Table of Contents
finally
The Java Virtual Machine machine is designed to support the Java programming language. Oracle's JDK software contains a compiler from source code written in the Java programming language to the instruction set of the Java Virtual Machine, and a run-time system that implements the Java Virtual Machine itself. Understanding how one compiler utilizes the Java Virtual Machine is useful to the prospective compiler writer, as well as to one trying to understand the Java Virtual Machine itself. The numbered sections in this chapter are not normative.
Note that the term "compiler" is sometimes used when referring to a translator from the instruction set of a Java Virtual Machine to the instruction set of a specific CPU. One example of such a translator is a just-in-time (JIT) code generator, which generates platform-specific instructions only after Java Virtual Machine code has been loaded. This chapter does not address issues associated with code generation, only those associated with compiling source code written in the Java programming language to Java Virtual Machine instructions.
This chapter consists mainly
of examples of source code together with annotated listings of the
Java Virtual Machine code that the javac
compiler in Oracle’s JDK
release 1.0.2 generates for the examples. The Java Virtual Machine code is written in
the informal “virtual machine assembly language” output by
Oracle's javap
utility, distributed with the JDK
release. You can use javap
to generate additional
examples of compiled methods.
The format of the examples should be familiar to anyone who has read assembly code. Each instruction takes the form:
<index> <opcode> [ <operand1> [ <operand2>... ]] [<comment>]
The
<index>
is the index of the opcode of the
instruction in the array that contains the bytes of Java Virtual Machine code for
this method. Alternatively, the <index>
may
be thought of as a byte offset from the beginning of the
method. The <opcode>
is the mnemonic for the
instruction's opcode, and the zero or
more <operandN>
are the operands of the
instruction. The optional <comment>
is given
in end-of-line comment syntax:
8 bipush 100 // Push int constant 100
Some of the material in the
comments is emitted by javap
; the rest is supplied
by the authors. The <index>
prefacing each
instruction may be used as the target of a control transfer
instruction. For instance, a goto
8
instruction transfers control to the
instruction at index 8. Note that the actual operands of Java Virtual Machine control
transfer instructions are offsets from the addresses of the opcodes of
those instructions; these operands are displayed
by javap
(and are shown in this chapter) as more
easily read offsets into their methods.
We preface an operand representing a run-time constant pool index with a hash sign and follow the instruction by a comment identifying the run-time constant pool item referenced, as in:
10 ldc #1 // Pushfloat
constant100.0
9 invokevirtual #4 // Method Example.addTwo(II)I
For the purposes of this chapter, we do not worry about specifying details such as operand sizes.
Java Virtual Machine code exhibits a set of general characteristics imposed by the Java Virtual Machine's design and use of types. In the first example we encounter many of these, and we consider them in some detail.
The spin
method simply spins around an empty for loop 100 times:
void spin() { int i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { ; // Loop body is empty } }
A compiler might
compile spin
to:
0 iconst_0 // Push int constant 0 1 istore_1 // Store into local variable 1 (i=0) 2 goto 8 // First time through don't increment 5 iinc 1 1 // Increment local variable 1 by 1 (i++) 8 iload_1 // Push local variable 1 (i) 9 bipush 100 // Push int constant 100 11 if_icmplt 5 // Compare and loop if less than (i < 100) 14 return // Return void when done
The Java Virtual Machine is stack-oriented, with most operations taking one or more operands from the operand stack of the Java Virtual Machine's current frame or pushing results back onto the operand stack. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked, and with it is created a new operand stack and set of local variables for use by that method (§2.6). At any one point of the computation, there are thus likely to be many frames and equally many operand stacks per thread of control, corresponding to many nested method invocations. Only the operand stack in the current frame is active.
The instruction set of the
Java Virtual Machine distinguishes operand types by using distinct bytecodes for
operations on its various data types. The
method spin
operates only on values of type
int
. The instructions in its compiled code chosen to operate on
typed data (iconst_0, istore_1,
iinc, iload_1, if_icmplt)
are all specialized for type int
.
The two constants
in spin
, 0
and 100
, are pushed onto the operand stack using
two different instructions. The 0
is pushed using
an iconst_0 instruction, one of the family of iconst_<i>
instructions. The 100
is pushed using a bipush
instruction, which fetches the value it pushes as an immediate
operand.
The Java Virtual Machine frequently takes
advantage of the likelihood of certain operands (int
constants -1, 0,
1, 2, 3,
4 and 5 in the case of the
iconst_<i> instructions) by making those operands implicit in
the
opcode. Because the iconst_0 instruction knows it is going to push
an int
0
, iconst_0
does not need to store an operand to tell
it what value to push, nor does it need to fetch or decode an
operand. Compiling the push of 0
as
bipush 0 would have been
correct, but would
have made the compiled code for spin
one byte
longer. A simple virtual machine would have also spent additional time
fetching and decoding the explicit operand each time around the
loop. Use of implicit operands makes compiled code more compact and
efficient.
The int
i
in spin
is stored as Java Virtual Machine local variable
1. Because most Java Virtual Machine instructions operate on
values popped from the operand stack rather than directly on local
variables, instructions that transfer values between local variables
and the operand stack are common in code compiled for the Java Virtual Machine. These
operations also have special support in the instruction
set. In spin
, values are transferred to and from
local variables using the istore_1 and iload_1
instructions, each
of which implicitly operates on local
variable 1. The istore_1
instruction pops an
int
from the operand stack and stores it in local
variable 1. The iload_1
instruction pushes the
value in local variable 1 on to the operand
stack.
The use (and reuse) of local variables is the responsibility of the compiler writer. The specialized load and store instructions should encourage the compiler writer to reuse local variables as much as is feasible. The resulting code is faster, more compact, and uses less space in the frame.
Certain very frequent
operations on local variables are catered to specially by the
Java Virtual Machine. The iinc instruction increments the contents of
a local
variable by a one-byte signed value. The iinc instruction
in spin
increments the first local variable (its
first operand) by 1 (its second operand). The
iinc instruction is very handy when implementing looping
constructs.
The for
loop of spin
is accomplished mainly by these
instructions:
5 iinc 1 1 // Increment local variable 1 by 1 (i++) 8 iload_1 // Push local variable 1 (i) 9 bipush 100 // Push int constant 100 11 if_icmplt 5 // Compare and loop if less than (i < 100)
The bipush instruction
pushes the value 100 onto the operand stack as an
int
, then the if_icmplt instruction pops
that value off the
operand stack and compares it against i. If the
comparison succeeds (the variable i
is less
than 100
), control is transferred to
index 5 and the next iteration of the for
loop
begins. Otherwise, control passes to the instruction following the
if_icmplt.
If the spin
example had used a data type other than int
for the loop counter,
the compiled code would necessarily change to reflect the different
data type. For instance, if instead of an int
the spin
example uses a double
, as shown:
void dspin() { double i; for (i = 0.0; i < 100.0; i++) { ; // Loop body is empty } }
Method void dspin() 0 dconst_0 // Push double constant 0.0 1 dstore_1 // Store into local variables 1 and 2 2 goto 9 // First time through don't increment 5 dload_1 // Push local variables 1 and 2 6 dconst_1 // Push double constant 1.0 7 dadd // Add; there is no dinc instruction 8 dstore_1 // Store result in local variables 1 and 2 9 dload_1 // Push local variables 1 and 2 10 ldc2_w #4 // Push double constant 100.0 13 dcmpg // There is no if_dcmplt instruction 14 iflt 5 // Compare and loop if less than (i < 100.0) 17 return // Return void when done
The instructions that operate
on typed data are now specialized for type double
. (The ldc2_w
instruction will be discussed later in this chapter.)
Recall that double
values
occupy two local variables, although they are only accessed using the
lesser index of the two local variables. This is also the case for
values of type long
. Again for example,
double doubleLocals(double d1, double d2) { return d1 + d2; }
Method double doubleLocals(double,double) 0 dload_1 // First argument in local variables 1 and 2 1 dload_3 // Second argument in local variables 3 and 4 2 dadd 3 dreturn
Note that local variables of
the local variable pairs used to store double
values
in doubleLocals
must never be manipulated
individually.
The Java Virtual Machine's opcode size of 1 byte results in its compiled code being very compact. However, 1-byte opcodes also mean that the Java Virtual Machine instruction set must stay small. As a compromise, the Java Virtual Machine does not provide equal support for all data types: it is not completely orthogonal (Table 2.11.1-A).
For example, the comparison of
values of type int
in the for
statement of
example spin
can be implemented using a single
if_icmplt instruction; however, there is no single instruction in
the Java Virtual Machine instruction set that performs a conditional branch on values
of type double
. Thus, dspin
must implement its
comparison of values of type double
using a dcmpg instruction
followed by an iflt instruction.
The Java Virtual Machine provides the most
direct support for data of type int
. This is partly in anticipation
of efficient implementations of the Java Virtual Machine's operand stacks and local
variable arrays. It is also motivated by the frequency of int
data
in typical programs. Other integral types have less direct
support. There are no byte
, char
, or short
versions of the
store, load, or add instructions, for instance. Here is
the spin
example written using a short
:
void sspin() { short i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { ; // Loop body is empty } }
It must be compiled for the
Java Virtual Machine, as follows, using instructions operating on another type, most
likely int
, converting between short
and int
values as necessary
to ensure that the results of operations on short
data stay within
the appropriate range:
Method void sspin() 0 iconst_0 1 istore_1 2 goto 10 5 iload_1 // The short is treated as though an int 6 iconst_1 7 iadd 8 i2s // Truncate int to short 9 istore_1 10 iload_1 11 bipush 100 13 if_icmplt 5 16 return
The lack of direct support for
byte
, char
, and short
types in the Java Virtual Machine is not particularly
painful, because values of those types are internally promoted to
int
(byte
and short
are sign-extended to int
, char
is
zero-extended). Operations on byte
, char
, and
short
data can
thus be done using int
instructions. The only additional cost is
that of truncating the values of int
operations to valid
ranges.
The long
and floating-point
types have an intermediate level of support in the Java Virtual Machine, lacking only
the full complement of conditional control transfer
instructions.
The Java Virtual Machine generally does
arithmetic on its operand stack. (The exception is the iinc
instruction, which directly increments the value of a local variable.)
For instance, the align2grain
method aligns an
int
value to a given power of 2:
int align2grain(int i, int grain) { return ((i + grain-1) & ~(grain-1)); }
Operands for arithmetic
operations are popped from the operand stack, and the results of
operations are pushed back onto the operand stack. Results of
arithmetic subcomputations can thus be made available as operands of
their nesting computation. For instance, the calculation
of ~(grain-1)
is handled by these
instructions:
5 iload_2 // Push grain 6 iconst_1 // Push int constant 1 7 isub // Subtract; push result 8 iconst_m1 // Push int constant -1 9 ixor // Do XOR; push result
First grain-1
is calculated
using the contents of local variable 2 and an
immediate int
value 1
. These operands are popped
from the
operand stack and their difference pushed back onto the operand
stack. The difference is thus immediately available for use as one
operand of the ixor instruction. (Recall that ~x
==
-1^x
.) Similarly, the result of the ixor instruction
becomes an operand for the subsequent iand instruction.
The code for the entire method follows:
Method int align2grain(int,int) 0 iload_1 1 iload_2 2 iadd 3 iconst_1 4 isub 5 iload_2 6 iconst_1 7 isub 8 iconst_m1 9 ixor 10 iand 11 ireturn
Many numeric constants, as
well as objects, fields, and methods, are accessed via the run-time
constant pool of the current class. Object access is considered later
(§3.8).
Data of types int
, long
, float
,
and double
, as well as references to instances of class String
,
are managed using the ldc, ldc_w, and ldc2_w
instructions.
The ldc and ldc_w
instructions are used to access values in the run-time constant pool
(including instances of class String
) of types other than double
and long
. The ldc_w instruction is used
in place of ldc only
when there is a large number of run-time constant pool items and a
larger index is needed to access an item. The ldc2_w instruction is
used to access all values of types double
and long
;
there is no
non-wide variant.
Integral constants of types
byte
, char
, or short
,
as well as small int
values, may be
compiled using the bipush, sipush, or iconst_<i>
instructions
(§3.2). Certain
small floating-point constants
may be compiled using the fconst_<f> and dconst_<d>
instructions.
In all of these cases, compilation is straightforward. For instance, the constants for:
void useManyNumeric() { int i = 100; int j = 1000000; long l1 = 1; long l2 = 0xffffffff; double d = 2.2; ...do some calculations... }
Method void useManyNumeric() 0 bipush 100 // Push small int constant with bipush 2 istore_1 3 ldc #1 // Push large int constant (1000000) with ldc 5 istore_2 6 lconst_1 // A tiny long value uses small fast lconst_1 7 lstore_3 8 ldc2_w #6 // Push long 0xffffffff (that is, an int -1) // Any long constant value can be pushed with ldc2_w 11 lstore 5 13 ldc2_w #8 // Push double constant 2.200000 // Uncommon double values are also pushed with ldc2_w 16 dstore 7 ...do those calculations...
Compilation of for
statements was shown in an earlier section
(§3.2). Most of the
Java programming language's other control
constructs (if-then-else
, do
, while
, break
,
and continue
) are also compiled in the obvious ways. The compilation
of switch
statements is handled in a separate section
(§3.10), as are
the compilation of exceptions
(§3.12) and the compilation of finally
clauses
(§3.13).
As a further example, a
while
loop is compiled in an obvious way, although the specific
control transfer instructions made available by the Java Virtual Machine vary by data
type. As usual, there is more support for data of type int
, for
example:
void whileInt() { int i = 0; while (i < 100) { i++; } }
Method void whileInt() 0 iconst_0 1 istore_1 2 goto 8 5 iinc 1 1 8 iload_1 9 bipush 100 11 if_icmplt 5 14 return
Note that the test of the
while
statement (implemented using the if_icmplt instruction) is
at the bottom of the Java Virtual Machine code for the loop. (This was also the case
in the spin
examples earlier.) The test being at
the bottom of the loop forces the use of a goto instruction to get
to the test prior to the first iteration of the loop. If that test
fails, and the loop body is never entered, this extra instruction is
wasted. However, while
loops are typically used when their body is
expected to be run, often for many iterations. For subsequent
iterations, putting the test at the bottom of the loop saves a Java Virtual Machine
instruction each time around the loop: if the test were at the top of
the loop, the loop body would need a trailing goto instruction to
get back to the top.
Control constructs involving other data types are compiled in similar ways, but must use the instructions available for those data types. This leads to somewhat less efficient code because more Java Virtual Machine instructions are needed, for example:
void whileDouble() { double i = 0.0; while (i < 100.1) { i++; } }
Method void whileDouble() 0 dconst_0 1 dstore_1 2 goto 9 5 dload_1 6 dconst_1 7 dadd 8 dstore_1 9 dload_1 10 ldc2_w #4 // Push double constant 100.1 13 dcmpg // To compare and branch we have to use... 14 iflt 5 // ...two instructions 17 return
Each floating-point type has
two comparison instructions: fcmpl and fcmpg
for type float
, and
dcmpl and dcmpg for type double
. The variants differ only in
their treatment of NaN. NaN is unordered
(§2.3.2), so all floating-point
comparisons fail
if either of their operands is NaN. The compiler chooses the variant
of the comparison instruction for the appropriate type that produces
the same result whether the comparison fails on non-NaN values or
encounters a NaN. For instance:
int lessThan100(double d) { if (d < 100.0) { return 1; } else { return -1; } }
Method int lessThan100(double) 0 dload_1 1 ldc2_w #4 // Push double constant 100.0 4 dcmpg // Push 1 if d is NaN or d > 100.0; // push 0 if d == 100.0 5 ifge 10 // Branch on 0 or 1 8 iconst_1 9 ireturn 10 iconst_m1 11 ireturn
If d
is not
NaN and is less than 100.0
, the dcmpg
instruction
pushes an int
-1 onto the operand stack,
and
the ifge instruction does not branch. Whether d
is greater than 100.0
or is NaN, the dcmpg
instruction pushes an int
1 onto the
operand
stack, and the ifge branches. If d
is
equal to
100.0
, the dcmpg instruction pushes an
int
0 onto the operand stack, and the
ifge
branches.
The dcmpl instruction achieves the same effect if the comparison is reversed:
int greaterThan100(double d) { if (d > 100.0) { return 1; } else { return -1; } }
Method int greaterThan100(double) 0 dload_1 1 ldc2_w #4 // Push double constant 100.0 4 dcmpl // Push -1 if d is NaN or d < 100.0; // push 0 if d == 100.0 5 ifle 10 // Branch on 0 or -1 8 iconst_1 9 ireturn 10 iconst_m1 11 ireturn
Once again, whether the
comparison fails on a non-NaN value or because it is passed a NaN, the
dcmpl instruction pushes an int
value
onto the operand stack that
causes the ifle to branch. If both of the dcmp
instructions did not exist, one of the example methods would have had
to do more work to detect NaN.
If n arguments are passed to an instance method, they are received, by convention, in the local variables numbered 1 through n of the frame created for the new method invocation. The arguments are received in the order they were passed. For example:
int addTwo(int i, int j) { return i + j; }
Method int addTwo(int,int) 0 iload_1 // Push value of local variable 1 (i) 1 iload_2 // Push value of local variable 2 (j) 2 iadd // Add; leave int result on operand stack 3 ireturn // Return int result
By convention, an instance
method is passed a reference
to its instance in local
variable 0. In the Java programming language the instance is
accessible via the this
keyword.
Class (static
) methods do
not have an instance, so for them this use of local
variable 0 is unnecessary. A class method starts
using local variables at index 0. If
the addTwo
method were a class method, its
arguments would be passed in a similar way to the first
version:
static int addTwoStatic(int i, int j) { return i + j; }
Method int addTwoStatic(int,int) 0 iload_0 1 iload_1 2 iadd 3 ireturn
The only difference is that the method arguments appear starting in local variable 0 rather than 1.
The normal method invocation
for a instance method dispatches on the run-time type of the
object. (They are virtual, in C++ terms.) Such an invocation is
implemented using the invokevirtual instruction, which takes as its
argument an index to a run-time constant pool entry giving the
internal form of the binary name of the class type of the object, the
name of the method to invoke, and that method's descriptor
(§4.3.3). To
invoke
the addTwo
method, defined earlier as an instance
method, we might write:
int add12and13() { return addTwo(12, 13); }
Method int add12and13() 0 aload_0 // Push local variable 0 (this) 1 bipush 12 // Push int constant 12 3 bipush 13 // Push int constant 13 5 invokevirtual #4 // Method Example.addtwo(II)I 8 ireturn // Return int on top of operand stack; // it is the int result of addTwo()
The invocation is set up by
first pushing a reference
to the current instance, this
, on to the
operand stack. The method invocation's arguments, int
values 12
and
13
, are then pushed. When the frame for
the addTwo
method is created, the arguments passed
to the method become the initial values of the new frame's local
variables. That is, the reference
for this
and the
two arguments, pushed
onto the operand stack by the invoker, will become the initial values
of local variables 0, 1,
and 2 of the invoked method.
Finally, addTwo
is
invoked. When it returns, its int
return value is pushed onto the
operand stack of the frame of the invoker,
the add12and13
method. The return value is thus put
in place to be immediately returned to the invoker of
add12and13
.
The return
from add12and13
is handled by the ireturn
instruction of add12and13
. The ireturn
instruction takes the int
value returned
by addTwo
, on the operand stack of the current
frame, and pushes it onto the operand stack of the frame of the
invoker. It then returns control to the invoker, making the invoker's
frame current. The Java Virtual Machine provides distinct return instructions for
many of its numeric and reference
data types, as well as a return
instruction for methods with no return value. The same set of return
instructions is used for all varieties of method invocations.
The operand of the invokevirtual instruction (in the example, the run-time constant pool index #4) is not the offset of the method in the class instance. The compiler does not know the internal layout of a class instance. Instead, it generates symbolic references to the methods of an instance, which are stored in the run-time constant pool. Those run-time constant pool items are resolved at run-time to determine the actual method location. The same is true for all other Java Virtual Machine instructions that access class instances.
Invoking
addTwoStatic
, a class (static
) variant
of addTwo
, is similar, as shown:
int add12and13() { return addTwoStatic(12, 13); }
although a different Java Virtual Machine method invocation instruction is used:
Method int add12and13() 0 bipush 12 2 bipush 13 4 invokestatic #3 // Method Example.addTwoStatic(II)I 7 ireturn
Compiling an invocation of a
class (static
) method is very much like compiling an invocation of
an instance method, except this is not passed by the invoker. The
method arguments will thus be received beginning with local
variable 0 (§3.6).
The
invokestatic instruction is always used to invoke class
methods.
The invokespecial
instruction must be used to invoke instance initialization methods
(§3.8).
It is also used when invoking methods in
the superclass (super
) and when invoking private
methods. For
instance, given classes Near
and Far
declared as:
class Near { int it; public int getItNear() { return getIt(); } private int getIt() { return it; } } class Far extends Near { int getItFar() { return super.getItNear(); } }
the
method Near.getItNear
(which invokes a private
method) becomes:
Method int getItNear() 0 aload_0 1 invokespecial #5 // Method Near.getIt()I 4 ireturn
The
method Far.getItFar
(which invokes a superclass
method) becomes:
Method int getItFar() 0 aload_0 1 invokespecial #4 // Method Near.getItNear()I 4 ireturn
Note that methods called using
the invokespecial instruction always pass this
to the invoked
method as its first argument. As usual, it is received in local
variable 0.
To invoke the target of a
method handle, a compiler must form a method descriptor that records
the actual argument and return types. A compiler may not perform
method invocation conversions on the arguments; instead, it must push
them on the stack according to their own unconverted types. The
compiler arranges for a reference
to the method handle object to be pushed
on the stack before the arguments, as usual. The compiler emits an
invokevirtual instruction that references a descriptor which
describes the argument and return types. By special arrangement with
method resolution (§<IP_ADDRESS>),
an invokevirtual
instruction which invokes the invokeExact
or invoke
methods of
java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle
will always link, provided the method descriptor
is
syntactically well-formed and the types named in the descriptor can be
resolved.
Java Virtual Machine class instances are
created using the Java Virtual Machine's new instruction. Recall that
at the level
of the Java Virtual Machine, a constructor appears as a method with the
compiler-supplied name <init>
. This specially named method is known as
the instance initialization method
(§2.9). Multiple
instance initialization
methods, corresponding to multiple constructors, may exist for a given
class. Once the class instance has been created and its instance
variables, including those of the class and all of its superclasses,
have been initialized to their default values, an instance
initialization method of the new class instance is invoked. For
example:
Object create() { return new Object(); }
Method java.lang.Object create()
0 new #1 // Class java.lang.Object
3 dup
4 invokespecial #4 // Method java.lang.Object.<init>
()V
7 areturn
Class instances are passed and
returned (as reference
types) very much like numeric values, although type
reference
has its own complement of instructions, for example:
int i; // An instance variable MyObj example() { MyObj o = new MyObj(); return silly(o); } MyObj silly(MyObj o) { if (o != null) { return o; } else { return o; } }
Method MyObj example()
0 new #2 // Class MyObj
3 dup
4 invokespecial #5 // Method MyObj.<init>
()V
7 astore_1
8 aload_0
9 aload_1
10 invokevirtual #4 // Method Example.silly(LMyObj;)LMyObj;
13 areturn
Method MyObj silly(MyObj)
0 aload_1
1 ifnull 6
4 aload_1
5 areturn
6 aload_1
7 areturn
The fields of a class instance
(instance variables) are accessed using the getfield and putfield
instructions. If i
is an instance variable of type
int
, the methods setIt
and getIt
, defined as:
void setIt(int value) { i = value; } int getIt() { return i; }
Method void setIt(int) 0 aload_0 1 iload_1 2 putfield #4 // Field Example.i I 5 return Method int getIt() 0 aload_0 1 getfield #4 // Field Example.i I 4 ireturn
As with the operands of method invocation instructions, the operands of the putfield and getfield instructions (the run-time constant pool index #4) are not the offsets of the fields in the class instance. The compiler generates symbolic references to the fields of an instance, which are stored in the run-time constant pool. Those run-time constant pool items are resolved at run-time to determine the location of the field within the referenced object.
Java Virtual Machine arrays are also objects. Arrays are created and manipulated using a distinct set of instructions. The newarray instruction is used to create an array of a numeric type. The code:
void createBuffer() { int buffer[]; int bufsz = 100; int value = 12; buffer = new int[bufsz]; buffer[10] = value; value = buffer[11]; }
Method void createBuffer() 0 bipush 100 // Push int constant 100 (bufsz) 2 istore_2 // Store bufsz in local variable 2 3 bipush 12 // Push int constant 12 (value) 5 istore_3 // Store value in local variable 3 6 iload_2 // Push bufsz... 7 newarray int // ...and create new int array of that length 9 astore_1 // Store new array in buffer 10 aload_1 // Push buffer 11 bipush 10 // Push int constant 10 13 iload_3 // Push value 14 iastore // Store value at buffer[10] 15 aload_1 // Push buffer 16 bipush 11 // Push int constant 11 18 iaload // Push value at buffer[11]... 19 istore_3 // ...and store it in value 20 return
The anewarray instruction is used to create a one-dimensional array of object references, for example:
void createThreadArray() { Thread threads[]; int count = 10; threads = new Thread[count]; threads[0] = new Thread(); }
Method void createThreadArray()
0 bipush 10 // Push int constant 10
2 istore_2 // Initialize count to that
3 iload_2 // Push count, used by anewarray
4 anewarray class #1 // Create new array of class Thread
7 astore_1 // Store new array in threads
8 aload_1 // Push value of threads
9 iconst_0 // Push int constant 0
10 new #1 // Create instance of class Thread
13 dup // Make duplicate reference...
14 invokespecial #5 // ...for Thread's constructor
// Method java.lang.Thread.<init>
()V
17 aastore // Store new Thread in array at 0
18 return
The anewarray instruction can also be used to create the first dimension of a multidimensional array. Alternatively, the multianewarray instruction can be used to create several dimensions at once. For example, the three-dimensional array:
int[][][] create3DArray() { int grid[][][]; grid = new int[10][5][]; return grid; }
Method int create3DArray()[][][] 0 bipush 10 // Push int 10 (dimension one) 2 iconst_5 // Push int 5 (dimension two) 3 multianewarray #1 dim #2 // Class [[[I, a three-dimensional // int array; only create the // first two dimensions 7 astore_1 // Store new array... 8 aload_1 // ...then prepare to return it 9 areturn
The first operand of the
multianewarray instruction is the run-time constant pool index to
the array class type to be created. The second is the number of
dimensions of that array type to actually create. The multianewarray
instruction can be used to create all the dimensions of the type, as
the code for create3DArray
shows. Note that the
multidimensional array is just an object and so is loaded and returned
by an aload_1 and areturn
instruction, respectively. For
information about array class names, see
§4.4.1.
All arrays have associated lengths, which are accessed via the arraylength instruction.
Compilation of switch
statements uses the tableswitch and lookupswitch
instructions. The
tableswitch instruction is used when the cases of the switch
can
be efficiently represented as indices into a table of target
offsets. The default
target of the switch
is used
if the value of
the expression of the switch
falls outside the range of valid
indices. For instance:
int chooseNear(int i) { switch (i) { case 0: return 0; case 1: return 1; case 2: return 2; default: return -1; } }
Method int chooseNear(int) 0 iload_1 // Push local variable 1 (argument i) 1 tableswitch 0 to 2: // Valid indices are 0 through 2 0: 28 // If i is 0, continue at 28 1: 30 // If i is 1, continue at 30 2: 32 // If i is 2, continue at 32 default:34 // Otherwise, continue at 34 28 iconst_0 // i was 0; push int constant 0... 29 ireturn // ...and return it 30 iconst_1 // i was 1; push int constant 1... 31 ireturn // ...and return it 32 iconst_2 // i was 2; push int constant 2... 33 ireturn // ...and return it 34 iconst_m1 // otherwise push int constant -1... 35 ireturn // ...and return it
The Java Virtual Machine's tableswitch and
lookupswitch instructions operate only on int
data. Because
operations on byte
, char
, or short
values are internally
promoted to int
, a switch
whose expression
evaluates to one of those
types is compiled as though it evaluated to type int
. If the
chooseNear
method had been written using type
short
, the same Java Virtual Machine instructions would have been generated as
when
using type int
. Other numeric types must be narrowed to type int
for use in a switch
.
Where the cases of the
switch
are sparse, the table representation of the tableswitch
instruction becomes inefficient in terms of space. The lookupswitch
instruction may be used instead. The lookupswitch instruction pairs
int
keys (the values of the case
labels) with
target offsets in a
table. When a lookupswitch instruction is executed, the value of the
expression of the switch
is compared against the keys in the
table. If one of the keys matches the value of the expression,
execution continues at the associated target offset. If no key
matches, execution continues at the default
target. For instance,
the compiled code for:
int chooseFar(int i) { switch (i) { case -100: return -1; case 0: return 0; case 100: return 1; default: return -1; } }
looks just like the code for
chooseNear
, except for the lookupswitch
instruction:
Method int chooseFar(int) 0 iload_1 1 lookupswitch 3: -100: 36 0: 38 100: 40 default: 42 36 iconst_m1 37 ireturn 38 iconst_0 39 ireturn 40 iconst_1 41 ireturn 42 iconst_m1 43 ireturn
The Java Virtual Machine specifies that the table of the lookupswitch instruction must be sorted by key so that implementations may use searches more efficient than a linear scan. Even so, the lookupswitch instruction must search its keys for a match rather than simply perform a bounds check and index into a table like tableswitch. Thus, a tableswitch instruction is probably more efficient than a lookupswitch where space considerations permit a choice.
The Java Virtual Machine has a large complement of instructions that manipulate the contents of the operand stack as untyped values. These are useful because of the Java Virtual Machine's reliance on deft manipulation of its operand stack. For instance:
public long nextIndex() { return index++; } private long index = 0;
Method long nextIndex() 0 aload_0 // Push this 1 dup // Make a copy of it 2 getfield #4 // One of the copies of this is consumed // pushing long field index, // above the original this 5 dup2_x1 // The long on top of the operand stack is // inserted into the operand stack below the // original this 6 lconst_1 // Push long constant 1 7 ladd // The index value is incremented... 8 putfield #4 // ...and the result stored in the field 11 lreturn // The original value of index is on top of // the operand stack, ready to be returned
Note that the Java Virtual Machine never allows its operand stack manipulation instructions to modify or break up individual values on the operand stack.
Exceptions are thrown from
programs using the throw
keyword. Its compilation is simple:
void cantBeZero(int i) throws TestExc { if (i == 0) { throw new TestExc(); } }
Method void cantBeZero(int)
0 iload_1 // Push argument 1 (i)
1 ifne 12 // If i==0, allocate instance and throw
4 new #1 // Create instance of TestExc
7 dup // One reference goes to its constructor
8 invokespecial #7 // Method TestExc.<init>
()V
11 athrow // Second reference is thrown
12 return // Never get here if we threw TestExc
Compilation of try
-catch
constructs is straightforward. For example:
void catchOne() { try { tryItOut(); } catch (TestExc e) { handleExc(e); } }
Method void catchOne() 0 aload_0 // Beginning of try block 1 invokevirtual #6 // Method Example.tryItOut()V 4 return // End of try block; normal return 5 astore_1 // Store thrown value in local var 1 6 aload_0 // Push this 7 aload_1 // Push thrown value 8 invokevirtual #5 // Invoke handler method: // Example.handleExc(LTestExc;)V 11 return // Return after handling TestExc Exception table: From To Target Type 0 4 5 Class TestExc
Looking more closely, the
try
block is compiled just as it would be if the try
were not
present:
Method void catchOne() 0 aload_0 // Beginning of try block 1 invokevirtual #6 // Method Example.tryItOut()V 4 return // End of try block; normal return
If no exception is thrown
during the execution of the try
block, it behaves as though the
try
were not there: tryItOut
is invoked
and catchOne
returns.
Following the try
block is
the Java Virtual Machine code that implements the single catch
clause:
5 astore_1 // Store thrown value in local var 1 6 aload_0 // Push this 7 aload_1 // Push thrown value 8 invokevirtual #5 // Invoke handler method: // Example.handleExc(LTestExc;)V 11 return // Return after handling TestExc Exception table: From To Target Type 0 4 5 Class TestExc
The invocation
of handleExc
, the contents of the catch
clause,
is also compiled like a normal method invocation. However, the
presence of a catch
clause causes the compiler to generate an
exception table entry (§2.10,
§4.7.3). The
exception table for
the catchOne
method has one entry corresponding to
the one argument (an instance of class TestExc
)
that the catch
clause of catchOne
can handle. If
some value that is an instance of TestExc
is thrown
during execution of the instructions between
indices 0 and 4
in catchOne
, control is transferred to the Java Virtual Machine
code at index 5, which implements the block of
the catch
clause. If the value that is thrown is not an instance of
TestExc
, the catch
clause
of catchOne
cannot handle it. Instead, the value is
rethrown to the invoker of catchOne
.
A try
may have multiple
catch
clauses:
void catchTwo() { try { tryItOut(); } catch (TestExc1 e) { handleExc(e); } catch (TestExc2 e) { handleExc(e); } }
Multiple catch
clauses of a
given try
statement are compiled by simply appending the Java Virtual Machine
code
for each catch
clause one after the other and adding entries to the
exception table, as shown:
Method void catchTwo() 0 aload_0 // Begin try block 1 invokevirtual #5 // Method Example.tryItOut()V 4 return // End of try block; normal return 5 astore_1 // Beginning of handler for TestExc1; // Store thrown value in local var 1 6 aload_0 // Push this 7 aload_1 // Push thrown value 8 invokevirtual #7 // Invoke handler method: // Example.handleExc(LTestExc1;)V 11 return // Return after handling TestExc1 12 astore_1 // Beginning of handler for TestExc2; // Store thrown value in local var 1 13 aload_0 // Push this 14 aload_1 // Push thrown value 15 invokevirtual #7 // Invoke handler method: // Example.handleExc(LTestExc2;)V 18 return // Return after handling TestExc2 Exception table: From To Target Type 0 4 5 Class TestExc1 0 4 12 Class TestExc2
If during the execution of
the try
clause (between indices 0
and 4) a value is thrown that matches the
parameter of one or more of the catch
clauses (the value is an
instance of one or more of the parameters), the first (innermost) such
catch
clause is selected. Control is transferred to the Java Virtual Machine
code
for the block of that catch
clause. If the value thrown does not
match the parameter of any of the catch
clauses
of catchTwo
, the Java Virtual Machine rethrows the value without
invoking code in any catch
clause
of catchTwo
.
Nested try
-catch
statements are compiled very much like a try
statement with multiple
catch
clauses:
void nestedCatch() { try { try { tryItOut(); } catch (TestExc1 e) { handleExc1(e); } } catch (TestExc2 e) { handleExc2(e); } }
Method void nestedCatch() 0 aload_0 // Begin try block 1 invokevirtual #8 // Method Example.tryItOut()V 4 return // End of try block; normal return 5 astore_1 // Beginning of handler for TestExc1; // Store thrown value in local var 1 6 aload_0 // Push this 7 aload_1 // Push thrown value 8 invokevirtual #7 // Invoke handler method: // Example.handleExc1(LTestExc1;)V 11 return // Return after handling TestExc1 12 astore_1 // Beginning of handler for TestExc2; // Store thrown value in local var 1 13 aload_0 // Push this 14 aload_1 // Push thrown value 15 invokevirtual #6 // Invoke handler method: // Example.handleExc2(LTestExc2;)V 18 return // Return after handling TestExc2 Exception table: From To Target Type 0 4 5 Class TestExc1 0 12 12 Class TestExc2
The nesting of catch
clauses is represented only in the exception table. The Java Virtual Machine does not
enforce nesting of or any ordering of the exception table entries
(§2.10). However,
because try
-catch
constructs are structured, a compiler can always order the entries of
the exception handler table such that, for any thrown exception and
any program counter value in that method, the first exception handler
that matches the thrown exception corresponds to the innermost
matching catch
clause.
For instance, if the
invocation of tryItOut
(at
index 1) threw an instance
of TestExc1
, it would be handled by the catch
clause that invokes handleExc1
. This is so even
though the exception occurs within the bounds of the outer catch
clause (catching TestExc2
) and even though that
outer catch
clause might otherwise have been able to handle the
thrown value.
As a subtle point, note that
the range of a catch
clause is inclusive on the "from" end and
exclusive on the "to" end (§4.7.3). Thus, the
exception table entry for the catch
clause
catching TestExc1
does not cover the return
instruction at offset 4. However, the exception
table entry for the catch
clause
catching TestExc2
does cover the return
instruction at offset 11. Return instructions
within nested catch
clauses are included in the range of
instructions covered by nesting catch
clauses.
(This section assumes a
compiler generates class
files with version number 50.0 or below, so
that the jsr instruction may be used. See also
§<IP_ADDRESS>.)
Compilation of a
try
-finally
statement is similar to that of try
-catch
. Prior
to transferring control outside the try
statement, whether that
transfer is normal or abrupt, because an exception has been thrown,
the finally
clause must first be executed. For this simple
example:
void tryFinally() { try { tryItOut(); } finally { wrapItUp(); } }
Method void tryFinally() 0 aload_0 // Beginning of try block 1 invokevirtual #6 // Method Example.tryItOut()V 4 jsr 14 // Call finally block 7 return // End of try block 8 astore_1 // Beginning of handler for any throw 9 jsr 14 // Call finally block 12 aload_1 // Push thrown value 13 athrow // ...and rethrow value to the invoker 14 astore_2 // Beginning of finally block 15 aload_0 // Push this 16 invokevirtual #5 // Method Example.wrapItUp()V 19 ret 2 // Return from finally block Exception table: From To Target Type 0 4 8 any
There are four ways for
control to pass outside of the try
statement: by falling through the
bottom of that block, by returning, by executing a break
or
continue
statement, or by raising an
exception. If tryItOut
returns without raising an
exception, control is transferred to the finally
block using a jsr
instruction. The jsr 14
instruction at
index 4 makes a "subroutine call" to the code for
the finally
block at index 14 (the finally
block is compiled as an embedded subroutine). When the finally
block
completes, the ret 2
instruction returns
control to the instruction following the jsr instruction at
index 4.
In more detail, the
subroutine call works as follows: The jsr instruction pushes the
address of the following instruction (return at
index 7) onto the operand stack before
jumping. The astore_2 instruction that is the jump target stores the
address on the operand stack into local
variable 2. The code for the finally
block (in
this case the aload_0 and invokevirtual instructions) is
run. Assuming execution of that code completes normally, the ret
instruction retrieves the address from local
variable 2 and resumes execution at that
address. The return instruction is executed,
and tryFinally
returns normally.
A try
statement with a
finally
clause is compiled to have a special exception handler, one
that can handle any exception thrown within the try
statement. If
tryItOut
throws an exception, the exception table
for tryFinally
is searched for an appropriate
exception handler. The special handler is found, causing execution to
continue at index 8. The astore_1 instruction
at index 8 stores the thrown value into local
variable 1. The following jsr
instruction does
a subroutine call to the code for the finally
block. Assuming that
code returns normally, the aload_1 instruction at
index 12 pushes the thrown value back onto the
operand stack, and the following athrow instruction rethrows the
value.
Compiling a try
statement
with both a catch
clause and a finally
clause is
more
complex:
void tryCatchFinally() { try { tryItOut(); } catch (TestExc e) { handleExc(e); } finally { wrapItUp(); } }
Method void tryCatchFinally() 0 aload_0 // Beginning of try block 1 invokevirtual #4 // Method Example.tryItOut()V 4 goto 16 // Jump to finally block 7 astore_3 // Beginning of handler for TestExc; // Store thrown value in local var 3 8 aload_0 // Push this 9 aload_3 // Push thrown value 10 invokevirtual #6 // Invoke handler method: // Example.handleExc(LTestExc;)V 13 goto 16 // This goto is unnecessary, but was // generated by javac in JDK 1.0.2 16 jsr 26 // Call finally block 19 return // Return after handling TestExc 20 astore_1 // Beginning of handler for exceptions // other than TestExc, or exceptions // thrown while handling TestExc 21 jsr 26 // Call finally block 24 aload_1 // Push thrown value... 25 athrow // ...and rethrow value to the invoker 26 astore_2 // Beginning of finally block 27 aload_0 // Push this 28 invokevirtual #5 // Method Example.wrapItUp()V 31 ret 2 // Return from finally block Exception table: From To Target Type 0 4 7 Class TestExc 0 16 20 any
If the try
statement
completes normally, the goto instruction at
index 4 jumps to the subroutine call for the
finally
block at index 16. The finally
block
at index 26 is executed, control returns to the
return instruction at index 19,
and tryCatchFinally
returns normally.
If tryItOut
throws an
instance of TestExc
, the first (innermost)
applicable exception handler in the exception table is chosen to
handle the exception. The code for that exception handler, beginning
at index 7, passes the thrown value
to handleExc
and on its return makes the same
subroutine call to the finally
block at index
26 as in the normal case. If an exception is not
thrown by handleExc
,
tryCatchFinally
returns normally.
If tryItOut
throws a value
that is not an instance of TestExc
or
if handleExc
itself throws an exception, the
condition is handled by the second entry in the exception table, which
handles any value thrown between indices 0 and
16. That exception handler transfers control to
index 20, where the thrown value is first stored
in local variable 1. The code for the finally
block at index 26 is called as a subroutine. If
it returns, the thrown value is retrieved from local
variable 1 and rethrown using the athrow
instruction. If a new value is thrown during execution of the
finally
clause, the finally
clause aborts,
and tryCatchFinally
returns abruptly, throwing the
new value to its invoker.
Synchronization in the Java Virtual Machine is implemented by monitor entry and exit, either explicitly (by use of the monitorenter and monitorexit instructions) or implicitly (by the method invocation and return instructions).
For code written in the
Java programming language, perhaps the most common form of synchronization is the
synchronized
method. A synchronized
method is not
normally
implemented using monitorenter and monitorexit.
Rather, it is
simply distinguished in the run-time constant pool by the
ACC_SYNCHRONIZED
flag, which is checked by the method invocation
instructions (§2.11.10).
The monitorenter and
monitorexit instructions enable the compilation of synchronized
statements. For example:
void onlyMe(Foo f) { synchronized(f) { doSomething(); } }
Method void onlyMe(Foo) 0 aload_1 // Push f 1 dup // Duplicate it on the stack 2 astore_2 // Store duplicate in local variable 2 3 monitorenter // Enter the monitor associated with f 4 aload_0 // Holding the monitor, pass this and... 5 invokevirtual #5 // ...call Example.doSomething()V 8 aload_2 // Push local variable 2 (f) 9 monitorexit // Exit the monitor associated with f 10 goto 18 // Complete the method normally 13 astore_3 // In case of any throw, end up here 14 aload_2 // Push local variable 2 (f) 15 monitorexit // Be sure to exit the monitor! 16 aload_3 // Push thrown value... 17 athrow // ...and rethrow value to the invoker 18 return // Return in the normal case Exception table: From To Target Type 4 10 13 any 13 16 13 any
The compiler ensures that at any method invocation completion, a monitorexit instruction will have been executed for each monitorenter instruction executed since the method invocation. This is the case whether the method invocation completes normally (§2.6.4) or abruptly (§2.6.5). To enforce proper pairing of monitorenter and monitorexit instructions on abrupt method invocation completion, the compiler generates exception handlers (§2.10) that will match any exception and whose associated code executes the necessary monitorexit instructions.
The representation of
annotations in class
files is described in
§4.7.16-§4.7.22.
These
sections make it clear how to represent annotations on declarations of
classes, interfaces, fields, methods, method parameters, and type
parameters, as well as annotations on types used in those
declarations. Annotations on package declarations require additional
rules, given here.
When the compiler encounters
an annotated package declaration that must be made available at run
time, it emits a class
file with the following properties:
The class
file represents an interface, that is, the
ACC_INTERFACE
and ACC_ABSTRACT
flags
of the ClassFile
structure are set (§4.1).
If the class
file version number is less than 50.0, then the
ACC_SYNTHETIC
flag is unset; if the class
file version
number is 50.0 or above, then the ACC_SYNTHETIC
flag is
set.
The interface's name is the internal form
(§4.2.1) of
package-name.package-info
.
The interface's only members are those implied by The Java Language Specification, Java SE 8 Edition (JLS §9.2).
The annotations on the package declaration are stored as
RuntimeVisibleAnnotations
and RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations
attributes in the attributes
table of the ClassFile
structure.


You’ve seen it before. Probably. It’s “Totally Not Malware,” it’s a silly meme that asks for your credit card information. Well, I decided to make it a reality in 2017. It’s not implemented securely at all, but hey, it works.
Here’s the source code, feel free to do whatever (as long as it’s not actually scamming people!): http://localhost:4000/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/creditcard.7z


Video-Dev Streams Repository
[
{
"title": "Big Buck Bunny",
"description": "BBB, 5 renditions",
"url": "https://test-streams.mux.dev/x36xhzz/x36xhzz.m3u8",
"manifestType": "HLS",
"streamType": "VOD",
"fileType": "MPEG2-TS",
"features": [
"Multiple Renditions"
],
"streamFlaws": [],
"segmentFlaws": [],
"notes": [],
"playerDemos": [
"Hls.js"
]
},
{
"title": "Archived Live VTT Countdown",
"description": "Archived live stream with a new VTT cue every second",
"url": "https://playertest.longtailvideo.com/streams/live-vtt-countdown/live.m3u8",
"manifestType": "HLS",
"streamType": "Archived Live",
"fileType": "MPEG2-TS",
"features": [
"Multiple Renditions"
],
"streamFlaws": [],
"segmentFlaws": [],
"notes": [],
"playerDemos": [
"Hls.js"
]
},
{
"title": "Radio Host - 10 second start gap",
"description": "Audio and video segments do not have intersecting time ranges",
"url": "https://s3.amazonaws.com/bob.jwplayer.com/%7Ealex/123633/new_master.m3u8",
"manifestType": "HLS",
"streamType": "VOD",
"fileType": "MPEG2-TS",
"features": [],
"streamFlaws": [
{
"flaw": "Gap",
"timeRange": [
0,
10
]
}
],
"segmentFlaws": [
{
"flaw": "Non-intersecting Timestamps",
"segmentNumber": 0
}
],
"notes": [],
"playerDemos": [
"Hls.js"
]
},
{
"title": "Elephants Dream - Multiple Audio & VTT Tracks",
"description": "",
"url": "https://wowzaec2demo.streamlock.net/vod-multitrack/_definst_/smil:ElephantsDream/elephantsdream2.smil/playlist.m3u",
"manifestType": "HLS",
"streamType": "VOD",
"fileType": "MPEG2-TS",
"features": [
"Alternate Audio",
"Multiple Renditions",
"VTT Subtitles"
],
"streamFlaws": [],
"segmentFlaws": [],
"notes": [],
"playerDemos": [
"Hls.js"
]
}
]


Fight Club: kings of pain
The cultural anthropologists suggest we play violent sports because--in a more or less peaceful society--we have no other socially-condoned outlet for our aggression(s). But not everyone boxes on the week-ends. Some just go see movies like David Fincher's Fight Club, which, as with Natural Born Killers, gives us vicarious access without the sweat, blood, and legal repercussions. And it is over-the-top, lookaway violent. And, surprise surprise, it's not just Bloodsport or Lionheart or Mortal Kombat. Which is to say there's actually some real storytelling going on. Ten minutes in you think you can predict it, which is comfortable, but then it spins out of control, becomes unpredictable, and suddenly you're no longer in the Bloodsport-genre.
It is, however, a very controlled spin, incessantly voiced-over by our Narrator, 'Jack,' (Edward Norton), a Wonder Years approach which serves to turn Fight Club into his monologue. What he's doing is catching us up with story of his 'fall,' which is to say he's reconstructing that story for us, which gives him gives him freedom to play fast and loose not only with sequence but with the perceived reality of the movie. Yes, there are a few Woody Allen-ish (Ferris Bueller-ish) talking-into-the-camera meta-moments, but, to Fight Club's credit, they are entertaining, and do occasionally provide a chunk of narrative exposition that would have otherwise required some serious contrivance to introduce. So, the meta-moments are economical, but just barely.
But back to 'Jack' our insomniac, stuck in an office job, defining himself by his mail-order furniture, hoping for a break in the monotony of consumer-existence. Sum: he prays for a plane crash, and instead his apartment is blown up, which is to say he's reborn in flames, he can rise Phoenix-like from the ashes of his former life and move on. All of which sounds over-the-top melodramatic, but it's in keeping with the tone of the rest of the movie. Now enter Tyler Durden (Brad Pitt, in another 12 Monkeys counter-establishment role), dressed like Dennis Rodman, the complete inverse of everything 'Jack' claims to be. Where 'Jack' is leading an inauthentic existence, Tyler is the real thing. He's the answer to the question 'Jack' can never quite articulate, that he's been looking for in cancer-support groups.
Now he doesn't need those support groups anymore, though. He has Tyler, his Dean Moriarty, and, soon enough, the underground phenomenon called Fight Club, which satisfies his/their need for the authentic, via defining fighting (pain) as self-knowledge. And self-knowledge is of course the generic simile for the authentic. And, as they find out, their need for the authentic in a commercially constructed world is epidemic: Fight Club spreads like wildfire. Across the nation, even. But then, at its height, it morphs into Tyler's idea of controlled demolition, something called Project Mayhem, which is all about anarchy, bringing down the establishment, starting America over, better this time.
Which is the point at which this all becomes untrivial for 'Jack.' It was supposed to just be something like therapy for him (in the unlikely guise of Ultimate Fighting), but now it's no longer about him. And, predictably, there's even a damsel-in-distress he needs to save: Marla Singer (Helena Bonham Carter, no longer Ophelia), fellow 12-step junky. And, in addition, there's even one big secret about Fight Club, almost of the calibre of the secret The Crying Game tried to keep, or Sixth Sense. Think Jekyl and Hyde, or even comedy, The Man With Two Brains. Or, specifically, Lost Highway. Fight Club does, after all, have the that same hyper-reality of the dreamstate. And it does open in the dendritic spaces of 'Jack's internal organs, a nervescape Three Kings has already acquainted us with. Suffice it to say that whereas the first part of the movie is about needing a Tyler Durden and the middle part is about living with a Tyler Durden, the last part is all about fighting Tyler Durden, trying to save the girl, trying to save the commercial America his prior self was so dependent upon.
And yes, there are some weak re-cap moments in those last 15 minutes--Fincher trying to rationalize the big secret--and some stuff so over-the-top that it redefines Fight Club as 'fantastic,' but fantastic isn't all bad. And here, it even serves a purpose, manages to follow through on what we didn't realize at the time was foreshadowing: just as Tyler Durden's Fight Club morphed into Project Mayhem, so does 'Jack's Fight Club morph into something like a modern-day fable. And fables have morals, messages. So does Fight Club. Watch, listen, don't let the violence make you look way. It's worth every blood-slinging moment.
(c)1999 Stephen Graham Jones
for more like this, check out http://www.cinemuck.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Thelia\Form
Namespaces
Thelia\Form\AreaThelia\Form\BrandThelia\Form\CacheThelia\Form\ExceptionThelia\Form\ImageThelia\Form\LangThelia\Form\ShippingZone
Classes
Class AddressCreateForm
Class AddressUpdateForm
Base form class for creating form objects
Class BruteforceForm
Class CartAdd
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Class ContactForm
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Class ContentModificationForm
Class CouponCode
Allow to build a form Coupon
Class CustomerCreateForm
Class CustomerLogin
Class CustomerLostPasswordForm
Class CustomerPasswordUpdateForm
Class CustomerProfileUpdateForm
Class CustomerUpdateForm
Class ExportForm
Class FirewallForm
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Class ImportForm
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Class MailingSystemModificationForm
Class NewsletterForm
Class OrderDelivery
Class OrderPayment
Class AddressUpdateForm
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Created by JetBrains PhpStorm.
Class ProfileCreationForm
Class ProfileModificationForm
Class ProfileUpdateModuleAccessForm
Class ProfileUpdateResourceAccessForm
A trait to add standard localized description fields to a form.
Class SeoForm
A trait to add standard localized description fields to a form.
Class TaxCreationForm
Class TaxModificationForm


@ProviderType
public interface Queue
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
QueueConfiguration |
getConfiguration()
Get the corresponding configuration.
|
String |
getName()
Get the queue name.
|
Object |
getState(String key)
For monitoring purposes and possible extensions from the different
queue types.
|
String |
getStateInfo()
Return some information about the current state of the queue.
|
Statistics |
getStatistics()
Return statistics information about this queue.
|
boolean |
isSuspended()
Is the queue currently suspended?
|
void |
removeAll()
Remove all outstanding jobs and delete them.
|
void |
resume()
Resume a suspended queue.
|
void |
suspend()
Suspend the queue - when a queue is suspended it stops processing
jobs - however already started jobs are finished (but not rescheduled).
|
String getName()
Statistics getStatistics()
QueueConfiguration getConfiguration()
void suspend()
resume()
.void resume()
suspend()
. If the queue is not
suspended, calling this method has no effect.
Depending on the queue implementation, if a job failed a job queue might
sleep for a configured time, before a new job is processed. By calling this
method, the job queue can be woken up and force an immediate reprocessing.
This feature is only supported by ordered queues at the moment. If a queue
does not support this feature, calling this method has only an effect if
the queue is really suspended.boolean isSuspended()
void removeAll()
String getStateInfo()
Copyright © 2017 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


BOUND (1996) A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1996 James Berardinelli
RATING (0 TO 10): 8.0 Alternative Scale: ***1/2 out of ****
United States, 1996 U.S. Release Date: 10/4/96 (wide) Running Length: 1:49 MPAA Classification: R (Violence, sex, nudity, mature themes) Theatrical Aspect Ratio: 1.85:1
Cast: Jennifer Tilly, Gina Gershon, Joe Pantoliano, John Ryan, Christopher Meloni, Richard Sarafian Directors: The Wachowski Brothers Producers: Andrew Lazar and Stuart Boros Screenplay: The Wachowski Brothers Cinematography: Bill Pope Music: Don Davis U.S. Distributor: Gramercy Pictures
BOUND appears to be ripe with all the elements necessary for a top- notch exploitation flick: leather, guns, gangsters, blood, and a couple of hot-to-trot lesbians. From the first scene, however, it's obvious that the writing/directing team of Andy and Larry Wachowski are aiming for something considerably higher than rudimentary titillation. And, by taking chances and twisting conventions, they have hit paydirt. BOUND is among the best film noir entries of the decade; from beginning to end, it's solidly entertaining.
Ceasar (Joe Pantoliano) is a money launderer for the mob (sometimes in a very literal fashion -- watch how he cleans up a sack of bloody bills). His live-in girlfriend, Violet (Jennifer Tilly), a closet lesbian, is itching to get free of him ("I want out! I want a new life!"). She sees her chance when an ex-con named Corky (Gina Gershon) moves in next door. Methodically, Violet seduces Corky, then, after a heated sexual encounter, the two plot how to liberate Violet along with $2 million of the mob's money that's currently in Ceasar's possession.
Saying more than that about BOUND would be unfair, because the plot is loaded with the unexpected. For most thrillers, I'm able to predict the so-called "surprises" far in advance, but this film's well- orchestrated twists kept me off balance. Until the final scenes, it's impossible to be sure of anyone or anything. The biggest question, which is raised by the characters and stays with us, is who can be trusted? We're never sure who's on the level and who's lying. Since the Wachowskis don't feel bound by the conventions of the genre, they freely violate our expectations. Best of all, everything that transpires in BOUND makes perfect sense -- the film doesn't demand unreasonable leaps of logic to tie everything together. In that way, it's like BLOOD SIMPLE and THE LAST SEDUCTION.
Perhaps the most intriguing departure from the norm is the use of a pair of lesbians as the main characters. Ultimately, it's a great choice, both from a plotting and an aesthetic standpoint. Jennifer Tilly and Gina Gershon steam up the screen with the kind of eroticism that is rarely found in same-sex or opposite-sex couplings. From the closeups of Gershon's hands and Tilly's legs to the love scene (which is played with an undercurrent of humor), the Wachowskis understand exactly how to photograph these two to their best effect, using shadows and unusual camera angles to intensify the sensuality.
Tilly doesn't have great range, but she can do this kind of role in her sleep. With her high-pitched, breathy voice and low-cut necklines, she's perfect as Violet, BOUND's femme fatale. Unlike her Oscar- nominated part in BULLETS OVER BROADWAY, this gangster's moll isn't a ditz. In fact, she's quite intelligent, and that makes her a force to be reckoned with. Meanwhile, Gina Gershon does an about face from her glamorous turn in SHOWGIRLS, essaying the tough, James Dean-like Corky, a professional thief who's interested in cleaning her life up until she falls for Violet and the $2 million. Gershon, who gave one of the better performances in Paul Verhoeven's trashy T&A-fest, is excellent here, capturing our sympathy from the first reel. And Corky, like Violet, is smart.
The intended victim of Violet and Corky's plan, Ceasar, isn't dumb, either, and his refusal to act predictably fuels several scenes that are thick with tension. Actor Joe Pantoliano (THE FUGITIVE) plays Ceasar as a normally-cool man driven over the edge when he loses control of circumstances. But, despite his growing panic, Ceasar still tries to think things through, and this makes him a dangerous adversary. Watch for how he uses the re-dial button on a phone.
From a stylistic perspective, this is a beautiful film -- a color motion picture with black-and-white sensibilities (as is often true of the best modern film noir). Shadows and light are used to good effect. The Wachowskis, along with cinematographer Bill Pope, have crafted a number of artistically superior shots. In one instance, we see a droplet of crimson fall into the clear water of a toilet, then slowly diffuse. In another, we see hundreds of $100 bills hanging by pins from a makeshift clothesline. Then there's a scene where blood spatters a small pool of fresh white paint.
From the opening moments, ripe with sexual tension, to the closing shot, BOUND offers an edge-of-the-seat experience. No noir thriller since last year's THE USUAL SUSPECTS has captured my attention this fully. (Curiously, both SUSPECTS and BOUND were released by the same distributor, Gramercy Pictures.) If this film was less adeptly-made, it might go down as a "guilty pleasure", but, considering the amount of skill and intelligence invested in the production, there's nothing remotely shameful about this particular indulgence.
- James Berardinelli e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ReelViews web site: http://www.cybernex.net/~berardin
"We go away from our parents in youth and then we gradually come back to them; and in that moment, we have grown up." -- Ingmar Bergman
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


| Workflow | Description | Topics | QC | Stars | Watchers |
|---|
| Workflow | Description | Topics | QC | Stars | Watchers |
|---|
This catalog is generated automatically by querying Github APIs; the Snakemake team is not responsible for the linked workflows.
Source code: https://github.com/snakemake/snakemake-workflow-catalog
| Description | Topics | QC | Stars | Watchers |
|---|
Snakemake and Snakedeploy are best installed via the Mamba package manager (a drop-in replacement for conda). If you have neither Conda nor Mamba, it can be installed via Mambaforge. For other options see here.
Given that Mamba is installed, run
mamba create -c bioconda -c conda-forge --name snakemake snakemake snakedeploy
to install both Snakemake and Snakedeploy in an isolated environment.
For all following commands ensure that this environment is activated via
conda activate snakemake
Given that Snakemake and Snakedeploy are installed and available (see Step 1), the workflow can be deployed as follows.
First, create an appropriate project working directory on your system and enter it:
mkdir -p path/to/project-workdir
cd path/to/project-workdir
In all following steps, we will assume that you are inside of that directory.
Second, run
Snakedeploy will create two folders workflow
and config
.
The former contains the deployment of the chosen workflow as a Snakemake module,
the latter contains configuration files which will be modified in the next step in order to configure the workflow to your needs.
Later, when executing the workflow, Snakemake will automatically find the main Snakefile
in the workflow
subfolder.
Third, consider to put this directory under version control, e.g. by managing
it via a (private) Github repository
snakemake --report report.zip
The resulting report.zip
file can be passed on to collaborators,
provided as a supplementary file in publications, or uploaded to a service like Zenodo
in order to obtain a citable DOI.
This catalog includes workflows based on the following criteria:
Snakefile
or
workflow/Snakefile
.
rules
or workflow/rules
that folder must
at least contain one file ending on .smk
.In order to additionally appear in the "standardized usage" area, repositories additionally have to
workflow/Snakefile
(unlike for plain inclusion (see above), which also allows just Snakefile
in the root of the repository),config/README.md
,.snakemake-workflow-catalog.yml
in their root directory, which configures the usage instructions displayed by this workflow catalog.
usage:
mandatory-flags: # optional definition of additional flags
desc: # describe your flags here in a few sentences (they will be inserted below the example commands)
flags: # put your flags here
software-stack-deployment: # definition of software deployment method (at least one of conda, singularity, or singularity+conda)
conda: true # whether pipeline works with --use-conda
singularity: true # whether pipeline works with --use-singularity
singularity+conda: true # whether pipeline works with --use-singularity --use-conda
report: true # add this to confirm that the workflow allows to use 'snakemake --report report.zip' to generate a report containing all results and explanations
Once included in the standardized usage area you can link directly to the usage instructions for your repository via the URL https://varlociraptor.github.io/snakemake-workflow-catalog?usage=<owner>/<repo>
.


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Student Loan Refinancing Just Got Absurdly Cheap
by Zack FriedmanStudent loan refinancing rates have plummeted even lower.Here's why and what you need to know.
Student Loan Refinancing: Rates Drop Even Further
Rates for student loan refinancing now have dropped to as low as 1.81%.
Why? The Federal Reserve cut interest rates for the third time this year, and lenders have reduced student loan refinancing rates to a near-term low. That's great news for student loan borrowers who want to get a lower interest rate, save money and pay off debt faster.
Here's how to refinance your student loans.
Student Loan Refinance: Should I Refinance Student Loans?
Many borrowers ask: Should I refinance student loans?
If you want to save money and pay off student loans faster, student loan refinance is an effective tool. When you refinance student loans, you exchange your current student loans for a new, single student loan with a lower interest rate.
Student loan refinancing has several advantages, including:
- lower interest rate
- single monthly payment
- fixed or variable interest rate
- flexible 5-20 year loan repayment term
- one student loan servicer
- pay off your student loans faster
- save money
Student Loan Refinancing: How To Apply
If you want to know how to refinance student loans, it's important to understand how to apply. The process is simple, and you can apply entirely online.
Step 1: Get the best interest rate
There are multiple trusted, online lenders that can refinance student loans with low interest rates and easy, online applications. Compare the best interest rates and loan terms. Most borrowers will refinance student loans with the lender who gives them the lowest interest rate. Most lenders allow you to check your preliminary interest rate online for free within two to three minutes without any impact to your credit score.
Step 2: Use a student loan refinance calculator
This free student loan refinance calculator shows you how much money you can save when you refinance student loans.
For example, let's assume you have $85,000 of student loans at an 8.0% interest rate and 10-year repayment term. If you refinance that student loan with a 3.0% interest rate and 10-year repayment term, you would lower your monthly payment by $211 and save $25,262 in total payments. If you are a doctor, dentist or pharmacist with a large student loan balance, your savings may be even higher.
Step 3: Apply online
You can apply online to refinance student loans in 10-15 minutes. You can also upload any supporting documents, which may include a copy of your driver's license, transcripts, recent pay stubs or job offer letter.
Student Loan Refinance: Key Questions
1. Do I qualify for student loan refinance?
The best candidates for student loan refinancing typically have the following:
- A credit score of 65o or higher
- Current employment or a written job offer
- Stable, recurring monthly income
- A low debt-to-income ratio
- No history of student loan default
If you have bad credit or don’t meet these other requirements, you can apply with a co-signer with strong credit and income. Your co-signer can help you get approved for student loan refinancing and receive a lower interest rate. While your co-signer will be equally financially responsible for the student loan, some lenders allow the co-signer to be released subsequently from any financial obligations.
To maximize your chances to get approved to refinance student loans, you can apply to multiple lenders. Since each lender makes a separate underwriting decision, getting rejected from one lender does not negatively impact your chances with another lender.
2. Can you refinance Parent PLUS Loans?
Yes, you can refinance Parent PLUS Loans. Parent PLUS Loans have relatively high interest rates, so refinancing can lower your interest rate and save money.
3. Is there a fee to refinance student loans?
There are no fees to refinance student loans. There are also no prepayment penalties, so you can pay off student loans anytime with no charge.
4. Should I refinance my federal student loans?
You should not refinance federal student loans if you plan to pursue public service loan forgiveness, an income-driven repayment plan, or deferral or forbearance options. You can still refinance your private student loans and leave your federal student loans outstanding. Most lenders today offer employment protection if you lose your job and want to pause your monthly payments.
5. How often can I refinance student loans?
Borrowers often ask: When should I refinance student loans? The answer: you should refinance student loans whenever you qualify for a lower interest rate. There is no limit to how often you can refinance student loans. If you can get a lower interest rate and save more money, then student loan refinancing may be a smart financial move.


Bayern fires Kovac as coach after 5-1 defeat in Frankfurt
by The Associated PressMUNICH (AP) — Bayern Munich has fired coach Niko Kovac one day after the German champion slumped to its heaviest Bundesliga defeat in more than 10 years.
Bayern lost 5-1 at Kovac’s former team Eintracht Frankfurt on Saturday, the team’s second league loss and the fifth game from 10 in which it has dropped points this season.
Bayern says Kovac’s assistant, Hansi Flick, will take over “for the time being” and will be in charge for Wednesday’s Champions League game at home against Olympiakos.
Bayern is four points behind leader Borussia Mönchengladbach in the Bundesliga.
The 48-year-old Kovac had been in charge since the beginning of last season, when he led Bayern to a German cup and league double.
___
More AP soccer: https://apnews.com/Soccer and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports
The Associated Press


Stoke High School’s Friday Book Club is made up of year 8 and 9 students who meet at Stoke Library at lunchtime on Fridays for book-related chat and activities. They choose books from the library to read and review.
Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children, by Ransom Riggs, reviewed by Michelle Noubissi
Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children is about a boy, Jack, who has a kind of power: he can see things that nobody else can see. His grandpa was the same.
Jack is a Peculiar. When he discovered his powers, he did not want them, until he knew he had them for a good reason.
My favourite part is when a strong little girl carries Jack because he got knocked out.
I recommend this book because it helps you discover another world.
Girl Online: going solo, by Zoe Sugg, reviewed by Mercedes Knox
Girl Online: going solo is about a girl called Penny Porter. It’s a romance and adventure.
A troubled girl who struggles with anxiety is following her dream job but she is worried about her absent ex-boyfriend, Noah, even though a new boy, Callum, likes her, and she likes him. I like the ending as it explains what is happening.
My favourite part is when Penny is trying to move on with Callum but it’s ruined when he calls her family tradition ‘dumb’.
I definitely am recommending this book to my friends. I also recommend this book to people who struggle with anxiety and like a little bit of adventure.
Username: regenerated, by Joe Sugg, reviewed by Isabella Mayhew
Username: regenerated is the sequel to Username: Evie.
The main character, Evie, has left someone behind in ‘e.scape’ (the virtual world her father created for her) and now she can’t return to the world. In this book, you get to know more about the characters, and their past lives.
If you like short reads, then you will enjoy this, but you should read Username: Evie first!

I liked how this book emotionally connected to me. I also liked the suspense, as I got to guess at what happened at the end.
I liked everything about this book. My favourite part was when the monster tried to get Conor to tell the truth, but he couldn’t because the truth wasn’t good.
The Midnight Gang, by David Walliams, reviewed by Sian Young
The Midnight Gang is written by David Walliams, who has written several other books and is also a judge on Britain’s Got Talent. This book is great to read.
Tom gets hit on the head by a cricket ball and finds himself at Lord Funt Hospital, where he is greeted by a terrifying-looking porter. Things go from bad to worse when he meets the wicked matron in charge of the children’s ward, but Tom is about to embark on the most thrilling journey of a lifetime.
My favourite part of the book was when Tom first woke up and saw the terrifying porter who was wheeling him about.
I recommend this book to anyone who likes funny and exciting books.
Night Shift, by Debi Gliori, reviewed by Joley Dale
Night Shift is a picture book aimed at young adults that helps them to understand about mental health and difficulties.
It is about a girl who suffers with depression. The depression is referred to as a shadow. The shadow follows her everywhere, even at night time.
I like the start of the book, when it shows how the shadow started: it “drifted in at night like fog.”
I like this book because sometimes people don’t understand what depression is like and it helps them understand easily. I would recommend it to anyone who suffers from depression too.


Heron
While driving in, the sun rakes harsh and cold
across the yawning median, its surge
of unmowed grasses tall and gone to seed.
At seven thirty two, you park and watch
the business park retention basin fleck
the building's anchored masonry veneer—
its tilt-up spandrels bright as dry begasse,
abrasive-blasted precast concrete curtain walls
glass-fiber reinforced for tensile strength
—and tinted panes of not-quite mirrored glass
with noiseless, sharp undulatory light.
Still in the car, the windows down, you hear
the smoothing of an absent heron's wings,
the culverted and unnamed creeks;
Nothing is overgrown except behind
the split-rail fence and even measured ditch.
(The site-selection team concluded that—
few wetland fauna photographed,
the extant trails unplanned desire lines
—a horizontal build atop the creeks
cost less considering indemnity,
the zoning laws, land-use controls.)
Inside, they're unresponsive to, at first,
a contract worker, your retractable
ID: the color-coded keycard badge
on lanyards fiddled with like rosaries.
Not introduced, yet hers or his a face
or voice you recognize from storage rooms
of copy paper, weak black ballpoint pens,
inkjet and laser printer cartridges.
Within a week or so, they chat as if
you started yesterday about the vague
admonishment to clean the microwave:
a printed out and taped up clip-art sign.
You nod, grind teeth and wonder if they see
you're thinking of the parking lot, its tar
emulsion sealant; oil-based zone line paint;
the slipform curbs seem all a fire-lane red;
a heron tilts its head, the culvert's mouth
begins to gather mud in careful folds.
Reprinted from Kudzu Review 3.2 (2013).


QUEENS LOGIC A film review by Ann Hodgins Copyright 1991 Ann Hodgins
It has been compared to DINER and THE BIG CHILL, and there is some truth in that claim. Like DINER, it is about boys becoming men, but in QUEEN'S LOGIC the women and less oppressed, stronger and more supportive of each other. Like THE BIG CHILL, it is about a get-together -- occasioned by a wedding in this case, not a funeral - that decisively changes the lives of the participants. But QUEENS LOGIC is funkier than BC and concerns itself with a different class and type of people.
I appreciated QUEENS LOGIC more than either of the other two movies. I enjoyed the performances more and somehow warmed to the characters more. I particularly delighted in Tom Waits as a gorgeously dressed, switchblade-wielding aesthete, and John Malkovich as a gay man who never met another gay man he could like.
Most of all I enjoyed the party scenes in QUEENS LOGIC. Earlier in the movie, a character announces enigmatically: "An event is about to take place that may or may not result in a wedding." During the party, this prophesy is strangely and wonderfully fulfilled.
I found the plot of QUEENS LOGIC unpredictable and the characters original. I enjoyed it and I recommend it to people who like movies about people and their relationships.
Ann Hodgins<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Hello, welcome to our IPL Management System, your new go to site for any information about our very favorite tournament, IPL. Listed below are a few of the many benefits of visiting this page.
To enjoy a specific tournament, which has such a rich historical background it is must to be aware of the past encounters that highlight rivalries, royal match ups, controversies, memorable performances and many more. Don't worry, we got you covered.
What makes this MIS one of a kind is its ability to refine the information that hold value to your user. From the ocean of cricket based data, extracting informatics with regards to a specific domain is our rich objective.
We realistically understand that to watch 60 matches end to end for about 2 months with a variable time schedule is not possible for majority of mass. We make sure every recent match essential detail and analysis is available in one go for our viewers.


Hello Guys! My name is Vito Gano and I'm the Project Manager/Github Master of Team 1 @ SFSU!
I’m a senior at SF State and I’m looking to graduate by Spring 2021. I was born in the Philippines but throughout most of my life, I have lived in the Bay Area. My favorite types of food are especially Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese food. In my personal free time, I really like to play online games like World of Warcraft, League of Legends, or Valorant. When I graduate, I would like to pursue entering the CS workforce in any field, however if I were to pick a specific field in the CS industry, I would like to go into gaming as it is one of my favorite pastime hobbies and my favorite activity to do!
Very Versed at Java
Slightly Proficient at Python
Ready to Learn Other Languages!


You must first setup at least one role here.
Important! Please read. Are you sure you wish to delete this team? If you just created it by accident or misspelling, cool, go for it. If this team has users associated with it, not cool, please reconsider.


I am a Full Stack developer, from Nashville Tennessee. 2018 Graduate of Middle Tennessee State University, with a Bachelors of Science. I am currently enrolled at Vanderbilt University in a full stack web development program. My passions in coding involve developing engaging and responsive user experience as well as creating and working with databases with MySQL, MongoDB, and Robo 3T.
My current skill set includes:
Responsive HTML5 || CSS3 || JavaScript(vanilla, jQuery, JSON)
API || NodeJs || NPM || Handlebars || MySQL || Heroku || MongoDB || Robo 3T || GIT || NodeJs ||
This Slasher-fic starter is a table top game for up to 6 adult players. The rules are loosely based on the well known Dungeons and Dragons stats and dice rolling mechanics. This fic is based loosely off of H.H. Holmes and his murder hotel. The application features HTML, CSS, and Javascript.
view code view live


YumMe
Team: Ashwath, Andrew, Benjamin, Juliane
Duration: 9 weeks.
My role: As a team, we collaborated and split work at every stage, research, synthesis, ideation, prototyping, testing and final presentation.
Challenge
For this project, we sought to understand the food culture of Savannah to see who was falling through the cracks and how best we could create services to cater to their needs.
To further understand the food culture of savannah we explored the local grocery stores, restaurants, waste management (left over food and excess unwanted food), how it affects homeless people and people in need of food and policies and rules governing donors and donees.
These were some of our biggest insights from our initial secondary research:
Restaurants and Grocery Stores throw away used food and food scraps.
Excess unused food is donated to soup kitchens and food banks.
Homeless people are taken care of at Soup kitchens and church groups.
Restaurants and grocery stores face friction for donation because of policy.
Process
We jumped into the field and started off with some interviews with people involved in the food system of Savannah. We interviewed many poeple to understand who all were part of this system and who were falling through the cracks.
Here are some of those interviews:
Teri | Farmer's Market
Highlights from interview:
There are many systems in place to take care of homeless people.
People who live in lower income houses need help.
SNAP (food stamps) are very under utilized in Savannah and Georgia.
Referred us to Molly at the Broad street Y.


About Our Project
We are a group of language lovers
We hope this APP will help you learn a new language in your free time.
Have fun learning French!
Francomobile
Learn French by memorizing words using pictures.
We are a group of language lovers
We hope this APP will help you learn a new language in your free time.
Have fun learning French!
© 2019 Francomobile


The simplest way to manage your pharmacy customer waitlist. Learn how.
It usually takes half an hour to fill a prescription order. Let customers shop or run other errands while they wait. Simply add their name to your Waitwhile waitlist and just tap a button to alert them with an SMS message when their orders are ready. This will create happier customers that shop more as a result.
For additional insights, you can add custom notes and view waitlist reports to spot trends and identify returning visitors. It's about time to make your customers happier and your business run smoother with Waitwhile!


--- layout: post title: Native AOT Overview date: 2023-01-18 09:00:00 keywords: nativeaot teaser: A different approach, where .NET code is compiled Ahead of Time (AOT), directly to native code, skipping the Intermediate Language (IL) step. ord: 10000 ---
This is part of a series on Native AOT.
Top -- Next
In typical .NET development, C# code is compiled to an intermediate language (IL) which is then executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR). And when we say "executed", we mean that the IL is compiled to native code immediately before it is needed, by a Just in Time (JIT) compiler.
This is how .NET has worked since 2002.
More recently, we are also seeing a different approach, where .NET code is compiled Ahead of Time (AOT), directly to native code, skipping the IL step. The resulting native code doesn't need a runtime (or more precisely, it needs something like a runtime, but which is different and much smaller than the CLR).
One of the early efforts in this area happened with Mono, and the necessity that mothered that invention was iOS, which does not allow JIT compilation for security reasons. So in order to support its strategy of .NET for mobile, Xamarin (later acquired by Microsoft) implemented AOT compilation. The Xamarin toolchain was "ahead of its time" (cheesy pun intended, sorry, not sorry) in its ability to take C# code and create an iOS application that had no JIT.
At Microsoft, a similar effort was underway, but it was based on the .NET Core runtime instead of Mono. This project was called CoreRT, and for several years, it was considered to be "experimental".
Today, CoreRT has been released as part of .NET 7, and the feature is called Native AOT.
As mentioned above, one reason for AOT is the need to use .NET on platforms where dynamic code generation is not permitted. The early motivating example was iOS, but WebAssembly has similar constraints.
That said, Microsoft clearly has aspirations for this feature that go beyond environments where JIT is not allowed. AOT has other benefits.
One of the commonly cited advantages of AOT is faster application startup. A program that needs to be JIT compiled at runtime will launch a little bit slower. For a program that gets launched many times, this can add up.
A Native AOT program is typically smaller (in terms of binary size) than the same .NET program built in the traditional manner.
Native AOT allows .NET to use the same compilation model that many other languages use, thus reducing the impedance mismatch for interoperability.
The notion of AOT has certain inherent limitations which are suggested by the name itself. Things need to be done Ahead of Time.
With Native AOT, we are building native code for use with a traditional linker (used by languages such as C++), so we have to follow the rules of that linker. Everything we need must get resolved up front. Once the linker is done, the cockpit door is closed, and nobody else is getting on the plane.
C# and .NET support dynamic code generation at runtime, but those features are not compatible with AOT.
The current implementation of Native AOT is amazing, but it also has plenty of room for future growth. For example, as of .NET 7:
Windows and Linux are supported, but macOS is not.
There is support for static libraries, but it is not yet considered a supported and documented feature.
All dependencies are bundled at build time, which makes things easier, but also less powerful when dealing with libraries.
In addition, a lot of C# code has been written in the last 20 years, and some of it uses features that are not AOT compatible. We should not expect that we can recompile every .NET program unchanged with Native AOT and magically have it Just Work. In some cases, additional effort will be required to make things AOT-compatible.
Examples:
ASP.NET is not yet compatible with AOT, as it uses dynamic code generation under the hood.
Serialization is a reflection-heavy feature that is not AOT compatible.
Still, Native AOT as shipped in .NET 7 is really impressive, and there are plenty of indications that the feature is going to keep getting better in future releases.


The MakerBot Replicator 5th Gen printer can print additive objects in a volume of approximately 1 cubic foot.

Then I created a little thimble thing that has tiny little holes in it to hold more water than you might think. Perfect for when you just want three drops of water to drink.
Finally, I made a speaker that you can put your phone into and amplify your music's volume. It's pretty small, though, so pay attention to what you're using it with.


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Head chef of Bon Appetit
The Restaurant Show National Chef Of The Year 2017
Winner of the South West Chef of the Year 2015 in UK
30 years of chef experience
Sous chef of Bon Appetit
Second runner-up of Canada's Great Kitchen Party Competition
25 years of chef experience
Chef de Partie of Bon Appetit
Have been travelled around many countries learning new cooking skills
Style of cooking highly inspired by Italian cuisine
Chef de Partie of Bon Appetit
15 years of chef experience
Graduated from the Le Cordon Bleu of cooking in France
Chef de Partie of Bon Appetit
9 years of chef experience
Founder and duty manager of Bon Appetit
Love tasting food and travelling
Build his hospitality kingdom starting from Bon Appetit
Duty manager of Bon Appetit
Have served in Bon Appetit for the last 6 years
Head barista of Bon Appetit
7 years of coffee making experience
Winner of Central Region Latte Art Competition in Australia in 2016
Head waiter and bartender of Bon Appetit
Have served in Bon Appetit for the last 3 years


This was made with pure CSS and only a single HTML element.
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I'm a 19 year old web developer / designer from Texas. I work for Macroplant. We make really cool apps for use with iPhones, iPads, and iPods. Check us out. In my spare time I like to do projects such as this, and before this I made a CSS3 Responsive MacBook Air. My blog / portfolio is located here.


Woman left fighting for life after catching flesh-eating bug from infected cat scratch
WARNING: GRAPHIC IMAGES - Shirley Hair, 65, of Winterbourne, Bristol, was left fighting for her life after the would became infected
by Elaine McCahill, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/elaine-mccahill/A woman's heart stopped beating after a scratch from her Siamese cat became infected.
Shirley Hair, 65, was left fighting for her life after she contracted a flesh-eating bug when her pet cat, Chan, scratched her hand.
The wound on her knuckle became inflamed and turned bright red, the Daily Star reports.
Other symptoms included feeling dizzy, confusion, having no appetite and aching muscles.
However, Shirley realised something was seriously wrong when her arm swelled up and the skin turned black.
She was rushed to hospital and diagnosed with sepsis , septic shock, organ failure, pneumonia and the flesh-eating bug necrotising fasciitis.
Shirley underwent surgery to remove the infected tissue and was put in an induced coma for five days.
She spent two months in the ICU and had further surgeries and skin grafts.
Eventually, she was well enough to return home and decided to give up her £400 pet who she had bought from a breeder when he was 10-weeks old.
Shirley, who lives with her husband Bob, 69, in Winterbourne, Bristol, said: “That cat had always been spiteful. He was very expensive though.
“He was never nice to me and would lash out whenever possible.
“But as Chan got older he got more aggressive, often leaving us with bites and scratches. The day he scratched me I’d been gardening. I tried to pick him up for a cuddle but he wasn’t having it.
“I felt like I was going to die. I couldn’t believe this could all happen from a simple scratch.’’
During her extensive treatment, Shirley's health had declined and her family had been told to "expect the worst".
She even suffered two heart attacks following another operation to remove the infection.
Shirley said: “After coming out of the coma I was severely paranoid due to the combination of infection and medication.” Her children Zoe, 46, Jessica, 40, James, 38, and Rosie, 34, spent hours by her bedside.
After spending a month in the ICU, Shirley started to get better and doctors were able to take a skin graft from the top of her leg to cover her arm.
Shirley said: ‘’I can’t thank my family and the NHS enough for getting me back to almost full health. It’s been quite an ordeal, but they have all supported me 100%. I’m here and that’s all that matters.”
She added: “After all that happened I decided I really couldn’t face Chan the cat any more so my daughter Zoe volunteered to have him."