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At Jina AI, we are fully committed to complying with the GDPR. Our policy towards privacy,
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<EMAIL_ADDRESS>A lot of pixels have been scattered and ink spilled about the importance of building an Open Source Program Office (from here on in, OSPO) in your software company. If you’re the one the job has landed on, congratulations!
Right now, I am that person. I’ve been wading through documents and videos to find out exactly what the heck all of this is about. And now I’m summarizing it so you don’t have to. Strap in bucko, we’re gonna cover:
This is one in a series of posts that aim to take the mystery out of the OSPO thing. I’m a fellow traveler on this journey — just as clueless as you may be (and possibly even cluelesser!)
I’m a dyed-in-the-wool geek. I’ve contributed to open source projects, built my own projects, and worked for years to popularize the idea of open source and how to apply it to more than just software, like aerospace and sustainable technologies.
I use Vim, damnit. So you think I’d totally know what an open source program office is, right? Wrong.
This is me. Except I code in Python and have a much cooler color scheme obviously
I know what an open source office program is. Just not an open source program office.
And everything I’ve read about it is pretty dry.
So I’m trying to fix that here.
I’m not providing a comprehensive how-to guide. If you want that, check out the awesome TODO Group and their guides for building an OSPO. This article is more of a semi-organized braindump, addressing what I’ve learned, what works, what doesn’t work, and the confusion, headaches, frustration, and love we’re facing along the way.
First up, thanks to the TODO Group! I may rant about stuff being difficult to read sometimes, but without all of you there’d be few resources for me to work with at all. You all rock! (Whereas I, trying to make it more accessible, pop-rock)
TL;DR: The bit of the company responsible for supporting open source stuff
In the words of the TODO Group:
A central open source program office is a designated place where open source is supported, nurtured, shared, explained, and grown inside a company. With such an office in place, businesses can establish and execute on their open source strategies in clear terms, giving their leaders, developers, marketers, and other staff the tools they need to make open source a success within their operations.
Sounds good so far. Jina is already an open-source company after all. But what does it mean to support, nurture, share, explain and grow open source?
Open source is everywhere. But open source is weird for big companies who aren’t used to working in an open source way. The open source program office acts as a nexus to make open source work in a company’s long-term business plans.
This is a summary of How to Create an Open Source Program:
Enough buzzword bingo. All of the above are lofty goals, but what can us grunts in the trenches do?
We’re an open-source company trying to attract open-source developers. They already have a pretty decent idea of what open source is before they work with our tech. How can we improve upon that?
You may already be doing a lot of this in your company now. Congratulations on the time you’ve wasted reading this blog post then! On the other hand, you could’ve read the much longer and dryer thing I’m summarizing…
Our ideal candidate
Someone who:
Talk to everyone, from C-level to devs. In our case this idea came from the top, and our devs are all into open source anyway.
In our case, we’re putting our Open Source Program Office in our Developer Relations department. They’re directly responsible for building relationships with developers, a core part of the Open Source Program Office’s remit.
Next up will be lots of discussion with stakeholders about how “open” is “open”, and soon a blog post on open governance for you all to look forward to!


Waaaah HTML5 rocks
The new HTML5 standard is the way to go. Every webdesigner is excited to see how browsers start to support the different elements.
HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content for the World Wide Web and a core technology of the Internet. It is the fifth revision of the HTML standard (created in 1990 and standardized as HTML 4 as of 1997) and, as of December 2012, is a candidate recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices (web browsers, parsers, etc.). HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML 4, but also XHTML 1 and DOM Level 2 HTML.


Hey Astroneer !
Astroneer is a sandbox adventure game developed by System Era Softworks. The game was released through early access in December 2016 before a full release in 2019.
Hey Astroneer !
Astroneer is a sandbox adventure game developed by System Era Softworks. The game was released through early access in December 2016 before a full release in 2019.
Read moreHey Astroneer !
Astroneer is a sandbox adventure game developed by System Era Softworks. The game was released through early access in December 2016 before a full release in 2019.
Read moreHey Astroneer !
Astroneer is a sandbox adventure game developed by System Era Softworks. The game was released through early access in December 2016 before a full release in 2019.


Monday, October 12th, 2015
Group_By in Enumerables
Hello again! Today, i'm going to be discussing the "Group By" method in Ruby, or (group_by). Like arrays, and most things Ruby, group_by can be as complicated or as uncomplicated as you want it, but for the purposes of this tutorial, let's keep it as simple as possible.
Any of you on Tinder? Don't lie. Well, if for some reason, you're one of those unicorns who have beat all obstacles in today's modern dating world, ended up in a healthy relationship, and are also living under a rock, I'll explain: Tinder is a mobile dating app that just shows you a picture of another Tinder user, and encourages you to decide immediately if you like them or not, just based on their picture. If you look at this person's face, and decide you are attracted to them, you swipe right on the screen, and if you aren't, you swipe left. If this other user has swiped right, you are able to chat with each other, and if not, you won't be able to until the other user has done so, if they ever do.
Despite the fact that Tinder is a horrible app that will ultimately lead to the extinction of the human race, it is pretty handy in terms of connecting users with nearby matches, with their location-based software.
Let's say, Ren, a heterosexual female, joins Tinder in search of that perfect beard-sporting, dad-bodded intellectual, who has absolutely no fear of commitment for whatever reason. We want to make sure she doesn't have to look too far beyond Bushwick to find him.
For this example, let's pretend that there are only seven straight male users on Tinder, because the world would be a much better place if there were.In the database we have:
Crazy P (3 miles away)
Cheeks (1 mile away)
The British Ghost (3465 miles away)
Juban (3 miles away)
Speedy (1 mile away)
Dr. Rocket (2 miles away)
Homer Simpson (4 miles away)
In the system, these names and distances would be stored as a hash. A hash is a way of storing data as a collection of key/value pairs. It is similar to an array, but the difference being, that the information is indexed by arbitrary keys, instead of a numeric index, or ordered list.
Here is what our index of straight male Tinder users might look like if it were stored as a Ruby hash:
str_male_users = { 'Crazy P' => 3, 'Cheeks' => 1, 'The British Ghost' => 3465, 'Juban' => 3, 'Speedy' => 1, 'Dr. Rocket' => 2, 'Homer Simpson' => 4 }
So here's what we do in order to group by distance:
str_male_users.group_by { |name, distance| distance }
What we're doing in the above method, is telling Ruby we want to group the hash of straight male users. The "|name, distance|" variables are simply placeholders for the key/value pairs in each hash. They could be called anything really, "|a, b|" or "|apple, banana|", "|blue, wooden|". All they are doing is telling Ruby that it is looking for a key and a value to return from this hash. The "distance" variable, outside the pipe brackets, is also just a placeholder. It's telling Ruby that this is the variable we are going to use to form groups.
A couple important things to remember: though "distance" is just a placeholder and can be called anything, it MUST be the same string or character as the second word in the pipe bracket, otherwise, Ruby won't understand what you're trying to reference. Also, though we can technically order by name, that will not be helpful because it will simply return all the users in the order the were entered into the system, as opposed to their distance.
So now we run the program. Here's what gets returned:
{3=>[["Crazy P", 3], ["Juban", 3]], 1=>[["Cheeks", 1], ["Speedy", 1]], 3465=>[["The British Ghost", 3465]], 2=>[["Dr. Rocket", 2]], 4=>[["Homer Simpson", 4]]}
Hold on a minute. So this program did what we wanted it to by grouping straight male Tinder users based on distance, however, it's not very helpful to Ren to see them in no particular order. I mean, the british accent is hot and all but she'd probably like to see a guy who is 2 miles away as opposed to 3465.
So in order to ensure Ren doesn't have to travel too far to get entangled in a dating disaster, we want to show her the local trainwrecks first before moving on to other outside emotionally detached men. In order to do this, we are simply going to alter our code by adding one more instruction, sort_by. If we want to order our returned hash based on integers, sort_by will do that chronologically by default. Here is what our code looks like now:
str_male_users.group_by.sort_by { |name, distance| distance }
And here's what we get returned:
=> [["Speedy", 1], ["Cheeks", 1], ["Dr. Rocket", 2], ["Juban", 3], ["Crazy P", 3], ["Homer Simpson", 4], ["The British Ghost", 3465]]
And just like that, Ren easily lands her next 3 week boyfriend!
*One last important thing to note is that, when we choose to use order_by, it is simply returning the data from this hash in this order. Nothing is being printed to the screen, and additional steps would be needed for that.
Until next time! -J


AMANTES (American title: LOVERS) A film review by Ken Johnson Copyright 1993 Ken Johnson
105 min., R, Drama, 1991, In Spanish with English subtitles Director: Vincente Aranda Cast: Victoria Abril, Jorge Sanz, Maribel Verdu, Enrique Cerro, Mabel Escano, Alicia Agut
Ex-soldier Jorge Sanz moves into the town where his girlfriend Maribel Verdu lives. As soon as he gets a job and money, they will get married. Sanz rents a room from Victoria Abril. She seduces him, and Sanz finds that he is falling out of love with Verdu, and into love with Abril.
AMANTES is a rather sad film and is based on a true story. I don't recommend this film for everybody, although if it comes to a theater near you for a cheap enough rate, you might be interested in going to see it. If the film sounds interesting to you from the review I have written, I suggest that you do attempt to see this film at a theater as I don't know if it will ever be released on video cassette. On a scale of zero to five, I give AMANTES a four.
The actors/actresses in this film do a very good job. Victoria Abril is excellent as Jorge Sanz's landlady.  Jorge Sanz is great as the poor man who is deeply in love with Maribel Verdu. As he gets to know Victoria Abril he starts to fall in love with her; or is it just the sexual things that she does with him? Maribel Verdu is excellent as Jorge Sanz's girlfriend who sees herself losing him. She has to convert to Victoria Abril's tactics if she wants to keep Jorge Sanz for herself.
This film reminded me a lot of the Pamela Smart case that happened in New Hampshire last year. It is almost the exact story, except instead of a husband, the third person is a girlfriend. The film is quite well written. The end of the film is rushed and a little confusing. There are a few slow spots, and I vaguely remember one place that moved along too quickly, but other than that I don't remember any problems with the writing. The film presented the material rather well, not making it too depressing, especially considering the content. However, at some points, especially towards the end, the film does get depressing.
-------- Ken Johnson<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Project File   >
About ObjectJ...
Displays information about ObjectJ version and current
project file
Open Project ...
Opens an existing project file such as "MyProject.ojj". ObjectJ allows only one project to be open and
therefore first closes any previous project.
An alternative way to open a project is to drag the .ojj file onto the ImageJ main window.
You also can drag it onto the ImageJ "microscope" icon, but be aware that in Windows this could open a
second instance of ImageJ, which can be confusing.
Export Linked Results...
Opens a dialog to control what needs to exported or copied.
You can specify column titles by supplying several comma-separated terms that may contain wildcards '*' and '?'
Only qualified rows of linked results will be exported. If "Include Statistics" is checked, edit the comma-separated
list such as "count, mean, stdev, min, max, sum"
Save A Copy Of Project...
This can be useful when you want to
make a backup of the project's current state with a different name
Save An Empty Copy...
Saves a copy of current project, but without including objects and image
references. Besides that, the entire structure of the project,
including embedded macros, is preserved.
Use this command when you want to start a new project with same conditions as an existing one.
Export Embedded Macros
Writes a copy of currently embedded macros as 'Exchange File' into the same folder
and using has same base name as the project file, but with .txt instead .ojj extension.
Any previous 'Exchange File' is overwritten without notice.
Import Embedded Macros
Replaces current embedded macros by those in the 'Exchange File',
or by any other txt or .ojj file.
Close Project
Closes current project
Save Project
Saves current project as an .ojj file, which includes markers, ObjectJ results, image links and
all project settings in the project file. It doesn't save any images.
Link Images   >

Link Image From Project Folder
Opens a dialog to include a reference to one the images in the project folder.
Image types can be TIF, GIF, JPG, PNG etc, but not Zip, Mov, Avi etc.
Alternatively, you can drag an image from Finder/Explorer into the 'Images' panel
Link All Images from Project Folder
Automatically loads references to all supported images in
the project folder (not in sub directories)
Link Front Image
If front image is stored in project folder and is not linked yet,
it will be linked
Forget Unmarked Images
Removes references to images that do not contain any markers
Propagate Scale to Linked Images...
Sets the same scale to all images that are linked.
A right-click onto a "px/unit" value in the Images panel does the same.
Flattened Duplicate
Creates an RGB image of same size, with objects and overlay burnt into the image at zoom=100%.
Current ROI is killed.
See also Plugins> Utilities> Capture Screen , which respects current zoom
and current ROI, but includes only the part that is visible on the screen.
Objects   >

Show Object # ...
shows and selects an object upon underlying image
Delete Objects
Deletes non-destructive markers according to criteria shown
in a dialog box.
Delete All Objects
just what it says. There is no Undo!
Roi to Object Item
converts a region of interest into an object's item.
Example: if the image shows a straight-line selection, and
in the ObjectJ Tools window an item is highlighted of type "Line",
the coordinates of the selection are used to create a
line object of that item type, as if the two end points
would have been clicked with the mouse.
Show Project Window [shift-F1]
Brings the project window to the front; this is the place to define a project
via four panels: images, objects, columns, qualifiers.
Show ObjectJ Tools [shift-F2]
Brings the ObjectJ tool window to the front, showing tools like
pistol etc, plus the currently available item types. Also custom tools
defined in embedded macros appear here as extra buttons.
Show Project Results [shift-F3]
Brings the ObjectJ results table to the front, which is completely
independent from the ImageJ results table.
Show Embedded Macros [shift-F4]
Displays a text window that holds embedded macros. These can be edited and
reloaded by pressing button 'Install in ObjectJ Menu'. The only way to embed
macros from elsewhere is via Copy-Paste. Once the macros are installed, choose ObjectJ>Save Project
to save them as part of the project file.
Show in Finder/Explorer [shift-F5]
Tells the Finder (Mac) or Explorer (Windows) to display the project folder.


Before Change
print("All reviews are done!\n")
def approve_work(self, assignment_id):
client = boto3.client(
service_name = "mturk",
region_name = "us-east-1",
endpoint_url = "https://mturk-requester-sandbox.us-east-1.amazonaws.com"
)
// Region is always us-east-1
if not self.is_sandbox:
client = boto3.client(service_name = "mturk", region_name="us-east-1")
client.approve_assignment(AssignmentId=assignment_id)
def reject_work(self, assignment_id):
client = boto3.client(
After Change
print("Waiting for Turkers to respond... (Please don"t close your laptop or put your computer into sleep or standby mode.)\n")
def approve_work(self, assignment_id):
client = get_mturk_client(self.is_sandbox)
client.approve_assignment(AssignmentId=assignment_id)
def reject_work(self, assignment_id):
client = get_mturk_client(self.is_sandbox)


The only part of this first pass on the game that could fail is choosing the location.
Did you notice that when it asks for a number, if you don’t enter anything it crashes hard?
How about if you state too much? It asks for row and you answer 2,3 (row and column)? Boom again.
That’s what we fixed here with try/except
:
def choose_location(board, symbol):
try:
row = int(input("Choose which row: "))
row -= 1
if row < 0 or row >= len(board):
return False
column = int(input("Choose which column: "))
column -= 1
if column < 0 or column >= len(board[0]):
return False
cell = board[row][column]
if cell is not None:
return False
board[row][column] = symbol
return True
except ValueError as ve:
print(f"Error: Cannot convert input to a number.")
return False
except Exception:
# Not sure what else happened here, but didn't work.
return False
For a more advanced version, you could edit the tic-tac-toe from files and
make sure we have permissions to save to the files and that they are in a
correct format for json
to read and so on.


This website is made using Flask and the code is here on GitHub. To see the POF (Proof of freshness) page, visit /pof
If you like this project, feel free to check out other stuff at ideas.homelabs.space and see my GitHub: github/innovativeinventor.
Config details:


Products
Product
Price
Cost
Current Stock
{{p.name | truncateName:25}}
{{p.price}}
{{p.cost}}
{{p.current_stock}}


See what your monthly payments will be.
Monthly Payment: ${{ monthlyLease }}
Lets estimate some loans.
First Year Interest: {{ interestOneYear | currency: "$": 2 }}
Two Years of Interest: {{ interestTwoYears | currency: "$": 2 }}
Three Years of Interest: {{ interestThreeYears | currency: "$": 2 }}
Total Loan Amount: {{ totalLoan | currency: "$": 2 }}
Total Loan Interest: {{ totalInterest | currency: "$": 2 }}
Monthly Loan Payment: {{ monthlyFinance | currency: "$": 2 }}


atg.b2bcommerce.order
Interfaces
B2BCommerceItem
B2BOrder
B2BPipelineConstants
B2BShippingGroup
CostCenter
CostCenterContainer
CostCenterRelationship
CostCenterRelationshipContainer
Classes
B2BCommerceItemImpl
B2BHardgoodShippingGroup
B2BOrderImpl
B2BOrderLookup
B2BOrderManager
B2BOrderTools
B2BRelationshipTypes
B2BShippingGroupImpl
B2BShoppingCartFormHandler
B2BShoppingCartModifierConfiguration
CostCenterCommerceItemRelationship
CostCenterContainerImpl
CostCenterImpl
CostCenterManager
CostCenterOrderRelationship
CostCenterRelationshipContainerImpl
CostCenterShippingGroupRelationship
Exceptions
CostCenterNotFoundException
DuplicateCostCenterException


In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) has been associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes such as fertility problems and vaginal as well as breast cancer. Animal studies have linked prenatal DES exposure to lasting DNA methylation changes.   DNA methylation in blood was measured at 485,577 CpG sites using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Associations between CpG methylation and DES exposure status were analyzed using robust linear regression with adjustment for blood cell composition and multiple comparisons. Although four CpGs had p<10 5, after accounting for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate (FDR), none reached genome-wide significance. In conclusion, adult women exposed to DES in utero had no evidence of large persistent changes in blood DNA methylation.
The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) was introduced as a drug to prevent miscarriage in the 1940’s and was widely prescribed to pregnant women. More than 2 million American women took the drug during pregnancy, exposing both themselves and their fetuses to high doses of estrogen [ 1]. Clinical trials during the 1950s failed to show any effect of DES on reducing the risk of miscarriage, and in 1971, DES exposure during fetal development was found to be associated with a rare form of vaginal adenocarcinoma in adolescent girls [ 2]. Since then, a number of other adverse health outcomes including infertility, early menopause and breast cancer, have been connected to in utero DES exposure [ 2– 5].
Animal models show that early exposure to estrogen compounds, including DES, can change the expression levels of several genes [ 6– 8]. Numerous animal studies have identified DES-exposure related epigenetic changes including DNA methylation and histone modifications [ 9– 11]. While these estrogen-induced changes have mainly been observed in uterine or vaginal tissue, one study of the phytoestrogen genistein identified DNA-methylation changes in blood from 12-week old mice that had been exposed prenatally [ 7].
It is possible that prenatal exposure to DES induces lasting modifications to hematopoietic stem cells if the exposure occurs during early fetal development [ 12]. We hypothesized that exposure to DES in utero gives rise to persistent epigenetic changes (detectable in blood) and that these changes are partly responsible for the observed increased risk of infertility and cancer related health outcomes in the offspring. We conducted a study of DNA methylation patterns in whole blood from 100 women reporting that their mothers had used DES during pregnancy, and compared them to 100 women without exposure using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. To our knowledge this is the first study to evaluate possible effects of in utero DES exposure on genome-wide DNA methylation in humans.
All women in the study were participants of the Sister Study—a prospective cohort study of environmental and familial risk factors for breast cancer and other diseases. This cohort includes 50,884 women who were all breast cancer free at enrollment but had at least one sister diagnosed with breast cancer. All participants provided a blood sample at baseline and completed extensive questionnaires including a self-administered family history questionnaire on prenatal exposures. Detailed information about the Sister Study can be found at
Within the Sister Study a sample of the participant’s mothers was also invited to participate in a sub study entitled the Mothers Validation Study (MVS). Sampling for the MVS was restricted to mothers under 60 who were reported to be alive at their daughters’ enrolment into the Sister Study and additionally weighted to include women whose daughters reported rare early life exposures, including DES. A total of 1802 mothers completed the MVS questionnaire which included a question about whether the she had used DES during pregnancy. The concordance between mothers and daughters reports on DES usage and exposure was addressed ( S1 Table). In our sample selection we excluded 84 women with discordant mother-daughter reports on DES exposure, 163 with missing data on DES exposure, 39 women with insufficient blood samples, and 270 women because of age and ethnic restrictions (ages were limited to 40–59 years of age to capture the time period when DES was most widely prescribed and the sample was restricted to non-Hispanic whites because of possible racial/ethnic differences in methylation). Of the remaining women (n = 1246), with concordant mother-daughter DES reports, we randomly selected 100 of the 125 exposed women and 100 of the 1121 unexposed women (frequency matched by age to the exposed women) ( S1 Fig.). This sample set has previously been used to study the effects of smoking on DNA methylation in blood [ 14].
Informed written consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health, and the Copernicus Group (
All blood samples were collected using glass blood collection tubes with acid citrate dextrose (ACD). This was done during a home visit at baseline and the blood was stored at-20C prior to DNA extraction. Genomic DNA was extracted using automated equipment (Autopure LS, Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and quantified with Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA reagent (Invitrogen). One microgram (μg) of extracted DNA was bisulfite converted using the EZ DNA methylation kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
Methylation analysis was conducted at the NIEHS Molecular Genomics Core using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Samples were randomly assigned to eighteen beadchips with 12 spots on each using a balanced design with respect to exposure and age (<50 vs >+50). We included 6 DNA methylation controls (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA) and 10 duplicate samples, which were placed on different chips. One of the duplicates was eventually excluded due to poor methylation data quality. For the remaining 9 pairs of duplicates we calculated Pearson’s correlation coefficients for Infinium I and Infinium II probes separately ( S2 Table). DNA was hybridized to the array following the manufacturer’s protocol and then scanned with an Illumina iScan (Illumina, San Diego CA). Raw intensity data were extracted using Illumina GenomeStudio software (version 2011.1).
We excluded 48,494 CpG probes based on the following criteria: 1) CpG probes with a common SNP (minor allele frequency ≥ 0.05 in Europeans based on the 1000 Genomes project data-release/20130502) located at the target CpG site; 2) CpGs with probes mapping to multiple genomic locations; 3) CpGs located on the Y chromosome.
At each CpG site on the array, methylation status was determined based on intensity measures of probes corresponding to unmethylated ( U) or methylated ( M) CpGs. We pre-processed the M and U intensity values separately for Infinium I and II CpG probes detailed as follows: 1) for Infinium I probes, we separately background corrected (using the Robust Multichip Average (RMA) method [ 15]) and quantile normalized red and green channel probes; 2) for Infinium II probes, we first corrected dye bias between U and M intensity values using the normalizeMethyLumiSet method in the R package “methylumi”, and then performed RMA background correction and quantile normalization separately for U and M intensity values; 3) The methylation level (beta value) for each CpG site was calculated as the ratio of normalized fluorescent intensities between methylated and unmethylated alleles β = M/(M+U+100).
The DNA methylation data set used in this publication can be accessed via
We also specifically report on nine genes ( EMB, WNT11 TGFB1, ERBB2, EGFR, LTF, EGF, FOS, and JUN) that have previously been shown to have differential gene expression in mice uterine or vaginal tissue following pre or perinatal exposure to DES [ 8, 11, 16– 20]. We compared the mean β-value for 75 CpGs in the 5’ region (as annotated by Illumina) of these genes for women with and without DES exposure histories.
Robust linear regression was used to test the association between CpG methylation profiles (β-values) and DES exposure status. In order to adjust for multiple testing, the false discovery rate (FDR) was calculated using the q-value framework, q<0.05 was used as the cutoff for genome wide significance [ 21]. In the association tests we adjusted for the proportions of 6 different types of white blood cells (CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, B cells, granulocytes, monocytes, and Natural killer cells) estimated using a method described by Houseman et al [ 22]. Briefly, we first utilized a publically available Illumina HumanMethylation450 dataset (GSE35069) [ 23] for 60 cell type specific samples to select the top 100 most informative CpGs with respect to blood cell types; based on methylation profiles of the 100 CpGs for our samples, we then estimated the composition of the 6 cell types in each sample. Additional adjustments were made for age at menarche, BMI, and parity.
DES-exposed women were similar to unexposed women in regard to age, ever use of OCs, and smoking status; a greater percent of exposed women had BMI<25, menarche at 14+ years, and were nulliparous than unexposed women ( Table 1).
| 40–49 yr | 42 | 42 | |
| 50–59 yr | 58 | 58 | 1.00 |
| Body Mass Index | |||
| <20 | 7 | 7 | |
| 20–24.9 | 49 | 38 | |
| 25–29.9 | 26 | 25 | |
| ≥30 | 18 | 30 | 0.22 |
| Age at Menarche | |||
| <12 yr | 15 | 25 | |
| 12–13 yr | 51 | 49 | |
| ≥14 yr | 34 | 26 | 0.17 |
| Age at Menopause a | |||
| <45 yr | 11 | 8 | |
| 45–55yr | 29 | 31 | |
| ≥55 yr | 2 | 1 | 0.66 |
| Menopause Status | |||
| Postmenopausal | 45 | 45 | |
| Premenopausal | 55 | 55 | 1.00 |
| Oral Contraceptive Use | |||
| Ever | 90 | 92 | |
| Never | 10 | 8 | 0.62 |
| HRT Use b | |||
| Current | 8 | 13 | |
| Ever | 15 | 12 | |
| Never | 22 | 19 | 0.42 |
| Parity | |||
| 0 | 40 | 21 | |
| 1 | 13 | 16 | |
| 2 | 29 | 38 | |
| ≥3 | 18 | 25 | 0.03 |
| Smoking Status c | |||
| Current | 8 | 4 | |
| Former | 35 | 34 | |
| Never | 54 | 58 | 0.60 |
| Mothers Education at Age 13 c | |||
| <HS, HS/GED | 55 | 60 | |
| Some College | 12 | 10 | |
| Associate/Tech | 12 | 9 | |
| Bach degree | 16 | 17 | |
| Grad degree | 4 | 2 | 0.82 |
| Family Income During Childhood | |||
| Well Off | 9 | 9 | |
| Middle Income | 75 | 69 | |
| Low Income | 13 | 17 | |
| Poor | 3 | 5 | 0.73 |
| Maternal Smoking c | |||
| Definitely | 34 | 32 | |
| Probably | 5 | 6 | |
| Probably not | 4 | 2 | |
| Definitely not | 56 | 59 | 0.83 |
| Birth Weight c | |||
| <2500 g | 13 | 6 | |
| 2500-<4000g | 70 | 71 | |
| 4000+ g | 7 | 9 | 0.25 |
| Gestational Age c | |||
| Not Early, 2+Weeks | 67 | 68 | |
| Early, 2–4 Weeks | 10 | 5 | |
| Early, 1+ months | 6 | 4 | 0.40 |
aAge at menopause was ascertained among the 45 exposed and 45 unexposed women who were postmenopausal
bHRT was ascertained among postmenopausal women only
cColumn % does not add to 100% due to missing data
dBased on Chi-Square test
In our primary model, adjusted for multiple testing and blood cell composition, four CpGs in two different genes ( KIFC3, and DCAKD) had nominal p values < 10 -5, and an additional 18 CpGs in 18 different genes had nominal p values < 10 -4 ( Fig. 1). None of these 22 CpGs achieved genome-wide significance after considering multiple comparisons (q<0.05). Additional adjustments for age at menarche, BMI and parity did not affect the results.
Log
We examined DNA methylation values at 75 CpG sites located in the 5’ regions of nine previously reported genes. At these sites the average differences in DNA methylation between exposed and unexposed women were < 1%. None of the 75 CpG sites remained significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons ( Fig. 2 and S3 Table).
All CpGs are ordered from 5’ to 3’. Y axis shows the difference in mean beta values of exposed and unexposed women. Circle color depicts methylation status of individual CpGs (Black = Hyper-methylated [≥70%], Grey = Semi-methylated [<70%>30%], White = Hypo-methylated [≤30%]). All sites were selected based on annotations from the Illumina manifest. A) Genes that are up regulated in mice exposed to DES. B) Genes that are down regulated in mice exposed to DES.
Epidemiologic studies have shown that women exposed to the synthetic estrogen DES in utero have increased risk of breast and vaginal cancer, preterm delivery, infertility, early menarche and other health outcomes[ 2, 4, 5, 24], and some of these risks, specifically concerning breast and vaginal cancer, persist as women grow older [ 3]. Although we hypothesized that persistent DNA methylation changes might be detectable in blood from women exposed to DES in utero, we found no evidence of this in our sample of non-Hispanic white women aged 40–59 years.
Several studies have found differences in gene expression and/or DNA methylation in adult mice or rats exposed to DES during development or early life [ 8, 17, 25]. Hyper or hypo-methylation of the 5’ promoter regions has previously been shown to control gene expression [ 26] which led us to focus on CpGs in this region of the gene. However, for 75 CpGs in the 5’ regions of the nine genes identified in rodent studies, we found no significant differences between exposed and unexposed women.
Strengths of this study include the availability of both mothers and daughters reports on DES exposure, and genome-wide coverage of CpG methylation sites (representing ~ 2% of CpGs in the genome). Limitations include lack of detailed information on dose, route of exposure, timing, or duration of DES use. Additionally we had limited power to detect small effect sizes (defined by the absolute methylation difference between two groups, divided by the standard deviation). With a sample size of 200 (1:1 case/control ratio) and assuming a p-value threshold of 10 -8, our study had 80% power to detect CpG sites with effect sizes of at least 0.67. The average effect size of our top 4 CpG sites was 0.5, which would require a study sample size of 354 to obtain 80% power.
In this study we used DNA from blood rather than from a known target tissue such as vagina, cervix or endometrium. Histologic changes in target tissues, including vaginal epithelium, are known to correlate with dose of DES exposure and with increased risk of adverse outcomes such as vaginal carcinoma [ 3, 27]. Although it may be possible to compare methylation in target tissues using archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples, it is difficult to find adequate FFPE samples from DES-exposed women. In addition, methylation analysis of degraded and cross-linked FFPE samples present substantial technical challenges. In conclusion, although we cannot rule out the possibility of effects at younger ages or in other tissues, our study finds no evidence of large persistent effects of in utero DES exposure on blood DNA methylation.
The 100 exposed women were randomly selected from the 125 eligible exposed women. The 100 unexposed women were selected based on age frequency matching to the exposed women.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
(PDF)
Click here for additional data file.
We thank Kevin Gerrish and Laura Wharey at the NIEH microarray core for processing and running the Illumina 450K bead arrays.


Oct 3, 2020
In the era of big data, computational scientists utilize cutting-edge computational and machine learning techniques to detect and analyze interesting patterns. Since observational data generally lack exogeneity, it is challenging to draw valid causal identifications. Although causal inference is stressed in economics and quantitative social science, existing approaches may not be naturally extended to the application to large-scale data with complex data structure. For example, the independent variable of interest in causal inference is typically binary (i.e., simply treatment or control), but in big data it can be categorical, continuous or multi-dimensional.
I am interested in “complex” causal inference, which is aimed to discover causal knowledge that is beyond the conventional potential outcomes framework with binary treatment variables. In close collaborations with world-leading social platforms, such as WeChat and Facebook, I discover causal scientific knowledge in large-scale observational and experimental data.
For observational data, I leveraged a large-scale natural experiment [1], where exogeneity is introduced by WeChat’s computer algorithm. The “group red packet” on WeChat is a monetary gift shared by multiple recipients. Importantly, the WeChat’s algorithm randomly splits a gift amount and each recipient receives a random share. In this way, I obtained a treatment variable (the random amount received) that is well manipulated. This enables me to identify the impact of the gift amount on multiple important outcome variables with high internal validity.
For experimental data, in collaboration with Facebook Core Data Science, I developed an approach to exploring and analyzing complex patterns of social contagion in experimental data [2]. In an experiment on social networks, the outcome of an individual is not only affected by the treatment assignment of this individual, but also by the treatment assignment of her network neighbors (e.g., Facebook friends). In this case, the intervention is complex because it includes the assignment conditions for both this individual and her neighbors. Direct analysis of the complex space of the intervention is challenging. Our study combines causal inference in networks and machine learning to provide a solution: we first characterize treatment assignment conditions of the individual and her neighbors by labelled network motifs, and then apply a tree-based algorithm to help researchers automatically categorize the intervention.
In addition, the WeChat field experiment [3] contains 11 different treatment groups, where each treatment group corresponds to a different motivation for prosocial behavior. This can help us further understand the psychological and behavioral mechanisms rather than simply identifying a causal effect. In [5], I proposed to employ hyper-realistic photos produced by generalized adversarial networks, with the aim of examining how users behave differently towards different opponents who are associated with the photos. These photos are well manipulated in gender, age, race, ethnicity, and facial expressions, among other facial characteristics.
I will continue to study interesting open questions in applied causal inference, including identifying complicated heterogeneous treatment effects, temporal patterns of treatment effects, and the interaction effect between multiple treatments.
References:


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Convergence of carbon intensity in the Yangtze River Delta, China |
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PMC |
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PMC7124204 |
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10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.012 |
6hl5swb9 |
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Li_J_2018, Smyth_2008 |
Li_J_2018, Fan_F_2016, You_H_2016, Liou_2020 |
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You_H_2016 |
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PMC |
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Li_J_2018, Li_J_2017, Fan_F_2016, Yang_2004 |
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Li_J_2018 |
The effect of urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions efficiency in the Yangtze River Delta, China |
Li, Jianbao; Huang, Xianjin; Kwan, Mei-Po; Yang, Hong; Chuai, Xiaowei |
2018 |
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PMC |
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PMC7127308 |
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10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.198 |
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Smyth_2008 |
Li_J_2017, Fan_F_2016, You_H_2016, Wang_2019 |
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Fan_F_2016 |
Decomposition analysis of energy-related carbon emissions from the transportation sector in Beijing |
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2016 |
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PMC |
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10.1016/j.trd.2015.11.001 |
82wjy6al |
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Fang_2017 |
Investigating carbon tax pilot in YRD urban agglomerations—Analysis of a novel ESER system with carbon tax constraints and its application |
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2017 |
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PMC |
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Features and drivers for energy-related carbon emissions in mega city: The case of Guangzhou, China based on an extended LMDI model |
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2019 |
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COMM-USE |
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PMC6370191 |
30742627.0 |
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m6pur6td |
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Jia_J_2018 |
Multi-perspective comparisons and mitigation implications of SO(2) and NO(x) discharges from the industrial sector of China: a decomposition analysis |
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2018 |
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PMC |
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PMC7088665 |
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Wang_2019, Li_J_2018, Fan_F_2016, Guirao_2016 |
| 8 |
Wang_2016 |
Modelling input-output flows of severe acute respiratory syndrome in mainland China |
Wang, Li; Wang, Jinfeng; Xu, Chengdong; Liu, Tiejun |
2016 |
2016-02-29 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC4770707 |
26924026.0 |
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Liu_X_2015 |
A system dynamics approach to scenario analysis for urban passenger transport energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A case study of Beijing |
Liu, Xue; Ma, Shoufeng; Tian, Junfang; Jia, Ning; Li, Geng |
2015 |
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PMC |
N |
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10.1016/j.enpol.2015.06.007 |
o4c5str3 |
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Cheng_2015, Fan_F_2016, Wang_2019, Li_J_2018 |
| 10 |
Fang_2013 |
Environment-adjusted total-factor energy efficiency of Taiwan's service sectors |
Fang, Chin-Yi; Hu, Jin-Li; Lou, Tze-Kai |
2013 |
2013-12-31 |
PMC |
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PMC7115794 |
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10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.124 |
l8pbw4ry |
0.625470 |
Chen_2007 |
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Bhadra_2009 |
Race to the bottom or swimming upstream: Performance analysis of US airlines |
Bhadra, Dipasis |
2009 |
2009-09-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7147864 |
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10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.09.014 |
rdsxmo5l |
0.588232 |
Chen_2007 |
Ivaldi_2018, Goetz_2004, Yang_2018, Sun_J_2015 |
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Cheng_2015 |
Urban transportation energy and carbon dioxide emission reduction strategies |
Cheng, Yung-Hsiang; Chang, Yu-Hern; Lu, I.J. |
2015 |
2015-11-01 |
PMC |
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PMC7116980 |
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10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.126 |
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Scotti_2015 |
An empirical assessment of the CO2-sensitive productivity of European airlines from 2000 to 2010 |
Scotti, Davide; Volta, Nicola |
2015 |
2015-06-30 |
PMC |
N |
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10.1016/j.trd.2015.04.009 |
b9sahsre |
0.557188 |
Chen_2007 |
Lee_D_2009, Ivaldi_2018, He_W_2018 |
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Chen_2009 |
Analysis of regional productivity growth in China: A generalized metafrontier MPI approach |
Chen, Ku-Hsieh; Huang, Yi-Ju; Yang, Chih-Hai |
2009 |
2009-12-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7148924 |
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10.1016/j.chieco.2009.05.003 |
10t50mp7 |
0.528650 |
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Lai_T_2011 |
The causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in a Gaming and Tourism Center: The case of Macao SAR, the People’s Republic of China |
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2011 |
2011-02-28 |
PMC |
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PMC7125689 |
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10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.036 |
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PMC7112461 |
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10.1016/j.eneco.2018.06.010 |
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Li_J_2017, Lee_C_2008, Cooke_2017 |
| 17 |
To_W_2012 |
The growth pattern and fuel life cycle analysis of the electricity consumption of Hong Kong |
To, W.M.; Lai, T.M.; Lo, W.C.; Lam, K.H.; Chung, W.L. |
2012 |
2012-06-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7126586 |
22390975.0 |
10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.007 |
l9qft2c8 |
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Li_J_2017 |
Does energy and CO2 emissions performance of China benefit from regional integration? |
Li, Jianglong; Lin, Boqiang |
2017 |
2017-02-28 |
PMC |
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PMC7117027 |
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10.1016/j.enpol.2016.10.036 |
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He_W_2018, Li_J_2018, Li_J_2017, Fan_F_2016 |
| 19 |
Yang_2004 |
China’s rural electricity market—a quantitative analysis |
Yang, Ming; Yu, Xin |
2004 |
2004-06-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7134604 |
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10.1016/j.energy.2003.12.002 |
tvc39eg7 |
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Yin_P_2019 |
The impact of high-speed railway on tourism spatial structures between two adjoining metropolitan cities in China: Beijing and Tianjin |
Yin, Ping; Lin, Zhibin; Prideaux, Bruce |
2019 |
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PMC |
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PMC7125790 |
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10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102495 |
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PMC7125785 |
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PMC7116922 |
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10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.09.006 |
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2014-08-31 |
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PMC7148862 |
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Campa_2016, Tsui_2016, Zhang_2010, Huang_2012 |


flixel.addons.tile.FlxTilemapExt
- type
- class
- extends
- flixel.tile.FlxTilemap
Extended FlxTilemap class that provides collision detection against slopes
Based on the original by Dirk Bunk.
---
Also add support to flipped / rotated tiles.
- parameters
Camera
Which camera to draw the debug visuals to.
- parameters
Start
The start point in world coordinates.
End
The end point in world coordinates.
Simplify
Whether to run a basic simplification algorithm over the path data, removing extra points that are on the same line. Default value is true.
RaySimplify
Whether to run an extra raycasting simplification algorithm over the remaining path data. This can result in some close corners being cut, and should be used with care if at all (yet). Default value is false.
WideDiagonal
Whether to require an additional tile to make diagonal movement. Default value is true;
- returns
- An Array of FlxPoints, containing all waypoints from the start to the end. If no path could be found, then a null reference is returned.
- parameters
Camera
Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
Border
Adjusts the camera follow boundary by whatever number of tiles you specify here. Handy for blocking off deadends that are offscreen, etc. Use a negative number to add padding instead of hiding the edges.
UpdateWorld
Whether to update the collision system's world size, default value is true.
- parameters
Bounds
Optional, pass in a pre-existing FlxRect to prevent instantiation of a new object.
- returns
- A FlxRect containing the world coordinates and size of the entire tilemap.
- parameters
Simple
If true, returns the data as copy, as a series of 1s and 0s (useful for auto-tiling stuff). Default value is false, meaning it will return the actual data array (NOT a copy).
- returns
- An array the size of the tilemap full of integers indicating tile placement.
- parameters
point
Allows you to pass in an existing FlxPoint object if you're so inclined. Otherwise a new one is created.
- returns
- A FlxPoint object containing the midpoint of this object in world coordinates.
- parameters
Camera
Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
Point
Takes a FlxPoint object and assigns the post-scrolled X and Y values of this object to it.
- returns
- The Point you passed in, or a new Point if you didn't pass one, containing the screen X and Y position of this object.
- parameters
X
The X coordinate of the tile (in tiles, not pixels).
Y
The Y coordinate of the tile (in tiles, not pixels).
- returns
- An integer containing the value of the tile at this spot in the array.
- parameters
Index
The slot in the data array (Y * widthInTiles + X) where this tile is stored.
- returns
- An integer containing the value of the tile at this spot in the array.
- parameters
Index
Tile index returned by getTile or getTileByIndex
- returns
- The internal collision flag for the requested tile.
- parameters
Index
The requested tile type.
Midpoint
Whether to return the coordinates of the tile midpoint, or upper left corner. Default is true, return midpoint.
- returns
- An Array with a list of all the coordinates of that tile type.
- parameters
Index
The requested tile type.
- returns
- An Array with a list of all map indices of that tile type.
- parameters
Damage
How much health to take away (use a negative number to give a health bonus).
- returns
- Whether the object is within the Worldbounds or not.
- parameters
Camera
Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- returns
- Whether the object is on screen or not.
- parameters
Direction
Any of the collision flags (e.g. LEFT, FLOOR, etc).
- returns
- Whether the object is touching an object in (any of) the specified direction(s) this frame.
- parameters
Direction
Any of the collision flags (e.g. LEFT, FLOOR, etc).
- returns
- Whether the object just landed on (any of) the specified surface(s) this frame.
- parameters
MapData
A string of comma and line-return delineated indices indicating what order the tiles should go in, or an Array of Int. YOU MUST SET widthInTiles and heightInTyles manually BEFORE CALLING loadMap if you pass an Array!
TileGraphic
All the tiles you want to use, arranged in a strip corresponding to the numbers in MapData.
TileWidth
The width of your tiles (e.g. 8) - defaults to height of the tile graphic if unspecified.
TileHeight
The height of your tiles (e.g. 8) - defaults to width if unspecified.
AutoTile
Whether to load the map using an automatic tile placement algorithm (requires 16 tiles!). Setting this to either AUTO or ALT will override any values you put for StartingIndex, DrawIndex, or CollideIndex.
 Default is 0, usually safest ot leave it at that. Ignored if AutoTile is set.
DrawIndex
Initializes all tile objects equal to and after this index as visible. Default value is 1. Ignored if AutoTile is set.
CollideIndex
Initializes all tile objects equal to and after this index as allowCollisions = ANY. Default value is 1. Ignored if AutoTile is set. Can override and customize per-tile-type collision behavior using setTileProperties().
- returns
- A reference to this instance of FlxTilemap, for chaining as usual :)
- parameters
Object
The object being tested.
InScreenSpace
Whether to take scroll factors into account when checking for overlap.
Camera
Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- returns
- Whether or not the two objects overlap.
- parameters
X
The X position you want to check. Pretends this object (the caller, not the parameter) is located here.
Y
The Y position you want to check. Pretends this object (the caller, not the parameter) is located here.
ObjectOrGroup
The object or group being tested.
InScreenSpace
Whether to take scroll factors into account when checking for overlap. Default is false, or "only compare in world space."
Camera
Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- returns
- Whether or not the two objects overlap.
- parameters
WorldPoint
The point in world space you want to check.
InScreenSpace
Whether to take scroll factors into account when checking for overlap.
Camera
Specify which game camera you want. If null getScreenXY() will just grab the first global camera.
- returns
- Whether or not the point overlaps this object.
- parameters
Object
The FlxObject you are checking for overlaps against.
Callback
An optional function that takes the form "myCallback(Object1:FlxObject,Object2:FlxObject)", where Object1 is a FlxTile object, and Object2 is the object passed in in the first parameter of this method.
FlipCallbackParams
Used to preserve A-B list ordering from FlxObject.separate() - returns the FlxTile object as the second parameter instead.
Position
Optional, specify a custom position for the tilemap (useful for overlapsAt()-type funcitonality).
- returns
- Whether there were overlaps, or if a callback was specified, whatever the return value of the callback was.
- parameters
Start
The world coordinates of the start of the ray.
End
The world coordinates of the end of the ray.
Result
A Point object containing the first wall impact.
Resolution
Defaults to 1, meaning check every tile or so. Higher means more checks!
- returns
- Returns true if the ray made it from Start to End without hitting anything. Returns false and fills Result if a tile was hit.
- parameters
Start
The world coordinates of the start of the ray.
End
The world coordinates of the end of the ray.
Resolution
Defaults to 1, meaning check every tile or so. Higher means more checks!
- returns
- Returns null if the ray made it from Start to End without hitting anything. Returns FlxPoint if a tile was hit.
- parameters
X
The new X position of this object.
Y
The new Y position of this object.
- parameters
Clouds
An array containing the numbers of the tiles to be treated as clouds.
- parameters
mappings
Array of ints for remapping tiles. Ex: [7,4,12] means "0-->7, 1-->4, 2-->12"
randomIndices
(optional) Array of ints indicating which tile indices should be randmoized. Ex: [7,4,12] means "replace tile index of 7, 4, or 12 with a randomized value"
randomChoices
(optional) A list of int-arrays that serve as the corresponding choices to randomly choose from. Ex: indices = [7,4], choices = [[1,2],[3,4,5]], 7 will be replaced by either 1 or 2, 4 will be replaced by 3, 4, or 5.
randomLambda
(optional) A custom randomizer function, should return value between 0.0 and 1.0. Initialize your random seed before passing this in! If not defined, will default to unseeded Math.random() calls.
- parameters
Dirty
Whether to flag the tilemap buffers as dirty or not.
- parameters
X
The new x position
Y
The new y position
- parameters
Width
The new sprite width.
Height
The new sprite height.
- parameters
LeftFloorSlopes
An array containing the numbers of the tiles to be treated as floor tiles with a slope on the left.
RightFloorSlopes
An array containing the numbers of the tiles to be treated as floor tiles with a slope on the right.
LeftCeilSlopes
An array containing the numbers of the tiles to be treated as ceiling tiles with a slope on the left.
RightCeilSlopes
An array containing the numbers of the tiles to be treated as ceiling tiles with a slope on the right.
- parameters
tiles
An Array with all the FlxTileSpecial
- parameters
X
The X coordinate of the tile (in tiles, not pixels).
Y
The Y coordinate of the tile (in tiles, not pixels).
Tile
The new integer data you wish to inject.
UpdateGraphics
Whether the graphical representation of this tile should change.
- returns
- Whether or not the tile was actually changed.
- parameters
Index
The slot in the data array (Y * widthInTiles + X) where this tile is stored.
Tile
The new integer data you wish to inject.
UpdateGraphics
Whether the graphical representation of this tile should change.
- returns
- Whether or not the tile was actually changed.
- parameters
Tile
The tile or tiles you want to adjust.
AllowCollisions
Modify the tile or tiles to only allow collisions from certain directions, use FlxObject constants NONE, ANY, LEFT, RIGHT, etc. Default is "ANY".
Callback
The function to trigger, e.g. lavaCallback(Tile:FlxTile, Object:FlxObject).
CallbackFilter
If you only want the callback to go off for certain classes or objects based on a certain class, set that class here.
Range
If you want this callback to work for a bunch of different tiles, input the range here. Default value is 1.
- parameters
X
The X coordinate of the tile (in tiles, not pixels).
Y
The Y coordinate of the tile (in tiles, not pixels).
NewTile
New tile to the mapdata. Use -1 if you dont want any changes. Default = 0 (empty)
- returns
- FlxSprite.


Tag for the advanced Cuthill-McKee algorithm (i.e. running the 'standard' Cuthill-McKee algorithm for a couple of different seeds).
More...
#include <cuthill_mckee.hpp>
Detailed Description
Tag for the advanced Cuthill-McKee algorithm (i.e. running the 'standard' Cuthill-McKee algorithm for a couple of different seeds).
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
CTOR which may take the additional parameters for the advanced algorithm.
additional parameters for CTOR: a: 0 <= a <= 1 parameter which specifies which nodes are tried as starting nodes of generated node layering (tree structure whith one ore more starting nodes). the relation deg_min <= deg <= deg_min + a * (deg_max - deg_min) must hold for node degree deg for a starting node, where deg_min/ deg_max is the minimal/maximal node degree of all yet unnumbered nodes. gmax: integer which specifies maximum number of nodes in the root layer of the tree structure (gmax = 0 means no limit)
- Returns:
- permutation vector r. r[l] = i means that the new label of node i will be l.
Member Function Documentation
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


This is an adaptation of Scott Hanselman's AllInOneTest demo at
https://raw.github.com/shanselman/allinonetest/
The files in this repository is from the project presented at the .NET BC User Group.
Please see the LICENSE.md for original license information.


This will delete the file A flags saved in your settings. TvS will start auto-saving a new set of file A flags, and restore from those instead. Use this when starting a new game.


I recently wondered how difficult it is to encrypt a file. In this article I
will show you two ways to do it. I use a text file content.txt
with the
content
This is a top secret message!
Don't show it to others!
Applications
GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG or GPG) is a free-software replacement for Symantec's PGP cryptographic software suite, and is compliant with RFC 4880, the IETF standards-track specification of OpenPGP.
Check with gpg --list-secret-keys
if you already have keys. If not, run
gpg –-gen-key
Encrypt file:
gpg -e -r<EMAIL_ADDRESS>content.txt
Decrypt file:
gpg -d -o out.decrypted.txt content.txt.gpg
Python
In order to generate an encrypted file with Python, I use the fernet module of cryptography. It's not part of the standard library (source), but it is super wide spread.
It uses AES in CBC mode with a 128-bit key for encryption; using PKCS7 padding. Initialization vectors are generated using os.urandom().
from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
# Generate a key
key = Fernet.generate_key()
with open("keyfile", "wb") as fp:
fp.write(key)
# Get bytes to encrypt
message = "This is secret!"
encoded = message.encode()
# Encrypt the bytes
fernet = Fernet(key)
encrypted = fernet.encrypt(encoded)
# Write encrypted file
with open("encrypted-file", "wb") as fp:
fp.write(encrypted)
# Decrypt the bytes
fernet = Fernet(key)
decrypted = fernet.decrypt(encrypted)
print(decrypted.decode())
You can also generate the key from a password like this:
import base64
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.pbkdf2 import PBKDF2HMAC
password = "something I can remember"
# Set this in the application as a constant
# Generate one for yourself with
# >>> import os; os.urandom(16)
salt = b"\xd8\x85\xd3`|\xa2\x82w\x11!\xcc\x8d\xa4\x8a:\xb4"
kdf = PBKDF2HMAC(
algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
length=32,
salt=salt,
iterations=100_000,
backend=default_backend(),
)
key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(kdf.derive(password.encode()))
Attack Scenarios
For many attack scenarios there are better solutions than file encryption. But file encryption might provide additional security in case there is a breach elsewhere.
Lost Device
Alice was sitting in a taxi, using her laptop and her phone at the same time. She just quickly put her laptop next to her and had a look at her phone. Thinking about the flight she needed to catch, she forgot the laptop. The taxidriver sold the laptop on ebay and Bob bought it. He wants to see if there is valuable information on it and tries to get access.
Assessment: To protect agains this, Alice should use full disk encryption (FDE). If Alice doesn't have FDE, encrypting a single file might help for that single file. But as it only protects one file, it's certainly worse than FDE.
Root Access
Alice catched a virus! No, not COVID-19, but one on her computer. Bob now has remote access to her machine.
Assessment: In this case, I would say all hope is lost. The attacker can install a keylogger and will get the result he wants. Or a crypto trojan which prevents Alice from using her computer. Encrypting a single file might help if Alice doesn't access that file while the attacker has control. FDE would not help here at all.
User Access
Bob has access to the computer of Alice, but just normal user permissions. He cannot install new software. He can just run installed software under the account of Alice.
Assessment: Encrypting a single file helps as long as Alice doesn't access the file.
Man in the Middle: E-Mail
Alice sends data to Charlie via e-mail. Bob catches the message while it's transmitted.
Bob is here the Man in the Middle and makes a Man in the Middle (MitM) attack.
Assessment: The encryption of the e-mail would have helped. Using TLS would be preferable, though.
See also
- PyTutorials: How to Encrypt Strings and Files in Python, 2018.
- Isuru Perera: Encrypting disks on Ubuntu 19.04 on Medium, 2019.
- Wikipedia:
- StackExchange:


importance: 5
Create a

that turns into <textarea>
when clicked.
The textarea allows to edit the HTML in the

.
When the user presses key:Enter
or it loses focus, the <textarea>
turns back into

, and its content becomes HTML in

.
[demo src=“solution”]


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| Date: |
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| Subject: |
[ascent CAT] Question 4
the day - Progressions - June 11,
03 | |
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Hi
The question for the day is
from the topic Progressions.
The sum of the first
50 terms common to the series 15,19,23 ... and 14,19,24
... is
(1) 25450 (2) 24550 (3) 50900 (4)
Cannot be determined
Click here to know the
correct answer and the solution to the above
problem.
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you have problems in visiting the above web page by
clicking on the URL, please follow the instruction given
below.
Click on the following URL
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On
this web page, click on the link that corresponds to the
month of June 2003. You will find all the questions 4
the day for the month of June in this
page.
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White Island Volcano Erupted, One Dead, Several Missing
White Island volcano in New Zealand has erupted, caused to death of one person and injured several others.
by Nursah ErgüWhite Island volcano, also known as Whakaari, in New Zealand, has erupted for the first time since 2001. The volcano is one of the country's most active volcanoes.
SEE ALSO: A CLOSER LOOK AT THE WORLD'S TOP 9 MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES
Even if it's an active volcano, the island remains to be one of the biggest tourist attractions in the country due to its handsome scenery, and some tourists were seen walking inside the rim of the volcano crater. Scientists warned between 2011 and 2016 that it was too dangerous to visit the volcano, but this warning seems to have been ignored.
Reportedly, one person is dead, several are missing, and the number of dead people is expected to rise.
A visitor, Michael Schade shared a video on his Twitter account. He told on his Twitter account that he was at the edge of the main crater 30 minutes before the eruption and he took the video while leaving the island.
The Prime Minister of the country Jacinda Ardern said, "At this stage, and please do keep in mind this is an evolving situation, we believe around 100 people were on or around the island at the time and some of those are at this stage unaccounted for."
As Interesting Engineering, our condolences go out to the families of the victims. We hope that the number of deaths won't increase, and hope that in the future, some precautions will be taken.


VIRTUAL
Section: Maintenance Commands (8)Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
virtual - Postfix virtual domain mail delivery agentSYNOPSIS
virtual [generic Postfix daemon options]
DESCRIPTION
The virtual(8) delivery agent is designed for virtual mail hosting services. Originally based on the Postfix local(8) delivery agent, this agent looks up recipients with map lookups of their full recipient address, instead of using hard-coded unix password file lookups of the address local part only.This delivery agent only delivers mail. Other features such as mail forwarding, out-of-office notifications, etc., must be configured via virtual_alias maps or via similar lookup mechanisms.
MAILBOX LOCATION
The mailbox location is controlled by the virtual_mailbox_base and virtual_mailbox_maps configuration parameters (see below). The virtual_mailbox_maps table is indexed by the recipient address as described under TABLE SEARCH ORDER below.
The mailbox pathname is constructed as follows:
$virtual_mailbox_base/$virtual_mailbox_maps(recipient)
where recipient is the full recipient address.
UNIX MAILBOX FORMAT
When the mailbox location does not end in /, the message is delivered in UNIX mailbox format. This format stores multiple messages in one textfile.
The virtual(8) delivery agent prepends a "From sender time_stamp" envelope header to each message, prepends a Delivered-To: message header with the envelope recipient address, prepends an X-Original-To: header with the recipient address as given to Postfix, prepends a Return-Path: message header with the envelope sender address, prepends a > character to lines beginning with "From ", and appends an empty line.
The mailbox is locked for exclusive access while delivery is in progress. In case of problems, an attempt is made to truncate the mailbox to its original length.
QMAIL MAILDIR FORMAT
When the mailbox location ends in /, the message is delivered in qmail maildir format. This format stores one message per file.
The virtual(8) delivery agent prepends a Delivered-To: message header with the final envelope recipient address, prepends an X-Original-To: header with the recipient address as given to Postfix, and prepends a Return-Path: message header with the envelope sender address.
By definition, maildir format does not require application-level file locking during mail delivery or retrieval.
MAILBOX OWNERSHIP
Mailbox ownership is controlled by the virtual_uid_maps and virtual_gid_maps lookup tables, which are indexed with the full recipient address. Each table provides a string with the numerical user and group ID, respectively.
The virtual_minimum_uid parameter imposes a lower bound on numerical user ID values that may be specified in any virtual_uid_maps.
CASE FOLDING
All delivery decisions are made using the full recipient address, folded to lower case. See also the next section for a few exceptions with optional address extensions.
TABLE SEARCH ORDER
Normally, a lookup table is specified as a text file that serves as input to the postmap(1) command. The result, an indexed file in dbm or db format, is used for fast searching by the mail system.
The search order is as follows. The search stops upon the first successful lookup.
- *
-
When the recipient has an optional address extension the
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>address is looked up first.
With Postfix versions before 2.1, the optional address extension is always ignored.
- *
- The<EMAIL_ADDRESS>address, without address extension, is looked up next.
- *
- Finally, the recipient @domain is looked up.
When the table is provided via other means such as NIS, LDAP or SQL, the same lookups are done as for ordinary indexed files.
Alternatively, a table can be provided as a regular-expression map where patterns are given as regular expressions. In that case, only the full recipient address is given to the regular-expression map.
SECURITY
The virtual(8) delivery agent is not security sensitive, provided that the lookup tables with recipient user/group ID information are adequately protected. This program is not designed to run chrooted.
The virtual(8) delivery agent disallows regular expression substitution of $1 etc. in regular expression lookup tables, because that would open a security hole.
The virtual(8) delivery agent will silently ignore requests to use the proxymap(8) server. Instead it will open the table directly. Before Postfix version 2.2, the virtual delivery agent will terminate with a fatal error.
STANDARDS
RFC 822 (ARPA Internet Text Messages)
DIAGNOSTICS
Mail bounces when the recipient has no mailbox or when the recipient is over disk quota. In all other cases, mail for an existing recipient is deferred and a warning is logged.Problems and transactions are logged to syslogd(8). Corrupted message files are marked so that the queue manager can move them to the corrupt queue afterwards.
Depending on the setting of the notify_classes parameter, the postmaster is notified of bounces and of other trouble.
BUGS
This delivery agent supports address extensions in email addresses and in lookup table keys, but does not propagate address extension information to the result of table lookup.Postfix should have lookup tables that can return multiple result attributes. In order to avoid the inconvenience of maintaining three tables, use an LDAP or MYSQL database.
CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS
Changes to main.cf are picked up automatically, as virtual(8) processes run for only a limited amount of time. Use the command "postfix reload" to speed up a change.
The text below provides only a parameter summary. See postconf(5) for more details including examples.
MAILBOX DELIVERY CONTROLS
- virtual_mailbox_base (empty)
- A prefix that the virtual(8) delivery agent prepends to all pathname results from $virtual_mailbox_maps table lookups.
- virtual_mailbox_maps (empty)
- Optional lookup tables with all valid addresses in the domains that match $virtual_mailbox_domains.
- virtual_minimum_uid (100)
- The minimum user ID value that the virtual(8) delivery agent accepts as a result from $virtual_uid_maps table lookup.
- virtual_uid_maps (empty)
- Lookup tables with the per-recipient user ID that the virtual(8) delivery agent uses while writing to the recipient's mailbox.
- virtual_gid_maps (empty)
- Lookup tables with the per-recipient group ID for virtual(8) mailbox delivery.
Available in Postfix version 2.0 and later:
- virtual_mailbox_domains ($virtual_mailbox_maps)
- Postfix is final destination for the specified list of domains; mail is delivered via the $virtual_transport mail delivery transport.
- virtual_transport (virtual)
- The default mail delivery transport and next-hop destination for final delivery to domains listed with $virtual_mailbox_domains.
Available in Postfix version 2.5.3 and later:
- strict_mailbox_ownership (yes)
- Defer delivery when a mailbox file is not owned by its recipient.
LOCKING CONTROLS
- virtual_mailbox_lock (see 'postconf -d' output)
- How to lock a UNIX-style virtual(8) mailbox before attempting delivery.
- deliver_lock_attempts (20)
- The maximal number of attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on a mailbox file or bounce(8) logfile.
- deliver_lock_delay (1s)
- The time between attempts to acquire an exclusive lock on a mailbox file or bounce(8) logfile.
- stale_lock_time (500s)
- The time after which a stale exclusive mailbox lockfile is removed.
RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS
- virtual_destination_concurrency_limit ($default_destination_concurrency_limit)
- The maximal number of parallel deliveries to the same destination via the virtual message delivery transport.
- virtual_destination_recipient_limit ($default_destination_recipient_limit)
- The maximal number of recipients per message for the virtual message delivery transport.
- virtual_mailbox_limit (51200000)
- The maximal size in bytes of an individual mailbox or maildir file, or zero (no limit).
MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS
- config_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
- The default location of the Postfix main.cf and master.cf configuration files.
- daemon_timeout (18000s)
- How much time a Postfix daemon process may take to handle a request before it is terminated by a built-in watchdog timer.
- delay_logging_resolution_limit (2)
- The maximal number of digits after the decimal point when logging sub-second delay values.
- ipc_timeout (3600s)
- The time limit for sending or receiving information over an internal communication channel.
- max_idle (100s)
- The maximum amount of time that an idle Postfix daemon process waits for an incoming connection before terminating voluntarily.
- max_use (100)
- The maximal number of incoming connections that a Postfix daemon process will service before terminating voluntarily.
- process_id (read-only)
- The process ID of a Postfix command or daemon process.
- process_name (read-only)
- The process name of a Postfix command or daemon process.
- queue_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
- The location of the Postfix top-level queue directory.
- syslog_facility (mail)
- The syslog facility of Postfix logging.
- syslog_name (see 'postconf -d' output)
- The mail system name that is prepended to the process name in syslog records, so that "smtpd" becomes, for example, "postfix/smtpd".
SEE ALSO
qmgr(8), queue manager bounce(8), delivery status reports postconf(5), configuration parameters syslogd(8), system logging
README_FILES
Use "postconf readme_directory" or "postconf html_directory" to locate this information. VIRTUAL_README, domain hosting howto
LICENSE
The Secure Mailer license must be distributed with this software.
HISTORY
This delivery agent was originally based on the Postfix local delivery agent. Modifications mainly consisted of removing code that either was not applicable or that was not safe in this context: aliases, ~user/.forward files, delivery to "|command" or to /file/name.
The Delivered-To: message header appears in the qmail system by Daniel Bernstein.
The maildir structure appears in the qmail system by Daniel Bernstein.
AUTHOR(S)
Wietse Venema IBM T.J. Watson Research P.O. Box 704 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA Andrew McNamara<EMAIL_ADDRESS>connect.com.au Pty. Ltd. Level 3, 213 Miller St North Sydney 2060, NSW, Australia
Index
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- MAILBOX LOCATION
- UNIX MAILBOX FORMAT
- QMAIL MAILDIR FORMAT
- MAILBOX OWNERSHIP
- CASE FOLDING
- TABLE SEARCH ORDER
- SECURITY
- STANDARDS
- DIAGNOSTICS
- BUGS
- CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS
- MAILBOX DELIVERY CONTROLS
- LOCKING CONTROLS
- RESOURCE AND RATE CONTROLS
- MISCELLANEOUS CONTROLS
- SEE ALSO
- README_FILES
- LICENSE
- HISTORY
- AUTHOR(S)
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:31 GMT, December 24, 2015


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Overview
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Resource Path
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Sample Curl
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Ruby On Rails
About ROR
Rails is a web application development framework written in the Ruby language. It is designed to make programming web applications easier by making assumptions about what every developer needs to get started.
DevOps Engineering
We effectively adopt and integrate a test & production automation solution.
1) Identifying the challenges
2) Establishing solutions goals and objectives
3) Understanding phases of solution adoption
4) Assessing progress against goals
Angular Js
What Is Angular?
AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web apps. It lets you use HTML as your template language and lets you extend HTML's syntax to express your application's components clearly and succinctly. Angular's data binding and dependency injection eliminate much of the code you would otherwise have to write. And it all happens within the browser, making it an ideal partner with any server technology.
Android
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
BACKBONE
Backbone.js is a JavaScript library with a RESTful JSON interface and is based on the model–view–presenter (MVP) application design paradigm. Backbone is known for being lightweight, as its only hard dependency is on one JavaScript library
React
React (sometimes styled React.js or ReactJS) is an open-source JavaScript library for data rendered as HTML.
It is maintained by Facebook, Instagram and a community of individual developers and corporations.
As of March 2016, React and React Native are Facebook's top two open-source projects by number of stars on GitHub and React is the 6th most starred project of all time on GitHub.
Heroku
Heroku is a cloud application platform – a new way of building and deploying web apps.
Python
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics. Its high-level built in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for Rapid Application Development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect existing components together. Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance.
PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. It has more than 15 years of active development and a proven architecture that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, data integrity, and correctness. It runs on all major operating systems, including Linux, UNIX (AIX, BSD, HP-UX, SGI IRIX, Mac OS X, Solaris, Tru64), and Windows. It is fully ACID compliant, has full support for foreign keys, joins, views, triggers, and stored procedures (in multiple languages).


* This Game is low in size and uses low resources, does not run in the background.* It also does not require any permissions also there are no ads. * More bug fixes or features will be added soon. Take the time to Rate the App 5 stars. :)


Search for: [0-9]+ [A-Z]+ \(.+\) [A-Za-z]*ion [^A-Za-z]
Use flag(s) none g - search global i - not case sensitive ig - global and not case sensitive
Used tokens:
Test: Match:


So, I'm healing my wounds in the hot springs.


Hold left mouse button to add a vertex.
Hold cursor over a vertex and press del to remove a vertex.
Hold right mouse button to add an edge.
Hover cursor over an edge and type to add an edge weight.
The transition matrix of this markov chain is
\((P)_{i,j}\) denotes the probability of a transition to state \(j\) if \(i\) is the current state.
\(P\) can be representet as
\[P = \begin{pmatrix} Q & R \\ 0 & I \\ \end{pmatrix}\]
with
If this markov chain is absorbing, its fundamental matrix is
\(t_i\) is the expected number of steps until absorption if \(i\) is the first state.
\((B)_{i,j}\) is the probability of absorption in state \(j\) if \(i\) is the first state.


Thy Quotes
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Scanning for a particular LE advertisement containing a matching manufacturer data section and above a certain RSSI threshold using a background trigger and task. This scenario requires Scenario 2 or 4 to run on another Windows platform in close proximity of this one. Press Run button to begin scanning. Received advertisements are parsed in the background task and shown below.


Front End Designer & Developer
Jack is a front end developer & web designer currently working for a fintech company in New York City.
HTML, CSS, Javascript, Sass, XSLT, FOP, Bootstrap, Responsive Web Design, Web Accessibility, Adobe Creative Cloud, Sketch


Songs ~ Standards
A Night In Tunisia Bird For Bb
A Night In Tunisia Bird For C
A Night In Tunisia Bird For Eb
A Night In Tunisia Dizzy For Bb
A Night In Tunisia Dizzy For C
A Night In Tunisia Dizzy For Eb
A Night In Tunisia In Bb Minor For Bb
A Night In Tunisia In Bb Minor For C
A Night In Tunisia In Bb Minor For Eb
Agua De Beber For Bb
Agua De Beber For C
Agua De Beber For Eb
Aint Misbehavin In Bb For Bb
Aint Misbehavin In Bb For C
Aint Misbehavin In Bb For Eb
Aint Misbehavin In Eb For Bb
Aint Misbehavin In Eb For C
Aint Misbehavin In Eb For Eb
All Of Me For Bb
All Of Me For C
All Of Me For Eb
All Of Me In F For Bb
All Of Me In F For C
All Of Me In F For Eb
Bernies Tune For C
Bernies Tune For Eb
Besame Mucho English For C
Besame Mucho English In A Minor For Bb
Besame Mucho English In A Minor For C
Besame Mucho English In A Minor For Eb
Besame Mucho For C
Black Orpheus English For C
Black Orpheus For Bb
Black Orpheus For C
Black Orpheus For Eb
Blue Bossa For Bb
Blue Bossa For C
Blue Bossa For Eb
Blue Bossa In A Minor For Bb
Blue Bossa In A Minor For C
Blue Bossa In A Minor For Eb
Body And Soul Coltrane
Body And Soul Holiday
But Not For Me Condensed In Eb For Bb
But Not For Me Condensed In Eb For C
But Not For Me Condensed In Eb For Eb
But Not For Me In A For C
Butterfly For Bb
Butterfly For C
Butterfly For Eb
Caravan For Bb
Caravan For C
Caravan For Eb
Chega De Saudade English For Bb
Chega De Saudade English For C
Chega De Saudade English For Eb
Days Of Wine And Roses For Bb
Days Of Wine And Roses For C
Days Of Wine And Roses For Eb
Days Of Wine And Roses In G For Bb
Days Of Wine And Roses In G For C
Days Of Wine And Roses In G For Eb
Flamingo For Bb
Flamingo For C
Flamingo For Eb
Fly Me To The Moon In A
Fly Me To The Moon In Ab
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Fly Me To The Moon In C
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Girl From Ipanema For Bb
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Girl From Ipanema For Eb
Girl From Ipanema In Db For Bb
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Honeysuckle Rose In Ab For C
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Honeysuckle Rose In C For Eb
Honeysuckle Rose In Db For C
Honeysuckle Rose In E For C
Honeysuckle Rose In Eb For C
Honeysuckle Rose In F For Bb
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SHADOW OF A DOUBT (1943) A Film Review by Ted Prigge Copyright 1998 Ted Prigge
Director: Alfred Hitchcock Writers: Sally Benson, Alma Reville, and Thornton Wilder (story by Gordon MacDonell) Starring: Teresa Wright, Joseph Cotten, Macdonald Casey, Patricia Collinge, Henry Travers, Hume Cronyn, Wallace Frod, Edna Mae Wonacott, Charles Bates
Alfred Hitchcock was always more interested in human emotions and how he can play with them than he was in cheap suspense thrills. He once said that he enjoyed playing the audience like a piano, and he did this almost effortlessly in his films, giving us protagonists who we can all identify with, and then putting them in the most dangerous of situations. While he sometimes diverted from this trend, his films nevertheless show a man more fascinated with humanity than just general chills. It's what separates him from any other director of suspense: he knew the secret to scaring people was preying on real human emotions.
"Shadow of a Doubt" is not one of Hitchcock's best, but is still one of his most intriguing, mainly because it presents what could have been a typical chase movie, and instead opts for a complex and very human tale of the relationship between a serial killer and a close member of his family. "Shadow of a Doubt" concerns itself with Charlie Oakley (Joseph Cotten, friend of Orson Welles), who has been killing numerous women who gain a fortune from their dead husbands and then do nothing with their lives but spend it. When we first meet him, he's trying to elude the police, and decides at a moment's notice to head to his sister's home to lay low for a bit.
His arrival sparks the interest of his niece, also named Charlie (Teresa Wright), a young adult who has become somewhat bored with life and figures that her uncle, whom she is said to have a lot in common with, will bring some interest back into her life. This sets up an intriguing psychological tale that is constantly twisting: Uncle Charlie is constantly trying to paranoiacally hide his crimes from his family, and the truth about him is always on the verge of popping out. As we watch, we're afraid of many things: will Charlie find out about her uncle, and if so, what will her do to her? Will the police come and take him away, executing him, or will he get away with what he's done? The film is a suspense film, but only in that we're more worried about what will happen to the characters and less how it happens.
The film introduces a couple sub-plots, the most prominent being a pair of so-called reporters who come to do a socialogical survey on the family, conveniently when Uncle Charlie's in town, and soon turn out to be cops, following a lead (there are two people they think is the serial killer - Uncle Charlie's one of them). Charlie soon falls in love with one of them - Jack Graham (Macdonald Casey) - and she finds herself torn between her Uncle's possible secret identity and her newfound love.
Hitchcock builds the film up so well, piling on a surprising amount of depth and emotion for a suspense film, and in turn explores many of his favorite themes, such as man's ability to commit murder (her father and a friend of the family, played by a comparitively young Hume Cronyn, playfully discuss how they would murder eachother), knowledge of a loved one's crimes, and, most prominently, the duality of man, which elevates the film to a higher plain than most suspense films like this. Both of the Charlies in this film are built up to be like twins, but as the film goes on, and the truth comes out into the open, we see how different they are. They almost become like two battling parts of the human psyche, each fighting for dominant control. "Shadow of a Doubt" becomes almost more of a suspense film at times, and is rather an intelligent debate over the control of the id. What other suspense films have this kind of psychological depth.
It doesn't hurt that the film plays so well with our emotions. Uncle Charlie, played to an eerie kind of perfection by Joseph Cotten, is a sympathetic character, all because Charlie likes him so much. After awhile, we begin to see him as a loving uncle as well, and we can identify with her feelings when his shady past begin to catch up with him. And the film is wise in bringing in the other members of the family as well. The family is presented as a parallel to a lot of the things that go on, serving as a lot of comic releif, but later the film fully fleshes out the mother, who almost needs Uncle Charlie, and would probably be devastated for life if she learned of his past.
Unfortunately, a couple things crop up later on that bring the film down a bit. The last act takes a couple misteps, going for a more traditional suspense ending rather than really digging deep, and coming to a totally intelligent conclusion, which is what this film needs. The ending does work a bit though, but more in favor of the psychogical undertones, and less in favor of the dramatic undertones (back to that whole battle over the id thingy). And the romance between Charlie and Jack seems more of a requirement of a film for the time when it was made - they get together more out of necessity for the plot than anything else.
"Shadow of a Doubt" overcomes these, though, but not totally. What it needs is a much better ending, and a lot more development in the romance department, if it really needs a romance, that is. You still have to admire Hitchcock for not making this overtly cheap by giving into every single suspense tactic in the book. In fact, the film is very mild mannered in the action department, and it opts to work with the suspense of humanity rather than the suspense of just easy thrills. That's what makes Hitchcock better than everyone else, and that's why this film is so admirable.
MY RATING (out of 4): ***1/2
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