--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Isiah is a Senior Operations Associate with NewtonX, a startup that applies artificial intelligence in a search engine platform that connects the company’s clients. His specialties include artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotic automation, and data science. He also co-runs a nonprofit organization called The Union City Project, with his younger sister who is its President and CEO.


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Scientists Detect Huge Thermonuclear Blast in Deep Space
by Dan RobitzskiBig Boom
NASA recently detected a massive thermonuclear explosion coming from outer space.
The culprit seems to be a distant pulsar, the space agency reports, which is the stellar remains of a star that blew up in a supernova but was too small to form a black hole. NASA spotted the burst because it sent out an intense beam of x-rays that got picked up by the agency’s orbital observatory NICER.
All in all, it serves as a potent reminder: space is an extremely dangerous, extremely metal place.
Cosmic Annihilation
The August explosion released in 20 seconds the same amount of energy our Sun would need 10 days to unleash, according to research published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters last month.
“This burst was outstanding,” NASA astrophysicist Peter Bult, who led the research, said in NASA’s statement. “We see a two-step change in brightness, which we think is caused by the ejection of separate layers from the pulsar surface, and other features that will help us decode the physics of these powerful events.”
Space Forensics
Astronomers think the thermonuclear explosion was caused by helium that sunk beneath the surface of the pulsar and fused into a ball of carbon.

READ MORE: Scientists Detect Huge Thermonuclear Blast in Deep Space [NASA]
More on space: Pulsar Finally Found in the Andromeda Galaxy


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Fluid DynamicsSimple fluid dynamics sketch, based on Real-time Fluid Dynamics for Games (PDF) and Plasma Pong.
Left mouse button - click and drag to stir fluid
Right mouse button or shift key and left mouse button - click and drag to add density
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r key - reset
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Chapter 6 Inequality
6.1 About this chapter
One of the criticisms of GDP as a well-being measure is that “GDP ignores the distribution”. GDP is simply an average across the entire economy. It doesn’t tell us who experiences the “economic activity”, beyond the decomposition into sectors or workers and firms. If we look behind these total numbers and consider the distribution of the income, we would probably see something like the chart shown in Figure 6.1. The chart is a histogram of income for a simulated income. Most individuals earn an income well below 100 thousand pounds per year, but some earn way more than that. This chapter is about how we can describe such patterns and compare them across countries and across time.
6.1.1 Intended learning outcomes
After reading this chapter you should be able to
- Explain the difference between macro and micro level data.
- Explain the data requirements for studying income or wealth inequality.
- Create histograms and compute income shares
- Create a Lorenz curve
- Calculate and interpret the GINI coefficient
6.2 Inequality dimensions
Before we turn to the examples of actual measures of inequality it is worth discussing the multi-dimensionality of inequality. Let’s list of issues.
Inequality across domains: Inequality is not only about income or wealth, it is also about health, law, access to cultural and natural amenities.
Inequality by gender and race: Inequality is often systematically related to gender and race.
Segregation: Inequality is also closely related to segregation of the society. Do we live together and meet people of different backgrounds?
This list is very far from being exhaustive (you could write books with such lists). The goal of the list is just to help you get started thinking about inequality dimensions and aspects.
6.3 Data requirements
6.3.1 Macro and micro level data
Macro level data
So far we’ve mostly been using macro level data. Macro level data is data about countries, regions or other entities comprising many individuals, households, firms and institutions. An observation in macro data represents the average, the sum or another statistic of these individuals, firms and institutions. We can typically download most macro data from a public source.
Micro level data
In micro level data each observation represents the value for an individual, a household, a firm or an institution. Micro data is often the basis for macro data. It is often based on surveys or administrative records. Micro data is rarely directly accessible from public sources. One reason for this is that micro data often contains a lot of detailed information that shouldn’t be shared freely with everyone. Getting access to micro data therefore often requires us to submit an application and sign a confidentiality agreement. Moreover, when working with micro level data we should be careful with how we share and store the data. Because I cannot share of the micro level data I have, the data in 6.1 is simulated.
Net and gross values
When assessing the distribution of income within the population it is important first to decide whether we are interested in the net or gross income distribution. We’ve already used the term “net” and “gross” on several occasions. When discussing net-migration or Gross Domestic Product. But what do these terms mean? In general we can think of the terms net and gross as follows:
- Gross: The value without deductions, contributions etc.
- Net: The value after deductions, contributions etc.
We use the terms net and gross in many situations. If you buy packaged food the label might display the gross and net weight. The gross weight will then be the total weight before deductions, the net weight will be the weight of the product after we deducted the weight of the packaging etc.
The most common use of the terms net and gross is probably in income, where gross refers to the income before taxes, and net to the income after taxes. Statistical offices and economists in general agree on excluding taxes from gross terms and including taxes in net terms, but there is less agreement on whether transfers such as housing benefits and unemployment benefits in net terms should be included.
When working with income data, the concept of disposable income is therefore also often used instead. The idea is that we want to consider the income that the household can spend, which will be the income after all taxes, transfers, and deductions.
Equivalenced income
In working with income data we are often interested in comparing households instead of individuals. However, households are not all of the same size, and we will therefore have to adjust monetary measures to the size of the households, we call income that is adjusted to household equivalenced income. We will here briefly discuss the three most common approaches to equivalise income.
The Oxford scale or OECD equivalence scale.
- The first person in the household: Weight 1
- Each additional adult household member: Weight 0.7 (person aged 14 and over)
- Each child household member: Weight 0.5
The OECD modified scale.
- The first person in the household: Weight 1
- Each additional adult household member: Weight 0.5 (person aged 14 and over)
- Each child household member: Weight 0.3
The Square root scale.
- Total weight: square root of the number of household members.
While the square root method is probably the most popular approach, the choice of approach is non-trivial as Table 6.1 shows. The table shows four different households that all have the same income, but the composition of households vary. The Oxford scale does for example but quite high weight on children compared to the modified OECD scale. The square root scale on the other hand puts the same weight on adults and children, but each additional member gets a lower weight.
| Adults | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| Household income | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Equivalised income | ||||
| Oxford scale | 100 | 58.824 | 66.667 | 37.037 |
| OECD modified | 100 | 66.667 | 76.923 | 47.619 |
| Square root | 100 | 70.711 | 70.711 | 50.000 |
When working with household income data you should adjust income measures and be aware of the differences between the approaches.
6.5 The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient
So far, we have looked at specific parts of the income distribution. What about the other parts of the income distribution and their income shares? And can we combine all these income shares in one measure? Yes, that is what the Lorenz curve does.
One of the most common approaches to show income distributions is the Lorenz-curve, developed by the American economist, Max Lorenz. The curve plots the share of total income relative to the position in the income distribution. So on the x-axis we rank the population by their income and on the y-axis we show the cumulative income share. Here is cookbook for creating a Lorenz curve:
- Sort all households (individuals) by their income, from lowest to highest and give them a relative income rank.
- Compute the total income in the population.
- For each individual in the household calculate their share of total income.
- Calculate the cumulative income share by adding the individual shares. So for the household with the lowest income, the cumulative share is just their income share. For the second lowest income household, the cumulative income share is their share plus the share of the lowest income household.
- Create a line chart of the cumulative income shares against the household (individual) income rank.
In Figure 6.3 we already did steps 1 to 3. We now just need to calculate the cumulative share and draw a line. Let’s see how that looks. In 6.4 we’ve simply replaced the individual income shares with the cumulative shares. This is our first Lorenz Curve. We also added the 45 degree line. It shows how the line should look if income was perfectly equally distributed. We see that the actual line deviates considerably from the equal distribution. The size of the area between the two lines divided by the size of the triangle is known as the GINI coefficient. The larger the deviation between the two lines, the larger is the deviation, the larger is the GINI coefficient and the more unequal is the income distributed.
Let’s now consider a very simple example of an economy with 10 households as shown in Table 6.2. In scenario 1 all households have the same income. In scenario 2, one household has all income of the economy. In scenario 3 the income is gradually increasing.
| Household | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 0 | 3 |
| 2 | 10 | 0 | 5 |
| 3 | 10 | 0 | 6 |
| 4 | 10 | 0 | 8 |
| 5 | 10 | 0 | 9 |
| 6 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 7 | 10 | 0 | 12 |
| 8 | 10 | 0 | 13 |
| 9 | 10 | 0 | 14 |
| 10 | 10 | 100 | 20 |
In situation 1, where every individual has the same share of the total income the Lorenz curve will be a straight line, the 45 degree line, as shown by the black line in Figure 6.5. While this situation is never seen in practice, this situation is important because it serves as a reference point for a completely equal income distribution.
Situation 2 is the other extreme, where one household has 100 percent of the income, as shown by the in Figure . Finally, the green line in 6.5 shows situation 3, where every household has some income, but the income share is slowly increasing. Note from Table 6.2 that in Situation 3, the sixth household has the same income as in the perfectly equal situation. All households below (1-5) have a lower share than in the equal situation and all households above have a higher share.
Based on the Lorenz curve we can make statements on the income distribution, such as “the bottom 30 percent has 14 percent of the total income” or “the bottom 50 percent has 31 percent of the income” (Situation 3).
While the Lorenz curve provides a graphical representation of the income distribution, we are often interested in quantifying the income distribution in one number. This can be done by means of the Gini coefficient. We use the Lorenz-curve and situation 1 above as a point of departure to calculate the Gini coefficient.
The Gini coefficient
Note from the discussion above, that the 45 degree line represents a perfectly equal distribution. To quantify the degree of inequality we are interested in quantifying how far we are from that situation. One way to quantify this is by means of the area between the actual income distribution and the 45 degree line, corresponding to area A in Figure 6.6. The smaller this area is, the closer we are to the perfect equal distribution. We can then scale this area to the total area below the 45 degree line, which is area A and area B in Figure 6.6, and that is the Gini coefficient. The Gini coefficient will always be between 0 (perfectly equal) and 1 (perfectly unequal).
Returning to the example above, how can we calculate the Gini coefficient? First note, that the curves in Figure 6.6 are not smooth as in Figure 6.6. In practice, is discrete and not continuous. We can therefore obtain approximate the areas by considering the difference between the 45 degree line and the actual income share for each household, as shown by the grey bars in Figure 6.7. We can then relate the sum of the area of these bars to the sum of the area of these bars and the orange bars in Figure 6.7 (corresponding to area B).
Table 6.3 shows how we can approximate the areas A and B in the simple examples above to calculate the Gini coefficient. We simply use the approach illustrated in Figure 6.8. Each bar has a width of 0.1 which we multiply by the height of the bar.
| Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decile | Income share (B) | A | Income share (B) | A |
| 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
| 2 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.08 | 0.12 |
| 3 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| 4 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.22 | 0.18 |
| 5 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.31 | 0.19 |
| 6 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.41 | 0.19 |
| 7 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.53 | 0.17 |
| 8 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.66 | 0.14 |
| 9 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| 10 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Sum | 1 | 4.5 | 4.18 | 1.32 |
| Gini | \(\frac{4.5}{1+4.5}=0.82\) | \(\frac{1.32}{1.32+4.18}=0.24\) |
In the case of the very unequal distribution of resources, we get a Gini coefficient of 0.82 (situation 2) and in the (more realistic) situation 3, we get a Gini coefficient of 0.24. So how do these Gini coefficients correspond to real world Gini coefficients? Figure 6.8 shows a bar chart of Gini coefficients for European countries in 2016. According to Eurostat, the UK had a Gini coefficient of 0.315 in 2016. Serbia had a Gini coefficient of 0.386 and Slovakia a coefficient of 0.243. The simple “realistic” example (situation 3) is therefore not far from what we observe in the real world.
Can we generalize our “Gini” approximation above to obtain a formula? First, note that both the x and y axis go from 0 to 1, the area of A+B will therefore always be 0.5 (\(1\times 1\times 0.5=0.5\)), we can therefore write:
\[\begin{align} Gini&=A/(A+B)\nonumber\\ &=A/0.5\nonumber\\ &=1-2B \end{align}\]
where we simply used that since \(A+B=0.5\) we have that \(A=0.5-B\). Now we just need to find the area \(B\). First, let us define household \(i's\) income (or wealth) be \(y_i\), where we have sorted all households according to their income (or wealth) rank. The first household (the one with the lowest income or wealth) will have the following contribution to the area B:
\[\begin{align} b_1=\frac{y_1}{\sum_i^ny_i} \end{align}\]
the second household will contribute with the following value:
\[\begin{align} b_2=\frac{y_1+y_2}{\sum_i^ny_i} \end{align}\]
finally, we sum over all these households to get:
\[\begin{align} B=&\frac{1}{n}\frac{y_1}{\sum_i^ny_i}+\frac{1}{n}\frac{y_1+y_2}{\sum_i^ny_i}+\dots+\frac{1}{n}\frac{y_1+y_2+\dots+y_n}{\sum_i^ny_i}\nonumber\\ B=&\frac{1}{n}\frac{y_1+y_1+y_2+\dots y_1+y_2+\dots+y_n}{\sum_i^ny_i}\nonumber\\ B=&\frac{1}{n}\frac{ny_1+(n-1)y_2+\dots+y_n}{\sum_i^ny_i}\nonumber\\ B=&\frac{1}{n}\frac{\sum_i^n(n-i+1)y_i}{\sum_i^ny_i}\nonumber\\ \end{align}\]
which we can insert in the expression for \(Gini\) above to get an expression for the approximate Gini coefficient:
\[\begin{align} Gini&=1-\frac{2}{n}\frac{\sum_i^n(n-i+1)y_i}{\sum_i^ny_i}\nonumber \end{align}\]
It is important to note that the formula is an approximation based on the bar chart approach. It will work well as long as the number of bars is sufficiently large. There are many formulas for the Gini coefficient. The above is simple and straightforward, but there are other formulas that give more precise estimates. This formula tend to overestimate area B, because we are approximating the area using the height at right end of the bars (a small improvement is simply to use the average of the height of the bar and the height of the lagged bar).
What is good about the Gini coefficient? First of all, the Gini coefficient is just one number, and it is thus easy to compare across countries and time. Secondly, it satisfies a number of key principles: (A) it is independent of a countries size and the currency used, (B) if a rich a household transfers money to a poor household the Gini will be reduced and (C) it is anonymous (it does not say anything about who the poorest and richest households are).
Is the Gini coefficient a perfect measure of inequality? No! Institutional settings differ considerably. How health care in a country is financed will affect the inequality. Is all health care is privately funded, it will take out a large share of low income households, and a relatively low share of high income households. On the other hand, if health care is financed by a progressive income tax this will not be the case.
Another issue with the Gini coefficient is that it depends on the quality of the data. If it is only calculated based on deciles (as above) it will be considerably less precise than if it is calculated based on thousands of observations.
6.6 Other measures of inequality
The Gini coefficient is by far the most popular measure of inequality. The data is available across time and areas for many different country. However, as mentioned above, it is not perfect and there are alternative measures. Let’s briefly discuss a few
Ratios
One straightforward measure of inequality is a comparison of ratios in the income distribution, for example:
- What is the ratio of income of the top 20 percent to the bottom 20 percent?
- What is the ratio of income of the top 10 percent to the bottom 10 percent?


if i die, remember me like this
| Track Name | Artist Name | Album Name |
|---|---|---|
| Kaun Nachdi | Guru Randhawa, Neeti Mohan | Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety |
| Cutiepie | Pritam, Pardeep Singh Sran, Nakash Aziz | Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) [Deluxe Edition] |
| Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan | Kumar Sanu, Kavita Krishnamurthy | Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam |
| Chori Chori | Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam | Lucky: No Time For Love |
| Kheech Meri Photo (From Sanam Teri Kasam")" | Neeti Mohan, Akasa Singh, Darshan Raval | Sanam Teri Kasam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Tod Tadaiyya | Neeraj Shridhar, Neeti Mohan | Prem Ratan Dhan Payo |
| Do Dhaari Talwaar | Shahid Mallya, Shweta Pandit | Mere Brother Ki Dulhan (Original) |
| Pyar Ki Kashti Mein | Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik | Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko To Pyar Sajna | Lata Mangeshkar, Udit Narayan | Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Jatt Ludhiyane Da | Vishal-Shekhar, Vishal Dadlani, Payal Dev | Student of the Year 2 |
| Tere Naal Nachna (From Nawabzaade")" | Badshah, Sunanda Sharma | Tere Naal Nachna (From Nawabzaade")" |
| Buzz | Aastha Gill, Badshah | Buzz |
| Let's Break Up | Amit Trivedi, Vishal Dadlani | Dear Zindagi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Akh Lad Jaave | Badshah, Asees Kaur, Jubin Nautiyal | Loveyatri - A Journey Of Love |
| Kar Gayi Chull | Badshah, Amaal Mallik, Fazilpuria, Sukriti Kakar, Neha Kakkar | Kapoor & Sons (Since 1921) (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Trippy Trippy (From Bhoomi")" | Neha Kakkar, Benny Dayal, Brijesh Shandilya, Badshah, Sachin-Jigar | Trippy Trippy (From Bhoomi")" |
| D Se Dance | Sachin-Jigar, Vishal Dadlani, Shalmali Kholgade, Anushka Manchanda | Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Chad Gayi | Tony Kakkar, Neha Kakkar, Amrit Rao, Sanker Sharma | Sixteen |
| Dil Rang Le | Sunidhi Chauhan, Vinit | Rocky |
| Magar Meri Jaan | Anushka Manchanda, Mahua, Lalit Pandit | Dulha Mil Gaya |
| Dil Laga Na | Sukhbir, Soham Chakrabarthy, Jolly Mukherjee, Mahalakshmi Iyer, Suzanne | Dhoom:2 (Original) |
| Akh Ladiye | Kunal Ganjawala, Shweta Pandit, Javed Ali | Neal ‘N’ Nikki (Original) |
| Dil Dooba | Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal | Khakee |
| Chori Chori Dil Le Gaya | Hema Sardesai, Sukhwinder Singh | Garam Masala (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Dil Dil Deewana | Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik | Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega |
| Na Tum Jano Na Hum | Lucky Ali | Bollywood: Songs From Popular Indian Cinema |
| Choli Ke Peeche | Bally Sagoo, Bela Sulakhe, MC Chan, Andana Prohra | Bollywood Flashback |
| Dhak Dhak Karne Laga | Anuradha Paudwal, Udit Narayan | Beta |
| Afsana | Himesh Reshammiya, Tulsi Kumar | Dil Diya Hai |
| Chudi Khankayi Re - Yeh Hai JAlwa / Soundtrack Version | Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik | Yeh hai Jalwa |
| Shikdum | Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal | Dhoom (Original) |
| Jhalak Dikhla Ja | Himesh Reshammiya | Aksar |
| Hum Dono Jaisa | KK, Sunidhi Chauhan | Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai (Original) |
| Agar Main Kahoon | Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan | Lakshya (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Mujhe Tumse Mohabbat Hai - Remix | Shreya Ghoshal, Shaan | Tumsa Nahin Dekha - A Love Story (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Hadh Kardi Aapne | Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy | Hadh Kar Di Aapne |
| Halla Re | Shweta Pandit, Salim Merchant, Robert Bob Omulo | Neal ‘N’ Nikki (Original) |
| Main Vari Vari | A.R. Rahman | Mangal Pandey: The Rising |
| Rehem Kare | Sunidhi Chauhan | Cash |
| Dil Ne Yeh Kaha Hain Dil Se (From Dhadkan")" | Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik | My Best Collection - Sonu Nigam |
| Baby Doll | Meet Bros Anjjan, Kanika Kapoor | Bollywood Party With Meet Bros |
| Katiya Karun | Harshdeep Kaur | Rockstar |
| Haawa Haawa | Mohit Chauhan | Rockstar |
| Luni Hasi - Female Version | Amit Trivedi, Harshdeep Kaur | Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Pashmina | Amit Trivedi | Fitoor |
| Chaandaniya | Yashita Sharma, K. Mohan | 2 States (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Ambarsariya | Sona Mohapatra | Fukrey (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Saadi Galli Aaja | Ayushmann Khurrana, Neeti Mohan | Nautanki Saala ! |
| Pehli Baar | Shankar Mahadevan, Sukriti Kakar | Dil Dhadakne Do (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Sooiyan (From Guddu Rangeela")" | Amit Trivedi, Arijit Singh, Chinmayi | Arijit Singh - Ultimate Love Songs |
| Kalank (Title Track) | Arijit Singh | Kalank |
| Kinna Sona (From Marjaavaan")" | Meet Bros., Jubin Nautiyal, Dhvani Bhanushali | Kinna Sona (From Marjaavaan")" |
| Naah | Harrdy Sandhu | Naah |
| Uff | Vishal-Shekhar, Harshdeep Kaur, Benny Dayal | Bang Bang (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Item Number (From Teefa In Trouble")" | Ali Zafar, Aima Baig | Item Number (From Teefa in Trouble") - Single" |
| Aao Raja | Neha Kakkar, Yo Yo Honey Singh | Gabbar Is Back |
| Manma Emotion Jaage (From Dilwale")" | Amit Mishra, Anushka Manchanda, Antara Mitra | Manma Emotion Jaage (From Dilwale")" |
| Nashe Si Chadh Gayi | Arijit Singh | Befikre (Original) |
| Je T'aime | Vishal Dadlani, Sunidhi Chauhan | Befikre (Original) |
| Dj Waley Babu (feat. Aastha Gill) | Badshah, Aastha Gill | ONE (Original Never Ends) |
| Chikni Chameli | Ajay-Atul, Shreya Ghoshal | Agneepath (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Lucky Tu Lucky Me | Sachin-Jigar, Benny Dayal, Anushka Manchanda, Varun Dhawan | Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Second Hand Jawaani (From Cocktail")" | Miss Pooja, Neha Kakkar, Nakash Aziz | Cocktail |
| Kukkad | Vishal-Shekhar, Shahid Mallya, Nisha Mascarenhas, Marianne DCruz Aiman | Student of the Year (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Ishq Bulaava | Vishal-Shekhar, Sanam Puri, Shipra Goyal | Hasee Toh Phasee (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Chinta Ta Ta Chita Chita | Sajid-Wajid, Mika Singh, Wajid Khan | Rowdy Rathore (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Rowdy Baby | Yuvan Shankar Raja, Dhanush, Dhee | Rowdy Baby (From Maari 2" Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)" |
| Idhedho Bagundhe | Vijay Prakash, Anitha | Mirchi |
| Nachan Farrate (From All Is Well")" | Meet Bros., Kanika Kapoor | Move Your Lakk With Sonakshi Sinha |
| Ding Dang | Amit Mishra, Antara Mitra | Munna Michael (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Udi Udi Jaye | Sukhwinder Singh, Bhoomi Trivedi, Karsan Sagathia | Raees |
| Dilbar Dilbar | Alka Yagnik | Sirf Tum |
| Chhote Chhote Peg | Yo Yo Honey Singh, Neha Kakkar, Navraj Hans | Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety |
| Maa Ka Phone | Priya Panchal | Khoobsurat |
| Lonely | Himesh Reshammiya, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Hamsika Iyer | Khiladi 786 |
| Gulaabo | Vishal Dadlani, ANUSHA MANI | Shaandaar |
| Ainvayi Ainvayi | Salim Merchant, Sunidhi Chauhan | Band Baaja Baaraat (Original) |
| Kala Chashma | Amar Arshi, Badshah, Neha Kakkar, Indeep Bakshi | Baar Baar Dekho |
| Galat Baat Hai | Neeti Mohan, Javed Ali | Main Tera Hero |
| Cham Cham | Meet Bros., Monali Thakur | Baaghi |
| Beat Pe Booty | Sachin Sanghvi, Jigar Saraiya, Vayu, Kanika Kapoor | A Flying Jatt |
| Dholida | Udit Narayan, Neha Kakkar, Palak Muchhal, Raja Hasan | Loveyatri - A Journey Of Love |
| Balam Pichkari | Vishal Dadlani, Shalmali Kholgade | Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani |
| Hawayein | Pritam, Arijit Singh | Jab Harry Met Sejal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Aithey Aa | Akasa Singh, Neeti Mohan, Kamaal Khan | Bharat |
| One Two Three Four (Get On The Dance Floor) | Vishal Dadlani, Hamsika Iyer | Chennai Express |
| Titli | Chinmayi, Gopi Sundar | Chennai Express |
| Sun Saathiya | Priya Saraiya, Divya Kumar | ABCD 2 |
| Dhinka Chika | Amrita Kak, Mika Singh | Ready |
| Caller Tune | Himesh Reshammiya, Neeti Mohan | Humshakals (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Psycho Saiyaan (From Saaho")" | Sachet Tandon, Dhvani Bhanushali, Tanishk Bagchi | Psycho Saiyaan (From Saaho")" |
| Socha Hai (From Baadshaho")" | Jubin Nautiyal, Neeti Mohan, Tanishk Bagchi, R. D. Burman | Socha Hai (From Baadshaho")" |
| Ooh La La | Bappi Lahiri, Shreya Ghoshal | The Dirty Picture |
| Halka Halka | Shreya Ghoshal, Sonu Nigam, Ram Sampath | Raees |
| Dushman Mera | Sunitha Sarathy, Shankar Mahadevan | Don 2 |
| Dreamum Wakeupum | Sowmya Raoh | Aiyyaa |
| Aga Bai | Shalmali Kholgade, Monali Thakur | Aiyyaa |
| Aa Toh Sahi | Meet Bros., Neha Kakkar, Roach Killa | Judwaa 2 |
| Aao Kabhi Haveli Pe | Badshah, Nikhita Gandhi, Sachin-Jigar | Stree |
| Do U Know | Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal | Housefull 2 |
| Malamaal | Mika Singh, Akira, Miss Pooja, Kuwar Virk | Housefull 3 |
| Pyar Ki (feat. Nakkash Aziz, Divya Kumar, Anmoll Mallik, Earl Edgar) | Shaarib, Toshi, Nakash Aziz, Divya Kumar, Anmoll Mallik, Earl Edgar | Housefull 3 |
| Jigar Da Tukda | Salim Merchant, Shraddha Pandit | Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl (Original) |
| Raabta (Siyaah Raatein) | Hamsika, Arijit Singh, Joi | Agent Vinod |
| Daddy Mummy | Devi Sri Prasad, M. M. Manasi | Bhaag Johnny |
| Lipstick Laga Ke | Shaan, Payal Dev | Great Grand Masti |
| Chokra Jawaan | Vishal Dadlani, Sunidhi Chauhan | Ishaqzaade (Original) |
| Makhna | Tanishk Bagchi, Yasser Desai, Asees Kaur | Makhna (From Drive")" |
| Gal Ban Gayi | Meet Bros., Sukhbir, Neha Kakkar, Yo Yo Honey Singh | Gal Ban Gayi |
| Premika | Benny Dayal, Kanika Kapoor | Dilwale (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Ullu Ka Pattha | Arijit Singh, Nikhita Gandhi | Jagga Jasoos |
| Hip Hip Huraah | Sonu Kakkar | Mere Dad Ki Maruti (Original) |
| Manali Trance | Yo Yo Honey Singh, Neha Kakkar, Lil Golu | The Neha Kakkar Collection |
| Rum Whisky (From Vicky Donor")" | Akshay Verma | Vicky Donor |
| Move Your Lakk | Diljit Dosanjh, Badshah, Sonakshi Sinha | Move Your Lakk |
| Madamiyan (From Tevar")" | Mika Singh, Mamta Sharma | Tevar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Hungama Ho Gaya - From Queen"" | Asha Bhosle, Arijit Singh | Hungama Ho Gaya (From Queen")" |
| Bimar Dil (From Pagalpanti")" | Asees Kaur, Jubin Nautiyal, Tanishk Bagchi | Bimar Dil (From Pagalpanti")" |
| Goriye | Prem Hardeep, Kaka Bhaniawala, Desi Ma, Arjun, Blitz | Gully Boy |
| Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi | Neha Kakkar, Tanishk Bagchi, Lalit Sen | Yaad Piya Ki Aane Lagi |
| Chaar Kadam | Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal | Pk |
| Samjhawan | Jawad Ahmad, Sharib Toshi, Arijit Singh, Shreya Ghoshal | Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Saturday Saturday | Sharib Toshi, Badshah, Indeep Bakshi, Akriti Kakkar | Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Emotional Fool | Sharib Toshi, Toshi Sabri | Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Banjaara (From Ek Villain")" | Mohammed Irfan | Best Of Shraddha Kapoor |
| Agar Tum Saath Ho (From Tamasha")" | Alka Yagnik, Arijit Singh | Love Forever With Arijit Singh |
| Chahun Main Ya Naa | Palak Muchhal, Arijit Singh | Aashiqui 2 |
| Sunn Raha Hai (Female) | Shreya Ghoshal | Aashiqui 2 |
| Awari | Adnan Dhool, Momina Mustehsan | Ek Villain |
| Phir Mohabbat | Mohammed Irfan, Arijit Singh, Saim Bhat | Murder 2 |
| Tere Naina | Shankar Mahadevan, Shreya Ghoshal | Chandni Chowk To China |
| Pyaar Manga Hai | Armaan Malik, Neeti Mohan, Abhijit Vaghani | Pyaar Manga Hai |
| Jaan Meri Ja Rahi Sanam | Anuradha Paudwal, Udit Narayan | Lucky: No Time For Love |
| Pani Da Rang Male (From Vicky Donor")" | Ayushmann Khurrana | Vicky Donor |
| Chori Kiya Re Jiya | Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal | Dabangg |
| Keeda (From Action Jackson")" | Himesh Reshammiya, Neeti Mohan | Action Jackson (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Achha Lagta Hai | Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, Mohit Chauhan, Shreya Ghoshal, Neuman Pinto | Aarakshan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |
| Leja Leja | Sultan Khan, Shreya Ghoshal, Salim Merchant | Ustad And The Divas |
| Tera Chehra | Adnan Sami | Tera Chehra |
| Tu Hi Yaar Mera (From Pati Patni Aur Woh")" | Rochak, Arijit Singh, Neha Kakkar, Rochak Kohli | Tu Hi Yaar Mera (From Pati Patni Aur Woh")" |
| Tu Hi Hai (Ali Zafar Version) [From Dear Zindagi"]" | Amit Trivedi, Ali Zafar | Tu Hi Hai (Ali Zafar Version) [From Dear Zindagi"]" |


{% extends "main.html" %} {% block content %}
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org.apache.naming.factory
Class TyrexDataSourceFactory
java.lang.Object
|
+--org.apache.naming.factory.TyrexDataSourceFactory
- All Implemented Interfaces:
- javax.naming.spi.ObjectFactory
- public class TyrexDataSourceFactory
- extends java.lang.Object
- implements javax.naming.spi.ObjectFactory
Object factory for Tyrex DataSources.
Tyrex is an open-source transaction manager, developed by Assaf Arkin and
exolab.org. See the Tyrex homepage
for more details about Tyrex and downloads.
This factory can produced either ServerDataSource objects (with integrated
connection pooling) or EnabledDataSource objects. If the requested type is
"tyrex.jdbc.ServerDataSource", a ServerDataSource will be instantiated.
Be aware that some specific runtime permissions have to be set to be able
to generate a ServerDataSource object (see the Tyrex documentation at the
Tyrex website for more information).
Definition of the following additional properties is recommended :
- driverName : Name of the JDBC driver to use ( = connection URL)
- driverClassName : Class name of the JDBC driver
- user : User name. Can also be specified later when the Connection
is retrieved.
- password : Password. Can also be specified later when the Connection
is retrieved.
- loginTimeout : Optional. Login timeout.
- Version:
- $Revision: <IP_ADDRESS> $ $Date: 2002/05/31 21:20:48 $
- Author:
- Remy Maucherat
|
Method Summary |
java.lang.Object |
getObjectInstance(java.lang.Object obj,
javax.naming.Name name,
javax.naming.Context nameCtx,
java.util.Hashtable environment)
Crete a new DataSource instance. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
LOGIN_TIMEOUT
public static final java.lang.String LOGIN_TIMEOUT
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DESCRIPTION
public static final java.lang.String DESCRIPTION
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DATA_SOURCE
public static final java.lang.String DATA_SOURCE
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
USER
public static final java.lang.String USER
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
PASSWORD
public static final java.lang.String PASSWORD
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DRIVER_NAME
public static final java.lang.String DRIVER_NAME
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DRIVER_CLASS_NAME
public static final java.lang.String DRIVER_CLASS_NAME
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DEFAULT_DRIVER_NAME
public static final java.lang.String DEFAULT_DRIVER_NAME
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DEFAULT_DRIVER_CLASS_NAME
public static final java.lang.String DEFAULT_DRIVER_CLASS_NAME
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DEFAULT_USER
public static final java.lang.String DEFAULT_USER
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
DEFAULT_PASSWORD
public static final java.lang.String DEFAULT_PASSWORD
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
TyrexDataSourceFactory
public TyrexDataSourceFactory()
getObjectInstance
public java.lang.Object getObjectInstance(java.lang.Object obj,
javax.naming.Name name,
javax.naming.Context nameCtx,
java.util.Hashtable environment)
throws javax.naming.NamingException
- Crete a new DataSource instance.
- Specified by:
getObjectInstance
in interface javax.naming.spi.ObjectFactory
- Parameters:
obj
- The reference object describing the DataSource
javax.naming.NamingException
Copyright © 2000-2001 Apache Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


BREAKDOWN A film review by Eric C. Robinette Copyright 1997 Eric C. Robinette
A-
Starring Kurt Russell, J.T. Walsh, Kathleen Quinlan Written by Jonathan Mostow and Sam Montgomery. Directed by Jonathan Mostow..
"Yeah, that could happen."
I find myself saying that a lot at action movies. The funny thing about it is that during Breakdown, I *meant* it when I said it.
Breakdown is that rarity: a fast, efficient, nuts-and bolts thriller that is both fun and believable at the same time. It's mix of Spielbergian action and Hitchcockian suspense is so well constructed, that even when the screws came a little loose toward the end, I happily hung on to my seat as giant semi-truck teetered perilously over a bridge.
I must admit, when I first saw the trailers for the movie, I wasn't that enthralled; it looked like a retread of "The Vanishing," which worked none too well in it's American incarnation and was even a bit overrated in its original form. In all these films, a man loses his significant other, then sets on a seemingly futile pursuit populated by a lot of creepy-looking people.
What sets Breakdown apart, though, is that it's story, unlikely as it sounds, feels like it could really happen. Thanks go largely to Kurt Russell, who has to carry the entire picture and make us believe that he's an ordinary guy who can do extraordinary things when provoked. He does, because he changes from concerned husband to avenging husband gradually, showing the increasing desperation in his face as the bad guys close in on him.
Kudos also go to first time helmer Jonanthan Mostow, who displays surprising confidence in his debut. First-time directors often make the mistake of blatantly copying their idol or having no style at all. Here, Mostow deftly steals from two of the greats: Hitchcock and Spielberg. By combining the suspense of Hithcock's "wrong place at the wrong time" theme with the suspense of Spielberg's frenzied pacing, Mostow has created an engrossing blend of realistic suspense and kinetic action, which complement each other and keep the picture down-to-earth. Even the villains have a human dimension, with one caught between an unsuspecting family and a despicable scheme, just like some real-world villains are.
 A movie that can make something great out of such an average premise earns the right to get carried away.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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On my own interest and passion for development, I started learning programming. I build interactive websites that runs across platforms and devices. I'm very familiar with using frameworks, my websites are primarily hand-coded using HTML5, CSS3 & JavaScript. I'm always motivated and have the desire to learn more.
What we learn with pleasure, we never forget


Prep Time
30m
Cook Time
15m
Chilling Time
8h
Total Time
8h 45m
Step 1
Measure and prepare all ingredients.
Step 2
Grind the toasted black sesame seeds and put aside.
Step 3
Whisk the 70g Sugar and egg yolk together until it becomes pale yellow.
Step 4
Once it turn pale yellow add in: honey, black sesame seeds (ground), black sesame paste and whisk until well combined.
Step 5
Simmer the milk and then add to the mixture in a slow stream. Mix at a low speed for 30 seconds.
Step 6
Transfer mixture into a small pot. Heat the mixture over a medium-low heat and stirring constantly until it thickens and reaches 80oC.
Step 7
Remove from heat and cool down the pot in a large bowl filled with iced water. Then Add vanilla while it cools down.
Step 8
Add the whipped cream and a pinch of salt into the cooled sesame mixture. Then start fold in to mix but do not go overboard. Chill the mixture in the refrigerator for minimum 8hours (overnight).
Step 9
After completely cooled, process the mixture in your ice cream makeer for
about 25mins. The mixture will slowly thicken/freeze and become ice cream.
After it freezes
in the ice cream maker, transfer it to a container and then it is ready to serve.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% import "bootstrap/wtf.html" as wtf %} {% import "utils/_forms_rendering.html" as frender %} {% block page_content %} {{ frender.render_simple_errors(form) }}


S.B. Rolling Shutters & Engineering Works Incorporated in the year 1996, S.B. Rolling Shutters & Engineering Works has created a niche amongst trusted firms for manufacturing and supplying an extensive range of Rolling Shutter, Metal Grills, Metal Gate, Remote Control Rolling Shutter, Roof Trusses, Aluminium Door, Steel Railing & many more. We also provide Shed Fabrication Works to our valued clients. We are a Sole Proprietorship based company and customers trust us for offering quality approved products. We source superior quality material for manufacturing our products from leading vendors of the market. The products of our company are manufactured by our professionals and experts as per the specifications given by the customers and also in standards specifications. We test the products on various quality parameters before their delivery to the customers to ensure they are quality approved.
Situated in Hyderabad, Telangana, India, our infrastructure facilities help us to serve customers with our best. The infrastructure of our company consists of production, quality control, testing, warehouse, packaging and many more. The various units are handled in synchronization with each other so as to get best combined output. We have hired professionals, experts, engineers and many more people for handling work of different units as per their expertise. The various units are equipped with modern tools, machinery, equipment and many more that are necessary for executing activities of business.
With the support of Mr. Syed Zakiuddin Ahmed (Proprietor), our company has archived the topmost position in the market and in short span of time. His expert advice, skills, experience and diligence help in satisfying customers and provide market with unique and innovative products.
S.B. Rolling Shutters & Engineering Works has created a niche amongst trusted firms for manufacturing and supplying an extensive range of Rolling Shutter, Metal Grills, Metal Gate, Remote Control Rolling Shutter, Roof Trusses, Aluminium Door, Steel Railing & many more. We also provide Shed Fabrication Works to our valued client
As per the set industrial standards of our company, we are engaged in offering a wide range of Rolling Shutter. The product of our company is used in shops, showrooms and many more places, we offer product to the customers in various heights and widths as per their needs. Moreover, customers like our product for its long lasting life and ability to provide security wherever used.
Owing to the changing needs of customers, our company is engaged in offering a large range of Metal Grills. These products are manufactured by our professionals from best quality metal that we source form reliable vendors of the market. Our products are easy to install and available in multitudes of designs. Besides these, we offer products to the customers at industry leading prices.
To satisfy the varying needs of customers, we are engaged in offering an extensive range of Metal Gate. This product is available with us in accurate dimensions and as per the industry standards. Made from superior quality metal, our product is widely known for its durability. Besides these, we offer product to the customers as per their needs and after testing it on various parameters to ensure its faultless delivery.
Quality is the hallmark of our company, in order to maintain quality standards we are engaged in offering a wide array of Remote Control Rolling Shutter. The product offered by us operates using remote and known for its high grade quality. We offer product to the customers as per their specifications on order and at industry leading prices. Moreover, our offered product is available in different sizes.
Here are my client partners, We share our work, We take projects all over Telangana.
Hi,I'm Safi uddin ,I have been working in this field for more than 30 years ,I found Zaki to be most prominent proprieter in hyderabad
Hi, I'm Taqui uddin ,My firm is in jagtial ,Zaki and I contributed to this field of work for many years ,He is most trusted proprieter in hyderabad
For any queries you can contact me at my mail i'd or contact number given below


Products and experiences I've shipped
Details for these products and my involvement are coming. For now, you can check out my curriculum vitae. Thanks for your patience!
My Account - Account Management
TELUS.com - eCommerce
EatsOnStreets - Food Truck Marketplace
OpenRoad Auto Group - Exclusive YouTube Video Series


TLS details
Service APIs allow for a variety of ways to configure TLS. This document lays out various TLS settings and gives general guidelines on how to use them effectively.
Client/Server and TLS
For Gateways, there are two connections involved:
- downstream: This is the connection between the client and the Gateway.
- upstream: This is the connection between the Gateway and backend resources specified by routes. These backend resources will usually be Services.
With Service APIs, TLS configuration of downstream and upstream connections is managed independently.
Please note that in case of Passthrough
TLS mode, no TLS settings take
effect as the TLS session from the client is NOT terminated at the Gateway.
The rest of the document assumes that TLS is being terminated at the Gateway,
which is the default setting.
Downstream TLS
Downstream TLS settings are configured using listeners at the Gateway level.
Listeners and TLS
Listeners expose the TLS setting on a per domain or sub-domain basis.
TLS settings of a listener are applied to all domains that satisfy the
hostname
criteria.
In the following example, the Gateway serves the TLS certificate
defined in the default-cert
Secret resource for all requests.
Although, the example refers to HTTPS protocol, one can also use the same
feature for TLS-only protocol along with TLSRoutes.
listeners:
- protocol: HTTPS # Other possible value is `TLS`
port: 443
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: default-cert
routeOverride:
certificate: Deny
If hostname.match
is set to Exact
, then the TLS settings apply to only the
specific hostname that is set in hostname.name
.
Specifying tls.routeOverride.certificate: Deny
is recommended because it
centralizes TLS configuration within the Gateway specification and should
suffice for the majority of use-cases. Please take a look at the examples below
for various alternatives.
Routes and TLS
If listeners[].tls.routeOverride.certificate
is set to Allow
, TLS certificates
can be configured on routes that are bound to the Gateway. This feature is
primarily meant for a cluster with a self-service model where Application developers
bring their own TLS certificates. This feature also mirrors the behavior of
TLS as defined in the Ingress v1 resource. One should use this feature only
when the Cluster Operator wishes to delegate TLS configuration to the Application Developer.
With this feature, the certificate defined in the route overrides any certificate defined in
the Gateway.
When using this feature, please note that the TLS certificate to serve is chosen before an HTTPRoute is selected. This is because the TLS handshake is completed before an HTTP request is sent from the client.
TLS Certificate in Route provides an example of how this feature can be used.
Examples
TLS in listener
In this example, the Gateway is configured to serve the foo.example.com
and
bar.example.com
domains. The certificate for these domains is specified
in the Gateway.
kind: Gateway
apiVersion: networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1
metadata:
name: tls-basic
spec:
gatewayClassName: acme-lb
listeners:
- protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: foo.example.com
tls:
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: foo-example-com-cert
routeOverride:
certificate: Deny
routes:
kind: HTTPRoute
- protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: bar.example.com
tls:
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: bar-example-com-cert
routeOverride:
certificate: Deny
routes:
kind: HTTPRoute
Wildcard TLS listeners
In this example, the Gateway is configured with a wildcard certificate for
*.example.com
and a different certificate for foo.example.com
.
Since a specific match takes priority, the Gateway will serve
foo-example-com-cert
for requests to foo.example.com
and
wildcard-example-com-cert
for all other requests.
kind: Gateway
apiVersion: networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1
metadata:
name: wildcard-tls-gateway
spec:
gatewayClassName: acme-lb
listeners:
- protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: foo.example.com
tls:
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: foo-example-com-cert
routeOverride:
certificate: Deny
routes:
kind: HTTPRoute
- protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
hostname: "*.example.com"
tls:
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: wildcard-example-com-cert
routeOverride:
certificate: Deny
routes:
kind: HTTPRoute
TLS Certificate in Route
In this example, the Gateway is configured with a default certificate that will be
served for all hostnames. In addition, tls.routeOverride.certificate
is set to
Allow
, meaning routes can specify TLS certificates for any domains. Next,
there are two HTTPRoute resources which specify certificates for
foo.example.com
and bar.example.com
.
kind: Gateway
apiVersion: networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1
metadata:
name: cert-in-route-gateway
spec:
gatewayClassName: acme-lb
listeners:
- protocol: HTTP
port: 80
routes:
kind: HTTPRoute
- protocol: HTTPS
port: 443
tls:
mode: Terminate
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: default-cert
routeOverride:
certificate: Allow
routes:
kind: HTTPRoute
---
kind: HTTPRoute
apiVersion: networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1
metadata:
name: http-app-1
spec:
hostnames:
- "foo.example.com"
tls:
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: foo-example-com-cert
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: Prefix
value: /
forwardTo:
- serviceName: my-service
port: 8080
---
kind: HTTPRoute
apiVersion: networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1
metadata:
name: http-app-2
spec:
hostnames:
- "bar.example.com"
tls:
certificateRef:
kind: Secret
group: core
name: bar-example-com-cert
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: Prefix
value: /
forwardTo:
- serviceName: my-service
port: 8080
Upstream TLS
Upstream TLS configuration applies to the connection between the Gateway and Service.
There is only one way to configure upstream TLS: using the BackendPolicy
resource.
Please note that the TLS configuration is related to the Service or backend resource and not related to a specific route resource.
Example
The following example shows how upstream TLS can be configured. We have omitted downstream TLS configuration for simplicity. As noted before, it doesn't matter how downstream TLS is configured for the specific listener or route.
kind: BackendPolicy
apiVersion: networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1
metadata:
name: my-app
annotations:
networking.x-k8s.io/app-protocol: https
spec:
backendRefs:
- name: my-service
group: core
kind: Service
port: 443
tls:
certificateAuthorityRef:
name: my-cluster-ca
group: core
kind: Secret
options: {}
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: my-service
spec:
ports:
- name: http
port: 80
targetPort: 8000
- name: https
port: 443
targetPort: 8443
selector:
app: my-service
---
kind: HTTPRoute
apiVersion: networking.x-k8s.io/v1alpha1
metadata:
name: my-service-route
spec:
hostnames:
- "foo.com"
rules:
- matches:
- path:
type: Prefix
value: /
forwardTo:
- serviceName: my-service
port: 8443
Extensions
Both upstream and downstream TLS configs provide an options
map to add
additional TLS settings for implementation-specific features.
Some examples of features that could go in here would be TLS version restrictions,
or ciphers to use.


WITNESS LIST
Business & Commerce
April 9, 2019 8:00 AM
FOR:
Rathgeber, Julia (Association of Electric Companies of Texas), Austin, TX
ON:
Heino, Shari CRCO (also providing written testimony) (Brazos Electric Power
Cooperative, Texas Electric Cooperatives), Waco, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Belcher, Nora Executive Director (Texas e-Health Alliance), Austin, TX
Keene, Russell T. “Russ” (Texas Public Power Association), Austin, TX
Yancy, Justin President (Texas Business Leadership Council), Austin, TX
ON:
Gleeson, Thomas COO (PUC), Austin, TX
Little, Rod Manager of network services (Brazos electric power coop, Texas Electric
cooperatives), Waco, TX
Mele, Cheryl COO (ERCOT), Austin, TX
Rainosek, Nancy Chief Information Security Officer (Department of information
resources), Austin, TX
FOR:
Flanagan, Kelly (Texas Realtors), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Gonzalez, Daniel Director of Legislative Affairs (Texas REALTORS), Austin, TX
Houston, Joshua General Counsel (Texas Impact), Austin, TX
Kelly, Bill Director of Government Relations (Mayor's Office, City of Houston), Houston,
TX
Muñoz, Ned General Counsel, Texas Association of Builders (Texas Association of
Builders), Austin, TX
Oney, Tom General Counsel (Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA)), Austin, TX
Parenteau, Julia Associate Director of Legislative Affairs (Texas Realtors), Austin, TX
Patterson, TJ Manager of Legislative Affairs (City of Fort Worth), Fort Worth, TX
Reed, Ender Legislative Coordinator (Harris County Commissioners Court), Houston/TX,
TX
Siegelin, Cheri (Texas Association of Taxpayers), Huntsville, TX
Wendell, Ware Executive Director (Texas Watch), Austin, TX
ON:
Lopez, Christa Director Short Term Housing (TX General Land Office), Austin, TX
FOR:
Perets, Elly (Self), San Diego, CA
AGAINST:
Abdullah, Haseeb (Self), Austin, TX
WITNESS LIST
Business & Commerce
April 9, 2019 8:00 AM
Registering, but not testifying:
ON:
Blanton, Whitney (Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts), Austin, TX
Hacker, David Special Counsel (Office of Attoney General), Austin, TX
FOR:
Schrader, Megan (Amazon), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Joiner, Caroline (Rackspace), Austin, TX
Yancy, Justin President (Texas Business Leadership Council), Austin, TX
ON:
Kelly, Ed Statewide Data Coordinator (Texas Department of Information Resources),
Austin, TX
Webking, Catherine (TEAM (Texas Energy Associatin for Marketers)), Austin, TX
FOR:
Hornsby, Paul FACT Board (Self; Foundation Appraisers Coalition of Texas), Austin, TX
Woller, Joseph (Self; ;oundation appraiser coalition of texas (facr)), San antonio, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Parsley, Lee (Texans for Lawsuit Reform), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Adams, Will President, TTLA (Texas Trial Lawyers Association), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Bakko, Sally Legislative Coordinator (City of Galveston), Galveston, TX
Brannan, Ryan (Coastal Windstorm Insurance Coalition), Austin, TX
Loftis, Lee (Independent Insurance Agents of Texas), Austin, TX
Wendell, Ware Executive Director (Texas Watch), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Floyd, Beaman (Texas Coalition for Affordable Insurance Solutions), Austin, TX
ON:
Ryder, Brian Senior Actuary & Data Services Team Lead (Texas Department of Insurance),
Austin, TX
FOR:
Allen, Ray (also providing written testimony) (PublicData.com), Austin, TX
Ellis, Joe (also providing written testimony) (Self; KVUE, Freedom of Information
Foundation of Texas), Austin, TX, TX
WITNESS LIST
Business & Commerce
April 9, 2019 8:00 AM
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Baggett, Donnis Executive Vice President, Texas Press Association (Self; Texas Press
Association), Austin, TX
Heckler, Jeff (PublicData.com), Austin, TX
Hodges, Mike Executive Director (Texas Press Association), Austin, TX
Miyakawa, Felicia (Self), Round Rock, TX
Schneider, Michael VP, Legislative & Regulatory Affairs (Texas Association of
Broadcasters), Austin, TX
Shannon, Kelley Executive Director (Freedom of Information Foundation of Texas),
Austin, TX
Sparks, Clifford Legislative Director (City of Dallas), Dallas, TX
Sterling, Shelby Policy analyst (Texas Public Policy Foundation), Austin, TX
FOR:
Schenone, Karen Investment Strategist (BlackRock Inc.), San Francisco, CA
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Thompson, Jay (Afact), Austin, TX
ON:
Hunt, Jeff Assistant Deputy Commissioner (Texas Department of Insurance), Austin, TX
FOR:
Blume, Anne (Claims and Litigation Management Alliance), Plantation, FL
Moore, Joel (National Association of Independent Insurance Adjusters), Houston, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Long, Wade (Texas Surety Federation), Austin, TX
Olson, Scott Vice President, Claims SureTec Insurance Company (Self), Austin, TX
ON:
Clark, Nancy Deputy Commissioner, Administrative Operations (Texas Department of
Insurance), Austin, TX
FOR:
Lopez, Cesar Associate General Counsel (Texas Hospital Association), Austin, TX
Snyder, Rick Dr. (Self; Texas Medical Association), Dallas, TX
ON:
Diaz Lara, Debra (TX Department of Insurance), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Ashley, Price (Texas College of Emergency Physicians), Austin, TX
Bruce, Bonnie Director of Governmental Affairs (Texas society of anesthesiologists),
Austin, TX
WITNESS LIST
Business & Commerce
April 9, 2019 8:00 AM
Chepkauskas, Daniel (Patient Choice Coalition of Texas), Austin, TX
Courtney, Jenna (Texas Radiological Society), Austin, TX
Hansch, Greg (National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Texas), Austin, TX
Hillert, Bobby (Texas Orthopaedic Association), Austin, TX
Hutson, Blake (AARP Texas), Austin, TX
Krzeminski, Tesia NAMI Austin (NAMI AUSTIN), Austin, TX
Kunish, Eric Mr. (Self; National Alliance on Mental Illness Austin Affiliate Advocacy
Chair), Austin, TX
Pogue, Stacey Senior policy analyst (Center for Public Policy Priorities), Austin, TX
Smith, Andrew Director of Government Relations (University health system), San Antonio,
TX
Spreen, Lauren (Texas Academy of Family Physicians), Austin, TX
Yanas, Christine Director of Govt. Affairs (Methodist Healthcare Ministries of South
Texas , Inc.), San Antonio, TX
FOR:
Border, James CLIA Tax Council (also providing written testimony) (Cruise Lines
International Association), Fort Lauderdale, TX
Speers, Lori (also providing written testimony) (Self; Xstream Travel), Allen, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Davis, Doug Vice President (Wholesale Beer Distributors of Texas), Austin, TX
Laine, Dale (Self; Cruise Lines Imternational Association), Austin, TX
Siegelin, Cheri (Texas Association of Taxpayers), Huntsville, TX
ON:
Beal, Dennis Deputy ED (Tx Alcoholic beverage commission), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Doran, Laird Vice President Goverment Relations&Senior Counsel (The Friedkin Group,
on behalf of GSFS Group), Houston, TX
Vane, Mark (Husch Blackwell Strategies), Austin, TX
Woomer, Eric (FCA - Fiat Chrysler Automobiles), Austin, TX
ON:
Baker, Marianne Director, P&C Lines (Texas Department of Insurance), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Belcher, Nora Executive Director (Texas e-Health Alliance), Austin, TX
Edmonson, David Executive Director (TechNet), Austin, TX
ON:
Rainosek, Nancy Chief Information Security Officer (Department of information
resources), Austin, TX
WITNESS LIST
Business & Commerce
April 9, 2019 8:00 AM
FOR:
Andrews, Jim Founder (Self; Wasabe Beverages, Inc), Oakland, CA
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Huddleston, Cheri Legislative Consultant (Southern Glazer's Wine & Spirits), Austin, TX
Rudd, Tyler (Wine Institute), Austin, TX
ON:
Graham, Thomas Director (Tx alcoholic beverages commission), Austin, TX
FOR:
Cox, Michael (Johnson Development), Houston, TX
Markel, Marc Attorney (Self), Houston, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Matz, Laura (Texas Community Association Advocates), Austin, TX
Wong, Lawrence (68B LLC), Houston, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Akpan, Erika VP of Policy & Government Relations (AECT), Austin, TX
Cubriel, Randy (Nucor), Austin, TX
Fairbanks, Lauren Director, Government Affairs (Texas Association of Manufacturers),
Austin, TX
Withrow, Damon Director, Regional Govt Affairs (Xcel Energy / Southwestern Public
Service Co.), Austin, TX
ON:
Hoke, Michael Director of Goverment Relations (Public Utility Commission), Austin, TX
Hoke, Mike (PUC), Austin, TX
FOR:
Baddour, Ann (also providing written testimony) (Texas Applese), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Allmon, Jennifer Executive Director (The Texas Catholic Conference of Bishops), Austin,
TX
Freeman, Kathryn Director of Public Policy (Texas Baptist Christian Life Commission),
Austin, TX
Harris, Ashley Director of Policy and Community Engagement (United Ways of Texas),
Austin, TX
Houston, Joshua General Counsel (Texas Impact), Austin, TX
Igo, Shanna Deputy Executive Director, Texas Municipal League (Texas Municipal Lague),
Austin, TX
WITNESS LIST
Business & Commerce
April 9, 2019 8:00 AM
Miyakawa, Felicia (Self), Round Rock, TX
Reams, Joan (Self; League of Women Voters), Austin, TX
ON:
Nance, Matthew Deputy General Counsel (Office of Consumer Credit Commissioner),
Austin, TX
FOR:
Annotti, Joseph President and CEO (American Fraternal Alliance), Indianapolis, IN
Registering, but not testifying:
ON:
Hunt, Jeff Assistant Deputy Commissioner (Texas Department of Insurance), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Hinkle, Ron (Texas Association of Campground Owners), Austin, TX
Pendleton, DJ Executive Director (Texas Manufactured Housing Association), Austin, TX
ON:
Armstrong, Heath (PUC), Austin, TX
FOR:
Newell, Tom (Opportunity Solutions Project), Kingfisher, OK
AGAINST:
Pogue, Stacey Senior policy analyst (also providing written testimony) (Center for Public
Policy Priorities), Austin, TX
ON:
Hunt, Jeff Assistant Deputy Commissioner (Texas Department of Insurance), Austin, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Hoy, Sandy General Counsel (Texas Apartment Association), Austin, TX
Loftis, Lee (Independent Insurance Agents of Texas), Austin, TX
McCord, John (NFIB), Austin, TX
McCord, Mia (Texas Conservative Coalition), Austin, TX
Meroney, Mike Consultant (Texas Association of Health Underwriters), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Hansch, Greg (National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Texas), Austin, TX
Hutson, Blake (AARP Texas), Austin, TX
FOR:
Boyda, Mira (Self; Pohl partners), Cedar park, TX
Daniec, Paul (Self; Texas Land Developers Association), San Antonio, TX
Ficken, Rainer (Newland), Austin, TX
Fuller, Mitch (Self), Cedar Park, TX
WITNESS LIST
Business & Commerce
April 9, 2019 8:00 AM
Maier, Richard (Self; Lennar Homes), Austin, TX
Smith, Leonard Attorney (Self; Pohl Partners & investor entities; Texas Land Developers
Assn), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Sparks, Chance (Self; American Planning Association Texas Chapter), San Marcos, TX
Registering, but not testifying:
FOR:
Campbell, Scot (Self), Harlingen, TX
Glenn, David Director of Government Relations and Policy (Home Builders Association of
Greater Austin), Austin, TX
Gonzalez, Daniel Director of Legislative Affairs (Texas REALTORS), Austin, TX
Kirkpatrick, Shawn Director of Public Affairs (KB Home), Austin, TX
Lewis, John President (Self), Austin, TX
Massaro, Vera Vice President (Qualico), Pflugerville, TX
Meyer, Ernest Sr Vice President (Newland Real Estate Group), Georgetown, TX
Parenteau, Julia Associate Director of Legislative Affairs (Texas Realtors), Austin, TX
Pohl, Bill (Self), Austin, TX
Rice, Chuck (Texas Land Developers Asso.), Austin, TX
Valdez, Jerry (Coats Rose Law Firm), Austin, TX
AGAINST:
Franco, Brie Intergovernmental Relations Officer (City of Austin), Austin, TX
Kelly, Bill Director of Government Relations (Mayor's Office, City of Houston), Houston,
TX
McCarley, James (City of Plano), McKinney, TX
Ramirez, Rick Intergovernmental Relations Director (City of Sugar Land), Sugar Land, TX
Tatum, Alexis (Travis County Commissioners Court), Austin, TX
ON:
Reed, Ender Legislative Coordinator (Harris County Commissioners Court), Houston/TX,
TX


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 However, if your organization has many different datasets that can be accessed by many users, you might want to take measures to manage those datasets. For instance, you might want to direct your users to the most up-to-date and highest-quality datasets in your workspaces, or you might want to restrict the reuse of datasets across your workspaces.
To ensure that your organization has consistent data for making decisions and a healthy data culture, it's important to create and share optimized datasets and then endorse those datasets as the one source of truth. Report creators can then reuse those endorsed datasets to build accurate, standardized reports.
Power BI provides two ways to endorse your datasets:
Promotion - Promote your datasets when they're ready for broad usage. Any workspace member with Write permissions can promote your datasets.
Certification - Request certification for a promoted dataset from an admin user that is defined in the Dataset Certification tenant admin setting. This certification adds another layer of security for your datasets. Certification can be a highly selective process, so only the truly reliable and authoritative datasets are used across the organization.
In this example, you and the other teams are using a workspace in Power BI service to organize all your reports and dashboards. However, you begin to receive emails from confused users who expected to see a sales report and are now looking at a product report instead. You need to make some changes to direct your users to the datasets that they should be accessing, and you can accomplish this task with the endorsing capability in Power BI.
In this example, the certification type of endorsement is best suited for the Sales team because it will require users to have special access before they can view the Sales dashboards. By implementing the certification, you'll lead your users to the most appropriate reports and dashboards, avoiding the inevitable confusion that might arise with building and sharing a diversity of reports.
Though you'll soon learn how to certify the dataset, you'll first learn how to promote a dataset, in case you prefer to use that method.
You can only promote a dataset if you're a Power BI admin user or the owner of that dataset.
To promote a dataset, go to your workspace in Power BI service, and then open the settings page for the dataset that you want to promote. In this example, you want to promote the Tailwind Traders dataset.
Select the Endorsement setting.
In the Endorsement settings, select the Promoted option, and then select Apply.
When you return to your workspace, a badge in the Endorsement column for that dataset will appear, indicating that it's ready for viewing by all of your users.
You can only certify a dataset if you've been listed as a user in the tenant settings. The certification option will appear dimmed for other users.
To certify a dataset, you would start the same way as you did to promote the dataset. This time, however, you will select the Certified option in the Endorsement settings.
When you apply your change, the Certified setting will update to display a message regarding who certified the dataset and when they did so.
For more information, see Promote your dataset or Certify datasets.


The f_mkfs fucntion creates an FAT file system on the logical drive.
FRESULT f_mkfs ( BYTE Drive, /* Logical drive number */ BYTE PartitioningRule, /* Partitioning rule */ UINT AllocSize /* Size of the allocation unit */ );
FR_OK, FR_DISK_ERR, FR_NOT_READY, FR_WRITE_PROTECTED, FR_INVALID_DRIVE, FR_NOT_ENABLED, FR_MKFS_ABORTED, FR_INVALID_PARAMETER
The f_mkfs function creates an FAT volume on the logical drive. When FDISK is specified, a primary partition occupies the entire disk space is created and then an FAT volume is created on the partition. When SFD is specified, the FAT volume starts from the first sector of the physical drive.
If the logical drive is being bound to any partition (1-4) by multiple partition feature (_MULTI_PARTITION), the FAT volume is created into the specified partition. In this case, the second argument is ignored. The physical drive must be partitioned with f_fdisk function or any other partitioning tool prior to use this function.
Note that there are two partitioning rules, FDISK and SFD. The FDISK format is usually used for harddisk, MMC, SDC and CFC. It can divide a physical drive into one or more partitions with a partition table on the MBR. The SFD format is non-partitioned method. The FAT volume starts from the first sector on the physical drive without partition table. It is used for floppy disk, Microdrive, optical disk and super-floppy media.
The FAT sub-type, FAT12/FAT16/FAT32, is determined by number of clusters on the volume and nothing else, according to the FAT specification issued by Microsoft. Thus which FAT sub-type is selected, is depends on the volume size and the specified cluster size. The cluster size affects performance of the file system and large cluster increases the performance.
When the number of clusters gets near the FAT sub-type boundaries, the function can fail with FR_MKFS_ABORTED.
Available when _FS_READOLNY == 0 and _USE_MKFS == 1.


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[2012.03~2016.02] B.S. in Computer Science & Engineering, Korea University. (National Science&Technology Scholarship)
[2016.03~present] M.S. in Computer Science, Seoul National University. Social & Computer Network Lab.
Advisor: Prof. Chong-Kwon Kim.
A lot of development experience using Python.
Several projects with C++.
Small projects using C, Java, and Android.
Research interest includes Social Network Analysis, Big Data Analysis, Anomaly Detection, and Review Spam Detection.
Now, I'm focusing on Users' Behavior against spammers in Online Review Platforms.


Object lifetimes
Tip
Read Creating and using a container if you haven't already done so.
As with any IOC container, Rezolver understands the concept of object lifetimes, which are implemented as different ITarget implementations that can be registered in an ITargetContainer.
Before we take a look at how you actually use these lifetimes when working with Rezolver, we'll first take a look at exactly what these lifetimes are.
Tip
If you're already a seasoned IOC god - then you can skip this section and head straight to
the Object lifetimes (in Rezolver) section for some
examples from the Rezolver.Tests.Examples
project.
What is a lifetime?
No, this is not a philosophical question ;)
In a crude sense, an object lifetime describes when a new object is created and whether a previously created object is subsequently returned from a container's Resolve method.
Note
In practise, it's not that simple - because an IOC container's understanding of a lifetime does not strictly map to whether a new instance is actually created at all.
It's more accurate to say that the lifetime determines when the action that's been associated with a given service type is actually executed.
Rezolver understands three main lifetimes, which should be familiar to anyone who's used an IOC container before:
Transient
In general, a transient object is simply one which is created when needed; and thrown away when it's fulfilled its purpose.
This typically translates to calling the new
operator with the constructor of a particular type,
when you want an object, and then allowing that object to go out of scope, as in this snippet:
// Factory method always creates a new instance
static MyObject CreateObject()
{
return new MyObject();
}
static MyObject _transient = CreateObject();
void Test()
{
var transient1 = CreateObject();
var transient2 = CreateObject();
//note - using XUnit nomenclature here
Assert.NotSame(transient1, transient2);
Assert.NotSame(_transient, transient1);
Assert.NotSame(_transient, transient2);
}
This idea of transience is encompassed by the following targets in the Rezolver.Targets namespace:
- ConstructorTarget
- DecoratorTarget
- DelegateTarget (see below)
- ExpressionTarget (see below)
- GenericConstructorTarget
- ListTarget
Remember that a target in Rezolver is an instruction to perform an action when the associated service type is resolved by the container. In the case of the above list, for all but two we can definitely say that a new object will be created if that target is registered against a type that's requested.
So, the ConstructorTarget will always result in a type's constructor being called; the
ListTarget will always result in a new Array
or List<T>
being created, and so on.
In the case of the DelegateTarget and ExpressionTarget targets, however, all we can say about those is that the action they represent will be executed every time the container resolves them.
That's the same as if we were to change the definition of CreateObject
in our earlier code example as
follows:
private static IMyObjectService _service = new MyObjectService();
static MyObject CreateObject()
{
return _service.GetObject();
}
The point here being that we can no longer guarantee the transience of the object that is produced by the
CreateObject
method because we no longer know how the service is producing that object. All we can
say is that we definitely execute the service's GetObject
method every time we call CreateObject
.
We will go into more depth about using delegates and expressions (and indeed custom targets) as we delve deeper into the Rezolver framework - but for now it's important to know that some targets produce inherently transient results, whereas some might do, but they equally might not.
Singleton
Every developer should know what a singleton is. Okay - any reasonably experienced developer should know what a singleton is!
In short, a singleton is exactly as the name suggests: a type for which there is guaranteed to be only one instance.
Here's a simple implementation (note: please don't take this as the best, or only, way to implement one - it's just an example!):
public class MySingleton
{
public MySingleton Instance { get; } = new MySingleton();
private MySingleton()
{
}
}
An application wishing to use the MySingleton
object must do so through the Instance
property, which is
the only instance of that type for the entire AppDomain
.
Equally, if the singleton object implements an interface or base, then it can be passed to code which requires an instance of that interface or base without knowing that the underlying object itself is always the same reference.
Note
Different IOC containers have differing understandings of what a singleton really is. In some cases it's one instance per-AppDomain (as with the above code snippet) and in other cases it's one instance per-container.
In yet more cases, it's configurable or, indeed, extensible.
Rezolver currently supports one instance per-AppDomain, but in future it will also support one per-container and possibly more besides.
Scoped
Scoping has two flavours, and also often relates specifically to objects which implement the IDisposable
interface
from the .Net framework (although it doesn't have to). In order for the idea of a scoped object to make any sense,
however, you need a scope within which the object will exist.
A scope can be thought of as being a 'bag' for objects which the application wants to create and keep alive for a specific period of time and, when it no longer needs those objects, it throws the bag away - or, disposes of it.
Scopes can also contain other, 'child' scopes. When a parent scope is disposed it also triggers the disposal of any child scopes it contains, and all their children, and so on.
The reason why this pattern is usually applied to disposable objects is because you don't typically need to worry
about telling the runtime that you're done with a non-disposable transient object - you simply allow it to go out
of scope and, eventually, the garbage collector will reclaim the memory that object occupied.
A disposable object, on the other hand, is disposable typically because it contains resources which the framework
cannot free automatically when the object falls out of scope - e.g. database connections, or unmanaged memory -
and so any container which takes charge of creating objects for us should also provide a way for us to dispose
of them in those cases where that is needed.
That said, there are scenarios why you might wish to explicitly restrict an otherwise transient object to one-per-scope, so that's why scoped objects do not have to be disposable.
One feature which is consistent, however, is that the scope itself is disposable.
Implicit scoping
Implicit scoping applies only to IDisposable
objects and affects when the object is disposed, not when it's
created.
A simple demonstration of this, if you were writing something like it by hand, would be as follows (please note
the implementation of IDisposable
shown here is not recommended!):
public class Scope : IDisposable
{
private List<IDisposable> _scopeObjects = new List<IDisposable>();
public void Dispose()
{
//dispose all our tracked disposables
foreach(var obj in _scopeObjects)
{
obj.Dispose();
}
}
public T CreateObject<T>()
{
//this bit is merely to take the place of a generic
//factory/service/IOC container which knows how to build things.
T result;
if(typeof(T) == typeof(MyDisposable))
result = (T)(object)new MyDisposable();
else
throw new InvalidOperationException($"Don't know how to create { typeof(T) }");
//if the object is disposable - track it
if(result is IDisposable)
_scopeObjects.Add((IDisposable)result);
return result;
}
}
public class MyDisposable : IDisposable
{
public bool Disposed { get; private set; }
public void Dispose()
{
Disposed = true;
}
}
public class XUnitTest
{
[Fact]
public void ShouldDispose()
{
MyDisposable obj;
using(var scope = new Scope())
{
obj = scope.CreateObject<MyDisposable>();
}
Assert.True(obj.Disposed);
}
}
In the test, we create a new scope in a using
block, create an object from it, and then check whether that object is
disposed just after the using
block is left. At this point, the scope should be disposed and, because the object we
requested from the scope was IDisposable
it, too, should be disposed.
The scope only bothers with disposables - anything else that it might produce (ignoring the fact that our little factory
function here only knows how to create an instance of MyDisposable
!) would pass straight through.
This is ultimately how implicitly scoped objects are handled in Rezolver.
Explicit scoping
Explicit scoping also does relate to IDisposable
objects, inasmuch as disposable objects are expected to be disposed
when the scope is disposed - but it's more targeted at controlling when a new object is created regardless of whether
the object can be disposed.
Explicit scoping can be thought of as a 'scoped singleton'. When the developer indicates he or she wants a scoped object, what they're actually saying is that they want one unique instance of that object per-scope.
Note
Child scopes also get their own instance of explicitly scoped objects - child scopes do not share instances with their parents.
So imagine if we were to change the implementation of the Scope
class we defined in the previous section to this:
public class Scope : IDisposable
{
private Dictionary<Type, object> _scopeObjects = new Dictionary<Type, object>();
public void Dispose()
{
//dispose all our tracked disposables
foreach(var obj in _scopeObjects.Values.OfType<IDisposable>())
{
obj.Dispose();
}
}
public T CreateObject<T>()
{
// start with a look up to see if we have already created an instance of T
// and, if so, return it.
object cached;
if(_scopeObjects.TryGetValue(typeof(T), out cached)
return (T)cached;
//this bit is merely to take the place of a generic
//factory/service/IOC container which knows how to build things.
T result;
if(typeof(T) == typeof(MyDisposable))
result = (T)(object)new MyDisposable();
else
throw new InvalidOperationException($"Don't know how to create { typeof(T) }");
_scopeObjects[typeof(T)] = result;
return result;
}
}
With a scope implemented like this (and, again, we have to imagine that CreateObject<T>
is implemented properly), we
will only ever get one instance of a given type from that scope.
Explicitly scoped objects, then, treat their scopes as if they behave like this.
Singletons in scopes
To make things slightly more confusing - the singleton objects discussed earlier also have a special behaviour when materialised in a scope.
The singleton is supposed to guarantee a single instance to the whole application, but at the same time, they are typically implicitly scoped, so what happens when you materalise that singleton via a scope, and the singleton is also disposable?
Following the definitions of lifetimes we've talked about so far: when the first scope in which we resolve that singleton is disposed, the singleton will also be - rendering it useless.
To get around this problem, singletons will actively seek out the root scope of the tree of scopes that it is being materialised within, and ensure that it is tracked for disposal only in that root scope - even if the current scope is a great great granchild - ensuring that it will only be disposed when the rootmost scope is disposed.
Tip
If your application requires a singleton which you also want to be automatically disposed, then you should ensure that your root container is the ScopedContainer - which contains its own scope that will be the ultimate root for any child scopes it creates.
The next step is take a look at how you can work with lifetimes when registering targets in Rezolver.


The same coded study data that you donate for SAMPLE could be used for other research. We give you the option to share your coded study data with other researchers worldwide for other research.
You get to decide if you want to share your coded study data for other research. Here are important points to consider when deciding:
First, research using the shared coded study data can be on any topic, not just SAMPLE. The research might be on topics you disagree with or find offensive.
Second, you cannot take back your data once it is used in another research study.
Third, future research may lead to patentable discoveries or commercial product(s). You will not profit from these future research. For example, you will not be paid for being in the study and/or sharing your data.
Think carefully about sharing your coded study data for other research. Make the choice that feels right for you.


Welded Symbol
A Trap 0 command creates a segment from primitives which cannot be expanded. Any primitive type can be included; lines, conics, tags and notes.


An experienced engineer looking to shift gears and enter the programming castle of the world! I enjoy front end work and am intrigued by Javascript and all of it's libraries and frameworks. MVC and back end are my next meals.
A sales engineer with 10+ years of working experience unpeeling the world of programming one line of code at a time.
Contact me either through email, cell phone or Facebook