Labor and the clean energy industry have rejected the Abbott government's offer of a 26,000 GWh renewable energy target instead of the current 41,000 GWh goal..
Labor rejects Abbott government's first attempt at renewable energy deal
The Guardian, (English)
Last Updated 22 October 2014
Labor rejects Abbott government's first attempt at renewable energy deal
The Guardian, (English)
Last Updated 22 October 2014
Labor and the clean energy industry have rejected the Abbott government's offer of a 26,000 GWh renewable energy target instead of the current 41,000 GWh goal..
Labor rejects Abbott government's first attempt at renewable energy deal
The Guardian, (English)
Last Updated 22 October 2014
Labor and the clean energy industry have rejected the Abbott government's offer of a 26,000 GWh renewable energy target instead of the current 41,000 GWh goal..
Activity of the Week
25 MW El Centro solar plant goes online in California. Built by Spain-based T-Solar Group, the 140-acre facility is expected to generate 55 GWh of electricity per year. The facility required an investment of more than USD 75 M.
Labor rejects Abbott government's first attempt at renewable energy deal
The Guardian, (English)
Last Updated 22 October 2014
The clean energy industry and Labor have immediately rejected the Abbott government's opening gambit in negotiations to find a bipartisan agreement on the future of the renewable energy target.
The government had originally signalled it wanted even deeper cuts to the target - which requires 41,000 gigawatt hours of energy to come from renewable sources by 2020 - and the commssioned businessman and self-professed climate sceptic Dick Warburton to undertake a "review". Its main recommendation was for the target to be slashed to around 16,000 gigawatt hours.
The government had originally signalled it wanted even deeper cuts to the target - which requires 41,000 gigawatt hours of energy to come from renewable sources by 2020 - and the commssioned businessman and self-professed climate sceptic Dick Warburton to undertake a "review". Its main recommendation was for the target to be slashed to around 16,000 gigawatt hours.
Green investment bank to launch £1bn offshore wind fund
The Guardian, (English)
Last Updated 24 June 2014
The government's Green Investment Bank (GIB) has announced plans to raise £1bn to encourage new investors to put money into offshore windfarms.
Unveiling its first set of annual results, the bank said it was looking for long-term investors for a fund managed by a subsidiary that would buy equity stakes in windfarms already in operation. Investors are likely to be pension and sovereigh wealth funds looking for long-term, stabler returns. The fund is a new development for Gib because it raises private money up front for investment in a particular industry instead of investing project by project.
Labor rejects Abbott government's first attempt at renewable energy deal
The Guardian, (English)
Last Updated 22 October 2014
The clean energy industry and Labor have immediately rejected the Abbott government's opening gambit in negotiations to find a bipartisan agreement on the future of the renewable energy target.
The government had originally signalled it wanted even deeper cuts to the target - which requires 41,000 gigawatt hours of energy to come from renewable sources by 2020 - and the commssioned businessman and self-professed climate sceptic Dick Warburton to undertake a "review". Its main recommendation was for the target to be slashed to around 16,000 gigawatt hours.
The government had originally signalled it wanted even deeper cuts to the target - which requires 41,000 gigawatt hours of energy to come from renewable sources by 2020 - and the commssioned businessman and self-professed climate sceptic Dick Warburton to undertake a "review". Its main recommendation was for the target to be slashed to around 16,000 gigawatt hours.


China says it has agreed with the US to cancel tariffs in phases
Gao Feng, the Chinese commerce ministry's spokesperson, said that both the countries must simultaneously start removing some tariffs on each other's goods to ensure they are able to reach a "phase one" deal.
by ReutersChina and the United States have agreed to a phased rollback of tariffs that were imposed during the course of their months-long trade war, the Chinese commerce ministry told Reuters on November 7.
Gao Feng, the Chinese commerce ministry's spokesperson, said that both the countries must simultaneously start removing some tariffs on each other's goods to ensure they are able to reach a "phase one" deal.
The removal of tariffs is an important condition for the sparring countries to come to an agreement, he said at a press briefing.
"The trade war started with tariffs, and should end with the cancellation of tariffs," Gao told reporters.
He did not, however, give a timeline.
Chinese negotiators wanted the US to drop the 15 percent tariff that went into effect on September 1 on about $125 billion worth of Chinese goods, a source previously told Reuters.
They are also seeking relief from earlier 25 percent tariffs on about $250 billion of imports from machinery and semiconductors to furniture.
A deal may be signed this month by US President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping at a yet-to-be determined location.
Dozens of venues have been suggested for a meeting, which had originally been scheduled to take place on the sidelines of a now-cancelled mid-November summit of Asia-Pacific leaders in Chile, a senior official of the Trump administration told Reuters on November 6.
One possible location was London, where the two leaders could meet after a NATO summit that Trump is due to attend from December 3-4, the official said.
Gao declined to say when and where such a meeting could be.
(With inputs from Reuters)
Special Thursday Expiry on 10th 7th Nov
Early Closure to The Great Diwali Discount. Last Chance to get Moneycontrol PRO for a year @ Rs. 289/- only
Coupon code: DIWALI


[1]
moreover complimentary wifi access in cold nights and stress-free to start the day.
[2]
moreover complimentary wifi access in cold nights and stress-free to city centre daily was a good way to start the day.


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0.1.3
Calculate absolute value of a spectrum
(any)
(object)
An object of kind {re:[], im:[]}
Float64Array
:
Throw an error in no an object of x,y arrays
(object
= {}
)
Returns the closest index of a target
in an ordered array
Returns an object with {fromIndex, toIndex} for a specific from / to
(array)
Generate a X / Y of the integral
(object
= {}
)
Object of points contains property x (an ordered increasing array) and y (an array)
(object
= {}
)
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
options.from number?
|
First value for integration in the X scale |
options.fromIndex number
(default 0 )
|
First point for integration |
options.to number?
|
Last value for integration in the X scale |
options.toIndex number
(default x.length-1 )
|
Last point for integration |
options.reverse boolean
(default false )
|
Integrate from the larger value to the smallest value |
{x: [], y: []}
:
A object with the integration function
In place modification of the 2 arrays to make X unique and sum the Y if X has the same value
(object
= {}
)
Object of points contains property x (an ordered increasing array) and y (an array)
number
:
Integration value on the specified range
Finds the max value in a zone
(object
= {}
)
Object of points contains property x (an ordered increasing array) and y (an array)
number
:
Max y on the specified range
Finds the max y value in a range and return a {x,y} point
(object
= {}
)
Object of points contains property x (an ordered increasing array) and y (an array)
object
:
Phase correction filter
(any)
(number
= 0
)
value
(number
= 0
)
value
(object)
An object of kind {re:[], im:[]}
object
:
returns a new object {re:[], im:[]}
Reduce the number of points while keeping the same noise. Practical to display many spectra as SVG
This function performs a circular shift to a new array Positive values of shifts will shift to the right and negative values will do to the left
Array
:
rotate([1,2,3,4],1) -> [4,1,2,3]
rotate([1,2,3,4],-1) -> [2,3,4,1]
Sort object of array, x has to be monotone.
(object)
Object of kind {x:[], re:[], im:[]}.
SD
:
Sort object of array, x has to be monotone.
(object)
Object of kind {x:[], re:[], im:[]}.
SD
:
This function make a zero filling to re and im part.
SD
:


Common Tasks¶
Drivers for some other languages provide helper functions to perform certain common tasks. In the C Driver we must explicitly build commands to send to the server.
Setup¶
First we’ll write some code to insert sample data:
/* Don't try to compile this file on its own. It's meant to be #included
by example code */
/* Insert some sample data */
bool
insert_data (mongoc_collection_t *collection)
{
mongoc_bulk_operation_t *bulk;
enum N { ndocs = 4 };
bson_t *docs[ndocs];
bson_error_t error;
int i = 0;
bool ret;
bulk = mongoc_collection_create_bulk_operation_with_opts (collection, NULL);
docs[0] = BCON_NEW ("x", BCON_DOUBLE (1.0), "tags", "[", "dog", "cat", "]");
docs[1] = BCON_NEW ("x", BCON_DOUBLE (2.0), "tags", "[", "cat", "]");
docs[2] = BCON_NEW (
"x", BCON_DOUBLE (2.0), "tags", "[", "mouse", "cat", "dog", "]");
docs[3] = BCON_NEW ("x", BCON_DOUBLE (3.0), "tags", "[", "]");
for (i = 0; i < ndocs; i++) {
mongoc_bulk_operation_insert (bulk, docs[i]);
bson_destroy (docs[i]);
docs[i] = NULL;
}
ret = mongoc_bulk_operation_execute (bulk, NULL, &error);
if (!ret) {
fprintf (stderr, "Error inserting data: %s\n", error.message);
}
mongoc_bulk_operation_destroy (bulk);
return ret;
}
/* A helper which we'll use a lot later on */
void
print_res (const bson_t *reply)
{
char *str;
BSON_ASSERT (reply);
str = bson_as_canonical_extended_json (reply, NULL);
printf ("%s\n", str);
bson_free (str);
}
“explain” Command¶
This is how to use the explain
command in MongoDB 3.2+:
bool
explain (mongoc_collection_t *collection)
{
bson_t *command;
bson_t reply;
bson_error_t error;
bool res;
command = BCON_NEW ("explain",
"{",
"find",
BCON_UTF8 (COLLECTION_NAME),
"filter",
"{",
"x",
BCON_INT32 (1),
"}",
"}");
res = mongoc_collection_command_simple (
collection, command, NULL, &reply, &error);
if (!res) {
fprintf (stderr, "Error with explain: %s\n", error.message);
goto cleanup;
}
/* Do something with the reply */
print_res (&reply);
cleanup:
bson_destroy (&reply);
bson_destroy (command);
return res;
}
Running the Examples¶
/*
* Copyright 2016 MongoDB, Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#include <mongoc/mongoc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
const char *COLLECTION_NAME = "things";
#include "../doc-common-insert.c"
#include "explain.c"
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
mongoc_database_t *database = NULL;
mongoc_client_t *client = NULL;
mongoc_collection_t *collection = NULL;
mongoc_uri_t *uri = NULL;
bson_error_t error;
char *host_and_port;
int res = 0;
if (argc < 2 || argc > 3) {
fprintf (stderr,
"usage: %s MONGOD-1-CONNECTION-STRING "
"[MONGOD-2-HOST-NAME:MONGOD-2-PORT]\n",
argv[0]);
fprintf (stderr,
"MONGOD-1-CONNECTION-STRING can be "
"of the following forms:\n");
fprintf (stderr, "localhost\t\t\t\tlocal machine\n");
fprintf (stderr, "localhost:27018\t\t\t\tlocal machine on port 27018\n");
fprintf (stderr,
"mongodb://user:pass@localhost:27017\t"
"local machine on port 27017, and authenticate with username "
"user and password pass\n");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
mongoc_init ();
if (strncmp (argv[1], "mongodb://", 10) == 0) {
host_and_port = bson_strdup (argv[1]);
} else {
host_and_port = bson_strdup_printf ("mongodb://%s", argv[1]);
}
uri = mongoc_uri_new_with_error (host_and_port, &error);
if (!uri) {
fprintf (stderr,
"failed to parse URI: %s\n"
"error message: %s\n",
host_and_port,
error.message);
res = EXIT_FAILURE;
goto cleanup;
}
client = mongoc_client_new_from_uri (uri);
if (!client) {
res = EXIT_FAILURE;
goto cleanup;
}
mongoc_client_set_error_api (client, 2);
database = mongoc_client_get_database (client, "test");
collection = mongoc_database_get_collection (database, COLLECTION_NAME);
printf ("Inserting data\n");
if (!insert_data (collection)) {
res = EXIT_FAILURE;
goto cleanup;
}
printf ("explain\n");
if (!explain (collection)) {
res = EXIT_FAILURE;
goto cleanup;
}
cleanup:
if (collection) {
mongoc_collection_destroy (collection);
}
if (database) {
mongoc_database_destroy (database);
}
if (client) {
mongoc_client_destroy (client);
}
if (uri) {
mongoc_uri_destroy (uri);
}
bson_free (host_and_port);
mongoc_cleanup ();
return res;
}
First launch two separate instances of mongod (must be done from separate shells):
$ mongod
$ mkdir /tmp/db2
$ mongod --dbpath /tmp/db2 --port 27018 # second instance
Now compile and run the example program:
$ cd examples/common_operations/$ gcc -Wall -o example common-operations.c $(pkg-config --cflags --libs libmongoc-1.0)$ ./example localhost:27017 localhost:27018
Inserting data
explain
{
"executionStats" : {
"allPlansExecution" : [],
"executionStages" : {
"advanced" : 19,
"direction" : "forward" ,
"docsExamined" : 76,
"executionTimeMillisEstimate" : 0,
"filter" : {
"x" : {
"$eq" : 1
}
},
"invalidates" : 0,
"isEOF" : 1,
"nReturned" : 19,
"needTime" : 58,
"needYield" : 0,
"restoreState" : 0,
"saveState" : 0,
"stage" : "COLLSCAN" ,
"works" : 78
},
"executionSuccess" : true,
"executionTimeMillis" : 0,
"nReturned" : 19,
"totalDocsExamined" : 76,
"totalKeysExamined" : 0
},
"ok" : 1,
"queryPlanner" : {
"indexFilterSet" : false,
"namespace" : "test.things",
"parsedQuery" : {
"x" : {
"$eq" : 1
}
},
"plannerVersion" : 1,
"rejectedPlans" : [],
"winningPlan" : {
"direction" : "forward" ,
"filter" : {
"x" : {
"$eq" : 1
}
},
"stage" : "COLLSCAN"
}
},
"serverInfo" : {
"gitVersion" : "05552b562c7a0b3143a729aaa0838e558dc49b25" ,
"host" : "MacBook-Pro-57.local",
"port" : 27017,
"version" : "3.2.6"
}
}


New patent shows how Surface Neo and Duo could stay cool
Microsoft might have some innovative solutions to keep the Surface Neo and Surface Duo cool.
by Sean EndicottSource: Daniel Rubino/Windows Central
What you need to know
- A new patent shows a potential heat transfer system for the Surface Neo and Surface Duo.
- The patent shows a vapor chamber extending across the hinge of a device.
- As with all patents revealed, this design might never be used in a device.
A newly revealed patent shows off a potential cooling system for the upcoming Surface Neo and Surface Duo (via Windows United). The patent shows heat pipes and vapor chambers extending across the hinge of a device.
The Surface Neo and Surface Duo appear to be very thin devices, which could increase the importance of well-designed thermal dissipation.
The patent was published on November 21, 2019, and filed for on May 17, 2018. Its description explains how a vapor chamber could help cool the device by extending through the hinge.
Examples are disclosed that relate to heat transfer devices comprising a vapor chamber and a flexible hinge. One disclosed example provides an electronic device comprising a first portion and a second portion connected by a hinge region, and a vapor chamber extending from the first portion to the second portion across the hinge region, the vapor chamber comprising a first layer comprising titanium, a second layer comprising titanium joined to the first layer to form the vapor chamber, a working fluid within the vapor chamber, and a third layer comprising titanium positioned between the first layer and the second layer, the third layer comprising one or more features configured to conduct the working fluid via capillary action."
Source: PatentScope
As with all patents, this design could not be used in the future. It could also be used in a different way or as part of a different device.


9 Documentation by Sphinx¶
Note: this page is moved from my ml-101 repo directly.
Since we want documentation to be neat and beautiful, we can use sphinx to generate the html. The conda’s documentation page is a good example. It uses sphinx_rtd_theme. You can find more themed examples in sphinx website: theme example.
9.1 Install Sphinx¶
I suggest using conda to install the package in conda environment since we are using them.
Activate conda
Activate conda environment
4. Use command in terminal as follow:
conda install sphinx
or alternativly,
pip install sphinx
would do the job.
9.2 Apply Quickstart¶
With the installation of sphinx, you may use a default quick setup package called quickstart. Please follow instruction to use the quickstart to generate a basic source and build directory.
Here are some tips for you:
Please make a new directory called “docs” under your root directory, if you still not have it, and run quickstart script inside docs to maintain a clean root directory.
Please add “Makefile” and “make.bat” when you run the quickstart script, since they are useful to build html to you.
9.3 Edit Index¶
As you may notice, the html files are generate based on either markdown or reStructedText files. Therefore, all you need to do is to edit the corresponding files and then “make” them.
The first step could be edit the index.rst file to give you a general idea about how to link all different contents. You could seperate each section into different rst files and use the name to link them in the index.rst.
Please try to edit it and use command in terminal:
make html
To generate html file and see how it goes. I believe it would only take you few minutes to figure out what is going on!
9.4 Push to GitHub Pages¶
Once you finish your editing job, you can push it to GitHub Pages. The GitHub Pages is a nice service to help you to host your documentation online for free. The detailed introduction of GitHub Pages will be documented other places, let’s go back to the Sphinx.
Since GitHub Pages would only read the index.html file in your root or your root/docs directory, you need to place a re-direct html page at those places.
For example, in my setup, I need GitHub Pages to read my source under docs directory, but I do not have any index.html under that folder. Therefore, I can added an empty “index.html” filled with:
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=./_build/html/index.html"/>
Thus, the link will be re-directed.
This solution is offered by this sphinx github issue.
Also, GitHub Pages, sometimes, is slow to response, and it may not be working at first few attempts. Please be patient.
Note: You can find more usage on this page of quickstart.
9.5 Tips for RST Syntax¶
The rst syntax is similar to markdown, but with some difference. Here are some tips that might be helpful.
9.5.1 Use Cheat Sheet¶
To avoid redundant documentation, one could find all the basic usage in this Rst Cheat Sheet.
9.5.2 Inline Code¶
Try this to obtain inline code render:
:code:`git push`
The result would be like: git push
.


new / adj. 1. Arrived, made, discovered, acquired, experienced recently or now for the first time. 2a. Renewed; reformed. b. Reinvigorated. 3. Different from a recent previous one. 4. Unfamiliar; strange. 5. Modern; newfangled; advanced. [OE]
Recent Updates
June 4th, 2009 - Update by CidolfasLast month, the FF Compendium quietly celebrated its tenth anniversary. Ten years is a long, long time for a website. I am proud of what I and my rotating staff have accomplished, but all good things come to an end. This is my official announcement that the FF Compendium will no longer be updated.
When the site first started, FF8 had just come out, and the FF series was a large but quite manageable world to explore. Ten years down the road, there are twelve canonical entries and a whole host of spinoffs, remakes, cameos, and side stories that have been told. As the series spreads its wings, it gets more and more difficult to pin down. This is certainly one of the reasons for my decision, but the main one is simply that I no longer look forward to working on it. I'm older and have less free time, and I'd like to spend the time actually playing the games rather than writing encyclopedias on them.
The site isn't going anywhere, worry not. It'll stay where it is, pristine and unadulterated, forever as far as I'm concerned. It's still pretty damn huge if I do say so myself, and it's a lot of fun to look through regardless of how much isn't covered.
I couldn't have got here by myself. Joe Fielder from ZDNet was the first person to give me a link and start me off. It was thanks to the great people at RPGClassics - Jim Shaheen, Sinistral, Merlin et al - who offered me a place to hang my hat and grow the site. A huge thanks to the server admins, Nulani and Black_Ninja before her, for all their hard work in keeping it alive.
Thanks to everyone who worked on the site content with me, for however brief a time: Weiila, NikkiNeko, Faetan, Wilfredo Martinez, RoguePaladinTrian, Paramekia, Sabbathiel, ShingoBunny, [Ice][Angel], Ichimonji, Ianas, and reckless ronin. A special thank you to PanamaJack for his excellent work on the various layouts throughout the years, and my long-term maintainers theWallflower, Rainent and Loire. Also a shout-out to Richard Mark Honeywood, who was an invaluable contact for many years.
Finally, thank you to all those who read the site and incessantly pointed out corrections and improvements. You made it all worth it.
I'm not disappearing. I invite everyone to check out my blog, The Role-Playing Jew, where I discuss a whole host of things, some of which may indeed be RPG-related.
It's been a great ten years. So long, and thanks for all the fish!
-----Cidolfas, June 3, 2009
May 20th, 2009 - Update by Cidolfas
- Hey all. As some of you may have seen, the site has been down for several days. Thanks to the tireless efforts of the folks at GrokThis and Nulani, our server administrator, it looks like everything's back up! That was a bit scary for a while though. -_- Anyway, please let me know if you see anything broken. I think e-mails are still down, though, so if you get it bounced back, please wait a day or two and try again.
April 22nd, 2009 - Update by Loire
- The FF11 character page has been almost completely overhauled and now has more accurate and detailed descriptions. Thanks a ton to everyone who sent in corrections and additions, especially Nilfalasiel!
- Added a large number of FF11 internal crossovers and external crossovers. Thanks again for sending these in!
- Added more game scripts, including Final Fantasy I, Final Fantasy IV, and Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII.
- Also added additional images for Rin (FF10), King Raithwall (FF12), Ahriman (FF7CC), Bahamut (FF12), Bomb (FF4), Cockatrice (FF4), Goblin (FF4), and Mindflayer (FF4).
February 17th, 2009 - Update by Loire
- A fairly long update this time around as lots of content has been added to the site in the past few months.
- We now have game scripts for most of the games. If you have a game script that we’re missing please let us know!
- Additional sprites from the original FF1, FF2, FF3, and FF4 have been added. Some character descriptions have been corrected and/or added. Thanks to everyone who sent in information!
- Lots of pictures from the anniversary edition of FF1 and FF2 character pics on the PSP have been added. The new graphics are really improved!
- Added FF3 character pics from the DS version.
- Added FF4 character pics from the DS version and updated character names. The names of the four fiends have been reverted back to their original Japanese names.
- We’re still missing some character pics from the PSP versions of FF1 and FF2 as well as the DS versions of FF3 and FF4. If you have any that are missing please send them in!
February 1st, 2009 - Update by Cidolfas
- Hi all! Just some routine stuff this month. A couple of new Name Origins, and some Ex-Crossovers to The World Ends With You and Neverwinter Nights 2. By request I've brought back the "new" image indicating which Name Origins are new.
- A few new character images in FF9 and FF12.
- Loire has been working steadily to add content to various parts of the site and he'll be making an update shortly as well. Thanks!
December 23rd, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- Cleared off my backlog again, yay! Name Origins and crossovers dominate, as usual.
- There's now a link to straybullet's work-in-progress Korean translation of the FFC. It's a neat idea and I'm more than willing to link to anyone else wanting to translate this site into your own language!
November 30th, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- At long last, info for Final Fantasy Tactics A2 has finally been added to the site! Thanks to everyone for your patience, I know it took a lot longer than usual. I should also note that the story information may be slightly lacking or even a bit inaccurate. This is because I failed to take notes while playing through the game, and unfortunately my usual reliance on FAQs to jog my memory hasn't helped, since very few FAQs care about FFTA2's story! If you find errors or omissions, please let me know.
October 26th, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- Well, good ole backlog has been conquered again. This time it's largely corrections rather than additions, though we did get a Name Origin - Conde Petie from FF9. I remember when these were practically all our site ever did... I dunno why they've dried up so much recently, but if you have any insights to the recent games, or even older ones, feel free to write in!
- I've removed Square Haven from our affiliate site... unfortunately the site no longer updates. On the plus side, I've added Final Fantasy Radio. It's nice to have one of these again. 8-) There are some layout issues there but I'm told they're being worked on.
- Unfortunately no news on FFTA2, let alone FF4DS. Like I said, things have been pretty hectic. Hopefully next week I can get cracking a little more.
September 28th, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- I am clueless how I missed this until now, but for those of you who've been squinting at our pages on high-resolution monitors, I've finally updated our CSS files so they're using ems rather than pt/px. This means they'll adjust to your normal font size. I'm embarrassed it took this long. 8-(
- For those itching for FFTA2 info, worry not: I've started work on it and will slowly but surely be adding information. Unfortunately the next several weeks are going to be very busy for me, as they are every year, and the previous several weeks were also busy (for other reasons) so please be patient!
September 7th, 2008 - Update by Loire
- FAQs have been added for Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy XII, Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings, FFCC: Ring of Fates, and FFCC: My Life as a King.
- Monster and Summon images have each been consolidated onto one page and updated to use resizeable image thumbnails. Hopefully you like the new format!
- Information on the crossover from The World Ends With You has been updated, including pictures of the Ifrit, Shiva, Golem, and Bahamut pins.
August 17th, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- Nothing much to see here, just clearing out my e-mail backlog. This includes a pic of Pacce from FF10 and two Famous Moments from FF5, a few name origins from FF12, an Ex-Crossover from The World Ends With You, and a few corrections on the FF Tactics characters page.
- I'm just 45 quests away from finishing FFTA2, so you can finally look forward to some of that stuff getting added, at which point I can finally start work on FF4DS.
August 7th, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- I'm sorry to announce that Chris (Rainent) will no longer have the time to fulfil the position of Maintainer on the FFCompendium. He will remain on staff as a contributing editor, meaning he'll help out whenever he can. 8-) Chris's position has been filled by Loire (Mike Gonsalves) who will be making updates in the future. Welcome to the team!
July 6th, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- I'm proud to announce that Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII is now fully represented in the FFCompendium. As usual, this means that you're under a SPOILER WARNING throughout the entire site. I've already started playing FFTA2, but please be patient, as I'm only doing it an hour or two at a time, so it may take a while. 8-) Send in any images we're missing, and enjoy!
June 30th, 2008 - Update by Rainent
- We're still beating the backlog. :) We received a slew of pictures from
Kareem Issa, mainly comrpising art and job images for FF3 and FF5,
which have been added to their respective sections, with a few other
random images from FF11 and 12 thrown in for good measure.}
- Everything else has mostly been maintenance, crossovers, and name
origins, which have been mostly completed. I will be working on
gathering information for FF Crystal Chronicles: My Life as a King, so
I appreciate any non-trivial information that you all might have to
offer.
May 19th, 2008 - Update by Cidolfas
- Welcome to another showing of Beat the Backlog! This time we've got new pictures of Feolthanos, Grimoire Valentine, and the Dual Horn; two new Name Origins, ex-crossovers to DQ Herores: Rocket Slime, and a new pic of a Famous Moment.
- I've added hub pages for Crisis Core and FFCC: Ring of Fates. The info will be up when we have time! FFCC is a bit low on my radar right now, though, seeing as how FFTA2 will be out shortly, and FF4DS shortly after that.
- I've added a new section to the In-Crossovers page, called "You Spoony Bard!" With the number of in-series mentions of the famous line up to three, it deserves its own mini-section already. 8-)
- I've also added links in the Fan Flash page to two astounding movies by Monty Oum, called "Dead Fantasy". If you enjoyed FF7: Advent Children in the least, I guarantee you'll be blown away by these. I'm looking forward to instalment number three!
Final Fantasy, all games and animation bearing the Final Fantasy name, and all characters in said games or animation are copyright their respective creators, including but not limited to Squaresoft, Square Enix, Square EA, Tokyo TV, and ADV Films.


{% extends "blog/base_template.html" %} {% block content %}
I received my BS in Computer Science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2019 and am now getting my Master's in Software Engineering at the Technical University of Munich. This page features some of the projects I've done for fun and for school; please see my LinkedIn profile for information about my professional experience.
I've been working on this website on and off since 2017, when I decided to give Python Flask a try. I developed the site layout with Bootstrap, which provides some good-looking components and responsively adjusts to different screen sizes. I'm certainly not a UX designer, but I do my best to make this site look reasonably good.
I host this website on PythonAnywhere and post articles via an API I developed. I write posts in Markdown, which then gets rendered to HTML as part of that upload process. I also wrote a search engine and a web service to analyze site traffic (see below) as partner projects to this website.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.
Site Analytics is a Python Flask service I developed to record and analyze the web traffic I receive on this website. I use PostgreSQL for data storage and SQLAlchemy as an ORM. By geolocating IP addresses and analyzing user agents I can find out interesting facts about the people and robots who visit my site.
The service uses an API to record traffic and a separate API to perform analytical queries. Using the Query API, I analyzed more than 30,000 requests received by my site over the past two years.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.
I did a research project at the Technical University of Munich to test the performance of various cloud-based caching technologies. I developed a C++ benchmarking program capable of simulating various workloads and used Docker to test four different technologies on a compute cluster.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Gitlab.
I led a group of four students to develop a project staffing software solution for MaibornWolff, a Munich-based software consultancy. We developed our product using Java Spring, React, and Bootstrap. Our product was very well received and brought into internal use at MaibornWolff.
Follow this link to read the blog post.
Working with another student, I developed an electronic voting system for the Bavarian parliamentary elections. We developed our backend with Python Flask and PostgreSQL, performed load-testing with Locust, and wrote our frontend with React and Bootstrap. Our system accurately calculated the results of the 2013 and 2018 elections, processing over 25 million voting records.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.
Following the March 2020 stock market crash, I became very interested in investing. I wrote a Python program to scrape stock prices from Yahoo! Finance and analyze user-defined stock portfolios over time.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.
For my Bachelor's Thesis, I developed software to automatically learn sophisticated robot behaviors using Reinforcement Learning. I did my research on a 2D robot simulator developed at UMass and wrote my code in the C programming language.
Follow this link to read the blog post.
I led a group of five students to develop an autonomous-driving "DuckieTown" robot. We built the robot using a Raspberry Pi, an Arduino, and several other hardware components. I programmed all low-level motor control as well as the communications bus. I also wrote much of the driving logic in Python. Our project won the competition for being best in the class and completed the driving course with a near-perfect score!
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.
I had an itch to learn how online games worked, so I used Javascript and NodeJS to write an online multiplayer space shooter. I read articles about game networking and learned enough to implement an authoritative game backend from scratch.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.
I had always been interested in productivity and goal-setting, and that inspired me to create a productivity app in Android. I developed features for time-tracking (storing data in SQLite) and analyzing time spent on different activities.
Follow this link to see it on Github.
I learned C++ and used the SDL media library to design and write a two-dimensional game. I developed simple AI for non-playing characters, interactive items, a GUI system, and efficient game state serialization.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.
I learned Java and then Android to develop an infinite-runner space game from scratch. Spaceships was my first big project, and it got me very excited about programming. I learned a lot about graphics and game programming.
Follow these links to read the blog post or see it on Github.


Visit the official government website for more information Click Here
Ayushman Bharat Yojana, also known as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), is a scheme that aims to help economically vulnerable Indians who are in need of healthcare facilities. The Ayushman Bharat Yojana - National Health Protection Scheme, which has now been renamed as Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana, plans to make secondary and tertiary healthcare completely cashless. The PM Jan Arogya Yojana beneficiaries get an e-card that can be used to avail services at an empanelled hospital, public or private, anywhere in the country. With it, you can walk into a hospital and obtain cashless treatment. The coverage includes 3 days of pre-hospitalisation and 15 days of post-hospitalisation expenses. Moreover, around 1,400 procedures with all related costs like OT expenses are taken care of. All in all, PMJAY and the e-card provide a coverage of Rs. 5 lakh per family, per year, thus helping the economically disadvantaged obtain easy access to healthcare services.


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Audible Anarchist Archive
Click here to Subscribe
Audible Anarchist is a project started and operated by a group of volunteers that seek to bring important anarchist texts to the audio format.
"The Conquest of Bread" by Peter Kroptokin
- Chapter 1: Our Riches
- Chapter 2: Well-Being for All
- Chapter 3: Anarchist Communism
- Chapter 4: Expropriation
- Chapter 5: Food
- Chapter 6: Dwellings
- Chapter 7: Clothing
- Chapter 8: Ways and Means
- Chapter 9: The Need for Luxury
- Chapter 10: Agreeable Work
- Chapter 11: Free Agreement
- Chapter 12: Objections
- Chapter 13: The Collectivist Wage System
- Chapter 14: Consumption and Production
- Chapter 15: Division of Labor
- Chapter 16: The Decentralization of Industry
- Chapter 17: Agriculture
"How nonviolence Protects the State" by Peter Gelderloos
"Anarchism & other Essays" by Emma Goldman
- Preface
- Anarchism: What it Really Stands For
- Minorities Versus Majorities
- Psychology of Political Violence
- Prisons: A Social Crime and Failure
- Patriotism: A Menace to Liberty
- Francisco Ferrer and the Modern School
- The Hypocrisy of Puritanism
- The Traffic in Women
- Woman Suffrage
- The Tragedy of Woman’s Emancipation
- Marriage and Love
- The Modern Drama
"Socialism from Below" by George Woodcock
- The Nature of Modern Society
- Freedom and Organisation
- What is Anarchism?
- Precursors of Anarchism
- Michael Bakunin and the First International
- Peter Kropotkin and Anarchist Communism
- The Growth of the Anarchist Movement
- Anarcho-Syndicalism
- Anarchism in America
- Russia and the Makhnovist Movement
- The Spanish Revolution
- Epilogue
Essays by various authors
- "Are We Good Enought" by Pyotr Kropotkin
- "Rebels Against Tyranny" by Howard Zinn
- "Fascism in a Pinstriped Suit" by Michael Perenti
- "The Forbiden word Class" by Howard Zinn
- "Revolutionary Bread" by Émile Pouget
- "The Chain Factory" by Ōsugi Sakae
- "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought" by Murray Bookchin - Part 1
- "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought" by Murray Bookchin - Part 1
- "Taoism and Anarchism" by Josh
- "Fascists are the Tools of the State" - Peter Gelderloos


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The New York Times starts spelling "Kyiv"
A number of world-renowned American editions have already joined the recommendations of the #KyivNotKiev international campaign.
The New York Times has turned down the long-obsolete spelling of the capital of Ukraine that was derived from Russian, switching to a correct spelling, that is, "Kyiv."
"It seems everyone was waiting for this! The New York Times has officially switched to the correct spelling of the Ukrainian capital, replacing 'Kiev' with 'Kyiv,'" the Embassy of Ukraine in the United States wrote on Facebook.
The embassy noted that after the U.S. Geographic Names Council decided in summer to replace the official name of the capital of Ukraine in an international base, a number of world-renowned American editions joined the recommendations of the #KyivNotKiev international campaign, such as the Associated Press, The Washington Post, The Wall Street, and now The New York Times.
UNIAN memo. When Ukraine was part of the USSR, the name of its capital in the English-language media was delivered in a manner that corresponded to the Russian pronunciation, that is, Kiev. The Ukrainian authorities now insist that the name of the city be spelled the Ukrainian way, that is, Kyiv.
On October 2, 2018, the Foreign Ministry, together with StratCom Ukraine Center for Strategic Communications, launched the #CorrectUA campaign, within which the team turn to foreign media to correct the spelling of Kiev (#KyivNotKiev).


9.1 Vectors
A vector is a sequence of data elements of the same type.
| 329 | 45 | 12 | 28 |
9.1.1 Creating a vector
- Values are assigned to a vector using the c function (c for combining elements). Open and close the round brackets, and place the different elements, separated by commas.
<- c(329, 45, 12, 28) vector1
You can create an empty vector with:
# empty vector
<- vector()
vecempty # empty numerical vector with 5 elements
<- vector(mode="numeric", length=5)
vecnumempty # empty character vector with 8 elements
<- vector(mode="character", length=8) veccharempty
- Create a sequence of consecutive numbers:
<- 10:16
vecnum # shortcut for:
<- c(10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16)
vecnum # NOTES: both ends (10 and 16) are included
- Character vectors: each element is entered between (single or double) quotes.
| mRNA | miRNA | snoRNA | lncRNA |
<- c("mRNA", "miRNA", "snoRNA", "lncRNA") mynames
HANDS-ON
- Create a vector (choose the name) that contains a sequence of number, from 3 to 8, both included.
- Create vector myfruits as:
<- c(apple, pear, orange) myfruits
What is happening? Why? Can you modify the line above so it doesn’t throw an error?
9.1.2 Vector manipulation
- A vector can be named: each element of the vector can be assigned a name (number or character)
# our previous numerical vector
<- c(329, 45, 12, 28)
vector1 # assign names
names(vector1) <- c("mRNA", "miRNA", "snoRNA", "lncRNA")
# use an object which already contains a vector
<- c("mRNA", "miRNA", "snoRNA", "lncRNA")
mynames names(vector1) <- mynames
- Get the length (number of elements) of a vector
length(vector1)
## [1] 4
- Extracting elements from vector a
- extract elements using their position (index) in the vector:
1] vector1[
## mRNA ## 329
c(1,3)] vector1[
## mRNA snoRNA ## 329 12
2:4] vector1[
## miRNA snoRNA lncRNA ## 45 12 28
- extract elements using their names:
"mRNA"] vector1[
## mRNA ## 329
c("miRNA", "lncRNA")] vector1[
## miRNA lncRNA ## 45 28
- Reassigning a vector’s element
# here we re-assign the 2nd element of vector1 with 31.
2] <- 31
vector1["miRNA"] <- 31 vector1[
- Removing a vector’s element
# here we remove the 3rd element of vector1
# show in the console vector1 without its 3rd element:
-3] vector1[
## mRNA miRNA lncRNA
## 329 31 28
# reassign vector1 without its 3rd element
<- vector1[-3] vector1
- Show versus change
x[-2] x unchanged !
x <- x[-2] x reassigned !
9.1.3 Combining vectors
- You can combine 2 (or more) vectors into one. Here, we combine v1 and v2 to create a vector v3
<- 2:5
v1 <- 4:6
v2 <- c(v1, v2) v3
The elements of v2 are added after the elements of v1
- Likewise, you can add elements at the end of a vector
<- c(v3, 19) v3
9.1.4 Numeric vector manipulation
Logical operators
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| < | less than |
| <= | less than or equal to |
| > | greater than |
| >= | greater than or equal to |
| == | exactly equal to |
| != | not equal to |
| !x | not x |
| x | y | x OR y |
| x & y | x AND y |
- Which elements of a are equal to 2?
<- 1:5
a == 2 a
## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
- Which elements of a are superior to 2?
<- 1:5
a > 2 a
## [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
- Extract elements of a vector that comply with a condition:
<- 1:5
a # extract the TRUE/FALSE vector
>= 2 a
## [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
# extract the actual sub-vector that complies the condition (TRUE values)
>= 2] a[a
## [1] 2 3 4 5
# count how many elements comply the condition
length(a[a >= 2])
## [1] 4
HANDS-ON
Given the following vector containing a group of people’s ages:
<- c(18, 32, 12, 34, 42, 32, 17, 56, 76, 10) ages
- How many people are over 18?
- How many people are under 60?
- How many people are between 25 and 45?
<IP_ADDRESS> Operations on vectors
- Adding 2 to a vector adds 2 to each element of the vector:
<- 1:5
a + 2 a
## [1] 3 4 5 6 7
Same goes for subtractions, multiplications and divisions…
- Multiplying a vector by another vector of equal length
<- c(2, 4, 6)
a <- c(2, 3, 0)
b * b a
## [1] 4 12 0
- Multiplying a vector by another shorter vector
<- c(2, 4, 6, 3, 1)
a <- c(2, 3, 0)
b * b a
## Warning in a * b: longer object length is not a multiple of shorter object length
## [1] 4 12 0 6 3
Vector a is “recycled” !
- Summary statistics
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| mean(x) | mean / average |
| median(x) | median |
| min(x) | minimum |
| max(x) | maximum |
| var(x) | variance |
| summary(x) | mean, median, min, max, quartiles |
<- c(1, 3, 12, 45, 3, 2)
k summary(k)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 1.00 2.25 3.00 11.00 9.75 45.00
HANDS-ON
Given our ages vector:
<- c(18, 32, 12, 34, 42, 32, 17, 56, 76, 10) ages
- What is the average/mean age?
- What is percentage of variation? It is defined as (standard deviation / mean) * 100.
<IP_ADDRESS> Comparing vectors
- The %in% operator
Which elements of a are also found in b ?
<- 2:6
a <- 4:10
b %in% b a
## [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
Yields a TRUE/FALSE vector of the size of a.
Retrieve actual elements of a that are found in b:
<- 2:6
a <- 4:10
b %in% b] a[a
## [1] 4 5 6
- Intersection:
Retrieve the intersection of 2 vectors:
intersect(a, b)
## [1] 4 5 6
- Check if 2 vectors are exactly identical
identical(a, b)
## [1] FALSE
9.1.5 Character vector manipulation
Character vectors are manipulated similarly to numeric ones.
- The %in% operator:
<- c("mRNA", "miRNA", "snoRNA", "RNA", "lincRNA")
k <- c("mRNA","lincRNA", "tRNA", "miRNA")
p %in% p k
## [1] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
%in% p] k[k
## [1] "mRNA" "miRNA" "lincRNA"
- Select elements from vector m that are not exon
<- c("exon", "intron", "exon")
m != "exon" m
## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
!= "exon"] m[m
## [1] "intron"


US Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg admitted to hospital
US Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, 86, has been admitted to hospital suffering chills and a fever, the court said in a statement.
She was evaluated at the Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington on Friday, before being transferred to Johns Hopkins Hospital for "treatment of any possible infection", it added.
It is expected Ms Ginsburg could be released as early as Sunday morning.
As the court's most senior liberal justice, her health is closely watched.
Her symptoms improved after she was given intravenous antibiotics and fluids, the court said.
Ms Ginsburg is the oldest sitting justice on the Supreme Court, and has received hospital treatment a number of times in recent years.
In August, she was treated for a cancerous tumour on her pancreas. She received treatment for colon cancer in 1999, and pancreatic cancer in 2009. In December 2018 she had surgery to remove two cancerous nodules from her lung.
She has also suffered fractured ribs from falls.
US Supreme Court justices serve for life or until they choose to retire, and supporters have expressed concern that if anything were to happen to Ms Ginsburg then a more conservative justice could replace her.
President Donald Trump has appointed two judges since becoming president, and the current court is seen to have a 5-4 conservative majority in most cases.


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To Make Robots Perform Better, Make Them Constantly Fear Death
by Dan RobitzskiIntroducing Consequences
For too long, robots have had it too easy, and it’s starting to show. To get these freeloading bots back to work, neuroscientists from University of Southern California suggest programming them to fear death.
By forcing robots to operate in terms of self-preservation — in addition to whatever other tasks they were assigned — the scientists suggest that they’ll make better choices and become more productive, Popular Mechanics reports. The researchers even suspect that fear of death could be an important stepping stone along the way to true artificial intelligence.
High Stakes
The ultimate goal is to build robots and artificial intelligence systems that can evaluate their own behavior, according to research published by the team last month in Nature Machine Intelligence. And once they learn that their own actions could lead to their demise, the robots — much like us mortals — may learn to exercise restraint when appropriate.
That could also lead to simulated feelings, or at least whatever the robotic equivalent of our feelings might be. And then, finally, we can commiserate with our mechanical helpers about the existential nightmare that is mortality.
READ MORE: Robots Need to Know They Can Die at Any Minute, Just Like the Rest of Us [Popular Mechanics]
More on robotic death: They Asked If People Would Rather Kill A Human or a Sentient Robot


An R package for extracting features from mobile and wearable sensor data.
mhealthtools processes raw data from various mobile and wearable sensors — such as accelerometer, gyroscope, touch screen, and camera — and outputs interpretable feature sets. Included with the package are feature extraction functions designed for activities used in mHealth applications developed by Sage Bionetworks, as well as general use functions that work with any activity using mobile and wearable sensors.
Install the mhealthtools
package using devtools
:
devtools::install_github("Sage-Bionetworks/mhealthtools")
Install the package with the vignettes:
devtools::install_github("Sage-Bionetworks/mhealthtools", build_vignettes = TRUE)
Alternatively, you can use this Docker image — based on rocker/tidyverse:latest
— which comes with mhealthtools
preinstalled.
A common issue on Linux systems when installing the seewave
dependency is to be missing the system dependencies libfftw3
and libsndfile1
. In a shell, run:
$ apt install libfftw3-3 libfftw3-dev libsndfile1 libsndfile1-dev
to install these system dependencies, then retry the above devtools
command.
If you are still having issues installing seewave
, it may be necessary to also install the rgl
library.
$ apt install r-cran-rgl
See the seewave
installation page for more info.
There are two broad types of modules included with mhealthtools: activity-level and sensor-level modules.
Activity-level modules, like get_tremor_features
and get_walk_features
, extract features from every sensor involved in that activity. For example, the two previously mentioned functions both return accelerometer and gyroscope features. These functions are useful for their convenience — we can share parameters since the feature extraction process is nearly identical between accelerometer and gyroscope sensors.
get_tremor_features(accelerometer_data, gyroscope_data)
Underneath the hood of activity-level modules operate sensor-level modules. These modules are designed to extract features from a single sensor. If you were to design a new activity, you could borrow the already implemented sensor-level modules to extract its features.
gyroscope_features(gyroscope_data)
Both activity-level and sensor-level modules allow you to include additional steps in the feature extraction pipeline by passing additional arguments to their respective functions. If passing only the input data, a default set of features will be extracted from the raw sensor measurements. But suppose you are working with accelerometer data and would like to detrend, filter frequencies from, and window the axial measurements, then compute measurements for jerk, velocity and displacement — all before extracting features from each measurement.
accelerometer_features(
sensor_data = accelerometer_data,
detrend = TRUE,
frequency_filter = c(1, 25),
window_length = 256, # measured in number of samples
window_overlap = 0.2,
derived_kinematics = TRUE)
If you omit the funs
and models
arguments, a default set of features will be computed. But you can, of course, provide your own feature extraction functions.
my_features <- function(x) {
data.frame(
"mean" = mean(x),
"median" = median(x),
"sd" = sd(x))
}
gyroscope_features(
sensor_data = gyroscope_data,
window_length = 256,
window_overlap = 0.2,
funs = my_features)
At the moment, only accelerometer and gyroscope sensors have this powerful processing pipeline implemented. For sensors such as screen and camera, it is more complicated to provide a useful set of preprocessing and feature extraction functions that generalize well to varied activities. We provide two activity-level functions for these sensors (get_heartrate
and get_tapping_features
), but no functionality at the sensor level of granularity — at least not yet.
For more information on how to augment mhealthtools with your own functionality — including not just your own feature extraction functions, but also your own preprocessing/data-cleaning steps — we highly recommend reading the vignettes.
If you have questions about using this package, there are a number of readily available resources. Vignettes are provided which demonstrate typical package use, how to extend the functionality of the provided functions, and feature definitions. Follow the installation instructions about installing the package with vignettes above and access the vignettes from within an R session:
browseVignettes("mhealthtools")
If you have questions about package usage that are not covered in the function docstrings or the vignettes, we encourage you to file an issue. If your question is not appropriate to be posted as a public issue, you may privately contact the package authors ([aut]
) listed below.
To report an issue, please file a GitHub issue with the main repo.
If you would like to contribute to mhealthtools, please file an issue so that we can establish a statement of need, avoid redundant work, and track progress on your contribution. Once an issue has been filed and we’ve identified how to best orient your contribution with package development as a whole, fork the main repo, branch off a feature branch from develop
, commit and push your changes to your fork and submit a pull request for Sage-Bionetworks/mhealthtools:develop
.


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Volume 1, Year 2014 - Pages 27-37
DOI: 10.11159/jbb.2014.004
Analysis and Environmental Assessment of Biomass and Biofuels Usage Possibilities
Vytautas Kucinskas, Algirdas Jasinskas1, Egle Jotautiene
Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Safety, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu str. 15, Akademija, LT-53362 Kaunas reg., Lithuania
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Abstract - There is presented technical-technological analysis of decentralised energy production in cogeneration cycle using plant biomass and biofuels. It was determined that in perspective in Lithuania power of power plants heated by biofuel shall reach 10-15 MW. Having evaluated the amount of growth of oily cultures in Lithuania, possibilities to use vegetable oil and its blends with mineral diesel in cogeneration power plants were proven. Distribution of energy flows in 1050 kW cogeneration power plant with diesel engine was presented. It was defined that mechanical power of the engine is twice smaller than the obtained heat power of the module. Having performed the environmental evaluation of biofuels, it was determined that the least emission of CO and solid particles to the environment was got using rapeseed oil fuels. However, during its burning bigger amount of NOx gets into the air if compared to mineral diesel or rapeseed ester methyl. Tasks requiring scientific research were formulated. These tasks shall optimise the possibility to use biofuels in cogeneration power plants using internal combustion engines. There is presented technical-economical assessment of cogeneration power plants using rapeseed oil for fuel.
Keywords: Biomass, Biofuels, Cogeneration power plants, Mineral diesel, Rapeseed oil, Fuel blends, Oilseeds.
© Copyright 2015 Authors This is an Open Access article published under the Creative Commons Attribution License terms. Unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium are permitted, provided the original work is properly cited.
Date Received: 2014-03-06
Date Accepted: 2014-07-04
Date Published: 2014-09-30
1. Introduction
Cogeneration is one of the key measures to reduce the prime-cost of electricity production using existing technologies. Considering energetic value of the used energy as 100%, during cogeneration cycle we receive 45% of electrical energy and 40-45% of thermal energy, and loss of energy production makes only 10-15% [1]. The main condition for effective operation is stable demand for thermal energy. Electrical energy is a by-product of the technological process. In Europe, in the long run this technology has been little widespread in the energy market. In 1998, the installed capacity of this type of power plants accounted for about 70 GW, and only in the recent years the average power of the plant has exceeded the limit of 10 MW. Meanwhile, in the Eastern Europe, with a large part of the centrally prepared and supplied thermal energy, cogeneration power plants make a considerably larger share of energy balance. Cogeneration energy generated by the energy market is increased in two ways: construction of commercial energy facilities for production of heat or cold; construction of micro-generational objects ("household power system"). The target was to produce about 20% of electric energy in cogeneration power plants in 2013. This fact became the basis for the European Commission (EC) to issue a directive promoting construction of cogeneration power plants and legal basis supporting application of this technology [2].
Electricity generation in cogeneration mode is an effective way to reduce environmental pollution, economical use of non-renewable and expand use of renewable energy resources. The European Union has a large potential to expand the use of this technology. Taking into account different level of economic development and specifics of industry and its conditions, the European Commission granted Member States freedom in decision making.
In the recent years, a particular focus is placed on usage of biomass, biofuels and alternative fuels in cogeneration cycle and efficiency increase [3, 4, 5, 6].
In the European Union, the biggest part of boiler plants heated by biomass is made by boiler plants of small and medium power with the nominal power from 10 to 150 MW. In such systems, heat needs in summer and transitional period are only 3-15 MW. In cogeneration regime in such boiler plants it is possible to install electric generators with the power from several hundred to several megawatts. As it is proven by the performed analysis, cogeneration energy objects are economically effective only if they annually operate not less than 7-8 thousand hours [6]. Another precondition to carry out this project is sufficient amount of biomass for fuel production in the region, its offer and price. Strong competition is characteristic to the market of wooden waste. The market is composed of producers of wooden fibre and sawdust, cellulose and paper producers, private sector and recently appeared in the market wooden briquettes and granules producers. Less competition is found in the market of wood waste and especially for biomass grown plants. Transportation distance for correctly chosen biomass suppliers should not exceed 50 km.
Presently, some main electricity generation technologies are applied. First is a steam boiler with steam turbine. Chopped wood, straw and energetic plants may be used for fuel production. In boilers of smaller power (5-10 MW), it is hard to reach high parameters of technological steam (400-600°C temperature and 700-800 km/h steam supply to the turbine speed). Coefficient of efficiency of the system (if generating electricity up to 1 MW of the installed power) makes 10-15%. Condensate heat exchanger in burning product channels may partly improve coefficient of efficiency. The accumulated in biomass energy may be fully used by producing heat energy. Used in condensate heat exchanger steam heats hot water. In this way, 60-70% of the primary energy is used purposefully [5; 6].
A system using a steam piston engine with closed working heat cycle instead of a turbine is characterised by higher technological parameters. The engine works without pulling of working cylinder surfaces. Depending on technological steam parameters, one and two/three extension cycle engines are produced. Engines are of a simple construction and are easy to maintain. Range of power is wide enough - from 100 to 1000 kW in one block, and steam demand is up to 40 t/h. The main advantage of a steam engine if compared to a steam turbine is a possibility to work in loads' range from 20 to 100% with constant energy generation coefficient of efficiency higher than 50%. In energetic power blocks up to 1 MW, a steam engine guarantees 2-5% higher coefficient of efficiency than steam turbine.
Recently, energetic blocks working on ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) cycle was appeared and started to be exploited [7; 8]. Differently from a common water-steam cycle, organic liquid (isooctane, toluene, silicon oils) is used for heat transition in operating frame. Temperature of a heat-transfer agent (310°C) is not high. The system operates in the closed cycle. Differently from water-steam turbines, ORC cycle is characterised by a turbine of smaller rotation, and small load of mechanic turbine. Apart from that, operating surfaces of the blades are safe from erosion, complicated water preparation technology is not needed, and coefficient of efficiency is higher with the higher load of the aggregate. In this power plant, waste of heat and electricity make only 3-5%, and coefficient of efficiency of electricity production is 0.18. The remaining part of energy is used for heat production in cogeneration regime.
Despite their simplicity, all the mentioned schemes are hardly fully automated and cannot operate fully autonomously. ORC cycle power plants are in the initial launching stage and are related to high investment costs. To this end, usage of stationary internal combustion engines has more advantages. Their construction is quite perfect, and it is adopted by the producers. Cogeneration energetic power modules up to 10 MW are produced. Power costs of the installed power plant are from 580 to 1620 EUR/kWe. Another important characteristic of internal combustion engines is quick launch and reach of the maximal power and high elasticity in wide range of powers. Either liquid or gas fuel may be used for production of fuels. Modern blocks may be managed distantly and operate in the regime of constant generation and autogeneration. Table 1 presents comparison of energetic efficiency for cogeneration power plants with the power up to 10 MW using biomass [7; 8; 9; 10].
Table 1. Indices of energetic efficiency of cogeneration technologies [7; 8; 9; 10]
| Parameters | ||||||
| Variants of cogeneration power plants | ||||||
| Low-power | Low-power with mass gasification | |||||
| Closed cycle steam turbine | Gas turbine | ORC cycle turbine | Gas Otto engine | Gas turbine | Gas turbine with STIG cycle | |
| 1.Coefficient of efficiency ηel of electricity production in cogeneration regime, % | 17.0 | 11.0 | 15.0 | 27.0 | 24.6 | 37.4 |
| 2.Coefficient of efficiency ηel of heat production in cogeneration regime, % | 68.0 | 74.0 | 70.0 | 56.0 | 59.0 | 27.2 |
| 3.Annual coefficient ofenergetic efficiency ηe, % | 85.0 | 85.0 | 85.0 | 83.0 | 84.6 | 84.6 |
| 4.Annual index ofcogeneration kr | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 1.4 |
| 5.Relative economy of theinitial energy, % | 27.1 | 21.4 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 33.0 | 31.0 |
Having evaluated the provided data in view of energetic efficiency, variants of power plants shall be arranged as follows: gas Otto engine, gas turbine, gas turbine with STIG cycle, steam turbine, ORC cycle turbine, steam engine. If burning biomass directly, coefficient of efficiency of generation of electric energy makes approx. 20%. If biomass is burned in a power plant with integrated biomass gasification, coefficient of efficiency is up to 38% [11]. However, launching of such technology is stopped by high investment costs. Technological process is rather complicated and takes place at high temperature (700-1200°C). Depending on quality of the initial raw materials, caloricity of the obtained gas blend is from 3 to 7 MJ/m3, and it is not high.
Biogas obtained in bioreactors during splitting of biomass by microorganisms in non-oxygen environment may be used as fuel. The obtained gas blend is composed of methane (40-80%), carbon (20-55%) and hydrogen sulphide (0.1-5.5 %) [12; 13]. Various raw materials may be used for production of biogas. Apart from plant mass, one may use litter, waste products of food industry and forage, silt of waste waters, waste of public utilities and wood processing.
Differently from usual power plants, in cogeneration power plant additional heat exchangers are installed. These heat exchangers enable to get heat from biogas compressor, systems of engine cooling and lubrication and channel of the exhaust. Part of heating (approx. 15 %) and electric (7.5 %) energy is used for internal technological needs, such as maintenance of bioreactor's temperature regime, preparation of biomass, cleaning and conditioning of biomass, and sorting of waste. Biogas that is formed in dumps and purifiers can also be used for internal combustion engines. Recently corn has become a perspective plant biomass used for production of biogas in reactors. 700 m3 of biogas may be obtained from one ton of dry organic mass that contains approx. 50 % of methane. Prime cost of biogas is 0.12-0.13 EUR/m3, and the price of the cleaned and prepared for burning gas (bio-methane) is 0.26-0.32 EUR/m3. Corn plantation of 150 ha (if crop capacity is not less than 50 t/ha) enable you to get about 1.5 million cubic meters of gas. This quantity is sufficient for operation of cogeneration module 370 kW electric and 440 kW heat power of 8000 hours per year [13].
From the technological point of view, the easiest realised variant is usage of vegetable oils and biofuels in cogeneration power plants. If compared to the above-mentioned variants, changes in engine fuel supply system are minimal: exchange of system sealing elements by the ones resistant to vegetable oils and installation of heating system of the supplied fuels. A big advantage of this variant consists in the fact that without stopping operation of the power plant you may change a sort of the used fuel. This saves from stoppage of the energetic module in case of disorder in biofuel supply.
Vegetable oil and biofuel use in cogeneration cycle in Lithuania also promotes biomass produced in agriculture and resources of products obtained from this biomass. The resources of hydroelectric power plants, wind energy are high temperature geothermal resources in Lithuania are minimal. There are no possibilities to use sources of flood energy and high temperature solar energy. In the nearest future, the major part of the produced clean energy shall be made by energy blocks using biomass. Potential of plant biomass utilization for energy purposes is presented in figure 1 [14, 15].
In recent years the interest in usage of vegetable oil for fuel production in some countries of EU increases [16]. In 2009 in Lithuania were produced 108 thousand tons of biofuels. It is forecasted that this need shall not increase significantly. Aiming to implement the requirement of the EU that until the year 2020 biofuels should make 10% of the entire quantity of the used fuel, it is projected to produce about 110 thousand tons of biofuels that year. In Lithuania biofuels are usually produced from rapeseeds. It has been determined that rape for production of biofuels shall be grown in the area of 290 thousand ha.
Development of biofuels production is supported not only by higher interest to environment protection and constantly increasing price of mineral fuels, but also desire of people involved in agriculture to depend less on energy market. Using vegetable oil in tractors and cars, a farmer may provide himself with fuels by growing vegetable plants himself and use the cake to feed domestic animals. Based on the performed research results it was determined that the biggest yield of oil is in rapeseed - up to 45 %, sunflower seeds - up to 40 %, oily radish - up to 35 %, oily linseeds - up to 35%, soya - up to 24%. However, not all oils are suitable for fuels due to their physical-chemical characteristics. Rapeseed oil is the most suitable. Table 2 provides the main characteristics of rapeseed oil, biodiesel and mineral diesel [17].
Table 2. The main characteristics of rapeseed oil, biodiesel and mineral diesel [17]
| Parameters | Rapeseed oil | Mineral diesel | Biodiesel |
| Density, g/cm3 | 0.91-0.93 | 0.82-0.85 | 0.86-0.90 |
| Kinematic quagmire under the temperature of 40°C, mm2/s | 38.0 | 2.0-4.5 | 3.5-5.0 |
| Cetane number | 40-42 | 51-56 | 50 |
| Boundary filter temperature, °C | -(9-15) | -14 | - |
| Outburst temperature, °C | 220 | 50-80 | 120-135 |
| Sulphur quantity, mg/kg | <20 | <50 | <10 |
| Calorific value, MJ/kg | 35.0 | 41.4-43.5 | 36.2 |
As we may see from these data, rapeseed oil (if compared to biodiesel and mineral diesel) is characteristic of the following: its quagmire is much higher, boundary filter temperature is higher, cetane number is lower. Rapeseed oil is non-toxic and is rather fireproof. Differently from mineral oil products, rapeseed oil does not have objectionable odour and taste. This oil does not contain sulphur compounds; so, its burning does not form acid rains, and other dangerous chemical compounds do not get into atmosphere. According to the calculations, the amount of the separated heat received by burning oil and diesel fuel is almost the same. Oil has higher outburst temperature which makes it more attractive for usage in stationary engines installed in enclosed space [18; 19; 20].
The study of the performed analytical research has revealed that growing tendencies to use diesel engines in cogeneration cycle are associated with possible usage of vegetable oil and its blends. However, there is lack of research evaluating environmental and economic advantages of such systems.
The aim of research was to analyse impact of vegetable oil usage in cogeneration cycle on the environment and its economic benefits.
2. Materials and methods
Studies were conducted in the Lithuanian Institute of Agricultural Engineering. While determining energetic and emission rates of vegetable oil usage for fuel, laboratory tests were carried out. Laboratory bench measurements are presented in figure 2.
Air-cooled engine D144 capacity is 37 kW, displacement is 4.15 l, cylinder diameter / stroke - 105/120 mm, compression ratio - 16.5. Fuel pumps ND 21/4 are monocylindrical.
Three-flow blowguns 6T2 were checked on a stand KI-16301a (stand was produced in the Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Raudondvaris, Lithuania) and adjusted 17.5 ± 0.5 MPa for the initial raise pressure of the needle.
Before testing, one liter of oil M-10G2K was added to the engine crankcase. Fuel pump was adjusted to geometric fuel start-up of 25 ± 10 to the upper endpoint.
Engine torque was measured on a stand with accuracy 5%. Rotation frequency was measured by a digital tachometer TESA (TESA Group, Bergdietikon, Switzerland,) with accuracy 1%. Engine state during tests was controlled measuring oil pressure with the accuracy 20 kPa and temperature by logometer Š 69000 with TSM resistance thermometer (TSM Corporation, Bartlett, USA) with accuracy 50C. Effective torque was measured with accuracy 5%. The force measuring mechanism was tested by objection lever. Fuel consumption was set by weighing scales with 5g accuracy, and time was measured by a stopwatch SDS with 0.2 sec accuracy.
Exhaust smoke was set with accuracy 3% by TECNOTEST-490 opacimeter (TECNOTEST, Parma, Italy). Exhaust emission composition was measured by gas analyzer TECNOTEST-481 (TECNOTEST, Parma, Italy). Engine characteristics were tested at a constant rotation frequency n=1600 min-1. The mode is selected by adjusting fuel supply lever and changing engine load. Before starting measurements, having changed engine running mode, the engine was allowed to operate for 5 min. When changing the type of fuel, used fuel was released from fuel filters and supply tubes, also cleaning filter elements were replaced. Supply system was filled with fuel by manual pump, and air was removed. Fuel remaining from previous operation in high-pressure pump, pipes and sprinklers were consumed by engine operation and determining its operation mode.
Engine is started with stand assistance; it is warmed up to operating temperature, and the required operating mode is set. It is allowed to work in the set mode for 5-7 minutes. After that, time during which 100 or 200 g of fuel is burned was fixed (depending on engine load).  Smoke opacity determined with ±3% accuracy.
The technical-economical calculations of the cogeneration power plant were carried out by comparing the cogeneration power plant indicators using commercial mineral diesel and in the domestic conditions obtained rapeseed oil. Technological comparative calculations were carried out by the methodology approved and used in the Aleksandras Stulginskis University [21, 22].
3. Results and discussion
Based on the results of experimental studies of the test engine performance and an analysis of information sources, for practical applications has been selected high power (1050 kW) diesel engine. Calculated analytically energy flow distribution in cogeneration power plant with this selected diesel engine is presented in figure 3.
It was determined that mechanical power of the engine is more than twice smaller than the power of heating module. Thus, total energetic efficiency is highly dependent on the fact how effectively heat obtained by cogeneration is used. Within May-September, it is almost impossible to achieve efficient operating in energy system of one block of the power plant. Compared to winter months, heat demand makes only 10-20% [13]. Meanwhile, demand of electricity changes insignificantly. However, exploitation of several energetic blocks of smaller power and switching them on with the first needs of heat energy is not the most optimal variant. Firstly, total efficiency of such power plant reduces, and investment costs increase. The system gets rather complicated to manage. It is possible for cogeneration power plants to stabilise operating mode by directing energy obtained from heat exchangers and recuperators to cooling and conditioning systems [9, 10].
Experimentally determined and calculated hourly (Bd) and relative (be) rates of fuel consumption, depending on the engine brake power (Pe) working with mineral diesel (MD), rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) and rape seed oil (oil), data is presented in Table 3.
Table 1. Values of measured contact resistance
| Fuel type | Engine rotation frequency n, min-1 | Engine brake power Pe, kW | Hourly rate of fuel consumption Bd, kg/h | Relative rate of fuel consumption be, g/kWh |
| Mineral diesel (MD) | ||||
| 800 | - | 0.80 | - | |
| 1000 | 12 | 3.46 | 432 | |
| 1600 | 20 | 4.71 | 333 | |
| 1600 | 26 | 5.40 | 255 | |
| 1600 | 32 | 7.35 | 198 | |
| 1600 | 37 | 8.00 | 232 | |
| Rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) | ||||
| 800 | - | 0.80 | - | |
| 1000 | 12 | 3.60 | 518 | |
| 1600 | 20 | 5.22 | 376 | |
| 1600 | 26 | 6.01 | 308 | |
| 1600 | 32 | 8.01 | 225 | |
| 1600 | 37 | 8.75 | 263 | |
| Rape seed oil (oil) | ||||
| 800 | - | 0.75 | - | |
| 1000 | 12 | 3.51 | 548 | |
| 1600 | 20 | 5.11 | 413 | |
| 1600 | 26 | 6.06 | 315 | |
| 1600 | 32 | 8.20 | 230 |
As these data show, comparative fuel consumption is the lowest when the engine works under the nominal load. Using mineral diesel, it is 198 g/kWh; using rape methyl ester, it is 225 g/kWh, and using vegetable oil, it is 230 g/kWh.
Exhaust emissions of CO and NOx numerical values depending on the diesel engine operating modes are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Exhaust emissions of the engine operating with RME, mineral diesel and rapeseed oil
| Fuel type | Engine rotation frequency n, min-1 | Engine brake power Pe, kW | Exhaust emissions of CO, mg/m3 | Exhaust emissions of NOx, mg/m3 |
| Mineral diesel (MD) | ||||
| 800 | - | 226.26 | 170.71 | |
| 1000 | 12 | 388.68 | 139.88 | |
| 1600 | 20 | 511.44 | 200.7 | |
| 1600 | 26 | 716.89 | 314.1 | |
| 1600 | 32 | 336.72 | 2018.43 | |
| 1600 | 37 | 149.82 | 2432.91 | |
| Rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) | ||||
| 800 | - | 301.81 | 495.11 | |
| 1000 | 12 | 471.46 | 214.29 | |
| 1600 | 20 | 461.16 | 222.92 | |
| 1600 | 26 | 429.99 | 344.96 | |
| 1600 | 32 | 288.26 | 2204.49 | |
| 1600 | 37 | 183.36 | 2380.37 | |
| Rape seed oil (oil) | ||||
| 800 | - | 200.85 | 519.18 | |
| 1000 | 12 | 457.52 | 228.51 | |
| 1600 | 20 | 460.96 | 251.47 | |
| 1600 | 26 | 458.21 | 367.44 | |
| 1600 | 32 | 292.64 | 2867.12 | |
| 1600 | 37 | 177.62 | 2453.71 |
More exact evaluation of RME and rape seed oil on the environment is assessed by calculating relative emissions when mineral diesel emissions are equal to 100%. The relative amount of NOx in exhaust gases l operating with different fuels is given in figure 4, and the relative amount of CO in exhaust gases - in figure 5.
As the received data show, replacement of mineral diesel with pure RME or rapeseed oil released into the environment increasedNOx content- 10% and 13%. Relative CO emissions in exhaust gaseswhen operating on pureRME decrease 5.7% compared to mineral diesel, and when operating on rapeseed oil - 6.3%. Exhaust gas relative opacity, depending on the fuel type, is presented in figure 6.
Exhaust smoke is the largest when the engine operates in medium load mode. Having replaced mineral diesel with RME,exhaust smoke reduced to 68% and if replaced with pure oil - to 72%. When operating on blends of these fuels, smoke opacity decreases with increasingRMEcontentin the blend.
Summarizingthe obtained results there were concluded, that the assessment of the relative NOxand CO emissions of the gases and smoke, RME and rapeseed oil has a better impact on the environment.Compared to mineral diesel,RME and rapeseed oil lags behind only by NOx emissions exhausted from the engine tothe environment. This problem can be solved by adjusting the engine or installing catalytic converters in the exhaust system.
4. Technical-economical evaluation of cogeneration power plant using rapeseed oil fuel
Technical-economical indices for evaluation of rapeseed oil as fuel used for evaluation of cogeneration power plant (choosing reaping with capacity of 500 tons oil per annum that is suitable for process rape seeds grown on a plot of 750ha) are presentedin Table 5. For production of 500 tons of oil per year, 1500 tons of rape seed are used [21; 22].
Table 5. Costs of rapeseed oil production [21, 22]
| Name of materials and expenses | Quantity | Price EUR/ measure unit | Amount of EUR thousand/year |
| Rape seed, t | 1500 | 290 | 434.4 |
| Electric power, MWh | 95 | 124 | 11.78 |
| Amortization payments (7?) | 52132 | 3.65 | |
| Deductions for repairs: - oil pressure press (5%) - other equipment (2%) |
12164 33968 |
0.6 0.8 |
|
| Salary (with the enrichment charge), worker | 1 | 348 | 2.1 |
| Seed processing and storage, t | 1500 | 15 | 21.7 |
| Transport | 1.7 | ||
| Common production costs, marketing and other costs | 6.14 | ||
| Total: | 482.9 |
Oil prime-cost is calculated as the difference betweencosts andrevenues, i.e. after selling oilcake to cattle farmers. Table 6 presents prime-costs of oilasfuel taking into consideration income for cost of income for the cake [22].
Table 6. Revenue for the cake and oil prime-cost [22]
| Name of product | Unit | Quantity, t | Price, EUR/t | Amount, thousand EUR/year |
| Cake | t | 1000 | 139 | 139 |
| Oil (prime-cost) | t | 500 | 344 |
Prime-cost of 1 kg of oil - 0.69 EUR
Price of 1 litre of oil - EUR 0.69 x 0.87 = 0.60 EUR
Estimated oil price of0.60 EUR/l is smaller than the price of commercial mineral diesel (1.30 EUR/l)and is equal to the price of diesel fuel for farmers.
The price of the selected340kW electric power cogeneration power plant block is EUR 130 thousand. Considering the study results stating that fuel consumption is 14% higher if using rapeseed oil than using mineral diesel in diesel engines, fuel consumption of the power plant is 65 l/h. Economic benefits of such power plant working on a green oil are presented in Table 7 [21; 22].
Table 7. Economic indicators of cogeneration power plant of 340 kW [21, 22]
| Parameters | Data |
| Power plant cost, EUR | 130329 |
| Building cost, EUR | 8689 |
| Fuel price, EUR/liter | 0.6 |
| Working time, h/year | 6000 |
| Amortization payment, EUR: for equipment for building |
19550 174 |
| Costs of service, EUR/year | 6951 |
| Fuel price, EUR/year | 232681 |
| other costs, EUR/year | 5792 |
| Total costs, EUR/year | 265147 |
| Price of realized electricity, EUR/kWh | 0.13 |
| Produced electricity, kWh/year | 2040000 |
| Income from electricity, EUR/year | 265813 |
| Produced heat energy, kWh/year | 2460000 |
| Heat energy prime-cost, EUR/kWh | 0.03 |
Having evaluated quantity of electric and heat energy produced in cogeneration power plants, its efficiency would make up to 79095 EUR/year.The payback period of such power plants would reach1.76years on the average, it is about twice less than payback using mineral diesel.
5. Conclusions
- The performed literature analysis showed that diesel engines using liquid or gas fuels are the most perspective for small and medium power cogeneration power plants in Lithuania.
- Ensuring independence of producers of dispersed energy from fuel suppliers and reduction of dangerous emission to the environment, it is purposeful to use personal production rapeseed oil and its blends with mineral diesel as fuel in cogeneration power plants.
- It has been determined that using biofuels in cogeneration power plant with diesel engine, mechanical power is twice smaller than the received heat in module power.
- Having performed environmental evaluation of biofuel it was determined that the least emission of CO and solid particles to the environment is achieved if using rapeseed oil as fuel. However, during its burning, higher amount of NOx is emitted than using mineral diesel or rapeseed ester methyl.
- If compared options of using rapeseed oil as fuel in cogeneration power plants, after evaluation of quantities electric and heat energy produced in cogeneration power plants, it may be stated that its efficiency would make up to 79095 EUR/year, and the payback period of such power plants is about twice less than payback using mineral diesel. This is explained by lower rapeseed production costs compared to mineral diesel costs.
References
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[2] Directive 2004/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on the promotion of cogeneration based on a uself heat demand in the internal energy markt and amending directive 92/42/EEC. View Article
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French hope Bardet says no to 2020 Tour de France
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Last year he finished 15th overall in a disappointing Tour with his French outfit AG2R La Mondiale, despite standing out as best climber.
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Rare game in Queenstown for Otago
by Adrian SeconiQueenstowners will be treated to a rare sight today - domestic cricket.
Otago had a training camp in the resort town earlier this year but the Volts have not played at the Queenstown Events Centre in more than three years.
It will break the drought today when it hosts Wellington in a one-dayer.
The picturesque venue was once one of the jewels in crown. It hosted regular internationals and domestic matches.
But it fell out of vogue. It was seen as an expensive venue to stage domestic games and New Zealand Cricket stopped scheduling international matches there after a couple of rained out games and some poor attendance.
The venue has had a $640,000 upgrade to sort out the drainage issues and it hosted nine under-19 World Cup games last year.
It seemed to be positioning itself as a venue which could stage international fixtures again but is not hosting any games this season.
Otago had hoped to play there more this season but it was unable to because of scheduling conflicts, Otago Cricket Association chief executive Mike Coggan said.
''We went to them with a date but it was unavailable because there was football booked on it,'' Coggan said.
''But certainly for the future were are working with them for potentially more opportunities there.''
However, Otago can attract bigger crowds for twenty20 matches in Alexandra, so Molyneux Park is the preferred venue in Central Otago for that format.
The most recent one-day international in Queenstown was in 2014. That match was made memorable by Black Caps batsman Corey Anderson. He thrashed a 36-ball century.


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layout: post
title: Faster PHP?
Output on my Ubuntu VM (PHP 5.3.5):
test_getters_setters: 0.64945447444916 test_public_properties: 0.27986690998077 test_magic_methods: 1.0444820642471 test_array_access: 0.9640593290329