Introduction
Semantic Role Labeling (SRL), sometimes called shallow semantic parsing, is a process in natural language processing that assigns semantic roles to constituents or their head words in a sentence according to their relationship to the predicates expressed in the sentence. Typical semantic roles can be divided into core arguments and adjuncts. The core arguments include Agent, Patient, Source, Goal, etc, While the adjuncts include Location, Time, Manner, Cause, etc.
For example, in the sentence I ate breakfast quickly in the car this morning because I was in a hurry
, we can have the labeled sentence like this:
[I]agent [eat]predicate [breakfast]patient [quickly]manner [in the car]location [this morning]time [because I was in a hurry]cause .
Source
There are mainly three sources for SRL, namely, PropBank, FrameNet and VerbNet.
PropBank
PropBank is a corpus in which the arguments of each predicate are annotated with their semantic roles in relation to the predicate 1. Currently, all the PropBank annotations are done on top of the phrase structure annotation of the Pen TreeBank 2. In addition to semantic role annotation, PropBank annotation requires the choice of a sense ID (also known as frameset or roleset ID) for each predicate. Thus, for each verb in every tree (representing the phrase structure of the corresponding sentence), PropBank has the instance that consists of the sense ID of the predicate (e.g. eat.01) and its arguments labeled with semantic roles.
An important goal is to provide consistent argument labels across different syntactic realizations of the same verb, as in…
[I]ARG0 [eat]predicate [breakfast]ARG1 [quickly]ARGM-MNR [in the car]ARGM-LOC [this morning]ARGM-TMP [because I was in a hurry]ARGM-CAU .
The argument structure of each predicate is outlined in the PropBank frame file for that predicate. The frame file denotes the correspondences between numbered arguments and semantic roles, as this is somewhat unique for each predicate.
Numbered arguments reflect either the arguments that are required for the valency of a predicate (e.g., agent, patient, benefactive), or if not required, those that occur with high-frequency in actual usage. Although numbered arguments correspond to slightly different semantic roles given the usage of each predicate, in general numbered arguments correspond to the following semantic roles:
| ARG0 | agent | ARG3 | starting point, benefactive, attribute |
| ARG1 | patient | ARG4 | ending point |
| ARG2 | instrument, benefactive, attribute | ARGM | modifier |
FrameNet
The FrameNet project is to design a lexical database of English based on a linguistic theory called Frame Semantics. The meaning of most words can best be understood on the basis of a semantic frame, and the basic assumption on which the frames are built is that each word evokes a particular situation with particular participants3.
For example, the concept of eat usually involves a person doing the eating (Ingester
), the food that is to be eaten (Ingestibles
). In FrameNet, this event is represented as a frame called Ingestion
, while the Ingester
and Ingestibles
are all frame elements (FEs), and predicates eat evoking frames are called lexical unites (LUs). One frame can have multiple lexical unites, e.g., for the frame Ingestion
, we can have consume, devour, drink, eat, feed, etc.
[I]Ingester [eat]LUs [breakfast]Ingestibles [quickly]Manner [in the car]Place [this morning]Time because I was in a hurry.
VerbNet
[I]Agent [eat]Verb [breakfast]Patient quickly in the car this morning because I was in a hurry.
Data
-
CoNLL-2005: The CoNLL-2005 dataset takes section 2-21 of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) corpus as training set, and section 24 as development set. The test set consist of section 23 of the WSJ corpus (in-domain test) as well as 3 section from the Brown corpus (out-of-domain test) 4.
-
CoNLL-2012: The CoNLL-2012 dataset is extracted from the OntoNotes v5.0 corpus 5. The description and separation of training, development and test set can be found in Pardhan et al. (2013).
Experiments & Results
Note: All the statistics are obtained from the exact papers or papers citing the exact papers. Contact me if the statistics are not correct or you think your model should be listed as one of them.
With Gold Predicate
Of course, for each model, we can have different versions, e.g., using the word embeddings from Glove or ELMo, and different versions can lead to different results. Here I just list the results for one of the versions, most of which are single models without using any tricks. I will specify if there are tricks leveraged, e.g., LISA+D&M. You should look the original paper if you are interested in the model, and check whether there are some other versions of the model yielding better results. Please contact me (through email) if the statistics is incorrect.
| Paper | Model | WSJ | Brown | CoNLL-2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMNLP-18 | LISA+D&M University of Massachusetts Amherst & Google AI Language |
86.04 | 76.54 | - |
| NAACL-18 | Peter et al.+ELMo Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence & University of Washington |
- | - | 84.6 |
| AAAI-18 | Tan et al. Xiamen University & Tencent Technology Co. |
84.8 | 74.1 | 82.7 |
| ACL-18 | He et al. University of Washington |
83.9 | 73.7 | 82.1 |
| ACL-17 | He et al. University of Washington, Facebook AI Research & Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence |
83.1 | 72.1 | 81.7 |
| EMNLP-17 | Yang and Mitchell Carnegie Mellon University |
81.9 | 72.0 | - |
| ACL-15 | Zhou and Xu Baidu Research |
82.8 | 69.4 | 81.1 |
| EMNLP-15 | FitzGerald at al. University of Washington & Google |
80.3 | 72.2 | 80.1 |
| TACL-15 | Tackstrom et al. |
79.9 | 71.3 | 79.4 |
| CoNLL-13 | Pradhan et al. Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, University of Trento, QCRI, Brandeis University, National University of Singapore & University of Stuttgart |
- | - | 77.5 |
| CL-08 | Toutanova et al. Microsoft Research, University of California Berkeley & Stanford University |
80.3 | 68.8 | - |
| CL-08 | Punyakanok et al. BBN Technologies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign & Microsoft Research |
79.4 | 67.8 | - |
Without Gold Predicate
| Paper | Model | WSJ | Brown | CoNLL-2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMNLP-18 | LISA+ELMo+D&M University of Massachusetts Amherst & Google AI Language |
86.90 | 78.25 | 83.38 |
| ACL-18 | He et al.+ELMo University of Washington |
86.0 | 76.1 | 82.9 |
| ACL-17 | He et al.+GloVe+PoE University of Washington, Facebook AI Research & Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence |
82.7 | 70.1 | 78.4 |
-
Martha Palmer, Daniel Gildea, and Paul Kingsbury. 2005. The proposition bank: An annotated corpus of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics, 31(1):71-106. ↩
-
Mitchell P. Marcus, Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz, and Beatrice Santorini. 1993. Building a large annotated corpus of English: the penn treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19(2):313-330. ↩
-
Charles J Fillmore. 1968. The Case for Case. Universals in Linguistic Theory. ↩
-
Xavier Carreras and Lluis Marquez. 2005. Introduction to the conll-2005 shared task: Semantic role labeling. In CoNLL. ↩
-
Sameer Pradhan, Alessandro Moschitti, Nianwen Xue, Hwee Tou Ng, Anders Bjorkelund, Olga Uryupina, Yuchen Zhang, and Zhi Zhong. 2013. Towards robust linguistic analysis using ontonotes. In CoNLL. ↩


public interface RowSet
A row set encapsulates a set of vectors and provides access to Drill's
various "views" of vectors: VectorContainer
,
VectorAccessible
, etc. The row set wraps a {#link TupleModel}
which holds the vectors and column metadata. This form is optimized
for easy use in testing; use other implementations for production code.
A row set is defined by a TupleMetadata
. For testing purposes, a row
set has a fixed schema; we don't allow changing the set of vectors
dynamically.
The row set also provides a simple way to write and read records using the
RowSetWriter
and RowSetReader
interfaces. As per Drill
conventions, a row set can be written (once), read many times, and finally
cleared.
Drill provides a large number of vector (data) types. Each requires a
type-specific way to set data. The row set writer uses a
ColumnWriter
to set each value in a way unique to the specific data type. Similarly, the
row set reader provides a ScalarReader
interface. In both cases, columns can be accessed by index number
(as defined in the schema) or by name.
A row set follows a schema. The schema starts as a
BatchSchema
, but is parsed and restructured into a variety of
forms. In the original form, maps contain their value vectors. In the
flattened form, all vectors for all maps (and the top-level tuple) are
collected into a single structure. Since this structure is for testing,
this somewhat-static structure works just file; we don't need the added
complexity that comes from building the schema and data dynamically.
Putting this all together, the typical life-cycle flow is:
SchemaBuilder
.RowSet.ExtendableRowSet.writer(int)
.reader()
.clear()
.| Modifier and Type | Interface and Description |
|---|---|
static interface |
RowSet.ExtendableRowSet
Single row set which is empty and allows writing.
|
static interface |
RowSet.HyperRowSet
Row set comprised of multiple single row sets, along with
an indirection vector (SV4).
|
static interface |
RowSet.HyperRowSetBuilder |
static interface |
RowSet.SingleRowSet
Row set that manages a single batch of rows.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
BufferAllocator |
allocator() |
BatchSchema |
batchSchema() |
void |
clear() |
VectorContainer |
container() |
BatchSchema.SelectionVectorMode |
indirectionType() |
boolean |
isExtendable() |
boolean |
isWritable() |
void |
print()
Debug-only tool to visualize a row set for inspection.
|
RowSetReader |
reader() |
int |
rowCount() |
TupleMetadata |
schema() |
long |
size()
Return the size in memory of this record set, including indirection
vectors, null vectors, offset vectors and the entire (used and unused)
data vectors.
|
VectorAccessible |
vectorAccessible() |
boolean isExtendable()
boolean isWritable()
VectorAccessible vectorAccessible()
VectorContainer container()
int rowCount()
RowSetReader reader()
void clear()
TupleMetadata schema()
BufferAllocator allocator()
BatchSchema.SelectionVectorMode indirectionType()
void print()
long size()
BatchSchema batchSchema()
Copyright © 2021 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


Create a crossword grid layout in Google Sheets for collaborative solving
Choose grid size: 15x15 21x21 or custom: x ??x?? help
Symmetry: none 180° rotational Editing: blocks bars blocks & bars Minimum answer length: 1 2 3 help
Google Spreadsheet URL (leave blank to create new document): GENERATE! open download overlay


By default, annotations are assigned a label of a timestamp when they were created. If you wish to assign a different label, simply click the button next to "Label" below and enter the desired label.
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How Tottenham could line up under Jose Mourinho following ex-Man Utd boss's appointment
The Portuguese took over from the sacked Mauricio Pochettino in a surprise appointment on Wednesday morning, and will take charge of Saturday's trip to West Ham
by Mark Jones, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/mark-jones/Well that escalated quickly.
Just as the world was waking up to digest even more of the fallout from Mauricio Pochettino's sacking as Tottenham Hotspur boss on Tuesday evening, Spurs went straight out and appointed Jose Mourinho on Wednesday morning.
The former Chelsea and Manchester United manager takes over in North London on a three-and-a-half year contract, and arrives with Spurs down in 14th place in the Premier League.
He'll begin with a London derby at West Ham on Saturday, and while thoughts are sure to soon turn to which players he'll eventually sign for the club, that lunchtime clash could see a return for some familiar faces.
The likes of Toby Alderweireld and Christian Eriksen have been involved in something of a standoff with the club over a refusal to sign new deals, but with Mourinho's tendency to prefer more established players in his teams, it would be no surprise if the Portuguese turned to those two from the start at the London Stadium.
With caution often coming naturally to him, Mourinho could opt for a hard-working midfield of Harry Winks and Moussa Sissoko playing just behind Tanguy Ndombele, with the summer signing perhaps allowed to flourish further forward.
Ahead of him then Harry Kane is sure to be one of the first names on Mourinho's teamsheet, with his admiration for the forward often apparent during his United days.
Son Heung-min could also play off the left, with the likes of Dele Alli, Lucas Moura and Giovani Lo Celso ready to be introduced from the bench.
Mourinho's team is sure to change during his time in charge at Spurs, but with West Ham in a poor run of form then he'll hope his selection is enough to get him off to a winning start.


Experienced IT executive graduated with Electronic Engineering in Computer Systems. Full stack developer and always ready to venture into new grounds for more challenges.
Involve in full stack development of applications for eKYC solutions
Involve in various interactive website development and database keeping.
Involve in various software developments, ranging from frontend, backend, full stack, cloud, data sciences to machine learning. Noticeable results are 3D AR/VR/MR mobile applications built on Unity3D, POCs of IoT, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, BigData, Computer Vision and various web applications.
Debug production-level processor and System-On-Chip RTL logic and behaviours. Worked with groups of senior engineer to identify problems and evaluate solutions.
Second Upper Class Honours
Biology A* Chemistry A* Mathematics A* Physics A*


The Church
A church had been established at Horsley before 1105 when Horsley's independence from Avening parish was
confirmed. The living was served by Horsley Priory until a vicarage was ordained in 1380, from which
time it has remained a vicarage. The patronage was retained by Bruton Priory until the Dissolution and
was subsequently owned by the Crown. Giles Bennett had received a grant of the next presentation after
the Dissolution. The Crown continued to appoint through the Lord Chancellor until the early 18th century
but by 1750 the bishop of Gloucester was patron and remained so in 1972.
The endowment of the vicarage assigned in 1380 comprised 12 marks a year and 4 cart-loads of wood,
and the impropriators, Bruton Priory, were required to build a vicarage house. In 1535 the living
was worth £7 11s. 4d. yearly and in 1563 the impropriator was charged with paying
the incumbent a salary of £8.
Little is known of the medieval vicars who served Horsley after 1380 but Ralph Bennett, instituted in
1425, may have been from a family closely connected with Horsley during the later Middle Ages. Henry
Woodhouse, vicar in 1532 and until 1555, was not learned. The living was vacant in 1563 and in 1603
was said to have been so for fifty years; the next recorded institution was that of Samuel Craddock
in 1609. During the vacancy the parish was served by a number of assistant curates. In the early 17th
century Edward Norris, a Puritan cleric who went to America in 1639, is said to have served at Horsley.
A church recorded at Chavenage in the mid 13th century, for which no later record has been found,
presumably served the old village of Ledgemore, north of Chavenage Green; the name Churchyard field and
the tradition of a church were attached to a place in that area in the early 19th century.
A church had been built at Horsley by 1105 and the dedication to ST. MARTIN recalls the earliest
monastic owners of Horsley. The medieval church, rebuilt except for the tower in 1839, comprised chancel
with north and south chapels, aisled nave with south porch, and west tower. The chancel was built or
rebuilt c. 1332 by which time the nave and aisles had been built. The tower, of four storeys and
incorporating an earlier west doorway, was built during the 15th century at which time the chapels were
added. By the end of the 15th century a rood-stair and loft had been inserted in the church.
The church was felt to be inadequate in the early 19th century and subscriptions were raised for building
a new church, incorporating the west tower of the old building, to which many of the monuments of the old
church were removed. The new church, comprising chancel with north and south vestries, north and south
transepts, and broad nave, was built on to the tower to designs by Thomas Rickman and was consecrated in
1839. In 1887 the church was restored and some internal fittings replaced. The bells include two dated
1632, three cast during the 18th century by various members of the Rudhall family, and one, replacing an
earlier bell, cast by Mears and Stainbank in 1871.


Monocle needs custom events for "text has been selected" and "text has been deselected". (These events could form the basis of annotations or selection context menus, perhaps.)
Custom events are working here if the yellow box appears and displays selected text from the iframe, then disappears when text in the iframe is deselected.
Furthermore, as soon as a page begins turning, any selected
text should be deselected. This is trivial in most browsers —
window.getSelection().removeAllRanges()
— but
bizarrely difficult in MobileSafari.
The Remove Selection button is wired to take effect on a tap or a swipe, on touch-based and cursor-based browsers. The best test is to drag from inside to outside the button — text in the frame should be deselected.


My story
I love cheese, especially manchego swiss. Fromage queso jarlsberg cheesy feet emmental cottage cheese camembert de normandie bocconcini. Cottage cheese everyone loves cauliflower cheese rubber cheese squirty cheese halloumi cow fondue. Bocconcini cheese and biscuits everyone loves fondue red leicester st. agur blue cheese rubber cheese ricotta. Cheesy grin mozzarella.
Bocconcini swiss cut the cheese. Manchego boursin smelly cheese cheesy grin squirty cheese mozzarella cheddar hard cheese. Manchego roquefort camembert de normandie cheese slices mascarpone cow cheesy feet airedale. Port-salut jarlsberg gouda port-salut port-salut cheese on toast.
Manchego cheese strings hard cheese. Say cheese swiss cheese strings squirty cheese mozzarella feta the big cheese halloumi. Cheddar cheese and biscuits cut the cheese queso hard cheese red leicester parmesan st. agur blue cheese. Smelly cheese caerphilly hard cheese cream cheese cream cheese the big cheese feta squirty cheese. Babybel fromage edam lancashire.
Edam parmesan smelly cheese. Dolcelatte say cheese cheesy feet lancashire cow boursin stinking bishop brie. Stilton cheese strings say cheese pecorino cheeseburger fromage frais cauliflower cheese manchego. St. agur blue cheese ricotta stinking bishop queso camembert de normandie manchego cheese triangles fondue. Gouda.
Babybel cream cheese cheese on toast. Brie fromage swiss cheese and biscuits hard cheese babybel bocconcini brie. Cheesy grin swiss cheese strings paneer lancashire cauliflower cheese cheese on toast caerphilly. Queso queso cheese and wine taleggio mascarpone cheeseburger.
Rubber cheese lancashire stinking bishop. Paneer bocconcini bocconcini melted cheese brie blue castello mascarpone when the cheese comes out everybody's happy. Mozzarella st. agur blue cheese hard cheese smelly cheese gouda ricotta hard cheese cheese and wine. Fromage frais pecorino airedale caerphilly danish fontina everyone loves.
Cheddar the big cheese fromage frais. Stinking bishop dolcelatte cow pecorino who moved my cheese bavarian bergkase cheese slices who moved my cheese. Cheeseburger roquefort cheese and biscuits queso queso smelly cheese roquefort red leicester. Fromage squirty cheese macaroni cheese melted cheese stilton roquefort cheese and biscuits.
St. agur blue cheese cheese and wine say cheese. Goat cottage cheese brie cheese triangles say cheese when the cheese comes out everybody's happy stinking bishop dolcelatte. Parmesan say cheese cream cheese goat cauliflower cheese st. agur blue cheese cheese slices hard cheese. Cheese triangles.
Pecorino pepper jack cheesy feet. Smelly cheese cauliflower cheese fromage halloumi cream cheese who moved my cheese fromage fondue. Feta danish fontina cheesy grin mozzarella fromage cheesy grin airedale paneer. Cheddar halloumi cheese and biscuits jarlsberg cheese and biscuits cheese and biscuits squirty cheese.
Babybel cream cheese cheese on toast. Brie fromage swiss cheese and biscuits hard cheese babybel bocconcini brie. Cheesy grin swiss cheese strings paneer lancashire cauliflower cheese cheese on toast caerphilly. Queso queso cheese and wine taleggio mascarpone cheeseburger.
Say cheese swiss cheesy grin. Cheese on toast queso bocconcini cheeseburger fondue manchego smelly cheese port-salut. Cream cheese cheese and wine airedale cheeseburger chalk and cheese cauliflower cheese fondue smelly cheese. Queso manchego.
Paneer st. agur blue cheese bocconcini. The big cheese chalk and cheese cheese and biscuits cream cheese cheese triangles mascarpone everyone loves rubber cheese. Stinking bishop manchego the big cheese lancashire hard cheese the big cheese danish fontina squirty cheese. Cheesy feet croque monsieur boursin squirty cheese cheddar boursin boursin pepper jack. Squirty cheese halloumi camembert de normandie macaroni cheese.


Alternating knots are rare
Harrison Chapman
Colorado State University
hchapman.github.io/talks/altknots
OIST Geometry and Topology of Manifolds Group
18th February 2019
Alternating links
A knot or link type is alternating if it admits a diagram whose crossings alternate between over- and underpasses.
Alternating links are rare
Thistlethwaite '98
Alternating link types are exponentially rare among links.
Let \(\altlinkclass\) be the set of all alternating link types,
with counts \(\altlinkcount\) indexed by crossing number
If \(L_n\) is the number of all link types, the theorem says;
\[ \lim_{n\to\infty}{L_n^{1/n}} > \lim_{n\to\infty}{\altlinkcount^{1/n}}\]
Question (Classical)
Does the same result hold for alternating knot types?
Alternating knots should be rare
Data of Hoste, Thistlethwaite, and Weeks '98 suggests
alternating knot types are rare
| \(n\) |
# Knots |
# Alternating |
% Alternating |
| 6 | 3 | 3 | 100% |
| 7 | 7 | 7 | 100% |
| 8 | 21 | 18 | 86% |
| \(\vdots\) |
| 15 | 253 293 | 85 263 | 51% |
| 16 | 1 388 705 | 379 799 | 38% |
Why are alternating links rare?
Thistlethwaite '98
Alternating link types are exponentially rare among all link types.
Weak & Insufficient Reasoning
Every \(n\)-crossing link diagram has \(2^n\) crossing
assignments, of which precisely two are
alternating.
Must pay very close attention to equivalence classes of diagrams
Tangles
Simplification from Combinatorics
Objects with fewer symmetries are easier to enumerate
Sundberg and Thistlethwaite '98
Tangles can be closed to links by adding an additional crossing.
Tait Flyping Conjecture
Ingredient 1: The Tait Flyping Conjecture holds for alternating links;
Menasco and Thistlethwaite '91
Any two alternating link or tangle diagrams are related by a sequence of flypes if and only if they represent the same link or tangle type.
Zinn-Justin and Zuber '10
Tait Flyping Conjecture & Knots
Tait Flyping Conjecture still holds for alternating knots
Menasco and Thistlethwaite '91
Any two alternating knot diagrams are related by a sequence of flypes if and only if they represent the same knot type.
Enumeration of alternating links
Ingredient 2: Alternating link and tangle types can be enumerated;
Sundberg and Thistlethwaite '98
The numbers \(\tanglecount\) of alternating tangle types have a well-understood generating function (g.f.),
\[ \tanglegenfun{z} =
\sum_{\color{tangle}\substack{\text{alternating}\\\text{link types } {{\color{black}L}}}}{z^{\mathop{cr}(L)}} =
\sum_{n}^{\infty} {\tanglecount z^n}.\]
Enumeration of alternating links
Sundberg and Thistlethwaite '98
The counts \(\tanglecount\) grow asymptotically as,
\[ \tanglecount \sim \frac{3 \,c_1}{4 \sqrt \pi} n^{-5/2} \altlinkgrowth^{n-3/2}, \]
for known constants \(c_1\) and \(\altlinkgrowth\).
Zinn-Justin and Zuber '02 reprove this using
techniques from random matrix theory
The generating function \(\tanglegenfun{z}\)
The g.f. of alternating tangle types \(\tanglegenfun{z}\)
satisfies:
\[ \tanglegenfun{z} = \algtanglegenfun{z}{\bpotanglegenfun{\tanglegenfun{z}}} \]
where;
- \(z\) marks crossings,
- \(\zeta\) marks slots for tangles (or templates)
- \(\bpotanglegenfun{\zeta}\) is the g.f. of basic polyhedral templates
- \(\algtanglegenfun{z}{\zeta}\) is the g.f. of flype-equivalence classes of algebraic templates,
Basic polyhedral templates
Sundberg and Thistlethwaite '98
Basic polyhedral templates, counted by \(\bpotanglegenfun{\zeta}\)
Bijection with rooted \(c\)-nets studied by Tutte '63:
\[\bpotanglegenfun{\zeta} = {\scriptsize \frac{1}{2(\zeta+2)^3}\left( (1-4\zeta)^{3/2} + (2\zeta^2 - 10\zeta - 1) \right) - \frac{2}{1+\zeta} - \zeta + 2}\]
(formula due to Sundberg and Thistlethwaite)
Algebraic templates
Sundberg and Thistlethwaite '98
Flype equivalence classes of algebraic templates, counted by \(\algtanglegenfun{z}{\zeta}\)
Key observation
Flyping can only occur within an algebraic template
Algebraic templates
Sundberg and Thistlethwaite '98
Admit recursive decomposition into horizontal templates:
\[\algtanglegenfun{z}{\zeta} = \hortanglegenfun{z}{\zeta} + \hortanglegenfun{z}{\zeta} + z - \zeta,\]
where \(\hortanglegamma\) satisfies
\[\hortanglegamma = z\algtanglegenfun{z}{\zeta} + \frac{\hortanglegamma^2}{1-\hortanglegamma} + \zeta\]
Counts of tangles and links
Counts of alternating tangle types \(\tanglecount\) and
alternating link types \(\altlinkcount\) are related;
Counts
\[ \frac{\tanglecountdec}{8(2n-3)} \le \altlinkcount \le \frac{\tanglecountdec}2 \]
Exponential growth rates
\[ \lim_{n\to\infty}{\altlinkcount^{1/n}} = \lim_{n\to\infty}{\tanglecount^{1/n}} = \altlinkgrowth \]
Enumeration of alternating knots
Little is known about the counts \(\altknotcount\) of alternating knot types;
Schaeffer and Zinn-Justin '04
For some constants \(\tau\) and \(\gamma\),
\[ \altknotcount \sim C \tau^n n^{\gamma-3} \]
Currently
The g.f. \( \sum{\altknotcount}z^n \) is not well understood and the radius of convergence is not known
Rarity of alternating links
Thistlethwaite '98
The set of tangles \(\superaltlinkclass\) generated by introducing the above (non-alternating) tangle into the set of algebraic templates still satisfies the flyping conjecture
Rarity of alternating links
The g.f. of this superclass of tangle types is obtained by replacing
\[ \algtanglegenfun{z}{\zeta} \quad \text{with}
\quad \beta(z,\zeta) = \algtanglegenfun{z}{\zeta} + z^{13}. \]
This g.f. has strictly smaller radius of convergence
than that of alternating tangle types \(\tanglegenfun{z}\), so:
Thistlethwaite '98
Alternating tangle (and link) types are exponentially rare.
What about alternating knots?
Rarity of alternating knots
Observation
The above tangle can be found in knot types, and is contained
in a superclass \(\superaltknotclass\) of knot diagrams which still
satisfy the flyping conjecture
Cannot quantify the ocurrences with g.f's
(not enough understanding of knots)
Summary so far for knots
We have:
Alternating knot types of \(\altknotclass\) satisfy the flyping conjecture, as do a superclass \(\superaltknotclass\).
We lack:
Enumeration of alternating knot types, or knots in \(\superaltknotclass\).
Pattern theorem
Pattern theorems quantify the density of structure:
C. '18
Let \(P\) be a reduced alternating tangle admitting no
interior flypes that may be found in alternating knot
diagrams.
There exist constants \(\occurconst >
0\), and \(N \in \NN\) such that for all
\(n \ge N\), all but exponentially few
alternating knot types contain \(\ge \occurconst n\)
copies of \(P\).
Pattern theorem implies rarity
\(R = \)
\(\overline R =\)
- There is \(\occurconst\) so that the tangle \(R\) occurs
\(\occurconst n\) times in almost all alternating knot types.
- In \(\superaltknotclass\), the tangles \(R\) and \(\overline R\) are equiprobable.
- Knot types which contain \(\overline R\) are non-alternating.
- To each alternating knot type in \(\altknotclass\), there are at least \(2^{\occurconst n}-1\) more non-alternating knot types in \(\superaltknotclass\).
Alternating knots are rare
We conclude:
C. '18
Alternating knot types are exponentially rare among all knot types.
Requirements for a pattern theorem
Pattern theorem requires a way of adding
a pattern to alternating knot types that:
- Only produces alternating knot types
- Has a linear number (\(\propto n\)) of attachment sites, and
- Can be un-done, yielding the original knot type
The idea
\[ \text{# lone crossings} + \sum_{\substack{\text{all horiz.}\\\text{tangles }\gamma}}{\text{# sites in }\gamma} = n \]
A conjecture on subknots
Millett and Jablan '09
The probability that a minimal prime knot diagram contains a trefoil knotted segment goes to one as the crossing number goes to infinity
C. '18
The probability that an alternating knot type has a minimal prime diagram containing a trefoil knotted segment goes to one as the crossing number goes to infinity
Trefoil segments are common
Proof
The following pattern introduces a trefoil segment:
Additivity of connected sum
Classical
The crossing number of knots is additive with respect to connected sum.
Of 1,388,705 prime knot types of 16 crossings,
1,388,694 are hyperbolic, leading to:
Adams '94
Almost all prime knot types are hyperbolic.
Competing conjectures
Malyutin '16
Either of these conjectures contradicts the other.
It's not unreasonable that Adams's conjecture is false
and that current data is only representative of small crossing number
Conjecture
Can we disprove Adams's conjecture, possibly using pattern-theoretic methods?
Take-aways & conclusion
-
Alternating links have the flype conjecture and a complete enumeration
-
Alternating knots share the result on flypes but lack precise enumeration
-
Absent enumerations, pattern theorems can quantify presence of structure:
- Rarity of alternating knots
- Certainty of subknotting
-
Pattern theorems can likely be proven for other classes in topology, geometry, etc...
Thank you!
C. 2018. On the structure and scarcity of alternating knots. Submitted. arXiv: 1804.09780


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shorttitle: "COSC 440"
---
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Current Reading: Chapter 4, 5, 7
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Assignment 2, Presentations in class November 15 [groups] [rubric]
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Final Review - Final 12/12, 10am, SH 161
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UKCloud Limited (“UKC”) and Virtual Infrastructure Group Limited (“VIG”) (together “the Companies”) – in Compulsory Liquidation
On 25 October 2022, the Companies were placed into Liquidation with the Official Receiver appointed as Liquidator and J Robinson and A M Hudson simultaneously appointed as Special Managers to manage the liquidation process on behalf of the Official Receiver.
Further information regarding the Liquidations can be found here: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/virtual-infrastructure-group-limited-and-ukcloud-limited-information-for-creditors-and-interested-parties
Contact details:
For any general queries relating to the Liquidations please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For customer related queries please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For supplier related queries please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>How to use the UKCloud Portal API
Overview
The UKCloud Portal API enables you to interact programmatically with your UKCloud environment. For example, you can use API calls to view information about the components of your environment.
This guide shows you how to use the API by providing a worked example that steps through the process of creating a new virtual data centre (VDC).
For more information about any of the API endpoints used in this guide, see the UKCloud Portal API User Guide.
About the examples in this guide
The examples in this guide use endpoints that are available only in regions 5, 6, 13 and 14 of the UKCloud platform. If your environment is in a different region, you won't be able to use these endpoints yourself, however you should still find the guide useful as a reference for how to use the Portal API. For more information about UKCloud regions, see Understanding sites, regions and zones.
The examples in this guide are shown as curl commands, but you may find it easier to work with the API by installing a REST client (for example, Insomnia).
Authenticating to the API
The Portal API uses session authentication. Before calling any of the API endpoints, you must first authenticate to the API.
Send a POST request to the authenticate endpoint.
Pass the following parameters in the request body:
email - the email address you use to log in to the UKCloud Portal
password - the password you use to log in to the UKCloud Portal
For example:
read portal_email # Enter your Portal email address read -s portal_password # Enter your Portal password authentication_body="$( jq --arg email "$portal_email" --arg password "$portal_password" --null-input '{email: $email, password: $password}' )" curl -c cookies.txt 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/authenticate' -X POST -d "$authentication_body" -H 'Content-Type: application/json'
Note
Install jq if you don't already have it:
Mac:
brew install jq
Linux:
sudo apt-get install jq
If the authentication is successful, the endpoint returns a cookie that provides authentication for the next 900 seconds (15 minutes) and a response that tells you how long the session will last:
{"expire_after":900}
If the authentication is unsuccessful, the endpoint returns a 401 status code (Authentication Error).
Using the Portal API to create a VDC
The steps for creating a VDC are:
Requesting a list of accounts
To create a VDC, you need to know the ID of the account in which you want to create it.
If you need to find your account ID, send a GET request to the accounts endpoint to return a list of all your accounts.
For example:
curl -b cookies.txt 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/accounts' | jq
If you need to authenticate to the Portal API first, see Authenticating to the API.
The response lists the accounts associated with the email address you authenticated against. Find the account you want to work in and make a note of the account ID.
In our example, we want to create a VDC in the account called
My Account
. The list of accounts returned by the API includesMy Account
and we can see that the ID of that account is676
.[ ..., // other accounts filtered out { "name": "My Account", "id": 676 } ]
Requesting a list of vOrgs
Each account can have multiple vOrgs associated with it, so you also need to know the ID of the vOrg in which you want to create your new VDC.
If you don't know the vOrg ID, send a
GET
request to thevorgs
endpoint.If you need to authenticate to the Portal API first, see Authenticating to the API.
Pass the following parameter in the request URL:
account_id
- the ID of the account in which you want to create your VDCFor example:
curl -b cookies.txt 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/accounts/676/vorgs/' | jq
This returns a list of vOrgs associated with the specified account.
A vOrg ID is made up of two numbers separated by a hyphen: the ID of the account to which the vOrg belongs and a number to identify the vOrg within the account. In our example, we want to create our VDC in the vOrg,
My Org
. We can see from the response to our API call that the vOrg ID we need is676-2
.{ "data": [ { "id": "676-2", "type": "vOrg", "attributes": { "name": "My Org" } } ] }
Creating a VDC
When you have the account and vOrg IDs, you can go ahead and create your VDC.
Send a
POST
request to thevdcs
endpoint.If you need to authenticate to the Portal API first, see Authenticating to the API.
Pass the following parameters in the request URL:
account_id
- the ID of the account in which you want to create your VDCvorg_id
- the unique number that identifies the vOrg in the account in which you want to create your VDC
Pass the following parameters in the request body:
type
- you're creating a VDC, so the type is VDCvmType
- the workload type of the VMs in the VDC:ESSENTIAL
- VMs can have contended resource allocation; automated rebalancing is enabled to ensure the workload receives the requested performancePOWER
- VMs have uncontended compute resource allocation; automated rebalancing is enabled to pre-emptively optimise performance and availabilityPRIORITY
- VMs have uncontended compute resource allocation; automated rebalancing is configured to reduce workload movement around the platform
name
- a name for the VDC; the name can be up to 32 characters long and can include any character except+
For example:
curl -b cookies.txt 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/accounts/676/vorgs/2/vdcs' -i -X POST -d '{ "data": { "type": "VDC", "attributes": { "vmType": "POWER", "name": "My VDC" } } }' -H 'Content-Type: application/json'
Note
Use the
-i
option in the request to view response headers so that you can see theLocation
header in the response.A successful response to this call includes information about the status of the build and a
Location
header that provides an address you can use to monitor the build process.The following example shows that the current
state
of the build isapproved
, meaning that the request to build the VDC was successful but the VDC creation process has not yet started.HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted ... Content-Type: application/json Location: /api/vdc-builds/9 ... { "data": { "type": "VDC-build", "id": "9", "attributes": { "createdAt": "2016-07-28T14:16:11+01:00", "createdBy"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"state": "approved" } } }
Send a
GET
request to thevdc-builds
endpoint to monitor the progress of the build.Pass the following parameter in the request URL:
build_id
- the ID of the build processIn our example, the build ID is
9
, so we can send the following request:
curl -b cookies.txt 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/vdc-builds/9' | jq
If the build has started and is still in progress, the
state
changes torunning
. For example:{ "data": { "type": "VDC-build", "id": "9", "attributes": { "createdAt": "2016-07-28T14:16:11+01:00", "createdBy"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"state": "running" } } }
If the build has been completed and the VDC has been successfully created, the
state
changes tocompleted
. For example:{ "data": { "type": "VDC-build", "id": "9", "attributes": { "createdAt": "2016-07-28T14:16:11+01:00", "createdBy"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"state": "completed" } } }
You have now created your VDC.
Using the Portal API to create an edge gateway
After creating your VDC, you need to create an edge gateway so that your users can access it.
The steps for creating an edge gateway are:
Finding the VDC URN
The first thing you need to do is find the URN of the VDC for which you want to create the edge gateway.
If you don't know the URN, send a
GET
request to thevdcs
endpoint.If you need to authenticate to the Portal API first, see Authenticating to the API.
Pass the following parameters in the request URL:
account_id
- the ID of the account to which the VDC belongsTo find an account ID, see Requesting a list of accounts.
vorg_id
- the ID of the vOrg to which the VDC belongsTo find a vOrg ID, see Requesting a list of vOrgs.
For example:
curl -b cookies.txt 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/accounts/676/vorgs/2/vdcs' | jq
This returns a list of VDCs associated with the specified vOrg.
In our example, we want to create an edge gateway for the VDC we just created (
My VDC
). We can see from the response to our API call that the URN we need isurn:vcloud:vdc:1a7570ea-29d9-4090-9714-75c262a123ad
.{ "data": [ { "id": "urn:vcloud:vdc:1a7570ea-29d9-4090-9714-75c262a123ad", "type": "VDC", "attributes": { "name": "My VDC" } }, { "id": "urn:vcloud:vdc:f204dc27-c832-4aa5-9abd-19ca83fcfff1", "type": "VDC", "attributes": { "name": "Another VDC" } } ] }
Make a note of the VDC's full URN. You'll use this in the next step.
Creating an edge gateway
Now that you have your VDC URN, you can use the Portal API to create your edge gateway.
Send a POST request to the edge-gateways endpoint.
If you need to authenticate to the Portal API first, see Authenticating to the API.
Pass the following parameters in the request URL:
account_id
- the ID of the account in which you want to create your edge gatewayvorg_id
- the unique number that identifies the vOrg in the account in which you want to create your edge gatewayvdc_urn
- the URN of the VDC for which you want to create the edge gateway
Pass the following parameter in the request body:
type
- you're creating an edge gateway, so the type isEdgeGateway
connectivityType
- the type of connectivity the edge gateway provides into the VDC:Internet
- in the Assured security domainExternal
- in the Elevated security domain
For example:
curl -b cookies.txt -i 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/accounts/676/vorgs/2/vdcs/urn:vcloud:vdc:1a7570ea-29d9-4090-9714-75c262a123ad/edge-gateways' -X POST -d '{ "data": { "type": "EdgeGateway", "attributes": { "connectivityType": "Internet" } } }' -H 'Content-Type: application/json'
As when you created your VDC, the response to this call includes a
Location
header with the build ID so that you can monitor the progress of the build. For example:HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted ... Content-Type: application/json Location: /api/edge-gateway-builds/10 { "data": { "type": "EdgeGateway-build", "id": "10", "attributes": { "createdAt": "2016-07-28T16:41:47+01:00", "createdBy"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"state": "approved" } } }
After leaving some time for the edge gateway to be created, send a
GET
request to theedge-gateway-builds
endpoint to check the progress of the build.Pass the following parameter in the request URL:
build_id
- the ID of the build process
For example:
curl -b cookies.txt 'https://portal.skyscapecloud.com/api/edge-gateway-builds/10' | jq
when the edge gateway has been successfully created, the
state
changes to completed. For example:{ "data": { "type": "EdgeGateway-build", "id": "10", "attributes": { "createdAt": "2016-07-28T16:41:47+01:00", "createdBy"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"state": "completed" } } }
You have now created your edge gateway.
Next steps
For more information about any of the API endpoints used in this guide, see the UKCloud Portal API User Guide.
If you need any further assistance, contact our support team via the My Calls area of the UKCloud Portal.
Feedback
If you find a problem with this article, click Improve this Doc to make the change yourself or raise an issue in GitHub. If you have an idea for how we could improve any of our services, send an email to feedback@ukcloud.com.


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OSSL_CMP_log_open, OSSL_CMP_log_close, OSSL_CMP_severity, OSSL_CMP_LOG_EMERG, OSSL_CMP_LOG_ALERT, OSSL_CMP_LOG_CRIT, OSSL_CMP_LOG_ERR, OSSL_CMP_LOG_WARNING, OSSL_CMP_LOG_NOTICE, OSSL_CMP_LOG_INFO, OSSL_CMP_LOG_DEBUG, OSSL_CMP_LOG_TRACE,
OSSL_CMP_log_cb_t, OSSL_CMP_print_to_bio, OSSL_CMP_print_errors_cb - functions for logging and error reporting
#include <openssl/cmp_util.h>
int OSSL_CMP_log_open(void);
void OSSL_CMP_log_close(void);
/* severity level declarations resemble those from syslog.h */
typedef int OSSL_CMP_severity;
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_EMERG 0
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_ALERT 1
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_CRIT 2
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_ERR 3
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_WARNING 4
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_NOTICE 5
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_INFO 6
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_DEBUG 7
#define OSSL_CMP_LOG_TRACE 8
typedef int (*OSSL_CMP_log_cb_t)(const char *component,
const char *file, int line,
OSSL_CMP_severity level, const char *msg);
int OSSL_CMP_print_to_bio(BIO *bio, const char *component, const char *file,
int line, OSSL_CMP_severity level, const char *msg);
void OSSL_CMP_print_errors_cb(OSSL_CMP_log_cb_t log_fn);
The logging and error reporting facility described here contains convenience functions for CMP-specific logging, including a string prefix mirroring the severity levels of syslog.h, and enhancements of the error queue mechanism needed for large diagnostic messages produced by the CMP library in case of certificate validation failures.
When an interesting activity is performed or an error occurs, some detail should be provided for user information, debugging, and auditing purposes. A CMP application can obtain this information by providing a callback function with the following type:
typedef int (*OSSL_CMP_log_cb_t)(const char *component,
const char *file, int line,
OSSL_CMP_severity level, const char *msg);
The parameters may provide some component info (which may be a module name and/or function name) or NULL, a file pathname or NULL, a line number or 0 indicating the source code location, a severity level, and a message string describing the nature of the event, terminated by '\n'.
Even when an activity is successful some warnings may be useful and some degree of auditing may be required. Therefore, the logging facility supports a severity level and the callback function has a level parameter indicating such a level, such that error, warning, info, debug, etc. can be treated differently. The callback is activated only when the severity level is sufficient according to the current level of verbosity, which by default is OSSL_CMP_LOG_INFO.
The callback function may itself do non-trivial tasks like writing to a log file or remote stream, which in turn may fail. Therefore, the function should return 1 on success and 0 on failure.
OSSL_CMP_log_open() initializes the CMP-specific logging facility to output everything to STDOUT. It fails if the integrated tracing is disabled or STDIO is not available. It may be called during application startup. Alternatively, OSSL_CMP_CTX_set_log_cb(3) can be used for more flexibility. As long as neither if the two is used any logging output is ignored.
OSSL_CMP_log_close() may be called when all activities are finished to flush any pending CMP-specific log output and deallocate related resources. It may be called multiple times. It does get called at OpenSSL shutdown.
OSSL_CMP_print_to_bio() prints the given component info, filename, line number, severity level, and log message or error queue message to the given bio. component usually is a function or module name. If it is NULL, empty, or "(unknown function)" then "CMP" is used as fallback.
OSSL_CMP_print_errors_cb() outputs any entries in the OpenSSL error queue. It is similar to ERR_print_errors_cb(3) but uses the CMP log callback function log_fn for uniformity with CMP logging if not NULL. Otherwise it prints to STDERR using OSSL_CMP_print_to_bio(3) (unless OPENSSL_NO_STDIO is defined).
OSSL_CMP_log_close() and OSSL_CMP_print_errors_cb() do not return anything.
All other functions return 1 on success, 0 on error.
The OpenSSL CMP support was added in OpenSSL 3.0.
Copyright 2007-2022 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html.


Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon highest since 2008: official
by AFPDeforestation in the Amazon rainforest in northern Brazil surged to nearly 10,000 square kilometers in the year to July 2019 -- the highest in more than a decade, officials said Monday.
The 29.5 percent increase from the previous 12-month period comes after fires ravaged swathes of the Amazon this year, igniting a global outcry and diplomatic feud between President Jair Bolsonaro and European leaders.
Satellite data collected by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) show 9,762 square kilometers (3,770 square miles) were cleared of trees, INPE officials told AFP.
That is the highest since the same period in 2008.
Para was the hardest hit of the nine states that make up the Amazon in Brazil, with nearly 4,000 square kilometers deforested.
Previous data showed clearing in the Amazon nearly doubled in the first eight months of this year, compared with the same period in 2018, to 6,404 square kilometers.
Greenpeace blamed the dismantling of environmental protections under Bolsonaro for the sharp increase in deforestation.
Bolsonaro's "government is throwing away all the work that has been done in recent decades for environmental protection," said Cristiane Mazzetti, a Greenpeace campaigner in Brazil.
Pro-business Bolsonaro took power in January on a promise to open up more of the Amazon to loggers, miners and farmers.
Faced with criticism over the fires and tree clearing, Bolsonaro accused non-government organizations of starting the blazes, and France and others of threatening Brazil's sovereignty over the rainforest.


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Graduated
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Class: Aws::Glue::Types::S3ParquetSource
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb |
Overview
Specifies an Apache Parquet data store stored in Amazon S3.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#additional_options ⇒ Types::S3DirectSourceAdditionalOptions
rw
Specifies additional connection options.
-
#compression_type ⇒ String
rw
Specifies how the data is compressed.
-
#exclusions ⇒ Array<String>
rw
A string containing a JSON list of Unix-style glob patterns to exclude.
-
#group_files ⇒ String
rw
Grouping files is turned on by default when the input contains more than 50,000 files.
-
#group_size ⇒ String
rw
The target group size in bytes.
-
#max_band ⇒ Integer
rw
This option controls the duration in milliseconds after which the s3 listing is likely to be consistent.
-
#max_files_in_band ⇒ Integer
rw
This option specifies the maximum number of files to save from the last maxBand seconds.
-
#name ⇒ String
rw
The name of the data store.
-
#output_schemas ⇒ Array<Types::GlueSchema>
rw
Specifies the data schema for the
::Aws::S3
Parquet source. -
#paths ⇒ Array<String>
rw
A list of the Amazon S3 paths to read from.
-
#recurse ⇒ Boolean
rw
If set to true, recursively reads files in all subdirectories under the specified paths.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#additional_options ⇒ Types::S3DirectSourceAdditionalOptions (rw)
Specifies additional connection options.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#compression_type ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies how the data is compressed. This is generally not
necessary if the data has a standard file extension. Possible values
are "gzip"
and "bzip"
).
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#exclusions ⇒ Array
<String
> (rw)
A string containing a JSON list of Unix-style glob patterns to exclude. For example, "[\"**.pdf\"]" excludes all PDF files.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#group_files ⇒ String
(rw)
Grouping files is turned on by default when the input contains more
than 50,000 files. To turn on grouping with fewer than 50,000 files,
set this parameter to "inPartition". To disable grouping when
there are more than 50,000 files, set this parameter to "none"
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#group_size ⇒ String
(rw)
The target group size in bytes. The default is computed based on the
input data size and the size of your cluster. When there are fewer
than 50,000 input files, "groupFiles"
must be set to
"inPartition"
for this to take effect.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#max_band ⇒ Integer
(rw)
This option controls the duration in milliseconds after which the s3 listing is likely to be consistent. Files with modification timestamps falling within the last maxBand milliseconds are tracked specially when using JobBookmarks to account for Amazon S3 eventual consistency. Most users don't need to set this option. The default is 900000 milliseconds, or 15 minutes.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#max_files_in_band ⇒ Integer
(rw)
This option specifies the maximum number of files to save from the last maxBand seconds. If this number is exceeded, extra files are skipped and only processed in the next job run.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#name ⇒ String
(rw)
The name of the data store.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#output_schemas ⇒ Array
<Types::GlueSchema> (rw)
Specifies the data schema for the ::Aws::S3
Parquet source.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#paths ⇒ Array
<String
> (rw)
A list of the Amazon S3 paths to read from.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#recurse ⇒ Boolean
(rw)
If set to true, recursively reads files in all subdirectories under the specified paths.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-glue/lib/aws-sdk-glue/types.rb', line 17532
class S3ParquetSource < Struct.new( :name, :paths, :compression_type, :exclusions, :group_size, :group_files, :recurse, :max_band, :max_files_in_band, :, :output_schemas) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


With this platform you will dont have to wait and search for voluntary activities. We bring them to you.You get the chance to work towards the dream you pocess for your community.
This is a game.  You will get rated you will get level up. Now it get interesting when you get to have gifts and rewords for your hard work will not be virtual but they will be real
You can do the volunteering and you will get the chance to get evry sinle event on to your cv. You will get recommened. You will get nominated. You will get the boost you need in your carrir
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Vietnam condemns human trafficking after UK truck tragedy
British police say they believe all 39 people found dead in the back of a lorry last month were Vietnamese.
Vietnam has said human traffickers must be strictly dealt with as the Southeast Asian country was informed that some of its citizens were among the 39 people who were found dead in a truck container in the United Kingdom last month.
Le Thi Thu Hang, Vietnam's foreign ministry spokeswoman, said in a statement on Saturday that Britain told the Vietnamese embassy that unidentified Vietnamese citizens were among the victims.
More:
"Vietnam strongly condemns human trafficking and considers it a serious crime; traffickers must be strictly dealt with," Hang said.
British police said on Friday they believe all 39 people found dead in the back of a truck in Essex near London on October 23 were Vietnamese.
Hang said in the statement that Vietnam was working closely with British police to verify victims' identities and called on other countries to cooperate in combating human trafficking crimes.
"This is a humanitarian tragedy," Hang said. "We are deeply saddened and we would like to share our deepest condolences to the families of the victims and wish them to overcome this great pain and loss soon."
Identification
DNA samples were collected from families in Ha Tinh and Nghe An provinces in central Vietnam to help with victim identification.
"I think my son could be among the 39 dead," Nguyen Dinh Gia told AFP news agency on Saturday from Ha Tinh province where he has been anxiously waiting for news about Nguyen Dinh Luong.
Police in Vietnam arrested two people in central Ha Tinh province and summoned others for questioning on Friday on suspicion of involvement in the truck deaths.
The 25-year-old Northern Irish driver of the refrigerated truck has been charged in the UK with manslaughter, money laundering and conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration.
In Dublin, another Northern Irishman appeared at Ireland's High Court for the start of extradition proceedings to bring him to Britain in connection with the incident.
British police have also said they want to speak to Ronan and Christopher Hughes, two brothers in the haulage business from Northern Ireland.
Three other people have been arrested and released on police bail.


--- layout: page title: Lean Prover Zulip Chat Archive permalink: archive/113489newmembers/75852hellodualspaces.html ---
Yes, we are aiming at both the basis-free theorems that work in general and the dual basis approach in the finite-dimensional case, and their relationship.
If mathlib currently does not make use of ordered bases, we will not start that now; however, there is the map taking a basis vector to its corresponding dual basis vector (which could then be used to transport an order on the first onto the latter).
One thing I would like to look into is porting the stuff about bases to families of elements rather than subsets of the vector space. You get ordered bases for free this way if the index type happens to be ordered
{% endraw %}


MY NAME IS ENGR ALI KASIM, I AM A DIRECTOR IN THE NIGERIA NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC). I HAVE THIS DEAL OF AN OVER INVOICED SUM OF US$25,000,000.00 PURPOSELY CARVED OUT FROM AN ALREADY EXECUTED CONTRACT IN MY CORPORATION.  THE TRANSACTION WILL BE GIVEN EQUAL LEGAL BACKING THAT IS GIVEN TO AN EXECUTED CONTRACT. THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NO RISK INVOLVED. IT IS 100% RISK FREE. EVERY ARRANGEMENTS TOWARDS IT SUCCESSFULL PROCESSING HAVE BEEN PERFECTED.   I AWAIT YOUR URGENT REPLY. REGARDS ENGR ALI KASIM


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Maryum
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Get In Touch With Me Directly, Using The Information Below:
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The amount of RNA produced by a specific gene is used as a surrogate marker for detection the activity, of that gene. With Current highthroughput sequencing technologies (such as in this case RNAseq), all (fragmented) RNA molecules from a biological sample are sequenced. These sequences are then matched to the annotated genome sequence to identify to which gene each sequenced fragment belongs. More sequenced fragments mapping to a gene in one samples as compared to another, means that the specific gene had a higher activity.
The first step in this workflow is reading the relevant parts of genome annotation file and converting it the a list of ranges of feature of interest such as exon (IRanges, GenomicRanges). Sequencing products previously aligned to genome are imported using Rsamtools. Mapping of mapped sequences to genes as defined in the anotation file is the next step. Followed by aggragation of data by summing the number of mapped fragments per gene.
There are 5 packages used in this workflow, which depend on 6 additional packages from Bioconductor and CRAN (dependencies)
Used packages:
Package dependencies:
Bam files are single-end RNAseq data from Kartalaei PS et al, 2015.


1 Samuel 17:18
And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of their thousand, and look how thy brethren fare, and take their pledge.


[§431C-17] Investigative authority of the commissioner. The commissioner may investigate suspected fraudulent life settlement acts and persons engaged in the business of life settlements. [L 2012, c 256, pt of §1]


X-Road: Autologin User Guide
Version: 1.4 Doc. ID: UG-AUTOLOGIN
| Date | Version | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 23.08.2017 | 1.0 | Initial version |
| 06.03.2018 | 1.1 | Added chapter and section structure, terms and refs sections and term doc reference and link, toc |
| 15.11.2018 | 1.2 | Ubuntu 18.04 updates |
| 11.09.2019 | 1.3 | Remove Ubuntu 14.04 support |
| 26.09.2022 | 1.4 | Remove Ubuntu 18.04 support |
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
This document describes the Autologin utility which automatically enters the PIN code after xroad-signer
has started.
1.1 Terms and abbreviations
See X-Road terms and abbreviations documentation [TA-TERMS].
1.2 References
- [TA-TERMS] X-Road Terms and Abbreviations. Document ID: TA-TERMS.
2 Overview
2.1 Usage
- Install the package
- Ubuntu: apt install xroad-autologin
- RedHat: yum install xroad-autologin
- If storing the PIN code on the server in plaintext is acceptable, create file
/etc/xroad/autologin
that contains the PIN code.
- File should be readable by user
xroad
- If
/etc/xroad/autologin
does not exists, and you have not implementedcustom-fetch-pin.sh
, the service will not start
- If you do not want to store PIN code in plaintext, implement bash script
/usr/share/xroad/autologin/custom-fetch-pin.sh
- The script needs to output the PIN code to stdout
- Script should be readable and executable by user
xroad
- Script should exit with exit code
- 0 if it was able to fetch PIN code successfully
- 127 if it was not able to fetch PIN code, but this is not an actual error that should cause the service to fail (default implementation uses this if
/etc/xroad/autologin
does not exist) - other exit codes in error situations that should cause the service to fail
#!/bin/bash
PIN_CODE=$(curl https://some-address)
echo "${PIN_CODE}"
exit 0
2.2 Implementation details
- Creates a new service
xroad-autologin
- Service is started after
xroad-signer
has started - On RHEL/Ubuntu 20.04, service calls wrapper script
/usr/share/xroad/autologin/xroad-autologin-retry.sh
which in turn callsautologin.expect
- Wrapper script handles retries in error situations.
- Service tries to enter the PIN code using script
signer-console
- If the PIN was correct or incorrect, it exits
- If an error occurred (for example because
xroad-signer
has not yet fully started), it keeps retrying indefinitely


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Vue.js mode
The HTML mixed mode depends on the XML, JavaScript, and CSS modes.
It takes an optional mode configuration
option, scriptTypes
, which can be used to add custom
behavior for specific <script type="...">
tags. If
given, it should hold an array of {matches, mode}
objects, where matches
is a string or regexp that
matches the script type, and mode
is
either null
, for script types that should stay in
HTML mode, or a mode
spec corresponding to the mode that should be used for the
script.
MIME types defined: text/x-vue
(redefined, only takes effect if you load this parser after the
XML parser).


What do I do? Let me tell you. I design web applications using paper and pencils, semantic HTML and CSS, a bit of jQuery, a bit of Photoshop and some magic. Usually in that order.
Here are some more screenshots, some more wireframes, and even some code. Or try my image area matcher.
thisisfranciswu[at]gmail.com
Copyright (c) 2009 Francis Wu, released under the MIT license


--- layout: home aside: true side_images: - image_path: /uploads/Books x 4 cropped.png link: >- https://practicalactionpublishing.com/book/2524/practical-guides-for-organizational-financial-resilience-set image_alt: videos: - videoid: AjSeUMYD9nk description: >- Cross-Cultural Organizational and Financial Training: a practical guide Available from September 2020 from Practical Action Publishing _options: layout: hidden: true image: width: 1200 height: 1200 resize_style: contain mime_type: image/jpeg image_path: width: 1200 height: 1200 resize_style: contain mime_type: image/jpeg _comments: aside: Show the side bar side_images: Edit side bar images videoid: YouTube video ID only ---
John Cammack is a highly experienced consultant and trainer working in international development, with non-profit and non-government organisations (NGOs)
John is happy to discuss individual or organisational consultancy and training needs. Rates are competitive with lower rates for smaller NGOs and charities.


Same but different
Vivo V17 with 6.44-inch hole-punch display, quad cameras launched in India for ₹22,990 ($323)
The Vivo V17 is powered by the same Snapdragon 675 chipset as the V17 Pro.
by Babu MohanWhat you need to know
- Vivo formally launched the mid-range V17 in India today.
- The Vivo V17 features a 6.44-inch hole-punch AMOLED display and has a quad camera setup at the back.
- It has been priced at ₹22,990 ($323) and is set to go on sale in the country starting December 17.
Vivo today introduced a new mid-range smartphone in India, called the V17. Unlike the V17 that was launched in Russia last month, the Indian variant comes with a tiny hole-punch display and has an L-shaped quad camera array on the back.
The new Vivo V17 sports a 6.44-inch E3 Super AMOLED display with a tall 20:9 aspect ratio and 100% DCI-P3 color gamut coverage. Powering Vivo's latest mid-range smartphone for the Indian market is an 11nm Qualcomm Snapdragon 675 chipset, paired with 8GB of RAM and 128GB storage.
Vivo V17's L-shaped quad camera array includes a 48MP primary sensor, an 8MP ultra-wide lens, 2MP macro lens, and a 2MP depth sensor for portrait shots. Housed within the tiny hole-punch cutout on top of the phone's display is a 32MP selfie camera.
Buy one Galaxy S10 or Note 10 and get one free at Verizon
Keeping the lights on is a 4,500mAh battery, with support for the company's 18W Dual-Engine fast charging technology. The Vivo V17 also features an optical in-display fingerprint sensor and a 3.5mm headphone jack. On the software front, it runs on Android 9.0 Pie OS with Vivo's Funtouch OS 9.2 on top.
Vivo V17 will be going on sale in India starting December 17 for ₹22,990 ($323) via major e-commerce platforms such as Amazon, Flipkart, and the company's own e-store in Glacier Ice White and Midnight Black colors. It will also be available from major offline retailers across the country. Until December 31, Vivo is offering a 5% cashback on purchases made using HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank credit cards.
Upcoming Vivo X30 will have a 'Super Telephoto' periscope camera with 60x zoom
We may earn a commission for purchases using our links. Learn more.


I've long been a fan of open source software, from back when it was still called "free software" and rms and the GNU organization were about all there were in terms of "organized" efforts around the concept. Every so often, I'd think about doing some volunteer work for GNU, but that never materialized, unless you count posting/mailing an occasional bug report.
However, all the while, I've been writing little utilities for myself and sometimes for friends (and even relatives), which I've always happily given away. Fast forward to 1999. I'd been running a vanity domain for several years, but, for some reason, it never until then occurred to me that my personal source code repository was worth putting up on the site. It's not that I had a lot that's really of product quality to release to the teeming masses, but still I figured that there's something of use to someone in the mess.
I never felt totally comfortable with the GPL/LGPL because of the administrative burden it seems to imply (that is, I don't really want your patches per se, so don't send them to me) and, closet socialist though I may be, the political view that it brow-beatingly espouses. I'm very glad that some foresighted folks at Netscape came along and nailed out the MPL, which I am fairly happy with. The Milk Kodebase Public License is based on it (via one level of indirection).
Anyway, long story short, the code contained here has been open source in spirit since day one, and now it's officially so. I'm not much of a web designer, but I do like my code. I hope you like it too.
Dan Bornstein
March 16, 1999


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COMP6841 CTF Jeopardy!
by z5164926
Instructions:
1. Download challenges as you like
2. Complete challenges by locating the flag.
3. Add up your points! The more the better
Buffer Overflow (Week3) |
Format Strings (Week4) |
Stack Overflow (Bonus) |
|---|---|---|
| 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 200 | 200 | 200 |
| 300 | 300 | 300 |
| 400 | 400 | 400 |
Need a hint? Try here


Reverse Engineering using Cutter
In the last tutorial we investigated using assembly for reverse engineering by using IDA to observe the assembly code of the executable. Understanding assembly is incredibly useful and allows one to understand how the internals of the program are working. However sometimes figuring and reversing the logic of the program using just assembly becomes extremely difficuly especially if the program is complicated.
Fortunately a different class of programs known as decompilers allow us to essentially get the pseudocode from the assembly generated and use this to reverse the program. Ofcourse this code won’t be perfect and in most cases it won’t run. But analysing this pseudocode is far easier than working with assembly and we will be seeing how we can use this to solve problems.
We will be using the ghidra decompiler written by the National Security Agency (it is opensourced so you don’t have to worry about security risks). ghidra is a complete reversing toolkit which is very powerful however it can be a bit non friendly to use. Instead we will use cutter which is based on the radare2 platform and uses ghidra for decompilation.
Installing Cutter
You’ll first have to install radare2 which provides a lot of tools for disassembly and reversing via the terminal.
Follow this link to get the binary installer for your platform.
Once this is done you can simply download the cutter appimage from here
The appimage file can simply be doubleclicked to run cutter. You will have to set it up as an allowed executable though. You can do this by simplying running the following command:
Now double click the appimage to run Cutter.
Solving a crackme using Cutter and Ghidra
We will demonstrate how to use cutter using this crackme.
Crackmes.one has a lot of files that you need to crack and this is a relatively simple one. It’s called ZED-Frequency. Let’s try running it (remember you may need to chmod+x
so that this executable can be run.):
It seemst that you need to pass a keyfile. Let us create a simple file with the text “CSEAIITB” and pass it as a keyfile.
So a particular key is generated from this text. We need to figure out the correct key and what generates this key. This is the challenge. Let’s load this file in cutter.
Open cutter and load this file. Keep on clicking okay we want to use the default settings. You end up here:
Firstly let’s enable the decompiler. Go to Windows on the menu bar and click on Decompiler. You should see Decompiler now on the bottom. It will load the decompiled code for entry0
. We want to however investigate the main
function so doubleclick on main
in the left side.
This is the code that ghidra gave to us. It may seem complicated but let’s analyse it. Firstly observe that there is a lot of hex codes flying around. Those are simply the memory locations (think pointer values) being passed on. If you click on strings in the bottom you’ll find what values these pointers are pointing to.
Anyway if you observe it seems that uVar2
is storing the file data from the command line argv
. Also at the end you will see that if iVar1==0
(which occurs when s1
is equal to the string at 0xb16
) something happens. Let’s go to strings and see.
So if s1
is equal to<PHONE_NUMBER>0123456789012345 we succeed. This is the key.
How do we get this though? If you look at the source you’ll see that s1
basically is the string form of the data in the array a1Stack168
where the indexing happens from 0
to 26
.
How is this array getting these values? Observe the main while loop. It seems that the values get updated by considering every character in the input file and updating some value. The 0x41
value appears a lot which is the ASCII for A
.
I will leave it to you to see that well this coding is doing nothing but counting the number of occurences of every character from A
to Z
. So a 0
in the key at the first position means there is no A
and so on.
We can then easily generate the key!
The following python code generates the key:
Now if we pass this key to the program we see the following output:
That sums up this crackme. This was a pretty simple example which was made extremely simple using a decompiler. This tool is very useful for complex ctf problems where having a code to go back to while at the same time looking at the assembly can be useful.


The usage chapter focused on explaining all features provided by Boost.Process that are available under all supported platforms. However, those features may be too limited when portability across different platforms is not a determining factor; in such cases, you will want to access the full power of the underlying operating system to manage processes. Boost.Process lets you do so through specialized classes — even if they are not enough for your use case, you can always design your own.
This chapter describes all platform-specific features available in Boost.Process. Keep in mind that using them will lower your application's portability.
As we saw earlier in the usage chapter, all platforms supported by Boost.Process provide three communication channels to each process. Although these are enough in almost all use cases, some applications can take advantage of more data flows. For example, they may support multiple input streams so that external processes can feed in different types of data, or emit messages through more than two output streams to clearly separate their purpose.
The POSIX platform allows the configuration of more than three communication
channels thanks to the way fork(2)
works: any file descriptor can be used to connect
two different processes through an anonymous pipe. Boost.Process can take
advantage of such feature and configure more than three data flows by using
the specialized POSIX launcher
and POSIX child
classes, both based on the generic implementations.
Before continuing, it is interesting to remember that POSIX systems identify
communication channel with plain integers because they are regular file
descriptors. The three standard communication channels are typically attached
to fixed file descriptors and the cstdlib
standard header provides constants to refer to them; these constants shall
be used instead of the integer values to achieve maximum portability and
clarity.
| Channel | Symbolic constant | Typical value |
|---|---|---|
| Standard input | STDIN_FILENO |
0 |
| Standard output | STDOUT_FILENO |
1 |
| Standard error | STDERR_FILENO |
2 |
The POSIX launcher adds two additional methods to the generic launcher
that allow the user to specify the behavior of non-standard file descriptors;
these are posix_launcher::set_input_behavior
and posix_launcher::set_output_behavior
.
The former is used to configure a child's input stream and the latter an
output one.
Once the streams are configured and the child process is running, the caller
access the child's streams as it did with the generic child. However, non-standard
streams are only available through two additional methods: posix_child::get_input
and posix_child::get_output
.
Non-standard streams can also be merged as done with stderr
and stdout
in the generic
case. This functionality is provided through the posix_launcher::merge_outputs
method.
All these methods can be seen as general cases of those provided by the generic launcher. The following table illustrates the equivalences:
| Portable call | Equivalent to |
|---|---|
launcher::set_stdin_behavior(b) |
posix_launcher::set_input_behavior(STDIN_FILENO,
b) |
launcher::set_stdout_behavior(b) |
posix_launcher::set_output_behavior(STDOUT_FILENO,
b) |
launcher::set_stderr_behavior(b) |
posix_launcher::set_output_behavior(STDERR_FILENO,
b) |
launcher::set_merge_out_err(true) |
posix_launcher::merge_outputs(STDERR_FILENO,
STDOUT_FILENO) |
child::get_stdin() |
posix_child::get_input(STDIN_FILENO) |
child::get_stdout() |
posix_child::get_output(STDOUT_FILENO) |
child::get_stderr() |
posix_child::get_output(STDERR_FILENO) |
The following example program illustrates the use of these functions. It uses the D-BUS daemon application because it allows to print useful information to two non-standard streams (3 and 4 in the code below). The example utility captures these messages and provides them to the user:
extern "C" { #include <unistd.h> } #include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <boost/process.hpp> // // Error out early if we are trying to build this non-portable example // code under a platform that does not provide the required posix_* // classes. // #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_POSIX_API) # error "Unsupported platform." #endif namespace bp = ::boost::process; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { // // Constructs a command line to launch a new D-BUS session daemon. // bp::command_line cl("/usr/pkg/bin/dbus-daemon"); cl.argument("--fork"); cl.argument("--session"); // // The following arguments ask the dbus-daemon program to print the // new daemon's bind address and PID into two non-standard streams // (i.e. not stdout nor stderr). // cl.argument("--print-address=3"); cl.argument("--print-pid=4"); // // Constructs the launcher for the previous command line. We ask // it to inherit our stdout and stderr for simplicity and we capture // the two non-standard streams into which the daemon will print the // communication information. // bp::posix_launcher l; l.set_output_behavior(STDOUT_FILENO, bp::inherit_stream); l.set_output_behavior(STDERR_FILENO, bp::inherit_stream); l.set_output_behavior(3, bp::redirect_stream); l.set_output_behavior(4, bp::redirect_stream); // // Spawns the child process. // bp::posix_child c = l.start(cl); // // Reads the information printed by the dbus-daemon child process // from the two non-standard channels. // std::string address; pid_t pid; c.get_output(3) >> address; c.get_output(4) >> pid; // // Waits until the process exits and parses its termination status. // bp::status s = c.wait(); if (s.exited()) { if (s.exit_status() == EXIT_SUCCESS) { std::cout << "D-BUS daemon's address is: " << address << std::endl; std::cout << "D-BUS daemon's PID is: " << pid << std::endl; } else std::cout << "D-BUS daemon returned error condition: " << s.exit_status() << std::endl; } else { std::cout << "D-BUS daemon terminated abnormally" << std::endl; } return s.exited() ? s.exit_status() : EXIT_FAILURE; }
Processes under POSIX operating systems carry several properties that describe their security credentials. All of these can be configured through the POSIX launcher prior startup of a new process, as seen in the following table:
| Concept | Abbreviation | POSIX launcher method |
|---|---|---|
| Real and effective user IDs | UID | posix_launcher::set_uid(uid) |
| Effective user ID | EUID | posix_launcher::set_euid(uid) |
| Real and effective group IDs | GID | posix_launcher::set_gid(gid) |
| Effective group ID | EGID | posix_launcher::set_egid(gid) |
Note that changing the security credentials of a process is a privileged
operation generally restricted to the super user. For more information
you should see your operating system's documentation on the setuid(2)
, seteuid(2)
, setgid(2)
and setegid(2)
system
calls.
Every process in a POSIX system has a root directory,
used to resolve paths aside from the current working directory. This root
directory is used to restrict processes to view only
a part of the global file system: the process is not allowed to see the
real file system's root directory; instead it sees the specified root directory
as if it really were the file system's root. See the chroot(2)
system call documentation for more details.
The specialized POSIX launcher
supports chaning the root directory of a new process, always assuming that
sufficient privileges are available (i.e. the caller must be the super
user). This is done through the posix_launcher::set_chroot
method.
The POSIX's wait(2)
family
of system calls returns a lot of information about the status of a finalized
process, not only the exit status code provided on a normal exit. This
information includes additional termination reasons such as if the process
dumped a core file, if it exited due an external signal, etc.
The information described above can be queried through the posix_status
class. This is built on top of the regular status class and includes additional
methods to query all additional details. It can be used anywhere a status
object is created thanks to its
conversion constructor. For example:
extern "C" { #include <unistd.h> } #include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #include <string> #include <vector> #include <boost/process.hpp> // // Error out early if we are trying to build this non-portable example // code under a platform that does not provide the required posix_* // classes. // #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_POSIX_API) # error "Unsupported platform." #endif namespace bp = ::boost::process; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { if (argc < 2) { std::cerr << "Please provide a program name." << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE; } // // Constructs a command line based on the arguments provided to the // program. // bp::command_line cl(argv[1]); for (int i = 2; i < argc; i++) cl.argument(argv[i]); // // Sets up a launcher inheriting all the three standard streams. // bp::launcher l; l.set_stdin_behavior(bp::inherit_stream); l.set_stdout_behavior(bp::inherit_stream); l.set_stderr_behavior(bp::inherit_stream); // // Spawns the new child process. // bp::child c = l.start(cl); // // Waits until the process exits and parses its termination status. // Note that we receive a posix_status object even when the wait() // method returns a status one. // bp::posix_status s = c.wait(); if (s.exited()) { std::cout << "Program returned exit code " << s.exit_status() << std::endl; } else if (s.signaled()) { std::cout << "Program received signal " << s.term_signal() << std::endl; if (s.dumped_core()) std::cout << "Program also dumped core" << std::endl; } else if (s.stopped()) { std::cout << "Program stopped by signal" << s.stop_signal() << std::endl; } else { std::cout << "Unknown termination reason" << std::endl; } return s.exited() ? s.exit_status() : EXIT_FAILURE; }
The Win32 CreateProcess
system call receives a STARTUPINFO
object that contains multiple details on how to configure the new process.
Among these are the handles for the three standard communication channels
(internally set up by the library), hints to set up the application's main
window, etc.
The Win32-specific launcher
provides mechanisms to provide some of this platform-specific information
to the new process. This class' constructor receives a pointer to an already
initialized STARTUPINFO
object that is later passed to the CreateProcess
call. If no such object is provided, the launcher behaves as the generic launcher
.
The example below demonstrates this feature. It relies on features provided by Win32 operating systems to start a GUI process with hints on how to create the main window. The example passes the suggested window position as well as size and then waits until the new process terminates.
extern "C" { #include <windows.h> } #include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #include <boost/process.hpp> // // Error out early if we are trying to build this non-portable example // code under a platform that does not provide the required win32_* // classes. // #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_WIN32_API) # error "Unsupported platform." #endif namespace bp = ::boost::process; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { // // Creates a new STARTUPINFO object, specific to the Win32 platform, // that specifies the position and size of the child process' main // window. Note that this is just a hint to the process, which may // choose to ignore our settings. // STARTUPINFO si; ::ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si)); si.cb = sizeof(si); si.dwFlags |= STARTF_USEPOSITION | STARTF_USESIZE; si.dwX = 0; si.dwY = 0; si.dwXSize = 640; si.dwYSize = 480; // // The application we have to launch. We default to Notepad because, // depending on its version, it is possible that it honors the window // settings described above. // std::string app = argc < 2 ? "notepad" : argv[1]; // // The value returned by the example program. // int exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE; try { // // Constructs a command line to launch the application chosen // above. If the name does not contain any directory component, // it will be searched in the PATH. // bp::command_line cl(app); // // Constructs a Win32-specific launcher with the start settings // we configured. // bp::win32_launcher l(&si); // // Starts the application and waits for its termination, reporting // the results to the user. // bp::status s = l.start(cl).wait(); if (s.exited()) { std::cout << "Application exited successfully" << std::endl; exitstatus = EXIT_SUCCESS; } else { std::cout << "The application returned an error" << std::endl; } } catch (bp::not_found_error< std::string > e) { std::cout << "Could not find " << app << " in path." << std::endl; } return exitstatus; }
The Win32 CreateProcess
system call starts a new process and returns a handle and an identifier
for both the application's process and its main thread. Due to portability
restrictions, the generic child implementation does not allow access to
this information but, fortunately, the Win32-speficic child does. The
win32_child
class
provides access to the information returned by the CreateProcess
system call as described below:
PROCESS_INFORMATION
field |
Win32 child method |
|---|---|
| hProcess | win32_child::get_handle |
| dwProcessId | win32_child::get_id |
| hThread | win32_child::get_primary_thread_handle |
| dwThreadId | win32_child::get_primary_thread_id |
Win32 child objects can only be constructed by using the Win32-specific
launcher
even if the user does not need any of the extra features
provided by that class.
The following example demonstrates how a program can retrieve all the information
returned by Win32's CreateProcess
system call; that is: the process' and primary thread's identifier and
handle. It relies on the Win32-specific launcher and child classes to be
able to access this information:
extern "C" { #include <windows.h> } #include <cstdlib> #include <iostream> #include <boost/process.hpp> // // Error out early if we are trying to build this non-portable example // code under a platform that does not provide the required win32_* // classes. // #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_WIN32_API) # error "Unsupported platform." #endif namespace bp = ::boost::process; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { int exitstatus = EXIT_FAILURE; try { // // Constructs a command line to launch Notepad, looking for its // availability in the PATH. // bp::command_line cl("notepad"); // // Constructs a Win32-specific launcher. We do not need any of // its extra features (compared to the regular launcher), but we // must use it in order to construct a Win32-specific child. // bp::win32_launcher l; // // Starts the process. // bp::win32_child c = l.start(cl); // // Prints out information about the new process. Note that, // except for the process handle, the other information is only // available because we are using the win32_child. // std::cout << "Process handle : 0x" << c.get_handle() << std::endl; std::cout << "Process identifier : " << c.get_id() << std::endl; std::cout << "Primary thread handle : 0x" << c.get_primary_thread_handle() << std::endl; std::cout << "Primary thread identifier : " << c.get_primary_thread_id() << std::endl; // // Waits until the process terminates and reports status. // bp::status s = c.wait(); if (s.exited()) { std::cout << "Application exited successfully" << std::endl; exitstatus = EXIT_SUCCESS; } else { std::cout << "The application returned an error" << std::endl; } } catch (bp::not_found_error< std::string > e) { std::cout << "Could not find notepad in path." << std::endl; } return exitstatus; }
| Copyright © 2006 Julio M. Merino Vidal |


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