Apache Felix - Multiple Cardinality References (BndTools)
In the last example, we made a simple greeter interface and a hello world class that used it in Bndtools. A Gogo shell command was then used to call the service and get back a string greeting. The reference was bound using the @Reference annotation in the command class and we stored this information into a single field. But, what would happen if many greeters were registered as services? What if all of them were needed?
In this tutorial, we will change our project to support multiple cardinality references and make the command to run all the greeters that it finds when it’s typed.
1 A Quick Review
The original command used the @Reference annotation. It used this annotation to set a field called greeter to the first service it found. Our class looked like this:
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This works great if we think that only one greeter will ever be registered as a service. But, what if we wanted the command to save all of the greeters it found and use them all?
2 Modify the Command for Multiple References
We need to change our field to store more than one service at a time. So lets change it to a list of greeters. That means:
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becomes
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Now we need to change the signature of the setGreeter
method. We need to have Felix give us all the references one at a time that it finds. To do that change the signature:
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to
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Note: You can see the effects of this annotation change if you later break apart the component.xml file it generates. Inside you will notice that multiple=true sets the cardinality to “1..n” and the dynamic=true sets a property called policy to “dynamic”. The final component.xml file is shown at the end of this tutorial for reference.
3 Create an Unbind Method
When we just had a single field, it was ok for the variable to hold a reference or a null. However, now that we are dealing with a collection of references, we need this field to have zero to many references, but never null. To do this, we need to create a method that will remove references from the collection when they are removed from OSGi.
Lets add a unsetGreeter
method to unbind the references. The name alone is enough for the framework to find it. The framework is smart enough to know that if the method was named setSomething
then unsetSomething
must be the opposite.
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Since these methods represent a property, set and unset are the best ways to name them. However, if you wanted to have unset be named something out there, you can. Adding the unbind property to the annotation will let you use whatever you would like. An example is:
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Now that we are done with the shell command, the class looks like this:
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This is all we needed to do to make our bundle operate like before, but I promised to show mulitple references. In order to do that we need more greeters.
Note: In the next sections I’m going to breeze through creating a new greeter bundle. If you get stuck and can’t remember how to do it in Bndtools, the previous tutorial had sections that can help.
4 Create an Alternate Implementation
Using Eclipse and Bndtools, create a new Bundle Descriptor. Name this one greeter-bundle-impl2
and inside it create the following implementation.:
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Now add this new implementation to the private packages of its greeter-bundle-impl2.bnd
file and set the Declarative services to Bnd Annotations.
5 Setup and Run
Now in our bnd.bnd
file again, click on the run tab and drag our new greeter-bundle-impl2
file into the run bundles, if it isn’t already there. When you click on the Run OSGi button now and run the tutorial:greet command, notice what you see:
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When the command was ran, the command found two services and set them in the collection. It then called both of them. Once complete the service references were unset. In most cases this is OK. But what if we wanted the greeters to be loaded and remain loaded as long as the command was registered?
Lets change this behavior by telling the framework that the command should be activated immediately. To do this we need to add one more property to the command’s annotation:
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Notice after the Object.class we added a new property for immediate=true
. Now lets run this again.
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When the bundle started, the references were bound immediately. They will now stay that way unless the implementation bundles are stopped or uninstalled. If you stop impl or impl2 in the console, watch what happens. This dynamic setting and unsetting is what makes OSGi so powerful.
6 A Peek into the Component XML File
So the annotation changes we made did some interesting things to the reference section of the component file. You can see it by double clicking on the greeter-bundle-commands.jar. It now looks like this:
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We can now see the immediate attribute is filled out on the component. We can also see the cardinality, policy and unbind attributes have been filled out. When makes the component.xml file by hand, it’s important to note that these attributes are not always named the same as the annotations. Nor are the values of these attribute the same.
7 Summary
In this tutorial, we changed an existing project to support multiple reference binding. By doing so, we asked for every service that implemented a specific interface to be bound. In our next tutorial we will learn more about the concept of filtering references so that we can keep certain references from binding, yet allow others.


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Surgery is scary time for any of us, but when you have Sjögren’s syndrome, there are some things you should know.
I encourage you to share these pages with both your surgeon and the anesthesiologist to open a dialogue about surgery and your special needs. I also want to thank the Jefferson Rheumatology Associates for providing us with this great information.
patient responsibility
Before surgery, remind all of your doctors and nurses that you have Sjögren’s syndrome, and share this information sheet with them.
Give your providers a list of all medications you use, including non-prescription treatments such as eye and mouth lubricants, vitamin E, and anti-inflammatories (Advil®, Motrin®, etc.)
Bring an adequate supply of your favorite tears, artificial saliva, and other treatments with you to the hospital or surgicenter on the day of your operation in case these cannot be provided to you.
To ensure your safety and comfort, inform your providers of any arthritis-related problems, particularly those involving the neck, jaw, or back.
Discontinue blood thinners such as vitamin E and aspirin at least two weeks before surgery; discontinue anti-inflammatories (e.g., Motrin®) at least 72 hours before surgery (unless instructed otherwise by your physician).
Inform your healthcare providers if you suffer from Raynaud’s phenomenon.
medical provider information
The most common postoperative problems in Sjögren’s syndrome patients include corneal abrasions, sore throats, dysphagia, and flares of sicca symptoms.
If indicated, patients using vitamin E regularly should discontinue this treatment two weeks prior to surgery as it may have an anticoagulant effect.
Patients on chronic steroids should receive perioperative stress doses of steroids until clinically stable.
On the day of surgery, patients should be instructed to continue their usual eye/oral care and medication regime. Eye drops should be ordered before and after surgery per the patient’s routine. During surgery, the eyes should be lubricated every 30 minutes and taped gently, avoiding pressure.
A humidifier should be added to the rebreathing system.
Intubation may be difficult if the rheumatic disease involves the cervical spine or temporal mandibular joints. Endotracheal tubes and LMAs should be well lubricated and placed carefully. A dental guard may be necessary to protect carious teeth.
special nursing information
Before surgery, patients’ eyes, mouth, skin, and mobility should be assessed. Continue routine oral and eye care.
During surgery, observe careful movement and positioning of patients. Allow patients to transfer and position themselves if possible. Keep the operating room warmer than usual due to patients’ susceptibility to Raynaud’s phenomenon.
After surgery, humidified oxygen should be used. The status of patients’ eyes and mouth should be assessed. Eye care should be resumed per the patient’s routine. Patients should be allowed ice chips, liquids or artificial salivas as soon as possible.


Protein structure is commonly regarded to be conserved and to dictate function. Most proteins rely on conformational flexibility to some degree. Are regions that convey conformational flexibility conserved over evolutionary time? Can changes in conformational flexibility alter protein function? Here, the evolutionary dynamics of structurally ordered and disordered (flexible) regions are investigated genome-wide in flaviviruses, revealing that the amount and location of structural disorder fluctuates highly among related proteins. Some regions are prone to shift between structured and flexible states. Increased evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder is observed for some lineages but not in others. Lineage-specific transitions of this kind could alter the conformational ensemble accessible to the same protein in different species, causing a functional change, even if the predominant function remains conserved. Thus, rapid evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder is a potential driving force for phenotypic divergence among flaviviruses.
Two central tenets of molecular biology are that protein structure is more conserved than protein sequence and protein structure is crucial for protein function. However, it is important to note that proteins are dynamic and found as conformational ensembles to various extents ( Gunasekaran et al. 2004). A large portion of any proteome is occupied by biologically active proteins without unique 3D structures ( Romero et al. 1998; Dunker et al. 2000; Uversky et al. 2000; Ward et al. 2004; Xue et al. 2012). These proteins possess numerous intriguing properties, are intimately involved in various cellular processes ( Wright and Dyson 1999; Dunker et al. 2001; Dunker et al. 2002; Iakoucheva et al. 2002; Tompa 2002; Uversky 2002; Dunker et al. 2005; Dyson and Wright 2005; Uversky et al. 2005; Vucetic et al. 2007; Xie et al. 2007; Kim et al. 2008; Oldfield et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2009; Wright and Dyson 2009), and are commonly found to be related to the pathogenesis of various diseases ( Uversky et al. 2008). Frequently involved in complex protein–protein, protein–nucleic acid, and protein–small molecule interactions, some of these interactions can induce a disorder-to-order transition in the entire protein or in its part ( Wright and Dyson 1999; Uversky et al. 2000; Dunker et al. 2001; Tompa 2002; Uversky 2002; Dyson and Wright 2005; Oldfield et al. 2005; Mohan et al. 2006; Vacic et al. 2007; Dosztányi et al. 2009; Mészáros et al. 2009; Wright and Dyson 2009; Uversky 2011). Furthermore, confomationally flexible proteins opens a unique capability for one protein to be involved in interaction with several unrelated binding partners and to gain different bound structures ( Oldfield et al. 2008; Hsu et al. 2012). This means that the same sequence can adopt multiple conformations. Thus, proteins that are found as conformational ensembles may have more than one functional conformation and multiple functions.
The equilibrium of a protein’s conformational ensemble is controlled by various external signals, such as pH, temperature, or binding partners ( del Sol et al. 2009). From an evolutionary viewpoint, sequences that adopt a conformational ensemble can propagate biological divergence through multifaceted selective pressures. Sequence changes altering the equilibrium of the conformational ensemble, and causing a loss of a subset of promiscuous functions, may be better tolerated than sequence changes that cause a protein to lose its entire function due to misfolding. On evolutionary time scales, changes in the equilibrium of a conformational ensemble may result in highly different conformational ensembles among homologous proteins ( Siltberg-Liberles et al. 2011).
Proteins that have intrinsically disordered regions are present as conformational ensembles. Structurally disordered regions act as dynamic switches ( Smock and Gierasch 2009). These proteins have (large or small) regions that rapidly sample multiple conformations due to a shallow rugged energy landscape ( Tsai et al. 2001). As conformations become more ordered or stabilized in response to an external signal, the conformational ensemble endures a population shift ( Ma et al. 1999). In accordance with the extended conformational selection processes, binding events ranging from lock and key to induced fit are plausible ( Csermely et al. 2010). Intuitively, one can hypothesize that the conformational ensemble endures population shifts in response to sequence divergence. Consequently, this will ultimately impact processes of conformational selection in response to different stimuli in a lineage-specific manner, as a mutation-driven conformational selection ( Tokuriki and Tawfik 2009; Siltberg-Liberles et al. 2011).
We hypothesize that subtle changes in conformational flexibility can drive biological divergence among proteins that seem structurally and functionally conserved, such as orthologous proteins in closely related species. To test this hypothesis, we have investigated how structural disorder, as an approximation for conformational flexibility, changes among Dengue viruses and other flaviviruses, e.g., yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus. According to the World Health Organization, the mosquito-borne Dengue virus alone infects 50 million people worldwide per year, resulting in 22,000 fatalities. While vaccines are present for some flaviviruses (e.g., yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus), Dengue virus vaccines have proven a challenge due to the presence of different serotypes and complex antibody binding affinities (reviewed in Heinz and Stiasny (2012)). Importantly, flaviviruses depend on conformational flexibility for their life cycle ( Heinz and Stiasny 2012) and encode a small RNA genome, which is expressed as a polyprotein (approximately 3,400 residues in Dengue virus) containing 11 separate protein chains. Therefore, the flaviviruses were subjected to a genome-wide investigation of the evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder with implications for phenotypic divergence.
The 11 proteins encoded by the polyprotein in DENV-1 are capsid protein (C), membrane glycoprotein precursor (Mp), envelope protein (E), nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A), nonstructural protein 2B (NS2B), nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), nonstructural protein 4A (NS4A), 2K protein (2K), nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B), and nonstructural protein 5 (NS5). Protein 2K is only 23 residues long and therefore excluded from this study.
NCBI BLAST ( Altschul et al. 1990) was performed for each protein chain in the Dengue 1 virus’ polyprotein independently against the genus flavivirus in the refseq and nr databases. Sequences (
For each site in the different alignments, the evolutionary rate of amino acid substitutions was calculated using MEGA5 ( Tamura et al. 2011) based on the PhyML trees. Mean (relative) evolutionary rate are scaled such that the average evolutionary rate across all sites is 1. This means that sites showing a rate <1 are evolving slower than average, and those with a rate >1 are evolving faster than average. These relative rates were estimated under the Jones–Taylor–Thornton ( 1992) model ( Jones et al. 1992) including a discrete five-category Gamma distribution.
For every sequence in the multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) used for protein phylogenies, structural disorder was predicted using IUPred ( Dosztányi et al. 2005) and PONDR-FIT ( Xue, Dunbrack, et al. 2010). All predictions were run on unaligned, ungapped sequences.
To analyze the evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder, this feature must be analyzed in an evolutionary context. For every protein phylogeny, the value of structural disorder predicted for every residue in all sequences in a phylogeny was projected onto the MSAs, in order to line up comparable sites. These were visualized in heatmaps using iTOL ( Letunic and Bork 2007, 2011). For estimating evolutionary dynamics, the structural disorder predictions were reduced to two states, ordered and disordered. All sites with IUPred prediction values <0.4 were assigned order and all sites ≥0.4 were assigned disorder. Similarly, for PONDR-FIT, 0.5 was used as the cutoff for order and disorder. For every protein phylogeny and site in the corresponding MSA, the change of state (order vs. disorder) was evaluated using parsimony as implemented in GLOOME ( Cohen et al. 2010) and normalized by the number of nodes in each phylogeny. If a gap was present for a species at a specific position, that species was excluded for the analysis of that site. Thus, all sites with data were analyzed. Furthermore, to visualize the amount of disorder to order transition (DOT) in a phylogenic context, all branches with DOTs in at least 5% of the sites per row length of the MSA were identified as branches showing rapid evolutionary dynamics of DOT.
To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of conformational flexibility in proteins encoded by Dengue virus and other flaviviruses, protein phylogenies were constructed for all homologs of the 11 proteins in Dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1). Protein structure disorder was predicted as a proxy for conformational flexibility using IUPred ( Dosztányi et al. 2005) and PONDR-FIT ( Xue, Dunbrack, et al. 2010). While the IUPred predictions are continuous, the cutoff of 0.4 was found to match the disordered regions in the Disprot database of disordered proteins ( Fuxreiter et al. 2007; Sickmeier et al. 2007). Here, a cutoff of 0.4 was used to establish disorder or order. For PONDR-FIT, the boundary for order and disorder is 0.5 ( Xue, Dunbrack, et al. 2010), and thus, the 0.5 cutoff was used to denote order and disorder. The two discrete states (disorder and order) for the two different prediction methods were analyzed in a phylogenetic context using parsimony.
The phylogeny for the envelope protein ( fig. 1) was rooted with Tamana bat virus (TABV) as the outgroup, in accordance with it being a remote flavivirus species ( de Lamballerie et al. 2002). After TABV, the Kamiti River virus (KRV) clade, including KRV, Cell Fusing Agent virus (CFAV), Culex flavivirus (CxFV), Aedes flavivirus (AeFV), branches off. Quang Binh virus (QBV) is frequently found in this clade too. At the next node junction, the upper branch further splits into two main clades.  On the lower main clade of the upper branch, the yellow fever virus (YFV) clade (Sepik virus [SEPV], Wesselbron virus [WESSV], and YFV) and the Entebbe bat virus (ENTV) clade (Yokose virus [YOKV] and ENTV) are found. On the lower branch, the upper Dengue virus (DENV) clade consists of the four different serotypes of DENV (DENV-1–4).
The envelope protein phylogeny. The phylogeny of the envelope protein represents the evolutionary relationships between the different flaviviruses. The different clades are highlighted and the clade identifier is shown in italic. In most phylogenies for the separate protein chains, the clades are reconstructed, with the exception of the ZIKV clade and to a lesser extent the YFV clade. This phylogeny is consistent with a recent flavivirus phylogeny ( Lobo et al. 2009), where the following hosts were indicated: 1no known arthropod vector virus, 2insect only virus, 3tick-borne virus, and 4mosquito-borne virus.
The lower clade of the lower branch has a monophyletic West Nile virus (WNV) clade (Bagaza virus [BAGV], Ilheus virus [ILHV], St. Louis Encephalitis virus [SLEV], West nile virus p [WNVp], Murray Valley Encephalitis virus [MVEV], Usutu virus [USUV], Japanese Encephalitis virus [JEV], and WNV). Kedougou virus (KEDV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Kokobera virus (KOKV) and Aroa virus (AROAV) are rarely found in consistent clades but tend to end up close to the DENV and the WNV clades.
Full-length homologs for all DENV-1 proteins are only found in the ZIKV and WNV clades. Only E, NS3, and NS5 are found across all flavivirus clades in this study. The final phylogenies for all protein families follow similar clade topologies as in the envelope protein. There are small variations within the clades, mostly due to the different species composition for the different proteins (
Structural disorder was predicted for all proteins using IUPred ( Dosztányi et al. 2005) and PONDR-FIT ( Xue, Dunbrack, et al. 2010). Comparing the disorder predictions from IUPred (
The percentage of disordered sites per protein and the distribution of proteins in the different viruses show high variation ( fig. 2). NS2A and NS4A show very little disorder and therefore less emphasis will be put on these two proteins. Most viruses have 20–30% of the residues in C in the disordered state, but in ZIKV only 1% of the sites are predicted to be disordered. In Mp, the percentages of disordered sites are in the range of 0–31%. The envelope protein, E, is 14% disordered in the outgroup TABV, but the first clades to branch off, KRV and RBV, are much less disordered than the younger clades (DENV, ZIKV, and WNV). NS1, NS3, and NS5 have the highest amount of disordered sites, with NS3 being more disordered than NS5, and NS1 is the least disordered. Most NS2B and NS4B proteins have little disorder. In addition, even if the percentage of disorder is the same, it cannot be assumed that the sites displaying disorder are conserved. Subsequently, the disorder predictions were mapped onto the MSAs used for the phylogeny reconstructions and visualized as heatmaps following the same order as the sequences in the specific phylogeny for each protein ( fig. 3A). While the heatmap shows the variation in disorder prediction for all sites in the alignment, it does not quantify how disorder–order states actually change over the phylogeny. Thus, the disorder predictions for each site in the alignment were discretized into two states (ordered or disordered). The discrete states were analyzed site by site across the phylogeny, allowing us to capture two measures of evolutionary dynamics: 1) DOT per site per node ( fig. 3B) and 2) DOTs per branch ( fig. 4 and
Disorder content per protein per species. The percentage of sites per protein chain per virus that are predicted to be structurally disordered. The different viruses occur in the graph in the order given below the graph from left to right.
Changes in disorder across sites. ( A) The combined output for the capsid is shown. The heatmap represent order (blue to white) and disorder (white to red) prediction by IUPred per site in the multiple sequence alignment. The phylogeny is shown on the right. The parsimony analysis of DOT across the phylogentic tree is shown on top of the heat map as changes per site per node. ( B) The parsimony analysis of DOT over the phylogentic tree as changes per site per node. (Combined outputs for all proteins and details about each phylogenetic reconstruction, see
Changes in disorder across branches. The result of the parsimony analysis of disorder to order transitions or vice versa over the phylogentic tree as changes per branch. Branches with more than 5% of sites in DOT are shown with wider lines: ( A) capsid, ( B) membrane glycoprotein precursor, ( C) envelope, ( D) NS1, ( E) NS2B, ( F) NS3, ( G) NS5, and ( H) NS4B. (For complete output, including NS2A, 2K, and NS4A, which have no branches with more than 5% of sites in DOT, see
All proteins showing disordered sites display rapid evolutionary dynamics; the DOTs are frequent ( fig. 3B). Very few sites are disordered across all taxa, while the ordered sites show much higher conservation. All proteins analyzed here have ordered, highly conserved regions, but most also have disordered regions that are showing fast evolutionary dynamics. Some disordered regions appear to expand from one clade to another. Consequently, the conformational ensembles may be changing quickly between closely related orthologs. This pattern also allows for the conserved, predominant functional conformations to form, but with differences in response to various stimuli.
To evaluate whether the sites that show rapid evolutionary dynamics of DOT also are showing high evolutionary rate of amino acid substitutions, we compared the DOT per site versus evolutionary rate per site ( fig. 5). Sites with rapid DOT do not necessarily have an elevated amino acid substitution rate, and there is no clear correlation between DOT and evolutionary rate of amino acid substitution.
DOT versus evolutionary rate of amino acid substitutions. Plots showing the disorder to order transitions versus the evolutionary rate of amino acid substitutions: ( A) capsid, ( B) membrane glycoprotein precursor, ( C) envelope, ( D) NS1, ( E) NS2A, ( F) NS2A, ( G) NS4A, ( H) NS4B, ( I) NS3, and ( J) NS5.
Observing the branches where at least 5% of the sites in the alignment are changing states ( fig. 4), it appears that DOTs are more frequent among the DENV, ZIKV, and WNV clades than among the KRV, APOI, and YFV clades. Protein E, NS3, and NS5, are especially enriched in branches with rapid evolutionary dynamics of DOTs.
Structurally ordered regions show a higher degree of conservation than structurally disordered regions, and many regions prone to be structurally disordered can rapidly transition between order and disorder. While conserved structurally ordered regions imply structural conservation, conserved structurally disordered regions can hide changes in conformational properties such as secondary structure propensity ( Siltberg-Liberles 2011). Comparing the percentage of average structural disorder per protein in orthologous proteins from different viruses reveals high variation levels among more distantly related clades. Conversely, within clades and between more closely related clades, there is less variation of the average structural disorder per protein. These results imply that structural disorder is changing among the sequences under investigation here. Indeed, the parsimony analysis of how structural disorder and order vary at the same site for different species across the alignment in the phylogenetic context confirms the fluctuation between disorder and order. The parsimony analysis identifies sites and regions that are rapidly changing between order and disorder as well as constantly ordered regions. The parsimony analysis across the phylogeny illustrating where the different changes occur provides a lineage-specific perspective. It reveals that, among these flaviviruses, the changes per lineage are not evenly distributed nor does it seem to correlate with branch lengths. Some lineages are undergoing far more DOT than others. High lineage-specific DOT is likely to be of biological importance as a route to lineage-specific specialization. Subtle or not, changes in the conformational flexibility can alter the conformational ensemble. Regions that have experienced high DOT are likely to be less important to the primary function of the protein, but they may be important in providing a diverse set of promiscuous functions (such as interactions and regulation). These promiscuous functions are likely to change as DOTs occur.
Here, we have compared a broad set of flavivirus proteomes, but the DENV, ZIKV, and WNV clades have the most similar proteomes. These viruses are phenotypically different, governed only by changes in orthologous sequences. These three clades have experienced frequent lineage-specific DOT and while the primary functions are likely to remain, the set of promiscuous functions and interactions might have changed among these proteins. Direct evidence to these points is hard to derive but a few circumstantial indications add credibility of these points. First, antibody dependent enhancement is the proposed mechanism for increased severity in secondary Dengue virus infections. Antibodies targeted for the envelope protein are supposed to neutralize the virion by preventing it from binding to Fc receptors. If the affinity of the antibody from a primary infection is too low (or is present in too low concentration) for a different serotype of Dengue virus, the virion is not neutralized and the secondary infection is enhanced ( Guzman and Vazquez 2010; Heinz and Stiasny 2012). The DENV clade is enriched in lineage-specific DOT.
Second, we note that especially NS3 and NS5 have undergone high lineage-specific DOT. In a recent study, NS3 and NS5 from six different flaviviruses (DENV1, AHFV, WNV, JEV, TBEV, and Kunjin virus) were used to determine the human host–flavivirus protein–protein interaction network by comparing their interactions with 120 human cellular target proteins. Most interactions between NS3 and/or NS5 from the different flaviviruses are species-specific. Only two of the human target proteins interacted with four of the six flaviviruses, and 82 of the human target proteins interacted with only one of the six flaviviruses ( Le Breton et al. 2011). This supports the hypothesis that phenotypic divergence can result as the conformational flexibility changes, here rewiring protein–protein interaction networks. Further support is provided by a recent study that found interactomes to be depleted in conserved interactions mediated by disordered proteins as compared with ordered proteins networks ( Mosca et al. 2012).
Third, experimental structural biology suggests that the main conformations of the envelope protein are fairly conserved across many viruses and also that there are differences in the surface accessible loops among DENV and TBEV ( Zhang et al. 2004). Mapping the locations of the structurally divergent surface loops onto the envelope heatmap shows that these locations often correspond to regions of altered disorder or order (
These are important observations suggesting that while reporting merely the average structural disorder per protein or per proteome was sufficient as a first estimate of the prevalence of structural disorder, it is not enough to infer the evolutionary importance that disordered regions may have in a protein or in a proteome. Here, we have shown rapid evolutionary dynamics of DOT along several branches in this part of the flavivirus phylogeny. This is the first comparative genomic study of structural DOT and it shows that regions of conserved order are intermixed with regions displaying rapid evolutionary dynamics of DOT. The major trends identified here are 1) the amount and location of structural disorder fluctuates among orthologs and 2) lineage-specific (structural and, thus, functional) dynamic fluctuations are frequent and could be a major driving force for phenotypic divergence. These trends are from a group of related viruses. It has been proposed that viruses use structural disorder to function, because viruses must quickly adapt to their changing environments and for their pathogenicity ( Xue, Williams, et al. 2010). Our results support and expand that hypothesis. The rapid change in disorder offers not only the possibility of antibody-dependent enhancement but also novel compositions of host target protein interactions. These trends may not apply to all proteins in a general sense, but nevertheless provide a first view of how structural disorder contributes to biodiversity on a genome-wide level.
Infections caused by Dengue virus are emerging. If we cannot prevent infections by vaccines, antivirals offer an alternative strategy. The results presented here are valuable for identifying virus-specific functionally important regions that can be targeted for both vaccine and antiviral designs.
Extended conformational selection is not only at play through conformational selection but also includes induced fit as a mechanism. It is important to note that both mechanisms depend on conformational flexibility. This work is focused on the evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder and order in homologous sites and shows that in addition to the previously identified mechanism of adding long disordered segments as a mean to alter disorder content during protein evolution ( Nido et al. 2012), both direct and indirect amino acid substitutions offer another mechanism for altering disorder content. Thus, the results presented here support the view that mutation-driven extended conformational selection is a potential mechanism for biological divergence.
The authors thank Virginia Schmit for helpful discussions and David Liberles and Virginia Schmit for careful reading of the manuscript. This project was supported by grants from the


About
I am using AES 128 encryption, with random IV. And PBKDF2 (Hmac SHA1, 1000 iterations) is used for password. Result is signed with HMAC MD5, for verification, and then encoded using Base64
It's very common and secure configuration. Most cryptography tools supports this scheme, so you will be able to decrypt your message even without this tool, by using other tools.
Tech details
Initialization vector (IV)
Just a random value to initialize encryption, used to make result uniq even if same input and password were used.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector
Encryption key
It's a PBKDF2 with following parameters:
- 128 bit
- HMAC SHA1
- MD5 as salt (to reduce the ability to use precomputed hashes, a 'rainbow tables')
- 1000 iterations
One important moment here: I apply MD5 to the input password (that could be any UTF-8 string), before using PBKDF2. Since I found out that some implementations of PBKDF doesn't support non-ascii characters out of box, so I came to this base minimum
PBKDF2 makes it much harder to brute force your password, PBKDF2 significantly increases time to prepare input keys for decryption.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2
Encryption
I am using standard Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encryption, with 128 bits block length. CBC for block chaining and and PKCS5 for padding.
AES became effective as a federal government standard on May 26, 2002 after approval by the Secretary of Commerce. AES is included in the ISO/IEC 18033-3 standard. AES is available in many different encryption packages, and is the first publicly accessible and open cipher approved by the National Security Agency (NSA) for top secret information when used in an NSA approved cryptographic module.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_block_chaining
HMAC
First 128 bit of output is HMAC MD5 digest of encrypted data (not original message), and used during decryption phase to validate that encrypted message is not corrupted.
Secret key is simply AES,128b` in binary representation ([0x69, 0x6e, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x72, 0x79, 0x70, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2c, 0x41, 0x45, 0x53, 0x2c, 0x31, 0x32, 0x38, 0x62])
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC
Output
Output is simply Base64 encoded binary data, suitable for emails, web, etc.


Xiuping Tan
I am a recent graduate from University of California, Davis with B.S. degrees in Computer Science and Statistics. I'm currently seeking an entry-level Data Analytics position where I will be able to contribute my skills and experience and develop my career.


|
KlusterKite
0.0.0
A framework to create scalable and redundant services based on awesome Akka.Net project.
|
Node service description More...
Public Member Functions | |
| override bool | Equals (object obj) |
| Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object. More... | |
| override int | GetHashCode () |
| Serves as the default hash function. More... | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static bool | operator!= (NodeServiceConfiguration left, NodeServiceConfiguration right) |
Compares two
for non-equality More... | |
| static bool | operator== (NodeServiceConfiguration left, NodeServiceConfiguration right) |
Compares two
for equality More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| string | NodeUrl => $"{this.NodeAddress.Host}:{this.ServiceDescription.ListeningPort}" |
| Link to node listening server root More... | |
Properties | |
| Address | NodeAddress [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the node address More... | |
| ServiceDescription | ServiceDescription [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the local node service description More... | |
Node service description
Definition at line 23 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.
| override bool KlusterKite.Web.NginxConfigurator.NodeServiceConfiguration.Equals | ( | object | obj | ) |
Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object.
| obj | The object to compare with the current object. |
Definition at line 68 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.
| override int KlusterKite.Web.NginxConfigurator.NodeServiceConfiguration.GetHashCode | ( | ) |
Serves as the default hash function.
Definition at line 91 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.
|
static |
Compares two
for non-equality
| left | The left service configuration |
| right | The right service configuration |
Definition at line 47 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.
|
static |
Compares two
for equality
| left | The left service configuration |
| right | The right service configuration |
Definition at line 59 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.
| string KlusterKite.Web.NginxConfigurator.NodeServiceConfiguration.NodeUrl => $"{this.NodeAddress.Host}:{this.ServiceDescription.ListeningPort}" |
Link to node listening server root
Definition at line 34 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the node address
Definition at line 29 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the local node service description
Definition at line 39 of file NodeServiceConfiguration.cs.


andrew_gelman_stats andrew_gelman_stats-2010 andrew_gelman_stats-2010-134 knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining
Source: html
Introduction: John Keltz writes: What do you think about curved lines connecting discrete data-points? (For example, here .) The problem with the smoothed graph is it seems to imply that something is going on in between the discrete data points, which is false. However, the straight-line version isn’t representing actual events either- it is just helping the eye connect each point. So maybe the curved version is also just helping the eye connect each point, and looks better doing it. In my own work (value-added modeling of achievement test scores) I use straight lines, but I guess I am not too bothered when people use smoothing. I’d appreciate your input. Regular readers will be unsurprised that, yes, I have an opinion on this one, and that this opinion is connected to some more general ideas about statistical graphics. In general I’m not a fan of the curved lines. They’re ok, but I don’t really see the point. I can connect the dots just fine without the curves. The more general id
sentIndex sentText sentNum sentScore
1 John Keltz writes: What do you think about curved lines connecting discrete data-points? [sent-1, score-1.066]
2 ) The problem with the smoothed graph is it seems to imply that something is going on in between the discrete data points, which is false. [sent-3, score-0.3]
3 However, the straight-line version isn’t representing actual events either- it is just helping the eye connect each point. [sent-4, score-0.793]
4 So maybe the curved version is also just helping the eye connect each point, and looks better doing it. [sent-5, score-1.34]
5 In my own work (value-added modeling of achievement test scores) I use straight lines, but I guess I am not too bothered when people use smoothing. [sent-6, score-0.531]
6 Regular readers will be unsurprised that, yes, I have an opinion on this one, and that this opinion is connected to some more general ideas about statistical graphics. [sent-8, score-0.452]
7 I can connect the dots just fine without the curves. [sent-11, score-0.289]
8 The more general idea is that the line, whether curved or straight, serves two purposes: first, it’s an (interpolative) estimate of some continuous curve; second, it makes short-term trends apparent in a way that’s harder to see from the points alone. [sent-12, score-1.206]
9 The straight line also serves a third purpose, which is to make clear the reliance on the original data. [sent-13, score-0.77]
10 To put it another way, if I’m doing a simple interpolation, I want it to be clear that I’m doing a simple interpolation–and the straight lines make this clear. [sent-14, score-0.68]
11 To me, the added ambiguity is more of a cost than the smoother interpolation is a benefit. [sent-17, score-0.618]
wordName wordTfidf (topN-words)
[('curved', 0.638), ('interpolation', 0.315), ('straight', 0.255), ('connect', 0.212), ('lines', 0.212), ('serves', 0.16), ('eye', 0.151), ('helping', 0.144), ('discrete', 0.129), ('reliance', 0.105), ('smoothed', 0.105), ('smoother', 0.105), ('unsurprised', 0.105), ('version', 0.102), ('opinion', 0.094), ('ambiguity', 0.093), ('general', 0.089), ('connecting', 0.087), ('line', 0.084), ('achievement', 0.078), ('dots', 0.077), ('representing', 0.075), ('apparent', 0.075), ('purposes', 0.074), ('simple', 0.072), ('connected', 0.07), ('curve', 0.07), ('clear', 0.069), ('imply', 0.066), ('fan', 0.065), ('bothered', 0.065), ('scores', 0.063), ('trends', 0.062), ('harder', 0.062), ('events', 0.062), ('points', 0.061), ('purpose', 0.06), ('regular', 0.059), ('continuous', 0.059), ('appreciate', 0.056), ('third', 0.055), ('benefit', 0.055), ('added', 0.053), ('cost', 0.052), ('maybe', 0.051), ('actual', 0.047), ('use', 0.045), ('test', 0.043), ('looks', 0.042), ('original', 0.042)]
simIndex simValue blogId blogTitle
same-blog 1 1.0 134 andrew gelman stats-2010-07-08-“What do you think about curved lines connecting discrete data-points?”
Introduction: John Keltz writes: What do you think about curved lines connecting discrete data-points? (For example, here .) The problem with the smoothed graph is it seems to imply that something is going on in between the discrete data points, which is false. However, the straight-line version isn’t representing actual events either- it is just helping the eye connect each point. So maybe the curved version is also just helping the eye connect each point, and looks better doing it. In my own work (value-added modeling of achievement test scores) I use straight lines, but I guess I am not too bothered when people use smoothing. I’d appreciate your input. Regular readers will be unsurprised that, yes, I have an opinion on this one, and that this opinion is connected to some more general ideas about statistical graphics. In general I’m not a fan of the curved lines. They’re ok, but I don’t really see the point. I can connect the dots just fine without the curves. The more general id
2 0.11081477 2186 andrew gelman stats-2014-01-26-Infoviz on top of stat graphic on top of spreadsheet
Introduction: Kaiser points to this infoviz from MIT’s Technology Review: Kaiser writes: What makes the designer want to tilt the reader’s head? This chart is unreadable. It also fails the self-sufficiency test. All 13 data points are printed onto the chart. You really don’t need the axis, and the gridlines. A further design flaw is the use of signposts. Our eyes are drawn to the hexagons containing the brand icons but the data is at the other end of the signpost, where it is planted on the surface! Here is a sketch of something not as cute: I [Kaiser] expressed time as years . . . The mobile-related entities are labelled red. The dots could be replaced by the hexagonal brand icons. I agree with all of Kaiser’s criticisms, and I agree that his graph is, from the statistical perspective, a zillion times better than what was published. On the other hand, unusual images can get attention. Recall the famous/notorious clock plot from Florence Nightingale . This is why I’ve move
3 0.093590118 1452 andrew gelman stats-2012-08-09-Visually weighting regression displays
Introduction: Solomon Hsiang writes : One of my colleagues suggested that I send you this very short note that I wrote on a new approach for displaying regression result uncertainty (attached). It’s very simple, and I’ve found it effective in one of my papers where I actually use it, but if you have a chance to glance over it and have any ideas for how to sell the approach or make it better, I’d be very interested to hear them. (Also, if you’ve seen that someone else has already made this point, I’d appreciate knowing that too.) Here’s an example: Hsiang writes: In Panel A, our eyes are drawn outward, away from the center of the display and toward the swirling confidence intervals at the edges. But in Panel B, our eyes are attracted to the middle of the regression line, where the high contrast between the line and the background is sharp and visually heavy. By using visual-weighting, we focus our readers’s attention on those portions of the regression that contain the most inform
4 0.083018593 1283 andrew gelman stats-2012-04-26-Let’s play “Guess the smoother”!
Introduction: Andre de Boer writes: In my profession as a risk manager I encountered this graph: I can’t figure out what kind of regression this is, would you be so kind to enlighten me? The points represent (maturity,yield) of bonds. My reply: That’s a fun problem, reverse-engineering a curve fit! My first guess is lowess, although it seems too flat and asympoty on the right side of the graph to be lowess. Maybe a Gaussian process? Looks too smooth to be a spline. I guess I’ll go with my original guess, on the theory that lowess is the most accessible smoother out there, and if someone fit something much more complicated they’d make more of a big deal about it. On the other hand, if the curve is an automatic output of some software (Excel? Stata?) then it could be just about anything. Does anyone have any ideas?
5 0.080916762 61 andrew gelman stats-2010-05-31-A data visualization manifesto
Introduction: Details matter (at least, they do for me), but we don’t yet have a systematic way of going back and forth between the structure of a graph, its details, and the underlying questions that motivate our visualizations. (Cleveland, Wilkinson, and others have written a bit on how to formalize these connections, and I’ve thought about it too, but we have a ways to go.) I was thinking about this difficulty after reading an article on graphics by some computer scientists that was well-written but to me lacked a feeling for the linkages between substantive/statistical goals and graphical details. I have problems with these issues too, and my point here is not to criticize but to move the discussion forward. When thinking about visualization, how important are the details? Aleks pointed me to this article by Jeffrey Heer, Michael Bostock, and Vadim Ogievetsky, “A Tour through the Visualization Zoo: A survey of powerful visualization techniques, from the obvious to the obscure.” Th
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topicId topicWeight
[(0, 0.114), (1, 0.004), (2, 0.011), (3, 0.032), (4, 0.05), (5, -0.049), (6, -0.006), (7, 0.004), (8, 0.026), (9, 0.001), (10, -0.009), (11, -0.011), (12, -0.025), (13, -0.011), (14, -0.026), (15, 0.008), (16, 0.02), (17, 0.014), (18, -0.018), (19, -0.0), (20, 0.013), (21, 0.029), (22, -0.021), (23, -0.028), (24, 0.023), (25, -0.01), (26, 0.02), (27, -0.005), (28, -0.029), (29, 0.011), (30, 0.04), (31, -0.006), (32, -0.024), (33, -0.019), (34, -0.015), (35, -0.021), (36, -0.011), (37, -0.003), (38, 0.005), (39, -0.001), (40, 0.014), (41, 0.031), (42, 0.01), (43, 0.008), (44, 0.006), (45, 0.011), (46, 0.003), (47, -0.011), (48, 0.012), (49, -0.023)]
simIndex simValue blogId blogTitle
same-blog 1 0.95622915 134 andrew gelman stats-2010-07-08-“What do you think about curved lines connecting discrete data-points?”
Introduction: John Keltz writes: What do you think about curved lines connecting discrete data-points? (For example, here .) The problem with the smoothed graph is it seems to imply that something is going on in between the discrete data points, which is false. However, the straight-line version isn’t representing actual events either- it is just helping the eye connect each point. So maybe the curved version is also just helping the eye connect each point, and looks better doing it. In my own work (value-added modeling of achievement test scores) I use straight lines, but I guess I am not too bothered when people use smoothing. I’d appreciate your input. Regular readers will be unsurprised that, yes, I have an opinion on this one, and that this opinion is connected to some more general ideas about statistical graphics. In general I’m not a fan of the curved lines. They’re ok, but I don’t really see the point. I can connect the dots just fine without the curves. The more general id
2 0.86085415 1283 andrew gelman stats-2012-04-26-Let’s play “Guess the smoother”!
Introduction: Andre de Boer writes: In my profession as a risk manager I encountered this graph: I can’t figure out what kind of regression this is, would you be so kind to enlighten me? The points represent (maturity,yield) of bonds. My reply: That’s a fun problem, reverse-engineering a curve fit! My first guess is lowess, although it seems too flat and asympoty on the right side of the graph to be lowess. Maybe a Gaussian process? Looks too smooth to be a spline. I guess I’ll go with my original guess, on the theory that lowess is the most accessible smoother out there, and if someone fit something much more complicated they’d make more of a big deal about it. On the other hand, if the curve is an automatic output of some software (Excel? Stata?) then it could be just about anything. Does anyone have any ideas?
3 0.82704747 1470 andrew gelman stats-2012-08-26-Graphs showing regression uncertainty: the code!
Introduction: After our discussion of visual displays of regression uncertainty, I asked Solomon Hsiang and Lucas Leeman to send me their code. Both of them replied. Solomon wrote: The matlab and stata functions I wrote, as well as the script that replicates my figures, are all posted on my website . Also, I just added options to the main matlab function (vwregress.m) to make it display the spaghetti plot (similar to what Lucas did, but a simple bootstrap) and the shaded CI that you suggested (see figs below). They’re good suggestions. Personally, I [Hsiang] like the shaded CI better, since I think that all the visual activity in the spaghetti plot is a little distracting and sometimes adds visual weight in places where I wouldn’t want it. But the option is there in case people like it. Solomon then followed up with: I just thought of this small adjustment to your filled CI idea that seems neat. Cartographers like map projections that conserve area. We can do som
Introduction: 1. I remarked that Sharad had a good research article with some ugly graphs. 2. Dan posted Sharad’s graph and some unpleasant alternatives, inadvertently associating me with one of the unpleasant alternatives. Dan was comparing barplots with dotplots. 3. I commented on Dan’s site that, in this case, I’d much prefer a well-designed lineplot. I wrote: There’s a principle in decision analysis that the most important step is not the evaluation of the decision tree but the decision of what options to include in the tree in the first place. I think that’s what’s happening here. You’re seriously limiting yourself by considering the above options, which really are all the same graph with just slight differences in format. What you need to do is break outside the box. (Graph 2-which I think you think is the kind of thing that Gelman would like-indeed is the kind of thing that I think the R gurus like, but I don’t like it at all . It looks clean without actually being clea
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Introduction: Kaiser Fung shares this graph from Ritchie King: Kaiser writes: What they did right: - Did not put the data on a map - Ordered the countries by the most recent data point rather than alphabetically - Scale labels are found only on outer edge of the chart area, rather than one set per panel - Only used three labels for the 11 years on the plot - Did not overdo the vertical scale either The nicest feature was the XL scale applied only to South Korea. This destroys the small-multiples principle but draws attention to the top left corner, where the designer wants our eyes to go. I would have used smaller fonts throughout. I agree with all of Kaiser’s comments. I could even add a few more, like using light gray for the backgrounds and a bright blue for the lines, spacing the graphs well, using full country names rather than three-letter abbreviations. There are so many standard mistakes that go into default data displays that it is refreshing to see a simple graph done
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topicId topicWeight
[(16, 0.092), (21, 0.023), (22, 0.024), (24, 0.154), (27, 0.301), (43, 0.023), (72, 0.014), (99, 0.231)]
simIndex simValue blogId blogTitle
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Introduction: I was pleasantly surprised to have my recreational reading about baseball in the New Yorker interrupted by a digression on statistics. Sam Fuld of the Tampa Bay Rays, was the subjet of a Ben McGrath profile in the 4 July 2011 issue of the New Yorker , in an article titled Super Sam . After quoting a minor-league trainer who described Fuld as “a bit of a geek” (who isn’t these days?), McGrath gets into that lovely New Yorker detail: One could have pointed out the more persuasive and telling examples, such as the fact that in 2005, after his first pro season, with the Class-A Peoria Chiefs, Fuld applied for a fall internship with Stats, Inc., the research firm that supplies broadcasters with much of the data anad analysis that you hear in sports telecasts. After a description of what they had him doing, reviewing footage of games and cataloguing, he said “I thought, They have a stat for everything, but they don’t have any stats regarding foul balls.” Fuld’s
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Introduction: Why can’t I buy train and plane tickets through Amazon? That would be so much more convenient than the current system where I have to keep entering information into the damn forms over and over again.
3 0.90875071 347 andrew gelman stats-2010-10-17-Getting arm and lme4 running on the Mac
Introduction: Our “arm” package in R requires Doug Bates’s “lme4″ which fits multilevel models. lme4 is currently having some problems on the Mac. But installation on the Mac can be done; it just takes a bit of work. I have two sets of instructions below. From Yu-Sung: If you have MAC OS DVD, you should install developer X code packages from it. Otherwise, install them from here . After this, do the following in R: install.packages(“lme4″, type = “source”) Then you will have lme4 in R and you can install arm without a problem. And, from David Ozonoff: I installed the lme4 package via the Package Installer but this didn’t work, of course. I then installed, via this link , gfortran which seemed to put the libraries in the right place (I had earlier installed via Fink the gcc42 compiler, so I’m not sure if this is required or not). I then ran, in R, this: install.packages(c(“Matrix”,”lme4″), repos=”http://R-Forge.R-project.org”) This does not appear to work since it wi
Introduction: Someone passed on to a message from his university library announcing that the journal “Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics” is no longer free. Librarians have to decide what to do, so I thought I’d offer the following consumer guide: Wiley Computational Statistics journal Wikipedia Frequency 6 issues per year Continuously updated Includes articles from Wikipedia? Yes Yes Cites the Wikipedia sources it uses? No Yes Edited by recipient of ASA Founders Award? Yes No Articles are subject to rigorous review? No Yes Errors, when discovered, get fixed? No Yes Number of vertices in n-dimensional hypercube? 2n 2 n Easy access to Brady Bunch trivia? No Yes Cost (North America) $1400-$2800 $0 Cost (UK) £986-£1972 £0 Cost (Europe) €1213-€2426 €0 The choice seems pretty clear to me! It’s funny for the Wiley journal to start charging now
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Introduction: John Keltz writes: What do you think about curved lines connecting discrete data-points? (For example, here .) The problem with the smoothed graph is it seems to imply that something is going on in between the discrete data points, which is false. However, the straight-line version isn’t representing actual events either- it is just helping the eye connect each point. So maybe the curved version is also just helping the eye connect each point, and looks better doing it. In my own work (value-added modeling of achievement test scores) I use straight lines, but I guess I am not too bothered when people use smoothing. I’d appreciate your input. Regular readers will be unsurprised that, yes, I have an opinion on this one, and that this opinion is connected to some more general ideas about statistical graphics. In general I’m not a fan of the curved lines. They’re ok, but I don’t really see the point. I can connect the dots just fine without the curves. The more general id
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2 Timothy 3:14
But continue thou in the things which thou hast learned and hast been assured of, knowing of whom thou hast learned them;


/*
* Copyright (c) 2019 Rafael da Silva Rocha.
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
* the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
* NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
* OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
* WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*
*/
/**
* @fileoverview The resample function.
* @see https://github.com/rochars/wave-resampler
*/
import { Interpolator } from './lib/interpolator';
import { FIRLPF } from './lib/fir-lpf';
import { ButterworthLPF } from './lib/butterworth-lpf';
/**
* Configures wich resampling method uses LPF by default.
* @private
*/
const DEFAULT_LPF_USE = {
'point': false,
'linear': false,
'cubic': true,
'sinc': true
};
/**
* The default orders for the LPF types.
* @private
*/
const DEFAULT_LPF_ORDER = {
'IIR': 16,
'FIR': 71
};
/**
* The classes to use with each LPF type.
* @private
*/
const DEFAULT_LPF = {
'IIR': ButterworthLPF,
'FIR': FIRLPF
};
/**
* Change the sample rate of the samples to a new sample rate.
* @param {!Array|!TypedArray} samples The original samples.
* @param {number} oldSampleRate The original sample rate.
* @param {number} sampleRate The target sample rate.
* @param {?Object} details The extra configuration, if needed.
* @return {!Float64Array} the new samples.
*/
export function resample(samples, oldSampleRate, sampleRate, details={}) {
// Make the new sample container
let rate = ((sampleRate - oldSampleRate) / oldSampleRate) + 1;
let newSamples = new Float64Array(samples.length * (rate));
// Create the interpolator
details.method = details.method || 'cubic';
let interpolator = new Interpolator(
samples.length,
newSamples.length,
{
method: details.method,
tension: details.tension || 0,
sincFilterSize: details.sincFilterSize || 6,
sincWindow: details.sincWindow || undefined
});
// Resample + LPF
if (details.LPF === undefined) {
details.LPF = DEFAULT_LPF_USE[details.method];
}
if (details.LPF) {
details.LPFType = details.LPFType || 'IIR';
const LPF = DEFAULT_LPF[details.LPFType];
// Upsampling
if (sampleRate > oldSampleRate) {
let filter = new LPF(
details.LPFOrder || DEFAULT_LPF_ORDER[details.LPFType],
sampleRate,
(oldSampleRate / 2));
upsample_(
samples, newSamples, interpolator, filter);
// Downsampling
} else {
let filter = new LPF(
details.LPFOrder || DEFAULT_LPF_ORDER[details.LPFType],
oldSampleRate,
sampleRate / 2);
downsample_(
samples, newSamples, interpolator, filter);
}
// Resample, no LPF
} else {
resample_(samples, newSamples, interpolator);
}
return newSamples;
}
/**
* Resample.
* @param {!Array|!TypedArray} samples The original samples.
* @param {!Float64Array} newSamples The container for the new samples.
* @param {Object} interpolator The interpolator.
* @private
*/
function resample_(samples, newSamples, interpolator) {
// Resample
for (let i = 0, len = newSamples.length; i < len; i++) {
newSamples[i] = interpolator.interpolate(i, samples);
}
}
/**
* Upsample with LPF.
* @param {!Array|!TypedArray} samples The original samples.
* @param {!Float64Array} newSamples The container for the new samples.
* @param {Object} interpolator The interpolator.
* @param {Object} filter The LPF object.
* @private
*/
function upsample_(samples, newSamples, interpolator, filter) {
// Resample and filter
for (let i = 0, len = newSamples.length; i < len; i++) {
newSamples[i] = filter.filter(interpolator.interpolate(i, samples));
}
// Reverse filter
filter.reset();
for (let i = newSamples.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
newSamples[i] = filter.filter(newSamples[i]);
}
}
/**
* Downsample with LPF.
* @param {!Array|!TypedArray} samples The original samples.
* @param {!Float64Array} newSamples The container for the new samples.
* @param {Object} interpolator The interpolator.
* @param {Object} filter The LPF object.
* @private
*/
function downsample_(samples, newSamples, interpolator, filter) {
// Filter
for (let i = 0, len = samples.length; i < len; i++) {
samples[i] = filter.filter(samples[i]);
}
// Reverse filter
filter.reset();
for (let i = samples.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
samples[i] = filter.filter(samples[i]);
}
// Resample
resample_(samples, newSamples, interpolator);
}


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Actions, resources, and condition keys for AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) (service prefix:
iam
) provides the following service-specific resources, actions, and condition context keys for use in IAM permission policies.
References:
-
Learn how to configure this service .
-
View a list of the API operations available for this service .
-
Learn how to secure this service and its resources by using IAM permission policies.
Topics
Actions defined by AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
You can specify the following actions in the
Action
element of an IAM policy statement. Use policies to grant permissions to perform an operation in AWS. When you use an action in a policy, you usually allow or deny access to the API operation or CLI command with the same name. However, in some cases, a single action controls access to more than one operation. Alternatively, some operations require several different actions.
The
Resource types
column of the Actions table indicates whether each action supports resource-level permissions. If there is no value for this column, you must specify all resources ("*") to which the policy applies in the
Resource
element of your policy statement. If the column includes a resource type, then you can specify an ARN of that type in a statement with that action. If the action has one or more required resources, the caller must have permission to use the action with those resources. Required resources are indicated in the table with an asterisk (*). If you limit resource access with the
Resource
element in an IAM policy, you must include an ARN or pattern for each required resource type. Some actions support multiple resource types. If the resource type is optional (not indicated as required), then you can choose to use one of the optional resource types.
The
Condition keys
column of the Actions table includes keys that you can specify in a policy statement's
Condition
element. For more information on the condition keys that are associated with resources for the service, see the
Condition keys
column of the Resource types table.
For details about the columns in the following table, see Actions table .
| Actions | Description | Access level | Resource types (*required) | Condition keys | Dependent actions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AddClientIDToOpenIDConnectProvider | Grants permission to add a new client ID (audience) to the list of registered IDs for the specified IAM OpenID Connect (OIDC) provider resource | Write | |||
| AddRoleToInstanceProfile | Grants permission to add an IAM role to the specified instance profile | Write |
iam:PassRole |
||
| AddUserToGroup | Grants permission to add an IAM user to the specified IAM group | Write | |||
| AttachGroupPolicy | Grants permission to attach a managed policy to the specified IAM group | Permissions management | |||
| AttachRolePolicy | Grants permission to attach a managed policy to the specified IAM role | Permissions management | |||
| AttachUserPolicy | Grants permission to attach a managed policy to the specified IAM user | Permissions management | |||
| ChangePassword | Grants permission to an IAM user to change their own password | Write | |||
| CreateAccessKey | Grants permission to create access key and secret access key for the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| CreateAccountAlias | Grants permission to create an alias for your AWS account | Write | |||
| CreateGroup | Grants permission to create a new group | Write | |||
| CreateInstanceProfile | Grants permission to create a new instance profile | Write | |||
| CreateLoginProfile | Grants permission to create a password for the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| CreateOpenIDConnectProvider | Grants permission to create an IAM resource that describes an identity provider (IdP) that supports OpenID Connect (OIDC) | Write | |||
| CreatePolicy | Grants permission to create a new managed policy | Permissions management | |||
| CreatePolicyVersion | Grants permission to create a new version of the specified managed policy | Permissions management | |||
| CreateRole | Grants permission to create a new role | Write | |||
| CreateSAMLProvider | Grants permission to create an IAM resource that describes an identity provider (IdP) that supports SAML 2.0 | Write | |||
| CreateServiceLinkedRole | Grants permission to create an IAM role that allows an AWS service to perform actions on your behalf | Write | |||
| CreateServiceSpecificCredential | Grants permission to create a new service-specific credential for an IAM user | Write | |||
| CreateUser | Grants permission to create a new IAM user | Write | |||
| CreateVirtualMFADevice | Grants permission to create a new virtual MFA device | Write | |||
| DeactivateMFADevice | Grants permission to deactivate the specified MFA device and remove its association with the IAM user for which it was originally enabled | Write | |||
| DeleteAccessKey | Grants permission to delete the access key pair that is associated with the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| DeleteAccountAlias | Grants permission to delete the specified AWS account alias | Write | |||
| DeleteAccountPasswordPolicy | Grants permission to delete the password policy for the AWS account | Permissions management | |||
| DeleteCloudFrontPublicKey | Grants permission to delete an existing CloudFront public key | Write | |||
| DeleteGroup | Grants permission to delete the specified IAM group | Write | |||
| DeleteGroupPolicy | Grants permission to delete the specified inline policy from its group | Permissions management | |||
| DeleteInstanceProfile | Grants permission to delete the specified instance profile | Write | |||
| DeleteLoginProfile | Grants permission to delete the password for the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| DeleteOpenIDConnectProvider | Grants permission to delete an OpenID Connect identity provider (IdP) resource object in IAM | Write | |||
| DeletePolicy | Grants permission to delete the specified managed policy and remove it from any IAM entities (users, groups, or roles) to which it is attached | Permissions management | |||
| DeletePolicyVersion | Grants permission to delete a version from the specified managed policy | Permissions management | |||
| DeleteRole | Grants permission to delete the specified role | Write | |||
| DeleteRolePermissionsBoundary | Grants permission to remove the permissions boundary from a role | Permissions management | |||
| DeleteRolePolicy | Grants permission to delete the specified inline policy from the specified role | Permissions management | |||
| DeleteSAMLProvider | Grants permission to delete a SAML provider resource in IAM | Write | |||
| DeleteSSHPublicKey | Grants permission to delete the specified SSH public key | Write | |||
| DeleteServerCertificate | Grants permission to delete the specified server certificate | Write | |||
| DeleteServiceLinkedRole | Grants permission to delete an IAM role that is linked to a specific AWS service, if the service is no longer using it | Write | |||
| DeleteServiceSpecificCredential | Grants permission to delete the specified service-specific credential for an IAM user | Write | |||
| DeleteSigningCertificate | Grants permission to delete a signing certificate that is associated with the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| DeleteUser | Grants permission to delete the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| DeleteUserPermissionsBoundary | Grants permission to remove the permissions boundary from the specified IAM user | Permissions management | |||
| DeleteUserPolicy | Grants permission to delete the specified inline policy from an IAM user | Permissions management | |||
| DeleteVirtualMFADevice | Grants permission to delete a virtual MFA device | Write | |||
| DetachGroupPolicy | Grants permission to detach a managed policy from the specified IAM group | Permissions management | |||
| DetachRolePolicy | Grants permission to detach a managed policy from the specified role | Permissions management | |||
| DetachUserPolicy | Grants permission to detach a managed policy from the specified IAM user | Permissions management | |||
| EnableMFADevice | Grants permission to enable an MFA device and associate it with the specified IAM user | Write | |||
|
iam:FIDO-FIPS-140-2-certification |
|||||
| GenerateCredentialReport | Grants permission to generate a credential report for the AWS account | Read | |||
| GenerateOrganizationsAccessReport | Grants permission to generate an access report for an AWS Organizations entity | Read |
organizations:DescribePolicy organizations:ListChildren organizations:ListParents organizations:ListPoliciesForTarget organizations:ListRoots organizations:ListTargetsForPolicy |
||
| GenerateServiceLastAccessedDetails | Grants permission to generate a service last accessed data report for an IAM resource | Read | |||
| GetAccessKeyLastUsed | Grants permission to retrieve information about when the specified access key was last used | Read | |||
| GetAccountAuthorizationDetails | Grants permission to retrieve information about all IAM users, groups, roles, and policies in your AWS account, including their relationships to one another | Read | |||
| GetAccountEmailAddress | Grants permission to retrieve the email address that is associated with the account | Read | |||
| GetAccountName | Grants permission to retrieve the account name that is associated with the account | Read | |||
| GetAccountPasswordPolicy | Grants permission to retrieve the password policy for the AWS account | Read | |||
| GetAccountSummary | Grants permission to retrieve information about IAM entity usage and IAM quotas in the AWS account | List | |||
| GetCloudFrontPublicKey | Grants permission to retrieve information about the specified CloudFront public key | Read | |||
| GetContextKeysForCustomPolicy | Grants permission to retrieve a list of all of the context keys that are referenced in the specified policy | Read | |||
| GetContextKeysForPrincipalPolicy | Grants permission to retrieve a list of all context keys that are referenced in all IAM policies that are attached to the specified IAM identity (user, group, or role) | Read | |||
| GetCredentialReport | Grants permission to retrieve a credential report for the AWS account | Read | |||
| GetGroup | Grants permission to retrieve a list of IAM users in the specified IAM group | Read | |||
| GetGroupPolicy | Grants permission to retrieve an inline policy document that is embedded in the specified IAM group | Read | |||
| GetInstanceProfile | Grants permission to retrieve information about the specified instance profile, including the instance profile's path, GUID, ARN, and role | Read | |||
| GetLoginProfile | Grants permission to retrieve the user name and password creation date for the specified IAM user | List | |||
| GetMFADevice | Grants permission to retrieve information about an MFA device for the specified user | Read | |||
| GetOpenIDConnectProvider | Grants permission to retrieve information about the specified OpenID Connect (OIDC) provider resource in IAM | Read | |||
| GetOrganizationsAccessReport | Grants permission to retrieve an AWS Organizations access report | Read | |||
| GetPolicy | Grants permission to retrieve information about the specified managed policy, including the policy's default version and the total number of identities to which the policy is attached | Read | |||
| GetPolicyVersion | Grants permission to retrieve information about a version of the specified managed policy, including the policy document | Read | |||
| GetRole | Grants permission to retrieve information about the specified role, including the role's path, GUID, ARN, and the role's trust policy | Read | |||
| GetRolePolicy | Grants permission to retrieve an inline policy document that is embedded with the specified IAM role | Read | |||
| GetSAMLProvider | Grants permission to retrieve the SAML provider metadocument that was uploaded when the IAM SAML provider resource was created or updated | Read | |||
| GetSSHPublicKey | Grants permission to retrieve the specified SSH public key, including metadata about the key | Read | |||
| GetServerCertificate | Grants permission to retrieve information about the specified server certificate stored in IAM | Read | |||
| GetServiceLastAccessedDetails | Grants permission to retrieve information about the service last accessed data report | Read | |||
| GetServiceLastAccessedDetailsWithEntities | Grants permission to retrieve information about the entities from the service last accessed data report | Read | |||
| GetServiceLinkedRoleDeletionStatus | Grants permission to retrieve an IAM service-linked role deletion status | Read | |||
| GetUser | Grants permission to retrieve information about the specified IAM user, including the user's creation date, path, unique ID, and ARN | Read | |||
| GetUserPolicy | Grants permission to retrieve an inline policy document that is embedded in the specified IAM user | Read | |||
| ListAccessKeys | Grants permission to list information about the access key IDs that are associated with the specified IAM user | List | |||
| ListAccountAliases | Grants permission to list the account alias that is associated with the AWS account | List | |||
| ListAttachedGroupPolicies | Grants permission to list all managed policies that are attached to the specified IAM group | List | |||
| ListAttachedRolePolicies | Grants permission to list all managed policies that are attached to the specified IAM role | List | |||
| ListAttachedUserPolicies | Grants permission to list all managed policies that are attached to the specified IAM user | List | |||
| ListCloudFrontPublicKeys | Grants permission to list all current CloudFront public keys for the account | List | |||
| ListEntitiesForPolicy | Grants permission to list all IAM identities to which the specified managed policy is attached | List | |||
| ListGroupPolicies | Grants permission to list the names of the inline policies that are embedded in the specified IAM group | List | |||
| ListGroups | Grants permission to list the IAM groups that have the specified path prefix | List | |||
| ListGroupsForUser | Grants permission to list the IAM groups that the specified IAM user belongs to | List | |||
| ListInstanceProfileTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified instance profile | List | |||
| ListInstanceProfiles | Grants permission to list the instance profiles that have the specified path prefix | List | |||
| ListInstanceProfilesForRole | Grants permission to list the instance profiles that have the specified associated IAM role | List | |||
| ListMFADeviceTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified virtual mfa device | List | |||
| ListMFADevices | Grants permission to list the MFA devices for an IAM user | List | |||
| ListOpenIDConnectProviderTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified OpenID Connect provider | List | |||
| ListOpenIDConnectProviders | Grants permission to list information about the IAM OpenID Connect (OIDC) provider resource objects that are defined in the AWS account | List | |||
| ListPolicies | Grants permission to list all managed policies | List | |||
| ListPoliciesGrantingServiceAccess | Grants permission to list information about the policies that grant an entity access to a specific service | List | |||
| ListPolicyTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified managed policy | List | |||
| ListPolicyVersions | Grants permission to list information about the versions of the specified managed policy, including the version that is currently set as the policy's default version | List | |||
| ListRolePolicies | Grants permission to list the names of the inline policies that are embedded in the specified IAM role | List | |||
| ListRoleTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified IAM role | List | |||
| ListRoles | Grants permission to list the IAM roles that have the specified path prefix | List | |||
| ListSAMLProviderTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified SAML provider | List | |||
| ListSAMLProviders | Grants permission to list the SAML provider resources in IAM | List | |||
| ListSSHPublicKeys | Grants permission to list information about the SSH public keys that are associated with the specified IAM user | List | |||
| ListSTSRegionalEndpointsStatus | Grants permission to list the status of all active STS regional endpoints | List | |||
| ListServerCertificateTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified server certificate | List | |||
| ListServerCertificates | Grants permission to list the server certificates that have the specified path prefix | List | |||
| ListServiceSpecificCredentials | Grants permission to list the service-specific credentials that are associated with the specified IAM user | List | |||
| ListSigningCertificates | Grants permission to list information about the signing certificates that are associated with the specified IAM user | List | |||
| ListUserPolicies | Grants permission to list the names of the inline policies that are embedded in the specified IAM user | List | |||
| ListUserTags | Grants permission to list the tags that are attached to the specified IAM user | List | |||
| ListUsers | Grants permission to list the IAM users that have the specified path prefix | List | |||
| ListVirtualMFADevices | Grants permission to list virtual MFA devices by assignment status | List | |||
| PassRole [permission only] | Grants permission to pass a role to a service | Write | |||
| PutGroupPolicy | Grants permission to create or update an inline policy document that is embedded in the specified IAM group | Permissions management | |||
| PutRolePermissionsBoundary | Grants permission to set a managed policy as a permissions boundary for a role | Permissions management | |||
| PutRolePolicy | Grants permission to create or update an inline policy document that is embedded in the specified IAM role | Permissions management | |||
| PutUserPermissionsBoundary | Grants permission to set a managed policy as a permissions boundary for an IAM user | Permissions management | |||
| PutUserPolicy | Grants permission to create or update an inline policy document that is embedded in the specified IAM user | Permissions management | |||
| RemoveClientIDFromOpenIDConnectProvider | Grants permission to remove the client ID (audience) from the list of client IDs in the specified IAM OpenID Connect (OIDC) provider resource | Write | |||
| RemoveRoleFromInstanceProfile | Grants permission to remove an IAM role from the specified EC2 instance profile | Write | |||
| RemoveUserFromGroup | Grants permission to remove an IAM user from the specified group | Write | |||
| ResetServiceSpecificCredential | Grants permission to reset the password for an existing service-specific credential for an IAM user | Write | |||
| ResyncMFADevice | Grants permission to synchronize the specified MFA device with its IAM entity (user or role) | Write | |||
| SetDefaultPolicyVersion | Grants permission to set the version of the specified policy as the policy's default version | Permissions management | |||
| SetSTSRegionalEndpointStatus | Grants permission to activate or deactivate an STS regional endpoint | Write | |||
| SetSecurityTokenServicePreferences | Grants permission to set the STS global endpoint token version | Write | |||
| SimulateCustomPolicy | Grants permission to simulate whether an identity-based policy or resource-based policy provides permissions for specific API operations and resources | Read | |||
| SimulatePrincipalPolicy | Grants permission to simulate whether an identity-based policy that is attached to a specified IAM entity (user or role) provides permissions for specific API operations and resources | Read | |||
| TagInstanceProfile | Grants permission to add tags to an instance profile | Tagging | |||
| TagMFADevice | Grants permission to add tags to a virtual mfa device | Tagging | |||
| TagOpenIDConnectProvider | Grants permission to add tags to an OpenID Connect provider | Tagging | |||
| TagPolicy | Grants permission to add tags to a managed policy | Tagging | |||
| TagRole | Grants permission to add tags to an IAM role | Tagging | |||
| TagSAMLProvider | Grants permission to add tags to a SAML Provider | Tagging | |||
| TagServerCertificate | Grants permission to add tags to a server certificate | Tagging | |||
| TagUser | Grants permission to add tags to an IAM user | Tagging | |||
| UntagInstanceProfile | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the instance profile | Tagging | |||
| UntagMFADevice | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the virtual mfa device | Tagging | |||
| UntagOpenIDConnectProvider | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the OpenID Connect provider | Tagging | |||
| UntagPolicy | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the managed policy | Tagging | |||
| UntagRole | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the role | Tagging | |||
| UntagSAMLProvider | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the SAML Provider | Tagging | |||
| UntagServerCertificate | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the server certificate | Tagging | |||
| UntagUser | Grants permission to remove the specified tags from the user | Tagging | |||
| UpdateAccessKey | Grants permission to update the status of the specified access key as Active or Inactive | Write | |||
| UpdateAccountEmailAddress | Grants permission to update the email address that is associated with the account | Write | |||
| UpdateAccountName | Grants permission to update the account name that is associated with the account | Write | |||
| UpdateAccountPasswordPolicy | Grants permission to update the password policy settings for the AWS account | Write | |||
| UpdateAssumeRolePolicy | Grants permission to update the policy that grants an IAM entity permission to assume a role | Permissions management | |||
| UpdateCloudFrontPublicKey | Grants permission to update an existing CloudFront public key | Write | |||
| UpdateGroup | Grants permission to update the name or path of the specified IAM group | Write | |||
| UpdateLoginProfile | Grants permission to change the password for the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| UpdateOpenIDConnectProviderThumbprint | Grants permission to update the entire list of server certificate thumbprints that are associated with an OpenID Connect (OIDC) provider resource | Write | |||
| UpdateRole | Grants permission to update the description or maximum session duration setting of a role | Write | |||
| UpdateRoleDescription | Grants permission to update only the description of a role | Write | |||
| UpdateSAMLProvider | Grants permission to update the metadata document for an existing SAML provider resource | Write | |||
| UpdateSSHPublicKey | Grants permission to update the status of an IAM user's SSH public key to active or inactive | Write | |||
| UpdateServerCertificate | Grants permission to update the name or the path of the specified server certificate stored in IAM | Write | |||
| UpdateServiceSpecificCredential | Grants permission to update the status of a service-specific credential to active or inactive for an IAM user | Write | |||
| UpdateSigningCertificate | Grants permission to update the status of the specified user signing certificate to active or disabled | Write | |||
| UpdateUser | Grants permission to update the name or the path of the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| UploadCloudFrontPublicKey | Grants permission to upload a CloudFront public key | Write | |||
| UploadSSHPublicKey | Grants permission to upload an SSH public key and associate it with the specified IAM user | Write | |||
| UploadServerCertificate | Grants permission to upload a server certificate entity for the AWS account | Write | |||
| UploadSigningCertificate | Grants permission to upload an X.509 signing certificate and associate it with the specified IAM user | Write |
Resource types defined by AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
The following resource types are defined by this service and can be used in the
Resource
element of IAM permission policy statements. Each action in the
Actions table
identifies the resource types that can be specified with that action. A resource type can also define which condition keys you can include in a policy. These keys are displayed in the last column of the table. For details about the columns in the following table, see
Resource types table
.
| Resource types | ARN | Condition keys |
|---|---|---|
| access-report |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:access-report/$
{
EntityPath}
|
|
| assumed-role |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:assumed-role/$
{
RoleName}/$
{
RoleSessionName}
|
|
| federated-user |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:federated-user/$
{
UserName}
|
|
| group |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:group/$
{
GroupNameWithPath}
|
|
| instance-profile |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:instance-profile/$
{
InstanceProfileNameWithPath}
|
|
| mfa |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:mfa/$
{
MfaTokenIdWithPath}
|
|
| oidc-provider |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:oidc-provider/$
{
OidcProviderName}
|
|
| policy |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:policy/$
{
PolicyNameWithPath}
|
|
| role |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:role/$
{
RoleNameWithPath}
|
|
| saml-provider |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:saml-provider/$
{
SamlProviderName}
|
|
| server-certificate |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:server-certificate/$
{
CertificateNameWithPath}
|
|
| sms-mfa |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:sms-mfa/$
{
MfaTokenIdWithPath}
|
|
| user |
arn:$
{
Partition}:iam::$
{
Account}:user/$
{
UserNameWithPath}
|
Condition keys for AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) defines the following condition keys that can be used in the
Condition
element of an IAM policy. You can use these keys to further refine the conditions under which the policy statement applies. For details about the columns in the following table, see
Condition keys table
.
To view the global condition keys that are available to all services, see Available global condition keys .
| Condition keys | Description | Type |
|---|---|---|
| aws:RequestTag/${TagKey} | Filters access based on the tags that are passed in the request | String |
| aws:ResourceTag/${TagKey} | Filters access based on the tags associated with the resource | String |
| aws:TagKeys | Filters access based on the tag keys that are passed in the request | ArrayOfString |
| iam:AWSServiceName | Filters access by the AWS service to which this role is attached | String |
| iam:AssociatedResourceArn | Filters access by the resource that the role will be used on behalf of | ARN |
| iam:FIDO-FIPS-140-2-certification | Filters access by the MFA device FIPS-140-2 validation certification level at the time of registration of a FIDO security key | String |
| iam:FIDO-FIPS-140-3-certification | Filters access by the MFA device FIPS-140-3 validation certification level at the time of registration of a FIDO security key | String |
| iam:FIDO-certification | Filters access by the MFA device FIDO certification level at the time of registration of a FIDO security key | String |
| iam:OrganizationsPolicyId | Filters access by the ID of an AWS Organizations policy | String |
| iam:PassedToService | Filters access by the AWS service to which this role is passed | String |
| iam:PermissionsBoundary | Filters access if the specified policy is set as the permissions boundary on the IAM entity (user or role) | String |
| iam:PolicyARN | Filters access by the ARN of an IAM policy | ARN |
| iam:RegisterSecurityKey | Filters access by the current state of MFA device enablement | String |
| iam:ResourceTag/${TagKey} | Filters access by the tags attached to an IAM entity (user or role) | String |


The grid can display fairly large data sets. Below is a table containing close to 8,000 entries. While it is technically supported, displaying more than a couple thousand entries negatively impacts the user experience. For instance filtering and sorting become sluggish. For this reason large data sets are discouraged.
Note: Support for large data sets can be improved to handle operations such as filtering and sorting as smoothly as for small data sets. However, this is not currently a project priority.


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Primerpedia is a proof-of-concept demo for the Concise Wikipedia proposal. It provides short summaries of Wikipedia articles, for when you just need a quick overview at the topic.
For more information, check the README file.
Primerpedia is a proof-of-concept demo for the Concise Wikipedia proposal. It provides short summaries of Wikipedia articles, for when you just need a quick overview at the topic.
For more information, check the README file.