We learned a great deal about Parsing algorithms in previous articles of this course. In one sentence, a Parser is a software that receives a list of Token objects and decide whether such a list fulfills the constraints given by a Formal Grammar.
In other words, within a Compiler, the Parser is the element that makes sure the grammatical rules are respected.
At the organization level, the Parser is the second step in front-end compilation, after Lexical Analysis, but before Semantic Analysis. As we’ve already discussed in depth, front-end compilation is the part of the Compiler that makes sure the source code is well written, both syntactically and semantically.
Often, the Lexer and Parser are implemented at the same time (in the same software module), in particular because many implementation patterns are the same for the two of them. Instead, I built them as two separate modules.
The reason is the same as the whole objective of this entire course: to practice and understand as many details as possible.
Thus, in this article I will tell you how I implemented a Parser for the Grammar described in the previous article. I will try to keep it self-contained, even though it goes without saying that you should also read the latter, to have a better understanding of this one.
The parser I built is a Top-Down, Leftmost, Recursive Descent Parser for a LL(1) Grammar. This means that the implementation uses recursive functions, and it does not use backtracking. The latter point comes thanks to the LL(1) property, and it’s definitely a nice thing to have.
Before to start, I want to clarify what is the input and what the output of the Parser module. This is also very useful to clarify the role of the Lexer.
Feed Input To The Parser
From a purely logical point of view, I recommend you to think about the Parser like a large module in your overall project. This project is called Compiler.
Like in any normal software architecture, a module expects some input. In the case of the Parser module, it’s expecting a list of Tokens as input. What’s that? Let’s take a look.
First of all, the list of Tokens is the output of the Lexical Analysis module. Strictly speaking, this is all you need to know about the Lexer. Let’s see what the list of tokens looks like, to better understand a few concepts.
A list of Tokens is a list of pairs, where each pair is of the form <lexeme, type>
.
- The lexeme is a sequence of characters (the actual string contained in the Token).
- The type identifies the type of Token! For example, keyword, variable, number, etc.
Let’s take a look at some examples now. Suppose you want to produce a list of Tokens from the following input sentence
x = 3 * y;
The Lexer should produce something very close to the following list:
<"x", Variable>,
<"=", Equal>,
<"3", Number>,
<"*", Operator>,
<"y", Variable>,
<";", Semicolon>.
In fact, something very close to this example also happens in the Lexer that I wrote for my own Context Free Grammar. The actual result will be:
<"x", Var>,
<" ", Whitespace>,
<"=", Equal>,
<" ", Whitespace>,
<"3", Integer>,
<" ", Whitespace>,
<"*", Star>,
<" ", Whitespace>,
<"y", Var>,
<";\n", Endline>.
Thanks to this simple example you should also get a decent understanding of how the Lexer works:
- It takes a source file,
- Reads character after character,
- Matches groups of consecutive characters with one of the Token Types that the designer (in this case me) specifies.
The Lexer can also raise an error, if it finds a character that is not allowed by the Alphabet, or if a sequence of character does not match any regular expression defined in the Grammar. In this case, the compilation ends with an error. Instead, if everything goes smoothly then it will return the list of Tokens it has built, which, once again, it’s fed as input to the Parser.
Even though the Lexer would probably deserve an entire article for itself, for the moment this is more than enough to understand the remainder of this article!
The only question remaining is how to actually implement the Token list?
I defined two structures to solve this problem. The first is meant to store information of a single Token, while the second is useful to link Tokens each to another in the right order.
struct Token{
char *lexeme;
enum TokenType type;
};
TokenType is simply a Enum data structure, which is a basic data type in C. My definition is:
enum TokenType {
// Basic Token Types in the Grammar
Comma,
Lpar, // (
Rpar, // )
Lbrack, // [
// many more...
};
Finally, the TokenList is just another struct, defined as
struct TokenList {
struct Token *token;
struct TokenList *next;
};
This is a very common software design pattern, used to implement linked structures, such as LinkedList
. I will discuss it more in detail in a second. For the moment, just fix in mind that the actual output of the Lexer is a pointer to a TokenList structure. In fact, my header file lexer.h
exposes a function with this definition:
struct TokenList* build_TokenList (const char* fp);
The first thing the Parser does is to call that function by passing the content of a File, and get in return a pointer to a TokenList struct.
Output of the Parser
I want to discuss with you the output of the Parser right now, before to start discussing its implementation. The reason is that the Parser has to produce a fairly complex data structure, and return it, therefore it’s important to ponder this choice at the beginning.
Formally speaking, the Parser must produce a Parse-Tree. This is the name conventionally assigned to a data structure, tree-like, that stores information about how Tokens are logically connected in the program. I discussed the Parse-Tree in a previous article, but I think here the easiest is to look at some examples.
Let’s consider the following source code:
z = x + y;
Referring to the Grammar I designed, the Parse-Tree of this 1-liner code should look like the following:
Quite a large stuff, for a 1-liner.
The point here is that the parse-tree must encapsulate the logic of the entire program. So, in order to correct parse an expression (Token expr
), and to store it somehow in memory while still having understanding of operator priority, sub-expression, etc, we need the entire branch that starts with the Expr node.
On the other hand, the upper levels in the parse-tree are meant to store the logic of the entire program, which, in my Grammar, is a sequence of line, Endline
Tokens.
A different, and more interesting question is - Is this the optimal way to store the parse-tree in memory?.
Brilliant question. The answer is definitely no, it’s not. In fact, there are plenty of optimization techniques that can be used at this point. Some are relatively easy to understand.
For example, an improvement could be to remove nodes that have just a child, like the line
node is in the tree above. It could directly be replaced with the Assign node.
Other techniques are extremely complicated, and arguably even more powerful. I haven’t implemented nor studied them yet.
At any rate, I decided I want to build a full, thus redundant, parse-tree in my Parser. Why? Because my objective was to understand in depth the concepts. Premature optimization is usually source of troubles, mistakes and bugs in the code. Thus, I will first work on implementing a general Parser that produces a full parse-tree, and then work on optimization later.
With that decided, now the question is how to implement a data structure that allows to build (and navigate) a parse-tree. The first thing that comes to mind could be a structure like this
struct ParseTree {
struct Token *data;
struct ParseTree *left_child;
struct ParseTree *right_child;
};
This idea is definitely based on a sound logic: to implement the parse-tree as a root node storing the “data” Token, along with two pointers to sub-trees.
In fact, this is a very common way to build binary trees in memory. Just store one value for each node, and two pointers that link the current node with its children.
Just to mention the easiest case where this logic is used, do you know how LinkedList are stored in Java (and other languages)? Pretty much in a similar way:
class LinkedList {
int data;
LinkedList resOfTheList;
// public and private methods to follow...
// ...
}
The actual definition is more complex, because it also deals with generic, inheritance and whatnot. Things are a bit easier in Java as pointers to objects in the heap are not explicit. But I do want to do things explicitly, to learn the most I can, which is why I chose C as language to implement my design.
After this small digression, you should see a big problem in the data structure. I cannot know a-priori how many children a node in parse-tree has got! This makes very difficult, if not impossible, to define a data structure like the one for binary trees.
I solved this problem by redesigning the data structure. A small tweak, and a nice trick. Instead of storing two (or… infinite) children, I always store only one child, which will also have a pointer to its sibling!
struct ParseTree {
struct Token *data;
struct ParseTree *child;
struct ParseTree *sibling;
};
If you should need a graphical visualization of this different representation, here it is! Compare it with the previous one, and highlight the differences.
It should also be clear now why I introduced the example about LinkedList: when you think about it, the “sibling” pointer is very much like a “horizontal” LinkedList in the parse-tree. You can navigate such a list of siblings with a code like the following.
struct ParseTree *root = ... // current node;
while (root->sibling != NULL) {
root = root->sibling;
// do something useful with root...
}
Alright! Now, with input and output clarified, let’s take a look at how the Parser is implemented, from a high-level point of view and in order to discuss some software implementation patterns and a bit of parsing theory.
Parser Implementation Overview
Instead of jumping straight into the writing of some complicated code, it’s worth spending some time planning ahead how the code should be organized.
In this sense, the header file of a C program is a good representation of the planning. Here’s what I will need:
- A set of global variables to identify if the Parser completed successfully, or what was the error otherwise.
- A function to allocate a new ParseTree into memory each time it’s needed. In modern languages this is not needed, but I chose to use C to have full control over the program, and have my hands on every detail.
- A function to print the entire ParseTree on the standard output (aka, the terminal). Always useful to print out complex data structures, both as exercise and as a debugging tool!
- A function to free the memory taken by the ParseTree, after we have done using it. Two “interface” functions, to create the ParseTree from a pointer to FILE (or string) and from a TokenList.
So, summing up, here is how my header file parser.h looks like.
#include "lexer.h"
// main data structure
struct ParseTree {
struct Token* data;
struct ParseTree* child;
struct ParseTree* sibling;
};
// Return values
#define PARSING_ERROR -1
#define SUBTREE_OK 0
#define MEMORY_ERROR 1
// Allocate memory for the ParseTree
struct ParseTree* alloc_ParseTree();
// Print the entire ParseTree at screen
void print_ParseTree(struct ParseTree* tree);
// Free memory
void free_ParseTree(struct ParseTree* tree);
// Build the ParseTree from a File or directly from a TokenList
int build_ParseTree (struct TokenList* head, struct ParseTree** tree);
int build_ParseTree_FromFile (const char *fileName, struct ParseTree **tree);
In case you are thinking that the definitions of Token and TokenList are missing, well spotted: I had them into lexer.h. In fact, Token, TokenList and TokenType belong “logically” to the Lexical Analysis, in my opinion.
Let’s now look at the easier functions first, as they are good examples that improve the understanding of how the ParseTree data structure works. These functions are also useful to study a few standard software design patterns.
Allocate a New ParseTree
It’s easy to imagine that in many, many points during the Parsing operations we will need to create a new ParseTree (or rather, a new sub-ParseTree), save into it some information and then link it to the rest of the tree.
Therefore, it makes sense to write a generic function that allocates the memory for a new ParseTree. The Modularity development pattern is really the basic of good software development.
struct ParseTree* alloc_ParseTree() {
struct ParseTree* tree;
tree = malloc(sizeof(struct ParseTree));
if (tree == NULL)
return NULL;
tree->data = NULL;
tree->child = NULL;
tree->sibling = NULL;
return tree;
}
I think this function is easy to understand, even if you are not familiar with memory management in C. Small digression here: I know modern languages are far more advanced, and they very nicely abstract problems such as memory management and allocation. In fact, I mainly use Python and R for my job! That said, my warm suggestion is to learn the concept at least once in your life and practice them with a challenging C project. That’s what I am doing, in fact!
In this case, the only thing you need to know is the function malloc
and the operator sizeof
, C.
The function malloc
takes an integer value and finds a location in memory that is available to store that much of space, returning a pointer to such location. If it can’t find any space, then it returns NULL, and you are in real trouble. If you don’t have anymore space in your machine then it means you have some memory leak, and you must optimize your code.
The operator sizeof
simply computes the size of the operand. So, it’s perfect to be used within the malloc
function, as I did in the code above.
Lastly, it’s worth noting that I did explicitly add NULL
pointers to the data, child and sibling of the just-created ParseTree. If you don’t do that then any call do tree->child
will yield an error, at runtime.
Let me repeat the above sentence in different words. After I create the space in memory for a new ParseTree *tree
, using malloc
, the other pointers inside tree are not allocated yet. So, if I call tree->child
, to access its child, I will get an error. And what’s worse, this error won’t be at compilation time, it will be at runtime (that’s how the GCC compiler for C works). This type of errors can be very messy to debug, but simply initializing the pointers to NULL
solve the problem.
Free ParseTree Memory
Let’s take a look at how the memory previously allocated for a ParseTree can be freed.
It’s important to understand that when we “have” a ParseTree in the code, what we really have it’s just a pointer to its root node. We don’t have any information about how big is the entire tree in memory.
We should walk over the entire tree, from child to child, and from sibling to sibling to get that information. Luckily, this is a perfect place to use the Recursive Data Structure software pattern. Let’s take a look at how I solved this problem.
void free_ParseTree(struct ParseTree *tree) {
struct ParseTree *sibling, *child;
sibling = tree->sibling;
child = tree->child;
free_Token(tree->data);
free(tree);
if (sibling != NULL)
free_ParseTree(sibling);
if (child != NULL)
free_ParseTree(child);
}
First of all, the function free_Token(struct Token *tok)
that I use within free_ParseTree
, was defined in lexer.h and it just frees the memory for a Token data structure.
Now, let’s understand what free_ParseTree
does.
- Get and save pointers to the child and the sibling of the current node.
- Free memory occupied by the Token inside the current node (the
tree->data
). - Also free the memory occupied by the actual pointer
*tree
. This is done with the C functionfree
. - Now the tree is totally freed, but luckily we saved the pointers to its child and sibling. So, for the two of them, if the are not
NULL
, we should simply do the same procedure. “Do the same”, in computer languages, means to call the same function recursively.
I really recommend fixing in mind this development pattern, because it’s extremely common with tree-like data structures.
Print a ParseTree at Screen
To print an entire ParseTree in a readable form at screen is somewhat tricky. The first question is, how do I want it to look like?
I was looking for something simple, but also very clear. Something that would let me understand the tree structure at a glance.
I decided for an output like the following:
<Program>
<Line>
<Assign>
<"x", Var>
<"=", Equal>
<Expr>
// more nested nodes ...
<Endline>
<Line>
<IfLine>
<"if", If>
<IfCond>
<Expr>
// nested nodes....
<IfBody>
// ...
<Endline>
This way, the indentation on the screen of each node will tell how deep is that node in the tree.
Clearly, the indentation level must be a parameter. On the other, for the first level (the Program node) the indentation is always zero. So, I made the interface function print_ParseTree such that it just calls an internal function with the initial indentation.
void print_ParseTree(struct ParseTree *tree) {
print_PT(tree, 0);
}
Like that, I can always call print_ParseTree
with only one argument. Now, let’s see what the internal function print_PT
does.
void print_PT(struct ParseTree* tree, int indent) {
if (tree == NULL)
return;
// This is a Depth-First print
if (indent > 0) {
char space[indent + 1];
memset(space, ' ', indent * sizeof(char));
memset(space+indent, '\0', sizeof(char));
printf("%s", space);
}
print_Token(tree->data);
struct ParseTree *sibling, *child;
sibling = tree->sibling;
child = tree->child;
print_PT(child, indent + 2);
print_PT(sibling, indent);
}
This function is made by two parts. One is interesting from an algorithmic point of view, the other is interesting because it deals with string objects in C!
First of all, if the function is invoked with a NULL tree, then it simply returns. This case is less silly than you may think, because it’s the basic case of the recursion. Let me explain better.
As we will see, the function uses the recursive pattern too, therefore it will be called initially with the root of the ParseTree, and then many times with children and siblings. Therefore, checking if tree==NULL
it’s necessary in order to check whether we arrived at the bottom of the tree (a leaf node).
Thus, basically, you should really think of the function print_PT
as if it can be called anywhere in the middle of the ParseTree, and not just with the root node.
Now, let’s look at the reminder of the function.
- To start, something must be done if the indentation level is greater than zero. In fact, it will be zero only in one case, for the root. If it’s not zero then I must print some space before printing the current node.
- Printing N spaces in C (whatever integer N is), is not that straightforward. So, I first create a char array of indent+1 cells.
- I set the first N = indent cells to a whitespace
' '
- I set the
indent+1
cell to'\0'
. This is the special character in C that terminates string. If you forget it then the standard functionprintf
won’t know where to stop printing! To do these two operations I use the memset standard C function (aka, memory-set). - Call
printf
to display the char array with all whitespaces.
- Now, regardless of whether some white spaces was printed out or not, print the data of the current node. This data is just a Token object, so I use the
print_Token
function defined in lexer.h. - Finally, get pointers to child and sibling of the current node and call the same function recursively. Careful though! For the child, the function must be called with one more level of indentation.
It should be very evident that the print_PT
function uses the same recursive logic that we previously saw in free_ParseTree
. Only, in this case the indentation level must be handled as a parameter, and increased in some of the nested recursive call.
I believe that a final note about my comment in the code “This is a Depth-First print” is due, now.
What is Depth-First? It’s a name commonly used to identify a set of algorithms. The most common case is the Depth-First Search in a tree. Basically, if you want to know whether a given integer is stored somewhere in a tree of integers, you can start from the root node, then go as deep as you can in one branch and see if you find it. If not, get up one level, switch branch, and again go as deep as you can.
This way, in the worst case, you will have “visited” the entire tree and can tell for sure whether the integer was therein or not. Depth-First just means that you first go deep, then expand the search.
If you like eating pizza, think of Depth-Search as the most normal way to eat it: cut it into slices and eat each slice entirely, before going to the next slice.
The most common alternative to this algorithm is the Breadth-First Search. Thinking again about the search in a tree, with Breadth-First you start at the root and, as the first thing, you make sure that none of its children contains the integer. Then, for each of those children, you check their children. And so on.
What about the pizza? Imagine cutting the pizza in concentric circles, and eating each circle entirely, before passing on to the next concentric circle.
To print a ParseTree, the Breadth-First approach would make little sense, and it will just produce a messy visualization. That’s why I used Depth-First.
Parsing Subtrees
I explained the general concept of a Recursive Descent Parser in great detail in a previous article, thus, here I will focus on the main concepts and how to implement them.
The overall idea is not too difficult. The Parser looks at the TokenList and “consumes” one Token at time. For each new Token that it gets, it must choose what production rule in the Grammar corresponds to that Token, if any.
Just in case you forgot, a “production rule” is a syntactic rule in the Grammar, such as
assign : var '=' expr
Thus, every time a new Token is popped from the TokenList, the Parser must understand what rule in the Grammar must be used.
Now, the Grammar I designed is LL(1) (see previous article), which means the Parser just needs to look ahead one more Token in the TokenList to understand what’s the right production rule.
For example, let’s assume the current node under examination is a baseExpr Token. In this case, the Parser will look ahead to the next Token. If it’s an open parenthesis then it will choose the production rule
baseExpr : '(' expr ')'
otherwise it will choose the rule
baseExpr : obj
as these two are the only possibilities the Grammar allows. If neither is successful, then the Parser must return a PARSING_ERROR
.
The baseExpr Token is not the simplest of the subtree to parse. Nonetheless, I think it’s a good example to study and understand various concepts. So, let’s do it!
Here is, in words, how the baseExpr subtree must be parsed:
- First of all, make some space in memory and allocate a new node that will be the root of the new subtree.
- Now, look ahead at the next token. Let’s assume it’s an Lpar
'('
Token.- Create a new node that will contain the
Lpar
Token. - Use a general function that checks if the current token is really what we assume it is. This will return either
SUBTREE_OK
orPARSING_ERROR
. - If it returned
PARSING_ERROR
then propagate this error (in other words, stop). - If if was
SUBTREE_OK
then assign this current node (theLpar
node) as a child of the node created at step 1. - Now, according to the Grammar there must be an
expr
Token. This is the only possibility allowed. - So, make space in memory for an
expr
node, that will be the root of a new subtree. - Use a separate function to check that the next few Tokens in the TokenList really form an
expr
Token. This will return eitherSUBTREE_OK
orPARSING_ERROR
. - If it returned
PARSING_ERROR
then propagate this error (in other words, stop). - If it was
SUBTREE_OK
then assign the node created at step 2.6 as sibling of theLpar
created at step 2.1. Why? Because the Grammar says so:baseExpr : '(' expr ')'
- Now, according to the Grammar there must be a
Rpar
Token, that is a closed parenthesis. Again, this is the only possibility. - So, create space in memory for a
Rpar
node and call the same function used at step 2.2. - If the result is
SUBTREE_OK
then assign the node created at step 2.11 as sibling of theexpr
node created at step 2.6. If instead it wasPARSING_ERROR
, then stop and propagate this error.
- Create a new node that will contain the
- If instead the Token wasn’t an
Lpar
, then it must be aobj
Token. That’s the only possibility allowed by the Grammar.- Allocate in memory a new
obj
node that will contain the subtree. - Use a separate function that gets the TokenList and checks whether the next few Tokens form a
obj
Token or not. This will return eitherSUBTREE_OK
orPARSING_ERROR
. - If the result was
PARSING_ERROR
then stop and return this error value. - If it was
SUBTREE_OK
then assign the node created at step 3.1 as child of the root node for thebaseExpr
created at step 1.
- Allocate in memory a new
I understand that the example is quite involved, but it does clarify many things. Let’s review them together.
First of all, it becomes clear that for each TokenType is useful to have a function that checks if the top of the TokenList really contains such Token.
I called these functions with the standard names is_<TokenType>
. So, I have a function called is_BaseExpr
that implement the example above, another is_Expr
that checks for a generic expr
, and even a function is_Program
, that basically is the entry point of the Parser, and it’s also used for the body of the LoopLine, which is defined as loopLine : 'while' ifCond loopBody
, and loopBody : program
.
A very important detail is that each such function is_<TokenType>
is responsible to advance the current head of the TokenList. For example, let’s assume I call the function is_Endline
, that simply checks whether the next token in the TokenList is an Endline
Token. If the function returns SUBTREE_OK
, then, after the execution is finished, the head of the TokenList must not be anymore that Endline
Token. We say that the Token has been consumed. For once, this is quite easy to do with in C, by using… double pointers!
The advantage of having all these functions is twofold. First of all, the software is much better designed when it’s split into small logical pieces. It helps to maintain the software, improve and test it in future releases.
In second place, you may notice that production rules are used one into another many times. For example, the program
token is used as entry point but also as loopBody
. The ifCond
token is used both in ifLine
and loopLine
. The expr
and obj
tokens are used everywhere! In addition, the expr
token can be nested recursively into another expr
Token, under the path Expr, Pred, Term, baseExpr, ‘(’ Expr ‘)’.
So, all in all, it’s very useful to have separate functions that can be called one into another (or into themselves recursively), exactly as tokens are used into the Grammar definitions.
If at this point you are slightly confused then don’t worry. I am going to clarify many details in the next section, and then provide you with the entire code repository (see the references at the end).
What do we know so far?
Let’s briefly recap the previous sections, as they were quite dense of concepts. Here’s a list of the main concepts to fix in mind.
- To “navigate” a parse-tree, like to search an element into it, or to print it out at screen, we should use recursive functions, that is, functions that are called over a root node and internally call themselves over child and sibling nodes of that root.
- The Parser is a software organized in a very modular scheme. That is, a large collection of independent functions, which call each to another in many cases. This software design pattern improves sustainability of the Parser, testing and future additions.
- More about these many functions the Parser is split into. They strictly follow the definition in the Grammar. So if you have a rule in the Grammar such as
A : X Y
, then you’ll have three functions in the Parser,is_A(...)
,is_X(...)
,is_Y(...)
. Just so that you know, in some books these standard functions may be calledmatch_A
,match_X
,match_Y
. - The way these functions interact with each other (that is, invoke each other) also strictly follows the definitions in the Grammar. So, using the previous example
A : X Y
, the functionis_A
will first create space in memory for a subtree of typeA
, then will call the functionis_X
and finally the functionis_Y
.
That should be enough for a review of the key points so far. Before going further with more technical details though, I really want to underline again the scientific perspective of this whole development.
The point I am trying to make is that, in the entire process, I have been following a clear methodology, the one I am now illustrating to you. This is scientific method. I absolutely did not jump straight into writing some dubious thousands lines of code, with poor results. I took my time to study parsing theory, and am sharing this knowledge with you.
Breaking It Down Into Pieces
In this final section of the article I am going to give more technical details, and then leave you with the references that include the code repository for the whole project.
To illustrate the concepts, I want to take a bottom-up approach this time. At the very bottom of the Parser we have the task to verify single TokenType and to advance the head of the TokenList.
This is a task that all functions is_<TokenType>
will have to perform at least once. The more complex, such as is_Expr
, will actually have to do it many times.
Hence, it makes perfect sense to write a function that takes care of this logical step. Let’s write it once for all, and then use it multiple times. I called it _single_Token_template
, because it’s the common template function to verify a single Token!
int _single_Token_template(struct TokenList **tok, struct ParseTree **new, enum TokenType type, char *lexeme) {
if (*tok == NULL)
return PARSING_ERROR;
struct TokenList *current = *tok;
if (current->token->type != type) {
printf("Expecting <%s>, Found <%s>\n", type2char(type), type2char(current->token->type));
return PARSING_ERROR;
}
if (lexeme != NULL)
if(strcmp(current->token->lexeme, lexeme) != 0) {
printf("Expecting %s, Found %s\n", lexeme, current->token->lexeme);
return PARSING_ERROR;
}
struct Token* newTok = new_Token(current->token->lexeme, current->token->type);
if (newTok == NULL)
return MEMORY_ERROR;
(*new)->data = newTok;
(*new)->child = NULL;
(*new)->sibling = NULL;
*tok = current->next; // advance head of TokenList
return SUBTREE_OK;
}
Now, let’s break this function into pieces and discuss each of them.
First of all the signature of the function. Clearly, it returns an integer, and this will be one of the globally defined return values (PARSING_ERROR
, MEMORY_ERROR
, SUBTREE_OK
).
What about the input arguments? The first argument is a pointer to a pointer to a TokenList. If you are not used to write C code, this will seem very strange, but in fact it’s a very common case.
The key point is that function arguments are always passed by value in C, never by reference. This holds true for pointers too, and it’s quite different from what happens in Java or Python, when passing a complex object as argument means to give the reference to that object.
In C, everything is copied into the scope of the function.  Therefore the only way to modify an object is to pass a pointer to it. And if that object is a pointer, then one needs to pass a pointer to a pointer… that’s a double pointer.
Also, remember that we do want to modify the TokenList, because we must advance its head to the next token. So, everything hopefully makes sense now.
The second argument is a double pointer to a ParseTree. The same logic applies here too. We want to modify this input argument, for example setting its internal data, child and sibling. Thus, we need a double pointer.
The third and fourth argument are simply the TokenType and the string (character array) that must match with the current head of the list, or an error will be returned.
Now, let’s look at the function body, and walk through it.
First, a sanity check. If the head of the list is NULL then this definitely doesn’t match the TokenType in input, so I return a PARSING_ERROR
.
Then, I check if the type of the Token at the head of the TokenList is equal to the TokenType in input. If it’s not then I return a PARSING_ERROR
. If it is, the function goes onto the next step.
Now I check whether the lexeme of the Token at the head of the list is equal to the lexeme in input. But I do so only if the latter is not NULL
. Why is that? This helps because in case I want to invoke this function only to check the TokenType, I can do that giving NULL as last input. The useful analogy to think about in this case is with Python’s optional arguments.
If all of the previous checks passed, then I create space in memory for a new Token (the function new_Token
was defined in lexer.h). I want to create an actual new Token, and not link the head of the TokenList, because I don’t know what that list will be doing in the future.
Let me clarify the last sentence. When I write a function that is supposed to be used by other modules/functions, I want to make sure that the behavior of it doesn’t depend on assumptions about what the called will do. In this case, if I linked the head of the TokenList as the new Token (instead of creating a new one in memory), and then the TokenList is modified of erased by some other piece of code… everything would fall apart!
This is an important concept in fact. Write robust functions, that depend the least possible on future behavior of the caller, and of the arguments they receive.
With that clarified, let’s see what happens next. Quite simply, the new Token is assigned as “data” of the subtree. Also, child and sibling are assigned to NULL, to prevent strange errors as I explained above.
Then, and this is the key moment, before returning a value and exiting the function, the head of the list is advanced. It’s worth noting that the function will arrive at this point only when all previous checks were OK.
So, now the question is why is this function useful? Let’s see: assume that at some point the Parser is dealing with an Assign Token, and needs to verify if the current Token (the head of the TokenList) is a var
type. For that, as I explained to you, there will be a function is_Var(...)
. What’s this function?
int is_Var (struct TokenList **tok, struct ParseTree **new) {
return _single_Token_template(tok, new, Var, NULL);
}
Quite easy, isn’t it? The function simply calls the template function with the correct arguments.
Do you need to implement the is_Plus(...)
function, to check if the current Token is a plus
Operator? Just write:
int is_Plus (struct TokenList **tok, struct ParseTree **new) {
return _single_Token_template(tok, new, Plus, NULL);
}
Do you want to verify if the current Token is the continue
keyword?
int is_Continue (struct TokenList **tok, struct ParseTree **new) {
return _single_Token_template(tok, new, Continue, "continue");
}
Nice and fast! Notice that in the last case I also use the fourth input argument.
I was able to use the template function with almost all basic types, Minus, Div, Lpar, Lbrack, Var, Int, etc. This greatly reduced the amount of code I had to write, and definitely helped keeping things under control.
Obviously, not all is_<TokenType>
function can be done in one line. So, let’s take back the is_BaseExpr
example that we studied in the previous section and see how it’s implemented.
Remember, all is_BaseExpr(...)
has to do is to make space in memory for the new Token/ParseTree, and then call the other functions as clarified by the production rule
baseExpr : obj | '(' expr ')'
Here’s the whole function.
int is_BaseExpr (struct TokenList **tok, struct ParseTree **new) {
int status;
struct ParseTree *lpar, *rpar, *subexpr, *obj;
struct Token *newTok;
status = SUBTREE_OK;
newTok = new_Token((char[1]){'\0'}, BaseExpr);
if (newTok == NULL)
return MEMORY_ERROR;
(*new)->data = newTok;
if ((*tok)->token->type == Lpar) {
// is a sub expression
lpar = alloc_ParseTree();
if (lpar == NULL)
return MEMORY_ERROR;
status = is_Lpar(tok, &lpar);
if (status != SUBTREE_OK){
free_ParseTree(lpar);
return status;
}
(*new)->child = lpar;
subexpr = alloc_ParseTree();
if (subexpr == NULL)
return MEMORY_ERROR;
status = is_Expr(tok, &subexpr);
if (status != SUBTREE_OK){
free_ParseTree(subexpr);
return status;
}
lpar->sibling = subexpr;
rpar = alloc_ParseTree();
if (rpar == NULL)
return MEMORY_ERROR;
status = is_Rpar(tok, &rpar);
if (status != SUBTREE_OK){
free_ParseTree(rpar);
return status;
}
subexpr->sibling = rpar;
}
else {
// just a Obj
obj = alloc_ParseTree();
if (obj == NULL)
return MEMORY_ERROR;
status = is_Obj(tok, &obj);
if (status != SUBTREE_OK) {
free_ParseTree(obj);
return status;
}
(*new)->child = obj;
}
return status;
}
If you (slowly) go through the code you will see that this function simply translates into C code the logic I expressed in words in a previous section, “Parsing Subtrees”. Enjoy the exercise!
Testing The Parser
No software project is well done without a battery of tests. I didn’t follow the so-called Test Driven Development methodology, in this case, although I often do in my projects. Nonetheless, I really wanted to create a set of unit tests for the Parser.
Now, testing my Parser was a tricky affair. Made even trickier by the lack of a standard library for unit testing in C. There are some libraries out there, but the only thing in the standard C is the assert module, with its assert.h header file. This file, basically, defines a function assert(...)
that check whether its input is logically true.
So, using this very basic tool I created about 15 unit tests. Not a lot, I agree, but still something.
How do such tests work? Once again (and hopefully a nice conclusion to this article) I took an explicit approach:
- Each test defines its own input source code, that must be parsed.
- It calls the
build_ParseTree
function from parser.h and gets the resulting status (integer). - It checks whether the status is as expected (can be
SUBTREE_OK
when the input source code is alright, but can also bePARSING_ERROR
when I purposefully introduce a syntax mistake in the source code for a test). - Then, if the parsing went fine, it walks through the ParseTree and explicitly checks if nodes and subtrees are as expected in the tree.
Let’s take a look at one example. I created a file, named it test_code_1
and wrote the following line in it:
readInt x;
This is a 1-liner source code that should be well parsed. Then, I created a C program in a file called test_1.c
and placed the following code into it.
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "../parser.h"
// gcc test_1.c ../parser.c ../lexer.c -o test_1.out
int main() {
struct ParseTree *tree, *walk;
int status;
char const* const fileName = "./test_code_1";
tree = alloc_ParseTree();
if (tree == NULL)
return MEMORY_ERROR;
// build the Parse Tree
status = build_ParseTree_FromFile(fileName, &tree);
// check if the result is as expected
assert(status == SUBTREE_OK);
// Now explicitly walk through the tree and check many stuff
walk = tree;
assert(walk->data->type == Program);
assert(walk->sibling == NULL);
walk = walk->child;
assert(walk->data->type == Line);
assert(walk->sibling->data->type == Endline);
assert(walk->sibling->child == NULL);
assert(walk->sibling->sibling == NULL);
walk = walk->child;
assert(walk->data->type == Input);
assert(walk->sibling == NULL);
walk = walk->child;
assert(walk->data->type == ReadIn);
assert(walk->child == NULL);
walk = walk->sibling;
assert(walk->data->type == Var);
assert(walk->sibling == NULL);
assert(walk->child == NULL);
printf("---------------\n");
printf("--- TEST OK ---\n");
printf("---------------\n");
free_ParseTree(tree);
return status;
}
Following a similar logic, I created more tests, each with its own source code, and tested many things, found many bugs and solved all of them. The next bug is always waiting to be found, so if you spot it while looking at my code, please let me know!
Summary and Outlook
In this article we studied how to implement a recursive descent parser.
For once, the coding examples are real! They are part of the code that I wrote to implement the Parsing module in the Compiler I wrote for the programming language I created from the ground.
To practice parsing algorithms you don’t need to create a new programming language like I did. In fact, you don’t even need to build a full Compiler. There are open source projects that let you focus on the Parser only. You may find some on GitHub.
That said, the whole process of creating a new programming language is, in my opinion, extremely beneficial. In particular, the variety of algorithms, data structures and design patterns make some great pieces of knowledge for every serious computer scientist.
References
My article What Is a Programming Language Parser?.
My article How to design a programming language parser.
My article Design of a New Context-Free Grammar.
My GitHub repository for this course.
Alex Aiken’s class Compilers at Stanford University. Available as free MOOC online.


{{ errorMessage }} If you think your input was correct, submit an issue here: https://github.com/SPSquonK/PropHtml/issues


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Man Utd and Man City 'closely watching Lorenzo Pirola' at U17 World Cup
The Inter centre-back was reportedly being scouted during the game against Paraguay on Sunday
by Hassan RashedManchester United and Manchester City are showing interest in Inter Milan defender Lorenzo Pirola and have sent scouts to watch the teenager, according to reports.
The 17-year-old is yet to make his first-team debut for Antonio Conte's side but is attracting plenty of attention after establishing himself as one of the standout players in Inter's youth teams.
Pirola is currently representing Italy at the FIFA U17 World Cup in Brazil and has helped his country to advance to the knockout rounds of the competition.
According to FC Inter News (via Sport Witness ), the teenager has been observed by both Manchester clubs during their three group stage games.
The publication reports that the Red Devils have been tracking the teenager for longer and sent representatives to watch him during their second game, a 2-1 win against Mexico.
However, it has also claimed that Pep Guardiola's side have also joined the race for the defender, with City scouts understood to have been present in their following game against Paraguay.
Despite opening the scoring with a header after just three minutes for Italy, Pirola wasn't able to help Carmine Nunziata's side to victory as Paraguay won 2-1 to ensure they finished top of Group F.
Wins from their first two games meant Italy were still able to advance to the Last 16 and will now play Ecuador on November 7 for a place in the quarter-finals.
Pirola's strong displays at the current World Cup come after a number of impressive performances over the summer at the European Under-17 Championship, where he was named in the team of the tournament as Italy finished as runners-up to the Netherlands.


Start Using Git on a Project
# cd into project your working on
cd <project>
# initialize a git repository
git init
# add all of the files to the repository
git add .
# now commit the files to repository
git commit -m "My first commit message"
Later, check which files have changed and are out of sync
# this will list changed files and new files
git status
# this will add the newly updated updated_file.php to the commit
# staging area
git add updated_file.php
# commit changes with a good change message
git commit -m "Fixed missing name bug in updated_file.php"
Create a remote repository
# ssh into server and create repository directory
ssh<EMAIL_ADDRESS>mkdir myproject
cd myproject
# --bare option means this repository will be pushed to and pulled
# from but never worked in directly (ie it will be a repository without working
# files). This caused me no small amount of confusion when I first
# started using git.
git init --bare
# exit out of distant vladivostok server
exit
# cd into local project
cd <project>
# add the remote repository
git remote add vladivostok ssh:boris@vladivostok.net:myproject
# now you can push a branch of the repository to the remote
# repository, "master" is the default main branch in git
git push vladivostok master
Sweet! Now your code is backed up on a remote server. In fact your code’s entire history is on the remote server. Everytime you make a commit on the local server, you can push that change to the remote server as well.


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Trekkies A film review by Marty Mapes Copyright 1999 Marty Mapes
***1/2 (out of 4) TREKKIES is one of the funniest movies of the year, but it's not a comedy. It's a documentary about the fans of STAR TREK who are fanatical, loyal, optimistic, and just a little crazy.
Although its "five-year mission" was canceled after only 3 seasons, STAR TREK made an indelible mark on American culture. It captured the hearts, minds, and imaginations of a generation (myself included). Some admired it for its respectful treatment of science. Others, for its optimism with regards to race, class, and nationality. And some were just happy to see science fiction get a decent TV show.
But no matter how much you like STAR TREK, there's always someone who carries that admiration too far. These people are the Trekkies. (Even Trekkies try to separate themselves from the hard-core geeks by splitting themselves into two camps – TrekkIES and TrekkERS – although the distinction is purely semantic.)
Denise Crosby, the short-lived Lt. Yar from the NEXT GENERATION series, narrates the movie and conducts some of the interviews. She shows us her own collection of fan-junk (several large boxes), including sketches of her and co-star Brent Spiner in naked, romantic, passionate poses.
Other actors have received bizarre stuff from their fans. The late DeForrest Kelly (who played Dr. McCoy) tells of a fan who, along with her photo, sent him a marijuana cigarette. James Doohan (who played Scotty) told of a fan who sent a suicide note. Although he probably should have forwarded the note to a psychologist or police, he responded to the person by insisting that she show up, alive and well, at the next convention. More letters came and Doohan kept responding in the same way, until eventually, the fan was in the clear. Doohan gets choked up when he thinks about it, awestruck that a simple actor could do something as noble as save a life.
Still other cast members (I didn't note who, and I won't try to guess), recount their trip to a NASA launch, where they hoped to get some autographs of REAL astronauts. But when the astronauts saw who had come, they got excited and turned everything around. The ASTRONAUTS ended up asking for the ACTORS' autographs.
Nygard intercuts these interviews of actors, with interviews of their fans - and boy did he find some doozies.
A fan dressed as a Klingon explains that there's now a Klingon-English dictionary and a complete translation of Hamlet. A Klingon Bible is on its way. He boasted that Klingon is now more widely spoken than some fading tribal tongues.
A dentist in Florida has done up his entire office in a STAR TREK motif. The walls and ceiling are covered with Trek stuff, and every employee wears a uniform – including one receptionist who held out for a year before finally agreeing. The dentist and his wife both wear their uniforms at home, as well. They say that role-playing characters from the show helps their "relationship." (Thankfully, Crosby didn't ask for details.)
Another promising young trekkie is writing a script for a new STAR TREK movie. He's already modeled a spaceship fly-by on his home computer, and the new uniforms he designed for the movie arrive back from the tailor during his interviews, just in time for the next convention.
Another, older man dresses in the Starfleet uniform from the early movies. He admits to the camera that if he had the money, he'd get his ears surgically pointed to look like Spock's – something he had obviously never mentioned to his wife, sitting next to him.
The only thing missing from Nygard's documentary is the Saturday Night Live sketch of William Shatner at a Trek convention.
In that spirit, and with the admission that I, too, am a Trekkie, I'll close with some of my favorite quotes from thefans:
"One of my goals is to build a great big shelf." "I spent a lot of time in vans." "I'm gonna connect my house with Jeffries tubes." "Every year it gets bigger. This year we had a girl come." (REFERRING TO A GATHERING IN IOWA.)
Check out more current movie reviews at http://www.moviehabit.com
-- Marty Mapes<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Movie Habit http://www.moviehabit.com
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Pay the debt to get the judgment cancelled
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{{customer.name}} as at {{customer.address.street}} in {{customer.address.city}} {{customer.address.state}} in the {{customer.address.region}} region.


There are few things in existence more reprehensible than mosquitoes.  Various scientists will point to the importance of mosquitoes to our ecosystems - this is Fake News. Among the diseases mosquitoes take pleasure in spreading are: Malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Zika virus, etc. Do not let yourself feel sympathy for these creatures, they belong crushed beneath our swatters as our blood spurts from their wretched bodies.
 For a start, you get 3 cents for every mosquito you kill. It doesn't seem like a lot but trust me it adds up. You'll get bonuses along the way if and when I see some worthwhile achievement. Remember, mosquitoes are killing people at this very moment, so time is of the essence.
Mozzies in Existence:
70000000000000000
Hours Gone By:
Title: 0
Mozzies Killed:
0
Cash Per Kill: $ 0
Average Mozzies Killed Per Hour:
0
Cash: $ 20.00
Unclaimed Kills:
0
Primary Weapon:
Secondary Weapon:
Pets:
School of Swat
Kill-Multiplier:
Mozzies Killed Per Swat:
Primary Weapon:
Secondary Weapon:
Pets:
Upgrades:
Stealth Level:
Skill Level:


Francis told a Vatican conference of religious leaders and high-tech representatives Thursday that it’s no longer acceptable to merely follow the law in monitoring online content, since technology is fast outpacing regulation.
Rather, he demanded that companies themselves assume a moral responsibility to protect young people from what he said were the ruinous effects of pornography on their emotional and sexual development.
He said: “There is a need to ensure that investors and managers remain accountable, so that the good of minors and society is not sacrificed to profit.”
Francis was addressing participants at the conference “Promoting Digital Child Dignity.”
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Internal Complaints Committee
Sexual harassment results in violation of fundamental rights of a woman to live and work with dignity. The mandate of Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) is to evolve a mechanism for the prevention and redressal of sexual harassment complaints and other acts of gender based violence at IIT Mandi.


UTC +8
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Frequency: 50 Hz
Singapore dollar of 100 cents (SIN$).
Brunei notes are interchangeable, but Malaysian dollars are not.
International Dialing Code for Singapore is +65.
RangeRoamer provides short-term cell phone service for international travelers. Buy, Rent, or use your own cell phone.
SE Asia Cruisers Net
THIS NET IS NO LONGER OPERATIONAL.
There are many festivals of the different cultures and religions.
Horsburgh Challenge annual yacht race http://www.safyc.org.sg/
Singapore National Day Classic Boat Regatta - annually every August.
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Marine Accidents - Dial 63252488, 63252489
IMRAY AND ADLARD COLES PILOT BOOKS are available at a discounted price for Noonsite.com users via World Cruising Club
South East Asia Pilot 4th Edition 4th Edition (2013) (Formerly The Andaman Sea Pilot)
By Grenville Fordham Andy Dowden and Bill O'Leary
Publisher: Image Asia Press - Grenville Fordham
The definitive guide to South East Asia and beyond, complete with reference charts and colour photos. Updated Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Andamans and Singapore chapters. Completely new Philippines (Palawan), Indonesia, Raja Ampat and Palau chapters.
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ISBN 978 184623 042 4
This edition concentrates on the most frequented routes and includes the most popular stops. There are hundreds of possible anchorages, the most popular of which are usefully summarised in tables.
Noonsite welcomes information and updates especially regarding clearance, customs and immigration procedures from cruisers visiting this country.
Please E-mail noonsite with any new information, updates or corrections. Even just a short email confirming that the current data is accurate would be most helpful.


Money game. How should Red play 53?
pips Red=121 White=130
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
With those two blots in White’s home board this is not the time for 7/2, 6/3.
Red must choose between 14/11, 14/9, clearing the most awkward point but leaving two blots and 13/10, 13/8, leaving only a single blot.
On an initial evaluation XG likes 14/11, 14/9 but on a long rollout it prefers 13/10, 13/8. It turns out the extra flexibility of 14/11, 14/9 is outweighed by having just a single blot. Red can play on for a long time with just the one blot but that is not the case if he leaves two blots.
14/11, 14/9 is an error (just).
Red must choose between 14/11, 14/9, clearing the most awkward point but leaving two blots and 13/10, 13/8, leaving only a single blot.
On an initial evaluation XG likes 14/11, 14/9 but on a long rollout it prefers 13/10, 13/8. It turns out the extra flexibility of 14/11, 14/9 is outweighed by having just a single blot. Red can play on for a long time with just the one blot but that is not the case if he leaves two blots.
14/11, 14/9 is an error (just).
1. Cubeful 2-ply 13/10 13/8 Eq.: +0.505 0.649 0.102 0.004 - 0.351 0.061 0.001 2. Cubeful 2-ply 14/11 14/9 Eq.: +0.486 (-0.019) 0.648 0.096 0.003 - 0.352 0.077 0.003 3. Cubeful 2-ply 13/5 Eq.: +0.464 (-0.041) 0.647 0.073 0.002 - 0.353 0.053 0.001 4. Cubeful 2-ply 14/11 7/2 Eq.: +0.460 (-0.046) 0.651 0.066 0.002 - 0.349 0.052 0.001 5. Cubeful 2-ply 14/6 Eq.: +0.456 (-0.049) 0.644 0.082 0.003 - 0.356 0.061 0.001


In Bolivia, new leaders emerge in camp of ousted Morales
LA PAZ, Bolivia (AP) - Several figures in the political party of former Bolivian President Evo Morales are gaining prominence as the country struggles to stabilize after a month of deadly violence.
The emergence of new indigenous leaders in the Movement Toward Socialism party raises questions about the role of Morales, who resigned Nov. 10 after a disputed election in October and sought asylum in Mexico.
There appear to be divisions in the party, with some members saying Morales should let others lead. However, one party lawmaker has suggested Morales is entitled to be a candidate in any new elections.
Bolivia's interim president, Jeanine Áñez, has sent a bill on holding new elections to congress, which is dominated by the Movement Toward Socialism.
Morales claimed victory in last month's vote, but the opposition alleged fraud.
Copyright 2019 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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(Snap/Tab, no Restore)
Workspaces
Generate:
Save Current Workspaces
Restore:
Select Workspace
Restore Existing Workspace
Get Selected Layout's JSON
List Saved Workspaces
Import Workspace From JSON
Close All Windows


NOTE: Spaces have been removed from the song title
Available Characters:
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Mortgage Paydown Benefits
A consumer outreach project by
Mortgage Loan Amount
Interest Rate
If you pay
$0
extra a month
You save
and
of payments
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Before
After
Monthly payment
Total cost
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It's time to ditch Skype and TeamSpeak.
All-in-one voice and text chat for gamers that's free, secure, and works on both your desktop and phone. Stop paying for TeamSpeak servers and hassling with Skype. Simplify your life.
Name: Discord for PC
Version: v2018 (Latest)
Request: Windows 7 or higher
Update: 11.05.2018
Size: 57,4 MB Download


Hello $affiliate.Name,
We are very pleased to welcome you to our affiliate program.
Now you can get paid by simply referring people on the following URL:
${store.StoreUrl}default.aspx?${store.Settings.AffiliateParameterName}=$affiliate.Id
We offer high quality products with fast shipping, so you can be confident in referring to us!
Don't hesitate to call with questions about our company history or product lines.
Please reply to this email if you have any questions.
Thank you.
$store.Name
${store.DefaultWarehouse.FormatAddress(true)}
${store.DefaultWarehouse.Phone}
${store.Settings.DefaultEmailAddress}


3. Installation and Configuration¶
This chapter describes how to install, configure, and uninstall SimulatorToFMU on Windows and Linux operating systems. SimulatorToFMU has the following limitations:
- SimulatorToFMU is not supported on Mac OS.
- SimulatorToFMU has limited support for Linux 32 bits and Windows 32 bits for Python 3.7 and lower.
- SimulatorToFMU is fully supported on Linux 64 bits and Windows 64 bits for Python 3.8 and higher.
3.1. Software requirements¶
To export a Simulator as an FMU, SimulatorToFMU needs:
- Python and following dependencies:
- jinja2
- lxml
- One Modelica parser
- A C-Compiler
SimulatorToFMU has been tested with:
- Python 2.7, Python 3.4, Python 3.7, and Python 3.8
- Three Modelica parsers (Only one parser is needed for the export)
- Dymola 2018 on Windows and Linux
- JModelica 2.0, JModelica 2.4 on Windows, and JModelica trunk version 9899 on Linux
- OpenModelica 1.19.2 on Windows
- C-Compiler: Microsoft Visual Studio 10 Professional, Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0, and Microsoft Visual Studio 19.0
3.2. Installation¶
To install SimulatorToFMU, proceed as follows:
- Add following folders to your system path:
- Dymola executable folder (e.g.
C:\Program Files(x86)\Dymola2018\bin
) if Dymola is your Modelica parser.- JModelica installation folder (e.g.
C:\JModelica.org-2.0
) if JModelica is your Modelica parser.- OpenModelica executable folder (e.g.
C:\OpenModelica1.19.2-64bit\bin
) if OpenModelica is your Modelica parser.You can add folders to your system path by performing following steps on Windows 10:
- In Search, search for and then select: System (Control Panel)
- Click the Advanced system settings link.
- Click Environment Variables. In the section System Variables, find the PATH environment variable and select it. Click Edit.
- In the Edit System Variable (or New System Variable) window, specify the value of the PATH environment variable (e.g.
C:\Python27
,C:\Python27\Scripts
). Click OK. Close all remaining windows by clicking OK.- Reopen Command prompt window for your changes to be active.
To check if the variables have been correctly added to the system path on Windows, type
python
,dymola
,pylab
, oromc
into a command prompt to see if the right version of Python, Dymola, JModelica, or OpenModelica starts up.Note
- To avoid adding Dymola, JModelica, or OpenModelica to the system path, provide the path to the executables to SimulatorToFMU.py. See Command-line use for the lists of arguments of SimulatorToFMU.
- SimulatorToFMU sets the hidden Dymola 2018’s flag
Advanced.AllowStringParametersForFMU
totrue
when exporting a simulation program/script as an FMU. The flag is not available in older versions of Dymola. The flag is required to allow a master algorithm to set the path to the configuration file of an FMU. See section Command-line use for more details.
- Specify the path of OPENMODELICALIBRARY (Only if OpenModelica is your Modelica parser) by
- Clicking the Advanced system settings link.
- Clicking Environment Variables. In the section System Variables, Click New to create a new system variable.
- Naming the new system variable OPENMODELICALIBRARY
- Setting the variable value to point to the location of the OpenModelica Modelica libary (e.g.
D:\programs\OpenModelica1.19.2-64bit\lib\omlibrary
)- Click OK. Close all remaining windows by clicking OK.
- Install SimulatorToFMU by downloading the package from the master branch which is at https://github.com/LBNL-ETA/SimulatorToFMU.
The installation directory should contain the following subdirectories:
bin/
(Scripts for running unit tests)doc/
(Documentation sources)fmus/
(FMUs folder)parser/
(Python scripts, Modelica templates and XML validator files)
3.3. UnitTests¶
The unittests use PyFMI to run the FMUs generated by the tested Modelica parsers. PyFMI is included in JModelica. To run the unittests, install JModelica and add the installation folder to your system path.
To test your installation run from the installation bin
folder
> python runUnitTest.py
3.4. Uninstallation¶
To uninstall SimulatorToFMU, delete the installation directory.


#include <tiffio.h> void TIFFDefaultTileSize(TIFF* tif, uint32* tw, uint32* th) tsize_t TIFFTileSize(TIFF* tif) tsize_t TIFFTileRowSize(TIFF* tif) tsize_t TIFFVTileSize(TIFF* tif, uint32 nrows) ttile_t TIFFComputeTile(TIFF* tif, uint32 x, uint32 y, uint32 z, tsample_t sample) int TIFFCheckTile(TIFF* tif, uint32 x, uint32 y, uint32 z, tsample_t sample) ttile_t TIFFNumberOfTiles(TIFF* tif)
TIFFTileSize returns the equivalent size for a tile of data as it would be returned in a call to TIFFReadTile or as it would be expected in a call to TIFFWriteTile.
TIFFVTileSize returns the number of bytes in a row-aligned tile with nrows of data.
TIFFTileRowSize returns the number of bytes of a row of data in a tile.
TIFFComputeTile returns the tile that contains the specified coordinates. A valid tile is always returned; out-of-range coordinate values are clamped to the bounds of the image. The x and y parameters are always used in calculating a tile. The z parameter is used if the image is deeper than 1 slice (ImageDepth>1). The sample parameter is used only if data are organized in separate planes (PlanarConfiguration=2).
TIFFCheckTile returns a non-zero value if the supplied coordinates are within the bounds of the image and zero otherwise. The x parameter is checked against the value of the ImageWidth tag. The y parameter is checked against the value of the ImageLength tag. The z parameter is checked against the value of the ImageDepth tag (if defined). The sample parameter is checked against the value of the SamplesPerPixel parameter if the data are organized in separate planes.
TIFFNumberOfTiles returns the number of tiles in the image.


ngTransclude
ng
Directive that marks the insertion point for the transcluded DOM of the nearest parent directive that uses transclusion.
Any existing content of the element that this directive is placed on will be removed before the transcluded content is inserted.
<ANY ng-transclude> ... </ANY>as class
<ANY class="ng-transclude"> ... </ANY>


label
login
☰
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Page3
Title
Other content
Wikipedia on Robots
Photos of robots
The code of how robots deal with humans:
# Human protocol
robot.see("human", function(seen) {
seen.destroy();
});
What the robot does as a result:
EXTERMINATE! EXTERMINATE! EXTERMINATE!


Description |
Example |
Select all data for table:
select * from [name of table];
|
name of table: states
select * from states;
|
Select specific column(s) from a table:
select [name of column], [name of column]
from [name of table];
|
name of columns: state_name, population; name of table: states:
select state_name, population
from states;
|
Select specific columns and ordered by a condition. Order in descending/ascending order
select [name of column], [name of column]
from [name of table]
order by [condition] [DESC (for descending order)/ASC (default, for ascending order);
|
name of columns: state_name, population; name of table: states; condition: ordered by population from highest to lowest;
select state_name, population
from states
order by population DESC;
|
|
Select a column from a table with specified condition in the column:
select [name of column]
from [name of table]
where [specified condition of column];
|
name of column: state_name; name of table: states specified condition of column: in region 7:
select state_name
from states
where region_id=7;
|
|
Select specified columns from a table with specific ordered condition for the column
select [name of column]
from [name of table]
where [condition for column]
order by [name of column];
|
name of columns: state_name, population_density; name of table: states condition of column: with a population density over 50: ordered from least to most dense:
select state_name, population_density
from states
where population_density>50
order by population_density;
|
|
Select column from a table with range values for a specified condition
select [name of column]
from [name of table]
where [specified condition and beginning of range value]
and [specified condition and end of range value];
|
name of column:state_name; name of table: states; condition and range values: population between 1 and 1.5 million people:
select state_name
from states
where population<1000000
and population>1500000;
|
Select columns from a table and order by specific condition:
select [name of columns]
from [name of table]
order by [specific condition];
|
name of columns: state_name,region_id; name of table: states condition: region in ascending order:
select state_name, region_id
from states
order by region_id;
|
Select name of column in name of table with specified text in the table:
select [name of column]
from [name of table]
where [name of column] like [specfied text];
|
name of column:region_name name of table: regions specified text: "Central"
select region_name
from regions
where region_name like '%Central%';
|
Select name of columns from two tables in order by correlating name of columns:
select [name of table1].[name of column], [name of table2].[name of column]
from [name of table 1]
inner join [name of table 2]
on [table1].[column name]=[table2][column name];
|
name of column/table 1: region_name; name of column/table2: state_name; name of table1: regions name of table2: states in ascending order by region_id:
select regions.region_name, states.state_name
from regions
inner join states
on regions.id=states.region_id;
|


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Home
Florida :: Locate The Law
Constitution
Florida Constitution
(Florida Legislature)
Florida's Constitutions: The Documentary History
(Florida Constitution Revision Commission)
includes the Constitutions of 1838, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1885, and 1968, with amendments
Florida Memory: Florida's Early Constitutions
(Florida Division of Library and Information Services)
Executive
Florida Administrative Code
(Florida Department of State)
Florida Administrative Weekly
(Florida Department of State)
Attorney General Opinions
1971-
Florida Governor
Florida Attorney General
Florida Division of Elections
Florida Secretary of State
Judicial
Florida Supreme Court Opinions
and Briefs (external link)
(Florida State University College of Law)
August 1984-
Florida Supreme Court Opinions
(FindLaw)
January 1997-
Florida District Courts
(Florida Courts)
Florida District Court of Appeals Opinions
(FindLaw)
January 1997-
U.S. District Court, Middle District Court of Florida
U.S. District Court, Northern District of Florida
U.S. District Court, Southern District of Florida
U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit Opinions
(U.S. Courts)
January 1995-
U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit Opinions
(FindLaw)
January 1995-
Florida Courts
Gavel to Gavel
(Florida State University and WFSU-TV)
oral arguments
Florida Supreme Court Law Library
and
Catalog
Legislative
Florida State Legislature
composed of the
Senate
and
House of Representatives
Florida Statutes
(Florida Legislature)
Digest of General Laws
(Florida Legislature)
with
previous editions
also available
Florida Senate Bills
Florida House Bills
Florida Senate Publications
(Florida Senate)
Florida House Publications
(Florida House)
Florida Legislature, Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability
includes the Florida Government Accountability Report
Kid's Page
(Florida Senate)


new Clockwork()
- Source:
Members
(inner) clockwork
This object stores the public functions
- Source:
Methods
execute_event(name, e_args)
Executes and events in all the objects that support it
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
name |
String | The name of the event |
e_args |
Object | The arguments that the handler will receive |
- Source:
find(variable)
Gets an object
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
variable |
Object | The object name |
- Source:
getEngineVar(variable)
Gets the value of a global variable
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
variable |
String | The name of the variable |
- Source:
getObject(variable)
Gets an object
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
variable |
Object | The object handler |
- Source:
getObject(i)
Gets an object using its handler
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
i |
Object | The handler |
- Source:
Returns:
The object
loadLevel(n)
Loads a level
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
n |
Number | The level number |
- Source:
loadLevelByID(name)
Loads a level
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
name |
String | The level id |
- Source:
loadLevelsFromXML(url, callback)
Loads the levels data from a XML file
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
url |
String | The url of the .xml |
callback |
function | A callback function |
- Source:
loadPresets(presets)
Loads the presets from a JavaScript object
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
presets |
Object | The object holding the presets |
- Source:
pause()
Pauses the execution of the engine
- Source:
registerCollision(collisionPackage)
Registers more shapes and collisions detectors in the engine
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
collisionPackage |
Object | The object containing the shapes and collisions, see the structure in the examples at src/presets |
- Source:
setAnimationEngine(engine)
Sets the animation engine
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
engine |
Object | The animation engine |
- Source:
setDebugMode(level)
Sets the debug mode, which specifies what kind of log messages should be printed
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
level |
Number | The mode to set When mode is set to 0, nothing will be shown in the console When mode is set to 1, only errors will be shown in the console When mode is set to 2, both errors and alerts will be shown in the console The default mode is 2 |
- Source:
setEngineVar(variable, value)
Sets the value of a globar variable
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
variable |
String | The name of the variable |
value |
Object | The value of the variable |
- Source:
setup()
Starts (or restarts) the engine execution with the data loaded
- Source:
start(fps)
Starts the engine and loads the firt level
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
fps |
Number | The frames per second |
- Source:


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Gaussian Process Prediction (aka Kriging) with Different Correlation Functions
September 15, 2016
I was looking for a Python Kriging package for the longest time, and somehow I overlooked scikit-learn. Honestly I didn’t understand that Kriging is a Gaussian process prediction (see the wiki).This post will demonstrate how to use scikit-learn to create a Kriging model (Gaussian process prediction) for a single independent variable.
Let’s say we have some function \( Y(X) \) defined as
and we would like to use Kriging to approximate the function \( Y(X) \) on the domain of \( 0 \leq X \leq 10 \) with only using 12 training points of \( x \). I didn’t pick 12 for any reason, so let’s assume these 12 points have been randomly selected. We can use sci-kit learn to easily fit a Kriging model with the following lines of Python code.
This fit is okay, but we can certainly do better. According to the scikit-learn documentation on the Gaussian process model, we notice that have a few options for the correlation function. The scikit-learn Gaussian process defaults to a squared-exponential correlation function. Let’s see what happens if we pick a different correlation function, so let’s set the correlation to absolute-exponential and see what happens.
Well this isn’t a much better fit. It appears that the Absolute-exponential correlation function results in a Kriging model that linearly interpolated between our training points. So let’s try the generalized-exponential correlation function and see what happens.
Results in an error!
OOPS! It appears that in order to use the generalized-exponential correlation function, we needed to supply the Gaussian process with theta values. Let’s try that again.
This didn’t create a great fit either. It appears that with the generalized-exponential correlation function pulled the trend down to each individual training point. Let’s now try the cubic correlation function to see what happens.
Well it looks like the cubic correlation function produces our best fit yet. The only correlation function left to try is the linear correlation function.
Well the linear correlation function produced a model very similar to the absolute-exponential correlation function.
Clearly the best Kriging model used the cubic correlation function. This won’t be the case for every problem, and if you aren’t sure which correlation model to use, you could always attempt some form model selection study.


Your product has many contributing factors. Let us help you consider the most important one.
Lorem Ipsum dolor anum aidedum sipulet criadum tolos prafa redgedun trara.
Lorem Ipsum dolor anum aidedum sipulet criadum tolos prafa redgedun trara.
Lorem Ipsum dolor anum aidedum sipulet criadum tolos prafa redgedun trara.
There’s no style over substance here. I bring together form and the function to create something that looks good and performs brilliantly. Simple.
And neither do I. I’m not bound to any time zones or tied to a desk. The project dictates where I need to be and who I need to collaborate with. Essentially, I always go the extra mile.
I take on a limited number of projects at one time. This quality control means I can give each one exactly what it needs – focus and time.
Ideas are far from linear. As designer and developer, I can spearhead, support or polish your project or product at any stage it needs it.
Simple, minimal and effective. This is my mantra and method. Clean code, fussfree interfaces and expert execution, design as it should be.


Sqoop model includes the following types:
Sqoop entities are created and de-duped in Atlas using unique attribute qualifiedName, whose value should be formatted as detailed below.
sqoop_process.qualifiedName: sqoop <operation> --connect <url> {[--table <tableName>] || [--database <databaseName>]} [--query <storeQuery>] sqoop_dbdatastore.qualifiedName: <storeType> --url <storeUri> {[--table <tableName>] || [--database <databaseName>]} [--query <storeQuery>] --hive-<operation> --hive-database <databaseName> [--hive-table <tableName>] --hive-cluster <clusterName>
Sqoop added a SqoopJobDataPublisher that publishes data to Atlas after completion of import Job. Today, only hiveImport is supported in SqoopHook. This is used to add entities in Atlas using the model detailed above.
Follow the instructions below to setup Atlas hook in Hive:
Add the following properties to to enable Atlas hook in Sqoop:
<property> <name>sqoop.job.data.publish.class</name> <value>org.apache.atlas.sqoop.hook.SqoopHook</value> </property>
The following properties in atlas-application.properties control the thread pool and notification details:
atlas.hook.sqoop.synchronous=false # whether to run the hook synchronously. false recommended to avoid delays in Sqoop operation completion. Default: false atlas.hook.sqoop.numRetries=3 # number of retries for notification failure. Default: 3 atlas.hook.sqoop.queueSize=10000 # queue size for the threadpool. Default: 10000 atlas.cluster.name=primary # clusterName to use in qualifiedName of entities. Default: primary atlas.kafka.zookeeper.connect= # Zookeeper connect URL for Kafka. Example: localhost:2181 atlas.kafka.zookeeper.connection.timeout.ms=30000 # Zookeeper connection timeout. Default: 30000 atlas.kafka.zookeeper.session.timeout.ms=60000 # Zookeeper session timeout. Default: 60000 atlas.kafka.zookeeper.sync.time.ms=20 # Zookeeper sync time. Default: 20
Other configurations for Kafka notification producer can be specified by prefixing the configuration name with "atlas.kafka.". For list of configuration supported by Kafka producer, please refer to Kafka Producer Configs


Loading...
Byquadfilter frequency:
Gain value:
Noise Factor:
convolver only works in firefox
Convolver Reverb time:
Frequency Analyser ratio:
Plotting Offset:
(experimental)
seems to work best in chrome
From Microphone


Kronos the meeting registration database that was developed by SCBD and which is used for preregistering and accrediting participants for CBD meetings and workshops. It is also used for completing the registration process onsite and issuing relevant badges. This system also allows online registration, meaning that National Focal Points and recognized CBD partners/stakeholders are able to register their delegations online.


| inline_text.tbl_summary {gtsummary} | R Documentation |
Extracts and returns statistics from a tbl_summary
object for
inline reporting in an R markdown document. Detailed examples in the
tbl_summary vignette
## S3 method for class 'tbl_summary' inline_text(x, variable, level = NULL, column = ifelse(is.null(x$by), "stat_0", stop("Must specify column")), pvalue_fun = function(x) style_pvalue(x, prepend_p = TRUE), ...)
x |
Object created from tbl_summary |
variable |
Variable name of statistic to present |
level |
Level of the variable to display for categorical variables.
Can also specify the 'Unknown' row. Default is |
column |
Column name to return from |
pvalue_fun |
Function to round and format p-values.
Default is style_pvalue.
The function must have a numeric vector input (the numeric, exact p-value),
and return a string that is the rounded/formatted p-value (e.g.
|
... |
Not used |
A string reporting results from a gtsummary table
Daniel D. Sjoberg
Other tbl_summary tools: add_n
,
add_overall
, add_p
,
add_q.tbl_summary
,
add_stat_label
,
bold_italicize_labels_levels
,
bold_p.tbl_summary
,
modify_header
,
sort_p.tbl_summary
,
tbl_summary
t1 <- tbl_summary(trial) t2 <- tbl_summary(trial, by = trt) %>% add_p() inline_text(t1, variable = "age") inline_text(t2, variable = "grade", level = "I", column = "Drug") inline_text(t2, variable = "grade", column = "p.value")


Room:
Smear:
Created by Hunter Renard.
Made over a weekend using P5.js.
This web app is still in pre-alpha. Any tweaks will be based on user feedback as well as how much free time I have.
Feel free to submit a pull request or fork this project on GitHub.
You love it?  Any issues? Let me know.
© 2018 Hunter Renard


6 months of mastering HTML, CSS and
Python and earning a valuable Certificate of completion signed by Sebastian Thun
Founder of Udacity and HE Omar Al Olama Minister of Artificial Intelligence
UAE.
view certificate
Udacity front-end Certificate
More on HTML and CSS and introduction to
JavaScript programming language. Getting familiar
with its syntax and getting an overview of the DOM manipulation. view certificate
C++ Tutorial Course
soloLearn certificate of C++ Programming with tens of
tests and
Quizzes earned on Sep 28 2019.
view certificate
Google Gsuits Essentials Badge
Badge earned on Jul 15 2019 after finishing a number of labs on google
suites essentials and more than 16 Labs Taken. my quick labs profile
More than 70 hours in a period of 3 months of
advanced English courses both written and verbal at the linguistic
intensive formation center at Boumerdes University. view certificate
French Certificate
More than 40 hours in a period of 3 months of
advanced French courses both written and verbal at the linguistic
intensive formation center at Boumerdes University. view certificate
IEEE Best Participant at Code-Eval 2019
After an amazing event and conferences at IEEE SB Boumerdes University,
It couldn't have finished better when I received the best Participant certificate. view certificate
My
Journey.
“No human is perfect, but with practice you can be
better every day.” – Mohamed Amine Mahiddine
2017 - 2022
Computer Science
Undergraduate
UMBB | University of M'hamed Bougara Boumerdes
Specialization: Computer Systems
Boumerdes, Algeria
25 July 2016
Double Bacalauréat
Degree
-Omar Klalecha High School
-Independent Candidate
Specialization: Mathematics
Luck ??
How lucky am i ?
Apliying for the Bacalauréat for the second time was a life changing experience for me,
it's the year that i decided to follow my passion and start a career in computer science. "No matter what,
follow your heart".
OCT 2019 - NOW
Co-Organizer
IEEE SB University of Boumerdes
Specialization: Electrical Engineering, Researching, Internet of
things, Public Speaking, Mentoring.
Boumerdes, Algeria
NOV 2019 - NOW
Seeking
I'm currently looking for Internships
Domain: Software Engineering, Web developement, Mobile developement.
aminemahiddine.me designed using Adobe Xd, developped and
coded using HTML5, CSS3, Bootstrap,JavaScript. I've decided to create this website so that i could apply for some internships which I
know how they can boost up my learning experience,
so if you are interested hiring me or offering me an internship you can contact me
A project that i'll start soon after getting acces to the wordpress files, The goal of this project is
transfering the IEEE SB UMBB from wordpress to
a responsive website in HTML, CSS and Bootstrap so we can add some back-end in the future. website repo
My
University.
Ranked =3rd best University in all Algeria. www.thewur.com
I'am currently studyiying the third year Computer Systems Licence Degree at one of the best and most
beautiful Universities in Algeria.
The System of Study is (LMD) which means 3 years Licence Degree, 2 years Master Degree and 3 years
for the Doctorat (Ph.D.). The programme is really rich and some of the teachers are the best in their domain.
Programs of study
Events
&
Hash Codes.
Events and tech conferences that have an international value just like
Google I/O or WWDC, Organized by pationates Students and Developers.
IEEE and its members inspire a global community to innovate
for a better tomorrow by offering a wide range of learning and
career enhancement to ensure skill and knowledge growth through our conferences, workshops, competitions
and educational activities. see our latest events in our facebook page. clic here
“GDG DevFests are large community-run developer events hosted
by Google Developer Groups for their local communities around the world“
Over 6 consecutive editions, GDG DevFest Algiers has grown from a small 50-people event to one of the
few big tech conferences in Algeria.
This year, with “Diversity & Inclusion” as a main theme, DevFest 2019 sets a goal to widen the developer
community in our country by
gathering tech enthusiasts of all different backgrounds and levels in one place in order for them to
learn, share and compete in improving
people’s daily lives with technology. Visit event website
My
Skills.
“A language that doesn't affect the way you think about
programming is not worth knowing.” ― Alan J. Perlis
C++
Programing language, OOP Programming,
Advanced data structures, Polymorphism.
Unix cammands
Linux operating system, unix terminal
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This semester i'll have a java course at my University so I will take the opportunity to learn Android synchronously.
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Technical Blog
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What are the best
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associated with using classes
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Posted by Alice Alsford on 12 August 2019
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HTML, CSS, Javascript &
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Posted by Alice Alsford on 25 August 2019
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Identity, Values and
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Emotional Intelligence
Posted by Alice Alsford on 23 August 2019
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Reflection
Posted by Alice Alsford on 21 September 2019


I don’t know how many people on Steemit have ever seen the Taiwanese TV series, but it is definitely a work that will change my impression of the Taiwanese TV show. The title is based on the poem of Khalil Gibran, and I found a good version about the original text and the translation of this poem.
At first, I was attracted by its creepy poster. The poster portends that while it’s not a horror movie, it may be even scarier than a horror one.
There’s a baby in the middle of the poster, connecting to its mother by the umbilical cord. His hands are locked, which means that even if the umbilical cord is cut, the child will not be free from the “shackles” of his mother.
I think the general idea here is that even if children are born, their body and mind will be under the control of the mother for decades of years, without the right to control their own future.
The series consists of five short stories, including Mother’s Remote, Cat’s Baby, Molly’s Last Day, Peacock and Must Move. Among these stories, my favorite one is Molly’s Last Day.
At the beginning of the episode, the lovely daughter Molly committed suicide by jumping off a building. Her mother did not understand why her daughter became like this, so she try to find the truth by all means. She even resorted to immature cutting-edge technology to extract her memories from Molly’s body.
In Molly’s memories, her mother who graduated from an elite school gave up her studies and work for the sake of children, and became a full-time wife to take care of her family at home. Their house is full of monitors, and they are under close surveillance by their mother. Molly is fond of writing, while her mother forbids her from pursuing the dreams.
If your parents are trying to manipulate your life like this, will you also feel that life is meaningless, just like Molly?
On Children is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by author Wu Xiaole, has sparked a heated debate in Taiwan after the she wrote the parent-child relationship twisted by education she witnessed.
The TV series, with its strong fantasy narrative and micro-sci-fi style, has been treated as the Taiwan’s version of Black Mirror.
After watching this TV series, a complicated feeling haunted in my mind: parents should not put their own dreams forced on the children, and the children should have the ability to control their own destiny as well as the right. Parents are probably the only “career” that doesn’t require an exam or an interview, which is definitely a horrible thing.
「中文部分」
我不知道Steemit上有多少人看过这部台湾电视剧，但这绝对是一部颠覆我对台湾电视剧印象的一部作品。剧名出自纪伯伦的诗，关于这首诗的原文及翻译我找到了一个比较好的版本。
最开始我是被它令人毛骨悚然的海报所吸引，这也就预示着虽然它不是恐怖片，但可能要比恐怖片还要令人背后发凉。
海报正中央的是一个婴儿，脐带将它和母亲联系起来。它的双手处有一把锁，代表着即使剪断脐带孩子也无法脱离母亲的“桎梏”。婴儿的脑部剪影，仔细看的话是一位母亲的样子。
我想，这里大致想表达的意思是：孩子即使出生了，他们的身心在今后的几十年里都会受到母亲的控制，没有自由支配的权利。
这部电视剧由五个小故事组成，其中包含了《妈妈的遥控器》、《猫的孩子》、《茉莉的最后一天》、《孔雀》和《必须过动》。在这些故事里面，我最喜欢的就是《茉莉的最后一天》。
这集一开始，在父母眼中乖巧的女儿茉莉跳楼自杀了。她的母亲并不明白自己的女儿为什么会变成这样，于是她用了各种手段去寻找真相。她甚至不惜借助还未成熟的尖端技术，从茉莉的尸体里面提取她生前的记忆。
在她的记忆里，名校毕业的母亲为了她们两姐妹放弃了学业和工作，做个全职太太在家里照顾家人。在她们的家里，无论哪里都是监视器，母亲监控着她们的一举一动。茉莉喜欢写作，但母亲认为那是浪费时间的、没有用处的东西而禁止她去追求梦想。
如果你的父母是这样子的，会不会也像茉莉一样觉得生活没有什么意义了呢？
《你的孩子不是你的孩子》改编自作家吴晓乐的同名小说，作者将她亲眼目睹的各种因教育而扭曲的亲子关系整理后写成这本小说，发行后在台湾引发了热烈讨论。这本书和剧大热的时候，我正好在台湾旅行，诚品书店醒目位置上正是摆放着这部小说。
看完这部电视剧以后，我最大的感叹就是：父母不应该把自己的梦想强行加注在孩子的身上，他们应该有掌握自己命运的能力和权利。父母大概是唯一不需要通过考试或者面试就可以直接上岗的“职业”，这实在是太可怕了…
由于平台对于图片的审查，我不得不缩减配图以减少风险。如果您有兴趣阅读完整版的话，欢迎前往我的豆瓣或简书账户「冰冰的小城堡」，或是关注我的微信公众号：冰冰的小城堡
本文首发于Steemit。谢谢大家的来看我的文章，如果您喜欢的话，请转发、留言或是点赞。你们的支持是我继续努力的最大动力，再次感谢～
Thank you for reading my articles. If you like me, plz forward, upvote me or leave your comments. Thx a looooooot~
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Airstrike kills Taliban group commanders Mullah Ahmad and Qari Meraj in Faryab
by Khaama PressAn airstrike in northern Faryb province killed two group commanders of the Taliban group in northern Faryab province, the Afghan military said.
The 209th Shaheen Corps said in a statement the Afghan Air Force conducted an airstrike in Gurziwan district at around 11:40 pm local time on Sunday.
The statement further added that the airstrike killed Mullah Ahmad and Qari Meraj, the two group commanders of Taliban.
The airstrike also wounded two other Taliban militants, the 209th Shaheen Corps added in its statement.
Meanwhile, the 209th Shaheen Corps said a clash broke out between Afghan forces and Taliban militants in Qarqeen district of Jawzjan at around 4:20 pm local time on Sunday which left 2 Taliban militants dead and 3 others wounded.
Author
-
The Khaama Press News Agency is the leading and largest English news service for Afghanistan with over 3 million hits a month. Independent authors/columnists and experts are welcomed to contribute stories, opinions and editorials. Send stories to news@khaama.com.


fun listSupportedSignatureSchemes(): List<String>
Return a List of Strings with the scheme code names defined in SignatureScheme for all of our supported signature schemes, see Crypto.


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