units
The units
program converts quantities expressed in various scales
to their equivalents in other scales. The units
program can
handle multiplicative scale changes as well as nonlinear
conversions such as Fahrenheit to
Celsius.1
Temperature conversions require a special
syntax.
See Temperature Conversion Example.
The units are defined in an external data file. You can use the extensive data file that comes with this program, or you can provide your own data file to suit your needs.
units
The Android version serves as a front-end to the standard GNU
units
program which has been recompiled with the Android Native
Development Kit. Thus, much of the original functionality of
units
is maintained.
GNU units
was originally written by Adrian Mariano.
The Android port works much like standard units
invoked in interactive
mode (see below). Enter expressions for your known values in the You have entry box, and target conversion expressions in the
You want entry box. Press the Convert button. Conversion and other
information (formatted based on flags/options as described below)
appear in the editable "Results" box.
 Press
Back twice in rapid succession to make the "back" function
behave as it ordinarily does. You can turn off this functionality via
Preferences if you don't like it. The application keeps track of your
previous 100 entries in each of the entry boxes, and maintains
this history even if you leave the application or turn off your phone.
Flags/Options: with some exceptions, many of the original command-line options are
available in the Android version. These options can be changed using the
Flag/Options settings under the Preferences menu. For simplicity, the
Android version sets the --terse
option initially by
default. You
can remove or change
this option if it does not suit you.
Autocompletion: you can turn on autocompletion with the
Autocomplete threshold preferences item. Select the number of
characters entered that will trigger a drop-down list of recognized units of
measures and functions beginning with those characters. Autocompletion
is off by default.
You can also enter search xxx
(where xxx
is some string of
characters) in the You have box to
search for units of measures and functions. For example, to search for
units of measure that contain the string "amp", enter search
amp
and then press Convert. The Results box will contain:
abamp abampere
abampere 10 A
amp ampere
ampere A
amphora 8 congii
amphorae amphora
intamp intampere
intampere 0.999835 A
statamp statampere
statampere 10 A cm / s c
thermalampere W/K
Share: this menu item allows you to select a sharing
application (e.g., email, text message), and copy a units
result to that application. The applications available for sharing
results depend on what you have installed on your device.-f
command-line option (set in Preferences->Flags/Options). You can also edit and/or replace the
units.dat
file in its default
directory (this location may vary based on your platform):
/mnt/sdcard/Android/data/org.quexotic.gnuunits/files/units.dat
If you use the -f
option, you have to specify the full
path to where you installed your custom units file. For example, you
could install your custom units file on your sdcard (a device's
optional memory card), and then use this file
by including the following Preferences->Flags/Options:
-f /mnt/sdcard/myunits.dat -f ""
(Note the use of the -f ""
flag, which loads the default
units file in addition to your custom units file - this is almost
always what you want to do.)--check
)
using a non-Android version of units
before use with the
Android port. -f /mnt/sdcard/gnuunits_med.dat -f ""
you can perform some limited medically-oriented conversions, such
as converting between traditional (U.S.) and SI units of measure for various lab values::
You have: to_molarity(80 mg/dL glucose)
You want: mmol/L
Results: 4.44
If you use
-f /mnt/sdcard/gnuunits_fun.dat -f ""
you get access to some bonus definitions and conversions, for example,
"2000 mockingbird = 2 kilomockingbird," and others:
You have: 1 paradigm
You want:
Results: Definition: 4 nickels
You have: 1 unit_of_suspense_in_mystery_novel
You want:
Results: Definition: 1 whod_unit
You have: 1 gigolo
You want: picolos
Results: 1e+21 picolos
You have: 2 megacycles
You want: bicycles
Results: 1e6 bicycles
You have: 1 megaphone
You want: microphones
Results: 1e12 microphones
You have: 1 milliHelen_Of_Troy
You want:
Results: Definition: 1 amount_of_face_that_can_launch_one_ship
(This file also allows use of the proposed hella-
SI
prefix for values of 10^27. Using this prefix, you can determine that
"1 hellaHelen_Of_Troy" could launch 10^30 ships ("1000 hella ships").gnuunits_fun.dat
are adapted
from the "Q Files, a subsidiary of Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories"
(see
http://windell.oskay.net/humor/qqqfiles/quarks1.html
),
which in turn notes
that the original information was taken from "The Bent of Tau Beta Pi,
Spring 1988"). http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
The documentation that follows is the original units
documentation, edited lightly to reflect the Android port. units
At the You have: prompt, type the quantity and units that
you are converting from. For example, if you want to convert ten
meters to feet, type 10 meters. Next, units
will print
You want:. You should type the type of units you want to convert
to. To convert to feet, you would type feet.
The answer will be displayed in two ways. The first line of output,
which is marked with a * to indicate multiplication,
gives the result of the conversion you have asked for. The second line
of output, which is marked with a / to indicate division, gives
the inverse of the conversion factor. If you convert 10 meters to feet,
units
will print
* 32.808399 / 0.03048
which tells you that 10 meters equals about 32.8 feet. The second number gives the conversion in the opposite direction. In this case, it tells you that 1 foot is equal to about 0.03 dekameters since the dekameter is 10 meters. It also tells you that 1/32.8 is about .03.
The units
program prints the inverse because sometimes it is a
more convenient number. In the example above, for example, the inverse
value is an exact conversion: a foot is exactly .03048 dekameters.
But the number given the other direction is inexact.
If you try to convert grains to pounds, you will see the following:
You have: grains You want: pounds * 0.00014285714 / 7000
From the second line of the output you can immediately see that a grain is equal to a seven thousandth of a pound. This is not so obvious from the first line of the output. If you find the output format confusing, try using the --verbose option:
You have: grain You want: aeginamina grain = 0.00010416667 aeginamina grain = (1 / 9600) aeginamina
If you request a conversion between units which measure reciprocal
dimensions, then units
will display the conversion results with an extra
note indicating that reciprocal conversion has been done:
You have: 6 ohms You want: siemens reciprocal conversion * 0.16666667 / 6
Reciprocal conversion can be suppressed by using the --strict option. As usual, use the --verbose option to get more comprehensible output:
You have: tex You want: typp reciprocal conversion 1 / tex = 496.05465 typp 1 / tex = (1 / 0.0020159069) typp You have: 20 mph You want: sec/mile reciprocal conversion 1 / 20 mph = 180 sec/mile 1 / 20 mph = (1 / 0.0055555556) sec/mile
If you enter incompatible unit types, the units
program will
print a message indicating that the units are not conformable and
it will display the reduced form for each unit:
You have: ergs/hour You want: fathoms kg^2 / day conformability error 2.7777778e-11 kg m^2 / sec^3 2.1166667e-05 kg^2 m / sec
If you only want to find the reduced form or definition of a unit, simply press return at the You want: prompt. Here is an example:
You have: jansky You want: Definition: fluxunit = 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz = 1e-26 kg / s^2
The output from units
indicates that the jansky is defined to be
equal to a fluxunit which in turn is defined to be a certain combination
of watts, meters, and hertz. The fully reduced (and in this case
somewhat more cryptic) form appears on the far right.
Some named units are treated as dimensionless in some situations. These include the radian and steradian. These units will be treated as equal to 1 in units conversions. Power is equal to torque times angular velocity. This conversion can only be performed if the radian is dimensionless.
You have: (14 ft lbf) (12 radians/sec) You want: watts * 227.77742 / 0.0043902509
Note that named dimensionaless units are not treated as dimensionless in other contexts. They cannot be used as exponents so for example, meter^radian is not allowed. If you want a list of options you can type ? at the You want: prompt. The program will display a list of named units which are conformable with the unit that you entered at the You have: prompt above. Note that conformable unit combinations will not appear on this list.
In order to enter more complicated units or fractions, you will need to use operations such as powers, products and division. Powers of units can be specified using the ^ character as shown in the following example, or by simple concatenation: cm3 is equivalent to cm^3. If the exponent is more than one digit, the ^ is required. An exponent like 2^3^2 is evaluated right to left. The ^ operator has the second highest precedence.
You have: cm^3 You want: gallons * 0.00026417205 / 3785.4118 You have: arabicfoot * arabictradepound * force You want: ft lbf * 0.7296 / 1.370614
Multiplication of units can be specified by using spaces, or an asterisk
(*). If units
is invoked with the --product
option then the hyphen (-) also acts as a multiplication
operator. Division of units is indicated
by the slash (/) or by per.
You have: furlongs per fortnight You want: m/s * 0.00016630986 / 6012.8727
Multiplication has a higher precedence than division and is evaluated left to right, so m/s * s/day is equivalent to m / s s day and has dimensions of length per time cubed. Similarly, 1/2 meter refers to a unit of reciprocal length equivalent to .5/meter, which is probably not what you would intend if you entered that expression. You can indicate division of numbers with the vertical dash (|). This operator has the highest precedence so the square root of two thirds could be written 2|3^1|2.
You have: 1|2 inch You want: cm * 1.27 / 0.78740157
Parentheses can be used for grouping as desired.
You have: (1/2) kg / (kg/meter) You want: league * 0.00010356166 / 9656.0833
Prefixes are defined separately from base units. In order to get centimeters, the units database defines centi- and c- as prefixes. Prefixes can appear alone with no unit following them. An exponent applies only to the immediately preceding unit and its prefix so that cm^3 or centimeter^3 refer to cubic centimeters but centi*meter^3 refers to hundredths of cubic meters. Only one prefix is permitted per unit, so micromicrofarad will fail, but micro*microfarad will work, as will micro microfarad..
For units
, numbers are just another kind of unit. They can
appear as many times as you like and in any order in a unit expression.
For example, to find the volume of a box which is 2 ft by 3 ft by 12 ft
in steres, you could do the following:
You have: 2 ft 3 ft 12 ft You want: stere * 2.038813 / 0.49048148 You have: $ 5 / yard You want: cents / inch * 13.888889 / 0.072
And the second example shows how the dollar sign in the units conversion
can precede the five. Be careful: units
will interpret
$5 with no space as equivalent to dollars^5.
Outside of the SI system, it is often desirable to add values of
different units together. You may also wish to use units
as a
calculator that keeps track of units. Sums of conformable units are written with
the + character.
You have: 2 hours + 23 minutes + 32 seconds You want: seconds * 8612 / 0.00011611705 You have: 12 ft + 3 in You want: cm * 373.38 / 0.0026782366 You have: 2 btu + 450 ft lbf You want: btu * 2.5782804 / 0.38785542
The expressions which are added together must reduce to identical expressions in primitive units, or an error message will be displayed:
You have: 12 printerspoint + 4 heredium ^ Illegal sum of non-conformable units
Historically - has been used for products of units, which complicates
its iterpretation in units
. Because units
provides
several other ways to obtain unit products, and because - is a
subtraction operator in general algebraic expressions, units
treats the binary - as a subtraction operator by default. This
behavior can be altered using the --product option which
causes units
to treat the binary - operator as a product
operator. Note that when - is a multiplication operator it has
the same precedence as *, but when - is a subtraction operator
it has the lower precedence as the addition operator.
When - is used as a unary operator it negates its operand.
Regardless of the units
options, if
- appears after ( or after
+ then it will act as a negation operator. So you can always compute 20
degrees minus 12 minutes by entering 20 degrees + -12 arcmin.
You must use this construction when you define new units because you
cannot know what options will be in force when your definition is
processed.
The + character sometimes appears in exponents like 3.43e+8. This leads to an ambiguity in an expression like 3e+2 yC. The unit e is a small unit of charge, so this can be regarded as equivalent to (3e+2) yC or (3 e)+(2 yC). This ambiguity is resolved by always interpreting + as part of an exponent if possible.
Several built in functions are provided: sin, cos, tan, ln, log, log2, exp, acos, atan and asin. The sin, cos, and tan functions require either a dimensionless argument or an argument with dimensions of angle.
 The inverse trigonometric functions return arguments with dimensions of angle.
If you wish to take roots of units, you may use the sqrt or cuberoot functions. These functions require that the argument have the appropriate root.  They make possible nonlinear unit conversions such temperature. This is different from the linear units that convert temperature differences. Note the difference below. The absolute temperature conversions are handled by units starting with temp, and you must use functional notation. The temperature differences are done using units starting with deg and they do not require functional notation.
You have: tempF(45) You want: tempC 7.2222222 You have: 45 degF You want: degC * 25 / 0.04
Think of tempF(x) not as a function but as a notation which indicates that x should have units of tempF attached to it. See Nonlinear units. The first conversion shows that if it's 45 degrees Fahrehneit outside it's 7.2 degrees Celsius. The second conversions indicates that a change of 45 degrees Fahrenheit corresponds to a change of 25 degrees Celsius.
Some other examples of nonlinears units are ring size and wire gauge. There are numerous different gauges and ring sizes. See the units database for more details. Note that wire gauges with multiple zeroes are signified using negative numbers where two zeroes is -1. Alternatively, you can use the synonyms g00, g000, and so on that are defined in the units database.

See Interactive use.
If both from-unit and to-unit are given, units
will
print the result of that single conversion and then exit.
If only from-unit appears on the command line, units
will
display the definition of that unit and exit.
Units specified on the command line will need
to be quoted to protect them from shell interpretation and to group
them into two arguments. See Command line use.
The following options allow you to read in an alternative
units file or change the output format:
units
to load the units file filename
.
If filename
is the empty string (-f '')
then the default units file will
be loaded. This enables you to load the default file plus a personal
units file. Up to 25 units files may be specified on the command line. units
.
units
will normally convert hertz to seconds
because these units are reciprocals of each other. The strict option
requires that units be strictly conformable to perform a conversion, and
will give an error if you attempt to convert hertz to seconds.
units
will print still print the reciprocal
conversion line.
units
from another program so that the output is easy to
parse. This option has the combined
effect of these options: --strict --quiet --one-line
--compact.
The conversion information is read from a units data file which is called units.dat. The default file includes definitions for all familiar units, abbreviations and metric prefixes. It also includes many obscure or archaic units.
Many constants of nature are defined, including these:
pi ratio of circumference to diameter c speed of light e charge on an electron force acceleration of gravity mole Avogadro's number water pressure per unit height of water Hg pressure per unit height of mercury au astronomical unit k Boltzman's constant mu0 permeability of vacuum epsilon0 permitivity of vacuum G Gravitational constant mach speed of sound
The database includes atomic masses for all of the elements and numerous other constants. Also included are the densities of various ingredients used in baking so that 2 cups flour_sifted can be converted to grams. This is not an exhaustive list. Consult the units data file to see the complete list, or to see the definitions that are used.
The unit pound is a unit of mass. To get force, multiply by the force conversion unit force or use the shorthand lbf. (Note that g is already taken as the standard abbreviation for the gram.) The unit ounce is also a unit of mass. The fluid ounce is fluidounce or floz. British capacity units that differ from their US counterparts, such as the British Imperial gallon, are prefixed with br. Currency is prefixed with its country name: belgiumfranc, britainpound.
The US Survey foot, yard, and mile can be obtained by using the US prefix. These units differ slightly from the international length units. They were in general use until 1959, and are still used for geographic surveys. The acre is officially defined in terms of the US Survey foot. If you want an acre defined according to the international foot, use intacre. The difference between these units is about 4 parts per million. The British also used a slightly different length measure before 1959. These can be obtained with the prefix UK.
When searching for
a unit, if the specified string does not appear exactly as a unit
name, then the units
program will try to remove a
trailing s or a trailing es. If that fails, units
will check for a prefix.
All of the standard metric prefixes are defined.
To find out what units and prefixes are available, read the standard units data file.
All of the units and prefixes that units
can convert are defined
in the units data file. If you want to add your own units, you can
supply your own file.
A unit is specified on a single line by giving its name and an
equivalence. Comments start with a # character, which can appear
anywhere in a line. The backslash character (\)
acts as a continuation
character if it appears as the last character on a line, making it
possible to spread definitions out over several lines if desired.
A file can be included by giving the command !include followed by
the file's name. The file will be sought in the same directory as the
parent file unless a full path is given.
Unit names must not contain any of the operator characters +,
-, *, /, |, ^ or the parentheses.
They cannot begin with a digit or a decimal point (.), nor can
they end with a digit (except for zero).
Be careful to define
new units in terms of old ones so that a reduction leads to the
primitive units, which are marked with ! characters.
Dimensionless units are indicated by using the string
!dimensionless for the unit definition.
When adding new units, be sure to use the -c option to check that
the new units reduce properly.
If you create a loop in the units definitions, then units
will
hang when invoked with the -c options. You will need to
use the --check-verbose option which prints out each unit as it
checks them. The program will still hang, but the last unit printed
will be the unit which caused the infinite loop.
If you define any units which contain
+ characters, carefully check them because the -c option
will not catch non-conformable sums. Be careful with the -
operator as well. When used as a binary operator, the -
character can perform addition or multiplication
depending on the options used to invoke units
.
To ensure consistent behavior use - only as a unary negation
operator when writing units definitions. To multiply two units leave a
space or use the * operator. To compute the difference
of foo and bar write foo+(-bar) or even foo+-bar.
Here is an example of a short units file that defines some basic units:
m ! # The meter is a primitive unit sec ! # The second is a primitive unit rad !dimensionless # A dimensionless primitive unit micro- 1e-6 # Define a prefix minute 60 sec # A minute is 60 seconds hour 60 min # An hour is 60 minutes inch 0.0254 m # Inch defined in terms of meters ft 12 inches # The foot defined in terms of inches mile 5280 ft # And the mile
A unit which ends with a - character is a prefix. If a prefix definition contains any / characters, be sure they are protected by parentheses. If you define half- 1/2 then halfmeter would be equivalent to 1 / 2 meter.
Some units conversions of interest are nonlinear; for example, temperature conversions between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales cannot be done by simply multiplying by conversions factors.
When you give a linear unit definition such as inch 2.54 cm you
are providing information that units
uses to convert values in
inches into primitive units of meters.
Nonlinear units are represented using a functional notation. It is best to regard this notation not as a function call but as a way of adding units to a number, much the same way that writing a linear unit name after a number adds units to that number. Internally, nonlinear units are defined by a pair of functions which convert to and from linear units in the data file, so that an eventual conversion to primitive units is possible.
Here is an example nonlinear unit definition:
tempF(x) [1;K] (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32
A nonlinear unit definition comprises a unit name, a dummy parameter
name, two functions, and two corresponding units. The functions tell
units
how to convert to and from the new unit. In order to
produce valid results, the arguments of these functions need to have
the correct dimensions. To facilitate error checking, you may specify
the dimensions.
The definition begins with the unit name followed immediately (with no
spaces) by a ( character. In parentheses is the name of the
parameter. Next is an optional specification of the units required by
the functions in this definition. In the example above, the
tempF function requires an input argument conformable with
1. For normal nonlinear units definitions the forward
function will always take a dimensionless argument.
The inverse function requires an input argument conformable
with K. In general the inverse function will need units
that match the quantity measured by your nonlinear unit.
The sole purpose of the expression in brackets to enable
units
to perform error checking on function arguments.
Next the function definitions appear. In the example above, the tempF function is defined by
tempF(x) = (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp
This gives a rule for converting x in the units tempF to linear units of absolute temperature, which makes it possible to convert from tempF to other units.
In order to make conversions to Fahrenheit possible, you must give a rule for the inverse conversions. The inverse will be x(tempF) and its definition appears after a ; character. In our example, the inverse is
x(tempF) = (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32
This inverse definition takes an absolute temperature as its argument and converts it to the Fahrenheit temperature. The inverse can be omitted by leaving out the ; character, but then conversions to the unit will be impossible. If the inverse is omitted then the --check option will display a warning. It is up to you to calculate and enter the correct inverse function to obtain proper conversions. The --check option tests the inverse at one point and print an error if it is not valid there, but this is not a guarantee that your inverse is correct.
If you wish to make synonyms for nonlinear units, you still need to define both the forward and inverse functions. Inverse functions can be obtained using the ~ operator. So to create a synonym for tempF you could write
fahrenheit(x) [1;K] tempF(x); ~tempF(fahrenheit)
You may occasionally wish to define a function that operates on units. This can be done using a nonlinear unit definition. For example, the definition below provides conversion between radius and the area of a circle. Note that this definition requires a length as input and produces an area as output, as indicated by the specification in brackets.
circlearea(r) [m;m^2] pi r^2 ; sqrt(circlearea/pi)
Sometimes you may be interested in a piecewise linear unit such as many wire gauges. Piecewise linear units can be defined by specifying conversions to linear units on a list of points. Conversion at other points will be done by linear interpolation. A partial definition of zinc gauge is
zincgauge[in] 1 0.002, 10 0.02, 15 0.04, 19 0.06, 23 0.1
In this example, zincgauge is the name of the piecewise linear unit. The definition of such a unit is indicated by the embedded [ character. After the bracket, you should indicate the units to be attached to the numbers in the table. No spaces can appear before the ] character, so a definition like foo[kg meters] is illegal; instead write foo[kg*meters]. The definition of the unit consists of a list of pairs optionally separated by commas. This list defines a function for converting from the piecewise linear unit to linear units. The first item in each pair is the function argument; the second item is the value of the function at that argument (in the units specified in brackets). In this example, we define zincgauge at five points. For example, we set zincgauge(1) equal to 0.002 in. Definitions like this may be more readable if written using continuation characters as
zincgauge[in] \ 1 0.002 \ 10 0.02 \ 15 0.04 \ 19 0.06 \ 23 0.1
With the preceeding definition, the following conversion can be performed:
You have: zincgauge(10) You want: in * 0.02 / 50 You have: .01 inch You want: zincgauge 5
If you define a piecewise linear unit that is not strictly
monotonic, then the inverse will not be well defined. If the inverse is
requested for such a unit, units
will return the smallest
inverse. The --check option will print a warning if a
non-monotonic piecewise linear unit is encountered.
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--check
(option for units
): Invoking units--check-verbose
(option for units
): Invoking units--compact
(option for units
): Invoking units--file
(option for units
): Invoking units--help
(option for units
): Invoking units--minus
(option for units
): Invoking units--one-line
(option for units
): Invoking units--output-format
(option for units
): Invoking units--product
(option for units
): Invoking units--quiet
(option for units
): Invoking units--silent
(option for units
): Invoking units--strict
(option for units
): Invoking units--terse
(option for units
): Invoking units--verbose
(option for units
): Invoking units--verbose-check
(option for units
): Invoking units--version
(option for units
): Invoking units-1
(option for units
): Invoking units-c
(option for units
): Invoking units-f
(option for units
): Invoking units-h
(option for units
): Invoking units-m
(option for units
): Invoking units-o
(option for units
): Invoking units-p
(option for units
): Invoking units-q
(option for units
): Invoking units-s
(option for units
): Invoking units-t
(option for units
): Invoking units-V
(option for units
): Invoking units-v
(option for units
): Invoking unitsunits
: Readline support[1] But Fahrenheit to Celsius is linear, you insist. Not so. A transformation T is linear if T(x+y)=T(x)+T(y) and this fails for T(x)=ax+b. This transformation is affine, but not linear.


The equation of the recursive division of the recursion tree when b is a positive number, which represents the size of the sub problem, is each of a number of sub problems.
At every upcoming step, each of a divided problem divides themselves by size.
Therefore, the equation for finding the element in a sequence of n numbers where b’s value is only restricted to any positive value is as:
…… (1)
In equation (1) put the value of j
For
For
…… (2)
Put the value of in equation (2)
So,
For
…… (3)
Put the value of in equation (3)
So,
Similarly calculate the value of
The general equation for equation (1) is as follows:
…… (4)
In general equation (4) put the integer value of j to find the value of similar to the value of equation (1), (2), (3) and so on.
Consider the following equation.
From equation (4.22) given in lemma 4.3 in the text book, a function is defined over exact powers of b by,
Substitute in equation (1).
Then,
Substitute the value of from equation (3) in equation (2).
Then,
Consider as A in equation (4).
Then,
Consider as B in equation (6).
Then,
Consider as d in .
Then,
Substitute equation (7) in equation (5).
Then,
Substitute equation (9) in equation (10).
Then,
Hence, proved that if, then the master recurrence has solution .
There are certain conditions for implementing the Master’s theorem, that is, has to be a monotonically increasing function; and must be a polynomial function.
Now from the above recurrence relation, we can find the mathematical relation as:
… … (2)
Taking in equation (2)
… … (3)
Dividing equation (3) by
.
.
.
… … (4)
By adding the equations (2) through (4), we get the following result.
… … (5)There are 3 cases of the master’s theorem for equation (5).
1.
2.
3.
For case 3 of the proof of the master theorem is as follows:
If
Therefore
Thus in general if where and the condition is
For somethen,
In the third case, thein the recurrence relation is actually compared to an; if is greater than by a factor of log, this condition has to be there, else the function might be equal to the growth of.
So the condition of must be there.
Thus, the statement of case 3 of the masters theorem is overstated to have the regularity of to be there for then the.


Class: Aws::KMS::Types::ReplicateKeyRequest
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-kms/lib/aws-sdk-kms/types.rb |
Overview
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check ⇒ Boolean
rw
Skips ("bypasses") the key policy lockout safety check.
-
#description ⇒ String
rw
A description of the
::Aws::KMS
key. -
#key_id ⇒ String
rw
Identifies the multi-Region primary key that is being replicated.
-
#policy ⇒ String
rw
The key policy to attach to the
::Aws::KMS
key. -
#replica_region ⇒ String
rw
The Region ID of the Amazon Web Services Region for this replica key.
-
#tags ⇒ Array<Types::Tag>
rw
Assigns one or more tags to the replica key.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
Skips ("bypasses") the key policy lockout safety check. The default value is false.
Setting this value to true increases the risk that the ::Aws::KMS
key
becomes unmanageable. Do not set this value to true
indiscriminately.
For more information, see Default key policy in the Key Management Service Developer Guide.
Use this parameter only when you intend to prevent the principal
that is making the request from making a subsequent PutKeyPolicy
request on the ::Aws::KMS
key.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-kms/lib/aws-sdk-kms/types.rb', line 5174
class ReplicateKeyRequest < Struct.new( :key_id, :replica_region, :policy, :bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check, :description, : ) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#description ⇒ String
(rw)
A description of the ::Aws::KMS
key. The default value is an empty string
(no description).
Do not include confidential or sensitive information in this field.
This field may be displayed in plaintext in ::Aws::CloudTrail
logs and
other output.
The description is not a shared property of multi-Region keys. You
can specify the same description or a different description for each
key in a set of related multi-Region keys. ::Aws::KMS
does not synchronize
this property.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-kms/lib/aws-sdk-kms/types.rb', line 5174
class ReplicateKeyRequest < Struct.new( :key_id, :replica_region, :policy, :bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check, :description, : ) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#key_id ⇒ String
(rw)
Identifies the multi-Region primary key that is being replicated. To
determine whether a ::Aws::KMS
key is a multi-Region primary key, use the
DescribeKey operation to check the value of the MultiRegionKeyType
property.
Specify the key ID or key ::Aws::ARN
of a multi-Region primary key.
For example:
Key ID:
mrk-1234abcd12ab34cd56ef1234567890ab
Key ARN:
arn:aws:kms:us-east-2:111122223333:key/mrk-1234abcd12ab34cd56ef1234567890ab
To get the key ID and key ::Aws::ARN
for a ::Aws::KMS
key, use ListKeys or
DescribeKey.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-kms/lib/aws-sdk-kms/types.rb', line 5174
class ReplicateKeyRequest < Struct.new( :key_id, :replica_region, :policy, :bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check, :description, : ) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#policy ⇒ String
(rw)
The key policy to attach to the ::Aws::KMS
key. This parameter is optional.
If you do not provide a key policy, ::Aws::KMS
attaches the default key
policy to the ::Aws::KMS
key.
The key policy is not a shared property of multi-Region keys. You
can specify the same key policy or a different key policy for each
key in a set of related multi-Region keys. ::Aws::KMS
does not synchronize
this property.
If you provide a key policy, it must meet the following criteria:
The key policy must allow the calling principal to make a subsequent
PutKeyPolicy
request on the KMS key. This reduces the risk that the KMS key becomes unmanageable. For more information, see Default key policy in the Key Management Service Developer Guide. (To omit this condition, setBypassPolicyLockoutSafetyCheck
to true.)Each statement in the key policy must contain one or more principals. The principals in the key policy must exist and be visible to KMS. When you create a new Amazon Web Services principal, you might need to enforce a delay before including the new principal in a key policy because the new principal might not be immediately visible to KMS. For more information, see Changes that I make are not always immediately visible in the Amazon Web Services Identity and Access Management User Guide.
A key policy document can include only the following characters:
Printable ASCII characters from the space character (
\u0020
) through the end of the ASCII character range.Printable characters in the Basic Latin and Latin-1 Supplement character set (through
\u00FF
).The tab (
\u0009
), line feed (\u000A
), and carriage return (\u000D
) special characters
For information about key policies, see Key policies in KMS in the Key Management Service Developer Guide. For help writing and formatting a JSON policy document, see the IAM JSON Policy Reference in the Identity and Access Management User Guide .
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-kms/lib/aws-sdk-kms/types.rb', line 5174
class ReplicateKeyRequest < Struct.new( :key_id, :replica_region, :policy, :bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check, :description, : ) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#replica_region ⇒ String
(rw)
The Region ID of the Amazon Web Services Region for this replica key.
Enter the Region ID, such as us-east-1
or ap-southeast-2
. For a
list of Amazon Web Services Regions in which ::Aws::KMS
is supported, see
KMS service endpoints in the Amazon Web Services General
Reference.
ReplicateKey
operation returns an UnsupportedOperationException
. For a list of
Regions in which HMAC KMS keys are supported, see HMAC keys in
KMS in the Key Management Service Developer Guide.
The replica must be in a different Amazon Web Services Region than
its primary key and other replicas of that primary key, but in the
same Amazon Web Services partition. ::Aws::KMS
must be available in the
replica Region. If the Region is not enabled by default, the Amazon
Web Services account must be enabled in the Region. For information
about Amazon Web Services partitions, see Amazon ::Aws::KMS::Resource
Names
(ARNs) in the Amazon Web Services General Reference. For
information about enabling and disabling Regions, see Enabling a
Region and Disabling a Region in the Amazon Web Services
General Reference.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-kms/lib/aws-sdk-kms/types.rb', line 5174
class ReplicateKeyRequest < Struct.new( :key_id, :replica_region, :policy, :bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check, :description, : ) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#tags ⇒ Array
<Types::Tag> (rw)
Assigns one or more tags to the replica key. Use this parameter to
tag the ::Aws::KMS
key when it is created. To tag an existing ::Aws::KMS
key, use
the TagResource operation.
Do not include confidential or sensitive information in this field.
This field may be displayed in plaintext in ::Aws::CloudTrail
logs and
other output.
::Aws::KMS
key can allow or deny permission to the
::Aws::KMS
key. For details, see ABAC for KMS in the Key Management
Service Developer Guide.
To use this parameter, you must have kms:TagResource permission
in an ::Aws::IAM
policy.
Tags are not a shared property of multi-Region keys. You can specify
the same tags or different tags for each key in a set of related
multi-Region keys. ::Aws::KMS
does not synchronize this property.
Each tag consists of a tag key and a tag value. Both the tag key and
the tag value are required, but the tag value can be an empty (null)
string. You cannot have more than one tag on a ::Aws::KMS
key with the same
tag key. If you specify an existing tag key with a different tag
value, ::Aws::KMS
replaces the current tag value with the specified one.
When you add tags to an Amazon Web Services resource, Amazon Web
Services generates a cost allocation report with usage and costs
aggregated by tags. Tags can also be used to control access to a ::Aws::KMS
key. For details, see Tagging Keys.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-kms/lib/aws-sdk-kms/types.rb', line 5174
class ReplicateKeyRequest < Struct.new( :key_id, :replica_region, :policy, :bypass_policy_lockout_safety_check, :description, : ) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


Install Docker Desktop on Mac
Estimated reading time: 6 minutesTo download Docker Desktop, go to Docker Hub and sign in with your Docker ID.
What to know before you install
README FIRST for Docker Toolbox and Docker Machine users
If you are already running Docker on your machine, first read Docker Desktop for Mac vs. Docker Toolbox to understand the impact of this installation on your existing setup, how to set your environment for Docker Desktop on Mac, and how the two products can coexist.
Relationship to Docker Machine: Installing Docker Desktop on Mac does not affect machines you created with Docker Machine. You have the option to copy containers and images from your local default
machine (if one exists) to the Docker Desktop HyperKit VM. When
you are running Docker Desktop, you do not need Docker Machine nodes running locally (or anywhere else). With Docker Desktop, you have a new, native
virtualization system running (HyperKit) which takes the place of the
VirtualBox system. To learn more, see Docker Desktop for Mac vs. Docker Toolbox.
System requirements
Your Mac must meet the following requirements to successfully install Docker Desktop:
-
Mac hardware must be a 2010 or newer model, with Intel’s hardware support for memory management unit (MMU) virtualization, including Extended Page Tables (EPT) and Unrestricted Mode. You can check to see if your machine has this support by running the following command in a terminal:
sysctl kern.hv_support
-
macOS must be version 10.13 or newer. We recommend upgrading to the latest version of macOS.
If you experience any issues after upgrading your macOS to version 10.15, you must install the latest version of Docker Desktop to be compatible with this version of macOS.
Note: Docker supports Docker Desktop on the most recent versions of macOS. That is, the current release of macOS and the previous two releases. As new major versions of macOS are made generally available, Docker will stop supporting the oldest version and support the newest version of macOS (in addition to the previous two releases).
-
At least 4 GB of RAM.
-
VirtualBox prior to version 4.3.30 must not be installed as it is not compatible with Docker Desktop.
Note: If your system does not satisfy these requirements, you can install Docker Toolbox, which uses Oracle VirtualBox instead of HyperKit.
What’s included in the installer
The Docker Desktop installation includes Docker Engine, Docker CLI client, Docker Compose, Docker Machine, and Kitematic.
Install and run Docker Desktop on Mac
-
Double-click
Docker.dmg
to open the installer, then drag the Docker icon to the Applications folder. -
Double-click
Docker.app
in the Applications folder to start Docker. (In the example below, the Applications folder is in “grid” view mode.)You are prompted to authorize
Docker.app
with your system password after you launch it. Privileged access is needed to install networking components and links to the Docker apps.The Docker menu in the top status bar indicates that Docker Desktop is running, and accessible from a terminal.
If you just installed the app, you also get a message with suggested next steps and a link to the documentation. Click the Docker menu () in the status bar to dismiss this pop-up notification.
-
Click the Docker menu () to see Preferences and other options.
-
Select About Docker to verify that you have the latest version.
Congratulations! You are now successfully running Docker Desktop.
Uninstall Docker Desktop
To unistall Docker Desktop from your Mac:
- From the Docker menu, select Troubleshoot and then select Uninstall.
- Click Uninstall to confirm your selection.
Note: Uninstalling Docker Desktop will destroy Docker containers and images local to the machine and remove the files generated by the application.
Switch between Stable and Edge versions
Docker Desktop allows you to switch between Stable and Edge releases. However, you can only have one version of Docker Desktop installed at a time. Switching between Stable and Edge versions can destabilize your development environment, particularly in cases where you switch from a newer (Edge) channel to an older (Stable) channel.
For example, containers created with a newer Edge version of Docker Desktop may not work after you switch back to Stable because they may have been created using Edge features that aren’t in Stable yet. Keep this in mind as you create and work with Edge containers, perhaps in the spirit of a playground space where you are prepared to troubleshoot or start over.
To safely switch between Edge and Stable versions, ensure you save images and export the containers you need, then uninstall the current version before installing another. For more information, see the section Save and Restore data below.
Save and restore data
You can use the following procedure to save and restore images and container data. For example, if you want to switch between Edge and Stable, or to reset your VM disk:
-
Use
docker save -o images.tar image1 [image2 ...]
to save any images you want to keep. See save in the Docker Engine command line reference. -
Use
docker export -o myContainner1.tar container1
to export containers you want to keep. See export in the Docker Engine command line reference. -
Uninstall the current version of Docker Desktop and install a different version (Stable or Edge), or reset your VM disk.
-
Use
docker load -i images.tar
to reload previously saved images. See load in the Docker Engine. -
Use
docker import -i myContainer1.tar
to create a filesystem image corresponding to the previously exported containers. See import in the Docker Engine.
For information on how to back up and restore data volumes, see Backup, restore, or migrate data volumes.
Where to go next
- Getting started provides an overview of Docker Desktop on Mac, basic Docker command examples, how to get help or give feedback, and links to other topics about Docker Desktop on Mac.
- Troubleshooting describes common problems, workarounds, how to run and submit diagnostics, and submit issues.
- FAQs provide answers to frequently asked questions.
- Release notes lists component updates, new features, and improvements associated with Stable releases. For information about Edge releases, see Edge release notes.
- Get started with Docker provides a general Docker tutorial.


I generated a random name with a DuckDuckGo instant answer and entered it into Jdenticon, a open-source library for generating recognizable identicons, to get a 400px X 400px SVG image. In this case, I generated an identicon for a person named Greg Armbrust.


|
|
Utillib
The Utillib sample
library is a collection of useful routines used by some of the samples
applications and that can be used in general for building WMI applications.
Building the Utillib Library
The UtilLib sample can
be built from the command line using NMAKE, or it can be built using Microsoft
Visual C++.
From the command line
in the sample installation directory, type the following:
NMAKE /f "Makefile"
From Microsoft Visual
C++:
1. Select File + Open Workspace
2. Select the UtilLib.DSP file
General Functions Available in the Library
|
Function Name |
Purpose |
|
WbemErrorString |
Translates SCODE into an error
text string |
|
PrintError |
Translates SCODE into an error
text string, formats and prints the error message |
|
PrintErrorAndExit |
Translates SCODE into an error
text string, formats and prints the error message. After printing message, exits the program. |
|
PrintErrorAndAsk |
Translates SCODE into an error
text string, formats and prints the error message. After printing message, prompts user if
they wish to continue. |
|
TypeToString |
Takes a variant, returns a
pointer to a string that is the variant type |
|
TypeToString |
Takes a VARTYPE, returns a
pointer to a string that is the variant type |
|
TypeToString |
Takes a CIMTYPE, returns a
pointer to a string that is the variant type |
|
ValueToString |
Takes a variant, returns a
string representation of that variant |
|
cvt |
Converts Unicode to OEM for
console output |
|
myWFPrintf |
Checks to see if outputting to
console and converts string to OEM if necessary. |
|
difftime |
Returns the elapsed time
between two _timeb structures |
|
bIsNT |
Boolean function that
determines whether this is an NT operating system. |
Security Functions Available in the Library
|
Function Name |
Purpose |
|
InitializeSecurity |
Initialize DCOM security. |
|
ParseAuthorityUserArgs |
Examines the Authority and
User argument and determines the authentication type. |
|
GetAuthImp |
Gets the authentication and
impersonation levels for a current interface. |
|
SetInterfaceSecurity |
Set the identity to be used by
a connection. |


the and dengue were with aegypti for The was {background cases from Aedes study Med control margin Experimental state {border-style patients CearÃ¡ against evaluate px;} that #ffffff;} Descriptive data case reported (.%) Bras albopictus are virus articles epidemic fever splendens studies clinical first CearÃ¡, Fortaleza Fortaleza, Trop activity biological fish laboratory report city disease endemic included one reports Brazil Brazilian Retrospective Saude Soc cities populations px; {font-family Dengue Inst Northeast SÃ£o Trop()./S- aegypti. confirmed dengue. during font-size may occurred other results severe DENV- after authors children components dengue, double; four have identified infection larvicidal only potential risk should showed such suspected two used water which who â€œDengue Fortaleza. Oswaldo Paulo actions al.Dengue analyzed, antiviral aspects border-color border-width can climate controlling early epidemiological essential fatal hemorrhagic including larvae literature main mortality mosquitoes positive present renal resistance solid; survival this those three transmission under use vector {font-style {font-weight Brazil, Brazil: CearÃ¡. CearÃ¡; Cruz()./S- Infect Int Lima Main Publica()./S- Scientific Spondias State Study This World according anacardate area between biflora bold breeding cashew considered containers courier; dengue- describe disease. domestic efficacy em; environmental factors fever, found had has health identify infestation insecticidal intervention into large leptospirosis local manifestations nut oils performed predators presence pt;} selected several six symptoms temephos than their these total using


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The discount rates presented in this tool are sourced from: HM Treasury Green Book Supplementary Guidance: Discount Factors. Before using the discounting tool, please ensure that your values are in real terms, with a known base price year, else the results will not be accurate.
This tool is designed to:
a. Pure time preferences: there is a propensity for individuals to prefer income in the present rather than in the future (i.e. individuals are impatient, and over-value income at present / under-value future income because they are able to better value the benefits).
b. Wealth effect: there is the assumption that individuals will be wealthier in the future, so that £1 at present is worth relatively more than it would be in the future.
c. For example, people may be assumed to prefer to have £1.00 today rather than £1.02 in a year's time, even if £1.02 is worth more in real terms.
- Input Table: Input, either manually or copy-paste* from a compatable spreadsheet (Ctrl + C, CTRL + V), financial values into the input table. Ensure that the first period entered is the base price year to ensure correct calculations; this value will not be discounted. *This function is not supported by Internet Explorer.
- Discount Rate: select a discount rate. Recommendation is to use Standard, unless dealing with values related to health/risk-to-life (then Health is appropriate).
- Period Reference: select the period reference of interest (financial year, calendar year, or quarterly).
- Start Period: provide the relevant first period to display. This will not affect the outputs; it only aids visual interpretation. Note this cannot be set before 2008.
- End Period: provide the relevant final period to display. This will not affect the outputs; it only aids visual interpretation.
- Number of Required Rows: Number input. Note that arbitrarily large numbers may cause lagged responses or crash the application.
- Update Table: when parameters are set up, this button will generate an updated table.
- Download Discount Rates: download the discount rate tables used in the tool.
- Download Results: download output results, tailored to user-selected parameters.
- Output Table: displays the converted results of the input table, based on the user parameters.
- Download Results: displays the input table, followed by the output table, and then the conversion factor used.


Phase 0, Week 6
Object-Oriented vs Functional Programming
February 1, 2015
Hello again, reader(s)! Today marks the end of Unit 2 of Phase 0. This week the cirriculum was again focused on Ruby. Last week, I mentioned that Ruby was known as an "Object-Oriented" programming language and briefly discussed what that meant. This week, I am going to go more in depth on Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), and compare it with what some consider its opposite, Functional Programming (FP).
In OOP, the focus of the code is on creating new objects and the methods they respond to. We send an object a "message" telling it to perform a certain method and give us the result. An object's data is coupled tightly to the object, and therefore, its associated methods. Typically, the data structure is hidden to the end-user behind the methods used by the object to interface with that data. In Object-Oriented code, it is easy to implement changes to methods and data relationships without breaking unintended code, since the methods are independent of each other. However, it is a bit more difficult to implement new functionality to OO code than it is with FP code.
In FP, the focus is on writing functions to perform operations on the data. New operations are easy to implement, as they are just written as needed. The function is only loosely coupled to the data it performs an operation on, so changes to the data structure are likely to break many functions accessing the structure.
Essentially, the difference in the two is their strengths and weaknesses. Correct implementation of either style of code requires understanding the types of operations being performed, as well as those that may need to be performed in the future. Most business database code is FP, writing different functions to change the way something is displayed or change values in a database. OOP is much better when you anticipate having to change individual steps of your algorithm and want to be more flexible with the data structure.


Zooming with touch zoom, box zoom or flyTo then map.stop()
must make the zoom level snap to the value of the zoomSnap
option. Zoom interactions (keyboard, mouse wheel, zoom control buttons must change the zoom by the amount in the zoomDelta
option.


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Changeset 508 for mystic/_math
- Timestamp:
- 03/21/12 19:29:57 (4 years ago)
- Location:
- mystic/_math
- Files:
-
- 2 edited
-
dirac_measure.py (modified) (2 diffs)
-
measures.py (modified) (2 diffs)
Legend:
- Unmodified
- Added
- Removed
-
mystic/_math/dirac_measure.py
r472 r508 47 47 s.var(R) -- set the variance 48 48 49 methods: 50 s.get_expect(f) -- calculate the expectation 51 s.set_expect((center,delta), f) -- impose expectation by adjusting positions 52 49 53 notes: 50 54 - constraints should impose that sum(weights) should be 1.0 … … 102 106 def __set_variance(self, v): 103 107 self.coords = impose_variance(v, self.coords, self.weights) 108 return 109 110 def get_expect(self, f): 111 """calculate the expectation for a given function 112 113 Inputs: 114 f -- a function that takes a list and returns a number 115 """ #XXX: maybe more natural if f takes a positional value x, not a list x ? 116 117 from mystic.math.measures import expectation 118 coords = [(i,) for i in self.coords] 119 return expectation(f, coords, self.weights) 120 121 def set_expect(self, (m,D), f, bounds=None, constraints=None): 122 """impose a expectation on a dirac measure 123 124 Inputs: 125 (m,D) -- tuple of expectation m and acceptable deviation D 126 f -- a function that takes a list and returns a number 127 bounds -- tuple of lists of bounds (lower_bounds, upper_bounds) 128 constraints -- a function that takes a product_measure c' = constraints(c) 129 """ #XXX: maybe more natural if f takes a positional value x, not a list x ? 130 #XXX: maybe also natural c' = constraints(c) where c is a dirac_measure ? 131 132 if constraints: # then need to adjust interface for 'impose_expectation' 133 def cnstr(x, w): 134 c = compose(x,w) 135 c = constraints(c) 136 return decompose(c)[0] 137 else: cnstr = constraints # 'should' be None 138 coords = impose_expectation((m,D), f, [self.npts], bounds, \ 139 self.weights, constraints=cnstr) 140 from numpy import array 141 self.coords = list(array(coords)[:,0]) 142 #from numpy import squeeze 143 #self.coords = list(squeeze(coords)) 104 144 return 105 145 -
mystic/_math/measures.py
r480 r508 67 67 weights = [1.0/float(len(samples))] * len(samples) 68 68 # get weighted sum 69 ssum = 0.0 70 for i in range(len(samples)): 71 ssum += samples[i]*weights[i] 69 ssum = sum(i*j for i,j in zip(samples, weights)) 72 70 # normalize by sum of the weights 73 71 wts = float(sum(weights)) … … 230 228 # construct and configure optimizer 231 229 debug = False 230 if kwds.has_key('debug'): debug = kwds['debug'] 232 231 npop = 200 233 232 maxiter = 1000; maxfun = 1e+6
Note: See TracChangeset
for help on using the changeset viewer.


This is an example of a calculation in which two parameters, the electron density and gas kinetic temperature, are varied over a broad range. Relative intensities of several [O III] lines are predicted.
This figure shows the [O III] 4363 / 5007 ratio as a function of density and temperature, as output from this program.
last modified 19 July, 2008


| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| Add |
Takes an incoming signal (or signals in the multi-channel case) and adds
something (either a float value or another signal) to it (them).
|
| ADSR |
A convenience class that wraps a Gain/Envelope combo to make an ADSR that destroys itself upon completion.
|
| AllpassFilter |
A simple all-pass filter with variable delay.
|
| BiquadCustomCoeffCalculator |
BiquadCustomCoeffCalculator provides a mechanism to define custom filter
coefficients for a
BiquadFilter based on frequency and Q. |
| BiquadFilter |
A simple implementation of a multi-channel biquad filter.
|
| Change |
Outputs 1 if the input signal is increasing; -1 if it is decreasing; 0 if it
is the same.
|
| Clicker |
A very simple
UGen that generates one click and then kills itself. |
| Clip |
Clip constrains a signal within a range.
|
| Clock |
A sample rate Clock.
|
| CombFilter |
Implements a simple comb filter with both feed-forward and feed-back
components.
|
| Compressor |
A simple multi-channel dynamic range compression UGen.
|
| CrossFade |
CrossFade is used to quickly crossfade between elements.
|
| CrossoverFilter |
A multi-channel 4th-order Linkwitz-Riley crossover filter.
|
| DelayData |
DelayData waits for a specified duration and then sends a DataBead message to
a receiver.
|
| DelayEvent |
An abstract UGen that waits for a specified amount of time before "triggering"
(executing some code).
|
| DelayTrigger |
A DelayTrigger waits for a specified duration and then notifies a receiver.
|
| Delta |
Outputs the change in the input signal from the previous sample to the current one.
|
| Drain |
Drain mixes grains of audio.
|
| Envelope |
An Envelope generates a sequence of timed transitions (segments) between
values as an audio signal.
|
| Function |
Function is an abstract class which can be quickly subclassed to make a custom
UGen on the fly. |
| Gain |
Gain modifies the gain of a multi-channel audio signal.
|
| Glide |
Simple UGen that ramps between given values over a given duration (e.g., for portamento).
|
| GranularSamplePlayer |
GranularSamplePlayer plays back a
Sample using granular synthesis. |
| IIRFilter |
An abstract class that provides methods for analyzing infinite impulse
response (IIR) filters.
|
| IIRFilter.IIRFilterAnalysis |
A holder class for the various filter analysis data.
|
| LPRezFilter |
A simple 2nd-order resonant low-pass filter optimized for single-channel
processing.
|
| Maximum |
For each sample, outputs the maximum of its two inputs.
|
| Minimum |
For each sample, outputs the minimum of its two inputs.
|
| MonoPlug |
MonoPlug performs the simple task of channelling a single output from a multi-channel
UGen . |
| MouseResponder |
A MouseResponder is a way of getting mouse input to control audio rate data.
|
| Mult |
Takes an incoming signal (or signals in the multi-channel case) and
multiplies it with something (another signal or a float value).
|
| MultiWrapper |
A generalized multi-channel wrapper for UGens.
|
| NBitsConverter |
Converts a signal to have n-bits, useful for 8-bit synthesis.
|
| Noise |
Noise generates white noise.
|
| OnePoleFilter |
A simple one-pole filter implementation.
|
| OscillatorBank |
An OscillatorBank sums the output of a set of oscillators with assignable frequencies and amplitudes.
|
| Panner |
A simple panning object that takes a mono input and gives stereo output.
|
| Phasor |
Produces a cycling linear ramp from 0 to 1, like the Phasor object in
Max/MSP.
|
| Plug |
A simple UGen that just forwards its inputs to its outputs.
|
| PolyLimit |
The Class PolyLimit is a mixer which can be used to keep a limit on the number of UGens connected to it.
|
| RandomPWM |
A simple random-length pulse wave modulator.
|
| RangeLimiter |
RangeLimiter forces a signal within the range [-1,1].
|
| RecordToFile |
RecordToFile records audio into a file.
|
| RecordToSample |
RecordToSample records audio into a writeable
Sample . |
| Reverb |
A basic reverb unit with adjustable room size, high-frequency damping, and
early reflections and late reverb levels.
|
| RMS |
Calculates and outputs the RMS (root-mean-squares) power factor for a signal
over a given time frame.
|
| SamplePlayer |
SamplePlayer plays back a
Sample . |
| ScalingMixer |
ScalingMixer scales the gain of the signal at each input by the number of
UGen s connected to that input, passing the scaled signal to the corresponding output. |
| SignalReporter |
An easy way to monitor a signal; useful for debugging signal chains.
|
| Spatial |
A mixer for a speaker config in any number of dimensions (we haven't tested D>3 yet).
|
| Static |
Static represents a
UGen with a fixed value. |
| TapIn |
TapIn stores and serves sound data.
|
| TapOut |
TapOut accesses a TapIn object to implement delays.
|
| Throughput |
A simple UGen that just forwards its inputs to its outputs.
|
| TrapezoidWave |
Generates a pulse-wave with adjustable duty cycle and "attack"/"decay"
lengths.
|
| WavePlayer |
WavePlayer iterates over wave data stored in a
Buffer . |
| WaveShaper |
A simple wave-shaper.
|
| ZeroCross |
Counts and outputs as a signal the number of zero crossings in its input
signal over a specified time frame.
|
| ZMap |
Performs a simple linear map from one range of values to another.
|
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| BiquadFilter.Type | |
| RandomPWM.Mode | |
| RecordToSample.Mode | |
| SamplePlayer.EnvelopeType |
Used to determine whether the SamplePlayer updates control values at
sample rate (
SamplePlayer.EnvelopeType.FINE ) or just every frame (
SamplePlayer.EnvelopeType.COARSE ). |
| SamplePlayer.InterpolationType |
Used to determine what kind of interpolation is used when access samples.
|
| SamplePlayer.LoopType |
Used to determine which kind of loop the sample player will use.
|
| TapOut.InterpolationType |


Part of nukebox2000
| Class | NukeBoxProtocol | NukeBox 2000 Protocol Class |
| Class | NukeBoxBroadcastReceiver | NukeBox 2000 UDP Class |
| Class | NukeBoxFactory | NukeBox 2000 Factory Object |
| Class | NewFile | Incoming File |
| Class | Closer | Context Manager |
| Function | main | Main function of the NukeBox Server |


This rule detects direct usage of getter Services in Controller. In Hybris Controller should not call getter methods of Facade.
public class PublicServiceGetterTestSampleFacade { ... public productService getProductService() { // Noncompliant {{Remove or make private all the public getter methods and properties in Facade that make Service available to Controllers}} return "invalid"; } ... }
public class PublicServiceGetterTestSampleService { ... public productService getProductDao() { // Noncompliant {{Remove or make private all the public getter methods and properties in Service that make Dao available to Controllers}} return "invalid"; } ... }
@Facade private String getService() { // Compliant return "valid"; }


Imperative Programming II: 2016-2017
|
Lecturer |
|
|
Degrees |
Preliminary Examinations — Computer Science and Philosophy |
|
Term |
Trinity Term 2017 (16 lectures) |
Overview
This course, given in the Scala programming language, introduces different techniques for the design, specification, and implementation of small to medium size programs within the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm. The course only assumes familiarity with the essential concepts and constructs of imperative programming, such as conditionals, loops, etc., but it is self contained otherwise. After introducing Scala, the course focuses on three main topics: Abstract Data Types (ADTs), principles of OOP, and Design Patterns in the OOP framework.
Learning outcomes
After taking the course, participants will be able to
- Specify simple abstract data types and design implementations using abstraction functions.
- Use and recognise features of OOP design patterns and give examples of their use.
- Develop Scala programs following both common design patterns and the priniciples of OOP.
- Read and modify small to medium size Objected-Oriented programs within software designs.
Synopsis
WEEK 1 OOP in Scala
- Lecture 01: Programming in Scala
- Lecture 02: Objects and classes
- Lecture 03: Concrete Data Structures
- Lecture 04: Overview of OOP Scala features
WEEK 2 Designing with ADTs
- Lecture 05: Programming with ADTs
- Lecture 06: Specifying ADTs
- Lecture 07: Implementing ADTs
- Lecture 08: Rules for ADTs
WEEK 3 Designing with Objects
- Lecture 09: Basic OOP features
- Lecture 10: Object identity and encapsulation
- Lecture 11: Subclasses and inheritance
- Lecture 12: Abstraction and polymorphism
WEEK 4 OOP Design Patterns
- Lecture 13: Design patterns in OOP
- Lecture 14: Creational design patterns
- Lecture 15: Structural design patterns
- Lecture 16: Behavioural design patterns
Lab sessions: The course is complemented with four lab sessions, using the Scala language.
- 1. Programming in Scala.
- 2. Programming with ADTs.
- 3. Programming with objects.
- 4. Programming with patterns for OOP.
Syllabus
- Lecture 01: Programming in Scala. In this lecture the Scala programming language is introduced. The students learn about the following programming language constructs of Scala: conditionals, loops, types, functions, I/O libraries, etc. They also learn how to use the read-eval-loop mode of Scala.
- Lecture 02: Objects and classes. In this lecture the students learn how to implement slightly more structured programs with the use of objects and classes in Scala. They also learn about some useful Scala libraries.
- Lecture 03: Concrete Data Structures. In this lecture the students learn how to use arrays, lists, and other useful concrete data structures already available in the standard distribution of Scala.
- Lecture 04: Overview of OOP Scala features. In this lecture the students learn about Scala features that will be used to implement OOP features; for instance, abstract classes, traits, parametric methods, subclasses, etc.
- Lecture 05: Programming with ADTs. In this lecture the students learn the basic concepts of ADTs and how they can be used as the basis for the modular development of very general computer programs.
- Lecture 06: Specifying ADTs. In this lecture the students learn how to specify ADTs using a pre/post-conditions notation.
- Lecture 07: Implementing ADTs. In this lecture the students learn how to go from an ADT specification to an actual program.
- Lecture 08: Rules for ADTs. In this lecture the students learn how to systematically produce a simple concrete data structure from a given ADT specification and how to relate the two in a formal way.
- Lecture 09: Basic OOP features. In this lecture the students are introduced to the basic concepts behind OOP. They also learn about the main differences between OOP and other paradigms and see some examples.
- Lecture 10: Object identity and encapsulation. In this lecture the students discuss in more detail two basic OOP features, namely object identity and encapsulation, along with various examples of their implementations in Scala. 2
- Lecture 11: Subclasses and inheritance. In this lecture the students study in more detail another fundamental concept of OOP briefly discussed before. They also learn how to it can be implemented using Scala.
- Lecture 12: Abstraction and polymorphism. In this lecture the students investigate different ways in which polymorphism and related abstraction techniques can be realised and how they can be implemented using Scala.
- Lecture 13: Design patterns in OOP. In this lecture the main concepts, importance, and usage of design patterns for the construction of good software designs is discussed, in particular within the OOP framework.
- Lecture 14: Creational design patterns. In this lecture the students learn about particular kinds of creational design patterns, such as factory, singleton, etc., along with examples of their use and Scala implementation.
- Lecture 15: Structural design patterns. In this lecture the students learn about particular kinds of structural design patterns, such as adapter, decorator, etc., along with examples of their use and Scala implementation.
- Lecture 16: Behavioural design patterns. In this lecture the students learn about particular kinds of behavioural design patterns, such as observer, command, etc., along with examples of their use and Scala implementation.
Reading list
References: We will not follow a single book in this course. However, there are a few references that can be used as a general guideline for each week/topic of the course.
- Programming in Scala. Martin Odersky, Lex Spoon, Bill Venners. Artima. A standard guide for Scala programmers (Week 1).
- Abstract Data Types: Speci_cations, Implementations, and Applications. Nell Dale and Henry M. Walker. Jones & Bartlett Learning. A good reference on abstract data types with concrete implementations (Week 2).
- An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming. Timothy Budd. Addison-Wesley. This book aims to present the principles of OOP in a language-independent way (Week 3).
- Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides. Addison-Wesley. A comprehensive reference on design patterns for Object-Oriented software design (Week 4)