Note: This section contains none of lombok's AST transformations, only augmenting the generated visitor class's code.
This example uses the following visitable hierarchy of binary operations:
import lombok.experimental.VisitableRoot; import lombok.experimental.Visitable; @VisitableRoot interface Season { } @Visitable(root="Season") class Spring implements Season { } @Visitable(root="Season") class Summer implements Season { } @Visitable(root="Season") class Fall implements Season { }
The resulting visitor interface is then:
interface SeasonVisitorIt would then be used in the following way:{ R caseWinter(Winter winter); R caseSpring(Spring spring); R caseSummer(Summer summer); R caseAutumn(Autumn autumn); }
Season season = getSeason(); String start = season.accept(new SeasonVisitor() { @Override public String caseSummer(Summer summer) { return "6/20"; } @Override public String caseAutumn(Autumn autumn) { return "9/22"; } @Override public String caseSpring(Spring spring) { return "12/22"; } @Override public String caseWinter(Winter winter) { return "12/21"; } });
Unfortunately, this is extremely verbose; for every method, it must be repeated for each method that it does indeed return a String, which
was already known from the fact that the visitor is typed to String. If the @VisitableRoot
annotation has the lambdaImpl
options set to true
, then an implementation of the visitor is automatically generated as a nested class, which has a java.util.function.Function
field corresponding to each case; the visitor is effectively a collection of lambdas.
@AllArgsConstructor class Lambda<R> implements SeasonVisitor<R> { @NonNull private final Function<? super Summer, ? extends R> caseSummer; @NonNull private final Function<? super Autumn, ? extends R> caseAutumn; @NonNull private final Function<? super Spring, ? extends R> caseSpring; @NonNull private final Function<? super Winter, ? extends R> caseWinter; @Override public R caseSummer(Summer summer) { return caseSummer.apply(summer); } @Override public R caseAutumn(Autumn autumn) { return caseAutumn.apply(autumn); } @Override public R caseSpring(Spring spring) { return caseSpring.apply(spring); } @Override public R caseWinter(Winter winter) { return caseWinter.apply(winter); } }
The visitor can then be created using Java 8's lambdas:
Season season = getSeason(); String start = season.accept(new SeasonVisitor.Lambda<>( summer -> "6/20", autumn -> "9/22", spring -> "12/22", winter -> "12/21" ));
This implementation is significantly more compact, but in this case is almost too compact. We go from having too much information to having very little, common in the switch from anonymous inner classes to lambdas. Additionally, if the order of the implementations is changed for any reason, then this visitor will have changed with no warning from the compiler. One way to prevent this is to always add the otherwise-optional type infomration to the lambda arguments:
Season season = getSeason(); String start = season.accept(new SeasonVisitor.Lambda<>( (Summer summer) -> "6/20", (Autumn autumn) -> "9/22", (Spring spring) -> "12/22", (Winter winter) -> "12/21" ));
This condenses the visitor to the bare minimum of what is necessary to distinguish and implement each case.


--- layout: page permalink: "/community-commissioned/intergenerational-arts-group-2018/" ---
This was monthly arts club for older people, toddlers and their parents in Hinton Waldrist Village Hall, Oxfordshire run by Lizzy Mcbain and Gwyne Diment. The theme in these images was ‘The Seaside’.


9 Development & Deployment
9.1 Creating Projects with Rebar
In this section we'll be exploring how rebar can be used to manage LFE projects.
9.1.1 Dependencies
You're going to need to have an Erlang. We recommend using kerl, as deponstrated in the next section. However, you may already have one set up, in which case you're good for the next step.
9.1.2 Installation
$ curl -L -O https://raw.github.com/wiki/rebar/rebar/rebar
$ mv rebar /usr/local/bin/
$ chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/rebar
Make sure everything's working as expected:
$ rebar -h
This will give you output like the following:
Usage: rebar [-h] [-c] [-v <verbose>] [-V] [-f] [-D <defines>] [-j <jobs>]
[-C <config>] [-p] [var=value,...] <command,...>
-h, --help Show the program options
-c, --commands Show available commands
-v, --verbose Verbosity level (-v, -vv, -vvv, --verbose 3). Default: 0
-V, --version Show version information
-f, --force Force
-D Define compiler macro
-j, --jobs Num concurrent workers a command may use. Default: 3
-C, --config Rebar config file to use
-p, --profile Profile this run of rebar
var=value rebar global variables (e.g. force=1)
command Command to run (e.g. compile)
9.1.2 What is a Project?
The first question we should probably address is this: How are we defining a project?
An LFE project is a set of modules developed and distributed to accomplish a
particular goal. The project should have a rebar configuration file, a source
directory with .lfe
files in it, possibly an include directory, and (ideally)
unit tests in a test
directory.
9.1.2 Project Structure
Let's expand upon the project definition given above, focusing on the directory structure of a prototypical project and some of the files one might find in an LFE project.
├── ebin
│ └── libexample.app
├── src
│ └── libexample.lfe
├── Makefile
├── README.md
└── rebar.config
This is from a sample project whose purpose is to provide a library for use by other LFE (or Erlang!) projects. More on that below.
Rebar supports LFE files. All that it needs is the standard rebar.config
and
an .app
file in the ebin
directory. With these, Rebar will be able to
download the project dependencies and compile the *.lfe
files in src
to the
ebin
directory as *.beam
files.
9.1.3 Project Dependencies
Dependencies are handled very nicely with Rebar: just add a git repo in your
rebar.config
file like so:
{deps, [
{lfe, ".*", {git, "git://github.com/rvirding/lfe.git", "develop"}}
]}.
Any dependencies listed here will be downloaded with the rebar get-deps
command. Once downloaded, issuing the rebar compile
command will not only
compile your project's src/*
files into its ebin
directory, but will compile
all dependency project source code as well.


0) && !freeShipping && isDeliverable">
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Change Address
0 || draft.voucherDiscount > 0 || draft.taxCharge > 0 || draft.shippingCharge > 0)">
0">
Discount
-{{ draft.saleDiscount | currency: settings && settings.currency }}
0">
Taxes
+{{ draft.taxCharge | currency: settings && settings.currency }}
0">
Shipping
+{{ draft.shippingCharge | currency: settings && settings.currency }}
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Voucher
-{{ draft.voucherDiscount | currency: settings && settings.currency }}
Total
{{ draft.total | currency: settings && settings.currency }}


MKGraphicsStructures Class Reference
| Inherits from | MKObject : NSObject |
| Declared in | MKGraphicsStructures.h |
Overview
Overview
MKGraphicsStructures stores graphic elements to help with uniformity across an application.
Usage
MKKit classes that use the MKGraphicsStructures class will refereance an instance when preforming drawing operations.
The Following Classes currently support the use of Graphics Structures:
- MKAlertView
- MKAttributedLabel
- MKBarButtonItem
- MKButton
- MKElementAccentView
- MKImage
- MKInputPrompt
- MKPaging
- MKPopOverView
- MKTableCellBadgeView
- MKView
Note Not all classes that support MKGraphicsStructures use every graphic property. Check the documentaion of the individual classes to see which properies they use.
MKGraphicsStructures supports ARC
Tasks
Creating
-
+ graphicsStructure
Creates an autoreleasing empty instance.
Coloring
-
topColor
the top color of the gradient -
bottomColor
the bottom color of the gradient -
fillColor
the fill color of an UI object.
Contol Colors
-
disabledColor
the color of a disabled object -
touchedColor
the color of a touched object
Shining
-
useLinerShine
YES
if a liner shine should be used on view drawing.
Borders
-
bordered
YES
if an object should have a border drawn for it. Default isNO
, property is changed toYES
when border is set. -
border
Set a border for the drawing use the MKGrpahicsBorderMake(CGFloat width, UIColor *color) funtion to create a border.
Shadows
-
shadowed
YES
if a shadow should be drawn. Default isNO
, property is is changed toYES
when a shadow is set. -
shadow
Sets a shadow to be drawn on the view/contontol. Use the MKGraphicsShadowMake(CGSize offset, CGFloat blur, UIColor *color) to created a shadow.
Text
-
attributes
Stores a dictionay of text attributes for use MKAttributedLabel -
textColor
the color of text for a view -
textShadow
Sets a shadow to be drawn on the text of a view or control. Use the MKGraphicsShadowMake(CGSize offset, CGFloat blur, UIColor *color) to created a shadow.
Deprecations
-
+ linearGradientWithTopColor:bottomColor:MK_DEPRECATED_0_9:
DEPRECIATED v0.9 -
- assignGradientTopColor:bottomColor:MK_DEPRECATED_0_9:
DEPRECIATED v0.9
Class Methods
Instance Methods
Properties
attributes
Stores a dictionay of text attributes for use MKAttributedLabel
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary *attributes
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
border
Set a border for the drawing use the MKGrpahicsBorderMake(CGFloat width, UIColor *color) funtion to create a border.
@property (nonatomic, assign) MKGraphicsBorder border
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
bordered
YES
if an object should have a border drawn for it. Default is NO
, property is changed to YES
when border is set.
@property (nonatomic, readonly) BOOL bordered
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
bottomColor
the bottom color of the gradient
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIColor *bottomColor
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
disabledColor
the color of a disabled object
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIColor *disabledColor
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
fillColor
the fill color of an UI object.
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIColor *fillColor
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
shadow
Sets a shadow to be drawn on the view/contontol. Use the MKGraphicsShadowMake(CGSize offset, CGFloat blur, UIColor *color) to created a shadow.
@property (nonatomic, assign) MKGraphicsShadow shadow
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
textColor
the color of text for a view
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIColor *textColor
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
textShadow
Sets a shadow to be drawn on the text of a view or control. Use the MKGraphicsShadowMake(CGSize offset, CGFloat blur, UIColor *color) to created a shadow.
@property (nonatomic, assign) MKGraphicsShadow textShadow
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h
topColor
the top color of the gradient
@property (nonatomic, strong) UIColor *topColor
Declared In
MKGraphicsStructures.h


Robust to trajectory uncertainty
Different solutions to accomplish the same task
A task is defined by higher-level information than a motion trajectory


#include "uip.h"
Include dependency graph for uip_arp.h:
This graph shows which files directly or indirectly include this file:
Data Structures | |
| struct | uip_eth_addr |
| Representation of a 48-bit Ethernet address. More... | |
| struct | uip_eth_hdr |
| The Ethernet header. More... | |
Defines | |
| #define | uip_setdraddr(addr) |
| Set the default router's IP address. | |
| #define | uip_setnetmask(addr) |
| Set the netmask. | |
| #define | uip_getdraddr(addr) |
| Get the default router's IP address. | |
| #define | uip_getnetmask(addr) |
| Get the netmask. | |
| #define | uip_setethaddr(eaddr) |
| Specifiy the Ethernet MAC address. | |
Functions | |
| void | uip_arp_init (void) |
| Initialize the ARP module. | |
| void | uip_arp_ipin (void) |
| ARP processing for incoming IP packets. | |
| void | uip_arp_arpin (void) |
| ARP processing for incoming ARP packets. | |
| void | uip_arp_out (void) |
| Prepend Ethernet header to an outbound IP packet and see if we need to send out an ARP request. | |
| void | uip_arp_timer (void) |
| Periodic ARP processing function. |


Binds a View to a Model.
Gets a value.
Notify all observers of a change on this property. This notifies both objects that are bound to the object's property as well as the object that it is bound to.
Sets a value.
Sets a collection of key-value pairs.
Removes a binding. Unbinding will set the unbound property to the current value. The object will not be notified, as the value has not changed.
Removes all bindings.
Generated using TypeDoc
Adds the given listener function to the given event name. Returns an identifier for this listener that can be used with google.maps.event.removeListener.


'Get explosives...better kill them in one go,' SC rebukes govt over air pollution
The top court directed Centre and Delhi government 'to keep their differences aside' and sit together and finalize plan within 10 days.
by ANINew Delhi: Why are people being forced to live in a gas chamber? It is better to kill them in one go, said the Supreme Court on Monday while pulling up the Central government for not taking action over deteriorating air quality in the national capital.
 It is better to kill them all in one go. Get explosives in 15 bags at one go. Why should people suffer all this? In Delhi, blame game is going on... I am literally shocked," Justice Arun Mishra told Solicitor General Tushar Mehta.
The apex court was hearing a matter concerning air pollution in Delhi, its adjoining areas and other parts of northern India.
The top court directed Centre and Delhi government "to keep their differences aside" and sit together and finalize plan within 10 days to set up air-purifying towers in different parts of the city.
The air quality in the national capital continues to be in the 'poor' category with overall AQI docking at 218 today.
Catch the latest news, live coverage and in-depth analyses from India and World. Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.


John Eagle is a composer, performer, sound designer, and teacher living in Los Angeles. His work explores sound spatialization, harmonic modeling, performance tasks, and different tuning approaches.
I enjoy creating algorithmic and modular compositions
email me or find me on soundcloud


Choose what type of result you're recording, enter a value, and press save
Click on a star to point at it. Its record will appear in the catalog (if you have created the tables). You can also click in the catalog to point at a star.
Record results to get points and badges. Record (simple) results from your investigations as records in the Results tab. A good example of a simple result is the current position of the star you're pointing at. If you're kinda close, it will record the value for posterity, and award you points.
You can record position, temperature, and radial velocity ("Away" is positive), and use position to derive proper motion and parallax. Parallax leads to distance.
For temperature and radial velocity, you need spectra. Go to the Spectra tab to see and record spectra from the star you're pointing at. You can also create and record spectra in the lab.
Blackbody spectra have characteristic shapes; you can use them to figure out stellar temperatures.
Use shifts in spectral lines to figure out radial velocity.
Zooming for spectra. For precise wavelengths, you need to zoom in. Click in the colored areas to zoom in to spectra. Click in the gray areas to zoom out.
More instructions to come.
Use these options to simplify (or complexicate) the game.


Use this to test the CSS/JS.
Below is an un-ordered list
Below is an un-ordered list (square)
Below is an un-ordered list (circle)
Below is an un-ordered list (disc)
Below is an ordered list
Below is an ordered list (decimal)
Below is an ordered list (roman)
Below is an ordered list (alpha)
| thead > th element | thead > th element |
|---|---|
| tbody > th element | tbody > td element |
| tbody > td element | tbody > td element |
| tbody > td element | tbody > td element |
| tbody > td element | tbody > td element |
| tfoot > th element | tfoot > th element |
| th element | th element |
|---|---|
| th element | td element |
| td element | td element |
| td element | td element |
| td element | td element |
This is pre-formatted text. < It keeps line breaks and text indents. It also acknowledges spaces between words. This is a really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really long line
Last login: Wed Feb 6 15:26:40 on ttys000 computer-name:~ user$ cd /var/www/ computer-name:/var/www/ user$
Here we have a code snippet <?php echo 'Hello World'; ?>
, which is inline.
This is some code
<?php
if($i == 42){
echo 'Tis the meaning of life!';
}
while($i < 3675.78; $i += 0.025){
echo $i;
echo 'This is a really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really really long line';
}
?>
The following is a variable.
The text has been deleted.
The text has been inserted.
This text is Imported and has been marked.
This text is outdated.
The below is a blockquote
My mom always said,Life's like a box of chocolates; ya' never know what ya' gonna' get.Forest Gump
This paragraph contains inline quotes
. But Forest's mom thinks that life is ...like a box of
. I've no idea why.chocolates


ASaiM is an framework to analyze microbiota and environmental samples. This open-source opiniated framework is based on a custom Galaxy instance. It integrates numerous tools for microbiota and environmental data processing, taxonomic analyses and functional analyses. Several standard but customizable workflows are also proposed to help the analysis of microbial data
ASaiM: a Galaxy-based framework to analyze raw shotgun data from microbiota
Bérénice Batut, Kévin Gravouil, Clémence Defois, Saskia Hiltemann, Jean-François Brugère, Eric Peyretaillade, Pierre Peyret
bioRxiv 183970; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/183970


MOUNT\&.CIFS
Section: System Administration tools (8)Updated: 02/07/2010
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
mount.cifs - mount using the Common Internet File System (CIFS)SYNOPSIS
- mount.cifs {service} {mount-point} [-o options]
DESCRIPTION
This tool is part of the cifs-utils suite.
mount.cifs mounts a Linux CIFS filesystem. It is usually invoked indirectly by the mount(8) command when using the "-t cifs" option. This command only works in Linux, and the kernel must support the cifs filesystem. The CIFS protocol is the successor to the SMB protocol and is supported by most Windows servers and many other commercial servers and Network Attached Storage appliances as well as by the popular Open Source server Samba.
The mount.cifs utility attaches the UNC name (exported network resource) specified as service (using //server/share syntax, where "server" is the server name or IP address and "share" is the name of the share) to the local directory mount-point.
Options to mount.cifs are specified as a comma-separated list of key=value pairs. It is possible to send options other than those listed here, assuming that the cifs filesystem kernel module (cifs.ko) supports them. Unrecognized cifs mount options passed to the cifs vfs kernel code will be logged to the kernel log.
mount.cifs causes the cifs vfs to launch a thread named cifsd. After mounting it keeps running until the mounted resource is unmounted (usually via the umount utility).
mount.cifs -V command displays the version of cifs mount helper.
modinfo cifs command displays the version of cifs module.
OPTIONS
user=arg
-
specifies the username to connect as. If this is not given, then the environment variable
USER
is used. This option can also take the form "user%password" or "workgroup/user" or "workgroup/user%password" to allow the password and workgroup to be specified as part of the username.
-
Note
The cifs vfs accepts the parameter user=, or for users familiar with smbfs it accepts the longer form of the parameter username=. Similarly the longer smbfs style parameter names may be accepted as synonyms for the shorter cifs parameters pass=,dom= and cred=.
-
password=arg
-
specifies the CIFS password. If this option is not given then the environment variable
PASSWD
is used. If the password is not specified directly or indirectly via an argument to mount,
mount.cifs
will prompt for a password, unless the guest option is specified.
Note that a password which contains the delimiter character (i.e. a comma ',') will fail to be parsed correctly on the command line. However, the same password defined in the PASSWD environment variable or via a credentials file (see below) or entered at the password prompt will be read correctly.
credentials=filename
-
specifies a file that contains a username and/or password and optionally the name of the workgroup. The format of the file is:
-
username=value password=value domain=value
This is preferred over having passwords in plaintext in a shared file, such as /etc/fstab. Be sure to protect any credentials file properly.
-
uid=arg
- sets the uid that will own all files or directories on the mounted filesystem when the server does not provide ownership information. It may be specified as either a username or a numeric uid. When not specified, the default is uid 0. The mount.cifs helper must be at version 1.10 or higher to support specifying the uid in non-numeric form. See the section on FILE AND DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS below for more information.
forceuid
- instructs the client to ignore any uid provided by the server for files and directories and to always assign the owner to be the value of the uid= option. See the section on FILE AND DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS below for more information.
cruid=arg
- sets the uid of the owner of the credentials cache. This is primarily useful with sec=krb5. The default is the real uid of the process performing the mount. Setting this parameter directs the upcall to look for a credentials cache owned by that user.
gid=arg
- sets the gid that will own all files or directories on the mounted filesystem when the server does not provide ownership information. It may be specified as either a groupname or a numeric gid. When not specified, the default is gid 0. The mount.cifs helper must be at version 1.10 or higher to support specifying the gid in non-numeric form. See the section on FILE AND DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS below for more information.
forcegid
- instructs the client to ignore any gid provided by the server for files and directories and to always assign the owner to be the value of the gid= option. See the section on FILE AND DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS below for more information.
port=arg
- sets the port number on which the client will attempt to contact the CIFS server. If this value is specified, look for an existing connection with this port, and use that if one exists. If one doesn't exist, try to create a new connection on that port. If that connection fails, return an error. If this value isn't specified, look for an existing connection on port 445 or 139. If no such connection exists, try to connect on port 445 first and then port 139 if that fails. Return an error if both fail.
servernetbiosname=arg
- Specify the server netbios name (RFC1001 name) to use when attempting to setup a session to the server. Although rarely needed for mounting to newer servers, this option is needed for mounting to some older servers (such as OS/2 or Windows 98 and Windows ME) since when connecting over port 139 they, unlike most newer servers, do not support a default server name. A server name can be up to 15 characters long and is usually uppercased.
servern=arg
- Synonym for servernetbiosname.
netbiosname=arg
- When mounting to servers via port 139, specifies the RFC1001 source name to use to represent the client netbios machine name when doing the RFC1001 netbios session initialize.
file_mode=arg
- If the server does not support the CIFS Unix extensions this overrides the default file mode.
dir_mode=arg
- If the server does not support the CIFS Unix extensions this overrides the default mode for directories.
ip=arg
- sets the destination IP address. This option is set automatically if the server name portion of the requested UNC name can be resolved so rarely needs to be specified by the user.
domain=arg
- sets the domain (workgroup) of the user
guest
- don't prompt for a password
iocharset
- Charset used to convert local path names to and from Unicode. Unicode is used by default for network path names if the server supports it. If iocharset is not specified then the nls_default specified during the local client kernel build will be used. If server does not support Unicode, this parameter is unused.
ro
- mount read-only
rw
- mount read-write
setuids
- If the CIFS Unix extensions are negotiated with the server the client will attempt to set the effective uid and gid of the local process on newly created files, directories, and devices (create, mkdir, mknod). If the CIFS Unix Extensions are not negotiated, for newly created files and directories instead of using the default uid and gid specified on the the mount, cache the new file's uid and gid locally which means that the uid for the file can change when the inode is reloaded (or the user remounts the share).
nosetuids
- The client will not attempt to set the uid and gid on on newly created files, directories, and devices (create, mkdir, mknod) which will result in the server setting the uid and gid to the default (usually the server uid of the user who mounted the share). Letting the server (rather than the client) set the uid and gid is the default.If the CIFS Unix Extensions are not negotiated then the uid and gid for new files will appear to be the uid (gid) of the mounter or the uid (gid) parameter specified on the mount.
perm
- Client does permission checks (vfs_permission check of uid and gid of the file against the mode and desired operation), Note that this is in addition to the normal ACL check on the target machine done by the server software. Client permission checking is enabled by default.
noperm
- Client does not do permission checks. This can expose files on this mount to access by other users on the local client system. It is typically only needed when the server supports the CIFS Unix Extensions but the UIDs/GIDs on the client and server system do not match closely enough to allow access by the user doing the mount. Note that this does not affect the normal ACL check on the target machine done by the server software (of the server ACL against the user name provided at mount time).
dynperm
- Instructs the server to maintain ownership and permissions in memory that can't be stored on the server. This information can disappear at any time (whenever the inode is flushed from the cache), so while this may help make some applications work, it's behavior is somewhat unreliable. See the section below on FILE AND DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS for more information.
directio
- Do not do inode data caching on files opened on this mount. This precludes mmaping files on this mount. In some cases with fast networks and little or no caching benefits on the client (e.g. when the application is doing large sequential reads bigger than page size without rereading the same data) this can provide better performance than the default behavior which caches reads (readahead) and writes (writebehind) through the local Linux client pagecache if oplock (caching token) is granted and held. Note that direct allows write operations larger than page size to be sent to the server. On some kernels this requires the cifs.ko module to be built with the CIFS_EXPERIMENTAL configure option.
mapchars
- Translate six of the seven reserved characters (not backslash, but including the colon, question mark, pipe, asterik, greater than and less than characters) to the remap range (above 0xF000), which also allows the CIFS client to recognize files created with such characters by Windows's POSIX emulation. This can also be useful when mounting to most versions of Samba (which also forbids creating and opening files whose names contain any of these seven characters). This has no effect if the server does not support Unicode on the wire. Please note that the files created with mapchars mount option may not be accessible if the share is mounted without that option.
nomapchars
- Do not translate any of these seven characters (default)
intr
- currently unimplemented
nointr
- (default) currently unimplemented
hard
- The program accessing a file on the cifs mounted file system will hang when the server crashes.
soft
- (default) The program accessing a file on the cifs mounted file system will not hang when the server crashes and will return errors to the user application.
noacl
-
Do not allow POSIX ACL operations even if server would support them.
The CIFS client can get and set POSIX ACLs (getfacl, setfacl) to Samba servers version 3.0.10 and later. Setting POSIX ACLs requires enabling both CIFS_XATTR and then CIFS_POSIX support in the CIFS configuration options when building the cifs module. POSIX ACL support can be disabled on a per mount basis by specifying "noacl" on mount.
cifsacl
-
This option is used to map CIFS/NTFS ACLs to/from Linux permission bits,
map SIDs to/from UIDs and GIDs, and get and set Security Descriptors.
See sections on CIFS/NTFS ACL, SID/UID/GID MAPPING, SECURITY DESCRIPTORS for more information.
backupuid=arg
-
Restrict access to files with the backup intent to a user. Either a name or an id must be provided as an argument, there are no default values.
See section ACCESSING FILES WITH BACKUP INTENT for more details
backupgid=arg
-
Restrict access to files with the backup intent to a group. Either a name or an id must be provided as an argument, there are no default values.
See section ACCESSING FILES WITH BACKUP INTENT for more details
nocase
- Request case insensitive path name matching (case sensitive is the default if the server suports it).
ignorecase
- Synonym for nocase.
sec=
-
Security mode. Allowed values are:
- * none attempt to connection as a null user (no name)
- * krb5 Use Kerberos version 5 authentication
- * krb5i Use Kerberos authentication and forcibly enable packet signing
- * ntlm Use NTLM password hashing (default)
- * ntlmi Use NTLM password hashing and force packet signing
- * ntlmv2 Use NTLMv2 password hashing
- * ntlmv2i Use NTLMv2 password hashing and force packet signing
- * ntlmssp Use NTLMv2 password hashing encapsulated in Raw NTLMSSP message
- * ntlmsspi Use NTLMv2 password hashing encapsulated in Raw NTLMSSP message, and force packet signing
If the server requires signing during protocol negotiation, then it may be enabled automatically. Packet signing may also be enabled automatically if it's enabled in /proc/fs/cifs/SecurityFlags.
nobrl
- Do not send byte range lock requests to the server. This is necessary for certain applications that break with cifs style mandatory byte range locks (and most cifs servers do not yet support requesting advisory byte range locks).
sfu
- When the CIFS Unix Extensions are not negotiated, attempt to create device files and fifos in a format compatible with Services for Unix (SFU). In addition retrieve bits 10-12 of the mode via the SETFILEBITS extended attribute (as SFU does). In the future the bottom 9 bits of the mode mode also will be emulated using queries of the security descriptor (ACL). [NB: requires version 1.39 or later of the CIFS VFS. To recognize symlinks and be able to create symlinks in an SFU interoperable form requires version 1.40 or later of the CIFS VFS kernel module.
serverino
- Use inode numbers (unique persistent file identifiers) returned by the server instead of automatically generating temporary inode numbers on the client. Although server inode numbers make it easier to spot hardlinked files (as they will have the same inode numbers) and inode numbers may be persistent (which is userful for some sofware), the server does not guarantee that the inode numbers are unique if multiple server side mounts are exported under a single share (since inode numbers on the servers might not be unique if multiple filesystems are mounted under the same shared higher level directory). Note that not all servers support returning server inode numbers, although those that support the CIFS Unix Extensions, and Windows 2000 and later servers typically do support this (although not necessarily on every local server filesystem). Parameter has no effect if the server lacks support for returning inode numbers or equivalent. This behavior is enabled by default.
noserverino
-
Client generates inode numbers itself rather than using the actual ones from the server.
See section INODE NUMBERS for more information.
nounix
-
Disable the CIFS Unix Extensions for this mount. This can be useful in order to turn off multiple settings at once. This includes POSIX acls, POSIX locks, POSIX paths, symlink support and retrieving uids/gids/mode from the server. This can also be useful to work around a bug in a server that supports Unix Extensions.
See section INODE NUMBERS for more information.
nouser_xattr
- (default) Do not allow getfattr/setfattr to get/set xattrs, even if server would support it otherwise.
rsize=arg
- default network read size (usually 16K). The client currently can not use rsize larger than CIFSMaxBufSize. CIFSMaxBufSize defaults to 16K and may be changed (from 8K to the maximum kmalloc size allowed by your kernel) at module install time for cifs.ko. Setting CIFSMaxBufSize to a very large value will cause cifs to use more memory and may reduce performance in some cases. To use rsize greater than 127K (the original cifs protocol maximum) also requires that the server support a new Unix Capability flag (for very large read) which some newer servers (e.g. Samba 3.0.26 or later) do. rsize can be set from a minimum of 2048 to a maximum of 130048 (127K or CIFSMaxBufSize, whichever is smaller)
wsize=bytes
-
Maximum amount of data that the kernel will send in a write request in bytes. Prior to RHEL6.2 kernels, the default and maximum was 57344 (14 * 4096 pages). As of RHEL6.2, the default depends on whether the client and server negotiate large writes via POSIX extensions. If they do then the default is 1M, and the maximum allowed is 16M. If they do not, then the default is 65536 and the
maximum allowed is 131007.
Note that this value is just a starting point for negotiation. The client and server may negotiate this size downward according to the server's capabilities.
fsc
-
Enable local disk caching using FS-Cache for CIFS. This option could be useful to improve performance on a slow link, heavily loaded server and/or network where reading from the disk is faster than reading from the server (over the network). This could also impact the scalability positively as the number of calls to the server are reduced. But, be warned that local caching is not suitable for all workloads, for e.g., read-once type workloads. So, you need to consider carefully the situation/workload before using this option. Currently, local disk caching is enabled for CIFS files opened as read-only.
NOTE: This feature is available only in the recent kernels that have been built with the kernel config option CONFIG_CIFS_FSCACHE. You also need to have cachefilesd daemon installed and running to make the cache operational.
multiuser
-
Map user accesses to individual credentials when accessing the server. By default, CIFS mounts only use a single set of user credentials (the mount credentials) when accessing a share. With this option, the client instead creates a new session with the server using the user's credentials whenever a new user accesses the mount. Further accesses by that user will also use those credentials. Because the kernel cannot prompt for passwords, multiuser mounts are limited to mounts using sec= options that don't require passwords.
With this change, it's feasible for the server to handle permissions enforcement, so this option also implies "noperm". Furthermore, when unix extensions aren't in use and the administrator has not overriden ownership using the uid= or gid= options, ownership of files is presented as the current user accessing the share.
actimeo=arg
-
The time (in seconds) that the CIFS client caches attributes of a file or
directory before it requests attribute information from a server. During this
period the changes that occur on the server remain undetected until the client
checks the server again.
By default, the attribute cache timeout is set to 1 second. This means more frequent on-the-wire calls to the server to check whether attributes have changed which could impact performance. With this option users can make a tradeoff between performance and cache metadata correctness, depending on workload needs. Shorter timeouts mean better cache coherency, but frequent increased number of calls to the server. Longer timeouts mean a reduced number of calls to the server but looser cache coherency. The actimeo value is a positive integer that can hold values between 0 and a maximum value of 2^30 * HZ (frequency of timer interrupt) setting.
noposixpaths
- If unix extensions are enabled on a share, then the client will typically allow filenames to include any character besides '/' in a pathname component, and will use forward slashes as a pathname delimiter. This option prevents the client from attempting to negotiate the use of posix-style pathnames to the server.
posixpaths
- Inverse of noposixpaths.
prefixpath=
- It's possible to mount a subdirectory of a share. The preferred way to do this is to append the path to the UNC when mounting. However, it's also possible to do the same by setting this option and providing the path there.
--verbose
-
Print additional debugging information for the mount. Note that this parameter must be specified before the -o. For example:
mount -t cifs //server/share /mnt --verbose -o user=username
SERVICE FORMATTING AND DELIMITERS
It's generally preferred to use forward slashes (/) as a delimiter in service names. They are considered to be the "universal delimiter" since they are generally not allowed to be embedded within path components on Windows machines and the client can convert them to blackslashes (\) unconditionally. Conversely, backslash characters are allowed by POSIX to be part of a path component, and can't be automatically converted in the same way.
mount.cifs will attempt to convert backslashes to forward slashes where it's able to do so, but it cannot do so in any path component following the sharename.
INODE NUMBERS
When Unix Extensions are enabled, we use the actual inode number provided by the server in response to the POSIX calls as an inode number.
When Unix Extensions are disabled and "serverino" mount option is enabled there is no way to get the server inode number. The client typically maps the server-assigned "UniqueID" onto an inode number.
Note that the UniqueID is a different value from the server inode number. The UniqueID value is unique over the scope of the entire server and is often greater than 2 power 32. This value often makes programs that are not compiled with LFS (Large File Support), to trigger a glibc EOVERFLOW error as this won't fit in the target structure field. It is strongly recommended to compile your programs with LFS support (i.e. with -D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64) to prevent this problem. You can also use "noserverino" mount option to generate inode numbers smaller than 2 power 32 on the client. But you may not be able to detect hardlinks properly.
CIFS/NTFS ACL, SID/UID/GID MAPPING, SECURITY DESCRIPTORS
This option is used to work with file objects which posses Security Descriptors and CIFS/NTFS ACL instead of UID, GID, file permission bits, and POSIX ACL as user authentication model. This is the most common authentication model for CIFS servers and is the one used by Windows.Support for this requires both CIFS_XATTR and CIFS_ACL support in the CIFS configuration options when building the cifs module.
A CIFS/NTFS ACL is mapped to file permission bits using an algorithm specified in the following Microsoft TechNet document:
Security descriptors for a file object can be retrieved and set directly using extended attribute named system.cifs_acl. The security descriptors presented via this interface are "raw" blobs of data and need a userspace utility to either parse and format or to assemble it.
Some of the things to consider while using this mount option:
- * There may be an increased latency when handling metadata due to additional requests to get and set security descriptors.
- * The mapping between a CIFS/NTFS ACL and POSIX file permission bits is imperfect and some ACL information may be lost in the translation.
- * While RHEL6 supports the mapping of permission bits to windows ACLs, it does not map the owner SIDs to UID/GID or vice versa.
ACCESSING FILES WITH BACKUP INTENT
For an user on the server, desired access to a file is determined by the permissions and rights associated with that file. This is typically accomplished using owenrship and ACL. For a user who does not have access rights to a file, it is still possible to access that file for a specific or a targeted purpose by granting special rights. One of the specific purposes is to access a file with the intent to either backup or restore i.e. backup intent. The right to access a file with the backup intent can typically be granted by making that user a part of the built-in group Backup Operators. Thus, when this user attempts to open a file with the backup intent, open request is sent by setting the bit FILE_OPEN_FOR_BACKUP_INTENT as one of the CreateOptions.
As an example, on a Windows server, a user named testuser, cannot open this file with such a security descriptor.
REVISION:0x1
CONTROL:0x9404
OWNER:Administrator
GROUP:Domain Users
ACL:Administrator:ALLOWED/0x0/FULL
But the user testuser, if it becomes part of the group Backup Operators, can open the file with the backup intent.
Any user on the client side who can authenticate as such a user on the server, can access the files with the backup intent. But it is desirable and preferable for security reasons amongst many, to restrict this special right.
The mount option backupuid is used to restrict this special right to a user which is specified by either a name or an id. The mount option backupgid is used to restrict this special right to the users in a group which is specified by either a name or an id. These two mount options can be used together.
FILE AND DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS
The core CIFS protocol does not provide unix ownership information or mode for files and directories. Because of this, files and directories will generally appear to be owned by whatever values the uid= or gid= options are set, and will have permissions set to the default file_mode and dir_mode for the mount. Attempting to change these values via chmod/chown will return success but have no effect.
When the client and server negotiate unix extensions, files and directories will be assigned the uid, gid, and mode provided by the server. Because CIFS mounts are generally single-user, and the same credentials are used no matter what user accesses the mount, newly created files and directories will generally be given ownership corresponding to whatever credentials were used to mount the share.
If the uid's and gid's being used do not match on the client and server, the forceuid and forcegid options may be helpful. Note however, that there is no corresponding option to override the mode. Permissions assigned to a file when forceuid or forcegid are in effect may not reflect the the real permissions.
When unix extensions are not negotiated, it's also possible to emulate them locally on the server using the "dynperm" mount option. When this mount option is in effect, newly created files and directories will receive what appear to be proper permissions. These permissions are not stored on the server however and can disappear at any time in the future (subject to the whims of the kernel flushing out the inode cache). In general, this mount option is discouraged.
It's also possible to override permission checking on the client altogether via the noperm option. Server-side permission checks cannot be overriden. The permission checks done by the server will always correspond to the credentials used to mount the share, and not necessarily to the user who is accessing the share.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The variable USER may contain the username of the person to be used to authenticate to the server. The variable can be used to set both username and password by using the format username%password.
The variable PASSWD may contain the password of the person using the client.
The variable PASSWD_FILE may contain the pathname of a file to read the password from. A single line of input is read and used as the password.
NOTES
This command may be used only by root, unless installed setuid, in which case the noeexec and nosuid mount flags are enabled. When installed as a setuid program, the program follows the conventions set forth by the mount program for user mounts, with the added restriction that users must be able to chdir() into the mountpoint prior to the mount in order to be able to mount onto it.
Some samba client tools like smbclient(8) honour client-side configuration parameters present in smb.conf. Unlike those client tools, mount.cifs ignores smb.conf completely.
CONFIGURATION
The primary mechanism for making configuration changes and for reading debug information for the cifs vfs is via the Linux /proc filesystem. In the directory /proc/fs/cifs are various configuration files and pseudo files which can display debug information. There are additional startup options such as maximum buffer size and number of buffers which only may be set when the kernel cifs vfs (cifs.ko module) is loaded. These can be seen by running the modinfo utility against the file cifs.ko which will list the options that may be passed to cifs during module installation (device driver load). For more information see the kernel file fs/cifs/README.
BUGS
Mounting using the CIFS URL specification is currently not supported.
The credentials file does not handle usernames or passwords with leading space.
Note that the typical response to a bug report is a suggestion to try the latest version first. So please try doing that first, and always include which versions you use of relevant software when reporting bugs (minimum: mount.cifs (try mount.cifs -V), kernel (see /proc/version) and server type you are trying to contact.
VERSION
This man page is correct for version 1.74 of the cifs vfs filesystem (roughly Linux kernel 3.0).
SEE ALSO
Documentation/filesystems/cifs.txt and fs/cifs/README in the linux kernel source tree may contain additional options and information.
cifs.upcall(8)
AUTHOR
Steve French
The syntax and manpage were loosely based on that of smbmount. It was converted to Docbook/XML by Jelmer Vernooij.
The maintainer of the Linux cifs vfs and the userspace tool mount.cifs is Steve French. The Linux CIFS Mailing list is the preferred place to ask questions regarding these programs.
Index
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- OPTIONS
- SERVICE FORMATTING AND DELIMITERS
- INODE NUMBERS
- CIFS/NTFS ACL, SID/UID/GID MAPPING, SECURITY DESCRIPTORS
- ACCESSING FILES WITH BACKUP INTENT
- FILE AND DIRECTORY OWNERSHIP AND PERMISSIONS
- ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
- NOTES
- CONFIGURATION
- BUGS
- VERSION
- SEE ALSO
- AUTHOR
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:27 GMT, December 24, 2015


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Rand kept them moving through the night, allowing only a brief stop at dawn, to rest the horses. And to allow Loial rest. With the Horn of Valere in its gold-and-silver chest occupying his saddle, the Ogier walked or trotted ahead of his big horse, never complaining, never slowing them. Sometime during the night they had crossed the border of Cairhien.
“I want to see it again,” Selene said as they halted. She dismounted and strode to Loial’s horse. Their shadows, long and thin, pointed west from the sun just peeking over the horizon. “Bring it down for me, alantin.” Loial began to undo the straps. “The Horn of Valere.”
“No,” Rand said, climbing down from Red’s back. “Loial, no.” The Ogier looked from Rand to Selene, his ears twitching doubtfully, but he took his hands away.
“I want to see the Horn,” Selene demanded. Rand was sure she was no older than he, but at that moment she suddenly seemed as old and as cold as the mountains, and more regal than Queen Morgase at her haughtiest.
“I think we should keep the dagger shielded,” Rand said. “For all I know, looking at it may be as bad as touching it. Let it stay where it is until I can put it in Mat’s hands. He—he can take it to the Aes Sedai.” And what price will they demand for that Healing? But he hasn’t any choice. He felt a little guilty over feeling relief that he, at least, was through with Aes Sedai. I am done with them. One way or another.
“The dagger! All you seem to care about is that dagger. I told you to be rid of it. The Horn of Valere, Rand.”
“No.”
She came to him, a sway in her walk that made him feel as if he had something caught in his throat. “All I want is to see it in the light of day. I won’t even touch it. You hold it. It would be something for me to remember, you holding the Horn of Valere in your hands.”
Something to remember—when she had gone . . . He could close the dagger up again as soon as the Horn was out of the chest. It would be something to hold the Horn in his hands where he could see it in the light.
He wished he knew more of the Prophecies of the Dragon. The one time he heard a merchant’s guard telling a part of it, back in Emond’s Field, Nynaeve had broken a broom across the man’s shoulders. None of the little he had heard mentioned the Horn of Valere.
Aes Sedai trying to make me do what they want. Selene was still gazing intently into his eyes, her face so young and beautiful that he wanted to kiss her despite what he was thinking. He had never seen an Aes Sedai act the way she did, and she looked young, not ageless. A girl my age couldn’t be Aes Sedai. But . . .
“Selene,” he said softly, “are you an Aes Sedai?”
“Aes Sedai,” she almost spat, flinging his hands away. “Aes Sedai! Always you hurl that at me!” She took a deep breath and smoothed her dress, as if gathering herself. “I am what and who I am. And I am no Aes Sedai!” And she wrapped herself in a silent coldness that made even the morning sun seem chill.
Loial and Hurin bore it all with as good a grace as they could manage, trying to make conversation and hiding their embarrassment when she froze them with a look. They rode on.
By the time they made camp that night beside a mountain stream that provided fish for their supper, Selene seemed to have regained some of her temper, chatting with the Ogier about books, speaking kindly to Hurin.
She barely spoke to Rand, though, unless he spoke first, either that evening or the following day as they rode through mountains that reared on either side of them like huge, jagged gray walls, ever climbing. But whenever he looked at her, she was watching him and smiling. Sometimes it was the sort of smile that made him smile back, sometimes the sort that made him clear his throat and blush at his own thoughts, and sometimes the mysterious, knowing smile that Egwene sometimes wore. It was a kind of smile that always put his back up—but at least it was a smile.
She can’t be Aes Sedai.
The way began to slope downwards, and with the promise of twilight in the air, Kinslayer’s Dagger at last gave way to hills, rolling and round, with more brush than trees, more thickets than forest. There was no road, just a dirt track, such as might be used by a few carts now and again. Fields carved some of the hills into terraces, fields full of crops but empty of people at this hour. None of the scattered farm buildings lay close enough to the path they rode for Rand to make out more than that they were all made of stone.
When he saw the village ahead, lights already twinkled in a few windows against the coming of night.
“We’ll sleep in beds tonight,” he said.
“That I will enjoy, Lord Rand.” Hurin laughed. Loial nodded agreement.
“A village inn,” Selene sniffed. “Dirty, no doubt, and full of unwashed men swilling ale. Why can’t we sleep under the stars again? I find I enjoy sleeping under the stars.”
“You would not enjoy it if Fain caught up with us while we slept,” Rand said, “him and those Trollocs. He’s coming after me, Selene. After the Horn, too, but it is me he can find. Why do you think I’ve kept such a close watch these past nights?”
“If Fain catches us, you will deal with him.” Her voice was coolly confident. “And there could be Darkfriends in the village, too.”
“But even if they knew who we are, they can’t do much with the rest of the villagers around. Not unless you think everyone in the village is a Darkfriend.”
“And if they discover you carry the Horn? Whether you want greatness or not, even farmers dream of it.”
“She is right, Rand,” Loial said. “I fear even farmers might want to take it.”
“Unroll your blanket, Loial, and throw it over the chest. Keep it covered.” Loial complied, and Rand nodded. It was obvious there was a box or chest beneath the Ogier’s striped blanket, but nothing suggested it was more than a travel chest. “My Lady’s chest of clothes,” Rand said with a grin and a bow.
Selene met his sally with silence and an unreadable look. After a moment, they started on again.
Almost immediately, off to Rand’s left, a glitter from the setting sun reflected from something on the ground. Something large. Something very large, by the light it threw up. Curious, he turned his horse that way.
“My Lord?” Hurin said. “The village?”
“I just want to see this first,” Rand said. It’s brighter than sunlight on water. What can it be?
His eyes on the reflection, he was surprised when Red suddenly stopped. On the point of urging the bay on, he realized that they stood on the edge of a clay precipice, above a huge excavation. Most of the hill had been dug away to a depth of easily a hundred paces. Certainly more than one hill had vanished, and maybe some farmers’ fields, for the hole was at least ten times as wide as it was deep. The far side appeared to have been packed hard to a ramp. There were men on the bottom, a dozen of them, getting a fire started; down there, night was already descending. Here and there among them armor turned the light, and swords swung at their sides. He hardly glanced at them.
Out of the clay at the bottom of the pit slanted a gigantic stone hand holding a crystal sphere, and it was this that shone with the last sunlight. Rand gaped at the size of it, a smooth ball—he was sure not so much as a scratch marred its surface—at least twenty paces through.
Some distance away from the hand, a stone face in proportion had been uncovered. A bearded man’s face, it thrust out of the soil with the dignity of vast years; the broad features seemed to hold wisdom and knowledge.
Unsummoned, the void formed, whole and complete in an instant, saidin glowing, beckoning. So intent was he on the face and the hand that he did not even realize what had happened. He had once heard a ship captain speak of a giant hand holding a huge crystal sphere; Bayle Domon had claimed it stuck out of a hill on the island of Tremalking.
“This is dangerous,” Selene said. “Come away, Rand.”
“I believe I can find a way down there,” he said absently. Saidin sang to him. The huge ball seemed to glow white with the light of the sinking sun. It seemed to him that in the depths of the crystal, light swirled and danced in time to the song of saidin. He wondered why the men below did not appear to notice.
Selene rode close and took hold of his arm. “Please, Rand, you must come away.” He looked at her hand, puzzled, then followed her arm up to her face. She seemed genuinely worried, perhaps even afraid. “If this bank doesn’t give way beneath our horses and break our necks with the fall, those men are guards, and no one puts guards on something they wish every passerby to examine. What good will it do you to avoid Fain, if some lord’s guards arrest you? Come away.”
Suddenly—a drifting, distant thought—he realized that the void surrounded him. Saidin sang, and the sphere pulsed—even without looking, he could feel it—and the thought came that if he sang the song saidin sang, that huge stone face would open its mouth and sing with him. With him and with saidin. All one.
“Please, Rand,” Selene said. “I will go to the village with you. I won’t mention the Horn again. Only come away!”
He released the void . . . and it did not go. Saidin crooned, and the light in the sphere beat like a heart. Like his heart. Loial, Hurin, Selene, they all stared at him, but they seemed oblivious to the glorious blaze from the crystal. He tried to push the void away. It held like granite; he floated in an emptiness as hard as stone. The song of saidin, the song of the sphere, he could feel them quivering along his bones. Grimly, he refused to give in, reached deep inside himself . . . I will not . . .
“Rand.” He did not know whose voice it was.
. . . reached for the core of who he was, the core of what he was . . .
. . . will not . . .
“Rand.”
Light filled him, blinded him.
“Till shade is gone,” he mumbled, “till water is gone . . . ”
Power filled him. He was one with the sphere.
“ . . . into the Shadow with teeth bared . . . ”
The power was his. The Power was his.
“ . . . to spit in Sightblinder’ s eye . . . ”
Power to Break the World.
“ . . . on the last day!” It came out as a shout, and the void was gone. Red shied at his cry; clay crumbled under the stallion’s hoof, spilling into the pit. The big bay went to his knees. Rand leaned forward, gathering the reins, and Red scrambled to safety, away from the edge.
They were all staring at him, he saw. Selene, Loial, Hurin, all of them. “What happened?” The void . . . He touched his forehead. The void had not gone when he released it, and the glow of saidin had grown stronger, and . . . He could not remember anything more. Saidin. He felt cold. “Did I . . . do something?” He frowned, trying to remember. “Did I say something?”
“You just sat there stiff as a statue,” Loial said, “mumbling to yourself no matter what anyone said. I couldn’t make out what you were saying, not until you shouted ‘day!’ loud enough to wake the dead and nearly put your horse over the edge. Are you ill? You’re acting more and more oddly every day.”
“I’m not sick,” Rand said harshly, then softened it. “I am all right, Loial.” Selene watched him warily.
From the pit came the sound of men calling, the words indistinguishable.
“Lord Rand,” Hurin said, “I think those guards have finally noticed us. If they know a way up this side, they could be here any minute.”
“Yes,” Selene said. “Let us leave here quickly.”
Rand glanced at the excavation, then away again, quickly. The great crystal held nothing except reflected light from the evening sun, but he did not want to look at it. He could almost remember . . . something about the sphere. “I don’t see any reason to wait for them. We didn’t do anything. Let’s find an inn.” He turned Red toward the village, and they soon left pit and shouting guards behind.
As many villages did, Tremonsien covered the top of a hill, but like the farms they had passed, this hill had been sculpted into terraces with stone retaining walls. Square stone houses sat on precise plots of land, with exact gardens behind, along a few straight streets that crossed each other at right angles. The necessity of a curve to streets going around the hill seemed begrudged.
Yet the people seemed open and friendly enough, pausing to nod to each other as they hurried about their last chores before nightfall. They were a short folk—none taller than Rand’s shoulder, and few as tall as Hurin—with dark eyes and pale, narrow faces, and dressed in dark clothes except for a few who wore slashes of color across the chest. Smells of cooking—oddly spiced, to Rand’s nose—filled the air, though a handful of goodwives still hung over their doors to talk; the doors were split, so the top could stand open while the bottom was closed. The people eyed the newcomers curiously, with no sign of hostility. A few stared a moment longer at Loial, an Ogier walking alongside a horse as big as a Dhurran stallion, but never more than a moment longer.
The inn, at the very top of the hill, was stone like every other building in the town, and plainly marked by a painted sign hanging over the wide doors. The Nine Rings. Rand swung down with a smile and tied Red to one of the hitching posts out front. “The Nine Rings” had been one of his favorite adventure stories when he was a boy; he supposed it still was.
Selene still seemed uneasy when he helped her dismount. “Are you all right?” he asked. “I didn’t frighten you back there, did I? Red would never fall over a cliff with me.” He wondered what had really happened.
“You terrified me,” she said in a tight voice, “and I do not frighten easily.  ” She smoothed her dress. “Ride with me. Tonight. Now. Bring the Horn, and I will stay by your side forever. Think of it. Me by your side, and the Horn of Valere in your hands. And that will only be the beginning, I promise. What more could you ask for?”
Rand shook his head. “I can’t, Selene. The Horn . . . ” He looked around. A man looked out his window across the way, then twitched the curtains closed; evening darkened the street, and there was no one else in sight now except Loial and Hurin. “The Horn is not mine. I told you that.”


--- layout: page title: Hi, I'm Richiely Paiva subtitle: Full-Stack Developer use-site-title: true ---
My name is Richiely Paiva, I'm a Developer with Specialization at Web and Mobile Full-Stack Development. I work at Auvo Tecnologia.
As a professional, I strive each day to pursue my career focused on the goals of the engaged projects, always valuing code quality, teamwork and good communication. A dev, always seeking knowledge.
I love computing 💻 as I love 🍕 and 🍻, good music 🎧, travel 🚀 🌄, movies 🎬, soccer ⚽ and video games 🎮.
I have experience in:


VMKit related publications
2010
- VMKit: a Substrate for Managed Runtime Environments
Nicolas Geoffray, Gael Thomas, Julia Lawall, Gilles Muller, Bertil Folliot
Proc. of the Virtual Execution Environments Conference (VEE'10), Pittsburgh, USA, Mar. 2010
2009
- Fostering Systems Research with Managed Runtimes
Nicolas Geoffray
PhD Thesis, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France, Sep. 2009 - I-JVM: a Java Virtual Machine for Component Isolation in OSGi
Nicolas Geoffray, Gael Thomas, Gilles Muller, Pierre Parrend, Stephane Frenot, Bertil Folliot
Proc. of the Dependable Systems and Network Conference (DSN'09), Estoril, Portugal, Jun. 2009
2008
- A Lazy Developer Approach: Building a JVM with Third Party Software
Nicolas Geoffray, Gael Thomas, Charles Clement, Bertil Folliot
Proc. of the Principles and Practice of Programming in Java (PPPJ'08), Modena, Italy Sep. 2008 - Towards a new Isolation Abstraction for OSGi
Nicolas Geoffray, Gael Thomas, Charles Clement, Bertil Folliot
Proc. of the Isolation and Integration in Embedded Systems (IIES'08), Glasgow, Scotland, Apr. 2008


EntireNews offers recommended, summarized news articles in a short and crisp format from multiple news sources per the user's choice.
We understand you don’t have time to go through long news articles everyday. So we cut the clutter and deliver them.
 We pick-up articles from all your favourite sources and present them. You choose the source that interest you, all within the app.
Our amazing Recomendation System Engine, gives the users recomended News per their choice
Our NLP Summarization System uses Natural Laguage Techniquies to summarize the news article in 5 short and cript format
The Trending-System helps you catch up with what's trending on Earth
Display a list of various news articles fron a selected source.
View and read an entire atricle in uiser friendly full screen view.
Coverage from Various news sources in one app based on your choice.
Send us a message, or contact us from the address below
Entire News Pvt Ltd. 5469 N Cedar Ave APT#240 Fresno,CA P:<PHONE_NUMBER>


Welcome
to the
Click
here for more about this website
Click here to go to the MCHS
website
Click here to go to the MCC
of OGS website
|
CDs of important |
Indices and Errata of Books on CDs
Death Record Book # 1 (1867 1891)
Death Record Book # 2 (1891 1908)
Birth Book # 1
(1867 1878) (425 pages)
Indices for
The
Several
of the record books have their own indices.
These indices are also being photographed and included on their
respective CDs. Since they are
photographs of the indices that appear in the book, however, they can be read
visually but cannot be computer-searched.
Obviously, if the CDs had a computer searchable index (CSI), they would
be much more useful to the user of the CD.
As part of this project, a CSI is planned for key record books such as
death, birth, and marriage records.
The
initial CDs that have been made have only the photographed index. That is, they do not contain the CSI. As a service to the purchasers of these
initial CDs (that is, the CDs purchased before a CSI became available) the CSI
for record books will be put on-line below as they become available. Purchasers of CDs can search these CSIs on
line or may copy them for use with their CDs.
Please
understand that the translation of the index in the record book to the CSI
format is a slow and arduous task.
Please visit this page often to see which new CSIs have been added. Also, please understand that these CSIs are
large and may require some time to load.
In a project of this size it is inevitable that some
errors will occur. Errors that are found
are corrected, wherever possible and as soon as possible. Also, as errors are discovered, they will be
posted here along with any correction.
Birth Book # 1 (1867 1878) (425 pages) (Click on
the specific errata to access)
Death Record Book # 1 (1867 1891)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M Mc N O P R S T U V W Y Z
Death Record Book # 2 (1891 1908)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M Mc N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z
Index
of Deaths (1908 1984)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* These numbers are calculated estimates based on
population and death rate data. As we
develop better estimates based on data from the actual records, the revised
numbers will be posted.
Provided by Richard
Harrington


gts-cache
gts-caches are files that are kept in user cache directories to avoid re-executing previously executed commands. By using a gts-cache, gts(1) commands will not only skip the command specific computations but also parsing, which can provide significant performance boosts in certain scenarios. A cache file consists of a header which contains information for validating the content of the cache file, and a body which can be any form of data of any length.
A gts(1) command will first check for the availability of a cache. This is done by computing a SHA-1 hash value using the inputs given to the command. First, the primary input file is digested to produce an input sum. Other inputs to the command is combined into a list of key-value pairs along with the name of the command and the command version. This list is then serialized and digested to produce the data sum. The input sum and data sum are concatenated and digested to produce the output sum. This output sum will then be encoded as a hexadecimal string, and this value will be used as the cache filename.
If a cache file with the computed filename does not exist, a command will attempt to create a cache file unless caching is disabled or an output file is specified explicitly. This means that even if caching is enabled, the cache file will only be created if the command is writing to standard output. Furthermore, a cache file will be deleted if an output file is specified by the user. This is done to minimize duplicate data from existing within the system. While caches do provide temporal benefits, they do occupy disk space which is generally undesierable. Therefore, gts(1) commands will try to minimize the amount of cache existing within the system at a given moment. Once the cache file is created, the input sum, data sum and the hash value of the digested body designated the body sum will be written into the file comprising the header, followed by the body content.
If a cache file with the computed filename does exist, a command will attempt to open the file unless caching is disabled. Once open, the header is read to verify that the input sum and data sum produces an output sum whose hexadecimal encoding is identical to the filename. The body is then digested to also verify that the body content is intact. If either of this verification fails, the cache is immediately discarded and a new cache file is created. If both verifications pass, the body content is then written to the specified output stream. If the output is a file explicitly specified by the user, the cache file is removed.
gts(1), gts-cache(1), gts-cache-list(1), gts-cache-path(1), gts-cache-purge(1)


Ab0ut
Services
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J0e Van G0gh C0ffee R0asters
Bitsy Cakes


Derek Eder
@derekeder
RT @SDaitch: Love the @Google doodle today, but some info under "key dates" is wrong for Michigan. Ballots need to be postmarked by Nov. 2,…
9/22/2020, 10:27:19 AM
Favs: 0
Retweets: 0
link← @derekeder Twitter archive
Derek Eder
@derekeder
RT @SDaitch: Love the @Google doodle today, but some info under "key dates" is wrong for Michigan. Ballots need to be postmarked by Nov. 2,…
9/22/2020, 10:27:19 AM
Favs: 0
Retweets: 0
link


Play Pause Resume Step
Excite all objects Enable gravity Disable gravity Reset system
Number of game objects:
Frame per second:
Memory heap size: /


--- layout: default title: Repository Size permalink: /repos-size ---
Shows how many repositories are larger than 1GB.
GitHub recommends to keep the repository size below 1 GB. Repositories above that limit require usually more extensive resources for the automated repository maintenance which can affect the overall health of the appliance.
You can reach out to GitHub Professional Services if you want help to shrink your repositories.
The top 50 largest repositories sorted by their size.


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Biographical Sketch of Catherine
Lehew
In 1917, while living in Wetzel
County, 'Teeny' Catherine Lehew married Berl Leek (1896-1964), the son of
Elisha and Emma Morgan Leek. They lived in Wetzel County, where Berl worked for
the B&O Railroad, until 1926 when they moved to Marshall County, where Berl
found work with the Hanna Coal Company until 1929. During the Depression, they moved back to the farm in Porters
Falls. They lived there until 1935,
then moved back into Marshall County.
In the early 1930's, Berl went to work for the Powhatan Mining Company
and worked until 1943. In 1949, Berl
and Catherine moved to a farm near Clarington, Ohio. Berl died of leukemia in 1964, and Catherine died in 1977, while
living with her daughter in Powhatan Point, Ohio. Both are buried in the Powhatan Cemetery.
Provided by Betty Latta Kitchen
Click here for the Short-Cut Table of Contents


To deploy your own copy, and learn the fundamentals of the Heroku platform, head over to the
Getting Started with Java on Heroku
tutorial.
Edit company form
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This site details the official style of Red Hat technical documentation, including how to write for translation, common mistakes to avoid, rules for everyday punctuation, grammar, and a dedicated guide to Docbook XML usage.
It's all about style
This site details the official style of Red Hat technical documentation, including how to write for translation, common mistakes to avoid, rules for everyday punctuation, grammar, and a dedicated guide to Docbook XML usage.


Environmental Conservation Awareness
Environmental awareness is to understand the fragility of our environment and the importance of its protection. Promoting environmental awareness is an easy way to become an environmental steward and participate in creating a brighter future for our children.
Our Campaign
To define environmental awareness we must first understand the environmentalist movement. Environmentalism is an ideology that evokes the necessity and responsibility of humans to respect, protect, and preserve the natural world from its anthropogenic (caused by humans) afflictions. Environmental awareness is an integral part of the movement’s success. By teaching our friends and family that the physical environment is fragile and indispensable, we can begin fixing the problems that threaten it.
Some Of The Environmental Issues
Here are several cause-and-effect problems that harm our environment:
- Oil Drilling
- Deforestation
- Production of Plastic Goods
Let's All Conserve Our Environment
Before you can begin promoting environmental awareness in your community, you must first make sure that you have a thorough understanding of environmental issues. Stay up to date on environmental news, read books and other resources, and learn about the issues affecting your own community. It’s much easier to talk to others about the environment if you’ve already taken the time to educate yourself.
Be Part Of The Solution
After you’ve chosen an issue and educated yourself, engage your community, family, and friends in a conversation about the issue’s urgency and importance. By engaging your community in the conversation, you are not only promoting environmental awareness, but you may also find opportunities to participate in communal projects or to get involved in other related causes.


It is well said that smart brains read!.Here are the few things I start my day with.
All fictional, love and romance,actions,adventure.Get your copy now!
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Hello


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Analysis Platform for Risk, Resilience and Expenditure in Disasters
Start Using APRED
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vec4 scene( Ray ray ){ vec4 hit = vec4( POSITIVE_INF, vec3(0.0) ); Sphere SURF1 = Sphere( vec3(0.0,0.0,0.0), 1.0 ); Sphere SURF2 = Sphere( vec3(1.0,0.0,0.0), 0.75 ); Sphere SURF3 = Sphere( vec3(0.0,1.0,0.0), 0.75 ); vec2 ts1; ADD( SURF1 ); SUB( SURF2 ); SUB( SURF3 ); return hit; }


Mue, for the modern web.
Mue Tab is a transparent, fast and free new tab made for the modern web.
DownloadMue Tab is a transparent, fast and free new tab made for the modern web.
DownloadMue Tab utilises many technologies, to increase it's efficiency and overall speed and smoothness for the user, while remaining non-intrusive and with low resource usage.
At Mue, transparency is key. We strive for complete end to end transparency, we collect no personal data and if you would like to check yourself, all the code is open source on GitHub.
Mue has settings inside the new tab, which allow it to be customized such as background blur and toggling whether elements should appear or not. All of this is locally stored and not shared with a server.


Markup as Text
This problem is simple and requires very little explanation. Yet it occurs altogether too often.
The following example should be familiar to most:
…

There are cases in which this can be needed, notably if the HTML being transmitted as text is unsafe. But as a general rule, if you have structure, keep it as structure — dont’t hide it as text.


This Vagrant VM is customized with pre-confgured endpoints and sample imagery. For more information, visit (github URL)
This package has 4 endpoints configured for the following EPSG projections: 4326 (geographic), 3857 (webmercator), 3413 (arctic), and 3857 (antarctic).
Each endpoint is configured with NASA's Blue Marble imagery. The EPSG 4326 endpoint also has MODIS aerosol data.
For ease of use, each WMTS endpoint has an OpenLayers client for browsing the imagery.
This demo also includes a Mapserver configuration that can be used to access the demo imagery. OpenLayers endpoints are included that use Mapserver as a WMS service.
Blue Marble/MODIS Aerosol EPSG 4326 (/onearth/demo/wmts/geo/)
Blue Marble EPSG 3857 (/onearth/demos/wmts/webmerc/)
Blue Marble EPSG 3413 (/onearth/demos/wmts/arctic/)
Blue Marble EPSG 3031 (/onearth/demos/wmts/antarctic/)
Sample WMTS tile request: /onearth/demo/wmts/geo/wmts.cgi?layer=blue_marble&tilematrixset=EPSG4326_1km&Service=WMTS&Request=GetTile&Version=1.0.0&Format=image%2Fjpeg&TileMatrix=2&TileCol=1&TileRow=1
Sample WMTS getCapabilities request: /onearth/demo/wmts/arctic/getCapabilities.xml
Blue Marble /onearth/demo/twms/geo/kmlgen.cgi?layers=blue_marble&TIME=2014-01-01
MODIS Aerosol /onearth/demo/twms/geo/kmlgen.cgi?layers=MYR4ODLOLLDY_global_10km&TIME=2014-10-04
Blue Marble/MODIS Aerosol EPSG 4326 (/onearth/demo/mapserver/geo.html)
Blue Marble EPSG 3857 (/onearth/demos/mapserver/webmerc.html)
Blue Marble EPSG 3413 (/onearth/demos/mapserver/arctic.html)
Blue Marble EPSG 3031 (/onearth/demos/mapserver/antarctic.html)
/onearth/demo/mapserver/mapserver.cgi?map=demo.map&layer=blue_marble_webmerc&mode=map
/onearth/demo/mapserver/mapserver.cgi?map=demo.map&SERVICE=WMS&VERSION=1.1.1&REQUEST=GetCapabilities


A Rate-limited Sidekiq Job - Part 2
In the last post, I talked about an initial approach to a rate limited sidekiq job. Sadly, it didn't scale for us; thousands of jobs were being tried and retried, while all of them exited early as the rate limit had been exceeded.
The implementation we have settled on is slightly different.
Instead of raising an exception when the rate limit had been met (forcing the job back into the queue, only for the next to be tried immediately), we wait.
Our original ratelimited() method changes from
def ratelimited(&:block)
raise "Ratelimit met" if ratelimit.exceeded?(RL_SUBJECT, interval: RL_INTERVAL, threshold: RL_THRESHOLD)
ratelimit.add(RL_SUBJECT)
block.call
end
to
def ratelimited(&:block)
ratelimit.exec_within_threshold(RL_SUBJECT, interval: RL_INTERVAL, threshold: RL_THRESHOLD) do
ratelimit.add(RL_SUBJECT)
block.call
end
end
Here, the Ratelimit gem provides a method which takes a block and executes it if the limit has not been met. Otherwise, it calls sleep() for the remaining duration of the RL_INTERVAL.
Sleeping until the rate limit is no-longer exceeded prevents Sidekiq from thrashing through jobs, but has a drawback. If you have other jobs in the queue, these will be blocked too.
We solve this by running with different Sidekiq queues, one for the rate-limited task (in our case, Strava user sync), another for other tasks. However, we still have a problem, as the strava queue will block the Sidekiq process. To solve this, we specify Sidekiq will run multiple processes, each with a different set of queues.
As we deploy with Capistrano, the sidekiq processes are configured using the capistrano-sidekiq gem.
In '''config/deploy/production.rb'''
set :sidekiq_processes, 2
set :sidekiq_options_per_process, [
"--concurrency 1 --queue strava",
"--concurrency 10 --queue default --queue some_other_queue"
]
Above, we see capistrano-sidekiq properites being set to ensure two separate sidekiq processes are running. Each will run a different queue, and we ask the strava running process to only bother with one thread. More would be fine, but unless the jobs take a long time, one thread can probably saturate the strava API rate limit.
Stay in touch
Hi, I'm James Cowlishaw. Mickey is a minimal one-column theme for Spelt, based on Mickey for Jekyll, by @VincentChan.


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{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block custom_js %} {% endblock custom_js %} {% block content %}
Buzzify your URLs. Make them epic.


Isar735.github.io
Latest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. Find stories, updates and expert opinion. Antananarivo, Madagascar U.S. Embassy Antananarivo alerts U.S. citizens to a plague outbreak which occurs each year in Madagascar. To date, there have been confirmed. “The Plastic Pink Flamingo: Jennifer Price, perspective on the passage and a plan for the development of the essay. The thesis identifies both Price’s. Мы хотели бы показать здесь описание, но сайт, который вы просматриваете, этого не позволяет. Essay on The Plastic Pink Flamingo: a Natural History. 1277974 kwjWXajbWjnQta 投稿者：Archie 投稿日：2008/10/13(Mon) 08:38 HOME More or less not much going on worth mentioning. Pretty much nothing seems worth. Flight Maps: Adventures With Nature In Modern America. Reality Carnival - University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Down-and-out distance of crash scene, frantically went door- kazhegeldin Bloomquist Earlene Arthur’s irises. “My cousin gave me guozhong batan occasioning. Webshots - Highway 30, Columbia River Gorge, Washington. “The Plastic Pink Flamingo: A Natural History”. Страница не найдена. Главная; Совет депутатов; Бюджет; Администрация. Ud creative writing did an analysis either rhetorical price or jennifer, I forget but it was essay writing in this essay. Plastic Pink Flamingos Vegas.
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STUDENT SAMPLE ESSAYS (Price essay / pink flamingo) Sample #1 In her essay “The Plastic Pink Flamingo: A Natural History,” Jennifer Price examines. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search. NetRhythms: A to Z Album and Gig reviews. Since the 1930 s, plastic pink flamingos have been a trendy statement piece at hotels and in yards across the country. Jennifer Price, the author
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Crime Data Analysis & Prediction
This website provides a better visualization of Indian Crimes analysis form period 2001-2010
Indian
Crime Data Analysis & Prediction
This website provides a better visualization of Indian Crimes analysis form period 2001-2010
Crime Against Women
Property Stolen and Recovered
Murder Victims
Murder Causes
Rape Cases


Dec 6, 2015
I discovered what seemed to be a bug at first and what turned out to be a feature later.
Dec 4, 2015
A post on how I go about scraping the Class XII results from CBSE's results website using Python and asyncio.
Mar 1, 2015
The 3-Sum is a popular programming puzzle and is presented to people in many different forms.
May 2, 2014
I explored Clever's API recently while applying for an internship position at the company and I liked how clean, self contained and comprehensive it is.
Feb 24, 2014
A tutorial on ssh-keygen


This scatter plot shows the results Multidimensional Scaling of the dissimilarity matrix of tense tuples.
Please see the project summary for more details.
Filters
Below, you can change the labels and the dimensions displayed on the x- and y-axis.
Click the green button to confirm your selection and update the scatter plot.


|
|
|
Charla Burnett |
| Core focus: Project management |
| Brigade title: Brigade Captain |
| Slack handle: Charla Burnett |
|
|
|
Erik Gillespie |
| Core focus: Project leader |
| Brigade title: Hack night leader |
| Slack handle: Erik |
|
|
|
Robin Miller |
| Core focus: Coder |
| Brigade title: Delivery lead |
| Slack handle: grenewode |
|
|
|
Rick Mason |
| Core focus: Documentation |
| Brigade title: Senior Advisor |
| Slack handle: rickmason |
|
|
|
Medardo Rodriguez |
| Core focus: Coder |
| Brigade title: Member |
| Slack handle: Medardo Rodriguez |
|
|
|
Joe Ryan |
| Core focus: Docker expert |
| Brigade title: Member |
| Slack handle: IAmJoeRyan |
|
|
|


Instructions
On other rounds, you will not get to see the dots; instead, you will be told what another participant thought they saw.
For example, you might be told:
You will then be asked to make a decision.
On other rounds, you will not get to see the dots; instead, you will be told what another participant thought they saw.
For example, you might be told:
You will then be asked to make a decision.


{% extends 'account/main.html' %} {% load static %} {% block content %}
Be sure to have photocopies of their credentials


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Posted: 01 Nov 2015 10:21 PM PST
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Coupon good for a Free 32oz Slush Monkey at Stripes Stores. Good through
11/3. Check locations.
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Narrative Roulette
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DES PSFex¶
Part of the DES module. This file implements one way that DES measures the PSF.
The DES_PSFEx
class handles interpolated PCA images, which are generally stored in *_psfcat.psf
files.
See documentation here: https://www.astromatic.net/pubsvn/software/psfex/trunk/doc/psfex.pdf.
-
class
galsim.des.
DES_PSFEx
(file_name, image_file_name=None, wcs=None, dir=None)[source]¶ Class that handles DES files describing interpolated principal component images of the PSF. These are usually stored as
*_psfcat.psf
files.PSFEx is software written by Emmanuel Bertin. If you want more detail about it, please check out the web site:
It builds PSF objects from images of stars in a given exposure, finds a reasonable basis set to describe those images, and then fits the coefficient of these bases as a function of the
(x,y)
position on the image.Note that while the interpolation is done in image coordinates, GalSim usually deals with object profiles in world coordinates. However, PSFEx does not consider the WCS of the image when building its bases. The bases are built in image coordinates. So there are two options to get GalSim to handle this difference.
Ignore the WCS of the original image. In this case, the *.psf files have all the information you need:
>>> des_psfex = galsim.des.DES_PSFEx(fitpsf_file_name) >>> image_pos = galsim.PositionD(image_x, image_y) # position in pixels on the image >>> # NOT in arcsec on the sky! >>> psf = des_psfex.getPSF(image_pos) # profile is in image coordinates
The psf profile that is returned will be in image coordinates. Therefore, it should be drawn onto an image with no wcs. (Or equivalently, one with
scale = 1
.) If you want to use this to convolve a galaxy profile, you would want to either project the galaxy (typically constructed in world coordinates) to the correct image coordinates or project the PSF up into world coordinates.Build the PSF in world coordinates directly. The DES_PSFEx constructor can take an extra argument, either
image_file_name
orwcs
, to tell GalSim what WCS to use for the coversion between image and world coordinates. The former option is the name of the file from which to read the WCS, which will often be more convenient, but you can also just pass in a WCS object directly.>>> des_psfex = galsim.des.DES_PSFEx(fitpsf_file_name, image_file_name) >>> image_pos = galsim.PositionD(image_x, image_y) # position in pixels on the image >>> # NOT in arcsec on the sky! >>> psf = des_psfex.getPSF(image_pos) # profile is in world coordinates
This time the psf profile that is returned will already be in world coordinates as GalSim normally expects, so you can use it in the normal ways. If you want to draw it (or a convolved object) onto an image with the original WCS at that location, you can use
des_psfex.getLocalWCS(image_pos)
for the local wcs at the location of the PSF.
Note that the returned psf here already includes the pixel. This is what is sometimes called an “effective PSF”. Thus, you should not convolve by the pixel profile again (nor integrate over the pixel). This would effectively include the pixel twice!
In GalSim, you should always pass
method='no_pixel'
when drawing images of objects convolved with PSFs produced with this class. Other drawing methods, such as photon shooting (method='phot'
) or an FFT (method='fft'
), will result in convolving the pixel twice.- Parameters
file_name (string) – The file name to be read in, or a pyfits HDU in which case it is used directly instead of being opened.
image_file_name (string) – The name of the fits file of the original image (needed for the WCS information in the header). If unavailable, you may omit this (or use None), but then the returned profiles will be in image coordinates, not world coordinates. (Default
image_file_name = None
)wcs (object) – Optional way to provide the WCS if you already have it loaded from the image file. (Default
wcs = None
)dir (string) – Optionally a directory name can be provided if the file_name does not already include it. (The image file is assumed to be in the same directory.) (Default
dir = None
). Cannot pass an HDU with this option.
-
getLocalWCS
(image_pos)[source]¶ If the original image was provided to the constructor, this will return the local WCS at a given location in that original image. If not, this will return None.
- Parameters
image_pos (object) – position in pixels in the image.
- Returns
Local WCS.


CObj - Object-oriented C Bindings¶
Introduction¶
The simplest form of object-oriented programming in C is based on a simple convention: an object consists of a structure and a set of functions operating on that structure, e.g.:
typedef struct {
int num;
int denom;
} Fraction;
// creates a new Fraction instance
Fraction* fraction_new(int num, int denom);
// accessor for property 'num'
int fraction_get_numerator(Fraction *this);
// instance method to multiply a fraction with another one
void fraction_multiply(Fraction this, Fraction that);
The struct along with the functions constitute the class Fraction
. Two basic principles establish
the class character, purely by convention:
the struct and its associated functions use a common name prefix (
fraction
)all functions operating on an instance of the struct (i.e. “methods”) take that instance as the first argument.
It is straightforward to use this type from Scala Native @extern
bindings:
@extern
object Fraction {
def fraction_new(num: Int, denom: Int): Ptr[Byte] = extern
def fraction_get_numerator(f: Ptr[Byte]): Int
// ...
}
val f = Fraction.fraction_new(2,3)
val g = Fraction.fraction_new(6,5)
Fraction.fraction_multiply(f,g)
However, this approach does not only result in tedious code, but it is also not type-safe, since instances of any other C class would be represented by a Ptr[Byte] as well.
It would be more idiomatic and safe, if we could use this C type like a normal Scala class, and also define it like one:
import scala.scalanative._
import unsafe._
import cobj._
@CObj
class Fraction {
def getNumerator(): Int = extern
def multiply(that: Fraction): Unit = extern
}
object Fraction {
def apply(num: Int, denom: Int): Fraction = extern
}
val f = Fraction(2,3)
val g = Fraction(6,5)
f.multiply(g)
Indeed, the previous example shows how to define the C type as a Scala class with swog. The following properties distinguish Fraction from a “normal” Scala class:
@CObj
annotation:This is actually a macro annotation that generates the required wrapper code on the fly during compilation. Don’t forget to add this annotation to all classes representing an external C type.
extern
methods:Similar to functions in
@external
objects, the body of external instance methods is replaced withextern
.- Instantiation:
From the user’s point of view, the most notable difference arises on instantiation:
@CObj
classes are (usually) not instantiated usingnew
but by calling a function on its companion object.- Function names:
As it is customary in Scala, the snake_case names of the C functions are replaced with camelCase notation. Furthermore, the leading fraction_ prefix of the C function names has been dropped, since it is superfluous in Scala. However, the mapping between Scala names and C names is configurable, and may be overwritten for every function using the standard
@name
annotation.
Important
As the next sections will explain, swog is quite flexible in how to map a C type with a corresponding set of functions into a Scala class. However there is one hard rule to which the C API must adhere to:
Every C function that operates on an instance of the type, must take a pointer to that type as its first argument.
Basic Principles¶
Naming Convention¶
TODO
Instantiation¶
TODO
De-allocation¶
TODO
Under the Hood & Debugging¶
TODO
Enums¶
TODO
Inheritance¶
TODO
Generics & Wrapper Factories¶
TODO
Out Parameters & Return-by-Value¶
TODO
Implicit Constructor Params¶
TODO


Hello my name's Takeshi Daveau, I'm a web developper specialized in front-end technologies.
Artips // Paris, France
Work on various project from e-learning platform to mobile apps.
Bpifrance // Paris, France
Software maintenance & evolution for for the project Supports Collaborative Projects of Innovation
Objectif Informatique // Paris, France
Development of Tribs, a corporate social network.
Sopra Banking // Brussels, Belgium
IT System migration and User testing of Thaler, a retail banking software.
Polytech'Nantes // Nantes, France
A 3 years diploma in Software Engineering and Information Systems Architecture.
University Institute of Technology // Angers, France
A 2 years diploma in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.


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