id: 8 source: 1 name: tpl.msProductOptions description: '' category: miniShop2 properties: null static_file: core/components/minishop2/elements/chunks/chunk.ms_product_options.tpl ----- {foreach $options as $option}


The Gzip Module allows to compress, and uncompress files using the GZIP format.
You can compress any file, the compressed file name will have the file suffix '.gz'.
You can uncompress files having the file suffix .gz
;
the uncompressed file name has no file suffix .gz
.
At the end of the compressing, and uncompressing task, you may delete the original file.
The Gzip Module offers following user selectable options:
The following screenshot shows the options available:


Bigg Boss 13: Kamya Punjabi Gets Trolled For Supporting Sidharth Shukla, Her Reply Is Savage AF
Recently, Kamya Punjabi took to her Twitter page to support Sidharth Shukla.
by Koimoi.com TeamSince Bigg Boss 13 started, Sidharth Shukla has managed to grab all the headlines. He is one of those contestants who has got into a fight with almost everyone in the house. He is known in the house for his aggressive and violent nature. Hence, he faces a lot of flak from the audience.
Recently, Kamya Punjabi took to her Twitter page to support Sidharth Shukla. However, a lot of people backlashed her for the same. But the Banoo Maon Teri Dulhan actress didn’t keep quiet. She gave back to those who trolled her.
These trolls started targetting her for her breakup with Karan Patel and also dragged her fiance Shalabh Dang in it. The actress shared the screenshot of these trolls and wrote, “Aur kuch? Aur bhi kuch kehna ya curse karna hai? U all are most welcome to do it..!!! Main Naa kisise darrti hun aur kisike kehne se rukti hun bolte raho”.
(Do you all want to say anything else? Or do you’ll want to curse me further? If so, you are all welcome to do so. I’m not afraid of anyone and I wouldn’t stop speaking because of your snide remarks, continue speaking.)
Kamya Punjabi shared another tweet which reads, “nki khudki baatien dekh lo aur yeh psycho kehte hai #SidharthaShukla ko 😀 “
Read the tweets below:
Well, this isn’t the first time a celeb is being trolled for supporting a controversial Bigg Boss contestants.
Meanwhile, who do you think will win Bigg Boss 13? Let us know in the comments below.


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This application is primarly a Python based GUI supported software which encrypts the documents of the end user by using 256-bit encryption process.
This product is basically a web-based version of it.
To view the original Engine written in python, Click the link below
To Proceed to the software, click on the link Below
Web Based Applicaton for Encryption Engine


Modify the properties you would like to change, and click on the Save button.
Short description of the key.
Consumer key provided by Twitter.
Consumer secret provided by Twitter.
Access token provided by Twitter.
Access token secret provided by Twitter.
This key will be used when enabled.
If you want to delete this key, click the Delete button below (there is no way back!).


- Setting up back an old psychology/help site Daily Cuckoo
- Search and move to new apartment, on the Coloane island of Macau
- Requesting and collecting proofs for Macau immigration issue, working with lawyers
- Yoga twice a week, to prevent the multiple injuries I keep getting while rock climbing
- Read books, mainly about psychology and philosophy
- Write short fiction at sleeplessmind.info
- Helping Toastmasters members on their leadership and communication tracks as VP of Education at the Macau PAG Toastmasters club
- Working out contracts for my company Sleeplessmind Ltd, in order to pay my bills


| Award |
Team |
Name |
Home Town |
| Imagery |
1359 |
Hewlett-Packard/Oregon Space Grant Consortium/Northwest Industries & Linn County Schools |
Albany,OR |
| Radio Shack Innovation in Control |
114 |
Los Altos Robotics |
Los Altos,CA |
| Xerox Creativity |
691 |
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Honda R&D/Abacorp/Electrorack/HR Textron/ITT Tech/Raytheon/Numatics Engineering & Hart High School |
Newhall,CA |
| Delphi Drive Tommorows Technology |
980 |
Marcus & Millichap - Los Angeles/Tweed Financial Services/Sperry Van Ness/SRS Moxie & Delphi Academy & Shuttleworth Academy & Renaissance Academy & Los Angeles Academy of Literacy & the Arts |
Southern California,CA |
| Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield and Byers |
846 |
Applied Materials, Inc./DP Product, Inc/Microsoft Corporation/San José State University/Cadence & Lynbrook High School |
San Jose,CA |
| Judge's Award |
115 |
Monta Vista High school |
Cupertino,CA |
| Website |
254 |
NASA Ames Research Center/Laron Incorporated/Evans Precision Machining, Inc. & Bellarmine College Preparatory |
San Jose,CA |
| Autodesk Visualization |
192 |
- |
- |
| Regional Woodie Flowers Award |
568 |
AREA/BP/CIRI & Dimond High |
Anchorage,AK |
| General Motors Industrial Design |
766 |
Menlo Atherton High School |
Menlo-atherton,CA |
| Motorola Quality |
254 |
NASA Ames Research Center/Laron Incorporated/Evans Precision Machining, Inc. & Bellarmine College Preparatory |
San Jose,CA |
| Johnson and Johnson Sportsmanship |
1097 |
Jesuit High School |
Carmichael,CA |
| DaimlerChrysler Team Spirit |
841 |
Industrial Light and Magic & Richmond High School |
Richmond,CA |
| Judges Award |
1072 |
The Harker School |
San Jose,CA |
| Rookie Inspiration |
1516 |
California High School |
San Ramon,CA |
| Rookie All Star |
1700 |
IDEO/Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers & Castilleja School |
Palo Alto,CA |
| Highest Rookie Seed |
1516 |
California High School |
San Ramon,CA |
| Safety |
1458 |
NASA/ROP Contra Costa Co, CA & Monte Vista High School |
Danville,CA |
| Regional Finalist #1 |
1097 |
Jesuit High School |
Carmichael,CA |
| Regional Finalist #2 |
852 |
The Athenian School |
Danville,CA |
| Regional Finalist #3 |
368 |
NASA Ames Research Center/HECO/SUMMA Technologies, Inc./RHT Enterprise & McKinley High School |
Honolulu,HI |
| Regional Finalist #4 |
- |
- |
- |
| Regional Winner #1 |
254 |
NASA Ames Research Center/Laron Incorporated/Evans Precision Machining, Inc. & Bellarmine College Preparatory |
San Jose,CA |
| Regional Winner #2 |
980 |
Marcus & Millichap - Los Angeles/Tweed Financial Services/Sperry Van Ness/SRS Moxie & Delphi Academy & Shuttleworth Academy & Renaissance Academy & Los Angeles Academy of Literacy & the Arts |
Southern California,CA |
| Regional Winner #3 |
22 |
Boeing-Rocketdyne/FADAL Engineering/Roberts Tool Company/NASA JPL/Haas Automation & HighTechHigh-LA & Chatsworth High School |
San Fernando Valley,CA |
| Regional Winner #4 |
- |
- |
- |
| Engineering Inspiration |
1359 |
Hewlett-Packard/Oregon Space Grant Consortium/Northwest Industries & Linn County Schools |
Albany,OR |
| Regional Chairmans Winner |
368 |
NASA Ames Research Center/HECO/SUMMA Technologies, Inc./RHT Enterprise & McKinley High School |
Honolulu,HI |
|


@(game: Game) @main("Nerd Gamers") { 1 vote added for @game.title Thanks for voting. Your vote matters! return to index }


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--- layout: default category: tot redirect_to: - https://chromedevtools.github.io/devtools-protocol/ ---
The Chrome debugging protocol allows for tools to instrument, inspect, debug and profile Chromium, Chrome and other Blink-based browsers. Many existing projects currently use the protocol. The Chrome DevTools uses this protocol and the team maintains its API.
Instrumentation is divided into a number of domains (DOM, Debugger, Network etc.). Each domain defines a number of commands it supports and events it generates. Both commands and events are serialized JSON objects of a fixed structure. You can either debug over the wire using the raw messages as they are described in the corresponding domain documentation, or use extension JavaScript API.
Consider subscribing to the chrome-debugging-protocol mailing list.
tot: The latest (tip-of-tree) protocol changes frequently and may break at any time. However it captures the full capabilities of the Protocol, whereas the stable release is a subset. There is no backwards compatibility support guaranteed for the capabilities it introduces.
v8: The v8-inspector protocol is available in node 6.3+ and enables debugging & profiling of Node.js apps.
1-2: The 1.2 version of the protocol is the latest stable release of the protocol, tagged at Chrome 54. It includes a smaller subset of the complete protocol compatibilities.


Your experience {{ experience.name }} has been {{ experience.get_status_display }}.
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List all Reports for an Institute or Center for a particular year
All Annual Reports for NIMH for reporting year 2015
93 Annual Reports
Investigator-Initiated Project
1.
MH000478 (2015) Neural Mechanisms of Learning and Memory in Vision
Mortimer Mishkin, PhD
The essential circuit for both item and associative stimulus recognition in any given sensory modality consists of the relevant cortical sensory processing stream(s), the medial temporal rhinal cortex, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Context-free re ...
2.
MH000889 (2015) Dysregulation of Protein Synthesis in Fragile X Syndrome and Other Developmental Disorders
Carolyn E Beebe, PhD
The protocol involved in this project is 06-M-0214, NCT00362843.
During the 2015 funding period, we addressed the following: 1) rCPS measured with the L-1-C-11leucine PET method in patients with FXS and healthy volunteers sedated with dexmedetomidine, 2) The effects of propofol on a test of avers ...
3.
MH001090 (2015) Studies Of Central Nervous System Functional Anatomy
Miles Herkenham, PhD
Chronic stress has been implicated in the etiology and progression of various psychiatric disorders including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In mice, we study the effects of chronic psychosocial stress in a paradigm involving repeated daily exposure to social defeat by a domi ...
4.
MH001101 (2015) Neural Mechanisms of Learning and Memory in Audition
Mortimer Mishkin, PhD
Several diverse pieces of evidence suggest the possibility that auditory long-term memory may require the assistance of the oromotor system. The first set of findings comes from a series of neurobehavioral studies carried out on the 3-generational KE family, half of whose members suffer from an inhe ...
5.
MH002032 (2015) Neural Coding Of Visual Stimuli
Barry J Richmond, MD
Humans and other primates somehow recognize whether objects have been seen in the recent past or not, that is, whether they are familiar, and the individual knows approximately when the object was last seen. This ability seems effortless. It has been hypothesized that rhinal cortex in the temporal l ...
6.
MH002035 (2015) Functional Anatomy Of Perceptual and Attentional Systems in the Primate Brain
Leslie G Ungerleider, PhD
A typical scene contains many different objects that compete for neural representation due to the limited processing capacity of the visual system. At the neural level, competition among multiple stimuli is evidenced by the mutual suppression of their visually evoked responses. The competiti ...
7.
MH002039 (2015) Pharmacology of Stimulus Memory and Habit Formation
Mortimer Mishkin, PhD
The memory impairment associated with Alzheimers disease has long been associated with a loss in acetylcholine function and pathophysiology of the entorhinal/perirhinal, or rhinal cortex. In monkeys, lesions of this region as well as cholinergic deafferentation lead to sever memory deficits. We rece ...
8.
MH002386 (2015) Chemical Coding Of Neurotransmission
Lee E Eiden, PhD
The neuropeptide slow transmitter PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide) is released at synapses that transduce stress responses to the brain, and mediate homeostatic adjustments to stress by the organism. Allostatic responses to systemic and psychogenic stressors at multiple poi ...
9.
MH002468 (2015) Mechanisms of Action of Psychoactive Drugs
Susan G Amara, PhD
Several experimental model systems were used to further test the hypothesis that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are initial targets of lithium and valproic acid (VPA), respectively, that trigger diverse neurobiological effects. Our studies identified a number of ...
10.
MH002497 (2015) Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex and Basal Ganglia
Charles R Gerfen, PhD
Advances in molecular genetic techniques are revealing new details of the neuroanatomical organization of brain circuitry and the functional role of these circuits in behavior. Engineered viral vector constructs have been developed to label axonal projections of targeted neurons with unpreceden ...
11.
MH002498 (2015) Roles of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Brain
Walter Scott Young, MD, PhD
--This fiscal year, we continued our studies of our gene knockouts (KO) of the mouse oxytocin (Oxt) and vasopressin (Avp) 1b receptors (Oxtr and Avpr1b, respectively) to investigate their specific roles in mediating behavior. Avp and Oxt are neurohormones that are best known for their peripheral act ...
12.
MH002537 (2015) Psychobiology and Treatment of Perimenopausal Mood Disorders
Peter J Schmidt, MD
This report includes work arising from the following clinical protocols: NCT00030147, NCT00060736, NCT00001231, and NCT00001322.
In addition to the well-documented increased risk of depression, the perimenopause also has been reported to be accompanied by a decreased quality of life (QOL). Studies ...
13.
MH002581 (2015) Childhood Onset Schizophrenia
Judith L Rapoport, MD
In comparison with adult onset schizophrenia patients, childhood onset patients have a greater number of pre-psychotic developmental disorders. One fifth of our COS cases have earlier forms of autism spectrum disorder, and one third have motor, speech, language, attention or impulse related developm ...
14.
MH002588 (2015) The Neural Foundations for Memory and Social Cognition In The Human Brain
Alex Martin, PhD
This past year we have continued to focus on a major part of long-term memory, termed semantic memory, that is composed of general information, such as facts, ideas, and the meaning of objects and words. We are particularly interested in characterizing the neural substrate mediating object and word ...
15.
MH002592 (2015) Viral And Cellular Factors Governing Efficient Gene Delivery
Maribeth V Eiden, PhD
The Section on Directed Gene Delivery creates viral vectors to efficiently deliver genes to appropriate targets in cellula, at physiological expression stoichiometries, with the end goal of transferring therapeutic genes to cells of the central nervous system for expression at physiological levels t ...
16.
MH002619 (2015) Neural Mechanisms Of Motivation And Reward
Barry J Richmond, MD
Two factors that influence how valuable a reward seems to be, that is, the subjective value of the reward, are the reward size and the amount of time that passes before the reward's delivery. Larger rewards are seen as more valuable than smaller ones, and rewards that are delivered immediately are m ...
17.
MH002652 (2015) Imaging of Neuropsychiatric Disorders with Developmental and Genetic Mechanisms
Karen F Berman, MD
The core aim of this project is to elucidate the nature, molecular foundations, underlying neurochemistry, and clinical correlates of neural systems-level dysfunction in schizophrenia. Toward that end, this year, the Section on Integrative Neuroimaging has successfully executed comprehensive, multi ...
18.
MH002666 (2015) Evaluation and Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects 1-2% of children and adolescents, causing significant distress and impairments from the unrelenting obsessional thoughts and compulsive behaviors. A unique subgroup of children with OCD has been identified on the basis of the acuity of their symptom onset. ...
19.
MH002685 (2015) Peptide Receptor Systems
Theodore B Usdin, MD, PhD
Investigating the biological role of the neuropeptide Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) and its receptor, the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor 2 (PTH2R) has been a focus of the section. We discovered these molecules several years ago. In previous years we mapped their neuroanatomical dis ...
20.
MH002717 (2015) Neuroimaging of Brain Circuits and Molecular Mechanisms in Normal Cognition
Karen F Berman, MD
The Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch continues to make advances on several fronts in order to delineate the neurochemical, neurogenetic, and neuropsychological contributions to neural systems function and development relevant to mental illness. We have embarked on data collection for t ...
21.
MH002736 (2015) Neural Substrates Of Stimulus Recognition And Association Memory
Elisabeth Adams Murray, PhD
Human functional imaging studies have identified a distributed network of cortical brain regions that display temporally coordinated activity during wakeful rest, commonly termed the default mode network (DMN). The DMN is largely conserved across species and includes a number of subsystems that conv ...
22.
MH002768 (2015) Subcellular Compartmentalization of Neuronal Gene Expression
Barry Bernard Kaplan, PhD
Although once highly controversial, it is now well-accepted that there exists a diverse population of mRNAs and non-coding microRNAs in the distal structural/functional domains of the neuron to include the dendrite, axon, and presynaptic nerve terminal. It has also become well-established that prot ...
23.
MH002778 (2015) The Phenomenology and Neurophysiology of Juvenile Bipolar Disorder
Ellen Leibenluft, MD
Since the beginning of this project we have screened over 3000 subjects for this study. We have enrolled approximately 202 youth with bipolar disorder (BD), 295 subjects at risk for BD because they have a parent or sibling with the illness, and 109 adults with BD. This year, approximately 35 new sub ...
24.
MH002781 (2015) fMRI Studies Of Pediatric Mood And Anxiety Disorders
Daniel Pine, MD
This work is conducted under protocol 01-M-0192, NCT00018057.
Through a series of two protocols, we are using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine neurocognitive correlates of pediatric anxiety disorders. Through ongoing collaborative studies, we also have increasingly compared f ...
25.
MH002782 (2015) fMRI Studies Of Risk For Mood And Anxiety Disorders In Children
Daniel Pine, MD
This work is conducted under protocol 03-M-0186, NCT00060775.
In this project, our group is examining biological aspects of risk for mood and anxiety disorders in children. Such work has major public impact. By identifying biological risks in children, information on novel treatments and preventati ...
26.
MH002783 (2015) Functional MRI Method Development
Peter A Bandettini, BS, PhD
Protocol number 93-M-0170, NCT00001360
The Section on Functional Imaging Methods (SFIM) has advanced functional MRI (fMRI) methodology through development of processing and acquisition methods and research on the underlying mechanisms behind the fMRI signal. The ultimate goals are to gain a deepe ...
27.
MH002784 (2015) Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain
Heather A Cameron, PhD
This project focuses on the interactions between experience and adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal region of the brain. We are interested in understanding how experiences, including learning and stressful experiences, regulate adult neurogenesis and how the new neurons alter responses in these si ...
28.
MH002786 (2015) The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Children with Severe Irritability
Ellen Leibenluft, MD
In response to the concern about the appropriate diagnosis for children with chronic, severe irritability, we defined a group of children whom we described as having severe mood dysregulation (SMD). These children have extremely severe irritability and symptoms of hyperarousal (the latter being simi ...
29.
MH002793 (2015) PET Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
Victor W Pike, PhD
The Molecular Imaging Branch (MIB) aims to exploit positron emission tomography (PET) as a radiotracer imaging technique for investigating neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism, depression, addiction, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Fundamental to this mission is the development of ...
30.
MH002794 (2015) Pediatric Brain Imaging
Judith L Rapoport, MD
A unifying theme emerging from our work is that in neuroimaging, as in life, the journey is often as important as the destination. Trajectories of brain morphometry, as opposed to snapshots in time, are more highly correlated with cognitive parameters, are better predictors of clinical outcome, and ...
31.
MH002795 (2015) Translational Evaluation of PET Radiotracers
Robert Innis, MD
Examples of progress made during the prior year are summarized below.
1) We have been studying phosphodiesterase type IV (PDE4), an important component of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) cascade, for several years. Here, we sought to investigate the interactions between PDE4 and DISC1 w ...
32.
MH002797 (2015) Neuronal avalanches in the neocortex
Dietmar Plenz, PhD
1. Neuronal avalanches are increasingly recognized to be important for cortex function. We have now embarked on the problem of how avalanche dynamics, or critical states, might be beneficial for learning. One of the first problems we addressed was the benefit of critical dynamics to allow network ...
33.
MH002798 (2015) The Psychophysiology of Fear and Anxiety
Christian Grillon, PhD
Our work focuses on two major research themes. One theme attempts to elucidate normative psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of fear and anxiety in healthy individuals in order to identify which of these mechanisms are perturbed in anxiety disorders. Anxiety is an adaptive response to threa ...
34.
MH002800 (2015) Identifying Neural Substrates of Behavior in Drosophila Melanogaster
Benjamin H White, PhD
Ecdysis sequences consist of concatenated motor programs that serve to first loosen, then cast off an insect's exoskeleton and finally to expand a new exoskeleton to accommodate further growth. Survival and growth thus depend upon successful execution of ecdysis sequences, and each such sequence mus ...
35.
MH002803 (2015) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging Studies of Brain Functions
Jun Shen, PhD
The goals of this research are to develop advanced MRS and imaging techniques and to apply them and other complementary methods to studying brain metabolism, neurotransmission and enzyme activity. MRS allows measurement of neurotransmission of glutamate and GABA in vivo, which play important roles i ...
36.
MH002804 (2015) Family Study of Affective and Anxiety Spectrum Disorders
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
The major aims of this project have been accomplished through the establishment of a large community-based family study of adult probands who participate in comprehensive clinical and biologic assessments followed by comparable evaluations of their adult and child relatives. Recruitment of probands ...
37.
MH002806 (2015) National Comorbidity Survey - Replication (NCS-R)
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
Our efforts on the NCS-R study of adults have been significantly reduced over the years, since we have shifted our effort to focus on children and adolescents. However, the NCS-R can be combined with the Adolescent Supplement of the National Comorbidity Study (NCS-A) because the survey instruments w ...
38.
MH002807 (2015) Zurich Cohort Study of Young Adults
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
During the past year, we have continued to analyze the data from this unique prospective cohort study that covers a total observation period of 30 years for this cohort of young adults who have been followed since the age of 18. In collaboration with our colleagues in Zurich, we have completed a rec ...
39.
MH002808 (2015) National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent (NCS-A)
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
Although the NCS-A survey was conducted 10 years ago, no population-based adolescent studies in the U.S. could compete with its data richness yet. Data collected from the NCS-A covered diagnostic information for 16 psychiatric disorders, demographic characteristics, developmental background, and in ...
40.
MH002810 (2015) Functional Genomics of Bipolar Disorder
Francis Joseph McMahon, MD
NCT00001174
In order to better interpret the impact of genetic variation on the brain biology of bipolar disorder, we are pursuing a variety of functional genomics studies, including brain imaging, microarray gene expression and RNA-seq in post-mortem brain tissue, and cellular phenotyping of neu ...
41.
MH002838 (2015) Neurophysiology of Visual Perception
David A Leopold, PhD
It may be seen as an accident of nature, and atypical among mammals, that human vision is so advanced. As large-brained, large-eyed primates, humans have come to rely strongly upon vision, as it carries with many advantages, such as perceiving individuals and events from a distance. Primates in gen ...
42.
MH002843 (2015) Identification of Genes Involved in Major Mood Disorders
Francis Joseph McMahon, MD
NCT00001174
Starting in 1993, in collaboration with 10 academic centers across the United States, we recruited a large sample of over 3,000 individuals with bipolar or related mood disorders. All participants did a diagnostic interview and provided a blood sample for DNA analysis. DNA and clinica ...
43.
MH002844 (2015) Genetic Determinants of Antidepressant Response
Francis Joseph McMahon, MD
Strong evidence from family and twin studies demonstrates that major depressive disorder (MDD) is heritable, yet there has been limited progress in identifying the actual genes involved. A separate, perhaps overlapping set of genes is expected to play a role in individual variation in treatment resp ...
44.
MH002851 (2015) Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder
Robert James Richard Blair, PhD
Over the last 12 months, one particular strand of our work with patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Generalized Social Phobia (GSP) stands out.
Pathological worry is the defining feature of GAD in DSM. Understanding the neural dysfunction underlying worry in GAD therefore like ...
45.
MH002852 (2015) Clinical Evaluation of PET Radiotracers
Robert Innis, MD
1. We found that 18F-FIMX was successfully able to quantify metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in human brain, and that correlation of brain uptake with the relative density of mGluR1 transcript allowed specific receptor binding of a radioligand to be quantified without injecting pharmacolog ...
46.
MH002857 (2015) Glutamatergic Modulators for Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant Effect
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD
This Report involves work collected under protocol 04-M-0222 (NCT00088699).
Our research suggests that the glutamatergic system is involved in the mechanism of action of rapid antidepressant response. In addition, this system may be a feasible target for developing treatments that have rapid and ...
47.
MH002860 (2015) Emotional Dysfunction and Childhood Behavioral Disturbance
Robert James Richard Blair, PhD
This project has established a series of core neuro-biological findings regarding the basis of Conduct Disorder (CD). Over the past year, we have identified core neuro-computational impairments that are: (i) specific to youth with CD and high callous-unemotional (CU) traits (reduced guilt and empath ...
48.
MH002863 (2015) Multimodal Neuroimaging of Gene-Brain Relationships in Williams Syndrome
Karen F Berman, MD
In order to delineate specific genetic contributions to brain structure, function and clinically relevant behavior and cognition, we have executed an ongoing series of multimodal neuroimaging studies of individuals with copy number variation in the 7q11.23 Williams Syndrome (WS) genomic region. The ...
49.
MH002865 (2015) Reproductive Endocrine Related Mood Disorders-Differential Sensitivity
Peter J Schmidt, MD
This report includes work arising from the following clinical protocols: NCT00005011, NCT00056901, NCT00059228, NCT00082043, NCT00100360, NCT00001177, NCT00001259, and NCT00001481
Overlapping co-morbidities between premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and postpartum depression (PPD) indicate that ...
50.
MH002868 (2015) Clinical and Behavioral Phenotyping of Autism and Related Disorders
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
Autism spectrum disorder is currently defined as a single disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. However, there is mounting evidence that autism represents a collection of overlapping neurodevelopmental disorde ...
51.
MH002874 (2015) The Neuroregulatory Effects of Gonadal Steroids in Humans
Peter J Schmidt, MD
This report includes work arising from the following clinical protocols: NCT00026832, NCT00100360, NCT00001177, and NCT00001322.
Behavioral observations show that clinically significant depressive symptoms are rare accompaniments of induced hypogonadism in these healthy premenopausal women. Additi ...
52.
MH002881 (2015) Molecular Mechanisms of Synapse Development and Plasticity
Zheng Li, PhD
1. Identification of a new form of autophagy for synaptic vesicles. Synaptic vesicles are small spherical organelles in the presynaptic terminals of neurons. They contain neurotransmitter and release neurotransmitter when the presynaptic membrane is depolarized by action potentials. After exocytosis ...
53.
MH002882 (2015) Characterizing the Function of miRNAs in Neural Development, Synaptic Plasticity and Schizophrenia.
Zheng Li, PhD
1. The function of miRNAs in long-term synaptic potentiation. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission is a form of synaptic plasticity that leads to long-lasting enhancement of synaptic strength. LTP is a prominent cellular model for encoding and storing information in the brain. On th ...
54.
MH002886 (2015) Neural mechanisms of reward processing and emotion
Elisabeth Adams Murray, PhD
Although neurophysiological studies have shown that the activity of neurons in the amygdala, OFC and MFC correlates with the value of expected feedback, such as rewarding or aversive events, little is known about the physiological interactions among these areas or how these interactions produce emot ...
55.
MH002887 (2015) Neural substrates of reward processing and emotion
Elisabeth Adams Murray, PhD
Previous work on this project has shown that value-based decision making requires both the OFC and the amygdala. We have used two kinds of tasks to investigate their mechanisms: (1) standard probabilistic and deterministic 2- and 3-choice visual discrimination learning tasks and (2) tasks that requi ...
56.
MH002890 (2015) Integrating EEG/MEG and fMRI
Richard Coppola, SB, DSc
Our earlier basic studies have shown that MEG recordings during cognitive tasks have the ability to localize brain activity in comparable fashion to functional MRI. In specific, reduction in power in the beta frequency band at the cortex in general agrees with BOLD activation results. However, elect ...
57.
MH002893 (2015) Learning and plasticity in the human brain
Christopher Ian Baker, PhD
The primary goals of this research are i) to establish differences in brain processing in the context of nervous system damage or dysfunction, and ii) to determine the potential for learning-induced plasticity to ameliorate the negative consequences of such changes. Over the past year we have primar ...
58.
MH002896 (2015) The Neural Basis of Functional MRI Responses
David A Leopold, PhD
It is difficult to imagine neuroscience in 2015 without fMRI. No single method has been more influential in studying human cognition, with colorful maps in news outlets gradually raising the public awareness of neuroscientific progress. The fact that it is possible to look inside the head of an aw ...
59.
MH002897 (2015) Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Experience-Dependent Cortical Processing
Kuan Hong Wang, PhD
Our brain can be considered as a type of information processing system like a computer, where input signals need to be first detected and properly represented, then integrated for decision-making and output control. A unique feature of the brain as an information processing system lies in its adapt ...
60.
MH002898 (2015) Social Processing and Neural Plasticity
David A Leopold, PhD
Learning is the sine qua non of survival for all but the simplest creatures. Learning, of course, involves changes in the brain, with the most obvious sites being at the synapses that facilitate communication between neurons. One can thus study learning at the microscopic level, to study for exampl ...
61.
MH002909 (2015) Object, face, body and scene representations in the human brain
Christopher Ian Baker, PhD
The goal of this research is to understand how we see what we see: how does the brain analyze the light falling on the retina of the eye to encode a world full of objects, people and things?
During the past year we have focused on 1) the relationship between bottom up (sensory driven) and top-do ...
62.
MH002914 (2015) Treatment of Medical Conditions among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Susan Elizabeth Swedo, MD
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by deficits of social communication and the presence of restrictive and/or repetitive behaviors. Recent epidemiologic studies have documented an increase in the number of children identified with autistic symptoms, with some reports suggesting that as many a ...
63.
MH002917 (2015) Office of the Scientific Director
Susan G Amara, PhD
The NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs' (DIRP) scientists conduct research ranging from studies into the mechanisms of normal brain function at the behavioral, systems, cellular, and molecular levels, to clinical investigations into the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnes ...
64.
MH002918 (2015) Functional Anatomy of Face Processing in the Primate Brain
Leslie G Ungerleider, PhD
Lesions of inferior temporal (IT) cortex in humans can result in the syndrome termed prosopagnosia, an inability to recognize familiar faces. Singel-cell recordings from IT cortex of monkeys have revealed the existence of neurons that are selectively activated by visual images of faces. Additionally ...
65.
MH002920 (2015) The Cognitive Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Alex Martin, PhD
This past year we have continued to evaluate the neural characteristics, and associated behavioral consequences, of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).
Previous studies have suggested that ASD is associated with abnormal early brain growth. More recently, cross-sectional studies suggest that corti ...
66.
MH002922 (2015) Psychiatry Consultation Liaison Service Research
Maryland Pao, MD
The three areas of the OCD research are as follows:
Suicide Risk in the Medical Setting
Suicide is an international public health threat. In the U.S., it is the 2nd leading cause of death for youth and the 10th leading cause of death for adults. As suicide risk screening becomes a national prior ...
67.
MH002927 (2015) Neurobiology and Target Validation of Novel Therapeutic Agents in Mood Disorders
Carlos Alberto Zarate, MD
This Report involves work collected under protocols 08-M-0196 (NCT00759395); 08-M-0150 (NCT00697268); 14-M-0085 (NCT02122562); 07-M-0021 (NCT00397111); 14-M-0041 (NCT02049385); and 07-M-0152 (NCT00472576), 15-M-0151 (NCT 02484456).
Results this past year:
1) The prodrug 4-chlorokynurenine (AV-1 ...
68.
MH002928 (2015) Frontal Striatal Systems and Dopamine in Normal and Pathological Behavior
Bruno B Averbeck
Our lab uses a combination of neurophysiology, pharmacology and functional imaging to examine the role of frontal striatal systems in behavior. Several of our experiments are motivated by studies in patient groups that show that patients have deficits on particular tasks. We then study those tasks i ...
69.
MH002929 (2015) Developing New Statisical Methods to Detect Rare Variants Involved in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Yin Yao Shugart, PhD
1) We developed a haplotype-based approach (HAP-PDT) to analyze rare variants within pedigrees with complex human disorders. Extensive simulations in the sequencing setting were carried out to evaluate and compare the haplotype-based approach with the rare variant methods that drew on a more convent ...
70.
MH002930 (2015) Developing Statistics Methods to Detect Rare Genetics Variants in Human Complex Pedigrees
Yin Yao Shugart, PhD
We have developed pedigree-based rare variants analysis approach by treating each affected relative as dependent pairs and the dependency will be accounted for using correlation matrix. This work led to two publications. We are now working on using a haplotype-based approach to identify causal varia ...
71.
MH002931 (2015) Neurodevelopmental Genomics Study, University of Pennsylvania
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
The Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has partnered with U PENN and CHOP in the design and assessments, as well as the data analysis of this rich resource. The NIMH team has particularly focused on the topics of medical-mental comorbidity, mood di ...
72.
MH002932 (2015) Cohort study of Lausanne (COLAUS) on cardiovascular diseases and depression
Kathleen R Merikangas, PhD
The collection of data from this cohort has now been completed and analyses of the data are underway. The NIMH Family Study of Affective Spectrum Disorders will analyze data on mood disorders and patterns of comorbidity from the cohort. This will be facilitated by exchange of a junior scientist from ...
73.
MH002933 (2015) Endocrine and Neurobiologic Events Accompanying Puberty
Peter J Schmidt, MD
This report includes work arising from the following clinical protocol: NCT01434368.
Recruitment efforts for this longitudinal study continue and we have completed approximately 70% of our planned enrollment of 12-13 year old children and approximately 40% of our planned enrollment of prepubertal c ...
74.
MH002934 (2015) Integrating fMRI and Next-Generation-Sequencing Data to Identify Schizophrenia Biomarkers
Yin Yao Shugart, PhD
Using our sparse representation based variable selection (SRVS) based integrated analysis of gene expression and SNP data sets, we ranked 11522 gene expression probes and 354893 SNPs and then performed an enrichment analysis on each of the top 1000 variables selected. Results showed that 559 variabl ...
75.
MH002935 (2015) Mathematical and Statistical Analysis Techniques for in Vivo Imaging Studies
Carolyn E Beebe, PhD
In the current year we have refined our data analysis methods for estimation of rates of cerebral protein synthesis (rCPS) with L-1-C-11leucine and PET. Because rCPS tends to change only modestly under different physiological conditions, it is essential that the analyses achieve the highest possibl ...
76.
MH002936 (2015) Cerebral Protein Synthesis During Sleep and Memory Consolidation
Carolyn E Beebe, PhD
The protocol involved in this project is 09-M-0123, NCT00884702.
During the FY 2015 funding period, we addressed the following:
In collaboration with our colleagues from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (T Balkin), we use the L-1-C-11leucine PET method to measure rCPS in human subjec ...
77.
MH002942 (2015) Multimodal Imaging: Genetic and Environmental Effects in Neuropsychiatry
Karen F Berman, MD
Progress this past year in understanding how schizophrenia risk genetics operate at the cognitive and neural systems level has been manifold, with important advances in (1) identifying novel phenotypes that distinguish both people with schizophrenia and unaffected family members from unrelated healt ...
78.
MH002946 (2015) Structure, Function and Pharmacology of Neurotransmitter Reuptake Systems
Susan G Amara, PhD
Our laboratory has shown that amphetamines trigger the internalization of the dopamine transporter (DAT) by a series of intracellular events that are distinct from the generally established actions of amphetamines to inhibit dopamine (DA) uptake or to increase DA efflux. We have found that when appl ...
79.
MH002948 (2015) Cerebral Protein Synthesis as a Measure of Degenerative Changes in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer�s Disease
Carolyn E Beebe, PhD
During the 2015 funding period, we established a breeding colony of this transgenic model at the NIH and we have begun studies to measure rCPS with the autoradiographic L-1-C-14leucine method in cohorts of WT and TgF344-AD at six, 14, and 18 months of age. In these animals we are also measuring act ...
Scientific Core
1.
MH002884 (2015) Functional MRI Core Facility
Peter A Bandettini, BS, PhD
Space Utilization:
The Functional MRI Facility (FMRIF) currently occupies approximately 4800 sq ft of space, divided between the scanner bays, control rooms and electronics/machine rooms for 3TA, 3TB, 3TC, 3TD, and 7T MRI scanners located within the NMR center and office space on the second floor ...
2.
MH002888 (2015) Scientific and Statistical Computing Core
Robert Cox, PhD
The main mission of the Core is to help NIH researchers with analyses of their fMRI (brain activation mapping) data. Along the way, we also help non-NIH investigators, mostly in the U.S. but also some abroad. Several levels of help are provided, from short-term immediate aid to long-term development ...
3.
MH002889 (2015) NIMH MEG Core Facility
Richard Coppola, SB, DSc
The MEG Core staff works interactively with a large group of PI's in NIMH, NINDS and NIDCD for study design, task development, acquisition protocols, signal processing and data analysis. Procedures for data security, transfer and storage have been improved by moving the main data archive to the Hel ...
4.
MH002894 (2015) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Core Facility
Jun Shen, PhD
As a noninvasive method for measuring concentration and distribution of chemicals in the living brain MRS is an important tool for studying brain function and disorders. However, robust measurement of MRS signals requires highly sophisticated design, implementation and maintenance of various MRS tec ...
5.
MH002899 (2015) Neurophysiology Imaging Facility Core: Functional and Structural MRI
David A Leopold, PhD
Neuroimaging in the behaving nonhuman primate is an inherently multidisciplinary effort that requires the convergence of expertise from scientific fields inside and outside of neuroscience. In designing research projects to understand the structure and function of the brain, researchers must underst ...
6.
MH002901 (2015) Transgenic Resources for Neuroscience Research
James M Pickel, AB, PhD
The NIMH transgenic core facility has several major functions: 1) to produce transgenics for neuroscience research, 2) to support research with associated techniques in genetic research in neuroscience, 3) to develop new transgenic techniques and model systems and 4) to engage in collaborative proje ...
7.
MH002903 (2015) Procurement and Characterization of Postmortem Brain Tissue
Barbara K Lipska, PhD
The mission of Human Brain Collection Core (HBCC) is to gain insight into the causes and mechanisms of mental disorders. To be able to conduct this research, we obtain brain tissues from deceased individuals with and without psychiatric disorders. The results will help us better understand brain dys ...
8.
MH002911 (2015) NIMH Instrumentation Core Facility
George Raphael Dold, MME, BSEE
Summary: This past year, our Section had the unique opportunity to support the research from various Labs & Sections within NIMH, NINDS, NICHD, and NCCIH. During the past twelve months, investigators from these labs and branches requested 527 formal projects from our staff. Each of these requests w ...
Clinical Support Services
1.
MH002912 (2015) Office of the Clinical Director
Maryland Pao, MD
HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTIONS: The Human Subject Protections Unit (HSPU) is dedicated to ensuring adequate protections are in place for all NIMH intramural research participants. Established in 2005, this team of Clinical Research Advocates (CRAs) works with PIs, the IRB, the CC Bioethics Department, a ...
Clinical Training
1.
MH002939 (2015) Office of the Clinical Director-Psychiatry Clinical Research Training
Maryland Pao, MD
Clinical Fellowship Programs:
During FY15, there were thirteen NIMH IRP clinical fellows. The academic year generally starts in July so this number includes new, current and departing fellows. Of the thirteen fellows, three were in our PGY-4 ACGME accredited psychiatry residency program. We adde ...
Animal Research Infrastructure
1.
MH002924 (2015) Veterinary Medicine Research Branch
James Raber, DVM, PhD
The NIMH Veterinary Medicine Research Branch (VMRB) has successfully provided veterinary medical, husbandry and research support to over twenty-six (26) principal investigators in the NIMH IRP with over fifty-four (54) active animal study protocols. In addition, the Branch has provided training and ...
New Space Activation & Commissioning
1.
MH002947 (2015) NIMH Space Activation and Commissioning
Susan G Amara, PhD
The NIMH Division of Intramural Research Programs' (DIRP) scientists conduct research ranging from studies into the mechanisms of normal brain function at the behavioral, systems, cellular, and molecular levels, to clinical investigations into the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental illnes ...
Education and Outreach
1.
MH002916 (2015) Office of Fellowship Training
Janet Elizabeth Clark
In fiscal year 2015 (FY15) OFT administered several educational events and programs for the DIRP including several new training opportunities. In FY15, the OFT processed personnel cases for approximately 330 fellows and 230 Special Volunteers and Collaborators. The OFT processed faculty requests for ...
Technology Transfer
1.
MH002925 (2015) Office of Technology Transfer
Suzanne L Winfield, PhD
The Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) negotiates Material Transfer Agreements, Cooperative Research Development Agreements, Confidential Disclosure Agreements, Clinical Trial Agreements, etc. We also provide guidance and assistance to NIMH researchers, evaluate employee inventions for their patent ...


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Part 1 of Workshop at ICET Muvattupuzha
Just uploaded Part 1 of the presentation, from workshop held at ICET Muvattupuzha on August 8th 2015
»Just uploaded Part 1 of the presentation, from workshop held at ICET Muvattupuzha on August 8th 2015
»Today I took a workshop on web development to the B tech CSE students of ICET Muvattupuzha. The audience was very receptive and enthusiastic about learning more about webdevelopment. The plan was to cover HTML and CSS and give introduction to Javascript and PHP. Experienced people may say it is very ambitious to cover all these topics in a day. I believe I did a good job in covering HTML and an introduction to CSS. Still waiting for the feedback. I will be uploading the presentations I prepared for the workshop soon.
»I just moved joeinfo888.com from a self managed wordpress installation to Jekyll installation. The posts from the old wordpress installation will be moved to this site, when I get time.
»SCP is a great tool for transfering files using ssh protocol. I had been using it for transfering files from one server to another for a long time. But recently I had been working on a few servers, with very unstable connectivity. The connection had been breaking half way through the transfer. One of the problems with SCP is that you cannot resume a file transfer that got interrupted halfway. So I use rsync for this purpose. Following is an expample
»A few days before I started managing a wordpress blog with thousands of posts. The blog had been ignored for a few months and was full of spammy comments. The client asked me to disable comments on all posts for a few weeks. It is practically impossible to disable comments on thousands of posts by taking each individual post and unchecking allow comments checkbox. I figured my way around by executing an SQL query in the blog database to disable comments on all posts. Following are the steps to disable comments on all posts of a wordpress blog at once.
»C was the second programming language I learned. After playing with BASIC for around 4 years, I started programming in C at the age of 15. Till today C remains my favorite programming language. It was only after 3 more years, that I had the experience of using Linux. I was amazed at seeing that there are a lot of programming tools available on Linux. But I had no idea how to compile a simple program that would print out “Hello World”.
»


CHEAP: Apple’s AirPods with wireless charging case are $35 off
Purchase them with your money so I can eat
by Callum BoothWelcome to CHEAP, our series about things that are good, but most of all, cheap. CHEAP!
What’s that? You have an iPhone? And you’re using wired headphones? With that dongle? Oh dear, oh dear.
Quickly, come here. Yes, that’s right, sit on my knee. Ahh, let’s move closer to the fire. That’s better, isn’t it?
Now, see that bag there? Exactly. Reach into it. No, not that, the other thing. Perfect.
You see these? These are a pair of Apple AirPods with wireless charging case.
Very clever, how did you guess? Well, however you did it, you’re right: these Apple AirPods with wireless charging case are currently on offer!
How much are they on offer?  Well, they’re currently selling for $165, which works out as $35 off.
That’s right, run, child, run! Sprint as fast as you can towards that wonderful deal.
Now that, uhhh, section is over, let’s get into some more information.
Of course, AirPods aren’t for everyone (something we’ve discussed in more detail here), but I’ve found them to be an incredibly usable true wireless headphone that delivers a slick experience — especially when combined with an Apple device.
If you’re looking for audiophile-quality sound, then AirPods with wireless charging case might not be the best. But what they do offer is an unrivalled overall experience, from build quality, to battery life, and to sound, the AirPods might be the finest balanced true wireless headphones around.
Anyway, if that sounds like something you’re interested in, head over over to pick up the AirPods with wireless charging case for only $165. Enjoy that sweet sound, Apple fans.
This post includes affiliate links to products that you can buy online. If you purchase them through our links, we get a small cut of the revenue.
For more gear, gadget, and hardware news and reviews, follow Plugged on Twitter and Flipboard.
Price $ 165 ProductAirPods with wireless charging case by Apple
Buy now


Juan Dela Cruz
3,500 Good Karma
Most Recent Activities
Volunteered in Gawad Kalinga's Walang Iwanan.
Volunteered in Gawad Kalinga's Walang Iwanan.
Volunteered in Gawad Kalinga's Walang Iwanan.
Volunteered in Gawad Kalinga's Walang Iwanan.
Volunteered in Gawad Kalinga's Walang Iwanan.


This mathematical exercise has been approved as part of Mr. Rice's Java Jukebox ... provided
that the practicing mathematician has not clicked into a companion activity.
The intended target is
'MineSweeper' and
can be regenerated with the reload button.


The ministry will submit a bill to the Diet next year to revise the Act on Domestic Animal Infectious Diseases Control, ministry officials said. The law currently only allows preventive killings for dealing with foot-and-mouth disease, which broke out in Miyazaki Prefecture in 2010.
African swine fever, which is rampant in Asia, is more infectious than the standard swine fever currently found in central Japan and does not have an effective cure. The ministry sees the pre-emptive slaughter of uninfected pigs in farms near infected sites as the only viable way to prevent an epidemic.
The culling measure is expected to apply to pig farms within several kilometers of facilities found to have African swine fever infections, according to the officials. The ministry will further consult with experts on the preferable scope for the measure, which is likely to deal a blow to the pork industry.
The bill will also seek to strengthen the government’s authority over swine fever prevention in an effort to speed up the response to outbreaks. It would allow the central government to force prefectures to issue instructions or orders to pig farms with substandard sanitation management.
African swine fever has spread across Asia since its outbreak in China last summer. The disease made its way to South Korea in September, and Japanese officials say it could hit the country any day.
There have been over 80 cases of African swine fever virus showing up in sausages and other pork products illegally brought to Japan by foreign travelers.
The Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry will boost efforts to stop the disease at the border by increasing the number of sniffer dogs stationed at airports and other points of entry to 140 next fiscal year, up from about 40 currently.
The ministry has also agreed with Chinese customs authorities to strengthen quarantine inspections of farm and livestock products. The two countries also agreed to promote technical cooperation on the use of X-ray equipment, as well as joint campaigns to inform travelers about tighter inspections.
According to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, the number of pigs that died or were culled as a result of the African swine fever outbreak in Asia was about 5 million in the year to last August. The outbreak has led to pork prices skyrocketing in China, which has culled around 1.2 million pigs.
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JOIN THE CONVERSATION


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| CONTENTS |
Enabling SSH (Section 46.6) on Mac OS X is fairly simple. Access the System Preferences from the Apple menu and double-click the Sharing folder. When this opens, click the Application tab and check the box labeled "Allow remote login." Quit System Preferences, and the machine is now configured for SSH access, remotely.
To enable telnet , rsh, or rlogin (if you're sure you want these processes), open the Terminal window and edit the /etc/inetd.conf file (using sudo (Section 49.11) if you're logged in as a member of the administration group (Section 49.7) or login as root). Remove the pound sign (#) from in front of whatever remote service you want to enable:
#ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/libexec/tcpd ftpd -L
You'll need to restart the server, or you can restart inetd (Section 46.5) by typing:
kill -HUP 'cat /var/run/inetd.pid'
— SP
The problems associated with telnet and ftp, such as passing plain text passwords, can be overcome through the use of SSH (Section 46.6). SSH encrypts any communication between the client and the server, preventing anyone from capturing the information in transit. You should always use SSH to connect to your system remotely.
SSH works by authenticating the client using one of several authentication schemes, including a simple authentication that looks for a client machine within /etc/hosts.equiv. If the user on the local machine matches the username on the remote machine, they're allowed in. This isn't particularly safe, but it does provide encryption of transmitted data.
A second authentication scheme verifies that the login would normally validate with the $HOME/.rhosts — as with rlogin — and that the client can verify the host's key; if so, login is permitted. This is safer than the first authentication scheme.
However, a better method is RSA-based authentication using public-private keys. Regardless, once SSH is enabled, you can then use it to telnet or rlogin to the server machine, and all data transmitted is safe from snooping.
— SP
In some systems, such as Mac OS X, SSH (Section 46.6) is built-in. In other cases you can use commercial products, such as SecureCRT. However, there is a freely available application you can download called OpenSSH, available at http://www.openssh.com.
There are installation packages for OpenSSH for Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, AIX — in fact, most versions of Unix.
OpenSSH has multiple tools, used in place of existing connectivity applications:
Replaces telnet and rlogin
Replaces rcp for copying files
Replaces ftp
In addition, the installation features the necessary server-side installation as well as utilities to assist in the setup and maintenance of the application.
To configure OpenSSH with FreeBSD, check the documentation page at http://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/openssh.html. To use OpenSSH with Redhat Linux, check the web pages at http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-7.3-Manual/custom-guide/ch-openssh.html. Check your Unix system documentation for OpenSSH installation specific to your environment.
— SP
In the next sections, we cover a wide range of difficulties, organized by category. We list what, in our experience, are the most frequently asked of the frequently asked questions. We focus on problems that may occur in many versions of the SSH software on diverse operating systems. We don't address issues like this one, which rapidly become obsolete:
Compilation problems specific to one operating system, such as "HyperLinux beta 0.98 requires the -- with-woozle flag"
In all questions, we assume you have already used debug or verbose mode (e.g., ssh -v) to isolate the problem. (If you haven't, you should!)
— SP
Q: The commands ssh (Section 46.6), scp, ssh-agent, ssh-keygen, etc., aren't doing what I expect. Even the help messages look weird.
A: Maybe they are SSH2 programs when you are expecting SSH1, or vice versa. Locate the executables and do an ls -l. If they are plain files, they are most likely from SSH1 or OpenSSH. If they are symbolic links, check whether they point to SSH1 or SSH2 files. (SSH2 files have names ending in "2".)
Q: When I try to connect to an SSH server, I get the error "Connection refused."
A: No SSH server is running where you tried to connect. Double-check the hostname and TCP port number: perhaps the server is running on a port different from the default?
Q: When I log in, the message of the day (/etc/motd) prints twice.
A: Both sshd and the login program are printing it. Disable sshd's printing by setting the serverwide configuration keyword PrintMotd to no.
Q: When I log in, I see two messages about email, such as "No mail" or "You have mail."
A: Both sshd and the login program are checking for mail. Prevent sshd from checking by setting the serverwide configuration keyword CheckMail to no.
Q: The SSH1 server says "Permission denied" and exits.
A: This occurs if all authentication techniques have failed. Run your client in debug mode and read the diagnostic messages, looking for clues. Also read our solutions to specific authentication problems in the rest of this section.
Q: How do I authenticate without typing a password or passphrase?
A: The four available authentication methods for this are:
Public-key with ssh-agent
Public-key with an unencrypted key on disk (empty passphrase)
Trusted-host
Kerberos (SSH1 and OpenSSH/1 only)
Automatic authentication has a number of important issues you should carefully consider before selecting from the preceding list.
Q: I get prompted for my password or passphrase, but before I have time to respond, the SSH server closes the connection.
A: Your server's idle timeout value may be too short. If you are a system administrator of the server machine, set IdleTimeout to a larger value in the serverwide configuration file. If you are an end user of SSH1 or OpenSSH, set an idle-timeout value in authorized_keys.
Q: RequiredAuthentications doesn't work.
A: This feature was broken in SSH2 2.0.13, causing authentication always to fail. This problem was fixed in 2.1.0.
Q: SilentDeny doesn't seem to work for any authentication method.
A: SilentDeny has nothing to do with authentication. It applies only to access control using AllowHosts and DenyHosts. If a connection is denied access by an AllowHosts or DenyHosts value, SilentDeny controls whether the client sees an informative failure message or not.
Q: Password authentication isn't working.
A: Use ssh -v. If the connection is being refused altogether, the SSH server is probably not running, or you are connecting to the wrong port. Port 22 is the default, but the remote system administrator might have changed it. If you see "permission denied," password authentication might be disabled in the server.
Make sure the server permits password authentication in the serverwide configuration file (PasswordAuthentication yes for SSH1 and OpenSSH, AllowedAuthentications password for SSH2). Also check your client configuration file to make sure you don't have PasswordAuthentication no.
If you are prompted for your password, but it is rejected, you might accidentally be connecting to the wrong account. Does your local username differ from the remote username? If so, you must specify the remote username when connecting:
$ ssh -l my_remote_username server.example.com $ scp myfile<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If this still doesn't work, check your local client configuration file (~/.ssh/config or ~/.ssh2/ssh2_config) to make sure you haven't accidentally set the wrong value for the User keyword. In particular, if your configuration file contains Host values with wildcards, check that your current command line (the one that isn't working) isn't matching the wrong section in the file.
One common problem on the server side involves OpenSSH and Pluggable Authentication Modules configuration. PAM is a general system for performing authentication, authorization, and accounting in an application-independent fashion. If your operating system supports PAM (as Linux and HPUX do, for example), OpenSSH will probably have been automatically compiled to use it. Unless you take the extra step of configuring PAM to support SSH, all password authentications will mysteriously fail. This is usually just a matter of copying the appropriate sshd.pam file from the contrib directory in the OpenSSH distribution, naming the copy sshd and placing it in the PAM configuration directory (usually /etc/pam.d ). The contrib directory contains several example files for different flavors of Unix. For example, on a RedHat Linux system:
# cp contrib/redhat/sshd.pam /etc/pam.d/sshd # chown root.root /etc/pam.d/sshd # chmod 644 /etc/pam.d/sshd
If OpenSSH isn't using PAM, and password authentication still isn't working, the compilation switches --with-md5-passwords or --without-shadow might be relevant. These make no difference if PAM support is enabled in OpenSSH, because they deal with how OpenSSH reads the Unix passwd map. When using PAM, the OpenSSH code doesn't read the passwd map directly; the PAM libraries do it instead. Without PAM, though, if your system is using MD5-hashed passwords instead of the more traditional crypt (DES) hash, you must use --with-md5-passwords. You can tell which hash your system is using by inspecting the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files. The hashed password is the second field in each entry; if the password field in /etc/passwd is just "x", the real entry is in /etc/shadow instead. MD5 hashes are much longer and contain a wider range of characters:
# /etc/shadow, MD5 hash test:$1$tEMXcnZB$rDEZbQXJzUz4g2J4qYkRh.:... # /etc/shadow, crypt hash test:JGQfZ8DeroV22:...
Finally, you can try --without-shadow if you suspect OpenSSH is trying to use the shadow password file, but your system doesn't use it.
Q: The server won't let me use an empty password.
A: Empty passwords are insecure and should be avoided. Nevertheless, you can set PermitEmptyPasswords yes in the serverwide configuration file.
Q: Trusted-host authentication isn't working (SSH1 RhostsRSA, SSH2 hostbased).
A: Use ssh -v. If everything looks right, check the following. Suppose the client user is orpheus@earth, and the target account is orpheus@hades — that is, on host earth, user orpheus invokes ssh hades.
Q: For SSH1 and OpenSSH/1
A: The SSH client program must be setuid root.
RhostsRSAAuthentication yes belongs in the server and client configurations.
The client's public host key must be in the server's known hosts list. In this case, hades:/etc/ssh_known_hosts must contain an entry associating the name "earth" with earth's public host key, like this:
earth 1024 37<PHONE_NUMBER>5140363140390131934...
The entry may be in the target account's known hosts file instead, i.e., in hades:~orpheus/.ssh/known_hosts. Take care that "earth" is the canonical name of the client host from the server's point of view. That is, if the SSH connection is coming from the address <IP_ADDRESS>, gethostbyname(<IP_ADDRESS>) on hades must return "earth", not a nickname or alias for the host (e.g., if the hostname is river.earth.net, the lookup must not return just "river"). Note that this can involve multiple naming services, since gethostbyname can be configured to consult multiple sources to determine a translation (e.g., DNS, NIS, /etc/hosts). See /etc/nsswitch.conf. If your systems don't agree on canonical hostnames, you'll have no end of trouble with RhostsRSA. You can work around such problems to an extent by manually adding extra host nicknames to the known hosts file, like this:
earth,gaia,terra 1024 37<PHONE_NUMBER>5140363140390131934...
Edit hades:/etc/shosts.equiv or hades:~orpheus/.shosts to allow the login. Adding earth to shosts.equiv allows any nonroot user on earth to access the account by the same name on hades. Adding earth to .shosts allows orpheus@earth to access orpheus@hades.
Some firewalls reject outbound connections from privileged ports. This prevents RhostsRSA authentication from working, since it relies on privileged source ports. You can use ssh -P to get a connection to the SSH server via a nonprivileged port, but you will have to use a different kind of authentication.
Q: For SSH2
A: AllowedAuthentications hostbased in the server and client configurations.
ssh2 doesn't need to be setuid root, but ssh-signer2 does. More precisely, it needs to be able to read the private host key, which in the normal installation means it must be setuid root.
A copy of earth's public host key in hades:/etc/ssh2/knownhosts/earth.ssh-dss.pub (or hades:~orpheus:/.ssh2/knownhosts/earth.ssh-dss.pub, if you specified "UserKnownHosts yes" on the server).
Regarding canonical hostnames, the same comments as for RhostsRSA apply.
Q: For OpenSSH/2
A: DSAAuthentication yes belongs in the server and client configurations.
ssh must be setuid root (or otherwise able to read the client hosts's private host key in /etc/ssh_host_dsa_key ; it doesn't require a privileged source port).
A copy of earth's public host key in hades:/etc/ssh_known_hosts2 (or hades:~orpheus:/.ssh/known_hosts2).
The same comments as for RhostsRSA apply, regarding canonical hostnames.
Q: How do I install my public key file on the remote host the first time?
A: Here's the general method:
Generate a key pair.
Copy the text of the public key into your computer's clipboard or other cut/paste buffer.
Log into the remote host via SSH with password authentication, which doesn't require any special files in your remote account.
Edit the appropriate authorization and key files on the remote host:
For SSH1 and OpenSSH/1, append the public key to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys.
For OpenSSH/2, append the public key to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2.
For SSH2, paste the public key into a new .pub file in ~/.ssh2 (say, newkey.pub), and append the line "Key newkey.pub" to ~/.ssh2/authorization.
Log out from the remote host.
Log back into the remote host using public-key authentication.
When editing the remote authorization file, make sure your text editor doesn't insert line breaks into the middle of a public key. SSH1 and OpenSSH public keys are very long and must be kept on a single line.
Q: I put my SSH public key file mykey.pub into my remote SSH directory, but public-key authentication doesn't work.
A: Placing a valid public key file (e.g., mykey.pub) in your SSH directory isn't sufficient. For SSH1 and OpenSSH/1, you must append the key (i.e., the contents of mykey.pub) to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys. For OpenSSH/2, append the key to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2. For SSH2, you must add a line of text to ~/.ssh2/authorization, Key mykey.pub.
Q: Public-key authentication isn't working.
A: Invoke the client in debug mode (ssh -v). Make sure:
Your local client is using the expected identity file.
The correct public key is on the remote host in the right location.
Your remote home directory, SSH directory, and other SSH-related files have the correct permissions.
Q: I'm being prompted for my login password instead of my public key passphrase. Or, my connection is rejected with the error message "No further authentication methods available." (SSH2)
A: There are several possible causes for both of these problems.
Public-key authentication must be enabled in both the client and server (SSH1/OpenSSH RSAAuthentication yes, SSH2 AllowedAuthentications publickey).
Specify your remote username with -l (lowercase L) if it differs from your local username, or else the SSH server will examine the wrong remote account:
$ ssh -l jones server.example.com
Check the file permissions in your server account. If certain files or directories have the wrong owner or careless access permissions, the SSH server refuses to perform public-key authentication. This is a security feature. Run ssh in verbose mode to reveal the problem:
$ ssh -v server.example.com ... server.example.com: Remote: Bad file modes for /u/smith/.ssh
In your server account, make sure that the following files and directories are owned by you and aren't world writable: ~, ~/.ssh, ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, ~/.ssh2, ~/.rhosts, and ~/.shosts.
For SSH2, if you use the -i option to specify an identification file:
$ ssh2 -i my-identity server.example.com
check that my-identity is an identification file, not a private key file. (In contrast, ssh -i for SSH1 and OpenSSH expects a private key file.) Remember that SSH2 identification files are text files containing the names of private keys.
Q: I'm being prompted for the passphrase of the wrong key.
A: Make sure your desired public key is in your authorization file on the SSH server machine.
Check for SSH agent problems. Are you running an agent and trying to specify another key with ssh -i or the IdentityFile keyword? The presence of an agent prevents -i and IdentityFile from working. Terminate your agent and try again.
For SSH1 and OpenSSH, if any options are specified in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, check for typographical errors. A mistyped option causes the associated key line to be skipped silently. Remember that options are separated by commas, not whitespace.
Q: After the PGP passphrase prompt, I am being prompted for my login password.
A: If you get prompted for your PGP key, and then your password:
Passphrase for pgp key "mykey": ******** smith's password:
and you know you're typing your passphrase correctly, first make sure you're typing your PGP passphrase correctly. (For instance, encrypt a file with that public key and decrypt it.) If so, then there might be an incompatibility between the PGP implementations on your client and server machines. We've seen this behavior when the PGP key (generated on the client machine) doesn't have sufficient bits for the PGP implementation on the server machine. Generate a new key on the server machine.
Q: I get "Invalid pgp key id number `0276C297'".
A: You probably forgot the leading "0x" on the key ID, and SSH is trying to interpret a hexadecimal number as a decimal. Use PgpKeyId 0x0276C297 instead.
— SP
Q: I generated a key with SSH1 and tried using it with another SSH1 client, such as NiftyTelnet SSH, F-Secure SSH Client, or SecureCRT, but the client complains that the key is in an invalid format.
A: First, make sure you generated the key using ssh-keygen1, not ssh-keygen2. SSH1 and SSH2 keys aren't compatible.
Next, make sure you transferred the key file using an appropriate file-transfer program. If you used FTP, confirm that the private key file was transferred in binary mode, or the copy will contain garbage. The public key file should be transferred in ASCII mode.
Q: I generated an SSH1 key and tried using it with SSH2, but it didn't work. (Or vice versa.)
A: This is normal. SSH1 and SSH2 keys aren't compatible.
Q: I specified a key manually, using -i or IdentityFile, but it never gets used!
A: Are you running an agent? If so, -i and IdentityFile don't have any effect. The first applicable key in the agent takes precedence.
Q: Each time I run ssh-keygen, it overwrites my default identity file.
A: Tell ssh-keygen to write its output to a different file. For ssh-keygen in SSH1 and OpenSSH, use the -f option. For ssh-keygen2, specify the filename as the last argument on the command line; no option is needed.
Q: Can I change the passphrase for a key without regenerating the key?
A: Yes. For ssh-keygen in SSH1 and OpenSSH, use the -N option, and for ssh-keygen2, use the -p option.
Q: How do I generate a host key?
A: Generate a key with an empty passphrase and install it in the correct location:
# SSH1, OpenSSH $ ssh-keygen -N '' -b 1024 -f /etc/ssh_host_key # SSH2 only $ ssh-keygen2 -P -b 1024 /etc/ssh2/hostkey
Q: Generating a key takes a long time.
A: Yes it may, depending on the speed of your CPU and the number of bits you have requested. DSA keys tend to take longer than RSA keys.
Q: How many bits should I make my keys?
A: We recommend at least 1024 bits for strong security.
Q: What does oOo.oOo.oOo.oOo mean, as printed by ssh-keygen2?
A: The manpage calls it a "progress indicator." We think it's an ASCII representation of a sine wave. Or the sound of a chattering gorilla. You can hide it with the -q flag.
Q: My ssh-agent isn't terminating after I log out.
A: If you use the single-shell method to start an agent, this isnormal. You must terminate the agent yourself, either manually (bleah)or by including appropriate lines in your shell configurationfiles (Section 6.3). If you use thesubshell method, the agent automatically terminates when you log out(actually, when you exit the subshell) (Section 6.3).
Q: When I invoke ssh-add and type my passphrase, I get the error message "Could not open a connection to your authentication agent."
A: Follow this debugging process.
Make sure you are running an ssh-agent process:
$ /usr/bin/ps -ef | grep ssh-agent smith 22719 1 0 23:34:44 ? 0:00 ssh-agent
If not, you need to run an agent before ssh-add will work.
Check that the agent's environment variables are set:
$ env | grep SSH SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-barrett/ssh-22719-agent SSH_AGENT_PID=22720
If not, you probably ran ssh-agent incorrectly, like this:
# Wrong! $ ssh-agent
For the single-shell method, you must use eval with backquotes:
$ eval `ssh-agent`
Or, for the subshell method, you must instruct ssh-agent to invoke a shell:
$ ssh-agent $SHELL
Make sure the agent points to a valid socket:
$ ls -lF $SSH_AUTH_SOCK prwx-- -- -- 1 smith 0 May 14 23:37 /tmp/ssh-smith/ssh-22719-agent|
If not, your SSH_AUTH_SOCK variable might be pointing to an old socket from a previous invocation of ssh-agent, due to user error. Terminate and restart the agent properly.
Q: My per-account server configuration isn't taking effect.
A: You might be confused about which versions of SSH use which files:
Remember that the authorized_keys and authorized_keys2 files contains keys, whereas the SSH2 authorization file contains directives referring to other key files.
You might have a typographical error in one of these files. Check the spelling of options, and remember to separate SSH1 authorized_keys options with commas, not whitespace. For example:
# correct no-x11-forwarding,no-pty 1024 35<PHONE_NUMBER>987525784866526224505... # INCORRECT (will silently fail) no-x11-forwarding no-pty 1024 35<PHONE_NUMBER>987525784866526224505... # ALSO INCORRECT (note the extra space after "no-x11-forwarding,") no-x11-forwarding, no-pty 1024 35<PHONE_NUMBER>987525784866526224505...
— SP
Q: How do I get sshd to recognize a new configuration file?
A: You can terminate and restart sshd, but there's quicker way: send the "hangup" signal (SIGHUP) to sshd with kill -HUP.
Q: I changed the sshd config file and sent SIGHUP to the server. But it didn't seem to make any difference.
A: sshd may have been invoked with a command-line option that overrides that keyword. Command-line options remain in force and take precedence over configuration file keywords. Try terminating and restarting sshd.
Q: A feature of ssh or scp isn't working, but I'm sure I'm using it correctly.
A: The feature might have been disabled by a system administrator, either when the SSH software was compiled (Chapter 4) or during serverwide configuration (Chapter 5). Compile-time flags cannot be checked easily, but serverwide configurations are found in the files /etc/sshd_config (SSH1, OpenSSH) or /etc/ssh2/sshd2_config (SSH2). Ask your system administrator for assistance.
Q: ssh or scp is behaving unexpectedly, using features I didn't request.
A: The program might be responding to keywords specified in your client configuration file (Section 7.1). Remember that multiple sections of the config file apply if multiple Host lines match the remote machine name you specified on the command line.
Q: My SSH1 .ssh/config file doesn't seem to work right.
A: Remember that after the first use of a "Host" directive in the config file, all statements are inside some Host block, because a Host block is only terminated by the start of another Host block. The ssh1 manpage suggests that you put defaults at the end of the config file, which is correct; when looking up a directive in the config file, ssh1 uses the first match it finds, so defaults should go after any Host blocks. But don't let your own indentation or whitespace fool you. The end of your file might look like:
# last Host block Host server.example.com User linda # defaults User smith
You intend that the username for logging into server.example.com is "linda", and the default username for hosts not explicitly listed earlier is "smith". However, the line "User smith" is still inside the "Host server.example.com" block. And since there's an earlier User statement for server.example.com, "User smith" doesn't ever match anything, and ssh appears to ignore it. The right thing to do is this:
# last Host block Host server.example.com User linda # defaults Host * User smith
Q: My .ssh2/ssh2_config file doesn't seem to work right.
A: See our answer to the previous question for SSH1. However, SSH2 has the opposite precedence rule: if multiple configurations match your target, the last, not the first, prevails. Therefore your defaults go at the beginning of the file.
Q: I want to suspend ssh with the escape sequence, but I am running more than two levels of ssh (machine to machine to machine). How do I suspend an intermediate ssh?
A: One method is to start each ssh with a different escape character; otherwise, the earliest ssh client in the chain interprets the escape character and suspends.
Or you can be clever. Remember that if you type the escape character twice, that's the meta-escape: it allows you to send the escape character itself, circumventing its usual special function. So, if you have several chained ssh sessions, all using the default escape character ~, you can suspend the nth one by pressing the Return key, then n tildes, then Control-Z.
Q: I ran an ssh command in the background on the command line, and it suspended itself, not running unless I "fg" it.
A: Use the -n command-line option, which instructs ssh not to read from stdin (actually, it reopens stdin on /dev/null instead of your terminal). Otherwise, the shell's job-control facility suspends the program if it reads from stdin while in the background.
Q: ssh prints "Compression level must be from 1 (fast) to 9 (slow, best)" and exits.
A: Your CompressionLevel is set to an illegal value for this host, probably in your ~/.ssh/config file. It must be an integer between 1 and 9, inclusive.
Q: ssh prints "rsh not available" and exits.
A: Your SSH connection attempt failed, and your client was configured to fall back to an rsh connection. However, the server was compiled without rsh fallback support or with an invalid path to the rsh executable.
If you didn't expect your SSH connection to fail, run the client in debug mode and look for the reason. Otherwise, the SSH server is just not set up to receive rsh connections.
Q: ssh1 prints "Too many identity files specified (max 100)" and exits.
A: SSH1 has a hardcoded limit of 100 identity files (private key files) per session. Either you ran an ssh1 command line with over 100 -i options, or your configuration file ~/.ssh/config has an entry with over 100 IdentityFile keywords. You should never see this message unless your SSH command lines and/or configuration files are being generated automatically by another application, and something in that application has run amok. (Or else you're doing something really funky.)
Q: ssh1 prints "Cannot fork into background without a command to execute" and exits.
A: You used the -f flag of ssh1, didn't you? This tells the client to put itself into the background as soon as authentication completes, and then execute whatever remote command you requested. But, you didn't provide a remote command. You typed something like:
# This is wrong $ ssh1 -f server.example.com
The -f flag makes sense only when you give ssh1 a command to run after it goes into the background:
$ ssh1 -f server.example.com /bin/who
If you just want the SSH session for port-forwarding purposes, you may not want to give a command. You have to give one anyway; the SSH1 protocol requires it. Use sleep 100000. Don't use an infinite loop like the shell command while true; do false; done.
Q: ssh1 prints "Hostname or username is longer than 255 characters" and exits.
A: ssh1 has a static limit of 255 characters for the name of a remote host or a remote account (username). You instructed ssh1, either on the command line or in your configuration file, to use a hostname or username that's longer than this limit.
Q: ssh1 prints "No host key is known for <server name> and you have requested strict checking (or `cannot confirm operation when running in batch mode')," and exits.
A: The client can't find the server's host key in its known-hosts list, and it is configured not to add it automatically (or is running in batch mode and so can't prompt you about adding it). You must add it manually to your per-account or systemwide known-hosts files.
Q: ssh1 prints "Selected cipher type . . . not supported by server" and exits.
A: You requested that ssh1 use a particular encryption cipher, but the SSH1 server doesn't support it. Normally, the SSH1 client and server negotiate to determine which cipher to use, so you probably forced a particular cipher by providing the -c flag on the ssh1 command line or by using the Cipher keyword in the configuration file. Either don't specify a cipher and let the client and server work it out, or select a different cipher.
Q: ssh1 prints "channel_request_remote_forwarding: too many forwards" and exits.
A: ssh1 has a static limit of 100 forwardings per session, and you've requested more.
Q: scp printed an error message: "Write failed flushing stdout buffer. write stdout: Broken pipe" or "packet too long".
A: Your shell startup file (e.g., ~/.cshrc, ~/.bashrc), which is run when scp connects, might be writing a message on standard output. These interfere with the communication between the two scp1 programs (or scp2 and sftp-server). If you don't see any obvious output commands, look for stty or tset commands that might be printing something.
Either remove the offending statement from the startup file or suppress it for noninteractive sessions:
if ($?prompt) then echo 'Here is the message that screws up scp.' endif
The latest versions of SSH2 have a new server configuration statement, AllowCshrcSourcingWithSubsystems, which should be set to no to prevent this problem.
Q: scp printed an error message, "Not a regular file."
A: Are you trying to copy a directory? Use the -r option for a recursive copy. Otherwise, you may be trying to copy a special file that it doesn't make sense to copy, such as a device node, socket, or named pipe. If you do an ls -l of the file in question and the first character in the file description is something other than - (for a regular file) or d (for a directory), this is probably what's happening. You didn't really want to copy that file, did you?
Q: Why don't wildcards or shell variables work on the scp command line?
A: Remember that wildcards and variables are expanded by the local shell first, not on the remote machine. This happens even before scp runs. So if you type:
$ scp server.example.com:a* .
the local shell attempts to find local files matching the pattern server.example.com:a*. This is probably not what you intended. You probably wanted files matching a* on server.example.com to be copied to the local machine.
Some shells, notably C shell and its derivatives, simply report "No match" and exit. Bourne shell and its derivatives (sh, ksh, bash), finding no match, will actually pass the string server.example.com:a* to the server as you'd hoped.
Similarly, if you want to copy your remote mail file to the local machine, the command:
$ scp server.example.com:$MAIL .
might not do what you intend. $MAIL is expanded locally before scp executes. Unless (by coincidence) $MAIL is the same on the local and remote machines, the command won't behave as expected.
Don't rely on shell quirks and coincidences to get your work done. Instead, escape your wildcards and variables so the local shell won't attempt to expand them:
$ scp server.example.com:a\* . $ scp 'server.example.com:$MAIL' .
Q: I used scp to copy a file from the local machine to a remote machine. It ran without errors. But when I logged into the remote machine, the file wasn't there!
A: By any chance, did you omit a colon? Suppose you want to copy the file myfile from the local machine to server.example.com. A correct command is:
$ scp myfile server.example.com:
but if you forget the final colon:
# This is wrong! $ scp myfile server.example.com
myfile gets copied locally to a file called server.example.com. Check for such a file on the local machine.
Q: How can I give somebody access to my account by scp to copy files but not give full login permissions?
A: Bad idea. Even if you can limit the access to scp, this doesn't protect your account. Your friend could run:
$ scp evil_authorized_keys you@your.host:.ssh/authorized_keys
Oops, your friend has just replaced your authorized_keys file, giving himself full login permissions. Maybe you can accomplish what you want with a clever forced command, limiting the set of programs your friend may run in your account.
Q: scp -p preserves file timestamps and modes. Can it preserve file ownership?
A: No. Ownership of remote files is determined by SSH authentication. Suppose user smith has accounts on local computer L and remote computer R. If the local smith copies a file by scp to the remote smith account, authenticating by SSH, the remote file is owned by the remote smith. If you want the file to be owned by a different remote user, scp must authenticate as that different user. scp has no other knowledge of users and uids, and besides, only root can change file ownership (on most modern Unix variants, anyway).
Q: Okay, scp -p doesn't preserve file ownership information. But I am the superuser, and I'm trying to copy a directory hierarchy between machines (scp -r) and the files have a variety of owners. How can I preserve the ownership information in the copies?
A: Don't use scp for this purpose. Use tar and pipe it through ssh. From the local machine, type:
# tar cpf - local_dir | (ssh remote_machine "cd remote_dir; tar xpf -")
Q: sftp2 reports "Cipher <name> is not supported. Connection lost."
A: Internally, sftp2 invokes an ssh2 command to contact sftp-server. It searches the user's PATH to locate the ssh2 executable rather than a hardcoded location. If you have more than one version of SSH2 installed on your system, sftp2 might invoke the wrong ssh2 program. This can produce the error message shown.
For example, suppose you have both SSH2 and F-Secure SSH2 installed. SSH2 is installed in the usual place, under /usr/local, whereas F-Secure is installed under /usr/local/f-secure. You ordinarily use SSH2, so /usr/local/bin is in your PATH, but /usr/local/f-secure isn't. You decide to use the F-Secure version of scp2 because you want the CAST-128 cipher, which SSH2 doesn't include. First, you confirm that the SSH server in question supports CAST-128:
$ /usr/local/f-secure/bin/ssh2 -v -c cast server ... debug: c_to_s: cipher cast128-cbc, mac hmac-sha1, compression none debug: s_to_c: cipher cast128-cbc, mac hmac-sha1, compression none
Satisfied, you try scp2 and get this:
$ /usr/local/f-secure/bin/scp2 -c cast foo server:bar FATAL: ssh2: Cipher cast is not supported. Connection lost.
scp2 is running the wrong copy of ssh2 from /usr/local/bin/ssh2, rather than /usr/local/f-secure/bin/ssh2. To fix this, simply put /usr/local/f-secure/bin earlier in your PATH than /usr/local/bin, or specify the alternative location of ssh2 with scp2 -S.
The same problem can occur in other situations where SSH programs run other programs. We have run afoul of it using host-based authentication with both 2.1.0 and 2.2.0 installed. The later ssh2 ran the earlier ssh-signer2 program, and the client/signer protocol had changed, causing it to hang.
Q: sftp2 reports "ssh_packet_wrapper_input: invalid packet received."
A: Although this error appears mysterious, its cause is mundane. A command in the remote account's shell startup file is printing something to standard output, even though stdout isn't a terminal in this case, and sftp2 is trying to interpret this unexpected output as part of the SFTP packet protocol. It fails and dies.
You see, sshd uses the shell to start the sftp-server subsystem. The user's shell startup file prints something, which the SFTP client tries to interpret as an SFTP protocol packet. This fails, and the client exits with the error message; the first field in a packet is the length field, which is why it's always that message.
To fix this problem, be sure your shell startup file doesn't print anything unless it's running interactively. tcsh, for example, sets the variable $interactive if stdin is a terminal. This problem has been addressed in SSH 2.2.0 with the AllowCshrcSourcingWithSubsystems flag, which defaults to no, instructing the shell not to run the user's startup file.
Q: I'm trying to do port forwarding, but ssh complains: "bind: Address already in use."
A: The port you're trying to forward is already being used by another program on the listening side (the local host if it's a -L forwarding or the remote host if it's a -R ). Try using the netstat -a command, available on most Unix implementations and some Windows platforms. If you see an entry for your port in the LISTEN state, you know that something else is using that port. Check to see whether you've inadvertently left another ssh command running that's forwarding the same port. Otherwise, just choose another, unused port to forward.
This problem can occur when there doesn't appear to be any other program using your port, especially if you've been experimenting with the forwarding feature and have repeatedly used the same ssh to forward the same port. If the last one of these died unexpectedly (you interrupted it, or it crashed, or the connection was forcibly closed from the other side, etc.), the local TCP socket may have been left in the TIME_WAIT state (you may see this if you used the netstat program as described earlier). When this happens, you have to wait a few minutes for the socket to time out of this state and become free for use again. Of course, you can just choose another port number if you're impatient.
Q: How do I secure FTP with port forwarding?
A: This is a complex topic. FTP has two types of TCP connections, control and data. The control connection carries your login name, password, and FTP commands; it is on TCP port 21 and can be forwarded by the standard method. In two windows, run:
$ ssh -L2001:name.of.server.com:21 name.of.server.com $ ftp localhost 2001
Your FTP client probably needs to run in passive mode (execute the passive command). FTP data connections carry the files being transferred. These connections occur on randomly selected TCP ports and can't be forwarded in general, unless you enjoy pain. If firewalls or NAT (network address translation) are involved, you may need additional steps (or it may not be possible).
Q: X forwarding isn't working.
A: Use ssh -v, and see if the output points out an obvious problem. If not, check the following.
Make sure you have X working before using SSH. Try running a simple X client such as xlogo or xterm first. Your local DISPLAY variable must be set, or SSH doesn't attempt X forwarding.
X forwarding must be turned on in the client and server, and not disallowed by the target account (that is, with no-X11-forwarding in the authorized_keys file).
sshd must be able to find the xauth program to run it on the remote side. If it can't, this should show up when running ssh -v. You can fix this on the server side with the XAuthLocation directive (SSH1, OpenSSH), or by setting a PATH (that contains xauth) in your remote shell startup file.
Don't set the DISPLAY variable yourself on the remote side. sshd automatically sets this value correctly for the forwarding session. If you have commands in your login or shell startup files that unconditionally set DISPLAY, change the code to set it only if X forwarding isn't in use.
OpenSSH sets the remote XAUTHORITY variable as well, placing the xauth credentials file under /tmp. Make sure you haven't overridden this setting, which should look like:
$ echo $XAUTHORITY /tmp/ssh-maPK4047/cookies
Some flavors of Unix actually have code in the standard shell startup files (e.g., /etc/bashrc, /etc/csh.login) that unconditionally sets XAUTHORITY to ~/.Xauthority. If that's the problem, you must ask the sysadmin to fix it; the startup file should set XAUTHORITY only if the variable is unset.
If you are using an SSH startup file (/etc/sshrc or ~/.ssh/rc), sshd doesn't run xauth for you on the remote side to add the proxy key; one of these startup files must do it, receiving the proxy key type and data on standard input from sshd
— SP
| CONTENTS |


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Single-line
Single-line
Single-line


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %} Signed Up {% endblock %} {% block main %} You have successfully canceled your practice. {% endblock %}


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load donation_tags %} {% load static %} {% block title %}{{ event.name }} — Submit Prize{% endblock %} {% block nav %} {% endblock %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
This is the prize submission form for {{event.name}}. Please fill out all the information below as accurately as possible. Note that we may not accept all prize submissions, so please check your email for updates on your prize submission.


e-Hunter
This app lets you search for emails associated with a domain and send email.
Domain Search
Send Email
{{> DomainSearch}}
{{> Email}}


I am a Web Developer and Currently an Engineering Student 👨🎓
and I love Coding👩💻, Reading Novels📖 and Gaming🎮.
I am Passionate about Web design and Backend Programming.
I am very interested in Cloud Based Technologies and I have done a Certification by Microsoft Azure named AZ-900, Check out the link Here .
I have learned a lot about automation in Python from the course from Coursera by Google. It taught the basic advantages of Automation for Python Check out my Coursera Certificate from Here .
I have Working knowlegde of Both SQL and NoSQL Databases which i Gained Through Projects.