Grammar and Types
This document discusses JavaScript's basic grammar, variable declarations, data types and literals.
JavaScript borrows most of its syntax from Java, but is also influenced by Awk, Perl and Python.
JavaScript is case-sensitive and uses the Unicode character set.
In JavaScript, instructions are called statements and are separated by a semicolon (;). Spaces, tabs and newline characters are called whitespace. The source text of JavaScript scripts gets scanned from left to right and is converted into a sequence of input elements which are tokens, control characters, line terminators, comments or whitespace. ECMAScript also defines certain keywords and literals and has rules for automatic insertion of semicolons (ASI) to end statements. However, it is recommended to always add semicolons to end your statements; it will avoid side effects. For more information, see the detailed reference about JavaScript's lexical grammar.
The syntax of comments is the same as in C++ and in many other languages:
// a one line comment
/* this is a longer,
multi-line comment
*/
/* You can't, however, /* nest comments */ SyntaxError */
There are three kinds of declarations in JavaScript.
var
- Declares a variable, optionally initializing it to a value.
let
- Declares a block scope local variable, optionally initializing it to a value.
const
- Declares a read-only named constant.
Variables
You use variables as symbolic names for values in your application. The names of variables, called identifiers, conform to certain rules.
A JavaScript identifier must start with a letter, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($); subsequent characters can also be digits (0-9). Because JavaScript is case sensitive, letters include the characters "A" through "Z" (uppercase) and the characters "a" through "z" (lowercase).
You can use most of ISO 8859-1 or Unicode letters such as å and ü in identifiers (for more details see this blog post). You can also use the Unicode escape sequences as characters in identifiers.
Some examples of legal names are Number_hits, temp99, $credit, and _name
Declaring Variables
You can declare a variable in three ways:
- With the keyword
var
. For example,var x = 42
. This syntax can be used to declare both local and global variables. - By simply assigning it a value. For example,
x = 42
. This always declares a global variable, if it is declared outside of any function. It generates a strict JavaScript warning. You shouldn't use this variant. - With the keyword
let
. For example,let y = 13
. This syntax can be used to declare a block scope local variable. See Variable scope below.
Evaluating Variables
A variable declared using the var
or let
statement with no initial value specified has the value undefined
.
An attempt to access an undeclared variable will result in a ReferenceError
exception being thrown:
var a;
console.log('The value of a is ' + a); // The value of a is undefined
var b;
console.log('The value of b is ' + b); // The value of b is undefined
console.log('The value of c is ' + c); // Uncaught ReferenceError: c is not defined
let x;
console.log('The value of x is ' + x); // The value of x is undefined
console.log('The value of y is ' + y); // Uncaught ReferenceError: y is not defined
let y;
You can use undefined to determine whether a variable has a value. In the following code, the variable input is not assigned a value, and the if statement evaluates to true.
var input;
if (input === undefined) {
doThis();
} else {
doThat();
}
The undefined value behaves as false when used in a boolean context. For example, the following code executes the function myFunction because the myArray element is undefined:
var myArray = [];
if (!myArray[0]) myFunction();
The undefined value converts to NaN when used in numeric context.
var a;
a + 2; // Evaluates to NaN
When you evaluate a null variable, the null value behaves as 0 in numeric contexts and as false in boolean contexts. For example:
var n = null;
console.log(n * 32); // Will log 0 to the console
Variable Scope
When you declare a variable outside of any function, it is called a global variable, because it is available to any other code in the current document. When you declare a variable within a function, it is called a local variable, because it is available only within that function.
JavaScript before ECMAScript 2015 does not have block statement scope; rather, a variable declared within a block is local to the function (or global scope) that the block resides within. For example the following code will log 5, because the scope of x is the function (or global context) within which x is declared, not the block, which in this case is an if statement.
if (true) {
var x = 5;
}
console.log(x); // x is 5
This behavior changes, when using the let declaration introduced in ECMAScript 2015.
if (true) {
let y = 5;
}
console.log(y); // ReferenceError: y is not defined
Variable Hoisting
Another unusual thing about variables in JavaScript is that you can refer to a variable declared later, without getting an exception. This concept is known as hoisting; variables in JavaScript are in a sense "hoisted" or lifted to the top of the function or statement. However, variables that are hoisted will return a value of undefined. So even if you declare and initialize after you use or refer to this variable, it will still return undefined.
/**
* Example 1
*/
console.log(x === undefined); // true
var x = 3;
/**
* Example 2
*/
// will return a value of undefined
var myvar = 'my value';
(function() {
console.log(myvar); // undefined
var myvar = 'local value';
})();
The above examples will be interpreted the same as:
/**
* Example 1
*/
var x;
console.log(x === undefined); // true
x = 3;
/**
* Example 2
*/
var myvar = 'my value';
(function() {
var myvar;
console.log(myvar); // undefined
myvar = 'local value';
})();
Because of hoisting, all var statements in a function should be placed as near to the top of the function as possible. This best practice increases the clarity of the code.
In ECMAScript 2015, let
(const
) will not hoist the variable to the top of the block. However, referencing the variable in the block before the variable declaration results in a ReferenceError
. The variable is in a "temporal dead zone" from the start of the block until the declaration is processed.
console.log(x); // ReferenceError
let x = 3;
Function Hoisting
For functions, only function declaration gets hoisted to the top and not the function expression.
/* Function declaration */
foo(); // "bar"
function foo() {
console.log('bar');
}
/* Function expression */
baz(); // TypeError: baz is not a function
var baz = function() {
console.log('bar2');
};
Global Variables
Global variables are in fact properties of the global object. In web pages the global object is window, so you can set and access global variables using the window.variable
syntax.
Consequently, you can access global variables declared in one window or frame from another window or frame by specifying the window or frame name. For example, if a variable called phoneNumber
is declared in a document, you can refer to this variable from an iframe as parent.phoneNumber
.
Constants
You can create a read-only, named constant with the const
keyword. The syntax of a constant identifier is the same as for a variable identifier: it must start with a letter, underscore or dollar sign ($) and can contain alphabetic, numeric, or underscore characters.
const PI = 3.14;
A constant cannot change value through assignment or be re-declared while the script is running. It has to be initialized to a value.
The scope rules for constants are the same as those for let
block scope variables. If the const
keyword is omitted, the identifier is assumed to represent a variable.
You cannot declare a constant with the same name as a function or variable in the same scope. For example:
// THIS WILL CAUSE AN ERROR
function f() {};
const f = 5;
// THIS WILL CAUSE AN ERROR ALSO
function f() {
const g = 5;
var g;
//statements
}
However, the properties of objects assigned to constants are not protected, so the following statement is executed without problems.
const MY_OBJECT = {'key': 'value'};
MY_OBJECT.key = 'otherValue';
Data Types
The latest ECMAScript standard defines seven data types:
- Six data types that are primitives:
- Boolean. true and false.
- null. A special keyword denoting a null value. Because JavaScript is case-sensitive,
null
is not the same asNull
,NULL
, or any other variant. - undefined. A top-level property whose value is undefined.
- Number. 42 or 3.14159.
- String. "Howdy"
- Symbol (new in ECMAScript 2015).  Objects and functions are the other fundamental elements in the language. You can think of objects as named containers for values, and functions as procedures that your application can perform.
Data Type Conversion
JavaScript is a dynamically typed language. That means you don't have to specify the data type of a variable when you declare it, and data types are converted automatically as needed during script execution. So, for example, you could define a variable as follows:
var answer = 42;
And later, you could assign the same variable a string value, for example:
answer = 'Thanks for all the fish...';
Because JavaScript is dynamically typed, this assignment does not cause an error message.
In expressions involving numeric and string values with the +
operator, JavaScript converts numeric values to strings. For example, consider the following statements:
x = 'The answer is ' + 42 // "The answer is 42"
y = 42 + ' is the answer' // "42 is the answer"
In statements involving other operators, JavaScript does not convert numeric values to strings. For example:
'37' - 7 // 30
'37' + 7 // "377"
Converting Strings to Numbers
In the case that a value representing a number is in memory as a string, there are methods for conversion.
parseInt()
parseFloat()
parseInt
will only return whole numbers, so its use is diminished for decimals. Additionally, a best practice for parseInt
is to always include the radix parameter. The radix parameter is used to specify which numerical system is to be used.
An alternative method of retrieving a number from a string is with the +
(unary plus) operator:
'1.1' + '1.1' = '1.11.1'
(+'1.1') + (+'1.1') = 2.2
// Note: the parentheses are added for clarity, not required.
You use literals to represent values in JavaScript. These are fixed values, not variables, that you literally provide in your script. This section describes the following types of literals:
- Array literals
- Boolean literals
- Floating-point literalsIntegers
- Integers
- Object literals
- RegExp literals
- String literals
Array Literals
An array literal is a list of zero or more expressions, each of which represents an array element, enclosed in square brackets ([]). When you create an array using an array literal, it is initialized with the specified values as its elements, and its length is set to the number of arguments specified.
The following example creates the coffees array with three elements and a length of three:
var coffees = ['French Roast', 'Colombian', 'Kona'];
If an array is created using a literal in a top-level script, JavaScript interprets the array each time it evaluates the expression containing the array literal. In addition, a literal used in a function is created each time the function is called.
Array literals are also Array objects. See Array and Indexed collections for details on Array objects.
Extra Commas in Array Literals
You do not have to specify all elements in an array literal. If you put two commas in a row, the array is created with undefined for the unspecified elements. The following example creates the fish array:
var fish = ['Lion', , 'Angel'];
This array has two elements with values and one empty element (fish[0]
is "Lion", fish[1]
is undefined
, and fish[2]
is "Angel").
If you include a trailing comma at the end of the list of elements, the comma is ignored. In the following example, the length of the array is three. There is no myList[3]
. All other commas in the list indicate a new element.
var myList = ['home', , 'school', ];
In the following example, the length of the array is four, and myList[0]
and myList[2]
are missing.
var myList = [ ,'home', , 'school'];
In the following example, the length of the array is four, and myList[1]
and myList[3]
are missing. Only the last comma is ignored.
var myList = ['home', , 'school', , ];
Understanding the behavior of extra commas is important to understanding JavaScript as a language, however when writing your own code: explicitly declaring the missing elements as undefined will increase your code's clarity and maintainability.
Boolean Literals
The Boolean type has two literal values: true
and false
.
Do not confuse the primitive Boolean values true
and false
with the true and false values of the Boolean object. The Boolean object is a wrapper around the primitive Boolean data type. See Boolean for more information.
Integers
Integers can be expressed in decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base 8) and binary (base 2).
- Decimal integer literal consists of a sequence of digits without a leading 0 (zero).
- Leading 0 (zero) on an integer literal, or leading 0o (or 0O) indicates it is in octal. Octal integers can include only the digits 0-7.
- Leading 0x (or 0X) indicates hexadecimal. Hexadecimal integers can include digits (0-9) and the letters a-f and A-F.
- Leading 0b (or 0B) indicates binary. Binary integers can include digits only 0 and 1.
Some examples of integer literals are:
0, 117 and -345 (decimal, base 10)
015, 0001 and -0o77 (octal, base 8)
0x1123, 0x00111 and -0xF1A7 (hexadecimal, "hex" or base 16)
0b11, 0b0011 and -0b11 (binary, base 2)
For more information, see Numeric literals in the Lexical grammar reference.
Floating-Point Literals
A floating-point literal can have the following parts:
- A decimal integer which can be signed (preceded by "+" or "-"),
- A decimal point ("."),
- A fraction (another decimal number),
- An exponent.
The exponent part is an "e" or "E" followed by an integer, which can be signed (preceded by "+" or "-"). A floating-point literal must have at least one digit and either a decimal point or "e" (or "E").
More succinctly, the syntax is:
[(+|-)][digits][.digits][(E|e)[(+|-)]digits]
For example:
3.1415926
-.123456789
-3.1E+12
.1e-23
Object Literals
An object literal is a list of zero or more pairs of property names and associated values of an object, enclosed in curly braces ({}). You should not use an object literal at the beginning of a statement. This will lead to an error or not behave as you expect, because the { will be interpreted as the beginning of a block.
The following is an example of an object literal. The first element of the car
object defines a property, myCar
, and assigns to it a new string, "Saturn"; the second element, the getCar
property, is immediately assigned the result of invoking the function (carTypes("Honda")
); the third element, the special
property, uses an existing variable (sales
).
var sales = 'Toyota';
function carTypes(name) {
if (name === 'Honda') {
return name;
} else {
return "Sorry, we don't sell " + name + ".";
}
}
var car = { myCar: 'Saturn', getCar: carTypes('Honda'), special: sales };
console.log(car.myCar); // Saturn
console.log(car.getCar); // Honda
console.log(car.special); // Toyota
Additionally, you can use a numeric or string literal for the name of a property or nest an object inside another. The following example uses these options.
var car = { manyCars: {a: 'Saab', 'b': 'Jeep'}, 7: 'Mazda' };
console.log(car.manyCars.b); // Jeep
console.log(car[7]); // Mazda
Object property names can be any string, including the empty string. If the property name would not be a valid JavaScript identifier or number, it must be enclosed in quotes. Property names that are not valid identifiers also cannot be accessed as a dot (.) property, but can be accessed and set with the array-like notation("[]").
var unusualPropertyNames = {
'': 'An empty string',
'!': 'Bang!'
}
console.log(unusualPropertyNames.''); // SyntaxError: Unexpected string
console.log(unusualPropertyNames['']); // An empty string
console.log(unusualPropertyNames.!); // SyntaxError: Unexpected token !
console.log(unusualPropertyNames['!']); // Bang!
In ES2015, object literals are extended to support setting the prototype at construction, shorthand for foo: foo assignments, defining methods, making super calls, and computing property names with expressions. Together, these also bring object literals and class declarations closer together, and let object-based design benefit from some of the same conveniences.
var obj = {
// __proto__
__proto__: theProtoObj,
// Shorthand for ‘handler: handler’
handler,
// Methods
toString() {
// Super calls
return 'd ' + super.toString();
},
// Computed (dynamic) property names
[ 'prop_' + (() => 42)() ]: 42
};
Please note:
var foo = {a: 'alpha', 2: 'two'};
console.log(foo.a); // alpha
console.log(foo[2]); // two
//console.log(foo.2); // Error: missing ) after argument list
//console.log(foo[a]); // Error: a is not defined
console.log(foo['a']); // alpha
console.log(foo['2']); // two
RegExp Literals
A regex literal is a pattern enclosed between slashes. The following is an example of an regex literal.
var re = /ab+c/;
String Literals
A string literal is zero or more characters enclosed in double ("
) or single ('
) quotation marks. A string must be delimited by quotation marks of the same type; that is, either both single quotation marks or both double quotation marks. The following are examples of string literals:
'foo'
"bar"
'1234'
'one line \n another line'
"John's cat"
You can call any of the methods of the String object on a string literal value—JavaScript automatically converts the string literal to a temporary String object, calls the method, then discards the temporary String object. You can also use the String.length
property with a string literal:
console.log("John's cat".length)
// Will print the number of symbols in the string including whitespace.
// In this case, 10.
In ES2015, template literals are also available. Template strings provide syntactic sugar for constructing strings. This is similar to string interpolation features in Perl, Python and more. Optionally, a tag can be added to allow the string construction to be customized, avoiding injection attacks or constructing higher level data structures from string contents.
// Basic literal string creation
`In JavaScript '\n' is a line-feed.`
// Multiline strings
`In JavaScript template strings can run
over multiple lines, but double and single
quoted strings cannot.`
// String interpolation
var name = 'Bob', time = 'today';
`Hello ${name}, how are you ${time}?`
// Construct an HTTP request prefix is used to interpret the replacements and construction
POST`http://foo.org/bar?a=${a}&b=${b}
Content-Type: application/json
X-Credentials: ${credentials}
{ "foo": ${foo},
"bar": ${bar}}`(myOnReadyStateChangeHandler);
You should use string literals unless you specifically need to use a String object. See String for details on String objects.
Using Special Characters in Strings
In addition to ordinary characters, you can also include special characters in strings, as shown in the following example.
'one line \n another line'
The following table lists the special characters that you can use in JavaScript strings.
| Character | Meaning |
| \0 | Null byte |
| \b | Backspace |
| \f | Form feed |
| \n | New line |
| \r | Carriage return |
| \t | Tab |
| \v | Vertical tab |
| \' | Apostrophe or single quote |
| \" | Double quote |
| \\ | Backslash character |
| \XXX | The character with the Latin-1 encoding specified by up to three octal digits XXX between 0 and 377. For example, \251 is the octal sequence for the copyright symbol. |
| \xXX | The character with the Latin-1 encoding specified by the two hexadecimal digits XX between 00 and FF. For example, \xA9 is the hexadecimal sequence for the copyright symbol. |
| \uXXXX | The Unicode character specified by the four hexadecimal digits XXXX. For example, \u00A9 is the Unicode sequence for the copyright symbol. See Unicode escape sequences. |
| \u{XXXXX} | Unicode code point escapes. For example, \u{2F804} is the same as the simple Unicode escapes \uD87E\uDC04. |
Escaping Characters
For characters not listed in the table, a preceding backslash is ignored, but this usage is deprecated and should be avoided.
You can insert a quo tation mark inside a string by preceding it with a backslash. This is known as escaping the quotation mark. For example:
var quote = "He read \"The Cremation of Sam McGee\" by R.W. Service.";
console.log(quote);
The result of this would be:
He read "The Cremation of Sam McGee" by R.W. Service.
To include a literal backslash inside a string, you must escape the backslash character. For example, to assign the file path c:\temp to a string, use the following:
var home = 'c:\\temp';
You can also escape line breaks by preceding them with backslash. The backslash and line break are both removed from the value of the string.
var str = 'this string \
is broken \
across multiple \
lines.'
console.log(str); // this string is broken across multiplelines.
Although JavaScript does not have "heredoc" syntax, you can get close by adding a line break escape and an escaped line break at the end of each line:
var poem =
'Roses are red,\n\
Violets are blue.\n\
Sugar is sweet,\n\
and so is foo.'
- All of the documentation on this page is taken from MDN


--- layout: post title: Java ServiceAPI and additional fields categories: [] tags: java-client java serviceapi status: publish type: post published: true meta: {} ---
Previous posts have described the Java client and file upload. This post details how to fetch the value of additional fields.
As described elsewhere the name to use to fetch an additional field is its search clause name, as seen in the client.
Once you know the correct names for your fields you need to fetch them. A full sample is provided in the samples repo, in short you need to:
See the samples repo for the full sample.
Records request = new Records(); request.q = "number:rec_222"; // tell the search request to return both string and actual values for the fields and properties request.setPropertyValue(PropertyType.Both); request.setStringDisplayType(StringDisplayType.WebService); request.Properties = makePropertyList("RoadSurface", "DateOfIssue", "PoliceOfficer"); RecordsResponse response = client.get(request); Record rec = response.Results.get(0); ITrimProperty dateOfIssue = rec.Fields.get("DateOfIssue"); SimpleDateFormat parser = new SimpleDateFormat("EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss zzz"); Date date = parser.parse(dateOfIssue.getStringValue()); System.out.println(date);


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Iraqi officials: 1 protester dead amid ongoing clashes
by Murtada FarajBAGHDAD (AP) — Iraqi officials say one protester has died and 12 have been wounded amid ongoing clashes in central Baghdad.
Security and medical officials say the protester died when security forces fired rubber bullets and tear gas to disperse crowds in Rasheed Street on Saturday, the third day of violent clashes that has so far left 15 dead and over 100 wounded.
Clashes are focused on Rasheed Street, near the strategic Ahrar Bridge. Protesters have occupied part of three bridges — Ahrar, Jumhuriya and Sinak — in a standoff with security forces.
At least 341 protesters have died in Iraq’s massive protests, which started on Oct. 1 when thousands of Iraqis took to the streets to decry corruption and lack of services despite Iraq’s oil wealth.
Murtada Faraj


CS109B Data Science 2: Advanced Topics in Data Science
Lab 2 - Smoothers and Generalized Additive Models - Model Fitting¶
Harvard University
Spring 2020
Instructors: Mark Glickman, Pavlos Protopapas, and Chris Tanner
Lab Instructors: Chris Tanner and Eleni Kaxiras
Content: Eleni Kaxiras and Will Claybaugh
## RUN THIS CELL TO PROPERLY HIGHLIGHT THE EXERCISES
import requests
from IPython.core.display import HTML
styles = requests.get("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Harvard-IACS/2019-CS109B/master/content/styles/cs109.css").text
HTML(styles)
import numpy as np
from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
%matplotlib inline
Learning Goals¶
By the end of this lab, you should be able to:
- Understand how to implement GAMs with the Python package
pyGAM
- Learn about the practical aspects of Splines and how to use them.
This lab corresponds to lectures 1, 2, and 3 and maps to homework 1.
Table of Contents¶
- 1 - Overview - A Top View of LMs, GLMs, and GAMs to set the stage
- 2 - A review of Linear Regression with
statsmodels
. What are those weird formulas? - 3 - Splines
- 4 - Generative Additive Models with pyGAM
- 5 - Smooting Splines using pyGAM
Overview¶
Linear Models (LM), Generalized Linear Models (GLMs), Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), Splines, Natural Splines, Smoothing Splines! So many definitions. Let's try and work through an example for each of them so we can better understand them.
image source: Dani Servén Marín (one of the developers of pyGAM)
A - Linear Models¶
First we have the Linear Models which you know from 109a. These models are linear in the coefficients. Very interpretable but suffer from high bias because let's face it, few relationships in life are linear. Simple Linear Regression (defined as a model with one predictor) as well as Multiple Linear Regression (more than one predictors) are examples of LMs. Polynomial Regression extends the linear model by adding terms that are still linear for the coefficients but non-linear when it somes to the predictiors which are now raised in a power or multiplied between them.
$$ \begin{aligned} y = \beta{_0} + \beta{_1}{x_1} & \mbox{(simple linear regression)}\\ y = \beta{_0} + \beta{_1}{x_1} + \beta{_2}{x_2} + \beta{_3}{x_3} & \mbox{(multiple linear regression)}\\ y = \beta{_0} + \beta{_1}{x_1} + \beta{_2}{x_1^2} + \beta{_3}{x_3^3} & \mbox{(polynomial regression)}\\ \end{aligned} $$- What does it mean for a model to be interpretable?
- Are linear regression models interpretable? Are random forests? What about Neural Networks such as FFNs and CNNs?
- Do we always want interpretability? Describe cases where we do and cases where we do not care.
B - Generalized Linear Models (GLMs)¶
$$ \begin{aligned} y = \beta{_0} + \beta{_1}{x_1} + \beta{_2}{x_2} + \beta{_3}{x_3} \end{aligned} $$Generalized Linear Models is a term coined in the early 1970s by Nelder and Wedderburn for a class of models that includes both Linear Regression and Logistic Regression. A GLM fits one coefficient per feature (predictor).
C - Generalized Additive Models (GAMs)¶
Hastie and Tidshirani coined the term Generalized Additive Models in 1986 for a class of non-linear extensions to Generalized Linear Models.
$$ \begin{aligned} y = \beta{_0} + f_1\left(x_1\right) + f_2\left(x_2\right) + f_3\left(x_3\right) \\ y = \beta{_0} + f_1\left(x_1\right) + f_2\left(x_2, x_3\right) + f_3\left(x_3\right) & \mbox{(with interaction terms)} \end{aligned} $$In practice we add splines and regularization via smoothing penalties to our GLMs. Decision Trees also fit in this category.
image source: Dani Servén Marín
D - Basis Functions¶
In our models we can use various types of functions as "basis".
- Monomials such as $x^2$, $x^4$ (Polynomial Regression)
- Sigmoid functions (neural networks)
- Fourier functions
- Wavelets
- Regression splines which we will look at shortly.
- Where does polynomial regression fit in all this?
Answer: GLMs include Polynomial Regression so the graphic above should really include curved lines, not just straight...
Implementation¶
1 - Linear/Polynomial Regression¶
We will use the diabetes
dataset.
Variables are:
- subject: subject ID number
- age: age diagnosed with diabetes
- acidity: a measure of acidity called base deficit Response:
- y: natural log of serum C-peptide concentration
Original source is Sockett et al. (1987) mentioned in Hastie and Tibshirani's book "Generalized Additive Models".
Reading data and (some) exploring in Pandas:
diab = pd.read_csv("../data/diabetes.csv")
diab.head()
diab.dtypes
diab.describe()
Plotting with matplotlib:
ax0 = diab.plot.scatter(x='age',y='y',c='Red',title="Diabetes data") #plotting direclty from pandas!
ax0.set_xlabel("Age at Diagnosis")
ax0.set_ylabel("Log C-Peptide Concentration");
Linear/Polynomial regression with statsmodels.¶
As you remember from 109a, we have two tools for Linear Regression:
statsmodels
https://www.statsmodels.org/stable/regression.html, andsklearn
https://scikit-learn.org/stable/index.html
Previously, we worked from a vector of target values and a design matrix we built ourself (e.g. using sklearn
's PolynomialFeatures). statsmodels
allows users to fit statistical models using R-style formulas. They build the target value and design matrix for you.
# our target variable is 'Lottery', while 'Region' is a categorical predictor
df = dta.data[['Lottery', 'Literacy', 'Wealth', 'Region']]
formula='Lottery ~ Literacy + Wealth + C(Region) + Literacy * Wealth'
For more on these formulas see:
import statsmodels.formula.api as sm
model1 = sm.ols('y ~ age',data=diab)
fit1_lm = model1.fit()
Let's build a dataframe to predict values on (sometimes this is just the test or validation set). Very useful for making pretty plots of the model predictions - predict for TONS of values, not just whatever's in the training set.
x_pred = np.linspace(0,16,100)
predict_df = pd.DataFrame(data={"age":x_pred})
predict_df.head()
Use get_prediction().summary_frame()
to get the model's prediction (and error bars!)
prediction_output = fit1_lm.get_prediction(predict_df).summary_frame()
prediction_output.head()
Plot the model and error bars
ax1 = diab.plot.scatter(x='age',y='y',c='Red',title="Diabetes data with least-squares linear fit")
ax1.set_xlabel("Age at Diagnosis")
ax1.set_ylabel("Log C-Peptide Concentration")
ax1.plot(predict_df.age, prediction_output['mean'],color="green")
ax1.plot(predict_df.age, prediction_output['mean_ci_lower'], color="blue",linestyle="dashed")
ax1.plot(predict_df.age, prediction_output['mean_ci_upper'], color="blue",linestyle="dashed");
- Fit a 3rd degree polynomial model and
- plot the model+error bars.
You can either take
- Route1: Build a design df with a column for each of
age
,age**2
,age**3
, or - Route2: Just edit the formula
# your answer here
# %load ../solutions/exercise1-1.py
fit2_lm = sm.ols(formula="y ~ age + np.power(age, 2) + np.power(age, 3)",data=diab).fit()
poly_predictions = fit2_lm.get_prediction(predict_df).summary_frame()
poly_predictions.head()
# %load ../solutions/exercise1-2.py
ax2 = diab.plot.scatter(x='age',y='y',c='Red',title="Diabetes data with least-squares cubic fit")
ax2.set_xlabel("Age at Diagnosis")
ax2.set_ylabel("Log C-Peptide Concentration")
ax2.plot(predict_df.age, poly_predictions['mean'],color="green")
ax2.plot(predict_df.age, poly_predictions['mean_ci_lower'], color="blue",linestyle="dashed")
ax2.plot(predict_df.age, poly_predictions['mean_ci_upper'], color="blue",linestyle="dashed");
This example was similar with the Ed exercise. Open it in Ed and let's go though it.
2 - Piecewise Polynomials a.k.a. Splines¶
Splines are a type of piecewise polynomial interpolant. A spline of degree k is a piecewise polynomial that is continuously differentiable k − 1 times.
Splines are the basis of CAD software and vector graphics including a lot of the fonts used in your computer. The name “spline” comes from a tool used by ship designers to draw smooth curves. Here is the letter $epsilon$ written with splines:
font idea inspired by David Knezevic (AM205)
If the degree is 1 then we have a Linear Spline. If it is 3 then we have a Cubic spline. It turns out that cubic splines because they have a continous 2nd derivative at the knots are very smoothly looking to the eye. We do not need higher order than that. The Cubic Splines are usually Natural Cubic Splines which means they have the added constrain of the end points' second derivative = 0.
We will use the CubicSpline and the B-Spline as well as the Linear Spline.
scipy.interpolate¶
See all the different splines that scipy.interpolate has to offer: https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/interpolate.html
Let's use the simplest form which is interpolate on a set of points and then find the points between them.
from scipy.interpolate import splrep, splev
from scipy.interpolate import BSpline, CubicSpline
from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
# define the range of the function
a = -1
b = 1
# define the number of knots
num_knots = 10
x = np.linspace(a,b,num_knots)
# define the function we want to approximate
y = 1/(1+25*(x**2))
# make a linear spline
linspline = interp1d(x, y)
# sample at these points to plot
xx = np.linspace(a,b,1000)
yy = 1/(1+25*(xx**2))
plt.plot(x,y,'*')
plt.plot(xx, yy, label='true function')
plt.plot(xx, linspline(xx), label='linear spline');
plt.legend();
The Linear interpolation does not look very good. Fit a Cubic Spline and plot along the Linear to compare.
# your answer here
# %load ../solutions/exercise2.py
# define the range of the function
a = -1
b = 1
# define the knots
num_knots = 10
x = np.linspace(a,b,num_knots)
# define the function we want to approximate
y = 1/(1+25*(x**2))
# make the Cubic spline
cubspline = CubicSpline(x, y)
# OR make a linear spline
linspline = interp1d(x, y)
# plot
xx = np.linspace(a,b,1000)
yy = 1/(1+25*(xx**2))
plt.plot(xx, yy, label='true function')
plt.plot(x,y,'*')
plt.plot(xx, linspline(xx), label='linear');
plt.plot(xx, cubspline(xx), label='cubic');
plt.legend();
- Change the number of knots to 100 and see what happens. What would happen if we run a polynomial model of degree equal to the number of knots (a global one as in polynomial regression, not a spline)?
- What makes a spline 'Natural'?
B-Splines¶
A B-splines (Basis Splines) is defined by a set of control points and a set of basis functions that intepolate (fit) the function between these points. By choosing to have no smoothing factor we forces the final B-spline to pass though all the points. If, on the other hand, we set a smothing factor, our function is more of an approximation with the control points as "guidance". The latter produced a smoother curve which is prefferable for drawing software. For more on Splines see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-spline)
We will use scipy.splrep
to calulate the coefficients for the B-Spline and draw it.
B-Spline with no smooting¶
from scipy.interpolate import splev, splrep
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 10)
y = np.sin(x)
t,c,k = splrep(x, y) # (tck) is a tuple containing the vector of knots, coefficients, degree of the spline
print(t,c,k)
# define the points to plot on (x2)
x2 = np.linspace(0, 10, 200)
y2 = BSpline(t, c, k)
plt.plot(x, y, 'o', x2, y2(x2))
plt.show()
B-Spline with smooting factor s¶
from scipy.interpolate import splev, splrep
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 10)
y = np.sin(x)
s = 0.5 # add smooting factor
task = 0 # task needs to be set to 0, which represents:
# we are specifying a smoothing factor and thus only want
# splrep() to find the optimal t and c
t,c,k = splrep(x, y, task=task, s=s)
# define the points to plot on (x2)
x2 = np.linspace(0, 10, 200)
y2 = BSpline(t, c, k)
plt.plot(x, y, 'o', x2, y2(x2))
plt.show()
B-Spline with given knots¶
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
y = np.sin(x)
knots = np.quantile(x, [0.25, 0.5, 0.75])
print(knots)
# calculate the B-Spline
t,c,k = splrep(x, y, t=knots)
curve = BSpline(t,c,k)
curve
plt.scatter(x=x,y=y,c='grey', alpha=0.4)
yknots = np.sin(knots)
plt.scatter(knots, yknots, c='r')
plt.plot(x,curve(x))
plt.show()
This example was similar with the Ed exercise. Open it in Ed and let's go though it.
3 - GAMs¶
https://readthedocs.org/projects/pygam/downloads/pdf/latest/
A - Classification in pyGAM
¶
Let's get our (multivariate!) data, the kyphosis
dataset, and the LogisticGAM
model from pyGAM
to do binary classification.
- kyphosis - wherther a particular deformation was present post-operation
- age - patient's age in months
- number - the number of vertebrae involved in the operation
- start - the number of the topmost vertebrae operated on
kyphosis = pd.read_csv("../data/kyphosis.csv")
display(kyphosis.head())
display(kyphosis.describe(include='all'))
display(kyphosis.dtypes)
# convert the outcome in a binary form, 1 or 0
kyphosis = pd.read_csv("../data/kyphosis.csv")
kyphosis["outcome"] = 1*(kyphosis["Kyphosis"] == "present")
kyphosis.describe()
from pygam import LogisticGAM, s, f, l
X = kyphosis[["Age","Number","Start"]]
y = kyphosis["outcome"]
kyph_gam = LogisticGAM().fit(X,y)
Outcome dependence on features¶
To help us see how the outcome depends on each feature, pyGAM
has the partial_dependence()
function.
pdep, confi = kyph_gam.partial_dependence(term=i, X=XX, width=0.95)
For more on this see the : https://pygam.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/logisticgam.html
res = kyph_gam.deviance_residuals(X,y)
for i, term in enumerate(kyph_gam.terms):
if term.isintercept:
continue
XX = kyph_gam.generate_X_grid(term=i)
pdep, confi = kyph_gam.partial_dependence(term=i, X=XX, width=0.95)
pdep2, _ = kyph_gam.partial_dependence(term=i, X=X, width=0.95)
plt.figure()
plt.scatter(X.iloc[:,term.feature], pdep2 + res)
plt.plot(XX[:, term.feature], pdep)
plt.plot(XX[:, term.feature], confi, c='r', ls='--')
plt.title(X.columns.values[term.feature])
plt.show()
Notice that we did not specify the basis functions in the .fit(). Cool. pyGAM
figures them out for us by using $s()$ (splines) for numerical variables and $f()$ for categorical features. If this is not what we want we can manually specify the basis functions, as follows:
kyph_gam = LogisticGAM(s(0)+s(1)+s(2)).fit(X,y)
res = kyph_gam.deviance_residuals(X,y)
for i, term in enumerate(kyph_gam.terms):
if term.isintercept:
continue
XX = kyph_gam.generate_X_grid(term=i)
pdep, confi = kyph_gam.partial_dependence(term=i, X=XX, width=0.95)
pdep2, _ = kyph_gam.partial_dependence(term=i, X=X, width=0.95)
plt.figure()
plt.scatter(X.iloc[:,term.feature], pdep2 + res)
plt.plot(XX[:, term.feature], pdep)
plt.plot(XX[:, term.feature], confi, c='r', ls='--')
plt.title(X.columns.values[term.feature])
plt.show()
B - Regression in pyGAM
¶
For regression problems, we can use a linearGAM
model. For this part we will use the wages
dataset.
The wages
dataset¶
Let's inspect another dataset that is included in pyGAM
that notes the wages of people based on their age, year of employment and education.
# from the pyGAM documentation
from pygam import LinearGAM, s, f
from pygam.datasets import wage
X, y = wage(return_X_y=True)
## model
gam = LinearGAM(s(0) + s(1) + f(2))
gam.gridsearch(X, y)
## plotting
plt.figure();
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1,3);
titles = ['year', 'age', 'education']
for i, ax in enumerate(axs):
XX = gam.generate_X_grid(term=i)
ax.plot(XX[:, i], gam.partial_dependence(term=i, X=XX))
ax.plot(XX[:, i], gam.partial_dependence(term=i, X=XX, width=.95)[1], c='r', ls='--')
if i == 0:
ax.set_ylim(-30,30)
ax.set_title(titles[i]);
What are your observations from the plots above?
4 - Smoothing Splines using pyGAM¶
For clarity: this is the fancy spline model that minimizes $MSE - \lambda\cdot\text{wiggle penalty}$ $=$ $\sum_{i=1}^N \left(y_i - f(x_i)\right)^2 - \lambda \int \left(f''(x)\right)^2$, across all possible functions $f$. The winner will always be a continuous, cubic polynomial with a knot at each data point.
Let's see how this smoothing works in pyGAM
. We start by creating some arbitrary data and fitting them with a GAM.
X = np.linspace(0,10,500)
y = np.sin(X*2*np.pi)*X + np.random.randn(len(X))
plt.scatter(X,y);
# let's try a large lambda first and lots of splines
gam = LinearGAM(lam=1e6, n_splines=50). fit(X,y)
XX = gam.generate_X_grid(term=0)
plt.scatter(X,y,alpha=0.3);
plt.plot(XX, gam.predict(XX));
We see that the large $\lambda$ forces a straight line, no flexibility. Let's see now what happens if we make it smaller.
# let's try a smaller lambda
gam = LinearGAM(lam=1e2, n_splines=50). fit(X,y)
XX = gam.generate_X_grid(term=0)
plt.scatter(X,y,alpha=0.3);
plt.plot(XX, gam.predict(XX));
There is some curvature there but still not a good fit. Let's try no penalty. That should have the line fit exactly.
# no penalty, let's try a 0 lambda
gam = LinearGAM(lam=0, n_splines=50). fit(X,y)
XX = gam.generate_X_grid(term=0)
plt.scatter(X,y,alpha=0.3)
plt.plot(XX, gam.predict(XX))
Yes, that is good. Now let's see what happens if we lessen the number of splines. The fit should not be as good.
# no penalty, let's try a 0 lambda
gam = LinearGAM(lam=0, n_splines=10). fit(X,y)
XX = gam.generate_X_grid(term=0)
plt.scatter(X,y,alpha=0.3);
plt.plot(XX, gam.predict(XX));
Indeed.


What Is It?
An open source tool for developing UI components in isolation.
Provides a UI where you can search through and preview your component library.
Compatible with a variety of libaries including React, React Native, Vue, Angular, Ember, Svelte, Mithril, and plain ol' HTML.
Why Use It?
- Gives you a bird's eye view of your component library, with all of your components in a centralized location
- Demo all states and use cases without having to manipulate data (even hard to reach use cases)
- Storybook can be deployed as a static site and easily shared with the entire team
How To Use It?
- Set up your
.storybook/config.js
- If you are using any "addons", import them into
.storybook/addons.js
- Build out your storybook by writing stories for each component. Stories are functions that return the rendered component - each story represents a single possible state of a component (unless using an addon like knobs)
- Story files can be placed anywhere - they are usually grouped with other component files, or in a stories directory
- Run your storybook locally with the command
npm run storybook
- Storybook will update anytime you save an associated component file
Add Ons
There are a variety of plugins to add functionality to the Storybook UI:
- Knobs edit component props dynamically within the Storybook UI
- Actions display data received by event handlers
- Storyshots works with Jest to take snapshots of your stories
- Notes add detailed component notes; useful for reviews
- Accessibility: test component compliance with web accessibility standards
There is even an API for developing your own addons.
Let's Look At Some Code!
What It's Not
Storybook is primarily a development tool used when building your component library. It currently does not offer features that allow for building more robust styleguide documentation.
HOWEVER they have announced they are currently working on a feature that would generate styleguide documentation using markdown.
/


Ganeti 2.12 design
Design for a X509 Certificate Authority
Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.


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See more ideas about signage, signage design, wayfinding signage. Displax is an ultra large multitouch projected capacitive foils manufacturer. I am trying to display logo at top end in html and css.
I am trying to display logo at top end in html and css.
This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Discover a wide range of customizations, from 20 to 135. You can download in.ai,.eps,.cdr,.svg,.png formats. Convergent communications presents a technical tip demonstrating how to display a logo on the ip phone screen of your cisco ip phone.


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Farm Name
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Longitude
Survey No.
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Crop Name
Sown on
This Produce is Organic Certified


Future Forward seeks end to mandatory military conscription
Members of the opposition Future Forward Party led by party-list MP Lt-Gen Pongsakorn Rodchomphu have submitted a draft for a revised Conscription Act calling for military service to be voluntary except in dire circumstances.
Pongsakorn announced on Thursday (November 14) that the proposal was submitted via the Secretariat of the House of Representatives to House Speaker Chuan Leekpai in the hope it will become an amendment to the Conscription Act BE 2497.
He said Future Forward believed the existing legislation in effect since 1954 had to be changed to mirror modern social attitudes.
“We strongly believe military service should be voluntary rather than mandatory. Mandatory conscription should come into effect only in wartime or in states of emergency. Otherwise it is a violation of an individual’s rights.”
The proposed draft would replace mandatory conscription for males aged 21 years old with voluntary admission for persons aged 18-40.
“We also propose that the period of service be five years rather than two and that enlisted personnel be allowed to progress through the ranks up to lieutenant colonel before being discharged no later than age 46,” Pongsakorn said.
“The amended act would also pardon those who avoided enlistment before the revised law came into effect.”
Pongsakorn said the aim was to foster human rights, reduce the financial burden that mandatory conscription places on the military and enhance efficiency among enlisted personnel by extending their service time and enabling rank progression.


PERFORMANCES
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ART
- MEMES BY SERGEI
STAND-UP
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Cicero famously orated against his political opponent Lucius Sergius Catilina. Occasionally the first Oration against Catiline is taken for type specimens: Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet? (How long, O Catiline, will you abuse our patience? And for how long will that madness of yours mock us?)
DONATE TO HELP


| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 12. Full Text Search | Next |
A text search configuration specifies all options necessary to transform a
document into a tsvector: the parser to use to break text
into tokens, and the dictionaries to use to transform each token into a
lexeme. Every call of
to_tsvector
or to_tsquery
needs a text search configuration to perform its processing.
The configuration parameter
default_text_search_config
specifies the name of the default configuration, which is the
one used by text search functions if an explicit configuration
parameter is omitted.
It can be set in postgresql.conf, or set for an
individual session using the SET command.
Several predefined text search configurations are available, and you can create custom configurations easily. To facilitate management of text search objects, a set of SQL commands is available, and there are several psql commands that display information about text search objects (Section 12.10).
As an example we will create a configuration pg, starting by duplicating the built-in english configuration:
CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.pg ( COPY = pg_catalog.english );
We will use a PostgreSQL-specific synonym list and store it in $SHAREDIR/tsearch_data/pg_dict.syn. The file contents look like:
postgres pg pgsql pg postgresql pg
We define the synonym dictionary like this:
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY pg_dict ( TEMPLATE = synonym, SYNONYMS = pg_dict );
Next we register the Ispell dictionary english_ispell, which has its own configuration files:
CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY english_ispell ( TEMPLATE = ispell, DictFile = english, AffFile = english, StopWords = english );
Now we can set up the mappings for words in configuration pg:
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION pg ALTER MAPPING FOR asciiword, asciihword, hword_asciipart, word, hword, hword_part WITH pg_dict, english_ispell, english_stem;
We choose not to index or search some token types that the built-in configuration does handle:
ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION pg DROP MAPPING FOR email, url, url_path, sfloat, float;
Now we can test our configuration:
SELECT * FROM ts_debug('public.pg', ' PostgreSQL, the highly scalable, SQL compliant, open source object-relational database management system, is now undergoing beta testing of the next version of our software. ');
The next step is to set the session to use the new configuration, which was created in the public schema:
=> \dF List of text search configurations Schema | Name | Description ---------+------+------------- public | pg | SET default_text_search_config = 'public.pg'; SET SHOW default_text_search_config; default_text_search_config ---------------------------- public.pg


2.1. Which of the following best describes how #TeamTrees (or other tree related topics
such as trees in games, wood arts, tree-shaped food) is mentioned in this video?
Embedded
The video embeds the #TeamTrees information, generally short, at the beginning, middle, or end of the video as a shout-out,
but the main part of the video is not relevant to the #TeamTrees campaign or trees.
Hashtag only
The video does not mention #TeamTrees or tree information throughout the video either verbally or on-screen.
The video content is unrelated to #TeamTrees or trees, but there is #TeamTrees hashtag in the title.
2.2. Considering the main theme of the video, check ones that describe how the YouTuber take actions
to participate in the campaign. Only select the theme that spans at least 1/3 of the video.
Spread the word
The video introduces the #TeamTrees campaign.
The video announces and advertises the #TeamTrees campaign by showing mission, activities,
impact, or statistics.
Examples: Showing statistics, countdown numbers, show big donors.
Introduce the events, watch dogs in park to talk about TeamTrees, unboxing a TeamTrees
Tshirt
Environmental
discussion
The video shows or discusses environmental problems related to the #TeamTrees campaign,
including climate change, deforestation, natural disasters, etc.
Examples: In depth explanation on deforestation, showing stats on human waste, show images
of wildfires
Share videos
The video is made by sharing other's #TeamTrees videos or compiling other's #TeamTrees video
clips.
The video may show, comment on, and/or react to the videos created by other YouTubers.
Examples: reacting to environmental memes, reacting to Mr. Beast videos,
sharing TikTok videos of TeamTrees
Donation
The video is about the donating activities to the teamtrees.org website,
or various fundraising activities to show the YouTubers have donated to the #TeamTrees
campaign.
Examples: livestreaming to fundraising for TT, play arcade games and
donate $1 for every ticket won, showing donation website and donate
Plant trees
The video is about showing the method, activities, or process of
planting real trees or plants at home or in the wild
Examples: Go to store and buy trees to plant, plant pine trees from seeds
Knowledge
The video explains knowledge related to trees or knowledge about a specific topic.
It may include the knowledge or fun facts about trees or tree-related things
(e.g. arts, laws, stories)
Examples: a video on satellite data with embedded TeamTrees shoutout,
biology video explaining photosynthesis, explaining studies on plants
making auditory sounds when hurt, show historical art made by trees
Gameplay
The video is a live or recorded video games that shows gaming activities.

Creation
The video shows artistic or funny creations or performance,
usually through creation of arts or interesting items (e.g. tree related music,
drawing, crafts, funny things, animation, etc.)
Examples: draw a dragon and sell it to donate to TeamTrees,
photoshopping trees back into the picture, digital paintings of trees,
introduce TeamTrees and show a duet performance,
Criticism
The video is about showing criticism or negative opinions on the #TeamTrees campaign.
Examples: Comment on other TeamTrees video and criticize that TeamTrees is not effective.
Show data about climate change statistics. Explain climate change reality.
None
None of the options is apparent or applicable.
3.1. Considering how the YouTuber calls for action, check all that apply.
Call for donation
The video calls for donating to the campaign, by verbally calling for donation (e.g. "Go
donate"),
or displaying donation text (e.g. "Go donate" in text) prominently.
Examples: "Go donate to TT", "any little amount would help"
Call for environment actions
The video calls for protecting the environment and take general actions
that benefits the environment.
Examples: "make earth a better place", "recycle, clean up streams"
Call for supporting the
channel
The YouTube promotes the #TeamTrees campaign and their own channel at the same time,
by basing their donations or other campaign activities on the merchandise, subscribing, commenting, etc,
Examples: Join the server to plant trees together, Buy my art to help me donate, I will
donate 1 dollar for every new subscriber
Call for more trees
The video calls for planting more trees.
Examples: "Plant your own trees", "Gotta support building trees"
Call for promoting
campaign
The video calls for promoting the #TeamTrees campaign to reach more viewers.
Examples: "if you can't donate, share this video", "go watch and like all TeamTrees videos",
"share this video and share this idea"
None
None of the options is apparent or applicable.
Please search for community-related and celebrity-related keywords
in BOTH video and subtitle.
3.2. Considering how the YouTuber explain their motivations to participate
in the campaign or gives rationale for the viewers to participate, check all that apply.
Tree benefits
The video gives the rationale for planting more trees, usually by
explaining the benefits of trees to the environment.
Examples: "We need more trees, we need more oxygen", "you can make a change by planting
trees", "trees are great for our planet"
Celebrity effect
The video mentions celebrities' involvement in #TeamTrees to
explain the reason why the YouTuber is participating in the campaign. Celebrities must be
involved with the TeamTrees campaign.
List of celebrities to search for: "MrBeast",
"Mark Rober",
"Pewdiepie",
"Elon Musk",
"Tobias Lütke",
"Marc Benioff",
"Jack Dorsey"
Examples: "Help Mr. Beast achieve his goal", "Make Elon Musk proud",
"MrBeast and Team trees helps educate the next generation"
Community effect
The video mentions community's collaboration or actions as the reason why the YouTuber is
participating.
Search these words and determine if they represent community effects:
"Community",
"YouTubers",
"Together",
"campaign",
"event",
"movement",
"challenge"
Examples: "The biggest collaboration in the history of internet,"
"join the biggest youtube collab", "Thanks all the other YouTubers. This is a worth well
calls."
None
None of the options is apparent or applicable.


Dungeon Full Dive:
The new way to play tabletop
DFD is a Pc game (with crossplay between Non-VR and VR-Players!) that lets you actually be INSIDE your tabletop world! May it be a forest deep inside the kingdom of elves, a dark, mysterious dungeon, or just a small tavern for the adventurers to rest. Create your own adventures in DFD!


public interface ConnectionHandler
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
onConnected(StpConnection connection)
This event is emitted if the STP connection thread has accepted a connection.
|
void |
onDisconnect()
This event is triggered whenever the STP connection is closed.
|
void |
onException(Exception e)
This event is triggered if an exception is thrown on the STP connection thread.
|
void |
onHandshake(boolean stp1)
This event is triggered when we have received a response to
StpConnection.sendEnableStp1() . |
void |
onResponseReceived(int tag,
com.opera.core.systems.scope.protos.UmsProtos.Response response)
This event is triggered whenever a command error response is received.
|
void |
onServiceList(List<String> services)
This event is triggered upon receiving an initial service list from Opera.
|
boolean onConnected(StpConnection connection)
connection
- the connection that has been acceptedvoid onServiceList(List<String> services)
services
- the list of services available in the connected Opera instancevoid onHandshake(boolean stp1)
StpConnection.sendEnableStp1()
.stp1
- true if handshake was an STP/1 responsevoid onDisconnect()
void onException(Exception e)
e
- the exception thrown on the STP connection threadvoid onResponseReceived(int tag, com.opera.core.systems.scope.protos.UmsProtos.Response response)
tag
- the internal command tag corresponding to the requestresponse
- the response, or null if the response was an error


(Updated February 13, 2008)
The Google Email Uploader is a desktop utility that uploads email from other desktop email programs (like Microsoft Outlook) into your Google Apps mailbox. The Email Uploader preserves information like sent dates and sender/recipient data, as well as folder structure or other organizational tagging devices used by the other email program.
If you want to import mail from another web-based mail application, or mail that's stored on mail server, Gmail's Mail Fetcher tool may be a better option.
The Email Uploader is Apache 2.0 licensed open source software, and is governed by the terms of the included license file. This also means you may modify the tool to better suit your needs.
The Email Uploader is compatible with the following email programs:
Before opening the Email Uploader, be sure to close all email programs such as Microsoft Outlook, Microsoft Outlook Express, or Mozilla Thunderbird. Having these applications open will interfere with the migration process.
Launch the Email Uploader from your Start Menu or desktop. The Email Uploader is a simple wizard that walks you through the four-step import process.
Before uploading can begin, you need to identify the Google Apps account you want to import your email into, and verify that you have access to the account. Specify the full qualified email address of your account, for example<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Note: For your security, your password is not written to disk, but only stored in memory while the Email Uploader is running.
The Email Uploader displays a list of email programs from which you can import mail. You can choose to either import all mail from one or more of these programs or you can specify a subset to be imported.
To import all mail, select the programs you wish to import from. As you select email programs, the Email Uploader will calculate the amount of email to be imported and the estimated time to completion. When you've selected the programs you want to import from, click "Next".
To specify a subset of mail to be imported, click "Customize".
Note: To include an archived mailbox, you must use the Customize option.
The Customize option lets you select specific folders in each email program to import. For example, you might choose to import everything in your Inbox and in the folders "Home Business" and "Snowboarding" but not mail in the "Spam" folder.
The Email Uploader scans the programs and displays all accounts and folders for each email program. Click on the email program to expand the view, and then click on the folders you want to include in the import. Selected folders are indicated by a check mark.
Most email programs let you create an email archive file (such as an Outlook .PST or Thunderbird .MBOX file) and store it on a backup disk. To include these archived mailboxes, first select the type of email program of the archive you want to import. Then, click the link "Add another mailbox". Use the Browse window to locate and select the archived mailbox file. It will be added to the selected email program.
Gmail uses a label feature to organize email, rather than a folder system. Labeling will affect how imported email will appear in your Gmail account, as well as make it easy for you to identify the origin and organization of the email after import is complete.
There are two choices that affect how labeling is applied: (1) create labels from folder names, and (2) archive everything.
Create labels from folder names:
If labels are not created, the following rules are applied:
- All imported mail is given a label identifying the source email program, for example: "from Outlook Express".
- Mail from a source program's inbox (including subfolders) is placed in the Gmail Inbox.
- Mail in a "Deleted mail" or "Trash" folder is migrated into a new Gmail label so that Gmail will not auto-delete the mail. If don't want this mail, you can exclude it using the customize feature in the previous step. If you want to delete it once it is uploaded, just select all emails with this label and 'delete'.
If labels are created, these additional rules are applied:
- Mail in certain common folders are placed in Gmail's special folders. These include "Sent Mail", "Drafts", etc.
- Mail in other folders is given a label with the name of its folder. Mail in subfolders will have labels for the full path, as well as labels for all parent folders, for example: "work/projects/Tornado".
- Mail from a source program's inbox is given an extra label "Inbox/". This extra label allows you to move imported mail out of your Gmail Inbox folder (that is, archive it) but still be able to see all mail imported from your old email inbox.
Archive everything:
If all mail is archived, imported mail from a source program's inbox is not placed in the Gmail Inbox. If labels are created, this email will still get the "Inbox/" label.
Archived mail can be accessed using Gmails "All Mail" view, viewing it by label, or when it is found as part of a search.
The following example illustrates how original folder locations are converted to labels (assuming the default selection: create labels, do not archive):
Folder Labels Outlook<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Gmail Inbox
Inbox/
from Outlook<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Gmail Inbox
Inbox/
from ThunderbirdOutlook<EMAIL_ADDRESS>work/
from Outlook ExpressOutlook<EMAIL_ADDRESS>work/contracts/
work/
from Outlook Express
Once you've finalized your import options, click "Import" to begin uploading. The Email Uploader first reads email from your computer and then begins uploading to Google in batches.
If the tool appears to be stuck, have no fear, each individual batch upload may take a minute or two. You can minimize the tool to the system tray and continue working on other tasks.
Once the Email Uploader is completed, it may take up to 48 hours before all your mail is available in your Google Apps mail, depending on load and volume.
Some email may have failed to upload. Use the Email Uploader troubleshooting tool to see why failures occurred.
For additional help, check the Google Email Uploader user support group.
Problem: Upload finishes quickly without actually uploading mail
If this is not your first attempt to upload, the Email Uploader may assume you've already uploaded the given mail. To reset the tool, go to your Google Email Uploader data directory and clear out the UserData.xml file (for example: C:\Documents and Settings\bob\Local Settings\Application Data\Google\GoogleEmailUploader\<IP_ADDRESS>\UserData.xml).
Problem: The program crashes
Check the file GoogleEmailUploaderTrace.txt in the Google Email Uploader data directory (for example: C:\Documents and Settings\bob\Local Settings\Application Data\Google\GoogleEmailUploader\<IP_ADDRESS>\GoogleEmailUploaderTrace.txt). Check the user support group for similar issues and resolutions.
Q: The Email Uploader is still running from yesterday, but isn't making any progress. What will happen if I restart the tool now?
A: We recommend a restart if you're not seeing any progress. Restarting the tool will not cause duplicate email to be imported.
Q: Why does the Email Uploader report different numbers in "message failure" count and in the summary screen?
A: There are two reasons a message can fail to upload: (1) when the Email Uploader was unable to read a message from the email client, and (2) when the Email Uploader was unable to upload the message to Google's migration server. The summary screen does not reflect messages that couldn't be read from the email client, which include calender events, tasks, sticky notes, etc.
Q: Why is the "Add another mailbox" link disabled on the Customize screen?
A: To add another mailbox, you first need to select which email program you want to add a mailbox for. This option is used to add archived mail. Once you select an email program, the link becomes active.
Q: How do I set up a proxy for the Email Uploader?
A: Add the following to the GoogleEmailUploader.exe.config file in your Uploader installation directory. If this file does not exist, create one.
<configuration> <system.net> <defaultProxy> <proxy usesystemdefaults="true"
proxyaddress="http://proxyipaddress" bypassonlocal="true" /> </defaultProxy> </system.net> </configuration>
Q: I added a mailbox by mistake. How do I remove it?
A: Assuming you haven't uploaded your mail yet, go to your Google Email Uploader data directory open the UserData.xml file. Remove the entire <Store ...> element corresponding to the mailbox you want to remove.
Q: What happens if I start an upload but don’t finish it, or if new email is downloaded after I do an import?
A: The Email Uploader recognizes the previous state of the upload and restarts from that point., uploading any email that hasn't yet been migrated. However, changes in your email program, including different folders structure, newly downloaded mail, etc., may not be accurately reflected. This is because the Email Uploader is designed to be used as a one-time migration event. If you've made significant changes to your email program and want to do a new upload, go to your Google Email Uploader data directory and clean out the UserData.xml file. The Email Uploader will rescan your email program and you'll need to redo the upload configuration process.
Q: How will I be able to distinguish between imported email and the email I already had in Gmail?
A: All imported mail will have a label applied indicating which email client it originated from (for example "from Outlook Express".
Q: Can I pick and choose which emails to import?
A: The Mail Uploader reads the folder structure in your email program and lets you select which folders to import. You can designate specific emails for import by first going into your email program and grouping the email you want to import into folders. Then you can import only those folders containing the emails you want.
Q: The mail folders I set up in Thunderbird are not showing up in the Email Uploader. How do I import these emails?
A: If you stored emails in directories outside of the Thunderbird “Profiles” directory, the Email Uploader does not detect these files. You can add these directories by adding them as new Thunderbird mailboxes in the Select Mail customization screen.


Nouman Hannoun, DDS info here!
SAMPLE BIOS BELOW .................................................................................................
Dr. Armen Mirzayan grew up in Southern California
Dr. Armen Mirzayan grew up in Southern California and attended the University
of California at Los Angeles, where he received a Bachelor's Degree in
Physiological Sciences.
He pursued a Master's Degree at Boston University in the field of Medical
and Dental Sciences. He ultimately received his Doctoral Degree in Dental
Surgery from Northwestern University in Chicago. His interests led him
to the Queen's Medical Center, in Honolulu, Hawaii, where he completed
a General Practice Residency.
He is currently in private practice and a clinical assistant professor
at the University of Southern California Dental School. He is the restorative
director of the Advanced Education in General Dentistry Sedation Program.
Dr. Mirzayan is commited to delivering the latest advancements in oral
health care for his patients by completing over 500 hours of Continuing
Education. Furthermore, he is a certified continuing education provider
for the State of California and the Academy of General Dentistry. He maintains
a membership in the American Dental Association, California Dental Association,
Los Angeles Dental Society, Academy of General Dentistry, Academy of Computerized
Dentistry, American Academy of Cosmetic Dentistry.
Dr. Mirzayan is also the team dentist / consultant for the Los Angeles
Dodgers
Dr. Jean Lee-Mirzayan is originally from Chicago
Dr. Jean Lee-Mirzayan is originally from Chicago and graduated from the
University of Illinois with a degree in Psychology. She matriculated from
Northwestern University with a Doctor of Dental Surgery degree. She completed
a General Practice Residency at the Veteran's Administration Hospital in
Long Beach California.
She is currently in private practice and is a part time professor at the
University of Southern California Dental School. She is an active participant
in the following associations:
· Academy of General Dentistry
· American Dental Association
· California Dental Association
· Los Angeles Dental Society
Ms. Melanie Clark
Melanie Clark is the office manager at Esthetic Dentistry Dental Group.
She personally oversees the care and treatment of our patients. Melanie
has had a career in dentistry that spans over 22 years. With over 14 years
of clinical experience, she helps to educate patients about their dental
options and solutions. Ms. Clark has a deep passion for people and relationship
building and loves the relationships she has formed with the downtown community.
Melanie is honest, empathetic, and fair. Melanie lives in Long Beach with
her husband and is the mother of three
Ms. Nadia Vasquez
Nadia is our administrative assistant. She is a Los Angeles native and
a Downtown resident. She handles all of the dental insurance information
for our patients. She is professional and very knowledgeable. Nadia is
friendly and sincere, we are all very happy to have her as part of our
team.
Ms. Gloria Rodriguez
Gloria Rodriguez has been a dental assistant in our office for the past
eight months. During her internship with us last year, we saw her great
potential. She has exceeded our expectations and delivers care to our patients
with speed and accuracy. She is a happy and passionate dental assistant.
Gloria also loves everything about her job. She especially loves the technology
and how much she is learning about advanced dentistry. She also lives in
Los Angeles and is the mother to a handsome 2 year old son.
Ms. Ana Velasquez
Ana Velasquez is our head dental assistant. She manages the back office
with precision and professionalism. She is a friendly and compassionate
young woman. Ana is organized and informed to ensure the highest standard
of care for our patients. In addition to liking "everything" about
her job, Ana’s loves interacting with the patients.  Ana lives in Los Angeles with her
family.
|


- Monday, Feb 22nd, 2016Sorting Methods
- Monday, Feb 15th, 2016 JavaScript Objects
- Sunday, Feb 7th, 2016 Classes
- Monday, Feb 1st, 2016 Ruby Method: Partition
- Sunday, Jan 24th, 2016 Diversity
- Saturday, Jan 23rd, 2016 Hashes 'n Arrays
- Monday, Jan 18th, 2016 Margins, Borders, and Padding
- Sunday, Jan 10th, 2016 Blog Template
- Sunday, Jan 3rd, 2016 Notes to Self About Git


- r:
- g:
- b:
If you're rendering the same user interface multiple times with different data, then a great way to do this is use a template control. WinJS Binding Templates let you specify the UI and binding once, then render the template itself multiple times. This example renders the template control three times, bound to different data. Change the data and you'll see the bindings fire to update the individual items that were rendered from the template.
The aria-label attribute is also being set as part of data binding. Turn on Windows Narrator (using Win-Enter) and click on the rendered templates to have the screen reader read the bound label.


↑
→
←
↓
ANL
RCK
RLS
PIC
See Photo
LOG
Terminal
Started CPM
Establishing connection to Mars...
© Animation created by Ayhas


Creating SCA Composites | |
|
Create a new sca composite document using the New->Other menu option. There is basic support for context sensitive text completion in sca documents. Press Ctrl+Space to see a list of valid elements at the current cursor location. |


|
camera - camera handle
x - x coordinate of top left hand corner of viewport y - y coordinate of top left hand corner of viewport width - width of viewport height - height of viewport |
|
Sets the camera viewport position and size.
The camera viewport is the area of the 2D screen that the 3D graphics as viewed by the camera are displayed in. Setting the camera viewport allows you to achieve spilt-screen and rear-view mirror effects. |
|
; CameraViewport Example
; ---------------------- Graphics3D 640,480 SetBuffer BackBuffer() ; Create first camera cam1=CreateCamera() ; Set the first camera's viewport so that it fills the top half of the camera CameraViewport cam1,0,0,GraphicsWidth(),GraphicsHeight()/2 ; Create second camera cam2=CreateCamera() ; Set the second camera's viewport so that it fills the bottom half of the camera CameraViewport cam2,0,GraphicsHeight()/2,GraphicsWidth(),GraphicsHeight()/2 light=CreateLight() RotateEntity light,90,0,0 plane=CreatePlane() grass_tex=LoadTexture( "media/mossyground.bmp" ) EntityTexture plane,grass_tex PositionEntity plane,0,-1,0 While Not KeyDown( 1 ) If KeyDown( 205 )=True Then TurnEntity cam1,0,-1,0 If KeyDown( 203 )=True Then TurnEntity cam1,0,1,0 If KeyDown( 208 )=True Then MoveEntity cam1,0,0,-0.05 If KeyDown( 200 )=True Then MoveEntity cam1,0,0,0.05 RenderWorld Text 0,0,"Use cursor keys to move the first camera about the infinite plane" Flip Wend End |


High level management of widgets, windows and other graphical resources.
| Version: | 0.9-45 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.7.0) |
| Imports: | tcltk, utils, svMisc (≥ 0.9-68) |
| Published: | 2018-06-28 |
| Author: | Philippe Grosjean [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Philippe Grosjean <phgrosjean at sciviews.org> |
| BugReports: | https://r-forge.r-project.org/tracker/?group_id=194 |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| URL: | http://www.sciviews.org/SciViews-R |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | svWidgets citation info |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | svWidgets results |
| Reference manual: | svWidgets.pdf |
| Package source: | svWidgets_0.9-45.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: svWidgets_0.9-45.zip, r-release: svWidgets_0.9-45.zip, r-oldrel: svWidgets_0.9-45.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: svWidgets_0.9-45.tgz, r-oldrel: svWidgets_0.9-45.tgz |
| Old sources: | svWidgets archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=svWidgets to link to this page.


Let's tell your thoughts to the computer with the button on the left of IchigoJam.
If you press ENTER key without pressing the button, it will display zero (0).
Press the UP key three times on the lower right of the keyboard, move a blinking square (cursor) , then hold down the button and press ENTER key.
It is succeed if it displayed a "1"!
Repeat using "GOTO" command.
"0" displays in a row, let's try to press or release a button.
To stop, use the ESC(Escape) key.
The program that LED lights when button is pressed.
Even F5 key is OK instead of "RUN" command!
The "LED" command lights when it is 1 and disappears when it is 0, so it lights in line with the button press.
Stop with the ESC key.
You press the button, it blinks fast!
"WAIT" is a command for waiting.
When the button is not pressed, it is "WAIT 10".
If pressed, BTN() will be 1, subtract a number which is multiplied by 5 with "* 5", so it becomes "WAIT 5".
Go back to line 10 with "GOTO", repeat.
Try it!
1. Let's make it blink more quickly, if the button is pressed.
2. Let's make it blink slowly, if the button is pressed.
3. Let's remodel to always light, if the button is pressed.
4. Let's remodel so as not to light at all when not pressing the button.


I'd call you a genius, except I'm in the room. Don't you think she looks tired? I'm Dr. James McCrimmon from the township of Balamory. People assume that time is a strict progression of cause-and-effect... but actually, from a non-linear, non-subjective viewpoint, it's more like a big ball of wibbly-wobbly... timey-wimey... stuff. Oh, yes. Harmless is just the word: that's why I like it! Doesn't kill, doesn't wound, doesn't maim. But I'll tell you what it does do: it is very good at opening doors!


uAdmin Tutorial Part 14 - Storing the data to HTML¶
In this part, we will discuss about fetching the records in the API and migrating the data from API to HTML that will display the records using Go template.
Go to todo_view.go inside the views folder with the following codes below:
package views
import (
"html/template"
"net/http"
"strings"
// Specify the username that you used inside github.com folder and
// import this library
"github.com/username/todo/models"
"github.com/uadmin/uadmin"
)
// TodoList field inside the Context that will be used in Golang HTML template
type Context struct {
TodoList []map[string]interface{}
}
// TodoHandler !
func TodoHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
// Assigns Context struct to the c variable
c := Context{}
// ------------------ ADD THIS CODE ------------------
// Fetch Data from DB
todo := []models.Todo{}
uadmin.All(&todo)
for i := range todo {
// Accesses and fetches the record of the linking models in Todo
uadmin.Preload(&todo[i])
// Assigns the string of interface in each Todo fields
c.TodoList = append(c.TodoList, map[string]interface{}{
"ID": todo[i].ID,
"Name": todo[i].Name,
// In fact that description has an html type tag in uAdmin,
// we have to convert this field from text to HTML so that
// the HTML tags from models will be applied to HTML file.
"Description": template.HTML(todo[i].Description),
"Category": todo[i].Category.Name,
"Friend": todo[i].Friend.Name,
"Item": todo[i].Item.Name,
"TargetDate": todo[i].TargetDate,
"Progress": todo[i].Progress,
})
}
// ----------------------------------------------------
// Some codes
}
Now go to templates/todo.html. After the
 tag, add the following codes shown below:
{{range .TodoList}}

{{.Name}}
{{.Description}}
{{.Category}}
{{.Friend}}
{{.Item}}
{{.TargetDate}}
{{.Progress}}

{{end}}
In Go programming language, range is equivalent to for loop.
The double brackets {{ }} are Golang delimiter.
.TodoList is the assigned field inside the Context struct.
.Name, Description, .Category, .Friend, .Item, .TargetDate, .Progress are the fields assigned in c.TodoList.
Now run your application, go to http_handler/todo path and see what happens.
Congrats, now you know how to set up a handler file in an organized manner, access the HTML in localhost and store the data from API to HTML using Go templates.
Click here to view our progress so far.
In the next part, we will talk about generating a self-signed SSL certificate using the openssl command and implementing two factor authentication (2FA).


Download entire Mesibo platform and run it from your own data-center or private cloud for ultimate control over your user data & privacy. All messages and calls route through your own data-center.
Read MoreIngetrate mesibo platform and run it from our cloud server with best security and control over your user data & privacy. All messages and calls route from cloud server.
Read More


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
Welcome to Recipe Share, an application for uploading and reviewing recipes. Have a look at the recipes listed below or if you'd like to contribute, head to manage recipes and manage categories to get started!
Starter recipes taken from Runnerbeans, check them out for inspiration!
{{recipe.recipe_intro}}
Check out this recipe!No recipes added yet, head over to manage recipes to get started. Make sure you have a category ready, you can take care of that here


Index of Topics
Introduction
GeoPhylo Engine is service for generating geophlogenies in Keyhole Markup Language(KML) format based on two inputs: a phylogenetic tree and the geographic coordinates of each tip taxa (leaf) within the tree. This KML can be opened in any application that can display KML files (e.g. GoogleEarth or WorldWind). The GeoPhylo Engine parses the phylogenetic tree from a Newick formatted tree-file, strictly containing distances and leaf names. As of version 2.4, GeoPhyloEngine can parse trees with polytomies. Next, the GeoPhylo Engine parses geographic coordinates for each leaf from a comma seperated file (CSV; see example files). Each node and the tips of the geophylogeny can be clicked to pull a pop-up box that shows the name of that node or tip as well as sister, ancestor, and descendant nodes. Users can "fly to" these closely related nodes by clicking on their names.
Notice!...
Geophylo Engine has been tested on Google Earth 5. Please ensure that your 'Elevation Exaggeration' setting is '1' in your Google Earth settings.
Advanced Options:
At the GeoPhylo Engine, you are given a set of advanced options that allow you to modify many of the specific elements of KML generation. Click on the "advanced" link to expand a menu of these options. Each advanced option is annotated to describe how option settings will affect final output of the geophylogeny.
Altitude of Branches:
In GeoPhylo Engine, all leaf taxa are placed on the ground (altitude = 0m); internal nodes are given an altitude in the sky such that the tree evenly grows through space for organizedvisual representation. The Global Scaling Factor adjusts the vertical relief of the tree.
It is possible to encode branch lenghts (see Rode Page's example), at the loss of some asthetics. We will be working to include this method as an option in the next release.
Time-span functions:
You can view the expansion and movement oflineages over time by including temporal information and using the built-in functions of Google Earth. The GeoPhylo Engine can handle temporal information in the ISO format, YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss, to any level of detail. Such information should be included in the .csv file that also contains the geographic data (see example file format). If you choose to add temporal information, each Placemark in the KML is given a TimeStamp. Ancestral nodes are given the date of their oldest descendant.
Storage and update on the cloud:
You may store your KMLs on the GeoPhylo website. To do so, you must select 'Permalink' in the Advanced options. When selected, you will be given a private-key which you can use to update your geophylogeny in the future. When you submit your input files, instead of a complete KML being returned, you will recieve a KML containing a NetworkLink to the KML stored at GeoPhylo. Files are only stored on GeoPhylo for a month as of now. To update a stored KML, you need to enter your private-key and the KML's public-key under the 'Update existing geophylogeny stored at GeoPhylo?' section of the Advanced options.


Spencer is the Team Lead for this website. He is a current fulltime student in Lambda school at Lanbda X. He lives in Tennessee, USA.
Hoolio is from California. He worked as front end developer for the Sauti African Market Project. He is current student of lambda school from WEBPT16.
"Steve is a coffee loving, full stack developer who enjoys solving complex business problems with simple Javascript- based solutions. He currently lives in Charleston, SC with his girlfriend and 2 high-energy dogs. "
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Hi! Donny Here. I remember the first time that I saw some code. I passed by a magazine called "Web Designer" in Barnes and Noble and curiosity got the best of me. I picked it up, flipped through some pages and saw a demo on how to make a hamburger menu. I thought "This is how the internet is made?". I was thoroughly intrigued. I bought the magazine, drove home, and on an old MacBook from college I copied the code line by line and viola: The Hamburger Menu appeared on my screen. I was hooked. Later-on I joined a program called "Lambda School", so I could continue to learn the skills I need to become a web developer full-time and make even more cool stuff on the web. This website is a project that I and some of my colleagues worked on over the course of two weeks. Enjoy!
Sathya designed this UI page for this website. She lives in Virginia, This is her first page designed for Sauti African market. She is a current student of Lambda school from WEBPT20.


Key controller is required!
Key controller must be a valid Identity!
Alias is required!
Alias must not be more than 32 characters long and must contain only lower-case letters, digits and hyphens!
You have already used this alias!
Priority is required!
Priority must be a positive number!
Priority must not be bigger than 100!
Priority requirement must be a positive number!
Priority requirement must not be bigger than 100!


Bug summary:
subscribe working incorrectly
Observed Behavior (a description of what happened with the app):
podcast badged with red number when trying to subscribe
Expected Behavior (a description of what you expected to happen):
should be badged with blue number
Steps to Reproduce (the steps to reproduce the problem):
1. click subscriptions
2. search "tech" on itunes
3. subscribe
4. return to subscriptions screen
Additional information:
Attachments:


{% import 'components/hljs.html' as hljs %}
For a soft background, use one of the eight contextual classes i.e. .alert-success
.
For a stronger background color use the .bg-*
classes and .text-white.border-0
.
Add a button and the .alert-dismissible
class, which adds extra padding to the right of the alert and positions the .close
button.


mohammad-altaeab
OBJECTIVE
An enthusiastic Mechanical Engineer with a strong technical background in Mechanical Systems Design. Providing mechanical consultations and workshop drawings for small and large scaled projects while adhering to the authorities and regulations as per country basis. Expert in AutoCAD and a very good working knowledge in SOLIDWORKS . I'm always aiming to find an opportunity outside my comfort zone that is challenging to my set of skills as that is the best way for growth and the most efficient way for me to give back to my team. Recognized for being attentive to the projects in hand and always looking for ways to improve our designs
from now on I student that study softwaer dovoleper in ltuce to git his degree in the field of programing to bulid web pages and applecation


How to serve Python Flask Application using mod_wsgi-express and Apache in Mac OS X El Capitan
If you have a python web application, you will need to deploy it to a physical server after the development is done. Python WSGI (web service gateway interface) is a protocal where separates the web framework (for example, Flask) with the web server (for example, Apache). The WSGI module provides an interconnect of sorts between Apache and your Python processes.
It is suggested to deploy Flask application by using Apache and mod_wsgi, on Flask website. To acheieve this we will install the python modules and setup the environment.
Prepare the environment
-
install virtualenv
$ pip install virtualenv
once installed, we should also configure the virtual environment
$ mkdir MyFlaskProject $ cd MyFlaskProject $ virtualenv venv $ source ./bin/venv
It is highly suggested to use virtualenv as this will isolate the workspace of your python runtime environment and create a separate code dependency of your python process. You have the option to deactivate this after using this environment.
-
install mod_wsgi
pip install mod_wsgi
-
install Flask
``` pip install Flask
All the modules are installed with its latest version. They will be installed to the virtual environment’s lib folder if this hasn’t been installed before.
Create a Flask app
We will demonstrate a simple “Hello Flask” example in Flask app.
hello.py
import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(__file__))
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def hello():
return "Hello, I love Flask!"
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(host= '<IP_ADDRESS>')
Create a .wsgi file
import sys, os
sys.path.insert(0, "<root directory of your flask app>") # e.g. /var/www/FlaskApp/
from hello import app as application
Run the service
If you run this command,
$ mod_wsgi-express start-server hello.wsgi
You should be able to see below message from your terminal:
Server URL : http://localhost:8000/
Server Root : /tmp/mod_wsgi-localhost:8000:501
Server Conf : /tmp/mod_wsgi-localhost:8000:501/httpd.conf
Error Log File : /tmp/mod_wsgi-localhost:8000:501/error_log (warn)
Request Capacity : 5 (1 process * 5 threads)
Request Timeout : 60 (seconds)
Queue Backlog : 100 (connections)
Queue Timeout : 45 (seconds)
Server Capacity : 20 (event/worker), 20 (prefork)
Server Backlog : 500 (connections)
Locale Setting : en_CA.UTF-8
If no error log is showing, this means that the Flask service is running and you should be able to open localhost URL localhost to see it display “Hello Flask” message.
The apache httpd.conf file is located at /etc/apache2/httpd.conf . It is suggested on the Flask website to modify httpd.conf file to configure Apache (here). However, if you check the httpd.conf file in /tmp folder, you will find mod_wsgi is smart enough to pick up the Flask application by checking the path in .wsgi file, as below:
...
...
WSGIDaemonProcess localhost:8000 \
...
home='/var/www/FlaskApp/' \
...
...
so you don’t have to modify the httpd.conf file.
In OS X EI Capitan, it is possible if you see an error message as
install: /usr/libexec/apache2/mod_wsgi.so: Operation not permitted
when invoking mod_wsgi to start the server. This is due to the System Integrity Protection by Mac EI Capitan and you may follow this site thread to disable it.


a high level reflection of the problem that computing presents: as a discipline, it presents new constructs that do not exist in maths/engineering (e.g. streams, types, powerdomains)
starting question: is computing a science or a material?
programming has moved over time from prescribing computers (application domain) to describing problems (problem domain), such that we center less and less around the specificity of the computer, and more and more around the specificity of the problem. the specification then removes the possibility for any blackbox (the whole internal functions are known, and so must the external environments on which these functions are supposed to operate)
there are two sources for the origin of the computer:
programming languages themselves aren’t just deriving (partially) from the field of mathematics and formal logic, they’re also broadening it.
every formal expression has a meaning, and this meaning has conceptual content (p.8)
and this meaning can, with great difficulty and clumsiness, be explained, but the conceptual content still eludes the computer, varying from the mundane (e.g. a counter) to the esoteric (e.g. a wish). as such, even the highest-level code, as beautiful as it is, cannot deal with new environments (which would require it to adapt and anticipate).
what he wants to lay out here is “a theory of software dynamics”, “a conception of the straight software material”
the central question is what do (software) formations express?
these formations can be between:
and when you work in the application domain (code), are concepts about either math (one side or the world (other side) enough? for instance, when you work with communication systems, what is the concept of routes? and when you work with compilers, how does one approach the idea of exact translation?
(the diversity of PL comes from a diversity of purposes)
semantics themselves are based on domains (wiki “a specific place that shares a set of meanings, or a language that holds its meaning, within the given context of the place.”)
partial functions have less meaning than full functions
why is that? a partial function only maps a subset of the input to the full output range. a full function maps the totality of the input set to the totality of the output set.
concepts in PL that don’t exist anywhere else:
states
a given state is:
c
STATE: NAMES -> VALUES
to say how much information is needed, and when it is needed, is tantamount to defining the function
SEQUENTIALITY IS KEY in understanding the semantics of low-level code (one after the other, always)
but this falls through as we get to higher-levels, as we become more “abstractly human” (expression mine)
the concrete domains seem to be a foundation in the semantics of PL (link), (and in this paper they say that Christopher Stratchey was the first one to point out semantic issues in lambda-programming.)
anyways, concrete domains, particularly, seem to want to deal with the issue of non-determinism: that is, non-sequentiality
links
links are higher-level concepts in programming, they can be:
(what is the equivalent for procedures/calls/methods/routines/etc.?)
BASICS OF PL
they have basics:
they have bidings: