Mechanisms¶
Overview¶
A mechanism takes an input, transforms it in some way, and makes the result available as its output. There are three types of mechanisms in PsyNeuLink:
- A
ProcessingMechanisms
aggregrates the input it receives from other mechanisms, and/or the input to the the process or system to which it belongs, transforms it in some way, and provides the result as input to other mechanisms in the process or system, or as the output for the process or system itself.
- A
MonitoringMechanism
monitors the output of one or more other mechanisms, receives training (target) values, and compares these to generate error signals used for learning).
- A Control Mechanism evaluates the output of one or more other mechanisms in the system to which it belongs, and uses this to modify the parameters of those or other mechanisms in the system.
A mechanism is made up of four fundamental components: the function it uses to transform its input; and the states it uses to represent its input, processing parameters, and output.
Creating a Mechanism¶
Mechanisms can be created in several ways. The simplest is to use the standard Python method of calling the
constructor for the desired type of mechanism. Alternatively, the mechanism()
function can be used to
instantiate a specified type of mechanism or a default mechanism. Mechanisms can also be specified “in context,”
for example in the pathway
attribute of a process; the mechanism can be specified in either of the ways mentioned
above, or using one of the following:
- the name of an existing mechanism;
- the name of a mechanism type (subclass);
a specification dictionary – this can contain an entry specifying the type of mechanism, and/or entries specifying the value of parameters used to instantiate it. These should take the following form:
MECHANISM_TYPE
: <name of a mechanism type>if this entry is absent, a
default mechanism
will be created.<name of argument>:<value>
this can contain any of the standard parameters for instantiating a mechanism (see Mechanism Parameters) or ones specific to a particular type of mechanism (see documentation for the subclass). The key must be the name of the argument used to specify the parameter in the mechanism’s constructor, and the value a legal value for that parameter. The parameter values specified will be used to instantiate the mechanism. These can be overridden during execution by specifying Runtime Parameters, either when calling the mechanism’s
execute
orrun
method, or where it is specified in thepathway
attribute of a Process.automatically – PsyNeuLink automatically creates one or more mechanisms under some circumstances. For example,
MonitoringMechanisms
(and associated LearningProjections) are created automatically when learing is specified for a process.
Every mechanism has one or more inputStates, parameterStates, and
outputStates (summarized below) that allow it to receive and send projections,
and to execute its function). When a mechanism is created, it automatically creates the
parameterStates it needs to represent its parameters, including those of its function
.
It also creates any inputStates and outputStates required for the projections it has been assigned. InputStates and
outputStates, and corresponding projections, can also be specified in the mechanism’s params dictionary, using entries
with the keys INPUT_STATES
and OUTPUT_STATES
, respectively. The value of each entry can be the name of the state’s
class (to create a default), an existing state, a specification dictionary for one, a value (used as the state’s
variable
) or a list containing of any of these to create multiple states (see InputStates
and OutputStates for details).
Structure¶
Function¶
The core of every mechanism is its function, which transforms its input to generate its output. The function is
specified by the mechanism’s function
attribute. Every type of mechanism has at least one
(primary) function, and some have additional (auxiliary) ones (for example, the EVCMechanism
).
Mechanism functions are generally from the PsyNeuLink Functions class. Most mechanisms allow their function to be
specified, using the function
argument of the mechanism’s contructor. The function can be specified using the name of
Functions class, or its constructor (including arguments that specify its parameters). For example, the
function
of a TransferMechanism can be specified to be the Logistic
function as follows:
my_mechanism = TransferMechanism(function=Logistic(gain=1.0, bias=-4))
Notice that the parameters of the function
(in this case, gain
and bias
) can be specified by including
them in its constructor. Some mechanisms support only a single function. In that case, the function
argument is not available in the mechanism’s constructor, but it does include arguments for the function’s
parameters. For example, the function
of a ComparatorMechanism
is always the LinearCombination
function,
so its constructor does not have a function
argument. However, it does have a comparison_operation
argument, that is used to set the LinearCombination function’s operation
parameter.
For mechanisms that offer a selection of functions, if all of the functions use the same parameters then those
parameters can also be specified as entries in a parameter dictionary
used for the params
argument of the mechanism’s constructor; in such cases, values specified in the parameter
dictionary will override any specified within the constructor for the function itself (see DDM Parameters for an
example). The parameters of a mechanism’s primary function (i.e., assigned to is function
attribute) are assigned to a dictionary in the mechanism’s function_params
attribute, and can be accessed using the parameter’s name as the key for its entry in the dictionary.
Any function (primary or auxiliary) used by a mechanism can be customized by assigning a user-defined function (e.g.,
a lambda function), so long as it takes arguments and returns values that are compatible with those of the
mechanism’s default for that function. A user-defined function can be assigned using the mechanism’s assign_params
method (the safest means) or by assigning it directly to the corresponding attribute of the mechanism (for its
primary funtion, its function
attribute).
The input to a mechanism’s function
is provided by the mechanism’s
variable
attribute. This is a 2d array with one item for each of the mechanism’s
inputStates <Mechanism_InputStates>. The result of the :keyword:`function
is placed in the mechanism’s
value
attribute, which is also a 2d array with one or more items. The
mechanism’s value
is used by its outputStates to generate their value
attributes, each of which is assigned as an item of the list in the mechanism’s
outputValue
attribute.
Note
The input to a mechanism is not necessarily the same as the input to its function
.
The input to a mechanism is first processed by its inputState(s), and then assigned to the mechanism’s
variable
attribute, which is used as the input to its function
.
Similarly, the result of a mechanism’s function is not necessarily the same as the mechanism’s output. The result
of the function
is assigned to the mechanism’s value
attribute,
which is then used by its outputStates to assign items to its outputValue
attribute.
States¶
Every mechanism has three types of states (shown schematically in the figure below):
InputStates¶
These receive and represent the input to a mechanism. A mechanism usually has only one (primary) inputState
attribute. However some mechanisms have
more than one inputState. For example, a ComparatorMechanism
has one inputState for its sample
and another for its
target
input. If a mechanism has more than one inputState, they are identified in an OrderedDict in the mechanism’s
inputStates
attribute (note the plural).
Each inputState of a mechanism can receive one or more projections from other mechanisms. If the mechanism is an
ORIGIN
mechanism of a process, it also receives a projection from the ProcessInputState
for that process. Each inputState’s function
aggregates the values received
from its projections (usually by summing them), and assigns the result to the inputState’s value
attribute.
The value of each inputState for the mechanism is assigned as the value of an item of the mechanism’s
variable
attribute (a 2d np.array), as well as in a corresponding item of its
inputValue
attribute (a list). The variable
provides the input to the
mechanism’s function
, while its :kewyord:`inputValue` provides a more convenient way
of accessing its individual items.
ParameterStates¶
These represent the parameters that control the operation of a mechanism, including the parameters of its
function
. One parameterState is assigned to each of the parameters of the mechanism
and/or its function
(these correspond to the arguments in their constructors). Like other states,
parameterStates can receive projections. Typically these are from the ControlProjections
of a Control Mechanism that is used to modify parameter values in response to the outcome(s) of
processing. A parameter value (and the value of its associated parameterState) can be specified when a mechanism or
its function is first created using the corresponding argument in the object’s constructor. Parameter values can
also be assigned later, using the mechanism’s assign_param
method (the safest means) or by direct assignment to the
corresponding attribute (see Specifying Parameters).
OutputStates¶
These represent the output(s) of a mechanism. A mechanism can have several outputStates, and each can
send projections that transmit its value to other mechanisms and/or the output of the process or system to which the
mechanism belongs. Similar to inputStates, the ** primary (first or only) outputState is assigned to the mechanism’s
outputState
attribute, while all of its outputStates (including the primary one) are
identified in an OrderedDict in its outputStates
attribute (note the plural). The
key for each entry in the outputStates
dict is the name of an outputState, and the value is the outputState
itself. Every mechanism has at least one (“primary”) outputState, the value
of which is assigned the
first item of the mechanism’s value
attribute (usually the direct output of the mechanism’s
function
). Other outputStates may be used for other purposes. For example,
some ProcessingMechanisms (such as TransferMechanism) use outputStates to represent
values derived from the value of their primary outputState (e.g., the mean and variance).
ControlMechanisms assign one outputState for each of their ControlProjections. An outputState can be assigned to a particular item of the mechanism’s value
<Mechanism_Base>value
attribute using the outputState’s PsyNeuLink Documentation parameter, and its calculate
parameter can be used
to modify that item before assigning it as the outputState’s value
(see Creating an OutputState). The
value
attributes of all of a mechanism’s outputStates are assigned to the mechanism’s outputValue
attribute (a list), in the same order in which they appear in mechanism’s
outputStates
attribute. Note that this is distinct from the mechanism’s value
attribute, which contains the full and unmodified results of its
function
.
Mechanism Parameters¶
Most mechanisms implement a standard set of parameters, that can be specified in a
parameter dictionary assigned to params
argument in the mechanism’s
constructor, or with the mechanism’s assign_params
method, using the following keywords:
INPUT_STATES
- specifies specialized inputStates required by a mechanism subclass (see inputState specification for details of specification).
FUNCTION
- specifies thefunction
for the mechanism; can be one of several functions pre-specified by the subclass or a user-defined custom function.
FUNCTION_PARAMS
- a specification dictionary of parameters for the mechanism’sfunction
; the key for each entry must be the name of one of the function’s parameters; its value can be any of the following (see Specifying Parameters for details):
- the value of the parameter itself;
- a ParameterState, the value of which specifies the parameter’s value (see Creating a ParameterState);
- a ControlProjection or LearningProjection specification (see Creating a Projection), that assigns the parameter its default value, and a projection to it’s ParameterState of the specified type;
- a tuple with exactly two items: the parameter value and a projection type specifying either a ControlProjection or a LearningProjection (a
ParamValueProjection
namedtuple can be used for clarity).Note
Some Mechanism subclasses include the function parameters as arguments in mechanism’s constructor, any values specified in the
FUNCTION__PARAMS
entry of a parameter specification dictionary for the mechanism take precedence over values assigned to parameter-specific arguments in its (or its function’s) constructor.
OUTPUT_STATES
- specifies specialized outputStates required by a mechanism subclass (see Creating an OutputState for details of specification).
MONITOR_FOR_CONTROL
- specifies which of the mechanism’s outputStates is monitored by thecontroller
for the system to which the mechanism belongs (see specifying monitored outputStates for details of specification).
MONITOR_FOR_LEARNING
- specifies which of the mechanism’s outputStates is used for learning (see MonitoringMechanisms_Monitored_For_Learning for details of specification).
The parameters of a mechanism are listed in a dictionary in its params <Mechanism_Base.params>
attribute; the key for each entry is the name of the parameter, and its value is the parameter's value.
Each parameter is also an attribute of the mechanism (the name of which is the name of the parameter).
The parameters of the mechanism's function are listed in the mechanism's `function_params
attribute.
Role in Processes and Systems¶
Mechanisms that are part of one or more processes are assigned designations that indicate the
role they play in those processes, and similarly for role they play in
any systems to which they belong. These designations are listed in the mechanism’s processes
and systems
attributes, respectively. Any mechanism designated as ORIGIN
receives a projection to its primary inputState from
the process(es) to which it belongs. Accordingly, when the process (or system of which the process is a part) is
executed, those mechainsms receive the input provided to the process (or system). The outputValue
of any mechanism designated as the TERMINAL
mechanism for a process is assigned as
the output
of that process, and similarly for systems to which it belongs.
Execution¶
A mechanism can be executed using its execute
or`run <Mechanism_Base.run>` methods. This
can be useful in testing a mechanism and/or debugging. However, more typically, mechanisms are executed as part of a
process or system. For either of these, the mechanism must be included in
the pathway
of a process. There, it can be specified on its own, or as the first item of a tuple that also has an
optional set of runtime parameters, and/or a phase specification
for
use when executed in a system (see Mechanisms for additional details about specifying a mechanism in a
process pathway
).
Note
Mechanisms cannot be specified directly in a system. They must be specified in the pathway
of a process,
and then that process must be included in the processes
attribute for the system.
Runtime Parameters¶
The parameters of a mechanism are usually specified when the mechanism is created. However, these can be overridden
when it executed. This can be done by using the runtime_param
argument of its execute
method, or by specifying the runtime parameters in a tuple with the mechanism in the pathway
of a process (see
Process Mechanisms). In either case, runtime parameters are specified using a dictionary that
contains one or more entries, each of which itself contains a dictionary corresponding to the mechanism’s function or
its states (inputStates, parameterStates and/or outputStates); those dictionaries, in turn, contain
entries for the values of the runtime parameters for the function, a state, or its projection(s) (see the
runtime_params
argument of the execute
method below for more details).
Class Reference¶
-
Mechanism.
mechanism
(mech_spec=None, params=None, context=None)¶ Factory method for Mechanism; returns the type of mechanism specified or a default mechanism. If called with no arguments, returns the
default mechanism
.Parameters: - mech_spec (Optional[Mechanism subclass, str, or dict]) – specification for the mechanism to create.
If it is the name of a Mechanism subclass, a default instance of that subclass is returned.
If it is string that is the name of a Mechanism subclass registered in the
MechanismRegistry
, an instance of adefault mechanism
for that class is returned; otherwise, the string is used to name an instance of thedefault mechanism
. If it isNone
or not specified, an instance of thedefault mechanism
is returned; the nth instance created will be named by using the mechanism’scomponentType
attribute as the base for the name and adding an indexed suffix: componentType-n. - params (Optional[Dict[param keyword, param value]]) – a parameter dictionary that can be used to specify the parameters for the mechanism and/or its function, and/or a custom function and its parameters. It is passed to the relevant subclass to instantiate the mechanism. Its entries can be used to specify any parameters described in Mechanism Parameters that are relevant to the mechanism’s subclass, and/or defined specifically by that particular Mechanisms subclass. Values specified for parameters in the dictionary override any assigned to those parameters in arguments of the constructor.
Returns: Instance of specified Mechanism subclass or None
Return type: - mech_spec (Optional[Mechanism subclass, str, or dict]) – specification for the mechanism to create.
If it is the name of a Mechanism subclass, a default instance of that subclass is returned.
If it is string that is the name of a Mechanism subclass registered in the
-
class
Mechanism.
Mechanism_Base
(variable=None, params=None, name=None, prefs=None, context=None)¶ Abstract class for Mechanism
Note
Mechanisms should NEVER be instantiated by a direct call to the base class. They should be instantiated using the
mechanism
factory method (see it for description of parameters), by calling the constructor for the desired subclass, or using other methods for specifying a mechanism in context (see Creating a Mechanism).-
variable
¶ 2d np.array : default variableInstanceDefault – value used as input to the mechanism’s
function
. When specified in a constructor for the mechanism, it is used as a template to define the format (length and type of elements) and default value of the function’s input.
-
inputState
¶ InputState : default default InputState – primary inputState for the mechanism; same as first entry of its
inputStates
attribute.
-
inputStates
¶ OrderedDict[str, InputState] – a dictionary of the mechanism’s inputStates. The key of each entry is the name of an inputState, and its value is the inputState. There is always at least one entry, which identifies the mechanism’s primary inputState (i.e., the one in the its
inputState
attribute).
-
inputValue
¶ List[List or 1d np.array] : default variableInstanceDefault – a list of values, one for each inputState in the mechanism’s
inputStates
attribute. The value of each item is the same as the corresponding item in the mechanism’svariable
attribute. The latter is a 2d np.array; the :keyword:`inputValue attribute provides this information in a simpler list format.
-
parameterStates
¶ OrderedDict[str, ParameterState] – a dictionary of parameterStates, one for each of the specifiable parameters of the mechanism and its function (i.e., the ones for which there are arguments in their constructors). The key of each entry in the dictionary is the name of the parameterState, and its value is the parameterState itself. The value of the parameters of the mechanism are also accessible as attributes of the mechanism (using the name of the parameter); the function parameters are listed in the mechanism’s
function_params
attribute.
-
function
¶ Function, function or method – the primary function for the mechanism, called when it is executed. It takes the mechanism’s
variable
attribute as its input, and its result is assigned to the mechanism’svalue <Mechanism_Base.value
attribute.
-
function_params
¶ Dict[str, value] – a parameter dictionary of the parameters for the mechanism’s primary function. The key of each entry is the name of a function parameter, and its value is the parameter’s value. Values specified for parameters in the dictionary override any assigned to those parameters in arguments of the constructor for the function.
-
value
¶ 2d np.array : default None – output of the mechanism’s
function
. Note: this is not necessarily the same as the mechanism’soutputValue
attribute, which lists the values of itsoutputStates
. The keyword:value
isNone
until the mechanism has been executed at least once.
-
outputState
¶ OutputState : default default OutputState – primary outputState for the mechanism; same as first entry of its
outputStates
attribute.
-
outputStates
¶ OrderedDict[str, InputState] – a dictionary of the mechanism’s outputStates. The key of each entry is the name of an outputState, and its value is the outputState. There is always at least one entry, which identifies the mechanism’s primary outputState.
-
outputValue
¶ List[value] : default mechanism.function(variableInstanceDefault) – a list of values, one for each outputState in the mechanism’s
outputStates
attribute.Note
The
outputValue
of a mechanism is not necessarily the same as itsvalue
attribute, since the outputState’sfunction
and/or itscalculate
attribute may use the mechanism’svalue
to generate a derived quantity for thevalue
of the outputState and its corresponding item in the the mechanism’soutputValue
attribute.
-
phaseSpec
¶ int or float : default 0 – determines the time_step(s) at which the mechanism is executed as part of a system (see Mechanisms for specification, and System Phase for how phases are used).
-
processes
¶ Dict[Process, str]: – a dictionary of the processes to which the mechanism belongs, and a designation of its role in each. The key of each entry is a process to which the mechanism belongs, and its value the mechanism’s designation in that process.
-
systems
¶ Dict[System, str]: – a dictionary of the systems to which the mechanism belongs, and a designation of its role in each. The key of each entry is a system to which the mechanism belongs, and its value the mechanism’s designation in that system.
-
time_scale
¶ TimeScale : default TimeScale.TRIAL – determines the default value of the TimeScale used by the mechanism when executed.
-
name
¶ str : default <Mechanism subclass>-<index> – the name of the mechanism. Specified in the
name
argument of the constructor for the mechanism; if not is specified, a default is assigned byMechanismRegistry
based on the mechanism’s subclass (seeRegistry
for conventions used in naming, including for default and duplicate names).
-
prefs
¶ PreferenceSet or specification dict : Mechanism.classPreferences – the
PreferenceSet
for the mechanism. Specified in theprefs
argument of the constructor for the mechanism; if it is not specified, a default is assigned usingclassPreferences
defined in __init__.py (see PreferenceSet for details).
-
execute
(input=None, runtime_params=None, clock=<PsyNeuLink.Globals.TimeScale.Clock object>, time_scale=<TimeScale.TRIAL: 1>, context=None)¶ Carry out a single execution of the mechanism.
Parameters: - input (List[value] or ndarray : default variableInstanceDefault) – input to use for execution of the mechanism.
This must be consistent with the format of the mechanism’s inputState(s):
the number of items in the outermost level of the list, or axis 0 of the ndarray, must equal the number
of the mechanism’s
inputStates
, and each item must be compatible with the format (number and type of elements) of the corresponding inputState’svariable
(see Run Inputs for details of input specification formats). - runtime_params (Optional[Dict[str, Dict[str, Dict[str, value]]]]:) – a dictionary that can include any of the parameters used as arguments to instantiate the mechanism,
its function, or projection(s) to any of its states. Any value assigned to a parameter will override
the current value of that parameter for the (and only the current) execution of the mechanism; it will
return to its previous value following execution. Each entry is either the specification for one of the
mechanism’s parameters (in which case the key is the name of the parameter, and its value the value to be
assigned to that parameter), or a dictionary for a specified type of state (in which case, the key is the
name of a specific state or a keyword for the type of state (
INPUT_STATE_PARAMS
,OUTPUT_STATE_PARAMS
orPARAMETER_STATE_PARAMS
), and the value is a dictionary containing a parameter dictionary for that state or all states of the specified type. The latter (state dictionaries) contain entries that are themselves dictionaries containing parameters for the state’s function or its projections. The key for each entry is a keyword indicating whether it is for the state’s function (FUNCTION_PARAMS
), all of its projections (PROJECTION_PARAMS
), a particular type of projection (MAPPING_PROJECTION_PARAMS
orCONTROL_PROJECTION_PARAMS
), or to a specific projection (using its name), and the value of each entry is a dictionary containing the parameters for the function, projection, or set of projections (the keys of which are parameter names, and the values of which are the parameter values to be assigned). - time_scale (TimeScale : default TimeScale.TRIAL) – specifies whether the mechanism is executed for a single time_step or a trial.
Returns: mechanism’s outputValue – list of the
value
of each of the mechanism’s outputStates after either one time_step or a trial.Return type: List[value]
- input (List[value] or ndarray : default variableInstanceDefault) – input to use for execution of the mechanism.
This must be consistent with the format of the mechanism’s inputState(s):
the number of items in the outermost level of the list, or axis 0 of the ndarray, must equal the number
of the mechanism’s
-
run
(inputs, num_executions=None, call_before_execution=None, call_after_execution=None, time_scale=None)¶ Run a sequence of executions.
Parameters: - inputs (List[input] or ndarray(input) : default default_input_value) – the inputs used for each in a sequence of executions of the mechanism (see Inputs for a detailed description of formatting requirements and options).
- call_before_execution (function : default None) – called before each execution of the mechanism.
- call_after_execution (function : default None) – called after each execution of the mechanism.
- time_scale (TimeScale : default TimeScale.TRIAL) – specifies whether the mechanism is executed for a single time_step or a trial.
Returns: mechanism’s outputValue – list of the
value
of each of the mechanism’s outputStates for each execution of the mechanism.Return type: List[value]
-
initialize
(value)¶ Assign an initial value to the mechanism’s
value
attribute and update itsoutputStates
.Parameters: value (List[value] or 1d ndarray) – value used to initialize the first item of the mechanism’s value
attribute.
-


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We are a group of Seattle area podcasters. The group has a dual mission. First, we want to support and learn from each other as podcasters. Second, we want to help further popularize podcast listening in the area.
Keep up with Guild news, activities, and events by signing up for the Guild Newsletter
Our next meetup will be at Optimism Brewing Company on Tuesday February 20 at 6PM. We will be on the east side of the building. Look for a red ballon. This time for real!
Keep up with future meeting by revisiting this site or joining our Meetup Group.
Everyone is welcome! Doesn't matter if you are a podcasting veteran or someone that is just thinking of starting a show. You just need to want to talk about podcasting. Come on down and join us!
This is a list of the podcasts being produced in the Seattle metropolitan area.
The Complete List of Seattle Podcasts
Add Your Group


Relational Algebra & SQL
Query languages (computer languages used to make queries in databases) are abundant in style and usage today. In 2018, Microsoft released Azure Data Explorer to GA, introducing another query language that is specifically optimized for semi-structured, unstructured, and time-series data. Even though we have many querying language options, they are all grounded in a field of mathematics called relational algebra.
Relational Algebra is an algebra where operands are defined as relations, or variables that represent relations. This is why relational algebra provides the basis for a query language in relational databases.
Union $\cup$
Given relations $R$ and $S$, $R \cup S = \{T | T \in R \vee T \in S\}$. In SQL, this is written as
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
UNION
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
Intersection $\cap$
Given relations $R$ and $S$, $R \cap S = \{T | T \in R \wedge T \in S\}$. In SQL, this is written as
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
INTERSECT
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
Difference $\setminus$
Given relations $R$ and $S$, $R \setminus S = \{T | T \in R \wedge T \notin S\}$. In SQL, this is commonly written as
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
EXCEPT
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]
However, a LEFT JOIN
operator can also perform the same functionality.
Selection $\sigma$
Given relation $R$, $\sigma_{p}(R)$ is selecting typles that satisfy predicate $p = a \theta b$ or $p = a \theta v$ from a relation $R$. $a$ and $b$ are attribute names, $v$ is a value constant, and $\theta$ is a binary operation in $\{<. \le, =, \neq, \ge, >\}$. In SQL, this is simply the WHERE
keyword. Given table R
:
SELECT *
FROM R
[WHERE predicate condition]
Projection $\prod$
Given relation $R$, $\prod_{a_1, …, a_n}(R)$ is projecting a set obtained when the components of relation $R$ are restricted to the set $\{a_1, …, a_n\}$. In SQL, the SELECT
operator performs this functionality. Given table R
with attributes a
, b
, c
SELECT a, b, c
FROM R;
Fun Fact: the query language from Azure Data Explorer actually has a project
keyword that behaves exactly like this. Given table R
with attributes a
, b
, c
:
R
| project a, b, c
Products $\times$
Given relations $R$ and $S$, $R \times S = \{(r,s) | r \in R and s \in S\}$. In SQL, this is known as a CROSS JOIN
:
SELECT *
FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2;
Natural Join $\Join$
Given relations $R$ and $S$, $R \Join S$ is the set of all combinations of tuples in $R$ and $S$ that are equal on their common attribute names. Formally:
$R \Join S = \{r \cup s | r \in R \wedge s \in S \wedge \text{Fun}(r \cup s)\}$
In SQL, this is known as the NATURAL JOIN
:
SELECT *
FROM table1
NATURAL JOIN table2;
**Theta Join $\Join_{c}$**
Given relations $R$ and $S$, $R \Join_c S$ takes the product $R \times S$, then apply $\sigma_c$ to the result.
Renaming $\rho$
Given relation $R$, $\rho_{R(a_1, …, a_n}(R)$ makes the resulting relation be one with attributes $a_1, …, a_n$ and the same tuples as $R$. In SQL, the AS
operator allows for remaining of attributes:
SELECT a AS apple, b AS banana
FROM R


Engine Client
Order Bot
Endpoints
Market Pairs
Market Refresh Interval:
Reset
Pair
Submission
Processed
Trades
CurrentMarketPrice
Cancellation
Book
OpenOrders
DustOrders
TPS
Pair InitTime
Ticker
N/A
Order Book ({{selectedPair}})
Depth
Rate
Volume
Amount
0
Trades: ({{selectedPair}})
ID
Pair
UserID(Buy/Sell)
OrderID(Buy/Sell)
Side
Volume
Rate
TimeStamp
Matching Engine Endpoints
×
#
Type
Endpoint
{{$index+1}}
Order Bot
×
Number Of Orders:
In Parallel:
Bulk Mode:
interval:
pair:
Place Order


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SwiftDSSocketDelegate
@objc public protocol SwiftDSSocketDelegate
delegate methods for each operation
-
delegate method called after reading data from socket
Declaration
Swift
@objc optional func socket(sock: SwiftDSSocket, didRead data: Data, tag: Int)
Parameters
sock
SwiftDSSocket instance
data
data read from stream
tag
a tag to mark this read operation
-
delegate method called after reading partial data for specified data length from socket which allows users to know the progress of transfer
Declaration
Swift
@objc optional func socket(sock: SwiftDSSocket, didPartialRead totalCount: Int, tag: Int)
Parameters
sock
SwiftDSSocket instance
totalCount
number of bytes read
tag
a tag to mark this read operation
-
delegate method called after reading data from socket
Declaration
Swift
@objc optional func socket(sock: SwiftDSSocket, didWrite tag: Int)
Parameters
sock
SwiftDSSocket instance
tag
a tag to mark this write operation
-
delegate method called after writing partial data for specified data length to socket which allows users to know the progress of transfer
Declaration
Swift
@objc optional func socket(sock: SwiftDSSocket, didPartialWrite totalCount: Int, tag: Int)
Parameters
sock
SwiftDSSocket instance
totalCount
number of bytes read
tag
a tag to mark this write operation
-
delegate method called after closing connection
Declaration
Swift
@objc optional func socket(sock: SwiftDSSocket, didCloseConnection error: SwiftDSSocket.SocketError?)
Parameters
sock
SwiftDSSocket instance
error
SocketError indicates the reason why it gets closed
-
delegate method called after the connection to destination is established
Declaration
Swift
@objc optional func socket(sock: SwiftDSSocket, didConnectToHost host: String, port: UInt16)
Parameters
sock
SwiftDSSocket instance
host
host address in
String
port
port number in UInt16
-
delegate method called after an incoming connection is accepted
Declaration
Swift
@objc optional func socket(sock: SwiftDSSocket, didAcceptNewSocket newSocket: SwiftDSSocket)
Parameters
sock
SwiftDSSocket instance
newSocket
SwiftDSSocket instance for peer socket


virsh pool-list
List information about virtual machine storage pools.
See also: `virsh`, `virsh-pool-autostart`, `virsh-pool-define-as`.
More information: home page
- List the name, state, and whether autostart is enabled or disabled for active storage pools:
virsh pool-list
- List information for active and inactive or just inactive storage pools:
virsh pool-list --all|inactive
- List extended information about persistence, capacity, allocation, and available space for active storage pools:
virsh pool-list --details
- List information for active storage pools with either autostart enabled or disabled:
virsh pool-list --autostart|no-autostart
- List information for active storage pools that are either persistent or transient:
virsh pool-list --persistent|transient
- List the name and UUID of active storage pools:
virsh pool-list --name --uuid


Methods
(static) buidFilePath(directory, fileName, extension) → {string}
Format the relative file path of a given file name.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
directory |
string | The directory (dir) path. |
fileName |
string | The file (name) path. |
extension |
string | The extention, including the dot (ext). |
Returns:
The formatted path for the given parameters.
- Type
- string
(static) checkCallBack(callbackopt) → {function}
Checks if the callback is provided.
If the callback is provided, it must be a function, otherwise default to noop.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
callback |
function |
<optional> |
The callback to check. |
Returns:
Return the callback to use. It can be the given one or the noop.
- Type
- function
(static) defaults(rawOptions) → {module:file-storage~OptionsObject}
Checks the option object and provide defaults value if necessary.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
rawOptions |
module:file-storage~OptionsObject | The user's options object to verify. |
Throws:
-
If any provided value's type is not correct.
- Type
- TypeError
Returns:
The validated options object with missing or invalid properties to their default values.
(static) validateKey(key, keysopt) → {module:utils~KeyValidationResult}
Checks if the key is valid.
This function checks if the provided key is valid. For a key to be valid, it has to pass the following tests :
- Must be a
string
. - Must not contain a separator, as defined by
path.sep
.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
key |
string | The key to check. |
|
keys |
Array.<string> |
<optional> |
All the keys in the cache. (optional) |
- Source:
- See:
Returns:
A KeyValidationResult object with the result of the validation.
Type Definitions
KeyValidationResult
Properties:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
isValid |
boolean | Is the key valid? |
message |
string | The error message in case the key is not valid. |
isPresent |
boolean | Is the key present in the cache? |
atIndex |
number | If the key is present, the index in the given keys array. |


QwikSearch
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| 102992-93-8 | 11601 | C36H40ClN3O6 | 646.1723 (609.7114+36.4609) | 26318 | 81534 | 46318 | 6215 | Niguldipine hydrochloride | | 102992-93-8 | primary | single chemical compound | tautomers; CAS for a compound containing xHCl; structure shown monoHCl; parent [102993-22-6] | tested chemical | C36H40ClN3O6 | 646.1723 | defined organic | complex | 3-(4,4-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate hydrochloride (1:1) | Cl.[O-][N+](=O)c1cccc(c1)C2C(C(=O)OC)=C(C)NC(C)=C2C(=O)OCCCN3CCC(CC3)(c4ccccc4)c5ccccc5 | [O-][N+](=O)c1cccc(c1)C2C(C(=O)OC)=C(C)NC(C)=C2C(=O)OCCCN3CCC(CC3)(c4ccccc4)c5ccccc5 | 20110815 |


The Cebu hawk-owl or Cebu boobook (Ninox rumseyi) is a species of owl in the family Strigidae. It is endemic to the Philippines and mostly reside in areas below 1000 metres above sea level. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical. This species mates around February. The nests can be found in hollow trees. It is considered endagered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.


Severe Weather: Girl hit by falling tree limb while out trick-or-treating, downed trees throughout Tri-State
by Eyewitness NewsNEW YORK (WABC) -- Severe weather pummeled the Tri-State leaving a lot of damage in its wake and injured a little girl who was out trick-or-treating.
The 9-year-old girl was struck by a large tree limb on Maywood Road in New Rochelle around 6:30 p.m. Thursday.
She was taken to Jacobi Medical Center with injuries.
Meantime, more than 130,000 were left without power from New Jersey to Long Island at the height of the outages.
Con Edison crews shut down Rockaway Boulevard overnight when the roof flew off a building in South Jamaica, Queens.
Part of the roof landed in the power lines.
The wind knocked down trees that damaged cars on the road at Midwood and Nostrand in Prospect, Gardens, Brooklyn.
In Ozone Park, a tree came down on a house causing a neighborhood blackout.
The homeowner was inside with their family.
"I didn't think it was that serious, I didn't think the winds were that strong, until I saw the tree. And now I understand that it was more serious than people anticipated. So I'm just glad that none of the children got hurt, everyone trick or treated, they're home safe," the resident said.
On Long Island, a massive tree uprooted and fell onto a home on Vespucci Avenue in Copiague.
Homeowners were inside at the time of a tree fell onto a home in Commack, fortunately, they were not hurt.
Drivers encountered several blocked roads as crews worked to remove debris and branches.
In Madison, New Jersey, officials issued a local State of Emergency due to all of the downed trees and powerlines. The Department of Public Works, electric department, fire department and police were all out in force working to clean up the damage.


Please enter the url of the file. For example, a shared file for dropbox can be https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/yvgvb0c5bldj049/TitanicPort3.csv


--- layout: post title: ok, ok, not all things work, but we have DNS now at least! date: 2015-09-04 20:09:07.000000000 +02:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: [] tags: [] meta: _wpcom_is_markdown: '1' _rest_api_published: '1' _rest_api_client_id: "-1" _publicize_job_id: '14439312211' author: login: joesixpack email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: dirk lüsebrink first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
and thats not bad! as you might have seen I revived my old blog from its 2008 SQL database dump. Today I tried moving it back to its old domain. In short, so far the steps where reloading old sql backup to mysql in docker, wordpress in docker upgrading database, exporting from wordpress as XML, importing XML to blog instance on http://sofasportler.wordpress.com/. Now I want to be reachable under it's old domain htttp://sofasportler.de/.
The "normal" way with Wordpress.com seems to be ordering the domain with them. But also when you already own the domain they have an option, its call "map" your domain. Sounds good, so i went that way (13euro per blog per year). Problem is, in the next step they ask you to change your nameserver to the ones from wordpress.com, which i didn't want because i use AWS route53 for DNS.
So heres what i did. First i asked (and payed) to map my sofasportler.de domain to sofasportler.wordpress.com, but did NOT continue to change the sofasportler.de nameserver over to wordpress.
Than i moved over to Amazon Route53 to add an A record to make sofasportler.de resolve to the sofasportler.wordpress.com IP. Now http://sofasportler.de/ is working, but what is with www.sofasportler.de? The missing link is to have someplace where to redirect www.sofasportler.de to sofasportler.de. This place is AWS S3, the have the redirect feature to host static websites directly from S3. To do so, you need to have an AWS S3 bucket, what i created for www.sofasportler.de. Once you have it, you can find out its endpoint, in my case something like www.sofasportler.de.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com. This endpoint is what you add as target in the AWS route53 entry for www.sofasportler.de. Still with me? Last step is, adding the redirect all traffic to sofasportler.de for the www.sofasportler.de bucket, this is an AWS S3 feature.
Once all this is in place, it works like this:
and http://sofasportler.de just starts with step 4 of course.
still missing, comments and some image links, but i still have to look into this,
makes sense? I'm not sure, hacked this together in a rush, not sure whether there might be a more reasonable setup. But hey, back from the dead, and that's ok, for now.
keep pushing,


Click this button to spawn the server, it will take around 5 minutes to load.
When it loads you will be redirected, initial queries will be slow as the system loads.
The system will be active for 5 hours and will then shutdown.


{% extends "_base.html" %} {% set help_active = 'active' %} {% block title %}Help & FAQ{% endblock %} {% block meta_description %}Help & FAQ{% endblock %} {% block maincontent %}
Always listen to your doctor! Medicine is complex and extremely personal. Our understanding of diseases, diagnostics, and therapeutic options are changing daily.
White Coat Academy is only a guide to help you understand conditions, and barely skim the surface of medicine. A medical professional knows best!
We hope so! We go to great lengths to ensure our content is accurate, but we might make some mistakes (keep in mind we're medical students!). To make sure we're as error-free as possible, we review all our videos, and our clinical advisory board checks our content.
If you've found an error or mistake, please let us know at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Yes, we encourage it -- with one caveat. We license all our content under a Creative Commons license. We've chosen the Creative Commons 3.0 BY-NC-SA License.
This means three things:
We'd love to hear from you! if you find a topic confusing (or think we got something wrong!), e-mail us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Keep in mind that we cannot provide any medical advice, but we'd love feedback on our videos!
We're a non-profit organization, which means we depend on donations and grants to keep us going (bandwidth is expensive!).
If you've found our materials helpful, please donate so we can continue to improve our resources.
Unfortunately, no. You should contact a real doctor, and if you have a medical emergency, you should of course call 911 (or your country's emergency number).


A drawing element, the base class of the drawing elements.
|
Public Types |
| enum | DrawType { TYPE_NODE,
TYPE_PRIM,
TYPE_SPRT
} |
| | The types of the drawable-objects. More...
|
| enum | DepthTest {
DEPTH_TEST_ALWAYS,
DEPTH_TEST_LESS,
DEPTH_TEST_GREATER,
DEPTH_TEST_LEQUAL,
DEPTH_TEST_GEQUAL
} |
| | The types of the depth tests. More...
|
| enum | BlendMode { BLEND_OFF,
BLEND_HALF,
BLEND_ADD,
BLEND_DEST_ALPHA
} |
| | The types of the alpha-blending mode. More...
|
| enum | DrawFlag {
FLAG_BOUND_CLIP,
FLAG_SORT,
FLAG_WRITE_RGB,
FLAG_WRITE_ALPHA,
FLAG_WRITE_DEPTH,
FLAG_BACKFACE_CULLING,
FLAG_BILINEAR
} |
| | The flags which specify the drawing attributes. More...
|
Public Member Functions |
|
virtual | ~ckDraw () |
| | Destructs this ckDraw.
|
| bool | hasScreen () const |
| | Returns whether this ckDraw belongs to a screen directly.
|
| ckID | getScreenID () const |
| | Returns the ID of the screen which this ckDraw belongs to directly.
|
| void | setScreenID (ckID scr_id) |
| | Makes this ckDraw belong to the specified screen.
|
| bool | hasParent () const |
| | Returns whether this ckDraw has a parent ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getParentN () const |
| | Returns the parent ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| void | setParent (ckDraw *parent) |
| | Sets the parent ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getPrevAllN () const |
| | Returns the previous ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getNextAllN () const |
| | Returns the next ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getPrevSiblingN () const |
| | Returns the previous sibling ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getNextSiblingN () const |
| | Returns the next sibling ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getLastDescendant () const |
| | Returns the last descendant ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| bool | hasChild () const |
| | Returns whether this ckDraw has a child ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getFirstChildN () const |
| | Returns the first child ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| ckDraw * | getLastChildN () const |
| | Returns the last child ckDraw of this ckDraw.
|
| void | moveFirst () |
| | Changes the order of this ckDraw in the siblings to the first.
|
| void | moveLast () |
| | Changes the order of this ckDraw in the siblings to the last.
|
| void | moveBefore (ckDraw *draw) |
| | Changes the order of this ckDraw to the previous of the specified ckDraw.
|
| void | moveAfter (ckDraw *draw) |
| | Changes the order of this ckDraw to the next of the specified ckDraw.
|
| DrawType | getType () const |
| | Returns the draw-type of this ckDraw.
|
| bool | isVisible () const |
| | Returns whether this ckDraw is visible.
|
| void | setVisible (bool is_visible) |
| | Determines whether this ckDraw is visible.
|
| ckCol | getColor () const |
| | Returns the filter color of this ckDraw.
|
| void | setColor (ckCol col) |
| | Sets the filter color of this ckDraw.
|
| DepthTest | getDepthTest () const |
| | Returns the type of depth test.
|
| void | setDepthTest (DepthTest depth_test) |
| | Sets the type of depth test.
|
| BlendMode | getBlendMode () const |
| | Returns the type of blend mode.
|
| void | setBlendMode (BlendMode blend_mode, bool is_preset_setting) |
| | Sets the type of blend mode.
|
| bool | isDrawFlag (DrawFlag draw_flag) const |
| | Returns whether the specified draw flag is on.
|
| void | setDrawFlag (DrawFlag draw_flag, bool is_on) |
| | Sets the specified draw flag to the specified value.
|
|
void | clearDrawFlag () |
| | Sets the all draw flags to off.
|
| void | copyDrawFlag (const ckDraw *src) |
| | Copies the draw flags from the specified ckDraw.
|
| const ckVec & | getClipBoundMin () const |
| | Returns the minimum clip bound of this ckDraw.
|
| const ckVec & | getClipBoundMax () const |
| | Returns the maximum clip bound of this ckDraw.
|
| void | setClipBound (const ckVec &bound_min, const ckVec &bound_max) |
| | Sets the clip bound of this ckDraw.
|
| const ckVec & | getSortCenter () const |
| | Returns the center position for sorting ckDraws.
|
| void | setSortCenter (const ckVec &sort_center) |
| | Sets the center position for sorting ckDraws.
|
| r32 | getSortOffset () const |
| | Returns the value of sort offset.
|
| void | setSortOffset (r32 sort_offset) |
| | Sets the specified value of sort offset.
|
| ckID | getTextureID () const |
| | Returns the texture ID which this ckDraw uses.
|
| void | setTextureID (ckID tex_id) |
| | Sets the specified texture ID to this ckDraw.
|
| ckMat & | local () |
| | Returns the reference to the local matrix.
|
| ckMat | calcWorld () const |
| | Calculates and returns the world matrix at present.
|
| ckCol | calcFinalColor () const |
| | Calculates and returns the final drawing color at present.
|
Friends |
|
class | ckScr |
|
class | ckDrawMgr |
A drawing element, the base class of the drawing elements.


Let's simulate the exam results. Each exam has an integer numeric value
ranging from 0 to 100, each of which will be assigned a rank based on the
cuts set on the ECDF section (left side of the screen).
A good cut value is the one that ensures the biggest gap with the
next possible rank.


How to make trust your competitive advantage
Neyton Burchie
Our duty towards you is to share our experience we're reaching in our work path with you.


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is a Powerful, Responsive, Retina & Raw Multi-Purpose
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# Monocle >3 0 and tximport >1.13.0
library(tximport)
library(monocle3)
# path to the output directory of Alevin run of neurons_900 10x V2 data
files <- file.path("alevin_quants/alevin/quants_mat.gz")
file.exists(files)
TRUE
# Reading in the alevin quants quants
txi <- tximport(files, type="alevin")
"and we are good to go !! Cells after this has been taken from Monocle tutorial:
https://cole-trapnell-lab.github.io/monocle3/
Below lines are for example purposes only and could be suboptimal. We recommend
checking out Monocle tool for more detailed tutorial of the downstream analysis."
# converting the sparse matrix to dense for monocle parsing.
pbmc <- new_cell_data_set(as.matrix(txi$counts))
## Step 1: Normalize and pre-process the data
pbmc = preprocess_cds(pbmc, num_dim = 100)
## Step 2: Reduce the dimensions using UMAP
pbmc = reduce_dimension(pbmc)
## Step 3: Cluster the cells
pbmc <- cluster_cells(pbmc)
## Step 4: Learn a graph
pbmc <- learn_graph(pbmc)
## Step 5: Order cells
pbmc <- order_cells(pbmc, root_cells=pbmc$cell[[1]] )
plot_cells(pbmc)


|
|||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object junit.framework.Assert junit.framework.TestCase BatchProcessorTest
public class BatchProcessorTest
The test class BatchProcessorTest.
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
BatchProcessorTest()
Default constructor for test class BatchProcessorTest. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
protected void |
setUp()
Sets up the test fixture. |
protected void |
tearDown()
Tears down the test fixture. |
void |
testBatchAddAudioRecording()
Test adding an AudioRecording by batch. |
void |
testBatchAddBadFields()
Test adding items with bad fields in batch mode. |
void |
testBatchAddBook()
Test adding a Book by batch. |
void |
testBatchAddEmptyItems()
Test adding empty items (only call number set) in batch mode. |
void |
testBatchAddVideoRecording()
Test adding a VideoRecording by batch. |
void |
testBatchCheckOutCheckIn()
Test checking out and checking in batch mode. |
void |
testBatchDelete()
Test deleting items in batch mode. |
void |
testBatchRenewAndRenewAll()
Test renewing items in batch mode. |
void |
testEmptyDataFile()
Test trying to read commands from an empty file. |
void |
testFileNotExist()
Test trying to read commands from non-existent file. |
void |
testGoodDataFile()
Test trying to read commands from a good file. |
void |
testInvalidCommand()
Test a mixture of valid and invalid commands. |
| Methods inherited from class junit.framework.TestCase |
|---|
countTestCases, createResult, getName, run, run, runBare, runTest, setName, toString |
| Methods inherited from class junit.framework.Assert |
|---|
assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertEquals, assertFalse, assertFalse, assertNotNull, assertNotNull, assertNotSame, assertNotSame, assertNull, assertNull, assertSame, assertSame, assertTrue, assertTrue, fail, fail |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public BatchProcessorTest()
| Method Detail |
|---|
protected void setUp()
setUp
in class junit.framework.TestCase
protected void tearDown()
tearDown
in class junit.framework.TestCase
public void testBatchAddAudioRecording()
public void testBatchAddBadFields()
public void testBatchAddBook()
public void testBatchAddEmptyItems()
public void testBatchAddVideoRecording()
public void testBatchCheckOutCheckIn()
public void testBatchDelete()
public void testBatchRenewAndRenewAll()
public void testEmptyDataFile()
public void testFileNotExist()
public void testGoodDataFile()
public void testInvalidCommand()
|
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| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Appendix E. Release Notes | Next |
Release date: 2004-06-14
This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.2. For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see Section E.154.
A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
Fix temporary memory leak when using non-hashed aggregates (Tom)
ECPG fixes, including some for Informix compatibility (Michael)
Fixes for compiling with thread-safety, particularly Solaris (Bruce)
Fix error in COPY IN termination when using the old network protocol (ljb)
Several important fixes in pg_autovacuum, including fixes for large tables, unsigned oids, stability, temp tables, and debug mode (Matthew T. O'Connor)
Fix problem with reading tar-format dumps on NetBSD and BSD/OS (Bruce)
Several JDBC fixes
Fix ALTER SEQUENCE RESTART where last_value equals the restart value (Tom)
Repair failure to recalculate nested sub-selects (Tom)
Fix problems with non-constant expressions in LIMIT/OFFSET
Support FULL JOIN with no join clause, such as X FULL JOIN Y ON TRUE (Tom)
Fix another zero-column table bug (Tom)
Improve handling of non-qualified identifiers in GROUP BY clauses in sub-selects (Tom)
Select-list aliases within the sub-select will now take precedence over names from outer query levels.
Do not generate "NATURAL CROSS JOIN" when decompiling rules (Tom)
Add checks for invalid field length in binary COPY (Tom)
This fixes a difficult-to-exploit security hole.
Avoid locking conflict between ANALYZE and LISTEN/NOTIFY
Numerous translation updates (various contributors)


Number: 156
Time: 216-3-4 5:19:54 (216.17521)
Magnitude: 6.83484
Rupture Area: 450.00000 [km2]
Surface Rupture Length: 30.00000 [km]
Average Slip: 0.60241 [m]
Trigger Element: 1600 Lat: 34.10175 Lon: -117.45178
Trigger Section: 23 San_Bernardino
Involved Sections: 23 San_Bernardino, 31 Glen_Ivy


On a grey Seattle day our founder Pat had developed a recipe for a coffee-time confection of two signature Seattle icons and created the world famous Salmon Cookies.
They're cookies made into the shape of a salmon with the finest ingredients that our famous local Salmon. Salmon cookies are an a suprisingly tasty treat and an ideal match for a steaming cup of coffee. Tourists and locals have fallen in love with these world famous salmon cookies.
Here at Pat's World Famous Salmon Cookies we not only have a passion for Salmon Cookies but, also the conservation of Salmon habitats. Not only does a portion of our Salmon Cookie sales go towards the Raging River Conservation Group, but 100% of our t-shirt sales goes towards the fund.
Locations
- Alki
- Capital Hill
- Sea-Tac Airport
- Seattle Center
- 1st and Pike