }
- Designates NAME as a subroutine.
Parameters are passed by reference as array @_.
Returns the value of the last expression evaluated.
- [ sub ] BEGIN { EXPR ; ... }
- Defines a setup BLOCK to be called before execution.
- [ sub ] END { EXPR ; ... }
- Defines a cleanup BLOCK to be called upon termination.
- tie VAR, PACKAGE, [ LIST ]
- Ties a variable to a package that will handle it.
Can be used to bind a dbm or ndbm file to a hash.
- untie VAR
- Breaks the binding between the variable and the package.
- use MODULE [ [ VERSION ] LIST ]
- Imports semantics from the named module into the current package.
Object-Oriented Programming
Perl rules of object oriented programming:
- An object is simply a reference that happens to know which class it
belongs to. Objects are blessed, references are not.
- A class is simply a package that happens to provide methods to deal
with object references. If a package fails to provide a method, the base classes as
listed in @ISA are searched.
- A method is simply a subroutine that expects an object reference (or a
package name, for static methods) as the first argument.
Methods can be applied with:
METHOD OBJREF PARAMETERS
or
OBJREF->METHOD PARAMETERS
Arithmetic Functions
| abs EXPR |
Returns the absolute value of its operand. |
| atan2 Y,X |
Returns the arctangent of Y/X in the range -pi to pi. |
| cos EXPR |
Returns the cosine of EXPR (expressed in radians). |
| exp EXPR |
Returns e to the power of EXPR. |
| int EXPR |
Returns the integer portion of EXPR. |
| log EXPR |
Returns natural logarithm (base e) of EXPR. |
| rand [ EXPR ] |
Returns a random fractional number between 0 and the value of EXPR.
If EXPR is omitted, returns a value between 0 and 1. |
| sin EXPR |
Returns the sine of EXPR (expressed in radians). |
| sqrt EXPR |
Returns the square root of EXPR. |
| srand [ EXPR ] |
Sets the random number seed for the rand operator. |
| time |
Returns the number of seconds since January 1, 1970. Suitable for
feeding to gmtime and localtime. |
Conversion Functions
- chr EXPR
- Returns the character represented by the decimal value EXPR.
- gmtime EXPR
- Converts a time as returned by the time function to a 9-element array
(0: $sec,
1: $min,
2: $hour,
3: $mday,
4: $mon,
5: $year,
6: $wday,
7: $yday,
8: $isdst)
with the time analyzed for the Greenwich time zone. $mon has the range 0..11 and
$wday has the range 0..6.
- hex EXPR
- Returns the decimal value of EXPR interpreted as a hex string.
- localtime EXPR
- Converts a time as returned by the time function to
ctime(3) string.
In array context, returns a 9-element array with the time analyzed for the local time zone.
- oct EXPR
- Returns the decimal value of EXPR interpreted as an octal string.
If EXPR starts off with 0x, interprets it as a hex string
instead.
- ord EXPR
- Returns the ASCII value of the first character of EXPR.
- vec EXPR, OFFSET, BITS
- Treats string EXPR as a vector of unsigned integers,
and yields the bit at OFFSET.
BITS must be between 1 and 32.
May be assigned to.
Structure Conversion
- pack TEMPLATE, LIST
- Packs the values into a binary structure using TEMPLATE.
- unpack TEMPLATE, EXPR
- Unpacks the structure EXPR into an array,
using TEMPLATE.
TEMPLATE is a sequence of characters as follows:
| a / A |
ASCII string, null- / space-padded |
| b / B |
Bit string in ascending / descending order |
| c / C |
Native / unsigned char value |
| f / d |
Single / double float in native format |
| h / H |
Hex string, low / high nybble first |
| i / I |
Signed / unsigned integer value |
| l / L |
Signed / unsigned long value |
| n / N |
Short / long in network (big endian) byte order |
| s / S |
Signed / unsigned short value |
| u / P |
Uuencoded string / pointer to a string |
| v / V |
Short / long in VAX (little endian) byte order |
| x / @ |
Null byte / null fill until position |
| X |
Backup a byte |
Each character may be followed by a decimal number that
will be used as a repeat count; an asterisk (*) specifies all
remaining arguments. If the format is preceded with %N,
unpack returns an N-bit checksum instead. Spaces may be
included in the template for readability purposes.
String Functions
- chomp LIST
- Removes line endings from all elements of the list;
returns the (total) number of characters removed.
- chop LIST
- Chops off the last character on all elements of the
list; returns the last chopped character.
- crypt PLAINTEXT, SALT
- Encrypts a string.
- eval EXPR
- EXPR is parsed and executed as if it were a Perl program.
The value returned is the value of the last expression evaluated.
If there is a syntax error or runtime error,
an undefined string is returned by eval, and
$@ is set to the error message.
See also eval in section Miscellaneous.
- index STR, SUBSTR [ , OFFSET ]
- Returns the position of SUBSTR
in STR at or after OFFSET.
If the substring is not found, returns -1
(but see $[ in section Special Variables).
- length EXPR
- Returns the length in characters of the value of EXPR.
- lc EXPR
- Returns a lowercase version of EXPR.
- lcfirst EXPR
- Returns EXPR with the first character lowercase.
- quotemeta EXPR
- Returns EXPR with all regular expression metacharacters quoted.
- rindex STR, SUBSTR [ , OFFSET ]
- Returns the position of the last SUBSTR
in STR at or before OFFSET.
- substr EXPR, OFFSET [ , LEN ]
- Extracts a substring of length LEN out of EXPR
and returns it. If OFFSET is negative, counts from the end of
the string. May be assigned to.
- uc EXPR
- Returns an uppercased version of EXPR.
- ucfirst EXPR
- Returns EXPR with the first character uppercased.
Array and List Functions
- delete $HASH{KEY}
- Deletes the specified value from the specified hash.
Returns the deleted value unless HASH is tied
to a package that does not support this.
- each %HASH
- Returns a 2-element array consisting of the key and value for the next value
of the hash. Entries are returned in an apparently random order.
After all values of the hash have been returned, a null array is
returned. The next call to each after that will start iterating again.
- exists EXPR
- Checks if the specified hash key exists in its hash array.
- grep EXPR, LIST
grep BLOCK LIST
- Evaluates EXPR or BLOCK for each element of the LIST,
locally setting $_ to refer to the element.
Modifying $_ will modify the
corresponding element from LIST.
Returns the array of elements from
LIST for which EXPR returned true.
- join EXPR, LIST
- Joins the separate strings of LIST into a single string with fields
separated by the value of EXPR, and returns the string.
- keys %HASH
- Returns an array with all of the keys of the named hash.
- map EXPR, LIST
map BLOCK LIST
- Evaluates EXPR or BLOCK for each element of the LIST,
locally setting $_ to refer to the element.
Modifying $_ will modify the
corresponding element from LIST.
Returns the list of results.
- pop @ARRAY
- Pops off and returns the last value of the array.
- push @ARRAY, LIST
- Pushes the values of LIST onto the end of the array.
- reverse LIST
- In array context, returns the LIST in reverse order.
In scalar context: returns the first element of LIST
with bytes reversed.
- scalar @ARRAY
- Returns the number of elements in the array.
- scalar %HASH
- Returns a true value if the hash has elements defined.
- shift [ @ARRAY ]
- Shifts the first value of the array off and returns it, shortening the array
by 1 and moving everything down. If @ARRAY is omitted,
shifts @ARGV in main and @_ in subroutines.
- sort [ SUBROUTINE ] LIST
- Sorts the LIST and returns the sorted array value.
SUBROUTINE, if specified, must return less than zero,
zero, or greater than zero, depending on how the
elements of the array (available to the routine as $a and $b)
are to be ordered. SUBROUTINE may be the name of a user-defined
routine, or a BLOCK.
- splice @ARRAY, OFFSET [ , LENGTH [ , LIST ] ]
- Removes the elements of @ARRAY designated by
OFFSET and LENGTH,
and replaces them with LIST (if specified).
Returns the elements removed.
- split [ PATTERN [ , EXPR [ , LIMIT ] ] ]
- Splits a string into an array of strings, and returns it.
If LIMIT is specified, splits into at most that number
of fields. If PATTERN is also omitted, splits at the whitespace.
If not in array context, returns number of fields and splits to @_.
See also Search and Replace Functions.
- unshift @ARRAY, LIST
- Prepends list to the front of the array, and returns the number of elements in
the new array.
- values %HASH
- Returns a normal array consisting of all the values of the named hash.
Regular Expressions
Each character matches itself, unless it is one of the special characters
+ ? . * ^ $ ( ) [ ] { } | \.
The special meaning of these characters can be escaped using a \.
| . |
matches an arbitrary character, but not a newline
unless it is a single-line match (see m//s). |
| (...) |
groups a series of pattern elements to a single element. |
| ^ |
matches the beginning of the target. In multiline mode
(see m//m) also matches after every newline character. |
| $ |
matches the end of the line.
In multiline mode also matches before every newline character. |
| [ ... ] |
denotes a class of characters to match.
[^ ... ] negates the class. |
| ( ... | ... | ... ) |
matches one of the alternatives. |
| (?# TEXT ) |
Comment. |
| (?: REGEXP ) |
Like (REGEXP) but does not make back-references. |
| (?= REGEXP ) |
Zero width positive look-ahead assertion. |
| (?! REGEXP ) |
Zero width negative look-ahead assertion. |
| (? MODIFIER ) |
Embedded pattern-match modifier. MODIFIER can be one or more of
i, m, s, or x. |
Quantified subpatterns match as many times as possible.
When followed with a ? they match the minimum number of times.
These are the quantifiers:
|
| + |
matches the preceding pattern element one or more times. |
| ? |
matches zero or one times. |
| * |
matches zero or more times. |
| {N,M} |
denotes the minimum N and maximum M match count.
{N} means exactly N times;
{N,} means at least N times. |
A \ escapes any special meaning
of the following character if non-alphanumeric, but it turns most alphanumeric characters
into something special:
|
| \w |
matches alphanumeric, including _,
\W matches non-alphanumeric. |
| \s |
matches whitespace, \S matches non-whitespace. |
| \d |
matches numeric, \D matches non-numeric. |
| \A |
matches the beginning of the string, \Z matches the end. |
| \b |
matches word boundaries, \B matches non-boundaries. |
| \G |
matches where the previous m//g search left off. |
| \n, \r, \f, \t |
etc. have their usual meaning. |
| \w, \s and \d |
may be used within character classes,
\b denotes backspace in this context. |
Back-references:
|
| \1 ... \9 |
refer to matched subexpressions, grouped with (),
inside the match. |
| \10 |
and up can also be used if the pattern matches that many subexpressions. |
See also $1 ... $9, $+, $&, $`, and $'
in section Special Variables.
With modifier x, whitespace can be used in the patterns for
readability purposes.
Search and Replace Functions
- [ EXPR =~ ] [ m ] /PATTERN/
[ g ] [ i ] [ m ] [ o ] [ s ] [ x ]
- Searches EXPR (default: $_) for a pattern. If you
prepend an m you can use almost any pair of delimiters
instead of the slashes. If used in array context,
an array is returned consisting of the subexpressions
matched by the parentheses in the pattern, i.e., ($1,$2,$3,...).
Optional modifiers: g matches as many times as
possible; i searches in a case-insensitive manner; o
interpolates variables only once. m treats the string
as multiple lines; s treats the string as a single line; x
allows for regular expression extensions.
If PATTERN is empty, the most recent pattern from a
previous match or replacement is used.
With g the match can be used as an iterator in scalar
context.
- ?PATTERN?
- This is just like the /PATTERN/ search, except that it
matches only once between calls to the reset operator.
- [ $VAR =~ ] s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/
[ e ] [ g ] [ i ] [ m ] [ o ] [ s ] [ x ]
- Searches a string for a pattern, and if found, replaces
that pattern with the replacement text. It returns the
number of substitutions made, if any; if no substitutions are made, it
returns false.
Optional modifiers: g replaces all occurrences of the
pattern; e evaluates the replacement string as a Perl
expression; for any other modifiers, see /PATTERN/
matching. Almost any delimiter may replace the
slashes; if single quotes are used, no interpretation is
done on the strings between the delimiters, otherwise
the strings are interpolated as if inside double quotes.
If bracketing delimiters are used, PATTERN and
REPLACEMENT may have their own delimiters, e.g.,
s(foo)[bar]. If PATTERN is empty, the most recent pattern
from a previous match or replacement is used.
- [ $VAR =~ ] tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/
[ c ] [ d ] [ s ]
- Translates all occurrences of the characters found in
the search list with the corresponding character in
the replacement list. It returns the number of characters
replaced. y may be used instead of tr.
Optional modifiers: c complements the SEARCHLIST;
d deletes all characters found in SEARCHLIST that do
not have a corresponding character in
REPLACEMENTLIST; s squeezes all
sequences of characters that are translated into the same target character
into one occurrence of this character.
- pos SCALAR
- Returns the position where the last m//g search left off
for SCALAR. May be assigned to.
- study [ $VAR ]
- Study the scalar variable $VAR in anticipation of
performing many pattern matches on its contents
before the variable is next modified.
File Test Operators
These unary operators takes one argument, either a filename
or a filehandle, and test the associated file to see if something
is true about it. If the argument is omitted, they test $_
(except for -t, which tests STDIN). If the special argument _
(underscore) is passed, they use the information from the preceding test or stat call.
| -r -w -x |
File is readable/writable/executable by effective uid/gid. |
| -R -W -X |
File is readable/writable/executable by real uid/gid. |
| -o -O |
File is owned by effective/real uid. |
| -e -z |
File exists/has zero size. |
| -s |
File exists and has non-zero size. Returns the size. |
| -f -d |
File is a plain file/a directory. |
| -l -S -p |
File is a symbolic link/a socket/a named pipe (FIFO). |
| -b -c |
File is a block/character special file. |
| -u -g -k |
File has setuid/setgid/sticky bit set. |
| -t |
Tests if filehandle (STDIN by default) is opened to a tty. |
| -T -B |
File is a text/non-text (binary) file.
-T and -B return true on a null file,
or a file at EOF when testing a filehandle. |
| -M -A -C |
File modification / access / inode-change time.
Measured in days. Value returned reflects the file age at
the time the script started. See also $^T in the section
Special Variables. |
File Operations
Functions operating on a list of files return the number of files successfully
operated upon.
- chmod LIST
- Changes the permissions of a list of files.
The first element of the list must be the numerical mode.
- chown LIST
- Changes the owner and group of a list of files.
The first two elements of the list must be the numerical uid and gid.
- truncate FILE, SIZE
- Truncates FILE to SIZE.
FILE may be a filename or a filehandle.
- link OLDFILE, NEWFILE
- Creates a new filename linked to the old filename.
- lstat FILE
- Like stat, but does not traverse a final symbolic link.
- mkdir DIR, MODE
- Creates a directory with given permissions.
Sets $! on failure.
- readlink EXPR
- Returns the value of a symbolic link.
- rename OLDNAME, NEWNAME
- Changes the name of a file.
- rmdir FILENAME
- Deletes the directory if it is empty.
Sets $! on failure.
- stat FILE
- Returns a 13-element array
(0: $dev,
1: $ino,
2: $mode,
3: $nlink,
4: $uid,
5: $gid,
6: $rdev,
7: $size,
8: $atime,
9: $mtime,
10: $ctime,
11: $blksize,
12: $blocks).
FILE can be a filehandle, an expression evaluating to a filename,
or _ to refer to the last file test operation or stat call.
Returns a null list if the stat fails.
- symlink OLDFILE, NEWFILE
- Creates a new filename symbolically linked to the old filename.
- unlink LIST
- Deletes a list of files.
- utime LIST
- Changes the access and modification times.
The first two elements of the list must be the numerical access and modification times.
Input / Output
In input/output operations, FILEHANDLE may be a
filehandle as opened by the open operator, a predefined filehandle
(e.g., STDOUT) or a scalar variable that evaluates to the name of a
filehandle to be used.
- <FILEHANDLE>
- In scalar context, reads a single line from the file opened on FILEHANDLE.
In array context, reads the whole file.
- < >
- Reads from the input stream formed by the files specified in
@ARGV, or standard input if no arguments were supplied.
- binmode FILEHANDLE
- Arranges for the file opened on FILEHANDLE to be read
or written in binary mode as opposed to text mode (null operation on UNIX).
- close FILEHANDLE
- Closes the file or pipe associated with the filehandle.
- dbmclose %HASH
- Deprecated, use untie instead.
- dbmopen %HASH, DBMNAME, MODE
- Deprecated, use tie instead.
- eof FILEHANDLE
- Returns true if the next read will return end of file, or
if the file is not open.
- eof
- Returns the EOF status for the last file read.
- eof()
- Indicates EOF on the pseudo file formed of the files
listed on the command line.
- fcntl FILEHANDLE, FUNCTION, $VAR
- Implements the fcntl(2) function. This function has
non-standard return values.
- fileno FILEHANDLE
- Returns the file descriptor for a given (open) file.
- flock FILEHANDLE, OPERATION
- Calls flock(2) on the file.
OPERATION formed by
adding 1 (shared),
2 (exclusive), 4 (non-blocking), or 8 (unlock).
- getc [ FILEHANDLE ]
- Yields the next character from the file, or an empty
string on end of file. If FILEHANDLE is omitted, reads
from STDIN.
- ioctl FILEHANDLE, FUNCTION, $VAR
- Performs ioctl(2) on the file. This function has non-standard
return values.
- open FILEHANDLE [ , FILENAME ]
- Opens a file and associates it with FILEHANDLE. If
FILENAME is omitted, the scalar variable of the same
name as the FILEHANDLE must contain the filename.
The following filename conventions apply when
opening a file.
| "FILE" |
open FILE for input.
Also "<FILE". |
| ">FILE" |
open FILE for output, creating it if necessary. |
| ">>FILE" |
open FILE in append mode. |
| "+<FILE" |
open FILE with read/write access (file must exist). |
| "+>FILE" |
open FILE with read/write access (file truncated). |
| "|CMD" |
opens a pipe to command CMD;
forks if CMD is -. |
| "CMD|" |
opens a pipe from command CMD;
forks if CMD is -. |
FILE may be &FILEHND
in which case the new filehandle is connected to the (previously opened)
filehandle FILEHND.
If it is &=N, FILE will be connected to the given file descriptor.
open returns undef upon failure, true otherwise.
- pipe READHANDLE, WRITEHANDLE
- Returns a pair of connected pipes.
- print [ FILEHANDLE ] [ LIST ]
- Equivalent to print FILEHANDLE sprintf LIST.
- printf[([FILEHANDLE] LIST)]
- Equivalent to print FILEHANDLE
sprintf(LIST).
- read FILEHANDLE, $VAR, LENGTH [ , OFFSET ]
- Reads LENGTH binary bytes from the file into the
variable at OFFSET. Returns number of bytes actually read.
- seek FILEHANDLE, POSITION, WHENCE
- Arbitarily positions the file.
Returns true if successful.
- select [ FILEHANDLE ]
- Returns the currently selected filehandle. Sets the
current default filehandle for output operations if
FILEHANDLE is supplied.
- select RBITS, WBITS, NBITS, TIMEOUT
- Performs a select(2) system call with the same
parameters.
- sprintf FORMAT, LIST
- Returns a string formatted by (almost all of) the
usual printf(3) conventions.
- sysread FILEHANDLE, $VAR, LENGTH [ , OFFSET ]
- Reads LENGTH bytes into
$VAR at OFFSET.
- syswrite FILEHANDLE, SCALAR, LENGTH [ , OFFSET ]
- Writes LENGTH bytes from SCALAR at OFFSET.
- tell [ FILEHANDLE ]
- Returns the current file position for the file.
If FILENAME is omitted, assumes the file last read.
- write [ FILEHANDLE ]
- Writes a formatted record to the specified file, using the format associated
with that file.
Formats
- formline PICTURE, LIST
- Formats LIST according to PICTURE
and accumulates the result into $^A.
- write [ FILEHANDLE ]
- Writes a formatted record to the specified file, using the format associated
with that file.
Formats are defined as follows:
format [NAME] =
FORMLIST
.
FORMLIST pictures the lines, and contains the arguments which will
give values to the fields in the lines. NAME defaults to
STDOUT if omitted.
Picture fields are:
| @<<<... |
left adjusted field, repeat the < to denote the desired width |
| @>>>... |
right adjusted field |
| @|||... |
centered field |
| @#.##... |
numeric format with implied decimal point |
| @* |
a multi-line field |
Use ^ instead of @ for multiline block filling.
Use ~ at the beginning of a line to suppress unwanted empty lines.
Use ~~ at the beginning of a line to have this format line repeated until
all fields are exhausted.
Use $- to zero to force a page break on the next write.
See also $^, $~, $^A, $^F,
$- and $= in section
Special Variables.
Directory Reading Routines
- closedir DIRHANDLE
- Closes a directory opened by opendir.
- opendir DIRHANDLE, DIRNAME
- Opens a directory on the handle specified.
- readdir DIRHANDLE
- Returns the next entry (or an array of entries) from the directory.
- rewinddir DIRHANDLE
- Positions the directory to the beginning.
- seekdir DIRHANDLE, POS
- Sets position for readdir on the directory.
- telldir DIRHANDLE
- Returns the position in the directory.
System Interaction
- alarm EXPR
- Schedules a SIGALRM to be delivered
after EXPR seconds.
- chdir [ EXPR ]
- Changes the working directory.
Uses $ENV{"HOME"} or $ENV{"LOGNAME"} if EXPR is omitted.
- chroot FILENAME
- Changes the root directory for the process and its children.
- die [ LIST ]
- Prints the value of LIST to STDERR
and exits with the current value of $! (errno).
If $! is 0, exits with the value of ($? >> 8).
If ($? >> 8) is 0, exits with 255.
LIST defaults to "Died".
- exec LIST
- Executes the system command in LIST; does not return.
- exit [ EXPR ]
- Exits immediately with the value of EXPR,
which defaults to 0 (zero).
Calls END routines and object destructors before exiting.
- fork
- Does a fork(2) system call.
Returns the process ID of the child to the parent process and zero to the child process.
- getlogin
- Returns the current login name as known by the system.
- getpgrp [ PID ]
- Returns the process group for process PID
(0, or omitted, means the current process).
- getppid
- Returns the process ID of the parent process.
- getpriority WHICH, WHO
- Returns the current priority for a process, process group, or user.
- glob PAT
- Returns a list of filenames that match the shell pattern PAT.
- kill LIST
- Sends a signal to a list of processes.
The first element of the list must be the signal to send
(either numeric, or its name as a string).
- setpgrp PID, PGRP
- Sets the process group for the PID (0 means the current process).
- setpriority WHICH, WHO, PRIORITY
- Sets the current priority for a process, process group, or a user.
- sleep [ EXPR ]
- Causes the program to sleep for EXPR seconds,
or forever if no EXPR.
Returns the number of seconds actually slept.
- syscall LIST
- Calls the system call specified in the first element of the list, passing the
rest of the list as arguments to the call.
- system LIST
- Does exactly the same thing as exec LIST
except that a fork is performed first,
and the parent process waits for the child process to complete.
- times
- Returns a 4-element array
(0: $user,
1: $system,
2: $cuser,
3: $csystem)
giving the user and system times, in seconds, for this process
and the children of this process.
- umask [ EXPR ]
- Sets the umask for the process and returns the old one.
If EXPR is omitted, returns current umask value.
- wait
- Waits for a child process to terminate and returns the process ID of the
deceased process (-1 if none). The status is returned in $?.
- waitpid PID, FLAGS
- Performs the same function as the corresponding system call.
- warn [ LIST ]
- Prints the message on STDERR like die, but doesn't exit.
LIST defaults to "Warning: something's wrong".
Networking
- accept NEWSOCKET, GENERICSOCKET
- Accepts a new socket.
- bind SOCKET, NAME
- Binds the NAME to the SOCKET.
- connect SOCKET, NAME
- Connects the NAME to the SOCKET.
- getpeername SOCKET
- Returns the socket address of the other end of the SOCKET.
- getsockname SOCKET
- Returns the name of the SOCKET.
- getsockopt SOCKET, LEVEL, OPTNAME
- Returns the socket options.
- listen SOCKET, QUEUESIZE
- Starts listening on the specified SOCKET.
- recv SOCKET, SCALAR, LENGTH, FLAGS
- Receives a message on SOCKET.
- send SOCKET, MSG, FLAGS [ , TO ]
- Sends a message on the SOCKET.
- setsockopt SOCKET, LEVEL, OPTNAME, OPTVAL
- Sets the requested socket option.
- shutdown SOCKET, HOW
- Shuts down a SOCKET.
- socket SOCKET, DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL
- Creates a SOCKET in DOMAIN with TYPE and PROTOCOL.
- socketpair SOCKET1, SOCKET2, DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL
- Works the same as socket, but creates a pair of bidirectional sockets.
System V IPC
You need to require "sys/ipc.ph" before you can use the
symbolic names of the operations.
- msgctl ID, CMD, ARGS
- Calls msgctl(2). If CMD is &IPC_STAT then ARGS must
be a variable.
- msgget KEY, FLAGS
- Creates a message queue for KEY.
Returns the message queue identifier.
- msgsnd ID, MSG, FLAGS
- Sends MSG to queue ID.
- msgrcv ID, $VAR, SIZE, TYPE, FLAGS
- Receives a message from queue ID into VAR.
- semctl ID, SEMNUM, CMD, ARG
- Calls semctl(2).
If CMD is &IPC_STAT of &GETALL
then ARG must be a variable.
- semget KEY, NSEMS, SIZE, FLAGS
- Creates a set of semaphores for KEY.
Returns the message semaphore identifier.
- semop KEY, ...
- Performs semaphore operations.
- shmctl ID, CMD, ARG
- Calls shmctl(2).
If CMD is &IPC_STAT
then ARG must be a variable.
- shmget KEY, SIZE, FLAGS
- Creates shared memory.
Returns the shared memory segment identifier.
- shmread ID, $VAR, POS, SIZE
- Reads at most SIZE bytes of the contents of shared
memory segment ID starting at offset POS into VAR.
- shmwrite ID, STRING, POS, SIZE
- Writes at most SIZE bytes of STRING into the contents of
shared memory segment ID at offset POS.
Miscellaneous
- defined EXPR
- Tests whether the lvalue EXPR has an actual value.
- do FILENAME
- Executes FILENAME as a Perl script.
See also require in the section
Subroutines, Packages and Modules.
- dump [ LABEL ]
- Immediate core dump.
When reincarnated, starts at LABEL.
- eval { EXPR ; ... }
- Executes the code between { and }.
Traps runtime errors as described
with eval(EXPR), in the section String Functions.
- local VARIABLE
- local ( LIST )
- Creates a scope for the listed variables local to the enclosing block,
subroutine or eval.
- my VARIABLE
- my ( LIST )
- Creates a scope for the listed variables lexically local to the enclosing block,
subroutine or eval.
- ref EXPR
- Returns a true value if EXPR is a reference.
Returns the package name if EXPR has been blessed into a package.
- reset [ EXPR ]
- Resets ?? searches so that they work again.
EXPR is a list of single letters. All variables and arrays
beginning with one of those letters are reset
to their pristine state. Only affects the current package.
- scalar EXPR
- Forces evaluation of EXPR in scalar context.
- undef [ LVALUE ]
- Undefines the LVALUE. Always returns the undefined value.
- wantarray
- Returns true if the current context expects an array value.
Information from System Files
| passwd |
| Returns ($name, $passwd,
$uid, $gid, $quota,
$comment, $gcos, $dir,
$shell). |
| endpwent |
Ends lookup processing. |
| getpwent |
Gets next user information. |
| getpwnam NAME |
Gets information by name. |
| getpwuid UID |
Gets information by user ID. |
| setpwent |
Resets lookup processing. |
| |
| group |
| Returns ($name, $passwd,
$gid, $members). |
| endgrent |
Ends lookup processing. |
| getgrgid GID |
Gets information by group ID. |
| getgrnam NAME |
Gets information by name. |
| getgrent |
Gets next information. |
| setgrent |
Resets lookup processing. |
| |
| hosts |
| Returns ($name, $aliases,
$addrtype, $length, @addrs). |
| endhostent |
Ends lookup processing. |
| gethostbyaddr ADDR, ADDRTYPE |
Gets information by IP address. |
| gethostbyname NAME |
Gets information by hostname. |
| gethostent |
Gets next host information. |
| sethostent STAYOPEN |
Resets lookup processing. |
| |
| networks |
| Returns ($name, $aliases,
$addrtype, $net). |
| endnetent |
Ends lookup processing. |
| getnetbyaddr ADDR, TYPE |
Gets information by address and type. |
| getnetbyname NAME |
Gets information by network name. |
| getnetent |
Gets next network information. |
| setnetent STAYOPEN |
Resets lookup processing. |
| |
| services |
| Returns ($name, $aliases,
$port, $proto). |
| endservent |
Ends lookup processing. |
| getservbyname NAME, PROTO |
Gets information by service name. |
| getservbyport PORT, PROTO |
Gets information by service port. |
| getservent |
Gets next service information. |
| setservent STAYOPEN |
Resets lookup processing. |
| |
| protocols |
| Returns ($name, $aliases,
$proto). |
| endprotoent |
Ends lookup processing. |
| getprotobyname NAME |
Gets information by protocol name. |
| getprotobynumber NUMBER |
Gets information by protocol number. |
| getprotoent |
Gets next protocol information. |
| setprotoent STAYOPEN |
Resets lookup processing. |
Special Variables
| The following variables are global and should be
localized in subroutines: |
| $_ |
The default input and pattern-searching space. |
| $. |
The current input line number of the last filehandle that was read. |
| $/ |
The input record separator, newline by default. May be multicharacter. |
| $, |
The output field separator for the print operator. |
| $" |
The separator that joins elements of arrays interpolated in strings. |
| $\ |
The output record separator for the print operator. |
| $# |
The output format for printed numbers. Deprecated. |
| $* |
Set to 1 to do multiline matching within strings.
Deprecated, see the m and s modifiers in section
Search and Replace Functions. |
| $? |
The status returned by the last `...` command,
pipe close or system operator. |
| $] |
The perl version number, e.g., 5.001. |
| $[ |
The index of the first element in an array, and of the first character
in a substring. Default is 0. Deprecated. |
| $; |
The subscript separator for multidimensional array emulation.
Default is "\034". |
| $! |
If used in a numeric context, yields the current value of errno.
If used in a string context, yields the corresponding error string. |
| $@ |
The Perl error message from the last eval or do EXPR
command. |
| $: |
The set of characters after which a string may be broken to
fill continuation fields (starting with ^) in a format. |
| $0 |
The name of the file containing the Perl script being executed.
May be assigned to. |
| $$ |
The process ID of the currently executing Perl program.
Altered (in the child process) by fork. |
| $< |
The real user ID of this process. |
| $> |
The effective user ID of this process. |
| $( |
The real group ID of this process. |
| $) |
The effective group ID of this process. |
| $^A |
The accumulator for formline and write operations. |
| $^D |
The debug flags as passed to perl using -D. |
| $^F |
The highest system file descriptor, ordinarily 2. |
| $^I |
In-place edit extension as passed to Perl using -i. |
| $^L |
Formfeed character used in formats. |
| $^P |
Internal debugging flag. |
| $^T |
The time (as delivered by time) when the program started.
This value is used by the file test operators -M,
-A and -C. |
| $^W |
The value of the -w option as passed to Perl. |
| $^X |
The name by which the currently executing program was invoked. |
| |
| The following variables are context dependent
and need not be localized: |
| $% |
The current page number of the currently selected output channel. |
| $= |
The page length of the current output channel. Default is 60 lines. |
| $- |
The number of lines remaining on the page. |
| $~ |
The name of the current report format. |
| $^ |
The name of the current top-of-page format. |
| $| |
If set to nonzero, forces a flush after every write or print on the
currently selected output channel. Default is 0. |
| $ARGV |
The name of the current file when reading from <>. |
| |
| The following variables are always local to the
current block: |
| $& |
The string matched by the last successful pattern match. |
| $` |
The string preceding what was matched by the last successful match. |
| $' |
The string following what was matched by the last successful match. |
| $+ |
The last bracket matched by the last search pattern. |
| $1...$9... |
Contain the subpatterns from the corresponding sets of parentheses in the
last pattern successfully matched. $10... and up are only available if the
match contained that many subpatterns. |
Special Arrays
| @ARGV |
Contains the command-line arguments for the script (not including the
command name). |
| @EXPORT |
Names the methods a package exports by default. |
| @EXPORT_OK |
Names the methods a package can export upon explicit request. |
| @INC |
Contains the list of places to look for Perl scripts to be evaluated by
the do FILENAME and require commands. |
| @ISA |
List of base classes of a package. |
| @_ |
Parameter array for subroutines. Also used by split
if not in array context. |
| %ENV |
Contains the current environment. |
| %INC |
List of files that have been included with require or do. |
| %OVERLOAD |
Can be used to overload operators in a package. |
| %SIG |
Used to set signal handlers for various signals. |
Environment Variables
Perl uses the following environment variables.
| HOME |
Used if chdir has no argument. |
| LOGDIR |
Used if chdir has no argument and HOME is not set. |
| PATH |
Used in executing subprocesses, and in finding the Perl script if -S
is used. |
| PERL5LIB |
A colon-separated list of directories to look in for Perl library files
before looking in the standard library and the current directory. |
| PERL5DB |
The command to get the debugger code.
Defaults to BEGIN { require 'perl5db.pl' }. |
| PERLLIB |
Used instead of PERL5LIB if the latter is not defined. |
The Perl Debugger
The Perl symbolic debugger is invoked with perl -d.
| h |
Prints out a help message. |
| T |
Prints a stack trace. |
| s |
Single steps. |
| n |
Single steps around subroutine call. |
| RETURN key |
Repeats last s or n. |
| r |
Returns from the current subroutine. |
| c [ LINE ] |
Continues (until LINE,
or another breakpoint, or exit). |
| p EXPR |
Prints EXPR. |
| l [ RANGE ] |
Lists a range of lines.
RANGE may be a number, start-end,
start+amount, or a subroutine name. If RANGE is omitted,
lists next window. |
| w |
Lists window around current line. |
| - |
Lists previous window. |
| f FILE |
Switches to FILE and starts listing it. |
| l SUB |
Lists the named subroutine. |
| S |
List the names of all subroutines. |
| /PATTERN/ |
Searches forward for PATTERN. |
| ?PATTERN? |
Searches backward for PATTERN. |
| b [ LINE [ CONDITION ] ] |
Sets breakpoint at LINE; default is the current line. |
| b SUB [ CONDITION ] |
Sets breakpoint at the subroutine. |
| d [ LINE ] |
Deletes breakpoint at the given line. |
| D |
Deletes all breakpoints. |
| L |
Lists lines that have breakpoints or actions. |
| a LINE COMMAND |
Sets an action for line. |
| A |
Deletes all line actions. |
| < COMMAND |
Sets an action to be executed before every debugger prompt. |
| > COMMAND |
Sets an action to be executed before every
s, c or n command. |
| V [ PACKAGE [ VARS ] ] |
Lists all variables in a package. Default package is main. |
| X [ VARS ] |
Like V, but assumes current package. |
| ! [ [-]NUMBER ] |
Re-executes a command. Default is the previous command. |
| H [ -NUMBER ] |
Displays the last -NUMBER
commands of more than one letter. |
| t |
Toggles trace mode. |
| = [ ALIAS VALUE ] |
Sets alias, or lists current aliases. |
| q |
Quits. You may also use your EOF key character. |
| COMMAND |
Executes COMMAND as a Perl statement. |
Other Summaries and Demos
- See my home page for other summaries
and demos: APL, REXX, XEDIT, KEDIT, Perl, HTML, RGB Colors, HTTP Cookies, Email
Forms, CGI Environment Variables, Server Side Includes, etc...


The distinguishing feature of the NetFlow Version 9 format is that it
is template based. Templates provide an extensible design to the record format,
a feature that should allow future enhancements to NetFlow services without
requiring concurrent changes to the basic flow-record format.
The NetFlow Version 9 record format consists of a packet header followed
by at least one or more template or data FlowSets. A template FlowSet
provides a description of the fields that will be present in future data
FlowSets. These data FlowSets may occur later within the same export
packet or in subsequent export packets.
One of the key elements in the new Version 9 format is the template FlowSet.
Templates greatly enhance the flexibility of the NetFlow record format,
because they allow a NetFlow collector or display application to process
NetFlow data without necessarily knowing the format of the data in advance.
Templates are used to describe the type and length of individual fields
within subsequent NetFlow data records that match a template ID.
| Field Type | Value | Length (bytes) | Description |
| IN_BYTES | 1 | N (default is 4) | Incoming counter with length N x 8 bits
for number of bytes associated with an IP Flow. |
| IN_PKTS | 2 | N (default is 4) | Incoming counter with length N x 8 bits
for the number of packets associated with an IP Flow |
| FLOWS | 3 | N | Number of flows that were aggregated; default for N is 4 |
| PROTOCOL | 4 | 1 | IP protocol byte |
| SRC_TOS | 5 | 1 | Type of Service byte setting when entering incoming interface |
| TCP_FLAGS | 6 | 1 | Cumulative of all the TCP flags seen for this flow |
| L4_SRC_PORT | 7 | 2 | TCP/UDP source port number e.g. FTP, Telnet, or equivalent |
| IPV4_SRC_ADDR | 8 | 4 | IPv4 source address |
| SRC_MASK | 9 | 1 | The number of contiguous bits in the source address subnet mask i.e. the
submask in slash notation |
| INPUT_SNMP | 10 | N | Input interface index; default for N is 2 but higher values could
be used |
| L4_DST_PORT | 11 | 2 | TCP/UDP destination port number e.g. FTP, Telnet, or equivalent |
| IPV4_DST_ADDR | 12 | 4 | IPv4 destination address |
| DST_MASK | 13 | 1 | The number of contiguous bits in the destination address subnet mask
i.e. the submask in slash notation |
| OUTPUT_SNMP | 14 | N | Output interface index; default for N is 2 but higher values could
be used |
| IPV4_NEXT_HOP | 15 | 4 | IPv4 address of next-hop router |
| SRC_AS | 16 | N (default is 2) | Source BGP autonomous system number where N could be 2 or 4 |
| DST_AS | 17 | N (default is 2) | Destination BGP autonomous system number where N could be 2 or 4 |
| BGP_IPV4_NEXT_HOP | 18 | 4 | Next-hop router's IP in the BGP domain |
| MUL_DST_PKTS | 19 | N (default is 4) | IP multicast outgoing packet counter with length
N x 8 bits for packets associated with the IP Flow |
| MUL_DST_BYTES | 20 | N (default is 4) | IP multicast outgoing byte counter with length
N x 8 bits for bytes associated with the IP Flow |
| LAST_SWITCHED | 21 | 4 | System uptime at which the last packet of this flow was switched |
| FIRST_SWITCHED | 22 | 4 | System uptime at which the first packet of this flow was switched |
| OUT_BYTES | 23 | N (default is 4) | Outgoing counter with length N x 8 bits for the number
of bytes associated with an IP Flow |
| OUT_PKTS | 24 | N (default is 4) | Outgoing counter with length N x 8 bits for the number
of packets associated with an IP Flow. |
| MIN_PKT_LNGTH | 25 | 2 | Minimum IP packet length on incoming packets of the flow |
| MAX_PKT_LNGTH | 26 | 2 | Maximum IP packet length on incoming packets of the flow |
| IPV6_SRC_ADDR | 27 | 16 | IPv6 Source Address |
| IPV6_DST_ADDR | 28 | 16 | IPv6 Destination Address |
| IPV6_SRC_MASK | 29 | 1 | Length of the IPv6 source mask in contiguous bits |
| IPV6_DST_MASK | 30 | 1 | Length of the IPv6 destination mask in contiguous bits |
| IPV6_FLOW_LABEL | 31 | 3 | IPv6 flow label as per RFC 2460 definition |
| ICMP_TYPE | 32 | 2 | Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packet type; reported
as ((ICMP Type * 256) + ICMP code) |
| MUL_IGMP_TYPE | 33 | 1 | Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) packet type |
| SAMPLING_INTERVAL | 34 | 4 | When using sampled NetFlow, the rate at which packets
are sampled e.g. a value of 100 indicates that one of every 100 packets is sampled |
| SAMPLING_ALGORITHM | 35 | 1 | The type of algorithm used for sampled NetFlow: 0x01
Deterministic Sampling ,0x02 Random Sampling |
| FLOW_ACTIVE_TIMEOUT | 36 | 2 | Timeout value (in seconds) for active flow entries in
the NetFlow cache |
| FLOW_INACTIVE_TIMEOUT | 37 | 2 | Timeout value (in seconds) for inactive flow entries in
the NetFlow cache |
| ENGINE_TYPE | 38 | 1 | Type of flow switching engine: RP = 0, VIP/Linecard = 1 |
| ENGINE_ID | 39 | 1 | ID number of the flow switching engine |
| TOTAL_BYTES_EXP | 40 | N (default is 4) | Counter with length N x 8 bits for bytes for
the number of bytes exported by the Observation Domain |
| TOTAL_PKTS_EXP | 41 | N (default is 4) | Counter with length N x 8 bits for bytes for
the number of packets exported by the Observation Domain |
| TOTAL_FLOWS_EXP | 42 | N (default is 4) | Counter with length N x 8 bits for bytes for
the number of flows exported by the Observation Domain |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 43 | | |
| IPV4_SRC_PREFIX | 44 | 4 | IPv4 source address prefix (specific for Catalyst architecture) |
| IPV4_DST_PREFIX | 45 | 4 | IPv4 destination address prefix (specific for Catalyst architecture) |
| MPLS_TOP_LABEL_TYPE | 46 | 1 | MPLS Top Label Type: 0x00 UNKNOWN 0x01 TE-MIDPT
0x02 ATOM 0x03 VPN 0x04 BGP 0x05 LDP |
| MPLS_TOP_LABEL_IP_ADDR | 47 | 4 | Forwarding Equivalent Class corresponding to
the MPLS Top Label |
| FLOW_SAMPLER_ID | 48 | 1 | Identifier shown in "show flow-sampler" |
| FLOW_SAMPLER_MODE | 49 | 1 | The type of algorithm used for sampling data: 0x02
random sampling. Use in connection with FLOW_SAMPLER_MODE |
| FLOW_SAMPLER_RANDOM_INTERVAL | 50 | 4 | Packet interval at which to sample. Use in
connection with FLOW_SAMPLER_MODE |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 51 | | |
| MIN_TTL | 52 | 1 | Minimum TTL on incoming packets of the flow |
| MAX_TTL | 53 | 1 | Maximum TTL on incoming packets of the flow |
| IPV4_IDENT | 54 | 2 | The IP v4 identification field |
| DST_TOS | 55 | 1 | Type of Service byte setting when exiting outgoing interface |
| IN_SRC_MAC | 56 | 6 | Incoming source MAC address |
| OUT_DST_MAC | 57 | 6 | Outgoing destination MAC address |
| SRC_VLAN | 58 | 2 | Virtual LAN identifier associated with ingress interface |
| DST_VLAN | 59 | 2 | Virtual LAN identifier associated with egress interface |
| IP_PROTOCOL_VERSION | 60 | 1 | Internet Protocol Version Set to 4 for IPv4, set to 6
for IPv6. If not present in the template, then version 4 is assumed. |
| DIRECTION | 61 | 1 | Flow direction: 0 - ingress flow, 1 - egress flow |
| IPV6_NEXT_HOP | 62 | 16 | IPv6 address of the next-hop router |
| BPG_IPV6_NEXT_HOP | 63 | 16 | Next-hop router in the BGP domain |
| IPV6_OPTION_HEADERS | 64 | 4 | Bit-encoded field identifying IPv6 option headers
found in the flow |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 65 | | |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 66 | | |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 67 | | |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 68 | | |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 69 | | |
| MPLS_LABEL_1 | 70 | 3 | MPLS label at position 1 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_2 | 71 | 3 | MPLS label at position 2 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_3 | 72 | 3 | MPLS label at position 3 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_4 | 73 | 3 | MPLS label at position 4 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_5 | 74 | 3 | MPLS label at position 5 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_6 | 75 | 3 | MPLS label at position 6 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_7 | 76 | 3 | MPLS label at position 7 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_8 | 77 | 3 | MPLS label at position 8 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_9 | 78 | 3 | MPLS label at position 9 in the stack |
| MPLS_LABEL_10 | 79 | 3 | MPLS label at position 10 in the stack |
| IN_DST_MAC | 80 | 6 | Incoming destination MAC address |
| OUT_SRC_MAC | 81 | 6 | Outgoing source MAC address |
| IF_NAME | 82 | N (default specified in template) | Shortened interface name e.g. "FE1/0" |
| IF_DESC | 83 | N (default specified in template) | Full interface name e.g. "FastEthernet 1/0" |
| SAMPLER_NAME | 84 | N (default specified in template) | Name of the flow sampler |
| IN_PERMANENT_BYTES | 85 | N (default is 4) | Running byte counter for a permanent flow |
| IN_PERMANENT_PKTS | 86 | N (default is 4) | Running packet counter for a permanent flow |
| * Vendor Proprietary* | 87 | | |
When extensibility is required, the new field types will be added to the list. The new field
types have to be updated on the Exporter and Collector but the NetFlow export format would
remain unchanged.
In some cases the size of a field type is fixed by definition, for example PROTOCOL, or
IPV4_SRC_ADDR. However, in other cases they are defined as a variant type. This improves the
memory efficiency in the collector and reduces the network bandwidth requirement between the
Exporter and the Collector. As an example, in the case IN_BYTES, on an access router it might
be sufficient to use a 32 bit counter (N = 4), whilst on a core router a 64 bit counter (N = 8)
would be required.
All counters and counter-like objects are unsigned integers of size N * 8 bits.
When interpreting the NetFlow Version 9 data FlowSet format, note that the fields cannot
be parsed without a corresponding template ID. If a data FlowSet that does not have an
appropriate template ID is received, the record should be discarded.
One additional record type is very important within the NetFlow Version 9 specification:
an options template (and its corresponding options data record). Rather than supplying
information about IP flows, options are used to supply "meta-data" about the NetFlow
process itself. The format of the options template is detailed below.
| Field | Description |
| flowset_id = 1 |
The flowset_id is used to distinguish template records from data records. A template record
always has a flowset_id of 1. A data record always has a nonzero flowset_id which is greater
than 255.
|
| length |
This field gives the total length of this FlowSet. Because an individual template FlowSet may
contain multiple template IDs, the length value should be used to determine the position of
the next FlowSet record, which could be either a template or a data FlowSet.
Length is expressed in TLV format, meaning that the value includes the bytes used for the
flowset_id and the length bytes themselves, as well as the combined lengths of all template
records included in this FlowSet.
|
| template_id |
As a router generates different template FlowSets to match the type of NetFlow data it will
be exporting, each template is given a unique ID. This uniqueness is local to the router that
generated the template_id. The template_id is greater than 255. Template IDs inferior to 255
are reserved.
|
| option_scope_length |
This field gives the length in bytes of any scope fields contained in this options template
(the use of scope is described below).
|
| options_length |
This field gives the length (in bytes) of any Options field definitions contained in this
options template.
|
| scope_field_N_type |
This field gives the relevant portion of the NetFlow process to which the options record
refers. Currently defined values follow:
- 0x0001 System
- 0x0002 Interface
- 0x0003 Line Card
- 0x0004 NetFlow Cache
- 0x0005 Template
For example, sampled NetFlow can be implemented on a per-interface basis, so if the options
record were reporting on how sampling is configured, the scope for the report would be
0x0002 (interface).
|
| scope_field_N_length |
This field gives the length (in bytes) of the Scope field, as it would appear in an options record.
|
| option_field_N_type |
This numeric value represents the type of the field that appears in the options record.
Possible values are detailed in template flow set format (above).
|
| option_field_N_length |
This number is the length (in bytes) of the field, as it would appear in an options record.
|
| padding |
Padding should be inserted to align the end of the FlowSet on a 32 bit boundary. Pay
attention that the length field will include those padding bits.
|


Next: float (System Class), Previous: complex (System Class), Up: Numbers Dictionary
The type real includes all numbers that represent mathematical real numbers, though there are mathematical real numbers (e.g., irrational numbers) that do not have an exact representation in Common Lisp. Only reals can be ordered using the <, >, <=, and >= functions.
The types rational and float are disjoint subtypes of type real.
Abbreviating.
(real
{[lower-limit [upper-limit]]})
lower-limit, upper-limit—interval designators for type real. The defaults for each of lower-limit and upper-limit is the symbol *.
This denotes the reals on the interval described by lower-limit and upper-limit.


2852 High Voltage
FRC Team 2852 is a FIRST Robotics Competition team out of Denis Morris Catholic High School St. Catharines, Ontario. Our team participates in the FIRST Robotics Program at the high school level. We are an innovation driven team composed of an enthusiastic group of students and a set of professional mentors who are dedicated to help these students grow in the field of STEM. Every year, FIRST releases a new game with a variety of different challenges. It is the job of our team to design, build, and program a robot that can complete the tasks that the game outlines. We take our robot and compete against other teams around the world. As a team our goal is to ensure that our students learn the necessary hands-on skills to help them in the STEM field. Not only do we prioritize the hands-on skills, but we strive to create lifelong bonds, strong ideals, confident communication skills, leadership, and productive teamwork skills. Our values go beyond Robots. #MoreThanRobots


Arbroath is a useful sheltered harbour when passage making along this exposed coast. It is still a busy fishing and commercial port, but welcomes visiting yacht too. One thing not to be missed when visiting here, are the famous 'Arbroath smokies'
Position 56° 33'13"N, 02° 34'58"W (Outer Harbour entrance)
The marina here is well-sheltered in the inner harbour. The marina lock gate opens +-3h HW. Beware of the myriad of fishing nets when approaching the harbour. They can be difficult to avoid even in daylight..
Arbroath Harbour © S/Y Suwena
Last updated March 2015.


HEAD
This webpage will give you a brief introduction of Muhammad Asmar.
Hello, I am Muhammad and this marks the end of my second year at Florida Atlantic University.
I am a computer science and am interesting in taking this course to learn about software engineering and applying software engineering principals in the real world.
My hobbies outside of school work include video games and watching anime. My favorite video games include Kingdom Hearts and Overwatch and my favorite anime is One Piece.
As for my heritage, both of my parents and brothers were born in Pakistan; however, I was born in the United States, which makes me the first in my family to be born outside
of the Indian subcontinent.
If you would like to contact Muhammad for any questions, click on the link below to email directly.
Email MuhammadThis webpage will give you a brief introduction of Muhammad Asmar.
Hello, I am Muhammad and this marks the end of my second year at Florida Atlantic University.
I am a computer science and am interesting in taking this course to learn about software engineering and applying software engineering principals in the real world.
My hobbies outside of school work include video games and watching anime. My favorite video games include Kingdom Hearts and Overwatch and my favorite anime is One Piece.
As for my heritage, both of my parents and brothers were born in Pakistan; however, I was born in the United States, which makes me the first in my family to be born outside
of the Indian subcontinent.
If you would like to contact Muhammad for any questions, click on the link below to email directly.
Email Muhammad


Kristine Wasserbach Bruce
Unafffiliated
Community Planner with Logan Simpson
Bachelor's Degree Environmental Design from University of Colorado, Boulder in 2005 Master's Degree in Landscape Architecture from University of Colorado, Denver in 2008 Geographic Information Systems Professional (GISP) Certificate, 2015
80521
I have not donated to any campaign.
Irish Elementary Esquela Bilingual Parent Teacher Organization, Teaching Tree Early Learning Center, Fort Collins Vibrant Neighborhoods Planning committee (2017), GIS day Colorado State University (2017), Logan Simpson volunteer Day (2015)
As a Colorado-based community planner, I regularly invite representatives of diverse organizations such as wildlife agencies, housing groups, recreation coalitions, and others to provide perspective on issues and opportunities. I work hard to make sure that all interests are considered when making plan recommendations.
I am a 4th generation Coloradan, and my children are 5th generation. Because my family has been here for so long, I have personal threads throughout Colorado’s geography and industries. My family homesteaded in Rocky Ford in the 1890’s, and today my family lives in Durango, Colorado Springs, Cheraw, Rocky Ford, Arvada, Westminster, and Fort Collins. I care about all parts of Colorado, and I want to be part of the solution that ensures a fair voice for all now and into the future. I want to serve on the commission because Colorado has made me who I am.
In my professional career, I have worked in a variety of political climates across the country. In each one, I ensure that everyone is heard and that the resulting product reflects the voices of that community. In the event the commissioners don’t agree, I would identify ideas that already have group consensus. I would then suggest discussing why each group prefers their scenario, starting with those shared ideas as a baseline to illustrate the benefit of each point of view. I find this builds trust and consensus. The redistricting process will work best when everyone’s opinion is considered with respect, through a fair and impartial process.
I am an analytical, geo-spatially oriented thinker as well as an enthusiastic group facilitator. My understanding of demographic data will help the commission make informed decisions. Furthermore, applying the data to group discussion and leveraging qualitative and quantitative information works well to develop actions that are backed by information and support consensus.
Female


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The database schema is automatically generated. Each table has to have a unique key to be included.
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{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
We think that the best way to protect our users is to commit to storing no data about you on our servers. If we don't have it, we can't give it to anyone who asks for it and it can't get stolen.


--- title: HTML Escape | UnEscape Online | Developer Tools layout: post ---
{% include common-meta %}This is a free online tool to escape and unescape HTML markup. You can copy/paste your desired HTML in below text field and hit Escape or UnEscape button.
HTML escaping is used to represent special meaning characters in a HTML code. e.g. less than symbol <
has a special meaning in HTML markup language. But in case your data contains a less than symbol <
and you
want to send it without confusing the browser then you need to send it as < instead of <
. Simlarly there are many other special characters that can be used as part of HTML markup. Below sample list can give you a idea
of what this means.
This tool can easily encode a string to HTML entities or reverse the encoding and convert it to plain text string.
| Character | HTML Escape Value |
|---|---|
| quote (") | " |
| amphersand (&) | & |
| less than symbol (<) | < |
| greater than symbol (>) | > |
That is easy. Just type the character or a full string in the text box above and hit Escape button. You should be able to see the escaped value.
HTML UnEscaping is the reverse process of escaping. This is used by the browser and client side programming languages to get the real data value from escaped string.
Only few special meaning character need to be escaped. These characters have special use in HTML markup language.
This tool can be really handy for bloggers and web masters to display HTML code on their website. A website for HTML tutorials will require HTML encoding to display the actual HTML code instead of its browser rendered values. Most of the syntax highlighter do this on the fly. However, you can use this tool to do encoding for static code snippets and more.


Reginae Carter Is Starring In A Movie Called ‘Dear Santa, I Need A Date’ – See The Trailer
by Alexis StoneReginae Carter proudly announced her fans and followers that she’s featured in a movie called ‘Dear Santa, I Need A Date.’ She told people that they could catch the film all month.
You can also check out the trailer that she shared on her IG account below.
‘Thank you, everyone who tuned in ❤ if you missed it , you can catch it all December on @tvonetv 😘 #dearsantaineedadate,’ Reginae captioned her post.
People were surprised that she’s in a movie, and a lot of followers asked Nae why she did not tell them that she’d be featured in the comedy.
Someone commented: ‘Ummmmm why didn’t you say you were going to be in a movie.’
A follower gushed over Nae’s acting talent and said: ‘Great job you’re a natural at this acting thing!’ while another follower praised Nae and well and posted this: ‘@colormenae great job it was good really enjoy it.’
Other than this, Reginae has been living her best life in Dubai during the past week.
She was there with her mom, Toya Wright, Robert Rushing, her BFF Zonnique Pullins, and more important people.
She made sure to keep her fans and followers updated, so Nae flooded her social media account with all kinds of pics and videos from Dubai.
Nae also made sure to post some new pics in which she’s showing off her beach body, and she looked totally snatched.
Fans were only worried because Nae was posing without too many clothes on, and this is not something great to do in Dubai.


The pride of Ootacamund, the artificial Ooty Lake is the centre of attraction in this part of the Nilgiris. A popular tourist recreational spot, this L-shaped lake provides boating facilities. You can sail a boat in the dazzling blue waters yourself or hire a boatman to row you through.
The lake is surrounded by lush greenery and eucalyptus trees that add to the serenity of the spot. With an exotic backdrop of the Nilgiris, the lake makes for a beautiful photography point. The lake also holds some appeal for birdwatchers as it shelters a variety of birds.
The lake is the venue for several boat races that take place throughout they year. In close vicinity, lie a mini-garden and an amusement park. The 65-acre lake was formed in 1824 under the supervision of John Sullivan, the then Collector of Coimbatore.


Quartos automatically generate a <nav> element on each page.
Each page's <nav> is a sitemap with one link to each page.
Each <details> box represents a folder. Boxes can contain links, boxes, or both.
Quarto sitemaps respect the structure of the ready
folder. If pages are organized in subfolders, then the <nav> element will be similarly organized in boxes.
Click on an open box to close it, and vice versa. By default, each box is open if and only if it contains the current page. Refresh a page to reset boxes to their default states.
ready
folder looks like this:
ready ├── eggs.html ├── grail.html ├── index.html └── spam.html
and the site's domain name is fakedomain.test
, then its pages will be:
https://fakedomain.test/eggs.html https://fakedomain.test/grail.html https://fakedomain.test/index.html https://fakedomain.test/spam.html
and each page will have a flat
<nav> like this:
Links in the <nav> are sorted automatically. (Create a pages.txt file to sort them yourself.)
If the same pages are organized into folders like this:
ready ├── index.html └── quests ├── breakfast │ ├── eggs.html │ └── spam.html └── grail.html
and the site's domain name is fakedomain.test
, then its pages will be:
https://fakedomain.test/index.html https://fakedomain.test/quests/breakfast/eggs.html https://fakedomain.test/quests/breakfast/spam.html https://fakedomain.test/quests/grail.html
and each page with have a nested
<nav> like this:
We interrupt this quarto to bring you a public service announcement:


Run AuthServer, then click 'Connect' to establish connection, then click service. Automatically disconnected after, so will need to click 'Connect' again.