Overview
The XSVD format is a rework of the Arm CMSIS SVD, but cleaned, extended and rewritten in JSON instead of XML.
File conventions
JSON Properties
As with any JSON file, the content is basically an object with several properties, represented as "name": <value>
. The values may be strings, objects or arrays of other values.
Collections
Traditionally, collections are stored in JSON as arrays, which impose no restrictions on the content or uniqueness.
If object names must be unique, collections of named children can be stored as objects (implemented as maps) with names as properties and children objects as values.
To simplify usage, except named children, collections cannot have other properties.
Names
Since some XSVD definitions may be used to support the generation of C/C++ code files (object names may be used to compose type and macro definitions), the names must comply with ANSI C naming restrictions. In particular, they must not contain any spaces or special characters. Hyphens are allowed, but, when used to compose definitions, will be converted to underscores.
Values
All scalar values, even those representing numeric values, should be encoded as strings.
Number constants shall be entered as hex or non-negative decimal integers:
- hexadecimal (
"0x..."
) - decimal (
"123"
)
Measuring units
Numeric values that may represent values with different units may have the unit explicitly added to the value, after a space separator:
"width": "32 bits"
"hfosc": "13800 kHz"
"lfosc": "32768 Hz"
Reset masks
In addition to hex values, the strings all
and none
can be used, with the meaning of 0xFF..FF
and 0x0
.
Arrays and repetitions
Although the original SVD specs treat them together, these are distinct notions.
Arrays
Arrays are groups of identical objects that are addressed by a numeric index, starting as zero, as in most programming languages.
An object is considered an array if it has the arraySize
property.
Only register and cluster objects can be grouped in arrays.
When used to generate device peripheral headers, register arrays generate C arrays of integers and cluster arrays generate C arrays os structures.
When used to display the peripheral registers in a debugger, the recommended way to preset arrays is as a group with the object name suffixed by []
, and below it all array elements, with the names suffixed by the index, like [0]
, [1]
, etc.
Repetitions
Repetitions are a shortcuts to define sequences of similar objects; instead of defining a long list of similar objects, only a generic one is defined, plus a rule how each individual one is named.
An object is considered a repetition if it has the repeatGenerator
property (and it is not an array, so the repeatGenerator
property is ignored for arrays).
By default, the strings defined by the repeatGenerator
are added at the end of the name; if more elaborate names must be generated, the %s
must be used in the desired position in the object name.
The typical repeatGenerator
defines a list of comma separated strings (like a,b,c
or 0,1,2
). For numerical values, ranges are also supported (like 0-31
).
Only cluster, register and field objects can use repetitions.
Both when used to generate device peripheral headers and when used to display the peripheral registers in a debugger, repetitions generate a sequence of objects, with the names in the order given by the repeatGenerator
property.
Differences from SVD
Although inspired from SVD, the XSVD format is slightly different, taking full advantage of the JSON specifics; as such, XSVD files should be shorter, easier to read and less error prone.
- accept repetitions for fields (benefits: similar fields are easier to read)
- has explicit separate definitions for repetitions and arrays (benefits: improved readability)
- has simplified definitions for arrays, no explicit
[%s]
needed, added automatically (benefits: simplified definitions, improved readability) - has simplified definitions for repetitions, no explicit
%s
if at the end, added automatically (benefits: simplified definitions, improved readability) - accept
resetValue
andresetMask
for fields (benefits: less error prone, improved readability) - the
access
property was simplified to["r","w","rw"]
(benefits: improved readability) - use
busWidth
(instead of<width>
) (benefits: less ambiguity) - use
regWidth
(instead of<size>
) (benefits: less ambiguity) - use
repeatIncrement
(instead of<dimIncrement>
) (benefits: less ambiguity) - use
repeatGenerator
(instead of<dimIndex>
) (benefits: less ambiguity) - use
arraySize
(instead of<dim>
) (benefits: less ambiguity) - use
supplier
(instead of<vendor>
) (benefits: more generic)
Objects
The XSVD file is a hierarchy of objects, with the JSON root on top.
The root object
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
schemaVersion |
string | The version is used by the parser to identify different file formats. |
contentVersion |
string | The content version; increase it with each change. |
headerVersion |
string | The version to be used in the generated header; it generally follows contentVersion , but may change if the header is regenerated with a new version of xsvd . |
devices |
collection | A map of device objects. Device names are internal IDs used to refer to the device; externally use the device displayName ; must be unique among all files. |
generators |
array | Array of generator objects describing the tools that generated/modified the current file. |
Example
{
"schemaVersion": "0.2.0",
"devices": {
"fe310-g000": {
"...": "..."
}
},
"...": "..."
}
The device object
The device is the top-most object, and contains one or more peripherals.
| Parent |
|---|
The devices collection, a property of the root object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
revision |
string | The silicon revision, usually in r0p0 format. |
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the device. Must be unique among all files. If missing, the internal name (the map key) is used. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the device in a header file. Must be unique among all files. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. |
description |
string | A long string to describe the main features of the device. |
supplier |
object | The device supplier. |
busWidth |
string | The width of the maximum single data transfer supported by the bus infrastructure, in bits. This information is relevant for debuggers when accessing registers, because it might be required to issue multiple accesses for resources of a bigger size. |
regWidth |
string | Default width of any register contained in the device, in bits. |
access |
string | Default access rights for all registers. Values: ["r","w","rw"] . |
resetMask |
string | The register bits that have a defined reset value. |
resetValue |
string | Default value for all registers at RESET. |
headerGuardPrefix |
string | The prefix to be used in the header guard macro. |
headerTypePrefix |
string | The prefix to be used in type definitions. |
headerInterruptPrefix |
string | The prefix to be used in interrupt definitions. |
headerInterruptEnumPrefix |
string | The prefix to be used in the name of the interrupt enum. |
numInterrupts |
string | The total number of interrupts. Some platforms, like RISC-V start the count at 1. |
priorityBits |
string | The number of bits available in the Interrupt Controller for configuring priorities. |
cores |
collection | A map of core objects. The keys are internal IDs used to refer to the cores. |
peripherals |
collection | A map of peripheral objects. The keys are internal IDs used to refer to the peripherals; externally use the displayName ; must be unique among devices. |
Example
{
"...": "...",
"devices": {
"fe310-g000": {
"version": "1.0.0",
"displayName": "Freedom E310-G000",
"description": "The FE310-G000 is the first Freedom E300 SoC, ...",
"busWidth": "32",
"regWidth": "32",
"resetValue": "0x00000000",
"resetMask": "0xFFFFFFFF",
"access": "rw",
"peripherals": {
"...": "..."
}
}
},
"...": "..."
}
The supplier object
| Parent |
|---|
| A device object. |
The device supplier.
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
name |
string | The supplier short name; a single word that uses only legal variable characters. |
id |
string | The supplier numeric id; should not change over time. |
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the supplier. |
fullName |
string | A longer string to externally identify the supplier, like official company name. |
contact |
string | Contact information. |
The cores object
| Parent |
|---|
| A device object. |
Most of the properties are descriptive, and currently do not participate in code generation.
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
harts |
string | The number of hardware threads per core. The default is 1. |
isa |
string | A short string to define the Instruction Set Architecture. |
isaVersion |
string | A short string to define the Instruction Set Architecture. |
mpu |
string | A string that indicate whether the core is equipped with a memory protection unit (MPU). Accepted values are true/false or custom names, for example, for RISC-V use ‘pmp’. If no MPU is present, none is also accepted. |
mmu |
string | A string that indicate whether the core is equipped with a memory management unit (MMU). Accepted values are true/false or custom names, for example, for RISC-V use ‘sv32/sv39/sv48’. If no MMU is present, none is also accepted. |
numLocalInterrupts |
string | The total number of local interrupts (specific to a core). Some platforms, like RISC-V always have at least 16 interrupts. |
localInterrupts |
collection | A map of interrupt objects. |
The peripheral object
At least one peripheral must be defined.
Each peripheral describes all registers belonging to that peripheral. Each peripheral has a memory block where the registers are allocated, defined as a base address and a size. Register addresses are specified relative to the base address of a peripheral.
Multiple similar peripherals sharing a common name can be defined as repetitions using the repeatGenerator
property; for example instead of defining GPIOA
, GPIOB
, GPIOC
, use GPIO%s
(or simply GPIO
, since %s
at the end is default) and define separate generators like A,B,C
.
The repeatIncrement
property specifies the address offset between two peripherals.
To create copies of a peripheral using different names, use the derivedFrom
property.
| Parent |
|---|
The peripherals property of a device object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
derivedFrom |
string | The peripheral name from which to inherit properties. Subsequent properties override inherited values. |
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the peripheral. Must be unique among the device. If missing, the internal name (the map key) is used. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the peripheral in a header file. Must be unique among the device. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. |
description |
string | A long string to describe the peripheral. |
groupName |
string | Define a name for several related peripherals; used when generating types. |
baseAddress |
string | The lowest address of the memory block used by the peripheral. |
size |
string | The size in bytes of the memory block used by the peripheral. |
regWidth |
string | Default width of any register contained in the peripheral, in bits. |
access |
string | Default access rights for all peripheral registers. Values: ["r","w","rw"] . |
resetMask |
string | The register bits that have a defined reset value. |
resetValue |
string | Default value for all peripheral registers at RESET. |
repeatIncrement |
string | The address increment, in bytes, between two neighbouring peripherals in a repetition or an array. |
repeatGenerator |
string | A generator of strings that substitute the placeholder %s within the displayName . |
groupName |
string | Define a name under which the Peripheral Registers Viewer is showing this peripheral. |
headerStructName |
string | Specify the base name of C structures. The header file generator uses the peripheral displayName as the base name for the C structure type. If headerStructName is specified, then this string is used instead of the peripheral name; useful when multiple peripherals get derived and a generic type name should be used. |
clusters |
collection | A map of cluster objects. The keys are internal IDs used to refer to the clusters; externally use the cluster name. |
registers |
collection | A map of register objects. The keys are internal IDs used to refer to the registers; externally use the displayName . |
interrupts |
collection | A peripheral can have multiple associated interrupts. This entry allows the debugger to show interrupt names instead of interrupt numbers. |
{
"...": "...",
"peripherals": {
"clint": {
"description": "Coreplex-Local Interruptor (CLINT)",
"baseAddress": "0x02000000",
"size": "0x10000",
"registers": {
"...": "..."
}
}
},
"...": "..."
}
The cluster object
A cluster describes a sequence of neighbouring registers within a peripheral. A cluster specifies the addressOffset
relative to the baseAddress
of the grouping element. All register objects within a cluster specify their addressOffset
relative to the cluster base address (peripheral.baseAddress + cluster.addressOffset).
Nested clusters express hierarchical structures of registers. It is targeted at the generation of device header files to create a C-data structure within the peripheral structure instead of a flat list of registers. It is also possible to specify an array of a clusters using the arraySize
property.
Multiple identical clusters can be grouped in arrays. The size of the array is specified by the arraySize
property.
Multiple similar clusters sharing a common name can be defined as repetitions using the repeatGenerator
property.
The repeatIncrement
property specifies the offset in bytes between two clusters. If not specified, the cluster size is used.
| Parent |
|---|
The clusters property of a cluster or peripheral object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
derivedFrom |
string | The cluster name from which to inherit properties. Subsequent properties override inherited values. |
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the cluster. Must be unique among the parent object. If missing, the internal name (the map key) is used. For repetitions, use the placeholder %s , which is replaced by strings from repeatGenerator ; if missing, %s will be added at the end. For arrays, the placeholder [%s] will be automatically added at the end. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the cluster in a header file. Must be unique among the parent object. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. Same rules for %s . |
description |
string | A long string to describe the register. |
addressOffset |
string | The address offset relative to the enclosing element (peripheral or cluster). |
regWidth |
string | The width of the register, in bits. |
access |
string | Default access rights for the register. Values: ["r","w","rw"] . |
resetMask |
string | The register bits that have a defined reset value. |
resetValue |
string | Default value for the register at RESET. |
repeatIncrement |
string | The address increment, in bytes, between two neighbouring clusters in a repetition or an array. |
repeatGenerator |
string | A generator of strings that substitute the placeholder %s within the displayName . |
arraySize |
string | The size of the array of clusters. |
clusters |
collection | A map of cluster objects. The keys are internal IDs used to refer to the clusters; externally use the cluster name. |
registers |
collection | A map of register objects. The keys are internal IDs used to refer to the registers; externally use the displayName . |
{
"...": "...",
"clusters": {
"target-enables": {
"displayName": "target-enables[%s]",
"arraySize": "1",
"description": "Hart M-Mode interrupt enable bits",
"addressOffset": "0x0C002000",
"repeatIncrement": "0x20",
"registers": {
"...": "..."
}
},
"targets": {
"displayName": "targets[%s]",
"arraySize": "1",
"description": "Hart M-Mode interrupt thresholds",
"addressOffset": "0x0C200000",
"repeatIncrement": "0x8",
"registers": {
"...": "..."
}
}
},
"...": "..."
}
The register object
The description of registers is the most important part of this file format. If the properties regWidth
, access
, resetValue
, and resetMask
have not been specified on a higher level, then these properties are mandatory on register level.
A register can represent a single value or can be subdivided into individual bit-fields of specific functionality and semantics. From a schema perspective, the property fields
is optional, however, from a specification perspective, fields
are mandatory when they are described in the device documentation.
Multiple identical registers can be grouped in arrays. The size of the array is specified by the arraySize
property.
Multiple similar registers sharing a common name can be defined as repetitions using the repeatGenerator
property.
The repeatIncrement
property specifies the offset in bytes between two registers. If not specified, the register width is used.
| Parent |
|---|
The registers property of a cluster or peripheral object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
derivedFrom |
string | The register name from which to inherit properties. Subsequent properties override inherited values. |
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the register. Must be unique among the parent. If missing, the internal name (the map key) is used. For repetitions, use the placeholder %s , which is replaced by strings from repeatGenerator ; if missing, %s will be added at the end. For arrays, the placeholder [%s] will be automatically added at the end. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the register in a header file. Must be unique among the parent object. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. Same rules for %s . |
description |
string | A long string to describe the register. |
addressOffset |
string | The address offset relative to the enclosing element (peripheral or cluster). |
regWidth |
string | The width of the register, in bits. |
access |
string | Default access rights for the register. Values: ["r","w","rw"] . |
resetMask |
string | The register bits that have a defined reset value. |
resetValue |
string | Default value for the register at RESET. |
repeatGenerator |
string | A generator of strings that substitute the placeholder %s within the displayName . |
arraySize |
string | The size of the array of registers. |
fields |
collection | A map of field objects. The keys are internal IDs used to refer to the fields; externally use the displayName . |
{
"...": "...",
"registers": {
"msip0": {
"description": "MSIP for hart 0",
"addressOffset": "0x0000"
},
"mtimecmp0": {
"description": "Timer compare register for hart 0",
"addressOffset": "0x4000",
"regWidth": "64"
},
"mtime": {
"description": "Timer register",
"addressOffset": "0xBFF8",
"access": "ro",
"regWidth": "64"
}
},
"...": "..."
}
The field object
A bit-field has a name that is unique within the register. The position and size within the register can be described as the lsb and the bit-width of the field.
Multiple similar fields sharing a common name can be defined as repetitions using the repeatGenerator
property.
The repeatIncrement
property specifies the offset in bits between two bit-fields. If not specified, the bit-field width is used.
A field may define an enumeration in order to make the display more intuitive to read.
The field names mask
, position
and offset
are reserved.
| Parent |
|---|
The fields property of a cluster or peripheral object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| parent | A cluster object or a peripheral object | |
derivedFrom |
string | The field name from which to inherit properties. Subsequent properties override inherited values. |
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the field. Must be unique among the register. If missing, the internal name (the map key) is used. For repetitions, use the placeholder %s , which is replaced by strings from repeatGenerator ; if missing, %s will be added at the end. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the field in a header file. Must be unique among the parent object. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. Same rules for %s . If empty, the header lines associated with this field will not be generated. |
description |
string | A long string to describe the field. |
bitOffset |
string | The position of the least significant bit of the field within the register. |
bitWidth |
string | The bit-width of the field within the register. |
access |
string | Default access rights for the register. Values: ["r","w","rw"] . |
resetMask |
string | The field bits that have a defined reset value. |
resetValue |
string | Default value for the field at RESET. |
repeatIncrement |
string | The offset increment, in bits, between two neighbouring fields in a repetition. |
repeatGenerator |
string | A generator of strings that substitute the placeholder %s within the displayName . |
enumerations |
collection | A map of enumeration objects. The key is the enumeration name. In the current version, only the first object is used, all the other are ignored. |
Example
{
"...": "...",
"fields": {
"data": {
"description": "Transmit data",
"bitOffset": "0",
"bitWidth": "8"
},
"full": {
"description": "Transmit FIFO full",
"bitOffset": "31",
"bitWidth": "1"
}
},
"...": "..."
}
The enumeration object
The concept of enumerated values creates a map between unsigned integers and an identifier string. In addition, a description string can be associated with each entry in the map.
0
↔ disabled → “The clock source clk0 is turned off.”1
↔ enabled → “The clock source clk1 is running.”*
↔ reserved → “Reserved values. Do not use.”
This information generates an enum in the device header file. The debugger may use this information to display the identifier string as well as the description. Just like symbolic constants making source code more readable, the system view in the debugger becomes more instructive. The detailed description can provide reference manual level details within the debugger.
| Parent |
|---|
The enumerations property of a field object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
derivedFrom |
string | The enumeration name from which to inherit properties. Subsequent properties override inherited values. |
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the enumeration. Must be unique among the enumerations. If missing, the internal name (the map key) is used. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the enumeration in a header file. Must be unique among the parent object. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. |
description |
string | A long string to describe the enumeration. |
headerEnumName |
string | An alternate identifier for the enumeration section when used to generate the device header. The default is the hierarchical enumeration type in the device header file. The user is responsible for the uniqueness across the device. |
values |
collection | A map of enumerated values objects. The map keys are the enumeration numeric values (unsigned integers). |
derivedFrom
is not yet implemented.Example
{
"...": "...",
"enumerations": {
"clk-src-enum": {
"displayName": "Clock source",
"description": "Values to select the clock source.",
"values": {
"0": {
"displayName": "disabled",
"description": "The clock source clk0 is turned off."
},
"1": {
"displayName": "enabled",
"description": "The clock source clk1 is running."
},
"*": {
"displayName": "reserved",
"description": "Reserved values. Do not use."
}
}
}
},
"...": "..."
}
The enumerated value object
An enumerated value defines a map between an unsigned integer (the map key) and a string.
| Parent |
|---|
The values property of an enumeration object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
displayName |
string | A short string to externally describe the semantics of the value. Usually displayed together with the value. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the enumeration value in a header file. Must be unique among the parent object. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. |
description |
string | A long string to describe the value. |
The interrupt object
A peripheral can have multiple interrupts. This object allows the debugger to show interrupt names instead of interrupt numbers.
| Parent |
|---|
The interrupts property of a peripheral object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
displayName |
string | A short string to externally identify the interrupt. Must be unique among all interrupts. If missing, the internal name (the map key) is used. |
headerName |
string | A short string to be used when referring to the interrupt in a header file. Must be unique among the parent object. If missing, the displayName or the internal name (the map key) is used. |
description |
string | A long string to describe the interrupt. |
value |
string | The enumeration index value associated to the interrupt. |
Example
{
"...": "...",
"interrupts": {
"uart0": {
"description": "UART0 global interrupt",
"value": "3",
"headerName": "riscv_interrupt_global_handle_uart0"
}
}
"...": "..."
}
The generator object
This is an informative object, used to trace which tools generated or modified the XSVD file.
| Parent |
|---|
| The root object. |
| Properties | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
tool |
string | A string describing the tool. |
version |
string | The tool version, as returned by --version . |
command |
string[] | Array of strings, the full command with all parameters. |
date |
string | A string with the date, in ISO format. |
Example
{
"...": "...",
"generators": [
{
"tool": "xcdl",
"version": "1.6.2",
"command": [
"svd-convert",
"--file",
"/Users/ilg/Library/xPacks/Keil/STM32F0xx_DFP/1.5.0/SVD/STM32F0x1.svd",
"--output",
"STM32F0x1-xsvd.json"
],
"date": "2016-12-14T22:50:48.956Z"
}
],
"...": "..."
}
Revision history
The format version is reflected in the schemaVersion
property, present in the root object. The value of this property follows the semantic versioning requirements (semver).
Versions are listed in reverse chronological order.
v0.2.4 (2017-12-06)
- use
enumerations
(plural); deprecateenumeration
- add
headerName
to differentiate fromdisplayName
; empty means do not generate header line - deprecate
headerIrqName
in interrupts - use
supplier
instead ofvendor
(rename object) - add
fullName
to the supplier object
v0.2.3 (2017-10-27)
- add
headerGuardPrefix
todevice
v0.2.2 (2017-10-23)
- increase
schemaVersion
to 0.2.2 - add top
headerVersion
- add
headerInterruptPrefix
todevice
- add
headerInterruptEnumPrefix
todevice
- add
numInterrupts
todevice
- add
priorityBits
todevice
- remove unused
cpu
fromdevice
- add
cores
todevice
- remove
type
frominterrupt
; local interrupts are now defined per core
v0.2.1 (2017-10-18)
- increase
schemaVersion
to 0.2.1 - rename top
version
tocontentVersion
- rename device
version
tosiliconVersion
- add
groupName
to peripheral - the content of
access
was changed to [“r”,”w”,”rw”] repeatIncrement
ignored for register- add
headerTypePrefix
to device - add
vendor
to device
v0.2.0 (2017-10-11)
First formal specifications defined. Used to define the SiFive devices (like the FE310-G000, the first RISC-V physical device).
v0.1.0 (2016-12-14)
Initial version, a direct correspondence to the Arm SVD format. Firstly implemented by the xcdl program used by GNU Arm Eclipse QEMU.
TODO
- clarify how multi-core devices can be described
- clarify if the
cpu
object is needed, since most of its definitions are already in thedevice-xcdl.json
file - define where the interrupt names are added
- define the QEMU mode bits, that define if unaligned or smaller size accesses are allowed.


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| CONTENTS |
Your Unix machine can likely talk to a wide collection of hardware: disk controllers and disks (Section 44.4, Section 44.5), CD-ROMs (Section 44.6), ethernet cards (Section 44.8), modems (Section 44.10), sound cards (Section 44.13), and so on. Each device needs its own little piece of software within the kernel, called a device driver. Some device drivers are simple, and some are very complex; some cover multiple devices, and some are specific to one particular piece of hardware.
Many modern Unix platforms use loadable kernel modules for most device drivers, so that drivers can be loaded at run time rather than compiled into the kernel.
Many devices also have user-space tools to configure them, like ifconfig (Section 44.8) for network devices (Section 44.6, Section 44.7), mount (Section 44.9) for disks and so forth.
In this chapter we'll give you the whirlwind overview of devices on Unix. Since there are so many devices and so many platforms, we'll gloss over a lot of details, but hopefully this will give you enough to get started with and a few hints as to where to find more information.
— DJPH
As your Unix machine boots up, it will display a message for each device driver as it initializes. This is a good way to tell what devices your kernel was able to find. The exact output varies, but here is the output for hard drive controllers, hard drives, and network cards from a FreeBSD machine and a Debian Linux machine:
# FreeBSD atapci0: <Intel ICH ATA66 controller> port 0xffa0-0xffaf at device 31.1 on pci0 ata0: at 0x1f0 irq 14 on atapci0 ata1: at 0x170 irq 15 on atapci0 ad0: 19569MB <ST320430A> [39761/16/63] at ata0- master UDMA66 afd0: 239MB <IOMEGA ZIP 250 ATAPI> [239/64/32] at ata0-slave using PIO3 acd0: CDROM <ATAPI CDROM> at ata1-master using PIO4 rl0: <D-Link DFE-530TX+ 10/100BaseTX> port 0xbc 00-0xbcff mem 0xefdfff00-0xefdfffff irq 11 at device 4.0 on pci1 # Linux PIIX4: IDE controller on PCI bus 00 dev 39 PIIX4: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later ide0: BM-DMA at 0xf000-0xf007, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:pio ide1: BM-DMA at 0xf008-0xf00f, BIOS settings: hdc:pio, hdd:pio hda: WDC WD307AA-32BAA0, ATA DISK drive ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14 hda: WDC WD307AA-32BAA0, 29333MB w/2048kB Cache, CHS=3739/255/63, UDMA Partition check: hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 rtl8139.c:v1.07 5/6/99 Donald Becker http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/rtl8139.html eth0: RealTek RTL8139 Fast Ethernet at 0xd400, IRQ 11, 00:50:ba:d3:9e:14.
More specifically, in the line:
atapci0: <Intel ICH ATA66 controller> port 0xffa0-0xffaf at device 31.1 on pci0
atapci is the name of the device; 0 is the number of the device (devices are generally numbered sequentially with the first one probed getting the number 0); <Intel ICH ATA66 controller> is the name of the specific driver that successfully attached to this device; port 0xffa0-0xffaf at device 31.1 is physical address information about where this particular device is located; and finally, on pci0 tells us this device is attached to the first PCI bus (since pci is the device name of a PCI bus and 0 is the number assigned to the first PCI bus probed).
Note that in both FreeBSD and Linux, each line gives information about which driver is being used, hardware addresses, and options. Other platforms give similar information during boot. Often if you have a device that's not being recognized, you will see a line in the boot output telling you that a device was found but no driver for it could be found. If you would like more information, you may be able to boot your machine with boot -v from the bootstrap prompt — the BSDs and Solaris support -v. This enables verbose booting, which prints out a lot more information during device probing and may help you understand why a device driver couldn't be found. Linux doesn't have any straightforward way to get verbose information like this, but you can use lspci to show every device on the PCI bus, whether there's an active driver for that device or not.
— DJPH
Generally a Unix kernel is made up of some core, which handles fundamental functionality like virtual memory, and a lot of modules for various devices. A kernel configuration file is used to build a kernel and, on some platforms, a set of loadable kernel modules.
A kernel configuration file has a list of kernel options and then a list of devices and device options. The kernel build process uses this file to determine exactly what to build; this way you can have a kernel that supports exactly the hardware you have in your machine but isn't using any extra resources to support hardware you don't have.
Some example device lines from various kernel configuration files:
# # FreeBSD samples # maxusers 128 options INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE options INET #InterNETworking device isa device pci device ata0 at isa? port IO_WD1 irq 14 device ata device atadisk # ATA disk drives device atapicd # ATAPI CDROM drives device atapifd # ATAPI floppy drives device atapist # ATAPI tape drives options ATA_STATIC_ID #Static device numbering # # Linux samples # # Loadable module support CONFIG_MODULES=y CONFIG_MODVERSIONS=y # CONFIG_KMOD is not set # General setup CONFIG_NET=y CONFIG_PCI=y # Block devices CONFIG_BLK_DEV_FD=m CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE=y # CONFIG_BLK_DEV_HD_IDE is not set CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDISK=y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDECD=m CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDETAPE=m CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEFLOPPY=m # CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDESCSI is not set CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEPCI=y CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDEDMA=y CONFIG_IDEDMA_AUTO=y
The kernel build process involves setting up an appropriate configuration file for your platform and then using a tool (generally config(8); check the manpage) to create a kernel build setup from the configuration file. Then you simply run make within the kernel build setup and you have a new kernel. Once the new kernel is installed, you reboot the machine, and poof, you're running on a sleek new customized kernel.
To understand how to configure the kernel on your platform, consult the documentation for that platform. Note that many platforms have tools or even GUIs for helping you configure your kernel. For the free Unixes, search the Web. There are extensive HOWTOs available describing how to configure your kernel in excruciating detail.
Linux has a very detailed HOWTO for kernel configuration at http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html. The short version is that the configuration file mentioned above is stored in the .config file at the top of the kernel source tree (usually /usr/src/linux). Generally you don't have to edit it directly; instead you'd use make menuconfig or make xconfig, again at the top of the kernel source tree, to use the fancy kernel configuration tools.
— DJPH
A physical disk can be divided into smaller blocks, called partitions. Unix disk devices operate on partitions, where each device is a single partition. The simplest configuration is one big partition for the entire disk.
The advantage to having filesystems on separate partitions is that different parts of your operating system are somewhat protected from each other. If your users have filled up /home, programs writing log files in /var aren't affected if /home and /var are separate partitions. If your disk gets corrupted, only the corrupted partition is damaged. The disadvantage is that, in most cases, if you mistakenly allocated too little disk space for a partition, you can't steal space from your /var to give you more room on /home once your system is set up.
On non-PC hardware, partitioning is generally simple enough; use format or disklabel to write a partition table onto the disk. Traditionally, partitions are named with a letter following the device name, for example, /dev/ad0a, /dev/ad0c and so forth. By convention, partition a is for a root filesystem (/), b is for swap space, c represents the whole disk, and so forth. Of course, every current platform changes this in some way. Check the manpages for the various tools mentioned for more details on what to do for your specific platform.
Solaris's disk device naming scheme is /dev/dsk/c?t?d?s?, where each ? is a number. The c is for controller, the t for target (a physical address on the controller), the d for disk, and the s for slice, another concept like partition. In this case, rather than partition c representing the whole disk, slice 2 does. This set of four numbers uniquely identifies a specific partition (slice) on a specific disk. Solaris uses format to manipulate partition tables.
On PC hardware, it's a bit more complicated, because the PC BIOS has a concept of partitions built into its understanding of disks. Unixes like Linux and FreeBSD that run on this hardware need to coexist with this partition table, especially if you want a machine that can dual-boot Unix and Windows. The BIOS understands no more than four primary partitions on each disk, due to the way it addresses partitions. To get around this limitation, one primary partition can be set to be an extended partition, which can then serve as a container for a different partition addressing scheme. Partitions within an extended partition are called logical partitions and have a few restrictions, but they aren't limited to four. The BIOS requires a primary partition to boot; it can't boot from a logical partition.
Linux names the IDE hard drives /dev/hda through /dev/hdd and the SCSI drives /dev/sda through /dev/sdg. Higher letters are possible with extra controllers. The device name itself represents the whole disk, as partition c and slice 2 did above. Linux uses the BIOS nomenclature and uses primary partitions, extended partitions and logical partitions. Primary partitions get partition numbers one through four, and thus partition two on the second IDE disk would be /dev/hdb2. Logical partitions get numbers higher than four. Linux uses fdisk to manipulate partition tables.
FreeBSD calls the BIOS primary partitions slices and doesn't use extended or logical partitions. Its own partitions within a slice are then just called partitions. This has the advantage of allowing a fairly traditional a through h partitioning, which just lives in a particular slice. So the swap partition within the second BIOS slice of the first IDE drive would be /dev/ad0s2b. FreeBSD uses fdisk to deal with slices and disklabel to manipulate partition tables.
As you can see, each platform has its own idiosyncrasies, but each unambiguously defines a scheme for uniquely referring to a particular partition on a particular disk. This lets us decide where we want our filesystems and refer to them in mount commands and in /etc/fstab (Section 44.5).
— DJPH
A filesystem is the scheme used to organize files on the disk. In the Windows world, FAT, FAT32, and NTFS are all filesystems. Various Unixes have their own filesystems with a forest of names: ufs, ext2fs, vxfs, ffs, nfs, mfs, ISO9660 (which most CD-ROMs use) and special filesystems like tmpfs, procfs, and devfs.
Filesystems like ufs (Unix File System), ffs (Fast File System), vxfs (Veritas Extended File System), and ext2fs (Extended File System, Version 2) are simply ways of organizing inodes and bytes with various strengths and weaknesses. nfs (Network File System) is a filesystem for making remote files appear to be available locally. mfs (Memory File System) is a filesystem for ramdisks, that is, file storage in memory instead of on disk. tmpfs (Temporary File System) is a file system often used for /tmp which shares filespace and swap space dynamically. procfs (Process File System) simulates a filesystem, but with process information in it instead of files. (procfs on Linux is different from procfs on the BSDs; FreeBSD has a linprocfs to simulate part of Linux's procfs.) devfs is similar, but for devices instead of processes.
Standard mounts are configured using /etc/fstab (or, on some platforms, /etc/vfstab). fstab is just a list of filesystems that should be mounted, along with where they should get mounted, what type of filesystem each device contains, and any options. My FreeBSD fstab looks like this:
# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/ad0s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/ad2s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/ad0s1a / ufs rw 1 1 /dev/ad2s1e /home ufs rw 2 2 /dev/ad0s1f /usr ufs rw 2 2 /dev/ad0s1e /var ufs rw 2 2 /dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0
I have two swap partitions, /dev/ad0s1b and /dev/ad2s1b. My /, /home, /usr, and /var are all separate ufs filesystems, and I have a CD-ROM that can be mounted on /cdrom (but must be manually mounted (Section 44.6)) and a standard procfs. The last two columns determine priority for backups and for being consistency checked by fsck. The ufs filesystems are all fscked, with / first; the rest of my filesystems are types that don't need to be fscked.
On other platforms, the options may be different, and the device names will certainly be different, but the basic gist of fstab will be the same.
Some filesystem types support "soft updates," which changes slightly the way the filesystem writes files out to the disk and can dramatically increase your effective disk speed. Consider looking at the documentation for your platform and turning on soft updates (generally this is done via tunefs).
— DJPH
Removable disks are prevalent in Unix machines; CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, Zip disks, and floppies are all removable disks. When a Unix system boots, normal filesystems are all mounted automatically. By definition, removable filesystems may not even be in the machine at boot time, and you certainly don't want to have to reboot your machine just to change CDs.
To do this, you use mount and umount. The -t option allows you to specify the type of filesystem. On my FreeBSD machine, I can mount a FAT-formatted Zip disk with:
# mount -t msdos /dev/afd0s4 /zip
If I've formatted the Zip disk with a BSD ufs filesystem instead, I don't need the -t option, since ufs is the default on FreeBSD, and I would use the BSD partitioning scheme (/dev/afd0c) instead of the BIOS partitions (/dev/afd0s4).
If you use your removable disk regularly, you can add it to your fstab and make this simpler:
/dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 /dev/afd0c /zip ufs rw,noauto 0 0 /dev/afd0s4 /mszip msdos rw,noauto 0 0
Note that I've set up my fstab for both ufs-formatted and FAT-formatted Zip disks, and that the Zip drive and the CD-ROM are both set noauto to keep them from being automatically mounted. Having these in my fstab means I can just type mount /zip or mount /cdrom to mount a Zip disk or CD-ROM. Don't forget to create the directories /cdrom, /zip, and /mszip!
Generally the mount and umount commands must be run as root. However, you'd often like normal users to be able to mount and unmount removable disks. Linux has an easy way to do this: just add user to the options field in /etc/fstab and normal users will be able to mount and unmount that device. (Incidentally, Linux also has an auto filesystem type, which is very handy for removable devices, because it does its best to dynamically figure out what filesystem is on the removable media.) On other platforms, it can be a little more complex. Generally, the trick is to set the permissions on the device file properly. On FreeBSD you also need to use sysctl to set vfs.usermount, which will allow users to mount properly chmoded devices on directories they own; similar tricks may be needed on other platforms. To set the floppy drive to allow anyone to mount it and the CD-ROM to allow anyone in the cdrom group to mount it, you'd do something like this:
# chmod 666 /dev/fd0 # chgrp cdrom /dev/acd0c # chmod 640 /dev/acd0c
Then, as a normal user in group cdrom, you could:
% mkdir ~/cdrom % mount -t cd9660 /dev/acd0c ~/cdrom
Solaris has a daemon, vold, which handles all of the messy details of removable media for you. At the time of this writing, very current versions of Linux have automount daemons and devfsd to handle such things; check your platform's current documentation.
— DJPH
Some platforms provide the capability to mount a file as if it were a block device (like a disk partition (Section 44.4)). This allows mounting a file as if it were a hard disk, CD-ROM, or any other physical media. The primary advantage to this is that it's a simple way to create or work with a floppy, Zip, or CD-ROM image without needing the physical device. You can mount a CD image without having to burn an actual CD or manipulate a floppy boot image. Of course, different platforms call it different things and use different tools.
Mounting file images on Linux uses the loop device and is called a loop mount or a loopback mount. To mount an existing image as a filesystem, use the loop option to mount:
% mount -t iso9660 -o loop image.iso /mnt % ls /mnt
To create a new image, you first create an empty file of the correct size (this is effectively creating a partition (Section 44.4) — in this case, a 100 megabyte image. You then attach the image to one of the available loop device and use mkfs to create a new filesystem in the image. Then you can mount the image normally. In this example, we'll release the loop device we had to allocate specifically and let the mount find an available loop device automatically.
% dd if=/dev/zero of= image.file bs=1k count=100000 % losetup /dev/loop image.file % mkfs -c /dev/loop 100000 % losetup -d /dev/loop % mount -o loop image.file /mnt
FreeBSD has a similar capability, called vnode disks, with very similar syntax, but you use /dev/vn instead of /dev/loop and vnconfig instead of losetup. See FreeBSD's vnconfig(8) manpage.
Solaris also has loop devices as of Solaris 8. The device is /dev/lofi instead of /dev/loop, and you use lofiadm to configure it. See Solaris's lofiadm(1M) and lofi(7D) manpages.
FreeBSD and Solaris don't provide an equivalent to the loop option to mount; instead you just use vnconfig or lofiadm to explicitly associate a particular block device with the file and mount the specific block device just like any other device.
— DJPH
ifconfig is used to configure network devices such as Ethernet cards. While booting, the kernel will find a device driver for the actual device, but it will still need to be assigned an IP address, and any protocol options need to be configured. Various platforms have different ways to store this configuration information, but most use ifconfig somewhere in the startup scripts to do the actual work.
The primary use of ifconfig is to set up a network device to use a particular IP address. ifconfig can also be used to set network options and aliases. To bring up an interface (in this case, rl0) on <IP_ADDRESS> with normal settings for a /24 network:
# ifconfig rl0 inet <IP_ADDRESS> netmask <IP_ADDRESS> broadcast <IP_ADDRESS> up
To temporarily bring a network interface down and then back up later, something that can be useful for maintenance:
# ifconfig rl0 down # ...maintenance operations... # ifconfig rl0 up
— DJPH
Network filesystems provide the illusion that files on a remote host are on your disk. Except for mounting and unmounting such a filesystem and but for a few low-level details, they can be treated like any local filesystem, albeit on a very slow disk. The two most common network filesystems available on Unix platforms are the Network File System (NFS) and Server Message Block File System (SMBFS).
NFS has been around for a long time and is available on every Unix system I've seen in the past ten years. Its interface is simple: an NFS server has a set of exported filesystems (usually listed in /etc/exports), and any permitted client can mount those filesystems using a straightforward mount invocation. Simply specify host:/filesystem as the device, and tell mount that the filesystem is of type nfs:
# mount -t nfs orange:/home /orange
For more details on NFS on your platform, take a look at the manpages for exports(5) and mount_nfs(8) or nfs(5).
NFS mounts can hang up entirely if the NFS server goes down or if you lose your net connection to it. Often this can require rebooting your machine to fix. To avoid this, use the soft option when mounting NFS filesystems. soft tells the NFS client system to use timeouts, so that losing touch with the NFS server just causes I/O requests to time out instead of hanging your machine.
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SMB is the primary file and printer sharing protocol used by Windows. Chapter 47 details Samba, the primary tool used to deal with SMB on Unix systems. smbfs is the tool used to mount SMB-shared filesystems (including Windows shared drives and the like) as if they were Unix filesystems. Much like NFS, smbfs allows you to use mount; in this case, you provide the share name as the device:
# mount -t smbfs //yellow/Public /yellow
smbfs is only supported on some platforms; check your installation of Samba for details.
Note that both filesystem types can be included in /etc/fstab, just like any other filesystem:
# Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/ad0s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/ad0s1a / ufs rw 1 1 /dev/acd0c /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 orange:/home /orange nfs rw 0 0 //yellow/Public /yellow smbfs rw 0 0
— DJPH
The word "modem" is a contraction of "modulator-demodulator." The fundamental job of a modem is to turn a digital signal into an analog signal and send that analog signal across a phone line (modulation) and to receive an analog signal from a phone line and turn it back into the original digital signal (demodulation).
Controller-based modems do all of the digital signal processing, D/A and A/D conversion, and phone-line interfacing in hardware. Generally, these modems either are external modems that plug into a serial port or have a serial port chip included and thus just look like an extra serial port to the CPU. Configuring these modems under Unix is easy; just set up whatever program uses the serial port to use the port speed and serial options you want.
Host-based modems, often called "Winmodems," provide some level of hardware support (at a minimum, the physical phone line interface) and then emulate some or all of the hardware modulation and demodulation in software. There are a variety of specifications related to "soft" modems, and current information on things like available drivers, issues, standards, and whether a modem is a hard or soft modem are available at http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/winmodem.html and http://www.linmodems.org.
The problem that soft modems present to Unix is that the software that makes up the fundamental functionality of the modem is almost always Windows software. These modems are widely available and cheap and do have some advantages, though, so there are efforts to provide Unix software for some set of them. Unix soft-modem software is highly in flux at the time of this writing. Before you buy a modem, be sure that you check the current information on that modem and available drivers for the Unix platform you want to use before you buy. Or spend a bit more and buy a modem that doesn't have these issues.
— DJPH
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is the way ISPs usually provide dialup access (largely because this is the default protocol Windows dialup uses). Unixes that can do dialup provide a PPP client, which you configure to call the ISP and set up a PPP connection. An established connection functions as a network connection — you can use ifconfig (Section 44.8, Section 46.3) to examine it and packets will be routed to the PPP connection by default, and tools like traceroute (Section 46.4) can be used across it.
Unixes provide two ways to run PPP: kernel PPP, where the PPP code resides in the kernel and is therefore very fast but limited in features, and user PPP, where packets have to be copied back and forth between kernel space and user space, but a wide feature set can be provided. We'll give a quick overview of both.
Kernel PPP uses pppd and a fairly simple set of configuration commands. You provide pppd with the information needed to dial your modem appropriately and with whatever login information your ISP has provided you, and it connects. Generally you then have to set up /etc/resolv.conf to point to your ISP's DNS (Section 46.9) server. Some implementations of pppd don't even know how to dial the phone, and you'll have to use something like kermit to dial the phone first. pppd must also be run as root. Look at your platform's documentation for pppd for details on setting up kernel PPP on that platform.
Platforms that provide a user-space PPP client are a little easier to work with. User-space PPP clients can be run by users other than root (usually limited to a specific group); they tend to configure default routes, /etc/resolv.conf, and other details automatically; and they generally deal with PAP or CHAP authentication (which many ISPs use) a little more easily. Usually the user-space PPP client is just called ppp; look for its manpage to see what it requires to configure it.
— DJPH
Many PCs support the Universal Serial Bus (USB). USB is a hot-swappable standard; devices can be plugged in and unplugged while the machine is running, and the system is supposed to recognize the new device or no longer recognize the now disconnected device.
Unixes deal with this requirement with low-level device drivers to actually interface with the devices and with a daemon, usbd, to monitor for changes on the fly or, on Linux, the hotplug facility (http://linux-hotplug.sourceforge.net).
Generally, there is very little configuration required for supported USB devices. If you have the correct kernel modules (Section 44.3) loaded (and on many platforms they're loaded by default), just plug in the device. Check your platform's supported hardware before buying a USB device, as such devices are changing rapidly at the time of this writing and may or may not have Unix drivers implemented yet.
Specific issues you might run into include that USB disks may need to use a special filesystem type (usbdevfs) and that specific devices may require tools to actually use the device. Webcams and scanners are a good example, as the device driver provides only low-level access to the device; you still need a tool that can pull images off of the device and do something useful with them. Extensive information is available on the Web about using many USB devices on the free Unixes (http://www.linux-usb.org for Linux and the USB chapter in the FreeBSD handbook are places to start), and it stays fairly up to date.
— DJPH
There are a lot of devices available for PCs that were never designed for an operating system like Unix to use. Often these devices' manufacturers simply provide Windows drivers and never expect you to need anything else. Luckily, there is a large community of developers for the various free Unixes, and they implement device drivers for many of these devices. Availability of a driver for a particular piece of hardware, however, depends entirely on whether someone happened to write a driver for it.
Sound cards are one bit of hardware that commonly has this problem. Most free Unixes have a set of drivers that support a selection of sound cards and one or two other drivers that support a lowest common denominator to get minimal functionality out of most sound cards. If you want real support for your sound card, look at the supported devices list for the OS you want to install before you buy a card, and pick one that someone's written a full driver for.
On Linux, take a look at the sndconfig utility, which can probably configure your sound card for you. Take a peek at http://www.linuxheadquarters.com/howto/basic/sndconfig.shtml for details.
Other hardware that falls into the "check your supported hardware list before buying" includes frame grabbers, multi-serial boards, AD/DA converters, X-10 controllers and any hardware that's brand new (and thus may not have had time for someone to create a Unix driver). All of the free Unixes have extensive supported hardware lists — check before you buy.
— DJPH
Often server machines are placed in a rack in a colocation facility, in some back closet, or in some other out of the way place. This can make it really inconvenient to access the server's console should something go wrong or need diagnosing; hauling a monitor and keyboard into your server storage area is a real pain. If you've got your server mounted in a rack, there are devices that are essentially a flat screen monitor, keyboard, and mouse mounted in a sliding rack shelf, which work well, but they're expensive.
A simple and cheap solution is to change the console from the normal monitor/keyboard/mouse to one of the serial ports. The serial port can be hooked via null modem to a terminal server or another machine, allowing controlled access, or you can just plug your laptop into it with a null modem when you need to diagnose problems or reboot.
Linux has a howto describing details of dealing with serial consoles at http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Remote-Serial-Console-HOWTO/. Essentially, you provide options to the boot loader and kernel to tell them to use your serial port as a console, and then configure getty to accept logins on that serial port. The HOWTO shows various potential configurations and demonstrates proper setup on each.
FreeBSD's handbook has a chapter on setting up serial consoles. Again, you have to tell the boot loader and the kernel to use the serial port, and then edit /etc/ttys to enable getty on that serial port. FreeBSD can also be configured to decide whether to use a normal console or serial console based on whether or not a keyboard is plugged in. NetBSD and OpenBSD are configured similarly.
Solaris is even easier: just unplug the keyboard before you boot the machine. Solaris uses a serial console by default if no keyboard is plugged in at boot time. If you want to set it explicitly to use a serial console even if the keyboard is plugged in, just set input-device and output-device to ttya (or ttyb if you want it on the second serial port) in the boot eeprom.
— DJPH
| CONTENTS |


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Chief executive officer, the highest-ranking person in a company or other institution, ultimately responsible for taking managerial decisions.
Solve whatever problem our company faces in relation to our technology, the public and our internal culture. Evangelists have to be very good programmers to be successful.
Your job as a business development manager is to identify sales leads, pitch goods or services to new clients and maintain a good working relationship with new contacts.
One of several people involved with the creation of a business, organization, union, or entity. The two cofounders both attended the ceremony.


Impact of COVID-19 on America
Ongoing Cases
These graphs are updated weekly to show the ongoing spread of COVID.
While vaccinations are rolling out at an increasing rate, we're not out of the woods yet and we hope these figures will serve as a reminder to stay safe and practice the correct safety precautions.
Economic Impact
Beyond the human impact of the pandemic, COVID-19 has clearly impacted the economy and its effects will be felt for years to come.
Years of recovery from the 2008 recession have been undone and the country faces higher unemployement than it has in half a decade.
The Spread
Our team feels the spread of COVID is just as important to understand and document as the impact of the pandemic.
While we are not statisticians, we have created some visualizations we believe track important trends in the spread of COVID.


Coming from any major, NMI students receive a New Media Certificate attesting that they are technowledgeable—they know how to apply new media in their chosen field. Committed to innovative and realistic new media applications, NMI projects address real world demands in a variety of contexts. The New Media Interdisciplinary Certificate is a credential certifying the student’s understanding of and proficiency in new media. A student earns the certificate while completing a degree in his or her chosen field of study. Earning the certificate guarantees that a graduate is expert in the application of technology within a given profession.


Using the scale
CFPB researchers created the Financial Well-Being scale to measure something that no one has been able to measure very well before: your financial well-being. Answer the 12 questions below to get a snapshot of your current financial well-being along with some ways you might be able to improve your finances if they’re not where you’d like them to be.


--- layout: page title: "About" description: "Co-founder, CTO, Front end architect and sometimes developer, Development process obsessed, Tinkerer, Linux enthusiast, Flash veteran" header-img: "img/about-bg.jpg" ---
Co-founder, CTO, Front end architect and sometimes developer, Development process obsessed, Tinkerer, Linux enthusiast, Flash veteran


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Please ensure you have the proper setup for the workshop. Refer to the Introduction section of the workshop for details.
Pre-requisties of the workshop are:


Hello, I'm Emil.
I'm a highly talented website developer with experience in building high quality modern and professional sites of various types ( company/organization website, landing page, blog, personal website, eCommerce store, portfolio website ).
My knowledge includes: creating site, setting up and installing plugins, fixing bugs, expanding the functionality of the site. I can make a website from scratch or redesign and improve your existing site.


class MigrationCreator
Methods
| void |
__construct(Filesystem $files)
Create a new migration creator instance. |
|
| string |
create(string $name, string $path, string $table = null, bool $create = false)
Create a new migration at the given path. |
|
| void |
afterCreate(Closure $callback)
Register a post migration create hook. |
|
| string |
getStubPath()
Get the path to the stubs. |
|
| Filesystem |
getFilesystem()
Get the filesystem instance. |
Details
at line 28
public void
__construct(Filesystem $files)
Create a new migration creator instance.
at line 42
public string
create(string $name, string $path, string $table = null, bool $create = false)
Create a new migration at the given path.
at line 124
public void
afterCreate(Closure $callback)
Register a post migration create hook.
at line 156
public string
getStubPath()
Get the path to the stubs.
at line 166
public Filesystem
getFilesystem()
Get the filesystem instance.


At the Computational Geometry course I have implemented the Quickhull algorithm for its application in 3D, following the paper "Barber, C. B., Dobkin, D. P., & Huhdanpaa, H. T. (1996). The Quickhull algorithm for convex hulls. ACM Trans. on Mathematical Software, 22(4), 469—483". And following the example of this java applet developed by UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering.
Algorithm
The algorithm proposed by the paper says:
create a simplex of d+1 points
for each facet F
for each unassigned point p
if p is above F
assign p to F's outside set
for each facet F with a non-empty outside set
select the furthest point p of F's outside set
initialize the visible set V to F
for all unvisited neighbors N of facets in V
if p is above N
add N to V
the boundary of V is the set of horizon ridges H
for each ridge R in H
create a new facet from R and p
link the new facet to its neighbors
for each new facet F'
for each unassigned point q in an outside set of a facet in V
if q is above F'
assign q to F''s outside set
delete the facets in V
I made some changes on my implementation but the essence is the same.
Data Structures
Before explaining the implementation, it should explain how are the data structures.
-
vector3f
is a 3float
vector with some geometrical functions (dotProduct, crossProduct, etc...) -
facet
is a 3int
vector and astd::Vector<int>
, to store the indices of the 3 points of the triangle and the indices of the outside points. -
All the collection used are class
std::Vector
-
The QuickHull class has:
-
A points collection is a
std::Vector <vector3f>
, where there are stored all the points. This should not be changed any time. -
A facets collection is a
std::Vector <facet>
, where there are stored all the facets.
-
A points collection is a
Implementation
The first thing to do is calculate the simplex. The simplex is a triangle that separates points in two areas. This will take 3 points, two with maximum X and Y coordinate, and another with the minimum Z coordinate of the whole set of points.
After the simplex is created, split the remaining points that are visible for the two facets from the simplex (a triangle in 3D has 2 faces). To know if a point is visible for a facet, we have to calculate if this point is above the facet. And to know if a point is above a plane, we evaluate the point on the plane normal.
Now the main loop begins. In each iteration and for each facet, the facet's furthest point is calculated. This point p is checked whether is visible from the facets neighbourhood, the neighbourhood facets are the ones that have at least one vertex in common, then all ridges and outside points from the neighbourhood facets are saved in different collections.
The ridge collection determine the boundary from the hole that is created when the neighbourhood facets are deleted. Using this boundary and the furthest point p will create new triangles using the Delaunay algorithm.
Finally once created the new triangles will split the points of collection points on the new triangles created. This loop is executed while there are facets with outside points.
Solved Facts
Triangle orientation
One of the problems that can happen when you are adding new triangles on a closed polygon, is that according to the order of the vertices of the triangles, the normal of the triangle is pointing inside the polygon. This is a problem because to perform calculations to find the location of the points on the triangle requires that the normal is facing outside the polygon.
The solution implemented, was using a reference point. This point must always remain within the polygon, even in the first iteration. Therefore, is calculated the baricenter of the initial simplex.
Here is the source code: SRC


{{ '/js/hot-fileloader.js' | ifDebugIncludeScript }}
We're sorry but Alpha doesn't work properly without JavaScript enabled. Please enable it to continue.


Police release CCTV footage to track down hit and run driver, Logan
by Monique StClairPolice are calling on anyone with information about a hit and run in the Logan area to come forward.
Just before 7.00pm on Sunday night, a dark coloured car is understood to have collided with a motorcycle at the intersection of Chambers Flat Road and Hickory Street in Marsden.
The vehicle then fled the scene, while the motorcyclist – 30-year-old Browns Plains man – sustained serious injuries and was rushed to hospital.
Early investigations suggest that two people were in the darkly coloured car, which police believe may have been a Mazda CX station-wagon.
Police have released CCTV footage, which they hope will help lead them to the owners of the dark coloured vehicle.
It shows the blue vehicle continue south along Chambers Flat Road before turning right onto Bumstead Road.
Investigators are appealing to anyone who witnessed the crash, has any knowledge of the blue vehicle – possibly a Mazda CX station-wagon – or may have relevant dash-camera vision, to come forward.
If you have information for Police, please contact Policelink on 131 444 or provide information using their online form 24 hours per day.
You can also report information about crime anonymously to Crime Stoppers by calling 1800 333 000 or via crimestoppersqld.com.au 24 hours per day. Crime Stoppers is a registered charity and community volunteer organisation.


Brought to you by: Rachael Kelm-Southworth
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/rachael-kelm-southworth-87a3831b3
Github: https://github.com/RKSouth


---
layout: post
title: my little new toy easypix dv5311hd
date: '2008-07-22T20:19:00+02:00'
tags:
- Easypix
- dv5311HD
- video
- camera
- digital
- sdhc
- hd
- mp4
- photomadebyme
tumblr_url: http://blog.alezzandro.com/post/43157317/my-little-new-toy-easypix-dv5311hd
---
My little new toy: Easypix dv5311HD !


Imagine that you are either a a hotline operator , or a client which tries to find a restaurant for tonight in Cambridge. The clients are given predefined goals to find information about specific kind of restaurants they want to visit. The hotline operators try to help the clients to find a restaurants which satisfy clients' requirements.
The rules of game are that after you write a reply either as a client or as operator you pass the conversation to other players and you pick a random conversation from other players for the next round. In this CrowdFlower job you provide a reply and in the next round you are assigned a new conversation and role (either operator or client).
Try to create conversations which satisfy client's goals, are natural, polite and are relevant to the topic.


Searches in HexEdit Pro are very fast but if you are searching a file of many Megabytes or Gigabytes or the file is located on a slow network it can take a long time. Imagine you are looking for something near the start of a 60 Gigabyte file but after you typed the string and started the search you realize you typed the wrong thing and it will never be found. Instead of waiting minutes or hours for the search to complete you need to cancel the search.
You can stop a search at any time by pressing the Escape key. You will be asked if you want to continue in case you pressed the Escape key by mistake. You can also use the Escape key to terminate a comparison or a keystroke macro.


---
layout: post
title: Why NoSQL?
tags:
- MongoDB
- NoSQL
- Technology
status: publish
type: post
published: true
meta:
_edit_last: '1'
_su_rich_snippet_type: none
dsq_thread_id: '211608697'
---
Why NoSQL?
NoSQL term is supposed to stand for “Not Only SQL.” . This term is used to designated DBMS that differ from classic RDBMS in some way. These DBMS may not require fixed table schemas, and usually avoid join operations and typically scale horizontally.
Architecture
NOSQL databases tend to have two key attributes across the board. One is that they’re non-relational, so they’re not doing joins on the server. And second, they have light transactional semantics. So complex, long-running, serialized transactions are not part of any of these NoSQL products. Those two differences, put together, allow you to take a very different approach to how databases are created, which means you can make horizontally scalable databases — the kind that run across large clusters of machines.
RDBMS have shown poor performance on certain data-intensive applications, including indexing a large number of documents, serving pages on high-traffic websites, and delivering streaming media. Typical RDBMS implementations are tuned either for small but frequent read/write transactions or for large batch transactions with rare write accesses. NoSQL on the other hand, services heavy read/write workloads
NoSQL architectures often provide weak consistency guarantees, such as eventual consistency, or transactions restricted to single data items. Some systems, however, provide full ACID guarantees, in some instances by adding a supplementary middleware layer (e.g., CloudTPS).
Core NoSQL Systems
Wide Column Store/Column Families
1.Cassandra
2.Cloudera
3.Amazon SimpleDB
Document Store
1. CouchDB
2. MongoDB
3. OrientDB
Key Value/ Tuple Store
1.Redis
2.MemcacheDB
3.Tokyo Cabibnet


* Feastly
today’s Very Short List:
food 26 Jul 2013
Laila Gohar is the founder of Sunday Supper
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* According to the founder of Antidote chocolate
* Seek inspiration from La Tartine Gourmand
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different curator every day.
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Crafted with ♥ by Saltflakes
Thank you for purchasing our theme. If you have any questions that are beyond the scope of this help file, please feel free to email via my user page contact form here. Thanks so much!
| Author: | Saltflakes |
| Contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Author URL: | http://saltflakes.net |
| Item URL: | Portfolio |
| Current Version: | 1.0.0 |
| Documentation Version | 1.0.0 |
| Created: | 2013-04-06 |
| Modified: | 2013-04-06 |
This theme is a fixed layout with one column. All of the information within the main content area is nested within a div with an class of "container".
The general template structure is the same throughout the template. Here is the general structure.
<!DOCTYPE html>   <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="author" content="Saltflakes"> <meta name="description" content="cloud pepper ..."> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/camera.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/colorbox.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/cloud-pepper.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="img/favicon.ico" > <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="img/favicon.ico" > <title>CLOUD PEPPER</title>

If you would like to edit the color of the animated navigation border you would do the following:
.cp-nav-link:hover { border-bottom: solid 3px #90a6c2; } .cp-nav-active { border-bottom: solid 3px #436e9d !important; }
If you want to change the menu structure or simply edit links and page names, search for the navigation lines.

 CONTACT

 CLIENTS

 SERVICES

 PORTFOLIO

 <select id="cp-nav-mobile" size="1"> <option value="index.html" id="index" selected>HOME</option> <option value="portfolio.html" id="portfolio">PORTFOLIO</option> <option value="services.html" id="services">SERVICES</option> <option value="clients.html" id="clients">CLIENTS</option> <option value="contact.html" id="contact">CONTACT</option> </select>

Here's a list of the stylesheet files we are using with this template, you can find more information opening each file:
| File Name | Description |
|---|---|
cloud-pepper.css
|
Here you find all important CSS styles |
bootstrap.css
bootstrap-min.css
|
Bootstrap CSS in compressed version |
camera.css
|
Camera Slider CSS |
colorbox.css
|
Colorbox (Modal) CSS |
Here is a list of all javascript plugins used in this template
| Tag | Description |
|---|---|
cloud-pepper.js
|
Most of the animation in this site is carried out from the standard script. |
jquery-1.8.2.min.js
|
jQuery is a Javascript library that greatly reduces the amount of code that you must write. |
bootstrap.min.js
bootstrap.js
|
Twitter Bootstap is a front-end framework with responsive grid |
camera.min.js
|
Camera Slider is an image and html slider |
jquery.colorbox-min.js
|
Colorbox is a jQuery lightbox |
jquery.validate.js
jquery.validate.min.js
|
jQuery Validation is a form validator |
jquery-easing.js
|
jQuery Easing for some easing options |
If you want to change the slider's speed transition, open up the file
cloud-pepper.js
and change the following code:
// camera slider: if ($('#camera_wrap_1').length > 0) { jQuery('#camera_wrap_1').camera({ height : '56%', pagination : true, thumbnails : false, fx : 'simpleFade', time : 5000, transPeriod : 3000, imagePath : '../images/' }); }
I've used the following files as listed.
Once again, thank you so much for purchasing this theme. As we said at the beginning, we'd be glad to help you if you have any questions relating to this theme. No guarantees, but we'll do our best to assist.


Native Windows GUI: Dialogs
Dialogs are premade window that returns values.
Dialogs are not required for every application, as such they are all feature-gated.
Native windows GUI includes 3 builtin dialogs:
- FileDialog (feature:
file-dialog
): fetch file path to load or save something
- ColorDialog (feature:
color-dialog
): fetch and saves color data in a RGB format
- FontDialog (feature:
font-dialog
): select a system font with optional customization
See the
Showcase for the dialog looks
And see
the examples for a code example
Basic usage
Dialogs are
resources and not controls.
Because of this, dialogs do not need a parent and they cannot accept children.
Just like the other NWG components, dialogs are created with builders. The documentation enumerates their parameters.
Dialogs are called by using the method
run(parent)
.
This method
will block the current function. This is because dialogs have their own events loop. Because of this, the other window
in the same thread should be disabled while the dialog is running. This is done automatically setting the parent parameter in a dialog.
Once the user selects a value, the selected value will be saved in the dialog object. Each dialog has a specific method to fetch this data.
if app.open_directory_dialog.run() {
app.file_dialog_result.clear();
if let Ok(directory) = app.open_directory_dialog.get_selected_item() {
app.file_dialog_result.set_text(&directory);
}
}
File dialog
FileDialog uses the common item dialog (
link)
It supports the
FileDialogAction::Open
,
FileDialogAction::OpenDirectory
and
FileDialogAction::Save
.
A file dialog can accept multiple files if the
multiselect
flag is set in the builder. The multiselect flag can also be changed
with the
set_multiselect
method. The multi select flag can only be used with opening dialogs.
To display a FileDialog, call
dialog.run(parent)
. Just like the other dialog, this will start a new event loop.
To fetch the results of a file dialog, use the
dialog.get_selected_item()
for single select file dialog and
dialog.get_selected_items()
for multi select file dialog. Calling the wrong method will return an Error.
Color dialog
A color dialog returns a color in a [R,G,B] format. The values will range from
[0u8, 0u8, 0u8]
(black)
to
[255, 255, 255]
(white).
To display a ColorDialog, call
dialog.run(parent)
. Although it is optional, you should specify a window as parent. Just like the other dialog, this will start a new event loop.
To fetch the results of a color dialog, use the
dialog.color()
method.
The color dialog allows the developer or the user to save up to 16 custom colors per dialogs. The user sets the color using the dialog interface, and the
developer can set/get the colors using
set_saved_color(index, color)
or
saved_color(index)
.
Set the saved colors in the
color dialog builder using the
saved_color(index, color)
method.
Font dialog
A font dialog returns a
FontInfo
object that describes the font selected by the user
(not a font resource).
To display a FontDialog, call
dialog.run(parent)
. Although it is optional, you should specify a window as parent. Just like the other dialog, this will start a new event loop.
To fetch the results of a color dialog, use the
dialog.font()
method.
The font info can then be used to create font resources. Note that the default font resource provided by NWG is very simple and only supports
a size, a family and a weight.
Custom dialog
Native windows gui does not use the default win32 way to handle custom dialogs because it involves use resource files, and worse, dialogs runs in another message loop in the same thread.
Instead, user dialogs should be implemented as normal GUI object running in another thread. For an example see:
the dialog example


Fiolnas BI provides advanced Big Data and Analytics solutions to rapidly provide insights on operations, customers and products. Know more about your suppliers and the opportunities available to get best value for money.
Learn MoreDevelopment of Cloud Tools for Infrastructure Automation to support DevOps engineers and IT professionals. Our aim is automate as many day-to-day tasks as possible so they have more time to design and engineer for business.
Learn MoreProviding tools that enable customers to view hidden meaning and facilitate better understanding of new business. Advanced analytics, such as data mining, predictive analytics, text mining, statistical analysis and big data analytics.
Learn MoreFiolnas BI provides cutting edge solutions based on Microsoft technology including:


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% import "macros/frontPageLayouts.html" as Layout %} {% block content %}


View Milestone:
Modify Milestone:
Create Milestone:
Name:
Due:
Format: $datetime_hint
Completed:
Format: $datetime_hint
Retargeting
Retarget associated open tickets to milestone:
None
Comment:
There are no open tickets associated with this milestone.
Description: (you may use
WikiFormatting
here)
$milestone.description
${_('Submit changes')}"
${_('Add milestone')}
${_('Cancel')}


Join the contributor community
DataLad is a distributed and collaborative data management system
supporting arbitrarily large datasets, on-demand content retrieval,
dataset nesting, data version control, provenance capture, and
metadata management. DataLad development is supported primarily by
the US National Science Foundation and the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research.
content licensed cc-by-sa
— ©2015–2023 {{ AUTHOR }} —
unless indicated otherwise


subject = "Thank you for contacting us!" == Thank you for contacting us! We have received your request and are working on responding to you as soon as possible. If you have any additional information to add to this case, please reply to this email. Thanks in advance for your patience and support. ==
Thank you for contacting us! We have received your request and are working on responding to you as soon as possible.
If you have any additional information to add to this case, please reply to this email.
Thanks in advance for your patience and support.


"Topsy-Turvy" - Gilbert and Sullivan Charms the Big Screen by Homer Yen (c) 2000
Long before Andrew Lloyd Webber and the days of Rogers and Hammerstein, there was the era of William Schwenck Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. These two comprised one of the most prolific show business teams of their time. Gilbert and Sullivan were responsible for a string of memorable (and some not-so-memorable) comic operas put upon the London stage during the late 19th century.
However, their creative juices would begin to run dry. Praised for such dandy showpieces as "The Pirates of Penzance" and "H.M.S. Pinafore," the duo's next offering, "Princess Ida," is labeled as formulaic and predictable by an influential London Times critic. This infuriates librettist Gilbert (John Broadbent), who believes that "Ida" is a great play. However, composer Sullivan (Allan Corduner) ruefully agrees that "Ida" does feel a bit recycled. Worse yet, Sullivan's health is failing. He declares that he needs some time to rest before being able to continue composing new songs. In the meantime, the sweltering summer heat is keeping audiences away from the theatres, so box office receipts are steadily declining. And, there seems to be a variety of personal problems that are brewing among the cast members. This all amounts to a serious setback and does not bode well at all.
"Topsy-Turvy" is a sweet film that focuses on this particular period of this partnership's lives when it seemed that the two were ready to split up over creative differences. In a meeting that the two have to discuss their future and current impasse, Sullivan explains that he has always understated his music to Gilbert's words. Surprised to hear this, Gilbert interjects that he has always subordinated his words to the grandness of the music. Yet, despite their mutual respect for one another, they can not move forward. Gilbert's latest idea is an opera about a couple who finds a magic potion. Sullivan fires back that his idea is none too different from a recent production about a couple that finds a magic lozenge and none too different from another recent production about a couple that finds a magic coin.
It is not until Gilbert visits a Japanese exhibition that his creativity becomes reinvigorated. Gilbert is entranced by a Kendo sword fighting demonstration, the raw emotions brought forth through a kabuki play, and a dainty tea ceremony where the waitress can only say "six pence, please." This experience steers him towards a new and better work, eventually turning out to be "The Mikado." Sullivan, now feeling better, loves the idea and begins to set his words to music.
Like many British films, the strength of this one is its charm. I credit most of it to the wonderful sense of frivolity that exists during this time period where music and laughter, good manners and wonderful dress seemed like the guiding principles of the day. I especially enjoyed Broadbent's portrayal of Gilbert who seemed to always suffer in deadpan silence in his struggle to create his next great work. In one passage, he talks about his estranged mother. "No one respects her more than I do," he says. "And I can't stand the woman!" I also appreciated the sacrifice that the cast, chorus and orchestra members went through as they prepared for the show (having once been myself an orchestra member for my high school plays). "Topsy-Turvy" is not the typical film that presents a problem, dramatic arc, and then a solution. Writer Mike Leigh does not write for Hollywood. Thus, Gilbert and Sullivan's dilemma is not a race towards some glorious resolution. Rather, it is more like a leisurely walk through a Victorian park that unveils delicate beauty in every direction you look.
Grade: B
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The review above was posted to the
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The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Line Spirals
Test purpose
- Create and animate a Wheel entity, using delta and deltaConstraint objects
- Check that reverse and loop actions work as expected
- Check that scaling animation can be added to and deleted from the delta object
Touch test: not required
Annotated code


I wrongfully though that when you linked several *.o the final executable would only have the necessary symbols, not all of them.
Lets say that we have
a.o:
0000000000000000 T a()
0000000000000001 T b()
0000000000000002 T c()
m.o:
0000000000000000 T m()
0000000000000001 T n()
main.o:
U x()
0000000000000000 T main
x.o:
U a()
0000000000000000 T x()
|
main() calls x() that calls a(), all the other functions are empty.
So now lets link all these object files and look at the executable (fat removed)
$ g++ *.o -o object.bin
$ nm -C object.bin
0000000000400580 T a()
0000000000400581 T b()
0000000000400582 T c()
0000000000400584 T m()
0000000000400585 T n()
0000000000400588 T x()
0000000000400480 T main |
so it has all the functions.
However, if instead an static library is created
$ ar rcs lib.a a.o m.o x.o
$ g++ main.o lib.a -o lib.bin
$ nm -C lib.bin
0000000000400588 T a()
0000000000400589 T b()
000000000040058a T c()
0000000000400580 T x()
0000000000400480 T main |
that does not have the unused functions m() and n(), but it does have b() and c().
If I understand it correctly, the undefined symbols in main.o are found in x.o so all the object file is imported. x.o also has undefined symbols, found in a.o, and again all the object file is imported.
However m.o is unneeded and thus discarded. So the dependencies are resolved at object file level instead of function level.
The thing is, we don't need the whole a.o, just the a() definition. If a rule like `only 1 function per source file' were followed, then we'll end with just the functions that we are actually using.
So ¿is there a way to make the tool behave as such?


The Solution?
Create a framework where users can create, monitor, and ATTAIN their own goals.
github.com/elliottbrooks
Presented by Elliott Brooks
Create a framework where users can create, monitor, and ATTAIN their own goals.
The user chooses a metric and a goal. Not every goal needs to be tied to a metric, and some metrics can be lagging indicators.
To combat the information overload associated with tracking multiple behaviours, we present users with a simple and intuitive measure of their current progress - to the minute.
For any questions, please contact hi@ell.io.tt


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
Deep learning application on Twitter data
Find out what is currently trending in US. Pick most interesting subject and guide your data through ETL.
Get rid of obsolete collections from MongoDB or delete processed data from SQLite database.
Apply LSTM on stored data to find out what's the dominating sentiment among conversation participants.
Choose between Twitter API functionalities
Find out what are the common trends in two chosen locations.
Choose a keyword and find out most popular tweets in a subject.
Find out what are the top Twitter trends in US at the moment. Trends are updated every 60 seconds.


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Game
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GENTRI:Game
<<<<<<< HEAD =======
>>>>>>> 3ed4cd8e5676088d6fdf5c1e8dbec42df98a9879


Incadescent
100.0
13.14
Halogen
72.0
9.46
CFL
23.4
3.07
LED
20.0
2.63
Lumens
Brightness
of bulb
600
900
kWh
Kilowatt-hour-cost
cents
Hours
Usage
per day
cents


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In plant-pathogen systems, pathogen-host specificity is often described by the the gene-for-gene model, where a plant resistance (R) gene confers resistance to infection by pathogens possessing a corresponding avirulence gene (Avr). Effectors are pathogenic molecules that modify some aspect of the host to facilitate pathogen infection. However, effectors are also the elicitors of resistance responses (i.e. they are the products of Avr genes) meaning that the presence or absence an effector determines the virulence of an isolate against hosts with different R-genes.
Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, is the most significant pathogen of Malus spp. worldwide. Many R-gene loci have already been characterised in Malus species, and in order select the most durable options for deployment, further characterisation of both the resistant plants, and the physiological races of V. inaequalis that overcome them, is required. Rvi5 from the crab-apple, M. micromalus, is one such potentially durable resistance gene.
My project chracterised 10 candidate effector genes for AvrRvi5 (identified by Jason Shiller) using bio-informatics and wet lab techniques. Gene models and predicted variations were validated using existing de novo genome assemblies and RNASeq data. One AvrRvi5 candidate was eliminated as a result of these analyses. A cluster of syntenic scaffolds between the genome sequences of three unrelated V. inaequalis isolates was found to contain eight of the 10 AvrRvi5 candidate genes. Evidence of major chromosomal rearrangements due to transposable element invasion was found in this genomic region. The in vitro growth rates of 10 V. inaequalis isolates were measured and the growth rate was found not to be correlated with physiological races 1 or 5. Thus no fitness cost for race 5 (loss of AvrRvi5) was evident from this analysis. To facilitate future analyses, six putative Rvi5 plants were genotyped; however, further phenotyping is required to validate these potentially resistant plants.


libs6dns
s6-dns
Software
skarnet.org
The following functions and structures are declared in the s6-dns/s6dns-fmt.h header, and implemented in the libs6dns.a or libs6dns.so library.
s6dns_fmt provides primitives to format RR contents into printable strings.
size_t s6dns_fmt_domain (char *s, size_t max, s6dns_domain_t const *d)
Writes into string s the domain contained in *d (in string
form). Returns the number of bytes written, or 0 in case of failure. If
the output would be more than max bytes, 0 ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
To avoid that, S6DNS_FMT_DOMAIN is a suitable number of bytes to preallocate s.
This function is actually an alias to s6dns_domain_tostring.
size_t s6dns_fmt_domainlist (char *s, size_t max, s6dns_domain_t const *list, unsigned int n, char const *delim, size_t delimlen)
Writes into string s the list of n domains (in string form)
pointed to by list. Between each domain (and not after the last one),
string delim of length delimlen is appended.
The function returns the number of bytes written, or 0 in case of failure. If
the output would be more than max bytes, 0 ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
To avoid that, S6DNS_FMT_DOMAINLIST(n) is a suitable number of bytes to preallocate s.
size_t s6dns_fmt_hinfo (char *s, size_t max, s6dns_message_rr_hinfo_t const *p)
Writes into string s the HINFO contained in *p: cpu, then os,
separated by a space.
Returns the number of bytes written, or 0 in case of failure. If
the output would be more than max bytes, 0 ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
To avoid that, S6DNS_FMT_HINFO is a suitable number of bytes to preallocate s.
size_t s6dns_fmt_mx (char *s, size_t max, s6dns_message_rr_mx_t const *p)
Writes into string s the MX contained in *p: preference, then
exchanger name, separated by a space.
Returns the number of bytes written, or 0 in case of failure. If
the output would be more than max bytes, 0 ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
To avoid that, S6DNS_FMT_MX is a suitable number of bytes to preallocate s.
size_t s6dns_fmt_soa (char *s, size_t max, s6dns_message_rr_soa_t const *p)
Writes into string s the SOA contained in *p:
mname, then rname, then serial number, refresh time, retry time, expiration time
and minimum time, separated by spaces.
Returns the number of bytes written, or 0 in case of failure. If
the output would be more than max bytes, 0 ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
To avoid that, S6DNS_FMT_SOA is a suitable number of bytes to preallocate s.
size_t s6dns_fmt_srv (char *s, size_t max, s6dns_message_rr_srv_t const *p)
Writes into string s the SRV contained in *p: priority,
then weight, then port, then target, separated by spaces.
Returns the number of bytes written, or 0 in case of failure. If
the output would be more than max bytes, 0 ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
To avoid that, S6DNS_FMT_SRV is a suitable number of bytes to preallocate s.
size_t s6dns_fmt_caa (char *s, size_t max, s6dns_message_rr_caa_t const *p)
Writes into string s the CAA contained in *p: flags, then tag,
then value, separated by spaces.
Returns the number of bytes written, or 0 in case of failure. If
the output would be more than max bytes, 0 ENAMETOOLONG is returned.
To avoid that, S6DNS_FMT_CAA is a suitable number of bytes to preallocate s.


--- title: Deep-Fried Pig's Ears Recipe layout: post date: '2016-11-27 16:38:06 -0500' type: post parent_id: 0 published: true image: assets/images/post-img/20091019-pigs-ear-salad.jpg status: publish categories: - Pork meta: _wpas_done_all: 1 _wpghs_github_path: _posts/2016-11-27-the-nasty-bits-deep-fried-pigs-ears-recipe.md _sha: ac38d8eb76dc7fbcf39bc8af41cf01b43797882b _edit_last: 1 _thumbnail_id: 473 _jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs: 1 _posts_by_tag_page_fields: a:2:{s:12:"widget_title";s:0:"";s:11:"widget_tags";s:0:"";} _yourls_url: http://7t3.link/4w3r6 _yourls_clicks: 3 author: login: mkelley email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Mike first_name: Mike last_name: Kelley ---


Next: Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Name Component, Previous: Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Directory Component, Up: Interpreting Pathname Component Values
In non-hierarchical file systems, the only valid list values for the directory component of a pathname are (:absolute string) and (:absolute :wild). :relative directories and the keywords :wild-inferiors, :up, and :back are not used in non-hierarchical file systems.