|
solver
|
L-BFGS optimization parameters. More...
#include <LbfgsSolver.hpp>
Public Attributes | |
| int | m |
| The number of corrections to approximate the inverse hessian matrix. More... | |
| double | epsilon |
| Epsilon for convergence test. More... | |
| int | past |
| Distance for delta-based convergence test. More... | |
| double | delta |
| Delta for convergence test. More... | |
| int | max_iterations |
| The maximum number of iterations. More... | |
| int | linesearch |
| The line search algorithm. More... | |
| int | max_linesearch |
| The maximum number of trials for the line search. More... | |
| double | min_step |
| The minimum step of the line search routine. More... | |
| double | max_step |
| The maximum step of the line search. More... | |
| double | ftol |
| A parameter to control the accuracy of the line search routine. More... | |
| double | wolfe |
| A coefficient for the Wolfe condition. More... | |
| double | gtol |
| A parameter to control the accuracy of the line search routine. More... | |
| double | xtol |
| The machine precision for floating-point values. More... | |
L-BFGS optimization parameters.
Call lbfgs_parameter_init() function to initialize parameters to the default values.
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::delta |
Delta for convergence test.
This parameter determines the minimum rate of decrease of the objective function. The library stops iterations when the following condition is met: (f' - f) / f < delta, where f' is the objective value of past iterations ago, and f is the objective value of the current iteration. The default value is 0
.
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::epsilon |
Epsilon for convergence test.
This parameter determines the accuracy with which the solution is to be found. A minimization terminates when ||g|| < epsilon * max(1, ||x||), where ||.|| denotes the Euclidean (L2) norm. The default value is 1e-5
.
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::ftol |
A parameter to control the accuracy of the line search routine.
The default value is 1e-4
. This parameter should be greater than zero and smaller than 0.5
.
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::gtol |
A parameter to control the accuracy of the line search routine.
The default value is 0.9
. If the function and gradient evaluations are inexpensive with respect to the cost of the iteration (which is sometimes the case when solving very large problems) it may be advantageous to set this parameter to a small value. A typical small value is 0.1
. This parameter shuold be greater than the ftol parameter (1e-4
) and smaller than 1.0
.
| int solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::linesearch |
The line search algorithm.
This parameter specifies a line search algorithm to be used by the L-BFGS routine.
| int solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::m |
The number of corrections to approximate the inverse hessian matrix.
The L-BFGS routine stores the computation results of previous m iterations to approximate the inverse hessian matrix of the current iteration. This parameter controls the size of the limited memories (corrections). The default value is 6
. Values less than 3
are not recommended. Large values will result in excessive computing time.
| int solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::max_iterations |
The maximum number of iterations.
The lbfgs() function terminates an optimization process with ::LBFGSERR_MAXIMUMITERATION status code when the iteration count exceedes this parameter. Setting this parameter to zero continues an optimization process until a convergence or error. The default value is 0
.
| int solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::max_linesearch |
The maximum number of trials for the line search.
This parameter controls the number of function and gradients evaluations per iteration for the line search routine. The default value is 20
.
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::max_step |
The maximum step of the line search.
The default value is 1e+20
. This value need not be modified unless the exponents are too large for the machine being used, or unless the problem is extremely badly scaled (in which case the exponents should be increased).
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::min_step |
The minimum step of the line search routine.
The default value is 1e-20
. This value need not be modified unless the exponents are too large for the machine being used, or unless the problem is extremely badly scaled (in which case the exponents should be increased).
| int solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::past |
Distance for delta-based convergence test.
This parameter determines the distance, in iterations, to compute the rate of decrease of the objective function. If the value of this parameter is zero, the library does not perform the delta-based convergence test. The default value is 0
.
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::wolfe |
A coefficient for the Wolfe condition.
This parameter is valid only when the backtracking line-search algorithm is used with the Wolfe condition, ::LBFGS_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_STRONG_WOLFE or ::LBFGS_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_WOLFE . The default value is 0.9
. This parameter should be greater the ftol parameter and smaller than 1.0
.
| double solver::lbfgs_parameter_t::xtol |
The machine precision for floating-point values.
This parameter must be a positive value set by a client program to estimate the machine precision. The line search routine will terminate with the status code (::LBFGSERR_ROUNDING_ERROR) if the relative width of the interval of uncertainty is less than this parameter.


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Functioning Serial Monitor for Arduino
The following program receives serial data from an Arduino microprocessor and displays the incoming numerical data as a live plot of value over time.
In this specific case, the program is designed to forces measured by a load cell connected to a Sparkfun HX711 Load Cell Amplifier. The Arduino must be programmed to output only the numerical value of force, at intervals of at least 50 milliseconds.
Contents
Clear the workspace and close all figures
clear
close all;
Create serial object for Arduino
s = serial('COM3','BaudRate',9600); % change the COM Port number as needed
Connect the serial port to Arduino
s.InputBufferSize = 16; try fopen(s); catch err fclose(instrfind); error('Make sure you select the correct COM Port where the Arduino is connected.'); end
Create a figure window to monitor the live data
The code below uses a while loop to constantly update the animatedline by attempting to interpret the serial port values. When a value is received, the numerical value is added to the animatedline, the figure is redrawn and a copy of the data points of the entire animated line is updated in the xdat and ydat variables for saving later on.
Tmax = inf; % Total time for data collection (s) figure h = animatedline; ax = gca; ax.YGrid = 'on'; ax.YLim = [-10 1500]; xlabel ('Time (s)'), ylabel('Force in centiNewtons (10^-2 N)'), stop = false; startTime = datetime('now'); xdat=[]; ydat=[]; while ~stop A=[]; while isempty(A) A=[str2double(fscanf(s))]; % Read Distance Value from Serial end t = datetime('now') - startTime; % Get current time addpoints(h,datenum(t),A) % Add points to animation xdat=[xdat seconds(t)]; ydat=[ydat A]; ax.XLim = datenum([t-seconds(15) t]); % Update axes datetick('x','keeplimits') drawnow end
Data Save
Enter these commands into the command console after pausing and stopping the program to save the data. Do not stop the program with CTRL+C. This will wipe the data from the memory. Instead, use pause and stop in the editor panel to stop the program.
data=[xdat;ydat]; fileID = fopen(""+datestr(now,'dd_mmm_yy HHMM')+"HRS.txt",'w'); fprintf(fileID,'%f %f\n',data); fclose(fileID);


--- layout: post title: "No Title" ---
This is the redesign I was working towards when I first started A Solid Base at the start of the year. I’ve been steadily posting and meticulously tagging to a point where I have enough content to add some useful navigation. I particularly like the navigation by colour.
It wasn’t until I was about 4 hours in that I realised how similar it is to the Valhalla Island design structurally. I think the 500 pixel wide limit on photo post images in Tumblr somewhat dictates things.
A real domain now too, asolidbase.net!


You start accessing a database by first opening a connection to the data source. The result is a number, called the connection handle. Subsequent requests to the data source use this connection handle.
When you send a request to select some data, the result is also a number, called the statement handle. Again, subsequent requests that reference this selection use the statement handle. There may be more than one statement handle associated with a connection handle. You may also have a statement handle not associated with a connection handle, where the request made was not specific to a particular data file.
In both cases, you should close the handle to free up resources when you are finished with it. For example, to read records from a file, you typically:
You must always close a connection handle explicitly. However, a statement handle may be closed if you have fetched all records selected - see the discussion of ddfet
below. In any case, it is good practice to always close the statement handle explicitly, as there is no harm done if you try to close a handle that had already been closed.


WHAT WOMEN WANT (2000) / **
Directed by Nancy Meyers. Screenplay by Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa, from a story by Goldsmith, Yuspa and Diane Drake. Starring Mel Gibson, Helen Hunter, Marisa Tomei. Running time: 128 minutes. Rated PG by the MFCB. Reviewed on January 7th, 2001.
By SHANNON PATRICK SULLIVAN
"What Women Want" is a classic example of writers conceiving an interesting idea, and then sitting back and putting no effort into developing an equally worthy script to go along with it. The result is a promising core let down by hopelessly routine execution, a movie which could have been a superior comedy but instead will likely fade quickly from the collective memory. The few moments which are borne of genuine inspiration simply serve as reminders of what could have been, with just a little extra work.
 To his horror, Nick is passed over for a promotion in favour of a woman: Darcy McGuire (Helen Hunt), who has been brought in to help the company capture accounts for female-oriented products, a highly profitable sector. Then, one night, a drunk Nick accidentally electrocutes himself in his bathtub. Instead of dying, however, he awakens the next morning to discover that he can hear women's thoughts.
Nick is first horrified by his newfound ability, but gradually comes to appreciate the possibilities it offers. Nick begins using his power to poach ad ideas from Darcy's mind so he can pass them off as his own, in an effort to reinforce his position as the agency's number one designer. At the same time, though, Nick finds himself falling in love with Darcy, forcing him to make a pivotal choice between his emotions and his career.
All of this starts out well enough, Nick's initial glimpses into women's minds often proving hilarious. Particularly good is Nick's gradual discovery of just how overinflated is his understanding of how the women in his life perceive him. In one terrific scene, Nick walks through his office, being mentally whipped by his coworkers left and right -- and when he finally encounters his two most trusted office lackeys (Delta Burke and Valerie Perrine), he discovers that they don't think anything at all.
But things begin to slide downhill from there. Apart from the main Darcy McGuire storyline, the movie also introduces a number of other subplots, most of which simply seem to exist to kill time. One, in which delinquent dad Nick tries to make up for lost time with his daughter (Ashley Johnson), is amusing if rather predictable. Another, about a suicidal office clerk (Judy Greer) is shameless in its execution -- it's clearly present just to show us how much Nick's behaviour toward women improves as he makes use of his mindreading ability. It's the type of story element which reappears as needed, and is otherwise ignored completely.
But most frustrating are the sequences featuring Marisa Tomei as Lola, a coffee shop worker infatuated with Nick. After it claims considerable screentime in the movie's first half, it appears that screenwriters Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa (working from a story they developed with Diane Drake) simply ran out of ideas for the Nick/Lola romance. Moreover, its development seems to run counter to the burgeoning Nick/Darcy romance. As a result, Lola is summarily dumped from the film, exiting in an abrupt scene which strains at the bounds of disbelief.
And this is all the more disappointing because Gibson and Tomei demonstrate far more on-screen chemistry than Gibson and Hunt. One of the movie's most serious flaws is that it never successfully make the case that Nick and Darcy are meant to be together; their relationship is never more than an artifice of the script. Indeed, the movie offers far more persuasive arguments for them to be adversaries instead of friends (let alone lovers). The interaction between Nick and Lola, on the other hand, is far more charming. I found myself longing for Tomei's return during the interminable Gibson/Hunt scenes which take up much of the film's second half.
That said, both principals do good work here, even if their pairing is less than successful. In particular, Gibson, who has always shown a knack for comedy even in his more action-oriented pictures, is clearly having a lot of fun. His misogyny at the start of the film is deliciously politically incorrect, and his reactions to the thoughts of the women around him are nicely portrayed. For instance, a scene in which Nick learns that his lovemaking technique has nowhere near the effect he believed is hilarious -- topped only by the way he then compensates for his deficiencies.
Much like the script, the direction from Nancy Meyers is a mostly routine contribution dotted with more impressive moments. In one nice shot of Nick and Darcy kissing, Meyers uses a close-up so extreme that Gibson and Hunt -- their profiles in shadow against the dimly-lit set -- seem to consume the screen. We are enveloped in their embrace. But Meyers also drops the ball more than once, particularly with an inexplicable scene toward the end of the movie which wraps up the matter of Nick's mind-reading ability. Meyers also does a poor job of maintaining the pace of the film, and the result is a picture which feels very long at two hours and eight minutes.
As for the promise of insight into the feminine psyche offered by the title, it is sadly not to be. "What Women Want" really doesn't say anything more about the desires of the fairer sex than any one of a hundred other romantic comedies. Of course, based on the box office take of this film (well over US$100 million as of this writing) and reported statistics of the female percentage of the audience (about 60%), part of the answer to the question of what they want may be "movies like this one". If that's the case, then this is further evidence that I don't really understand women. But, like most guys, I already knew that.
Copyright © 2001 Shannon Patrick Sullivan. Archived at The Popcorn Gallery, http://www.physics.mun.ca/~sps/movies/WhatWomenWant.html
_______________________________________________________________________ / Shannon Patrick Sullivan | "We are all in the gutter, but some of us \ |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| are looking at the stars." - Oscar Wilde | \___________________________|__________________________________________/ | Popcorn Gallery Movie Reviews www.physics.mun.ca/~sps/movies.html | | Doctor Who: A Brief History of Time (Travel) /drwho.html |
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@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import include._ @import uk.gov.hmrc.thirdpartydeveloperfrontend.domain.models.controllers.Crumb @import uk.gov.hmrc.thirdpartydeveloperfrontend.domain.models.developers.DeveloperSession @import views.html.include.DevMain @import uk.gov.hmrc.thirdpartydeveloperfrontend.controllers.routes @this(devMain: DevMainWithFormErrors, leftHandNav: LeftHandNav) @(form: Form[uk.gov.hmrc.thirdpartydeveloperfrontend.controllers.ProfileForm])(implicit request: play.api.mvc.Request[Any], loggedIn: DeveloperSession, appConfig: ApplicationConfig, messagesProvider: MessagesProvider, navSection: String = "manage-profile") @devMain( form, title = "Change profile details", userFullName = loggedIn.loggedInName, breadcrumbs = Seq( Crumb.viewAllApplications, Crumb.home ), leftNav = Some(leftHandNav(None, Option(navSection))), developerSession = Some(loggedIn) ) {


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India's Q2 GDP data crucial, rupee to decline further on weak numbers: DBS
India's industrial production contracted sharply by 4.3 per cent Y-o-Y in September against the 2.5 per cent consensus. August's contraction was revised down to 1.4 per cent from 1.1 per cent.
by Press Trust of IndiaIndia's July-September quarter Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data, scheduled for a release on November 29, will be important as headline growth has already slipped to a six-year low, said Singapore's DBS Bank in its daily report on Tuesday.
"Headline growth has already slipped to a six-year low of 5 per cent Y-o-Y in the quarter ending June," said the bank.
A disappointing GDP report could lift USD/INR above its two-month range between 70.5 and 71.5 and bring it closer to the year's high around 72.5, believes DBS.
The Indian rupee depreciated to 71.47 from 71.29 on Monday, noted the bank.
India's industrial production contracted sharply by 4.3 per cent Y-o-Y in September against the 2.5 per cent consensus. August's contraction was revised down to 1.4 per cent from 1.1 per cent.
The weakness was broad-based, cutting across capital goods, consumer durables, and infrastructure and construction.
In particular, the sharp 20.7 per cent decline in capital goods production did not bode well for investment, a sign that the economic slowdown has become entrenched, according to the bank.
In its Monday report, DBS said it expected the 2QFY20 GDP to show that the economy slowed further against 5 per cent in the first quarter.


--- title: "CERTIFICATE OF WESTERN HORTICULTURE OPEN HOUSE" date: "2000-01-01 18:04:22 -06:00" categories: - events - spring subtitle: layout: "events" event-image: "western-horticulture.jpg" event-dates: "SATURDAY, APRIL 22 @ 10AM-NOON" event-location: "Red Butte Garden Classroom" button-type: "register" tickets-link: "https://continue.utah.edu/lifelong/certificate-of-western-horticulture-open-house" registration-info: "N/A" instructor-info: "N/A" member-cost: "Free - RSVP Required" public-cost: "Free - RSVP Required" event-notes: "free with admission - RSVP is required" tickets-button: "" published: false ---
Red Butte Garden and Lifelong Learning invite you to a special open house on Earth Day, Saturday April 22.
Come learn more about the Certificate of Western Horticulture, a certificate designed to help Wasatch Front gardeners learn techniques to become more successful gardeners. Enjoy a tour of Red Butte Garden, meet fellow gardeners, instructors, and friends.
REGISTRATION REQIRED


BotTricker
When I spent some time getting to know TrickBot, I found it was helpful to decrypt the modules it injects manually in Python instead of spending the time to debug each one. The following is a rudimentary script designed to find custom base64 character sets inside of raw data. Overall steps:
Finding b64 charsets:
- Find potential base64 character sets by using Regex to look for all 64 character strings containing A-Za-z0-9+/
- Take each match and sort the string to put the characters in order
- Compare to a sorted list of standard b64 characters.
- If there is a match, then we know the string has 1 of each character in the base64 character set, just in a different order.
import base64
import re
std_base64chars = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"
def append_padding(val):
mod = len(val) % 3
while (len(val) % 4) != 0:
val += "="
return val
def findcustomb64keys(filedata):
base64keys = []
potentialbase64keys = re.findall(b"[A-Za-z0-9+/]{64}",filedata)
sorteddict = ''.join(sorted(std_base64chars))
for keystr in potentialbase64keys:
attempt = keystr.decode('utf-8')
sorted_attempt = ''.join(sorted(attempt))
if sorted_attempt == sorteddict:
base64keys += [attempt]
return base64keys
with open('module2.bin','rb') as inputfile:
rawdata = inputfile.read()
keys = findcustomb64keys(rawdata)
keys = list(set(keys))
print("Base64 character sets found in Raw Data:\n"+"\n".join(keys))
Base64 character sets found in Raw Data:
yocxm6hkRzWB70tqQLnvfaujIpN3F8Aw1/KUPS5deVEMD2G9O+ZCg4TYbJHsrXli
HJIA/CB+FGKLNOP3RSlUVWXYZfbcdeaghi5kmn0pqrstuvwx89o12467MEDyzQjT
Decoding potential B64 strings
- RegEx rawdata for any string that contains b64 chars and is between 5 and 4000 bytes in length
- For each key found:
- Translate the characters in the string from the custom character set to the regular set
- Base64 decode as usual.
- To cutdown the noise, I am checking to see if the decoded data contains any any string from 5 - 6000 chars long.
- Not prefect
potentialbase64strings = re.findall(b"[A-Za-z0-9+/]{5,6000}",rawdata)
decodedstrings = []
for key in keys:
if key != "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/":
for encodedstring in potentialbase64strings:
try:
s = append_padding(encodedstring.decode('utf-8'))
translation = str.maketrans(key, std_base64chars)
translatedstr = s.translate(translation)
data = base64.b64decode(translatedstr)
#lets just look for ascii strings
justascii = re.search(b"[\x00-\x7F]{5,6000}", data)
if justascii:
try:
decodedstrings += [justascii.group(0).decode('utf-8')]
except:
decodedstrings += [justascii.group(0)]
except:
continue
for decoded in decodedstrings[:30]:
print(decoded)
AA
checkip.amazonaws.com
ipecho.net
ipinfo.io
api.ipify.org
icanhazip.com
myexternalip.com
wtfismyip.com
ip.anysrc.net
api.ipify.org
api.ip.sb
ident.me
www.myexternalip.com
/plain
/text
/?format=text
zen.spamhaus.org
cbl.abuseat.org
b.barracudacentral.org
dnsbl-1.uceprotect.net
spam.dnsbl.sorbs.net
CSName
Caption
CSDVersion
OSArchitecture
ProductType
BuildType
WindowsDirectory
SystemDirectory
BootDevice
Determining Which Module is Which
This is an example of how to categorize the decoded strings based on observation.
signatures = {"[Main Bot]":"<ipconf>",
"[UAC Bypass]":"Software\Classes\AppX82a6gwre4fdg3bt635tn5ctqjf8msdd2"}
for sig in signatures:
if signatures[sig] in decodedstrings:
print("**** This appears to be", sig, "****\n\n")
**** This appears to be [Main Bot] ****
That’s it. I hope you found this helpful.


Gameday 22: Penguins @ Islanders
by penguinsslawPenguins @ Islanders
Barclays Center | Brooklyn, NY
7:00PM EST | ESPN+, MSG+, AT&TSN-PT
The Penguins head out to the Island (Brooklyn is part of Long Island, geographically speaking, hipsters love to hear it) as they try to hand the Islanders their first regulation loss in 16 games in the second half of a back-to-back.
The Penguins look to rebound after having a dose of their own comeback medicine, surrendering 2 separate 2-goal leads as the Islanders scored late to tie the game at 4 before Brock Nelson walked it off in overtime to extend the Islanders point-streak to 15 games (14-0-1 in the span).
The Penguins may be welcoming back Patric Hornqvist to the lineup, while Bjugstad, Letang, and Crosby remain on the shelf. Justin Schultz left practice early on Wednesday and may not be available this evening. Sam Lafferty slides over to center with Blandisi drawing the short straw.
Guentzel – Malkin – Rust
Kahun – McCann – Tanev
Galchenyuk – Lafferty – Hornqvist
Aston-Reese – Blueger – Simon
Dumoulin – Marino
Pettersson – Ruhwedel
Johnson – Riikola
Murray
Same old song for the Islanders. Such a tough team behind Trotz and that sickeningly boring yet ridiculously effective defensively-oriented system that lulls you to sleep and throws pucks everywhere at evens.
Lee – Barzal – Eberle
Beauvillier – Nelson – Brassard
Bailey – Cizikas – Clutterbuck
Johnston – Koivula – Dal Colle
Pelech – Pulock
Leddy – Boychuk
Toews – Mayfield
Varlamov
Truckvember Gobbles On.
Stomp the Isles.
Go Pens.


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Link To Share The Quiz: https://ved-programmer.github.io/Quiz-Game-App/


When young Alan Parrish discovers a mysterious board game, he doesn't realize its unimaginable powers, until he is magically transported before the startled eyes of his friend, Sarah, into the untamed jungles of JUMANJI! There he remains for 26 years until he is freed from the game's spell by two unsuspecting children. Now a grown man, Alan reunites with Sarah and together with Judy and Peter tries to outwit the game's powerful forces in this imaginative adventure that combines breathtaking special effects with an enchanting mixture of comedy, magic and thrills.
In the sewers of gotham city to the rooftops of the gotham city the penguin wants to know where he came from well in his villain ways catwoman plans to kill rich man of gotham max shreak but as he battles with millionaire Bruce Wayne both ladies men have their own secrets Bruce Wayne is back as Bat man trying to stop the penguin Max is helping penguin steal gotham city while selina Kyle/catwoman tries to help penguin not knowing her man murder target also her murder is helping him but all four men have their goals taking gotham from crime winning gotham city assassination for two men and more money to be gotham citys number one rich man.
Based off a story from fantasy author Roald Dahl, the Witches is a flick which scarred the minds of children who watched this strange fun movie. A young boy and his grandmother end up in a hotel during the midst of a witch convention, led by Anjelica Huston’s Grand High Witch. The witches turn the boy and his friend into mice as part of their evil plan. Not only is this movie highly entertaining, but it features brilliant practical fx which one expects from a Jim Henson production.
When Sam Raimi began his journey with the reluctant hero Ash in the Evil Dead Trilogy, he began with a gritty low budget horror movie. He followed that up with a more comedic horror movie. And finally, he finished the saga off by sending Ash and his magnificent chin to a fantastical realm to have a final showdown with the evil which has been plaguing him. As many of you know, Army of Darkness features Bruce Campbell at his charming best as he accidentally summons an army of Deadites hellbent on attacking a village. Raimi finds a way to bring together; fantasy, horror, and screwball comedy into a single cult classic which is a huge favorite among movie fans.
For years this was a sadly overlooked addition to the filmography of the imaginative Terry Gilliam. But after the tragic passing of its star Robin Williams, this is a movie that has been rediscovered by critics and fans alike. Jeff Bridges is a disgraced shock jock working in a video store with his girlfriend dealing with a deep depression. One night he is rescued from certain death by Robin Williams’ character Parry who is a troubled man haunted by a spectral red knight and searching for the Holy Grail. The former DJ feels responsible for Parry and agrees to help him, with his real quest to help restore the man’s mind. The Fisher King is a highly emotional movie told in the whimsical style that Terry Gilliam has proven the master of.
Of course one of the masterpiece films from Studio Ghibli would show up on this list. Written and directed by filmmaking legend Hayao Miyazaki delves into many elements of Japanese legend and fantasy as it tells the story of Ashitaka, a prince seeking to free himself from a demon’s curse. While trying to save himself, the prince becomes embroiled in a war to save the forest and the mythical creatures who live within it. Along with a wolf god and human companion Princess Mononoke, Ashitaka tries to find a way to bring peace. Of all of Miyazaki’s films this is probably the most action packed, but the animation legend, never loses focus of the deep and awe-inspiring story.
Based on the indie comic by James O’Barr, the Crow has become a cult classic that is still loved by filmgoers. The powerful themes of love and revenge mixed with stunning visuals and action still has the ability to hook audiences. On the night before his wedding, musician Eric Draven is murdered along with his fiancée by a local gang. His soul is unable to rest in peace, so one year after his death the crow who took his soul to the underworld returned Draven to life with a host of supernatural abilities. His purpose is now to stalk the rainy urban wasteland of the city to have his revenge on those wronged him. The Crow will forever be remembered for the tragic death of Brandon Lee due to an accident on the set. Having spent much of his career typecast as an action star, this was expected to be his breakout role where Lee would prove just how talented he was.
Who among us who grew up in the 90’s was not impacted by this flick? If you claim you have never once yelled “Rufio!!”  Like all of us, even the youthful dashing Peter Pan must grow up. One night however, his fantastical past intrudes on his new life. His old enemy Captain Hook has resurfaced and kidnapped his children, forcing a reluctant Pan to return to his old stomping grounds in Neverland. Director Steven Spielberg brings his trademark magic to Hook, as he tells the story of a man trying to reconnect with what really matters in life.
Many have argued that this is the greatest animated film of all time, and it is undoubtedly a cornerstone of the Disney Renaissance. The studio Walt Disney built found tremendous critical and commercial success with their take on this classic French fairy tale. The follows a young girl named Belle who rescues her father from a Beast who lives in an old crumbling castle in the middle of a dark forest. Over the course of the two fall in love as the Beast makes steps to regain his humanity. The combination of heart, gorgeous animation, and catchy songs have ensured that Beauty and the Beast is a timeless classic. It still holds a place in history as the first (and for several years only) animated film to be nominated for Best Picture at the Oscars.
This film more than any others in his filmography epitomizes Tim Burton as a director. An isolated inventor creates for himself a son, but he tragically dies before giving his creation hands, dooming Edward to a life of having blades for hands. Edward goes about his life in a perfectly Burton-esque wonderland until a family brings him into suburbia and tries to integrate him into regular society. Inevitably a deep relationship is forged with the family’s daughter which only leads to heartbreak as it becomes increasingly clear that there is no place for an unique and artistic creature like Edward in a cookie-cutter society. Edward Scissorhands is the perfect showcase Tim Burton’s sensibilities as a filmmaker, and his story perfectly presented with heartfelt performances from Johnny Depp and Wynona Ryder. This fantasy classic also features the final screen appearance from film icon, Vincent Price.


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THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY A film review by Scott Renshaw Copyright 1997 Scott Renshaw
(Gramercy) Starring: Nicole Kidman, John Malkovich, Barbara Hershey, Martin Donovan, Mary-Louise Parker, Richard E. Grant, Valentina Cervi, Viggo Mortensen. Screenplay: Laura Jones, based on the novel by Henry James. Producers: Monty Montgomery, Steve Golin. Director: Jane Campion. MPAA Rating: PG-13 (brief nudity, adult themes) Running Time: 145 minutes. Reviewed by Scott Renshaw.
Directors, both cinematic and theatrical, face their greatest challenges when dealing with "classic" material, and not just because audience familiarity with the text makes every step a potentially treacherous one. No, the real temptation is to go too far in an attempt to make the material -- pronounce the following word dripping with sarcasm -- "relevant." Never mind that the text most likely achieved its lofty status because its themes transcend the socio-political flavor of the month; the director is determined to give it a contemporary spin. The irony of Jane Campion's adaptation of Henry James' THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY is that Campion treats the narrative, a narrative with an intrinsic emotional force, with meticulous faithfulness, while her heavy hand as a director inspires plenty of head-shaking.
THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY is the story of Isabel Archer (Nicole Kidman), a young American woman living in England with her aunt and uncle, the Touchetts (Shelley Winters and John Gielgud), and her cousin Ralph (Martin Donovan) after the death of her own parents. The independent and strong-willed Isabel attracts several suitors, including Lord Warburton (Richard E. Grant) and Caspar Goodwood (Viggo Mortensen), but she rejects them all out of a desire to experience life before being constrained in marriage. Her opportunities for experience are increased when the elder Mr. Touchett dies and leaves her a sizeable inheritance, allowing her to interact with European society. Among her companions is Madame Merle (Barbara Hershey), who introduces Isabel to a gentleman named Gilbert Osmond (John Malkovich). Osmond intrigues Isabel, and the two eventually marry, but when Osmond reveals his true nature Isabel must struggle to maintain her sense of self.
Campion opens THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY with voice-overs of modern women discussing their thoughts on romantic love, followed by a credits sequence featuring black-and-white images of women (we assume the same ones we just heard) just hanging out together in nature. The images set up a "this is now/that was then" dichotomy which makes Isabel the object of a kind of anachronistic pity; "The poor dear," we are told metaphorically, "if only she had been born 100 years later." Campion certainly sympathizes with female characters who seem trapped by societal proscriptions (like the heroines of AN ANGEL AT MY TABLE and THE PIANO), but nearly every interpretation of Isabel feels misguided and simplistic. The central question of why Isabel marries Osmond is addressed with a pair of fantasy sequences which make the jarring suggestion that her tragic decision was the product of good old-fashioned lust. That notion might have been easier to stomach if Osmond had been played by anyone other than John Malkovich. Malkovich has turned the aloof Lothario into his stock character, but the portrayal has become more chilly than chilling. When Osmond is supposed to be seductive, he seems bored, and Isabel's actions make no sense.
If the decision to marry Osmond is given a questionable treatment, the decision to stay with him is given a merely annoying one. After filling THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY with images of bars, gates, slamming doors and barriers of all kinds, Campion has Isabel stymied by a locked door as the film ends. It is a perfectly valid interpretation to suggest that Isabel had no choice; it may also be the least interesting one. After hammering away at us with the restrictive nature of Isabel's 19th century world for two and a half hours (and at times you can feel every minute of it), it feels like a cheat for her to rehash the same point when addressing the most compelling enigma the novel has to offer.
It is all the more frustrating because there are so many other things THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY does right. With the exception of Malkovich, the casting is superb, including Nicole Kidman as the wide-eyed innocent abroad with the ERASERHEAD hairdo. Barbara Hershey and screenwriter Laura Jones to a particularly fine job with Madame Merle, a complex creature of uncertain motivations. She becomes a great tragic figure, as manipulated as she is manipulating, even if Campion sometimes seems determined to turn her into DANGEROUS LIAISONS' Mme. de Merteuil to Malkovich's recycled Valmont. Martin Donovan is also quite good as the consumptive, kind-hearted Ralph, and Mary-Louise Parker has a delightful bluntness as Isabel's American friend Henrietta. The production offers a variety of pleasures, notably Stuart Dryburgh's impressive photography, but Campion flattens the most involving stories in THE PORTRAIT OF A LADY. James' clash of American and European sensibilities becomes Campion's clash of 19th century and 20th century sensibilities. The result is essentially a cautionary tale which only matters if you plan on doing any time travel, or a film treatment of a hypothetical prequel: "Smart Women Who Make Foolish Choices: The Early Years."
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 past imperfects: 5.
Visit Scott Renshaw's MoviePage http://www-leland.stanford.edu/~srenshaw Subscribe to receive reviews directly via email See details on the MoviePage
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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|
| enum | _tc_iot_coap_auth_state { COAP_AUTH_INITIAL,
COAP_AUTH_SUCCESS,
COAP_AUTH_FAILED,
COAP_AUTH_TIMEOUT
} |
| |
| enum | _tc_iot_coap_message_type { COAP_CON = 0,
COAP_NON = 1,
COAP_ACK = 2,
COAP_RST = 3
} |
| |
| enum | _tc_iot_coap_code_class {
COAP_CODE_REQ = 0,
COAP_CODE_RESERVED = 1,
COAP_CODE_SUCCESS = 2,
COAP_CODE_CLIENT_ERROR = 4,
COAP_CODE_SERVER_ERROR = 5
} |
| |
| enum | _tc_iot_coap_rsp_code {
COAP_CODE_001_GET = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(0,1),
COAP_CODE_002_POST = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(0,2),
COAP_CODE_003_PUT = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(0,3),
COAP_CODE_004_DELETE = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(0,4),
COAP_CODE_201_CREATED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(2,1),
COAP_CODE_202_DELETED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(2,2),
COAP_CODE_203_VALID = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(2,3),
COAP_CODE_204_CHANGED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(2,4),
COAP_CODE_205_CONTENT = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(2,5),
COAP_CODE_400_BAD_REQUEST = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,0),
COAP_CODE_401_UNAUTHORIZED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,1),
COAP_CODE_402_BAD_OPTION = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,2),
COAP_CODE_403_FORBIDDEN = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,3),
COAP_CODE_404_NOT_FOUND = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,4),
COAP_CODE_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,5),
COAP_CODE_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,5),
COAP_CODE_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,12),
COAP_CODE_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,13),
COAP_CODE_415_UNSUPPORTED_CONTENT_FORMAT = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(4,15),
COAP_CODE_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(5,0),
COAP_CODE_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(5,1),
COAP_CODE_502_BAD_GATEWAY = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(5,2),
COAP_CODE_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(5,3),
COAP_CODE_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(5,4),
COAP_CODE_505_PROXYING_NOT_SUPPORTED = TC_IOT_COAP_DEFINE_CODE(5,5)
} |
| |
| enum | _tc_iot_coap_option_number {
COAP_OPTION_IF_MATCH = 1,
COAP_OPTION_URI_HOST = 3,
COAP_OPTION_ETAG = 4,
COAP_OPTION_IF_NONE_MATCH = 5,
COAP_OPTION_URI_PORT = 7,
COAP_OPTION_LOCATION_PATH = 8,
COAP_OPTION_URI_PATH = 11,
COAP_OPTION_CONTENT_FORMAT = 12,
COAP_OPTION_MAX_AGE = 14,
COAP_OPTION_URI_QUERY = 15,
COAP_OPTION_ACCEPT = 17,
COAP_OPTION_LOCATION_QUERY = 20,
COAP_OPTION_PROXY_URI = 35,
COAP_OPTION_PROXY_SCHEME = 39,
COAP_OPTION_SIZE1 = 60
} |
| |
| enum | _tc_iot_coap_content_format_ids {
COAP_CONTENT_TEXT = 0,
COAP_CONTENT_LINK = 40,
COAP_CONTENT_XML = 41,
COAP_CONTENT_OCTET_STREAM = 42,
COAP_CONTENT_EXI = 47,
COAP_CONTENT_JSON = 50
} |
| |
| enum | _tc_iot_coap_con_status_e { TC_IOT_COAP_CON_SUCCESS,
TC_IOT_COAP_CON_TIMEOUT
} |
| |
|
| int | tc_iot_coap_write_char (unsigned char *buffer, int buffer_len, unsigned char val) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_write_short (unsigned char *buffer, int buffer_len, unsigned short val) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_write_int (unsigned char *buffer, int buffer_len, unsigned int val) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_write_bytes (unsigned char *buffer, int buffer_len, const unsigned char *bytes, int bytes_len) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_write_option (unsigned char *buffer, int buffer_len, unsigned int delta, unsigned int length, unsigned char *value) |
| |
| unsigned int | tc_iot_coap_extendable_number_base (unsigned int number) |
| |
| unsigned int | tc_iot_coap_extendable_number_extra_len (unsigned int number) |
| |
| unsigned int | tc_iot_coap_extendable_number_extra_data (unsigned int number) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_serialize (unsigned char *buffer, int buffer_len, const tc_iot_coap_message *message) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_deserialize (tc_iot_coap_message *message, unsigned char *buffer, int buffer_len) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_construct (tc_iot_coap_client *c, tc_iot_coap_client_config *p_client_config) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_auth (tc_iot_coap_client *c) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_publish (tc_iot_coap_client *c, const char *uri_path, const char *topic_query_uri, const char *msg, tc_iot_coap_con_handler callback) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_rpc (tc_iot_coap_client *c, const char *uri_path, const char *topic_query_uri, const char *topic_resp_uri, const char *msg, tc_iot_coap_con_handler callback) |
| |
| unsigned short | tc_iot_coap_get_next_pack_id (tc_iot_coap_client *c) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_send_message (tc_iot_coap_client *c, tc_iot_coap_message *message, tc_iot_coap_con_handler callback, int timeout_ms, void *session_context) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_yield (tc_iot_coap_client *c, int timeout_ms) |
| |
| void | tc_iot_coap_destroy (tc_iot_coap_client *c) |
| |
| unsigned char | tc_iot_coap_get_message_code (tc_iot_coap_message *message) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_get_message_payload (tc_iot_coap_message *message, int *payload_len, unsigned char **payload) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_message_init (tc_iot_coap_message *message) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_message_set_type (tc_iot_coap_message *message, unsigned char type) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_message_set_code (tc_iot_coap_message *message, unsigned char code) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_message_set_message_id (tc_iot_coap_message *message, unsigned short message_id) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_message_set_token (tc_iot_coap_message *message, int token_len, const unsigned char *token) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_message_set_payload (tc_iot_coap_message *message, int payload_len, unsigned char *payload) |
| |
| int | tc_iot_coap_message_add_option (tc_iot_coap_message *message, int option_number, int option_length, void *option_value) |
| |
| void | tc_iot_coap_message_dump (const tc_iot_coap_message *message) |
| |
| tc_iot_coap_session * | tc_iot_coap_session_find (tc_iot_coap_client *c, unsigned int message_id) |
| |
| tc_iot_coap_session * | tc_iot_coap_session_find_empty (tc_iot_coap_client *c) |
| |
| void | tc_iot_coap_session_init (tc_iot_coap_session *session, unsigned short message_id, tc_iot_coap_con_handler callback, int timeout_ms, void *session_context) |
| |
| void | tc_iot_coap_session_release (tc_iot_coap_session *session) |
| |
| const char * | tc_iot_coap_get_message_type_str (int type) |
| |
| const char * | tc_iot_coap_get_message_code_str (int code) |
| |
| const char * | tc_iot_coap_get_option_number_str (int number) |
| |


| Path: | README |
| Last Update: | Sat Mar 27 09:40:52 +1300 2010 |
An SVG renderer for the Prawn PDF library.
This will take an SVG file as input and render it into your PDF. Find out more about the Prawn PDF library at:
http://wiki.github.com/sandal/prawn/
Using prawn-svg:
Prawn::Document.generate("svg.pdf") do svg svg_data, :at => [x, y], :width => w end
:at must be specified. :width, :height, or neither may be specified; if neither is present, the resolution specified in the SVG will be used.
prawn-svg is in its infancy and does not support the full SVG specifications. It currently supports:
prawn-svg does NOT support CSS classes, named elements, anything in the defs tag, the tspan tag, gradients/patterns or markers.


Callsign: CoT Type: Speed (Km/h): Total Distance(km): Distance between direction change(km): Starting Lat: Starting Lon: Max plot gap (Secs): TAK Server Address:


According to a previous Post report, the confusion that occurred last year was merely a result of human error, not election fraud.
A sign informing voters votes cast for O’Neill would not be counted was mistakenly left up after the Athens County Board of Elections disqualified her from running. However, the decision was overruled by the Ohio Supreme Court.
The issue was resolved and ruled that 883 votes might have been affected by the incident. However, the end difference between the candidates’ number of votes was just too high to have changed the outcome of the election.
“That was just a miscommunication and error that happened,” Tony Brooks, deputy director for the Board of Elections, said. “A sign was left in a booth by accident by a worker. That was all it was.”
To reduce the chances of a situation like this happening again, the Board of Elections has created a checklist for poll workers to ensure nothing is left in a voting booth, Brooks said.
“The staff at the Board of Elections just reminded everybody to keep watching for this kind of thing,” Pete Couladis, a poll worker and chairman of the Athens County Republicans, said. “And make sure that people don't leave literature or any kind of information there advocating for or against a candidate.”
Blake Regan, president of the Alexander Board of Education, said the only role Alexander has in the election is to provide the Alexander Recreation Center – the space used as a polling location.
The individuals working the polls are responsible for making sure the voting booths are clear of any materials after a voter had left the booth, Couladis said.
“The poll workers there should have seen that,” Couladis said. “They should have been watching these booths to make sure that nobody leaves … a piece of literature.”
Couladis also touched on the idea that some voters assumed it was the fault of the Board of Elections and filed a complaint with the Board last year.
“There's very unlikely voter fraud in the state of Ohio because we follow the secretary of state's guidelines,” Brooks said. “Our equipment is secured and not connected to any internet or anything. People make mistakes, and there’s going to be mistakes at some point, but nothing is ever not fixable.”


I'm a UX/UI designer and a front-end web developer. I help clients like agencies and startups by finely crafting digital experiences tailored to user needs and business goals.
Simplicity, versatility and logic are some of my strongest qualities. I’m extremely organized and is well rounded in many technical and creative areas. My approach towards design challenges is rooted in having a thought-out plan, focusing on the journey in between the start and destination.
What I like about UX/UI design is that it combines technical knowledge with creativity. I get to help people by making visuals and see the impact of my work as end-users interact with those visuals.
I went to BCIT and graduated from the New Media Design and Web Development program with distinction, but my learning didn't stop there. By staying updated on trends and broadening my skill set, I strive to know more about the converging point between design, business and technology.
In my spare time, I listen to and play music, draw, watch movies, play video games, work out, enjoy clothes and hang out at coffee shops.


Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and MHC-II molecules play an essential role in the immune response to pathogens by virtue of their ability to present peptides to CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, respectively. Given this critical role, MHC-I and MHC-II genes are regulated in a tight fashion at the transcriptional level by a variety of transcription factors that interact with conserved cis-acting regulatory promoter elements. In addition to the activities of these regulatory factors, modification of chromatin also plays an essential role in the efficient transcription of these genes to meet with local requirement for an effective immune response. The focus of this review is on the transcription factors that interact with conserved cis-acting promoter elements and the epigenetic mechanisms that modulate induced and constitutive expression of these MHC genes.
The products of the MHC class I (MHC-I) and MHC class II (MHC-II) genes encode cell-surface glycoproteins involved in the binding and presentation of peptides to the T cell receptors (TCRs) of T lymphocytes. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I proteins present peptides from endogenous sources, such as those derived from viruses, to CD8 + T cells, whereas MHC-II molecules mainly present peptides from exogenous sources, such as those derived from extracellular pathogens, to CD4 + T cells. These tri-molecular interactions of MHC, peptide, and TCR are central to the generation of antigen-specific immune responses.
The MHC-I gene cluster encodes the highly polymorphic classical MHC-I molecules (human leukocyte antigen, HLA-A, -B, and -C), which play essential roles in the detection and elimination of virus-infected cells, tumor cells and transplanted allogeneic cells and the less polymorphic non-classical MHC-Ib molecules (HLA-E, -F, and -G). These latter MHC-Ib molecules have specialized immune regulatory functions (Van den Elsen et al., 2004 ). All cell-surface expressed MHC-I and MHC-Ib molecules are associated with the non-polymorphic β2-microglobulin.
The MHC-II genes encode the polymorphic HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP molecules, which are expressed as α- and β-chain heterodimers on the cell surface. MHC-II molecules are central in the initiation of cellular and humoral immune responses, but they have also been implicated as contributing factors for a variety of autoimmune disorders. In contrast to the classical MHC-I molecules, which are expressed in a constitutive fashion on almost all nucleated cells, the constitutive expression of MHC-II molecules is tissue-specific and is restricted to professional antigen presenting cells (APCs, i.e., dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) and in thymic epithelial cells (Van den Elsen et al., 2004 ). All other cell types lack constitutive expression of MHC-II molecules, but their expression can be induced by exposure to cytokines of which interferon γ (IFNγ) is the most potent, or upon activation, such as in human T cells (Holling et al., 2002 ; Wong et al., 2002 ). Because of their crucial role in the immune response, the genes encoding MHC-I and MHC-II molecules are tightly regulated at the transcriptional level both by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms.
Activation of MHC-I genes, with the exception of HLA-G, is mediated by several conserved cis-acting regulatory promoter elements: i.e., the enhancer A, interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and the SXY-module (comprising the S/W, X1, X2, and Y-boxes; Figure 1). These conserved regulatory elements play an important role in the inducible and constitutive expression of MHC-I genes (Van den Elsen et al., 2004 ). Interestingly, these regulatory elements are also involved in the transcriptional activation of the β2-microglobulin promoter but not of the promoters of the genes encoding the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and the large multifunctional protease (LMP), which are essential components in the MHC-I antigen processing and presentation pathway (Gobin et al., 1997 , 2001 ; Van den Elsen et al., 2004 ). In MHC-I promoters, the enhancer A is bound by nuclear factor (NF)-κB, while the ISRE is bound by interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members (Figure 1; Gobin et al., 1998 , 1999 ). The transcription factors NF-κB and IRF-1 are mediators of the TNFα and IFNγ (Janus-family kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, Jak/STAT) routes of gene activation, respectively, which account for the induced MHC-I transcription. Additionally, binding sites for upstream-stimulatory factor (USF)-1, -2 and for the transcription factor Sp-1 can also be found within these upstream regulatory promoter elements in a locus and allele-specific fashion (Figure 1; Gobin et al., 1998 , 1999 ). As a result of nucleotide sequence variation in the enhancer A and the ISRE in the different MHC-I promoters the level of promoter activation induced by these pathways differs among the various MHC-I loci (Gobin et al., 1998 , 1999 ; Girdlestone, 2000 ; Johnson, 2003 ).
Schematic overview of the elements, interacting factors and epigenetic events governing MHC-I and MHC-II transcription . Shown is the shared proximal SXY-module, and the upstream enhancer A and ISRE typical for MHC-I promoters with the exception of HLA-G. The proximal SXY-module is bound by the MHC-enhanceosome.
Expression of HLA-G is under normal circumstances confined primarily to fetal trophoblast cells and thymic epithelium. This suggest an alternative transcriptional control of HLA-G than that of the classical MHC-I genes. Indeed, while encoding similar regulatory elements in its 5′ DNA, HLA-G is not regulated by the upstream ISRE and κB sites or the SXY regulatory module (Gobin and Van den Elsen, 1999 ). Instead, the HLA-G promoter can be transactivated by the cyclic-AMP response element binding protein (CREB)-1 (Gobin et al., 2002 ). This transactivation is mediated by further upstream positioned CRE sites, which can bind CREB-1, activating transcription factor (ATF)-1 and c-Jun in vitro (Figure 1; Gobin et al., 2002 ). Since these factors are ubiquitously expressed, the lack of HLA-G expression in cell types other than trophoblast cells must be regulated in a different manner such as by alternative regulatory factors that suppress expression of HLA-G or by epigenetic mechanisms. In this respect it was recently shown that Ras-responsive binding protein-1 (RREB-1) is a transcriptional repressor of HLA-G, which exerts its function through chromatin remodeling of the HLA-G locus by virtue of its interaction with subunits of the CtBP complex in cells that lack expression of HLA-G (Flajollet et al., 2009 ). Additionally, it has also been demonstrated that treatment of various types of cells lacking HLA-G expression with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5′-AZA-deoxycytidine results in restoration of HLA-G transcription (Moreau et al., 2003 ). Besides DNA methylation, histone acetylation modifications have also been implicated in the transcriptional control of HLA-G in trophoblast cell lines (Holling et al., 2009 ).
The SXY-module is also present is the promoters of MHC-II and its accessory genes ( invariant chain, HLA-DM and HLA-DO). However, MHC-II promoters differ from MHC-I promoters in that they lack the typical enhancer A and ISRE (Figure 1). The sequence and stereo-specific alignment of the various boxes in the SXY-module is highly conserved and critical for its functioning in constitutive and inducible-transcriptional activation of MHC-I and MHC-II genes (Gobin et al., 2001 ; Ting and Trowsdale, 2002 ). The SXY-module is cooperatively bound by a multi-protein complex containing regulatory factor X (RFX; consisting of RFX5, RFXB/ANK, and RFXAP; Steimle et al., 1995 ; Durand et al., 1997 ; Masternak et al., 1998 ; Nagarajan et al., 1999 ), CREB/ATF (Moreno et al., 1999 ; Gobin et al., 2001 ), and nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y; Louis-Plence et al., 1997 ; Jabrane-Ferrat et al., 2002 ). This complex acts as an enhanceosome driving transactivation of these genes (Masternak et al., 2000 ; Gobin et al., 2001 ; Choi et al., 2011 ). The presence of the RFX components is crucial for the assembly of this enhanceosome, a notion that has been derived from studies with cell lines established from MHC-II deficiency patients (Reith and Mach, 2001 ). In addition to these factors that assemble directly to the X1, X2, and Y-box sequences the class II transactivator (CIITA), which acts as a co-activator, is also required. CIITA is essential for MHC-II transcription (Steimle et al., 1993 ), while it contributes to the activation of MHC-I promoters (Gobin et al., 1997 ; Martin et al., 1997 ). CIITA belongs to the large NLR (nucleotide binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing) family of proteins that play multiple functions in innate immune responses (Harton et al., 2002 ; Ting et al., 2008 ). Despite the fact that CIITA activates MHC-I promoters in vitro, its in vivo contribution to MHC-I gene transcription remained enigmatic. It is therefore of note that more recently the NLR family member NLRC5 was identified to associate with and activate the promoters of MHC-I genes and not MHC-II genes in vivo (Meissner et al., 2010 ). Like CIITA, NLRC5 also induced the expression of the gene encoding β2-microglobulin. However, in contrast to CIITA, NLRC5 was also found to control the expression of the genes encoding TAP and LMP. These observations reveal that NLRC5 appears to be a transcriptional regulator, which orchestrates the concerted expression of critical components in the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway (Meissner et al., 2010 ).
Given the essential role of CIITA in MHC-II transcription, constitutive expression of CIITA coincides with constitutive MHC-II molecule expression in APCs. In non-immune cells expression of CIITA can be induced by IFNγ resulting in inducible MHC-II expression at the cell surface. CIITA therefore can be regarded as a molecular switch for MHC-II expression. Transcriptional activation of MHC-II genes also involves modulation of covalent histones modifications and chromatin remodeling (Choi et al., 2011 ). As an example, IFNγ-induced MHC-II expression results in an increase in active histone marks, i.e., acetylation of histone H3 and H4, and 3meK4-H3 at the MHC-II promoter, while at the same time a decrease in the repressive 3meK9-H3 histone mark is noted (Chou and Tomasi, 2008 ).
Class II transactivator exerts its transactivating function through protein–protein interactions with the components of the MHC-enhanceosome bound to the proximal SXY regulatory module in MHC promoters (Figure 1; Masternak et al., 2000 ; Zhu et al., 2000 ; Jabrane-Ferrat et al., 2003 ). This interaction of CIITA with the MHC-enhanceosome allows for the subsequent recruitment of the lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) p300 (KAT3b)/CREB binding protein (CBP or KAT3a) and p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF or KAT2b), which promote transcription of MHC-I and MHC-II genes by providing a more open chromatin structure (Kretsovali et al., 1998 ; Fontes et al., 1999 ; Spilianakis et al., 2000 ; Gobin et al., 2001 ). Furthermore, CIITA also recruits the co-activator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1/protein arginine N-methyltransferase 4 (CARM1/PRMT4; Zika and Ting, 2005 ; Zika et al., 2005 ; Figure 1). Besides acting as a platform for recruitment of KAT activities, CIITA itself contains intrinsic KAT activity. The CIITA-mediated transactivation of MHC promoters was found to rely on this intrinsic KAT activity, which maps to a region in its N-terminus (Raval et al., 2001 ). This KAT activity of CIITA is regulated by its C-terminal GTP-binding domain and is stimulated by GTP (Raval et al., 2001 ). Interestingly, the CIITA KAT activity was found to bypass TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor 250 kDa (TAF
Class II transactivator also interacts with histone deacetylases (HDACs), which were found to interfere with CIITA function. These activities that acetylate/deacetylate lysine residues act as molecular switches for CIITA-mediated transcriptional activation/silencing of MHC genes. In this respect, it was found that HDAC1 and HDAC2 interfere in the transcriptional transactivation function of CIITA following IFNγ induction (Zika et al., 2003 ; Kong et al., 2009 ). In mice the HDAC1/HDAC2-associated repressor SIN3 homolog A (mSin3A) amplifies this inhibition in CIITA function (Zika et al., 2003 ). HDAC2 has the potential to deacetylate CIITA through its interaction with CIITA (Kong et al., 2009 ). This results in targeting of CIITA to the proteasomal degradation machinery and decreased interaction of CIITA with the RFX component RFX5 (Kong et al., 2009 ). Together, these observations reveal that these HDAC activities affect CIITA function on the one hand by disrupting assembly of the MHC-enhanceosome, while on the other hand they interfere in CIITA interactions with the MHC-enhanceosome. The switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) ATPase Brahma-related gene-1 (BRG-1) also associates with CIITA and is required for the CIITA-mediated induction of MHC-II genes (Mudhasani and Fontes, 2002 ). The association of CIITA and BRG-1 suggest that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF complex is recruited by CIITA to MHC-II promoters to control transcription of MHC-II genes. The ATPase Sug 1, a component of the 19S proteasome (19S P) complex, was found to be involved in increased levels of acetylation at MHC-II promoters and appeared to be essential for CIITA stability and MHC-II expression (Bhat et al., 2008 , 2010a ; Koues et al., 2008 ). More recently, another subunit of the 19S proteosome complex, the ATPase S6a (S6′/Tat-binding protein 1), was found to be crucial for regulating cytokine-inducible transcription of CIITA thereby indirectly modulation MHC-II transcription (Truax et al., 2010 ). Other activities involved monoubiquitination of CIITA, which was shown to stabilize CIITA at MHC-II promoters (Bhat et al., 2010b ). In addition MLL/COMPASS subunits, which are involved in establishing active histone H3-K4 methylation marks, were found also to be recruited to MHC-II promoters following IFNγ treatment of cells (Koues et al., 2010 ; Figure 1).
The appropriate temporal and spatial expression of MHC-II genes in vivo also requires the involvement of additional, long-range regulatory elements. The more distal X–Y or X-box like sequences in the MHC-II region play an important role in these processes (Gomez et al., 2005 ). It has been found that interactions between the proximal elements and more distal X–Y or X-box like sequences (2.3 kb upstream of the HLA-DRA promoter) result in epigenetic changes at the MHC-II promoter (Masternak et al., 2003 ; Wright and Ting, 2006 ; Choi et al., 2011 ). In one model, RFX and CIITA can interact with the proximal SXY-module and with distal X–Y or X-box like sequences to form a chromatin loop (Masternak et al., 2003 ). This chromatin loop results in enhanced histone acetylation (Krawczyk et al., 2004 ). Likewise, the transcriptional insulator factor CCCTC binding factor insulator (CTCF) was found to control MHC-II gene expression through long-distance chromatin interactions (Majumder et al., 2008 ). The intergenic DNA of the HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 genes hosts a region that was bound by CTCF and acts as a potent enhancer-blocking element (Majumder et al., 2006 ). This element and its bound factors were found to interact with HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 (Majumder et al., 2008 ). Subsequently it was demonstrated that CTCF associates with CIITA and RFX5 suggesting that the CTCF bound region and the flanking HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1 proximal promoters may interact (Majumder et al., 2008 ). More recently it was shown by RNAi depletion of CTCF that all CIITA-regulated genes within the MHC-II locus required CTCF for maximal expression (Majumder and Boss, 2010 ).
Transcriptional regulation of MHC2TA, the gene encoding CIITA, is mediated through the activity of four independent promoter units (CIITA-PI through CIITA-PIV; Muhlethaler-Mottet et al., 1997 ; Figure 2). These promoter units are employed in a cell type- and activation-specific manner. CIITA-PI and CIITA-PIII are used for the constitutive expression in dendritic cells and in B cells, respectively (Muhlethaler-Mottet et al., 1997 ). CIITA-PIV has been shown to be the promoter predominantly involved in IFNγ-inducible expression (Muhlethaler-Mottet et al., 1998 ; Piskurich et al., 1998 , 1999 ). In addition, in human non-B cells, CIITA-PIII can also be activated by IFNγ through an element located 2 kb upstream of the core CIITA-PIII promoter (Piskurich et al., 1999 ; Van der Stoep et al., 2002a , 2007 ). CIITA-PIII has also been shown to be employed by human T cells upon activation (Holling et al., 2002 ; Wong et al., 2002 ). The promoter function of CIITA-PII is still ill-defined. The various MHC2TA promoters each transcribe a unique first exon and are located within a region of approximately 14 kb (Muhlethaler-Mottet et al., 1997 ).
Schematic overview of the MHC2TA multi-promoter region . Shown are the factors and elements governing transactivation of CIITA-PI in immature dendritic cells, CIITA-PIII in B cells and CIITA-PIV following IFNγ stimulation. The localization of the various protein/DNA-binding elements is indicated relative to the transcription start site.
Over the past years, several regulatory elements in MHC2TA promoters and interacting factors that are important for transcriptional activation have been identified (Figure 2). IFNγ-mediated activation of CIITA-PIV requires occupation of the gamma-activated sequence (GAS)-box and the ISRE in CIITA-PIV by STAT-1 and the STAT-1 target gene IRF-1 (Muhlethaler-Mottet et al., 1998 ). Importantly, STAT-1 needs to interact with USF-1 bound to the E-box adjacent to the GAS-box for stable interaction (Muhlethaler-Mottet et al., 1998 ; Figure 2). The IFNγ-mediated activation of CIITA-PIV also results in increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation at CIITA-PIV (Morris et al., 2002 ). Interestingly, this increase in histone acetylation in CIITA-PIV chromatin is already noted prior to recruitment of IRF-1 to the CIITA-PIV promoter (Morris et al., 2002 ). In addition to the factors interacting with these CIIT-PIV promoter elements, the SWI/SNF ATPase BRG-1 was also found to be an important factor in the IFNγ-mediated transcriptional activation of CIITA-PIV because cells that lack expression of BRG-1 failed to induce CIITA expression following exposure to IFNγ (Pattenden et al., 2002 ).
Class II transactivator-PIII is employed in B cells and activated T cells in humans (Ghosh et al., 1999 ; Holling et al., 2002 ; Van der Stoep et al., 2002a ; Wong et al., 2002 ). Activation of CIITA-PIII requires interaction of the transcription factor CREB-1 with CRE-binding sites in the activation response element (ARE)-2 and, depending on the cellular context, also with CRE-binding sites in the 5′-UTR of CIITA-PIII (Holling et al., 2002 ; Van der Stoep et al., 2002a ; Wong et al., 2002 ). The CREB-1 mediated activation of CIITA-PIII in B cells was amplified by the KAT CBP (Van der Stoep et al., 2002a ). CIITA-PIII also contains a composite Ets/ISRE-consensus element (Site C) and 2 E-box motifs, which were found to play a crucial role in its B cell-specific transcriptional regulation (Van der Stoep et al., 2004 ). In B cells the Ets/ISRE-consensus element is bound by PU.1 and IRF-4, whereas the basic helix-loop-helix factor E47 interacts with the E-box motifs. When bound respectively to the Ets/ISRE and E-boxes PU.1 and IRF-4, and E47 synergize to direct B cell-specific activation of CIITA-PIII (Figure 2; Van der Stoep et al., 2004 ). The involvement of these factors in B cell-specific activation of CIITA-PIII is of interest because PU.1, IRF-4, and E47 also play an important role in B cell differentiation and activation.
In vivo footprint analysis of CIITA-PI in immature dendritic cells revealed multiple protein/DNA interactions that were lost upon maturation of dendritic cells. CIITA-PI was found to contain binding sites for PU.1, Sp-1 NF-κB, and a composite Ets/ISRE (Figure 2; Smith et al., 2011 ). Transcription mediated by CIITA-PI in immature dendritic cells requires binding of PU.1, IRF-8, NF-κB, and Sp-1 to the promoter (Smith et al., 2011 ). Interestingly, for binding of PU.1 to the composite Ets/ISRE heterodimerization with IRF-8 is a prerequisite. Mutational analysis of the PU.1, IRF-8, and NF-κB sites showed that these sites were critical for transcriptional activity of CIITA-PI. Of note is also that mice lacking IRF-8 displayed an unoccupied CIITA-PI, which was restored by reconstitution with IRF-8 in vitro (Smith et al., 2011 ). Together, these observations reveal an important role for PU.1/IRF-8 in the activation of CIITA-PI in immature dendritic cells.
Plasma B cells lack expression of CIITA (Silacci et al., 1994 ). This extinction of CIITA and resulting MHC-II molecule expression during differentiation of B cells into plasma B cells is mediated by the transcriptional repressor B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1, also known as positive regulatory domain I-binding factor 1, PRDI-BF1; Piskurich et al., 2000 ; Ghosh et al., 2001 ). The silencing of CIITA expression in plasma cells is most likely resulting from binding of Blimp-1 to the Ets/ISRE-consensus element in CIITA-PIII thereby disrupting the interaction of PU.1/IRF-4 to this element (Piskurich et al., 2000 ; Ghosh et al., 2001 ; Wright and Ting, 2006 ). Interestingly, besides its repressive activity on CIITA-PIII transactivation, there is more recent evidence that PRDI-BF1 mediates also repression of CIITA-PIV (Chen et al., 2007 ). Transcriptional repression of MHC2TA mediated by Blimp-1/PRDI-BF1 is also associated with histone deacetylase and lysine methyltransferase (KMT) activities (Yu et al., 2000 ; Gyory et al., 2004 ). In particular the activities of the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2, and the lysine methyltransferase KMT1C (also known as G9a), are required in these epigenetic silencing processes. Indeed it was demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that differences between B cells and plasma cells exist in the levels of activating and repressive histone marks in CIITA-PIII chromatin (Green et al., 2006 ). In plasma cells lacking CIITA expression, histone marks associated with gene transcription such as acetylated histone H3 and H4, and 2meK4-H3 and 3meK4-H3 are lost at CIITA-PIII, while the repressive 2meK9-H3 mark is increased (Green et al., 2006 ). Interestingly these histone marks were found also to exist at CIITA-PI, CIITA-PII and CIITA-PIV, revealing the involvement of the entire MHC2TA multi-promoter region. As a consequence of the repressive histone marks and resulting chromatin inaccessibility, the binding of CIITA-PIII interacting transcription factors (i.e., Sp-1, CREB-1, E47, PU.1, IRF-4) was lost in plasma cells (Green et al., 2006 ).
In dendritic cell maturation chromatin remodeling also plays an important role in the control of MHC2TA transcription (Landmann et al., 2001 ; Choi et al., 2009 ). During differentiation of monocytes into immature dendritic cells the CIITA-PI isoform is induced. In immature dendritic cells, MHC-II molecules are largely retained in intracellular compartments. Upon maturation of dendritic cells, the peptide/MHC-II complexes are assembled and transported to the cell surface. The increase of transported MHC-II molecules at the cell surface is accompanied by rapid transcriptional silencing of MHC2TA in matured dendritic cells (Landmann et al., 2001 ). Like in plasma B cells, the transcriptional inactivation of CIITA-PI is also accompanied by global histone deacetylation involving not only CIITA-PI but also CIITA-PIII and CIITA-PIV (Landmann et al., 2001 ). In a mouse model activation of CIITA-PI, during differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells by mGM-CSF, is accompanied by an increase in the levels of acetylated histone H3 and H4 (Choi et al., 2009 ). IL-10 could block the increase in histone H3 and H4 acetylation during differentiation resulting in inhibition of MHC2TA transcription (Choi et al., 2009 ). Recently the involvement of the transcriptional repressor PRD1-BF1/Blimp-1 in these CIITA-PI silencing processes was revealed (Smith et al., 2011 ). It was shown that during dendritic cell maturation binding to CIITA-PI of the transcriptional activators PU.1, IRF-8, NF-κB, and Sp-1 is lost while at the same time the transcriptional repressor PRD1-BF1/Blimp-1 and its associated co-repressors KMT1C and HDAC2 are recruited to CIITA-PI (Smith et al., 2011 ). This results in a loss of histone acetylation and acquisition of histone K9-H3 dimethylation and heterochromatin protein 1γ (HP1γ) at CIITA-PI (Smith et al., 2011 ). Together, the transcriptional repressor PRD1-BF1/Blimp-1 appears to play a central role in the extinction of the various CIITA promoters and therefore can be regarded as a central regulator of MHC-II antigen presentation (Smith et al., 2011 ).
Distal elements and chromatin remodeling also play an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of MHC2TA (Ni et al., 2008 ). Transcriptional activation of CIITA-PIV by IFNγ relies on the interaction with distal elements at −50 and −8 kb (Ni et al., 2008 ). Contact was also detected between elements at −50 and −16 kb. In these long-range interactions, BRG-1, the ATPase driving the chromatin remodeling complex SWI-SNF (also called BAF), was constitutively bound to sites at −50, −16, −8, and +59 kb, and also CIITA-IV (Ni et al., 2008 ). Thus BRG-1 not only is an important factor in the CIITA-mediated activation of MHC-II genes, but also controls the transcriptional activation of MHC2TA itself through long-range chromatin and promoter interactions.
As discussed in the previous sections lack of MHC-II molecule expression coincides with lack of detectable levels of CIITA. In cancer the transcriptional silencing of MHC2TA and resulting extinction of MHC-II gene expression is frequently noted (Murphy and Tomasi, 1998 ; Yazawa et al., 1999 ; Meissner et al., 2008 ; Berghuis et al., 2009 ). The silencing of CIITA is mostly mediated by chromatin modifications involving methylation of DNA and modifications of histones. The lack of CIITA expression in several cancer types is associated with CpG dinucleotide methylation of CIITA-PIV and of CIITA-PIII DNA (Morris et al., 2000 ; Van den Elsen et al., 2000 , 2003 ; Van der Stoep et al., 2002b ; Holling et al., 2004 , 2006 ; Morimoto et al., 2004 ; Satoh et al., 2004 ; De Lerma Barbaro et al., 2008 ; Meissner et al., 2008 ). Besides CpG dinucleotide methylation, the lack of IFNγ-induced transcription of MHC2TA is also associated with histone deacetylase activities (Magner et al., 2000 ; Murphy et al., 2002 ; Holtz et al., 2003 ; Kanaseki et al., 2003 ; Chou et al., 2005 ).
In a uveal melanoma tumor cell line it was demonstrated for the first time that histone methylation played an important role in MHC2TA transcriptional silencing (Holling et al., 2007 ). The strongly reduced expression levels of CIITA after IFNγ-induction were found to correlate with high levels of the repressive 3meK27-H3 histone modification in CIITA-PIV chromatin in the absence of CpG dinucleotide methylation of CIITA-PIV DNA (Holling et al., 2007 ). Moreover, the KMTase Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2, or KMT6) was recruited to relative high levels into CIITA-PIV chromatin (Holling et al., 2007 ). KMT6 is the catalytic subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which plays an important role in transcriptional silencing and maintenance of cellular identity. Consistent with the transcriptional silent state of MHC2TA was the lack of RNA polymerase II recruitment into CIITA-PIV chromatin after IFNγ-induction (Holling et al., 2007 ). RNA interference-mediated silencing of expression of KMT6 resulted in an increment in CIITA mRNA expression levels after IFNγ induction. These observations suggest that KMT6 is involved in the transcriptional downregulation of IFNγ-induced expression of CIITA in uveal melanoma (Holling et al., 2007 ). Notably, the transcriptional silencing of MHC2TA by histone methylation in the absence of CpG dinucleotide methylation is in line with the observation that the 3meK27-H3 modification pre-marks genes for de novo methylation in cancer (Schlesinger et al., 2007 ). It could therefore be argued that the epigenetic make-up of the CIITA-PIV region in uveal melanoma reflects pre-marking for de novo methylation of DNA, and that this reflects an intermediate epigenetic state of MHC2TA in the complete shut down of MHC-II mediated antigen presentation functions. More recently, lack of CIITA expression was also found associated with high levels of the 3meK27-H3 repressive histone mark in the relative absence of activating histone acetylation and methylation marks in CIITA-PIII chromatin in T leukemia cell lines lacking MHC-II molecule expression (Van Eggermond et al., 2011 ). In contrast, CIITA and MHC-II molecule expressing T lymphoma cells displayed the opposite phenotype. As detailed above, in T leukemia cells these repressive histone marks were also found to be associated with the other CIITA promoters in the MHC2TA multi-promoter region, while the opposite was noted for T lymphoma cells (Van Eggermond et al., 2011 ). The high levels of the repressive histone mark 3meK27-H3 were accompanied by relative high levels of KMT6 at the various CIITA promoters in T leukemia cells, while CIITA expressing T lymphoma cells displayed a general lack of KMT6 (Van Eggermond et al., 2011 ). Additionally, in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells a role for KMT6 in transcriptional silencing of IFNγ-inducible expression of CIITA was also revealed (Mehta et al., 2011 ). Together, these observations provide a clear link with expression of Polycomb Group proteins and transcriptional silencing of MHC2TA and resulting lack of expression of MHC-II molecules in cancer.
Constitutive and induced transcription of MHC-I and MHC-II genes is mediated by a set of conserved regulatory elements in their promoters and interacting transcription factors of which the SXY-module is shared by both sets of genes. CIITA plays an essential role in the control of constitutive and induced MHC-II gene transcription through its interaction with the MHC-enhanceosome bound to the conserved SXY-module in MHC-II promoters. When bound to the MHC-enhanceosome, CIITA acts as a platform recruiting various activities involved in histone acetylation/deacetylation and methylation. CIITA is also central to recruitment of more general chromatin remodeling activities and long-range chromatin interactions of MHC-II promoters with distal elements. These activities mediated by CIITA provide strict control of transcription of these important immune genes. An additional level of transcriptional control for MHC-II gene expression is at the level of MHC2TA, the gene encoding CIITA, which is also tightly regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Because of the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the transcriptional control of MHC genes, deviations in these epigenetic mechanisms as observed under pathological conditions such as in cancer and autoimmune disease might provide an opportunity for pharmacological interference targeting the enzymes that modify DNA and histones.
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Support of the research of PJvdE was obtained from the Dutch Cancer Society and the Dutch MS Research Foundation. I greatly acknowledge the contributions of all the past and present members of the laboratory, and national and international collaborators.


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Interface IMixedRealityDiagnosticsSystem
The interface contract that defines the Diagnostics system in the Mixed Reality Toolkit
Inherited Members
Namespace: XRTK.Interfaces.DiagnosticsSystem
Assembly: XRTK.dll
Syntax
public interface IMixedRealityDiagnosticsSystem : IMixedRealitySystem, IMixedRealityService, IDisposable
Properties
| Improve this Doc View SourceApplicationSignature
Gets the application product name and build version. Used to identify the current application name and build.
Declaration
string ApplicationSignature { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| String |
DiagnosticsRoot
Gets the root transform where any visualized diagnostics GameObjects should live.
Declaration
Transform DiagnosticsRoot { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Transform |
DiagnosticsWindow
Gets the GameObject reference to the diagnostics window.
Declaration
GameObject DiagnosticsWindow { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| GameObject |
IsWindowEnabled
Should the diagnostics window be displayed?
Declaration
bool IsWindowEnabled { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Boolean |
Methods
| Improve this Doc View SourceRaiseFrameRateChanged(Int32, Boolean)
Raise the event that the frame rate has changed.
Declaration
void RaiseFrameRateChanged(int frameRate, bool isGPU)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Int32 | frameRate | |
| Boolean | isGPU |
RaiseLogReceived(String, String, LogType)
Raise the event that a log was received by the IMixedRealityDiagnosticsSystem
Declaration
void RaiseLogReceived(string condition, string message, LogType type)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| String | condition | |
| String | message | |
| LogType | type |
RaiseMemoryLimitChanged(MemoryLimit)
Raise the event that the memory limit has changed.
Declaration
void RaiseMemoryLimitChanged(MemoryLimit currentMemoryLimit)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| MemoryLimit | currentMemoryLimit |
RaiseMemoryPeakChanged(MemoryPeak)
Raise the event that the peak memory has changed.
Declaration
void RaiseMemoryPeakChanged(MemoryPeak peakMemoryUsage)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| MemoryPeak | peakMemoryUsage |
RaiseMemoryUsageChanged(MemoryUsage)
Raise the event that the memory usage has changed.
Declaration
void RaiseMemoryUsageChanged(MemoryUsage currentMemoryUsage)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| MemoryUsage | currentMemoryUsage |
RaiseMissedFramesChanged(Boolean[])
Raise the event that the missed frames have changed.
Declaration
void RaiseMissedFramesChanged(bool[] missedFrames)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Boolean[] | missedFrames |


| DOSE: |
100 mg |
oral |
MDMA |
(powder / crystals) |
It was the week before new years, a mildly cold friday night. Only a few days ago on the tuesday a good friend and I who had been together awhile before had sex while drunk. Given the situation in which we were, this was the last thing we should have done. R, as I will call her, turned up during the evening, and it was obvious there were tensions between us, the idea of my invite was that we could work out the situation. We had planned to do the MDMA the next day together with some other friends. I had not ingested any substances in the past two weeks before the experience.
I was feeling rather tense and quite anxious to try and resolve the issue before us. We rented a video, a slap-stick comedy which I had heard of, but neither of us had seen.
We watched a documentary first, The Mushroom Man, Gordon Wasson and other eccentrics. R had never seen the film before, and this had inspired her as to the appropriatness of altered states of conciousness. R felt it more correct to take the MDMA that night, where we were alone, the night was calm and the setting was familiar without too many novel distractions, to her it was the perfect time for an experience of more than pure recreation.
I found it hard to agree simply due to the fact that two other people were to attend tomorrow, a point where we would all get together and have fun. However I took to her opinion and we ingested 100mg of MDMA powder each.
12:20 - Ingested 100mg of MDMA.
We decided to turn on the next video. Initially I felt good about watching it, relaxed, but quickly anticapation got the better of me. I felt anxious about the experience, giddy in the stomach.
12:40
Intellectually unmoved, I feel uncomfortable and strange, the feeling is not new, but it is getting in the way of my focus of thought.
1:00
Anticapation disappears at an undefined moment, the window opens at no point in time. Am I always here? Why am I here now? Intellectually it makes no sense. Time is undefined, it is purely a learned concept. Everything changes.
The rest of the events are blurred in bliss. We talked, we understood. We kissed, it was right. We solved the problem by telling each other what we felt without fear of repurcussion. Truth may sometimes be inappropriate, but if it is so inappropriate, why did it feel so good?
2:00
The feeling is still there, so much emotional energy, an ability to communicate like never before. With the issue we had before us resolved, R and I turned on some Mozart, it was however not energetically moving enough, instead I put on some dream trance. The music took us to another realm of celebration. The moment that we shared, the abstract concept of the energy we exchanged on a wholistic level cannot be explained intellectually. The experience will forever remain with me, the life and love that was spent through this experience with ripple through reality forever. I am grateful to be.
3:00
We continue to dance and enjoy each others company. The observing mind is beginning to return.
5:00
With the effects fading we begin to go to bed, unable to sleep I go for a run. Upon returning, as I drift of to sleep strange thoughts creep into my mind, the creepy thoughts continue to pervade. I try to resolve the intellectually, but thoughts of death and anger boil deep within me. I leave those thoughts for another time, falling asleep without too much effort.
In the morning I ingested some 5-HTP and other minerals and supplements, as usual appetite was none, but I still ate well.
CONCLUSION;
I found this to be the most profitable and appropriate drug experience I have ever had, along side a LSD experience three weeks later, but that is another story.
R also noted she had strange and creepy thoughts after the experience, an interesting side note.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Bahamas: The ‘Silicon Valley’ of the Caribbean
Pristine beaches and palm trees are the first thing that come to mind. Of course, the Bahamas are also famous for their tax-protected off-shore banking. However, the Bahamas are now digital pioneers, with an eye to become the tech leaders of the Caribbean. I’m assembling this repository in collaboration with CSB Tech Emporium, to track the development and adoption of cryptocurrency and blockchain in the Bahamas.
pull requests welcome
Bahamas Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Timeline
ϟ = Related Resource
* In chronological order.
- 5/17 — UN Commission: Blockchain Can Help Struggling Banks in Latin America
- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) — Prospects for blockchain-based settlement frameworks as a resolution to the threat of de-risking to Caribbean financial systems
- At Global Symposium for Regulators (GSR-17) John Rolle, Governor of the Central Bank of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas spoke on a panel “Technologies that Protect e-transactions” 7/2017
This session will explore how to protect new financial technologies such as digital currencies and wallets, distributed ledger technologies and blockchain, as well as the role of regulations in this dynamic environment, touching on issues such as artificial intelligence, digital authentication, and cyber threat intelligence for the financial sector, for example.
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Deputy Pm: Govt Considering Ways To Modernise Registry Operations 11/3/17
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Grand Bahama Technology Summit [ϟ] [ϟ] 11/11/17
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The Bahamas’ place in a Cryptographic World whitepaper by Aliya Allen and Graham Thompson.
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CariNet Delegation Visiting Countries around the Caribbean [ϟ 6/1
A delegation from CariNet, the Caribbean blockchain initiative, led by chairman Charles Xue, the director-general of World Blockchain Organization (WBO) and an earlier investor in CariNet, Frank Zheng, arrived at Princess Juliana International Airport in St Maarten over the weekend to launch a ten-day visit to the Caribbean, including Antigua and Barbuda, French St Martin, as well as Grenada.
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The Bahamas Joins List of Countries Seeking to Take Cryptocurrencies Mainstream [ϟ] [ϟ] - 6/21/2018
- Bahamas Unblocks Education Qualifications With Blockchain - 7/30/2018
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Discussion Paper: Proposed Approaches to Regulation of Crypto Assets in The Bahamas - 9/7/2018 [ϟ] [ϟ]
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CXC Pilots E-Certificates on the Blockchain - 10/29/2018
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Breaking: Tether Opens $1.8 Billion Bank Account in the Bahamas [ϟ]- 11/1/2018
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Turning Grand Bahama into a Tech Hub
“The government has already begun implementing recommendations of the Steering Committee to make technology hub a reality,”
- The Caribbean Blockchain Alliance hopes to build a cohort of blockchain developers in The Bahamas. [ϟ]
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Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) partnership with Blockgeeks, CBA and the University of The Bahamas to host a hackathon event, that blockchain technology could improve services in The Bahamas. [ϟ] 11/30-12/1
“One of our goals is to build a cohort, and eventually multiple cohorts, of proficient blockchain developers. This is primarily because the technology itself will be extremely important in terms of software infrastructure.”
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Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) partnership with Blockgeeks, CBA and the University of The Bahamas to host a hackathon event, that blockchain technology could improve services in The Bahamas. [ϟ] 11/30-12/1
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OK Blockchain Capital releases November Blockchain Industry Report 1/10/19
“The Central Bank of the Bahamas is preparing to integrate crypto assets into the financial services industry.”
Organizations
- International Decentralized Association of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain - International Decentralized Association of Cryptocurrency and Blockchain (hereinafter – IDACB) as an initiative for the international co-working and business cooperation is founded to create a community of strong countries representatives.
Start-ups \ ICOs
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| Bitcoin | DOGE |
|---|---|
| 1A1DZfw4VgpHCgnMjnmfDnMjddKf8xdYbd | DQKkzfJjqnXUD8Z7C3e84vKzvghPe9dXSa |


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