--- title: Run Shiny Server on your own DigitalOcean droplet - Part 1 author: Saskia date: '2019-04-28' slug: run-shiny-server-on-your-own-digitalocean-droplet-part-1 categories: - programming tags: - Shiny banner: "img/banners/shiny_droplet.png" ---
Do you also like shiny apps and would like to host more than 5 apps as currently permitted at shinyapps.io? Than the solution might be to run your own shiny server using any (virtual) server. In the following I will describe step-by-step how I set up my own Shiny as well as Rstudio Server using Digital Ocean.
At the university I already use Rstudio Server extensively in my stats courses, which runs on a physical server at my research institute. Since I like to use shiny apps for demonstrating various statistical concepts, I wanted to host my own Shiny Server but using a virtual server to be more independent: https://saskiaotto.de/shiny/.
To help you saving yourself a headchache and time collecting all the required information but also for my future self I decided to write this beginner guide. The first part will cover how to set up a DigitalOcean server or droplet including adding SSH connection, SSL certificates, firewalls, a web browser and custom domain. In the 2nd part I will describe how to install R, RStudio and the Shiny Server.
For Shiny and RStudio Server you could either use a physical or virtual server with Linux as the typical operating system. However, the virtual server can be a more cost-effective solution with easier maintenance and better scalability and portability.
DigitalOcean (DO) is such a cloud service platforms that offers database and object storage, scalable compute services and networking and developing tools. DigitalOcean has quite a good pricing and provides an easy and quick way to set up affordable Linux instances (called droplets), which is why I went for that platform.
Before you can start setting up your own droplet, you need to sign up for an account by visiting this sign up page where you can choose between entering your email address, which you need to verify in a second step, and a password or using Google Single Sign-On.
After that you are asked to manually charge your credit card by using the Pay now button on your billing page. It’s pretty simple and only takes a few minutes to create a single droplet and its Linux distribution. Once the droplet is created you will be charged for it by the hour. That means if you decide to delete it right after its creation you won’t be charged anything.
You’re all set now and should soon receive an email from DO containing your Droplet’s
root
, which is the default username on most operating systems,Typically, servers do not have any graphical user interface (GUI) and you need to log into it through the terminal.
One way is to do this from the DigitalOcean GUI when logged into your account, but this option will be pretty slow. If you wanna give it a try, click on your droplet and open the tab Access. Here click the Launch Console button.
Alternatively, connect to your droplet straight from your computer through a SSH client. OpenSSH is such a client that is already included on OS X and Linux. But if you are a Windows user you should download the SSH tool PuTTY and follow these DigitalOcean instructions.
So if you have a Mac or use Linux just open the Terminal program and type into the console the following ssh
command:
$ ssh 123.45.678.910 -l root
123.45.678.910
is just a dummy IP address here (which I will use more often in this tutorial). Replace it with your own droplet’s IP address given in the email. The -l
flag stands for the login name, which is for now root
. You need to provide the username with which to log in, otherwise your computer will try to log in under the user you are currently on your machine. And that name does not exist in your droplet.
An alternative command which works the same is:
$ ssh<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(You will find this notation in the DigitalOcean instructions)
Since your server is not yet identified in your local computer you will be asked the first time you connect if you’re sure you want to continue connecting. Once you type yes
and press ENTER you’ll receive a confirmation that a host key fingerprint was saved to your local machine.
Now you’re asked for the password send by email → simply copy and paste it from your email and press ENTER. Next, you should follow the steps to change the password to something you can remember.
If nothing went wrong you should see in the terminal
root@hostname: ~$
which indicates that you successfully logged into your new droplet!
DigitalOcean recommends that the droplets are run by a non-root user that have admin access to avoid any accidents as root user. So right after logging into my droplet I immediately created the user saskia and gave saskia sudo rights. I followed hereby this tutorial at DigitalOcean
$ adduser username
Replace username
with any name you want.
Set a new password and confirm:
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
If you want to you can add some user info, otherwise press ENTER and then yes
:
Changing the user information for username
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
Full Name []:
Room Number []:
Work Phone []:
Home Phone []:
Other []:
Is the information correct? [Y/n]
Next, we give the new user sudo rights by adding the user to the sudo group
$ usermod -a -G sudo username
The usermod
command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line.
Here, it is critical that you add the -a
. If the -a option is omitted in the usermod command above, the user is removed from all groups not listed (i.e. the user will be a member only of the sudo group). The -G
flag should be always followed by the group name and indicates that the ‘sudo’ group will be the users secondary group.
Alternatively, gpasswd
may be used:
$ gpasswd -a saskia sudo
The gpasswd
command is used to administer the files /etc/group (contains group information), and /etc/gshadow (contains secure group information). Using it with the flag -a
means that the user becomes a member of the group ‘sudo’ but also the group administrator.
You can get a list of all groups the user is a member of and a list of all groups in the system with these 2 commands:
$ id username
$ groupmod <HIT TAB 3 TIMES>
Test the sudo access on your new user account by switching the user with the su
command
$ su - username
Since the new user has sudo privileges now, the following command should allow you to see the contents of the /root
directory:
$ sudo ls -la /root
(The first time you use sudo in a session, you will be prompted for the user’s password).
To leave the new sudo user and get back to using the root profile, type exit
or
$ su - root
From now on you will be able to log in directly as the new user instead of root. Try it out: type exit
to exit the server and log in as new user:
$ exit
$ ssh username@your_droplet_IP
Avoid using the root user once you have set up a sudo user!
We could have added the keys right at the beginning when creating our droplet. But at the time I started with my first droplet I didn’t know how to do this for all my computer so I added them later. Since it is also a bit more complicated to add the keys after you’ll get to see at least all steps required:
I need to access my server from both my work and home machines so I created for individual keys (from within the respective machine). On my work Mac I opened the terminal and typed (NOTE: I was not logged into the droplet!)
$ ssh-keygen -t RSA -b 4096 -C "work machine"
The -C
flag allowed me to add a comment where I could specify that this key will be for my work machine.
Next, I was asked to specify a file name and location. I could have simply accepted what was suggested by pressing ENTER. But instead of using the default file name ‘id_rsa’, I named the file ‘digitalocean-rsa’ since I also want to use different keys for different connections. But I used the same /.ssh directory as suggested.
I was then asked for a passphrase, which adds more security in case the computer gets stolen. So for my work machine I added a passphrase, but on my home machine later I left it blank and just pressed ENTER.
When setting up later a SSH key also in my home machine, I specified in the comment that this key will refer to my “home machine” and named the key file also ‘digitalocean-rsa’. This is not a problem as the public key will anyway not exist on the remote server as an individual file. Instead, the content will be added to the authorized_keys file → here the comment becomes important since it will show up as the last line of code per key.
If you want to get more details about the above steps take a look at my other blog post on linking 2 computers to 2 github accounts using SSH keys.
If the SSH keys generated above are not added when creating the droplet one needs to code a bit more in the terminal to place the public keys in the right directory of the root account. In the remote machine is the file /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
where we need to insert the public keys.
This is probably the most painless solutions. Just open another terminal window with e.g. cmd+N
and go to .ssh folder of your local machine (the folder is often hidden: under Mac/Linux you’ll find it right in the user’s home director ~/.ssh). Copy the public key file to the root account with the ssh-copy-id
command
$ cd path/to/.ssh
$ ssh-copy-id -i digitalocean-rsa.pub root@droplet_IP
and type in your user’s password when prompted.
If you don’t have ssh-copy-id installed you can also manually copy and paste the key:
Open another terminal window and go to .ssh folder of your local machine. Cat out your key file and just copy the output (the public key starts always with ‘ssh-rsa’):
$ cd ~/.ssh
$ cat digitalocean-rsa.pub
ssh-rsa EXAMPLEzaC1yc2EAAA...
Go to the first terminal window where you are logged into your droplet as root and open the authorized_keys file with your preferred editor (I use nano for this):
$ nano /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
Paste the contents of your SSH key into the file by right-clicking in your terminal and choosing Paste or by using a keyboard shortcut like cmd+V
. Then, save and close the file. In nano, save by pressing ctrl+O
and then ENTER, and exit by pressing ctrl+X
.
Before we log out, we need to add our SSH keys also to our new user’s account. So far only the root account has the SSH keys (this would be also the case if you added the keys right at the start when creating your droplet). But to be able to log in successfully as non-root user saskia I need to have the public keys also in an authorized_keys file in the home directory of saskia (i.e. at /home/saskia/.ssh/).
The simplest way to copy the files with the correct ownership and permissions is with the rsync
command:
$ rsync --archive --chown=saskia:saskia ~/.ssh /home/saskia
(Replace here my username saskia with your own)
Before you can test whether you successfully implemented the SSH connection so that you don’t need your password anymore when logging in, we need to deactivate the password authentication in the SSH server configuration file. Open the sshd_config
file in the /etc/ssh/
directory (of your droplet) with an editor:
$ sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
(requires user password)
Look for line:
# Change to no to disable tunnelled clear text passwords
PasswordAuthentication yes
→ The default is ‘yes’ but we will change this to ‘no’.
Save and exit the editor.
Now restart the SSH client (under Ubuntu use ssh and not sshd):
$ /etc/init.d/ssh restart
# or
$ service ssh restart
(confirm with password)
If you log out of the server you might not be able to log in again because you need to change also the SSH configuration file on each of your computers.
Open the SSH config file of your local machine with an editor. The file should be located in the .ssh folder as your SSH keys, but if it does not yet exist, create it yourself with the touch
command:
$ cd path/to/.ssh
$ touch config
$ nano config
Add the following specifications for your droplet
Host hostalias
HostName 123.45.678.910
User username
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/digitalocean-rsa
Replace the ‘hostalias’ with any name you like for your droplet. This can be the name you specified when creating the droplet or another. I suggest to keep it simple since you can use this alias instead of the IP address when logging in. Replace also the dummy IP address with your droplet’s IP address, the ‘username’ with the name of your non-root user (in my case saskia), and the name of the SSH key file (if you have named it differently than me).
Save and exit.
Test your SSH connection by using your new log in credentials:
$ ssh username@hostalias
Instead of the IP address you can now use the host alias after the @ sign. You should not be asked anymore for your password. Only if you’ve set a passphrase for your key, you will be prompted to provide it.
If you want to know more about SSH configuration settings, a good tutorial is available on the DigitalOcean website: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-configure-custom-connection-options-for-your-ssh-client
Ubuntu comes with a default firewall configuration tool called ‘Uncomplicated Firewall’ (UFW) that makes sure only connections to certain services are allowed.
To turn UFW on with the default set of rules:
$ sudo ufw enable
Type y
and press ENTER to proceed.
To check the status of UFW:
$ sudo ufw status verbose
The output should be like this:
username@hostalias:~$ sudo ufw status verbose
[sudo] password for username:
Status: active
Logging: on (low)
Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing)
New profiles: skip
username@hostalias:~$
To disable UFW use:
$ sudo ufw disable
You can also allow or deny specific services by name since UFW reads from /etc/services
. To see the list of available services type
$ less /etc/services
Allow by service name
$ sudo ufw allow <service name>
Some applications can register their profiles with UFW upon installation, which allows UFW to manage these applications by name. You can get the list of applications by typing
$ sudo ufw app list
Available applications:
OpenSSH
You’ll see that OpenSSH, the service allowing us to connect to our server now, has a profile registered with UFW. We can now let the firewall allow SSH connections via OpenSSH so that we can log back in next time:
$ sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
If you look again at the status
$ sudo ufw status
you should see this:
Status: active
To Action From
-- ------ ----
OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere
OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
If you want to know more about UFW, this is a good read: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UFW
Some recommend to change the default port 22 to any other number that is not used already. I did this first but than ran into the problem that I couldn’t log into my droplet from the terminal anymore. Luckily, I was able to access it from the launch console in the DigitalOcean GUI. But it took me some time to realize that it was a firewall issue and that my custom port was not open. Custom ports need to be manually opened in the firewall but then I read that firewall modifications are really critical and any bad firewall rule can mess up the working of the entire server. So I switched back to the default 22 port.
But in case you’re still interested in how to change the port - e.g. because you rather want to switch off the firewall than keep the default port-, here is a short description:
Open again the SSH server config file with an editor:
$ sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Got to line 4 where you see ‘Port 22’ and change it to ‘Port XXXXX’ (choose a number - but check before in the internet if that is already used). Save and exit.
Now restart SSH client again and confirm with your password:
$ service ssh restart
The new port needs to be also added to the SSH config file at your local machine. Log out of the server (or open a new terminal window) and open the local config file:
$ nano path/to/.ssh/config
Add the port number (replace the XXXXX) after the last row:
Host hostalias
HostName 123.45.678.910
User username
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/digitalocean-rsa
Port XXXXX
If you connect more than one computer, change also the config files of your other machines!
To be able to show content to the public using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) your droplet needs a web server to be installed. The two most popular web servers are Apache and nginx and both would be similarly suitable. I went for nginx which is said to be a bit more resource-friendly and followed the instructions given by DigitalOcean.
You can see what the installation does by calling your IP address in your web browser before and after the installation. Visit http://123.45.678.910
in your web browser (replace this dummy IP with your own server’s public IP). You should see an error page saying that your browser cannot open this website.
Now in the terminal, log into your droplet as non-root user and type
$ sudo apt-get update
This calls Ubuntu’s package manager (the Advanced Package Tool or APT in short) and updates the local package index to get the most recent package listing.
Next, we install nginx and any required dependencies with
$ sudo apt-get -y install nginx
The -y
flag stands for the configuration option ‘Automatic yes to prompts’. So ‘yes’ as answer to all prompts is assumed and the installation will run non-interactively. Don’t be surprised if you don’t see this flag in later installations.
Before we can test nginx, we need to reconfigure our UFW to allow access to this service. Similar to OpenSSH, nginx registers itself as a service with UWF upon installation so you will see it listed when typing:
$ sudo ufw app list
Available applications:
Nginx Full
Nginx HTTP
Nginx HTTPS
OpenSSH
The 3 nginx profiles stand for:
Usually it is recommended to enable only the most restrictive profile, which would be for now Nginx HTTP as we haven’t added yet the SSL certificate.
$ sudo ufw allow 'Nginx HTTP'
Check your new status with
$ sudo ufw status
You should see this
Status: active
To Action From
-- ------ ----
OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere
Nginx HTTP ALLOW Anywhere
OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
Nginx HTTP (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
Now check again your browser and refresh your page. You should see a ‘Welcome to nginx!’ message.
Now that your web server is up and running, we should personalize the nginx landing page. After the installation you’ll see a new folder nginx
in the /etc
directory containing all configuration files including nginx.conf
. But all web content is served out of the /var/www/html
directory, which by default only contains the nginx landing page index.nginx-debian.html
. If you want to change what the webpage shows you need to edit this html file with the sudo command.
$ sudo nano /var/www/html/index.nginx-debian.html
Note that this is only recommended if you will link one domain to your server as we’ll do. In the case of hosting more than one domain off a single server OceanDigital suggests to use nginx server block files to keep the default as is. Here is a link how to do this: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-nginx-server-blocks-virtual-hosts-on-ubuntu-16-04
Once you edited the HTML file, you will be able to see the changes immediately when you refresh the page in your browser. If you make changes in the nginx configuration file, you need to restart nginx with:
$ sudo service nginx restart
You need to know a bit of HTML and CSS to modify the index.nginx-debian.html file in a way that the webpage looks as you want. Good tutorials for both languages can be found here: https://www.w3schools.com/. You can also find many HTML/CSS templates in the internet, which you can then adjust.
The typical HTML skeleton looks like this
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="de">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="">
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
declaration defines this document to be HTML5.<html>
element is the root element of an HTML page.<head>
element contains meta information about the document, including the webpage’s title, the character set, any links and scripts, as well as the CSS styles. The latter can be defined internally within the <style></style>
tag (so-called internal CSS) or the link of the external CSS stylesheet is provided in the above <link>
tag.I’d advise to create a new html file outside the terminal with your choice of editor (e.g. I like to use Atom particularly for HTML/CSS). Once the webpage looks the way you want it,
ctrl+O
and ENTER, exit by pressing ctrl+X
.If you want to use an external CSS stylesheet you will need to add the link to your stylesheet in the html file and in the /var/www/html/ directory you need to create a new css file with the sudo command, in which you insert your CSS code. To keep everything in one file I went instead for the internal CSS option.
Since the welcome page is pretty static and changes require you to go into the terminal, log into your droplet and edit the file using the sudo command. I’d built a rather simple website that doesn’t require many updates and instead links to other websites:
Instead of using the public IP address that contains so many digits no one will remember, you can also connect your droplet with your web domain. This is pretty simple and requires only 2 steps:
For my droplet, I bought the domain saskiaotto.de from 1&1 in Germany. Once the domain was registered I changed the default name servers to the DigitalOcean servers at my domain registrar 1&1. Luckily, DigitalOcean provides for some registrars such as 1&1 detailed tutorials on How To Point to DigitalOcean Nameservers From Common Domain Registrars.
After, I added the domain to my DO account:
Your droplet’s IP address as well as your web domain come with the regular Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). But the problem with the HTTP protocol is that the information that flows from server to browser is not encrypted, which means it can be easily stolen. HTTPS is basically an HTTP protocol with an additional SSL certificate (the ‘S’ stands for ‘secure’). It encrypts the information that users supply to the site, which basically translates the data into a code. HTTPS is also secured via the TLS (Transport Layer Security) protocol. TLS helps provide authentication, which proves to your users that they are communicating with the intended website, and data integrity and prevents the transfer of data being modified or corrupted.
Browser developers plan to add new warnings for end users when they surf to websites not encrypted with HTTPS, before eventually phasing out HTTP in favor of HTTPS. And cloud computing companies that offer hosting services for static websites (such as netlify where I run this blog) complain about links to web addresses with unsecure HTTP protocol.
So how do you add the SSL certificate to enable encrypted HTTPS on your server?
→ You need to secure nginx with Let’s Encrypt which is a Certificate Authority (CA) that provides an easy way to obtain and install free TLS/SSL certificates. The following instructions are based on this DigitalOcean tutorial: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-secure-nginx-with-let-s-encrypt-on-ubuntu-16-04.
Add the repository
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:certbot/certbot
and press ENTER to accept.
Then, update the package list to pick up the new repository’s package information
$ sudo apt-get update
and install Certbot’s nginx package with apt-get
.
$ sudo apt-get install python-certbot-nginx
Before Certbot can configure SSL for nginx, we need to add the domain name in nginx’ configuration file.
Open the Nginx config file default
with an editor
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
Find the existing server_name
line and replace the underscore, _
(which follows server_name
) with your domain name
(with and without the www):
...
server_name example.com www.example.com;
...
Save the file and quit your editor.
Verify the syntax of your configuration edits with
$ sudo nginx -t
If you get any errors, re-open the file and check for typos, then test it again.
Once your configuration’s syntax is correct, reload nginx to load the new configuration.
$ sudo systemctl reload nginx
Since we enabled UFW in step 3, we’ll need to adjust the settings to allow also for HTTPS traffic. We do this by replacing the Nginx HTTP with the Nginx Full profile:
$ sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'
$ sudo ufw delete allow 'Nginx HTTP'
This should be your status now:
$ sudo ufw status
Status: active
To Action From
-- ------ ----
OpenSSH ALLOW Anywhere
Nginx Full ALLOW Anywhere
OpenSSH (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
Nginx Full (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
If that’s the case we can install our certificate with certbot in the next step.
Run certbot with the --nginx
plugin, using the -d
flag to specify the names you’d like the certificate to be valid for (which is your domain with and without www):
$ sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
The first time you run certbot you will be asked for an email address and your agreement to the terms of service. After doing so, certbot will communicate with the Let’s Encrypt server, then run a challenge to verify that you control the domain you’re requesting a certificate for.
Once that is verified you need to choose the HTTPS settings
Output
Please choose whether or not to redirect HTTP traffic to HTTPS, removing HTTP access.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1: No redirect - Make no further changes to the webserver configuration.
2: Redirect - Make all requests redirect to secure HTTPS access. Choose this for
new sites, or if you're confident your site works on HTTPS. You can undo this
change by editing your web server's configuration.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Select the appropriate number [1-2] then [enter] (press 'c' to cancel):
Select 2 and hit ENTER.
You will receive a message indicating that your certificates are successfully downloaded, installed, and loaded.
If you open your webpage you will see now the https:// at the beginning of your web address. If you test your server using the SSL Labs Server Test, you should get an A grade.
Before you’re done here you need to test one more thing.
The Let’s Encrypt’s certificates are only valid for ninety days but are automatically renewed by a so-called cron, a time-based job scheduler, which runs twice a day and renews any certificate that’s within thirty days of expiration.
To test the renewal process, do a dry run with certbot:
$ sudo certbot renew --dry-run
You should hopefully receive the following message with no errors
IMPORTANT NOTES:
- Your account credentials have been saved in your Certbot
configuration directory at /etc/letsencrypt. You should make a
secure backup of this folder now. This configuration directory will
also contain certificates and private keys obtained by Certbot so
making regular backups of this folder is ideal.
Congratulations! You’re done with the droplet set-up and finally ready to install Shiny and RStudio Server (see Part 2).


Containers.OrderedType
Containers.Tactics
- Tactics for inductives without recursion, nor parameters
- Tactics for inductives with recursion, but no parameters
- Tactics for mutual inductives, but no parameters
Containers.OrderedTypeEx
Containers.Bridge
Containers.SetInterface
Containers.SetFacts
- Specifications written using equivalences
- Specifications written using boolean predicates
- Equal is a setoid equality
- Subset is a setoid order
- Set operations and morphisms
- Inductive specifications of boolean functions
Containers.SetDecide
Containers.SetProperties
- Properties of elements
- Conversions between lists and sets
- Fold
- Cardinal
- Facts about For_all and Exists: since these predicates
- More precise reflexive view of for_all and _exists than the one
Containers.SetEqProperties
Containers.SetList
Containers.SetListInstance
- SetList_FSet : an instance of FSet based on ordered lists
- SetList_FSetSpecs : specifications for SetList_FSet
Containers.SetAVL
- Raw
- Trees
- Basic functions on trees: height and cardinal
- Empty Set
- Emptyness test
- Appartness
- Singleton set
- Helper functions
- Insertion
- Join
- Extraction of minimum element
- Merging two trees
- Deletion
- Minimum element
- Maximum element
- Any element
- Concatenation
- Splitting
- Intersection
- Difference
- Union
- Elements
- Filter
- Partition
- for_all and ∃
- Map
- Fold
- Subset
- A new comparison algorithm suggested by Xavier Leroy
- Equality test
- Some shortcuts
- Correctness proofs, isolated in a sub-module
- Automation and dedicated tactics
- Basic results about In, lt_tree, gt_tree, height
- Inductions principles
- Empty set
- Emptyness test
- Appartness
- Singleton set
- Helper functions
- Insertion
- Join
- Extraction of minimum element
- Merging two trees
- Deletion
- Minimum element
- Maximum element
- Any element
- Concatenation
- Splitting
- Intersection
- Difference
- Union
- Elements
- Filter
- Partition
- for_all and ∃
- Map
- Fold
- Subset
- Comparison
- A new comparison algorithm suggested by Xavier Leroy
- Equality test
- Encapsulation
Containers.SetAVLInstance
- SetAVL_FSet : an instance of FSet based on AVL trees
- SetAVL_FSetSpecs : specifications for SetAVL_FSet
Containers.Sets
Containers.MapInterface
Containers.MapNotations
Containers.MapFacts
- Facts about weak maps
- Relations between Equal, Equiv and Equivb.
- Equal is a setoid equality.
- Additional Properties for weak maps
- Elements
- Conversions between maps and association lists.
- Fold
- Cardinal
- Additional notions over maps
- Emulation of some functions lacking in the interface
- Properties specific to maps with ordered keys
- Inductive specifications of boolean functions
Containers.MapList
Containers.MapListInstance
- MapList_FMap : an instance of FMap based on List trees
- MapList_FMapSpecs : specifications for MapList_FMap
Containers.MapAVL
- The Raw functor
- Trees
- Trees
- Basic functions on trees: height and cardinal
- Empty Map
- Emptyness test
- Appartness
- Helper functions
- Insertion
- Insertion with combining functions : naive and efficient versions
- Adjusting existing mappings
- Extraction of minimum binding
- Merging two trees
- Deletion
- join
- Splitting
- Concatenation
- Elements
- Fold
- Comparison
- Map
- Map with removal
- Optimized map2
- Map2
- Invariants
- Correctness proofs, isolated in a sub-module
- Automation and dedicated tactics.
- Basic results about MapsTo,
- Empty map
- Emptyness test
- Appartness
- Helper functions
- Insertion
- Insertion with combining function
- Adjusting an existing mapping
- Back to insertion : the efficient version can be
- Extraction of minimum binding
- Merging two trees
- Deletion
- join
- split
- Concatenation
- Elements
- Fold
- Comparison
- Encapsulation
Containers.MapAVLInstance
- MapAVL_FMap : an instance of FMap based on AVL trees
- MapAVL_FMapSpecs : specifications for MapAVL_FMap
Containers.MapPositive
Containers.MapPositiveInstance
- MapPositive_FMap : an instance of FMap for positives
- MapPositive_FMapSpecs : specifications for MapPositive_FMap
Containers.CMapPositive
Containers.CMapPositiveInstance
- CMapPositive_FMap : an instance of FMap for positives
- CMapPositive_FMapSpecs : specifications for CMapPositive_FMap
Containers.Maps
Containers.Generate
Containers.SetConstructs
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@* * This template is called from the `index` template. This template * handles the rendering of the page header and body tags. It takes * two arguments, a `String` for the title of the page and an `Html` * object to insert into the body of the page. *@ @(title: String,userEmail: String)(content: Html)
@* Here's where we render the page title `String`. *@


--- title: The demise of the low level programmer layout: post ---
The intricacies of floating point vs fixed point math are completely lost on them as the term “fixed point” brings about a blank stare; floating point numbers are best right?. I once mentioned bit shifting to an experienced engineer of 10 years and was devastated by the complete lack of basic understanding.


Dear Department of the Treasury,
What if the United States had a basic income? What if there was a rationale for a basic income? What about a nice one too with rent freezes and price freezes so that in a year's time the money would still be worth the money? I know something about wealth it's not necessarily who has the most money it's how much more money does someone have than someone else? As I understand it wealth is where someone has something that someone else does not and the had thing is important. That is wealth as I understand it. It's about someone making certainyou are more powerful than someone else because of what you have. It might not even have to do with cash it might have to do with education.
Back to basic income.
In a world with basic income in the United States there are going to be people that take their basic income and quit. People are going to drop out if we do it in the United States like Finland is testing out. The labour pool would shrink ostensibly because the people that ONLY work because they have to survive would be able to live their dream and binge watch to their heart's content. It may even be surprising who takes that route. Now your employer's I would say they get an unforeseen bonus and an increase in profits. Reason being their labor force is going to shrink and the only people that are going to be working are going to be the people that WANT to work. There would be a class divide. We still need the food and the clothing and the cars and the buildings being built. We cannot stop working but we can evolve our system of welfare to a point where everything is voluntary.
I would imagine life in the US becomes more austere in these conditions because the luxurious pointless businesses that survive on tools of trade alone such as let me look around my apartment for example and find something, let's say refrigerator magnets, they might lose their entire work force unless there were some people nostalgic about making refrigerator magnets, which are indubitably tools of trade. In the modern US economy we are looking at an abundance of tools of trade. Things people think of to manufacture and trade for other items that are more useful to them than their tool of trade. We might lose the tool of trade industry. We might.
Getting a job would be exceptionally easy because the labor pool shrank and the dead weight can now live their dead weight lifestyles. The ambitious leaders of the United States would expect to see in a Basic Income Fortified United States an ability to fill out a form online and be placed with a job the next day. Quite an improvement.
 If the dead weight population knew it no longer had a need to save money and that it was guaranteed money and grants for car repairs and were enabled to participate in society and served the function of circulating money. They would be your audience at this point. They would be the people you would gear your advertising to because if every citizen was granted say in modern lingua franca $75,000 they could spend money every day of the year and christmas and birthdays anniversaries the dead weight society would be squared away.
The dead weight society have no dreams so it would be money in money out. The volunteers would make significantly more money and would have an easier results driven active work environment. You would lose dead weight from the labor force but you would gain a capable volunteer service that was paid $75,000 a year as basic income and on top of that they would earn their wages and these volunteers are the people that you want to have extra money business money because these are the people that are in their spare time going to run businesses themselves or take on their previous job as a client and run their own business.
I get that multi media conglomerates and the 492 billionaires of this nation do not want to see 493 billionaires. It's a club. It's a nice club. It's a club everyone wants to get into. It's a powerful club. It's a wise club. It's a club that the volunteers aspire to be in. I think you can part the red seas with Basic Income. I think you can honorably honor the dead weight and respect their wishes to be dead weight and live at home and lead a luxurious lifestyle on a basic $75,000 income. So long as they know their job is to spend money. Reagonomics will be in a state where it trickles down from the government and the system in place takes the trickle down and it siphons it back up through the systems back into the government and banking and corporate America and we circulate our money.
Basic Income might technically be trickle down but really it would be trickle up. The financial base of the US would be 300 000 000 citizens armed with $75,000 at a minimum and rent is froze and prices are froze and now the dead weight can get what they want and just be given money no longer wasting time at important offices they can spend money every day they can live their dead weight dreams and a real nimble labor force will arrive and keep our office culture on a yearly basis keeping up with the trends and advancements where in the bar it may be the year 2016 but in the office it could very well be the year 2036 based on the evolution of the office culture that would take place.
You have less to train and can rely more on the intelligence of your university graduates and can be again more nimble and the dead weight can get what they want and the volunteers at that point can get the experiences in leadership and experience on the job they crave.
Submitted for Your Approval
Sincerely,
Nicholas Lawson
Representative of the City of Mount Healthy, Ohio
http://www.nicholaslawson.com
Addendum:
If you would like more imagineering to look over in regards to Basic Income in the U.S.
Please send check or money order to :
Nicholas Lawson
6923 Mearl Ave
Cincinnati, OH 45239
:
In amount deemed fair per word of work. If you want 10,000 words pay me commensurate with a .25 per word if you want 1000 words pay me commensurate for 1.00 per word for 1,000 words.
Midwestern Logic is open for business.


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| Jump to DART Documentation Main Index |
Several satellites contain instruments that return observations of integrated Total Precipitable Water (TPW). There are two MODIS Spectroradiometers, one aboard the TERRA satellite, and the other aboard the AQUA satellite. There is also an AMSR-E instrument on the AQUA satellite.
These instruments produce a variety of data products which are generally distributed in HDF format using the HDF-EOS libraries. The converter code in this directory IS NOT USING THESE FILES AS INPUT. The code is expecting to read ASCII TEXT files, which contain one line per observation, with the latitude, longitude, TPW data value, and the observation time. The Fortran read line is:
read(iunit, '(f11.6, f13.5, f10.4, 4x, i4, 4i3, f7.3)') & lat, lon, tpw, iyear, imonth, iday, ihour, imin, seconds
No program to convert between the HDF and text files is currently provided. Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for more information if you are interested in using this converter.
This converter reads files produced as part of a data research effort. Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for more information if you are interested in this data.
Alternatively, if you can read HDF-EOS files and output a text line per observation in the format listed above, then you can use this converter on TPW data from any MODIS file.
The programs in the DART/observations/tpw directory extract data from the distribution text files and create DART observation sequence (obs_seq) files. Build them in the work directory by running the ./quickbuild.csh script. In addition to the converters, several other general observation sequence file utilities will be built.
Generally the input data comes in daily files, with the string YYYYMMDD (year, month, day) as part of the name. This converter has the option to loop over multiple days within the same month and create an output file per day.
Like many kinds of satellite data, the TWP data is dense and generally needs to be subsampled or averaged (super-ob'd) before being used for data assimilation. This converter will average in both space and time. There are 4 namelist items (see the namelist section below) which set the centers and widths of time bins for each day. All observations within a single time bin are eligible to be averaged together. The next available observation in the bin is selected and any other remaining observations in that bin that are within delta latitude and delta longitude of it are averaged in both time and space. Then all observations which were averaged are removed from the bin, so each observation is only averaged into one output observation. Observations that are within delta longitude of the prime meridian are handled correctly by averaging observations on both sides of the boundary.
It is possible to restrict the output observation sequence to contain data from a region of interest using namelist settings. If your region spans the Prime Meridian min_lon can be a larger number than max_lon. For example, a region from 300 E to 40 E and 60 S to 30 S (some of the South Atlantic), specify min_lon = 300, max_lon = 40, min_lat = -60, max_lat = -30. So 'min_lon' sets the western boundary, 'max_lon' the eastern.
The specific type of observation created in the output observation sequence file can be select by namelist. "MODIS_TOTAL_PRECIPITABLE_WATER" is the most general term, or a more satellite-specific name can be chosen. The choice of which observations to assimilate or evaluate are made using this name. The observation-space diagnostics also aggregate statistics based on this name.
This namelist is read from the file input.nml. Namelists start with an ampersand '&' and terminate with a slash '/'. Character strings that contain a '/' must be enclosed in quotes to prevent them from prematurely terminating the namelist.
&convert_tpw_nml start_year = 2008 start_month = 1 start_day = 1 total_days = 31 max_obs = 150000 time_bin_start = 0.0 time_bin_interval = 0.50 time_bin_half_width = 0.25 time_bin_end = 24.0 delta_lat_box = 1.0 delta_lon_box = 1.0 min_lon = 0.0 max_lon = 360.0 min_lat = -90.0 max_lat = 90.0 ObsBase = '../data' InfilePrefix = 'datafile.' InfileSuffix = '.txt' OutfilePrefix = 'obs_seq.' OutfileSuffix = '' observation_name = 'MODIS_TOTAL_PRECIPITABLE_WATER' /
| Item | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| start_year | integer | The year for the first day to be converted. (The converter will optionally loop over multiple days in the same month.) |
| start_month | integer | The month number for the first day to be converted. (The converter will optionally loop over multiple days in the same month.) |
| start_day | integer | The day number for the first day to be converted. (The converter will optionally loop over multiple days in the same month.) |
| total_days | integer | The number of days to be converted. (The converter will optionally loop over multiple days in the same month.) The observations for each day will be created in a separate output file which will include the YYYYMMDD date as part of the output filename. |
| max_obs | integer | The largest number of obs in the output file. If you get an error, increase this number and run again. |
| time_bin_start | real(r8) | The next four namelist values define a series of time intervals that define time bins which are used for averaging. The input data from the satellite is very dense and generally the data values need to be subsetted in some way before assimilating. All observations in the same time bin are eligible to be averaged in space if they are within the latitude/longitude box. The input files are distributed as daily files, so use care when defining the first and last bins of the day. The units are in hours. This item defines the midpoint of the first bin. |
| time_bin_interval | real(r8) | Increment added the time_bin_start to compute the center of the next time bin. The units are in hours. |
| time_bin_half_width | real(r8) | The amount of time added to and subtracted from the time bin center to define the full bin. The units are in hours. |
| time_bin_end | real(r8) | The center of the last bin of the day. The units are in hours. |
| delta_lat_box | real(r8) | For all observations in the same time bin, the next available observation is selected. All other observations in that bin that are within delta latitude or longitude of it are averaged together and a single observation is output. Observations which are averaged with others are removed from the bin and so only contribute to the output data once. The units are degrees. |
| delta_lon_box | real(r8) | See delta_lat_box above. |
| min_lon | real(r8) | The output observations can be constrained to only those which lie between two longitudes and two latitudes. If specified, this is the western-most longitude. The units are degrees, and valid values are between 0.0 and 360.0. To define a box that crosses the prime meridian (longitude = 0.0) it is legal for this value to be larger than max_lon. Observations on the boundaries are included in the output. |
| max_lon | real(r8) | The output observations can be constrained to only those which lie between two longitudes and two latitudes. If specified, this is the eastern-most longitude. The units are degrees, and valid values are between 0.0 and 360.0. To define a box that crosses the prime meridian (longitude = 0.0) it is legal for this value to be smaller than min_lon. Observations on the boundaries are included in the output. |
| min_lat | real(r8) | The output observations can be constrained to only those which lie between two longitudes and two latitudes. If specified, this is the southern-most latitude. The units are degrees, and valid values are between -90.0 and 90.0. Observations on the boundaries are included in the output. |
| max_lat | real(r8) | The output observations can be constrained to only those which lie between two longitudes and two latitudes. If specified, this is the northern-most latitude. The units are degrees, and valid values are between -90.0 and 90.0. Observations on the boundaries are included in the output. |
| ObsBase | character(len=128) | A directory name which is prepended to the input filenames only. For files in the current directory, specify '.' (dot). |
| InfilePrefix | character(len=64) | The input filenames are constructed by prepending this string before the string 'YYYYMMDD' (year, month, day) and then the suffix is appended. This string can be ' ' (empty). |
| InfileSuffix | character(len=64) | The input filenames are constructed by appending this string to the filename. This string can be ' ' (empty). |
| OutfilePrefix | character(len=64) | The output files are always created in the current directory, and the filenames are constructed by prepending this string before the string 'YYYYMMDD' (year, month day) and then the suffix is appended. This string can be ' ' (empty). |
| OutfileSuffix | character(len=64) | The output filenames are constructed by appending this string to the filename. This string can be ' ' (empty). |
| observation_name | character(len=31) | The specific observation type to use when creating the output
observation sequence file. The possible values are:
|
The input files are daily; be cautious of time bin boundaries at the start and end of the day.
This program should use the HDF-EOS libraries to read the native MODIS granule files.
This program could loop over arbitrary numbers of days by using the time manager calendar functions to increment the bins across month and year boundaries; it could also use the schedule module to define the bins.
DART software - Copyright UCAR. This open source software is provided by UCAR, "as is", without charge, subject to all terms of use at http://www.image.ucar.edu/DAReS/DART/DART_download


List of (real†) vendor prefixes known to the web platform. From Wikipedia and the CSS 2.1 spec.
† — real, as in, mso-
and prince-
are not included because they are
not valid.
npm:
bash
npm install vendors
javascript
var vendors = require('vendors');
Yields:
js
[ 'ah',
'apple',
'atsc',
'epub',
'hp',
'khtml',
'moz',
'ms',
'o',
'rim',
'ro',
'tc',
'wap',
'webkit',
'xv' ]


I am Terry (Jiating) Lu, a college student at the University of Southern California pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science. I will graduate in May 2023. I started DIYing robots in my second year in high school as I sought to challenge myself to design motion and control algorithms for 8-legged robots. I am interested in designing Arduino based robots and circuits, as well as Linux boards and systems.
Michael is a robotics enthusiast with a B.S. in computer engineering, 3+ years of professional software engineering experience, and is working on an M.S. in computer science. He has reverse engineered and architected large projects, developed terrain recognition AI for NASA JPL, and continues to work at the USC Interaction Lab on a human-robot interaction framework. He is knowledgeable in Python, C++, Docker, Bash, ROS, & OSL, and has worked with Unity, OpenCV and Tensorflow. Interests include robotics, embedded systems, and software integration.
Aidan Leitch is a sophomore studying mechanical engineering at USC. A lifelong maker, he has experience with 3D printing, laser cutting, and other advanced manufacturing techniques. His areas of interest include soft robotics, packaging design, furniture, and physics simulations.
Hey, my name is Devin and I’m a CS major with an interest in EE. I can help out with full stack web development, IoT, and a little sysadmin’ing. In my spare time, I like playing music, attending hackathons, and building cool things.
Hi everyone! My name is Anokhi and I’m a junior majoring in astronautical engineering and minoring in natural science. I am interested in product design, applying engineering skills to medicine, and eating dessert. My main technical skills are in CAD (NX) and Matlab, so please let me know if I can help you out!
Hey! I’m Ash, and I’m a mechanical engineering student here at USC. My technical expertise lies in all things CAD-related - designing, drafting, sculpting, 3D printing (and other manufacturing methods) - you name it! Feel free to hit me up if you need help with using a CAD software to design or simulate anything or if you need any help with any kind of manufacturing. The specific CAD/Design programs I’m proficient in include Fusion360, SolidWorks, Maya, and NX, and I’m great at working with 3D printers, laser cutters, and CNC mills.
Hey, I’m Efaz and I’m a sophomore studying Computer Science with an interest in embedded systems, drones, and robotics. I’m currently working as an Embedded Systems Developer at Rhoman Aerospace, a drone startup, and I was a Makers Project Manager last year leading the Disaster Relief Spider project. My skills include programming embedded systems such as Arduino and Raspberry Pi, designing PCB schematics, and creating electrical systems for drones and robots.


What is a Paper Wallet?
A paper wallet is an offline mechanism for storing Conceal coins. The process involves printing the private keys and Conceal addresses onto paper. Physical wallets, also known as "physical Conceals," are considered one of the safest ways to store Conceal; if properly constructed, and provided that certain precautions are taken, it will be nearly impossible for a hostile user to access your Conceal holdings. Images of physical Conceal coins are commonly seen in media coverage in innovative styles, mostly with a ‘new look’ of the coin and the private key printed either on paper, plastic, or metal.
A paper wallet is considered an extremely secure way to keep Conceal safe from cyber-attacks, malware, etc. A paper wallet involves "printing" and storing Conceal coins in an offline mode. But it's important to remember that it’s not the Conceal coins that are being printed out like regular currency. It's the information stored in a Conceal wallet or digital wallet that gets printed out. The data appearing on the wallet includes the public key (wallet address), which allows people to transfer money into that wallet, and the private key, which gives access to fund spending. Thus, Conceal coins themselves are not stored offline, but the important keys are stored offline.
or
For extra security, type a few random letters, words, numbers, or symbols below. Press "Generate Wallet" when you are done.
Public Address
Write down your public address, or copy paste it somewhere. Anyone with this address can send you money
Seed Phrase
Copy your seed phrase and keys. If you lose your wallet, these can be used to restore your money. That also means you need to keep them safe and private. This is your seed phrase. You can use it to regenerate your wallet if you lose it.


{% extends "base_generic.html" %} {% load crispy_forms_tags %} {% block pagetitle %}Domain Form{% endblock %} {% block breadcrumbs %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Fill-out this form as completely as possible with information related to this domain:
{% if form.errors %} {% for field in form %} {% for error in field.errors %}


FKA Twigs’ New Album Is Devastating, So Fans Are Resorting To Memes To Cope
by Jared RichardsFKA twigs’ second album Magdalene arrived last week, and all the sites who have already published their Best Albums Of The Decade lists must be kicking themselves.
Magdalene is a crystallisation of not just one of the 2010’s most forward-thinking artists, but of the decade’s music itself.
Related
Mixing glitched-out R&B, icy trap, and all-in emotions, twigs creates a sonic world coloured by pain, resilience and a stunning soprano. Better yet, it’s backed by a conceptual and genuinely essential multi-media framework of video and performance that adds historical resonance to twigs’ personal struggle.
Magdalene is named after one of the Bible’s most divisive figures, and in her music and pole-dancing heavy performances, twigs plays with the Madonna-whore complex to explore the depths of her own emotions — enveloping the listener, bigger than them both.
Then there’s the context too. twigs’ last release pre-Magdalene was stand-alone single ‘Good To Love’ in 2016, a song about pushing past a belief she was undeserving of love.
In the time since, she’s had a well-documented break-up with Robert Pattinson, a relationship that catapulted her to attention she’d never seen — including racist abuse from some of Pattinson’s fans who preferred him with Twilight co-star Kirsten Stewart.
In addition (and arguably much more importantly), she underwent surgery for the removal of fibroids from her uterus — something which led twigs, a trained dancer, to take up pole dancing as a way to rebuild strength, and reclaim her own body as no longer an enemy.
The video for lead single ‘Cellophane’ ties everything together. It sees twigs fall and dance down an endless pole on-stage, receiving cheers and jeers as she continues to perform while her world literally falls apart, all the while singing, “Why didn’t I do it for you?“. If you haven’t seen it, stop everything right now and just watch (and clock the hand holding hers at 3.15 before letting go).
All this is to say, Magdalene hits hard. Really, really hard: and as we’re wont to do, we’ve all collectively decided to make memes about it as a way to cope. There are a few strands to the reactions — a lot focus on the sad pole-dancing energy of it all.
Elsewhere, people are zoning in on how each song relates to R-Patz. As a darling of auteurs and cinephiles alike, the actor is conjuring a lot of feelings for twigs’ fans, who either feel split loyalty or just want to beat him down.
In short, if your week has absolutely ruined/made by Magdalene, you’re not alone: consider each meme the internet’s way of saying they’re “running down the hills/to be with you“.
Smile through the tears: find a collection of our favourites below.


Computer Sleeve CAD
Personal Project — July 2020
My sister's internship group needed someone to produce CAD models of the product they were designing. I took up the challenge and modelled their product, which was a computer-sleeve-battery-pack hybrid. I modelled the parts in SolidWorks, and I received credit for the models and renders in the group's product presentation.
I coordinated with my sister to get an idea of the product and to establish the dimensions, requirements, and the desired outcome. I then went about modelling the product, keeping in communication and ensuring that the product was meeting the necessary standards. I finalized the model by implementing a functional coloring system as well as producing a couple real-world renders of the product. Each color in the functional coloring system represents a different functional aspect of the product. A snapshot of this system is pictured below.
For proprietary reasons, I cannot share the CAD models, but below is another real-world render.


--- subject: Drop into our Wisemans' webinar, Name --- {{>header-preview-text}} {{>header-logo copy="Wisemans Surf Lodge webinar"}} {{>image-header image-desktop-url="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8837988/Wiseman%20eDM%20images/wiseman-image-body-7.png" image-mobile-url="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8837988/Wiseman%20eDM%20images/wiseman-image-body-7-mob.png"}} {{>body-copy-start}}
It wouldn’t be 2021 without another Zoom meeting, but we think you’ll be looking forward to this one.
We’d like to invite you to our Wisemans Surf Lodge Q&A webinar where we’ll explain the resort and the investment opportunity in further detail.
This is also your chance to ask any questions you might have.
RSVP below if you’d like to attend, so we can send you a link to it closer to the date.
Wisemans Surf Lodge Q&A webinar
Date: <DATE>
Time: <TIME>


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{% load static %}
We are the best social network with 1 Million active users all around the world. Share you thoughts, write blog posts, show your favourite music via Stopify, earn badges and much more!


Ceph: Chart Historic Ops
Usage:
Capture the output from:
ceph daemon osd.X dump_historic_ops
Open the capture file(s) using the button below
Note:
All files are processed locally by your browser.
Export Chart


Details of the worlds greatest dog
Name
Buck Kanyau Bosco
Breed
Alaskan Malamute
Scientific name
"Cannabis fortis"
Age
14 which translates to early an adult age for human years
Origin
The Hills of Mt.Kenya
Shade
Brown like the soil on a rivers shore


--- title: Training Course in progress layout: post published: true --- A Kevoree workshop is in progess today (April 22nd) from 2pm to 4pm at IRISA/INRIA Rennes.


A printer is an external hardware output device that takes the electronic data stroed on a computer or any other such device, and generates a hard copy of it.


BizUI Framework
Region
Client
Choose Region:
North
East
South
West
Add Region
Choose Range:
to
Choose Client:
ID
Name
Choose Type:
Query
Page Size:
10
20
50
100
GO
Region Name:
Effective Date:
Description:


| is_integerish {rlang} | R Documentation |
These predicates check whether R considers a number vector to be
integer-like, according to its own tolerance check (which is in
fact delegated to the C library). This function is not adapted to
data analysis, see the help for base::is.integer()
for examples
of how to check for whole numbers.
Things to consider when checking for integer-like doubles:
This check can be expensive because the whole double vector has to be traversed and checked.
Large double values may be integerish but may still not be
coercible to integer. This is because integers in R only support
values up to 2^31 - 1
while numbers stored as double can be
much larger.
is_integerish(x, n = NULL, finite = NULL) is_bare_integerish(x, n = NULL, finite = NULL) is_scalar_integerish(x, finite = NULL)
x |
Object to be tested. |
n |
Expected length of a vector. |
finite |
Whether all values of the vector are finite. The
non-finite values are |
is_bare_numeric()
for testing whether an object is a
base numeric type (a bare double or integer vector).
is_integerish(10L) is_integerish(10.0) is_integerish(10.0, n = 2) is_integerish(10.000001) is_integerish(TRUE)


Bravo "Brokovich"
"Erin Brokovich" is the kind of terrific storytelling that does two things. First, it renews my faith in the good neighbor. These are the unsung heroes that toil endlessly on behalf of others. Their payment comes from the personal satisfaction of righting a previous wrong. They buck the system, overcome daunting obstacles, and move forward with unbridled determination in order to see that justice is served. But "Erin Brokovich" also renews my faith in Hollywood's ability to make a nice old-fashioned film. Its subject is grounded in the real world and presents a feel-good story that anyone can appreciate. I salute people like Erin Brokovich, and I salute the filmmakers for having the wherewithal to bring her story to the big screen. Based on the real life story of Erin Brokovich, this movie focuses on her tribulations as a struggling single mom, and later, her personal crusade in which she takes on a large utilities company that she suspects of releasing toxic pollutants.
Life has truly dealt Erin, a former beauty queen, an endless series of disappointments. She has almost as many ex-husbands as she does children. With only a high school diploma, she lacks the professional business and communications skills to get a job. She can't even win an accident claim in which she was clearly not at fault. With the bills starting to pile up, she convinces Ed Masry (Albert Finney), the lawyer that bungled her aforementioned accident claim, to let her take on a low-paying filing position.
Her reserved office mates, however, don't appreciate her saucy and straight shooting personality. She dresses in an equally saucy manner, and as a result, her relationship with the others is charged. Never afraid to speak her mind, her audacity presents a serious challenge to the stodgy Masry. "Maybe you should rethink your manner of dress," he offers.  However, the one great asset that she possesses is her empathy towards their clients. She feels their pain, understands their needs, and embodies a rare compassion. "I hate lawyers; I just work for them," she says to those who are wary of her intentions. Additionally, she's smart, resourceful, and isn't afraid to get her hands dirty.
When she does a little extra research into a land deal, she discovers that the activities of a nearby utilities plant may be responsible for the failing health of hundreds of local residents. Erin is devastated to learn that the long-term effects have had horrific results, from nosebleeds to cancer.  But Masry, now in his 60s and comfortable with his small practice, is naturally concerned about engaging in such a case. "We're not just David going against Goliath, says the flustered lawyer. "We're going against Goliath and his whole family."
Through Erin's hard work and devotion, there is significant emotional payoff. It's quite an accomplishment for Erin to achieve what she does given her situation and limited resources. It's also quite an accomplishment for Julia Roberts to capture the heart, courage, and fears of Erin's crusade. Showcasing her dramatic talent and her wonderful sense of comic timing, this is Roberts' richest role to date and perhaps the richest female performance since Hillary Swank in "Boys Don't Cry". Finney is also terrifically likable as a lawyer that tries to counter Erin's zeal with conventionality and wisdom. I also credit the filmmakers for not succumbing to Hollywood-esque plots. In a dumber version, there probably would have been a contrived, life-threatening situation as Erin uncovered more damaging evidence against the utilities. And, I'm glad that the film doesn't go the route of an extended courtroom sequence. The movie smartly stays focused on Erin's pain, passion and personal ascension.
Grade: B+
S: 1 L: 2 V: 0
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+++ title = "gVisor" linkTitle = "gVisor" description = "A container sandbox runtime focused on security, efficiency, and ease of use." +++ {{< blocks/cover image_anchor="top" height="auto" color="primary" title="gVisor" >}}
{{< /blocks/cover >}} {{% blocks/lead color="secondary" %}} gVisor is an open-source, OCI-compatible sandbox runtime that provides a virtualized container environment. It runs containers with a new user-space kernel, delivering a low overhead container security solution for high-density applications. gVisor integrates with Docker, containerd and Kubernetes, making it easier to improve the security isolation of your containers while still using familiar tooling. Additionally, gVisor supports a variety of underlying mechanisms for intercepting application calls, allowing it to run in diverse host environments, including cloud-hosted virtual machines. {{% /blocks/lead %}} {{< blocks/section color="dark" >}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-lock" title="Defense in Depth" %}} Each sandbox has its own user-space kernel, providing additional protection from host kernel vulnerabilities. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-feather-alt" title="Lightweight" %}} Runs as a normal process and uses the host kernel for memory management and scheduling. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fab fa-linux" title="Zero Configuration" %}} Capable of running most Linux applications unmodified, with zero configuration. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{< /blocks/section >}} {{< blocks/section color="white" >}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-book" title="Read the Docs" %}} Read the [documentation](./docs/) to understand gVisor, its architecture and trade-offs, and how to use it. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-code-branch" title="Contribute to gVisor" %}} Anyone is welcome to be a gVisor contributor. Please check out the [community information](./docs/community/) to get started. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fab fa-github" title="Give Feedback" %}} File feature requests, bugs, and compatibility issues on GitHub. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{< /blocks/section >}}


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--- title: "Step-by-Step Guide to Cook Speedy Southern Apple Tuna Salad Delicious" slug: southern-apple-tuna-salad description: "Southern Apple Tuna Salad Recipe - I grew up eating a similar tuna salad, I have since adjusted it to be a little healthier than before. The apples make it fresh and delicious! Serve on bread of your choice with lettuce. Yum! Recipe of Super Quick Homemade Southern Apple Tuna Salad Delicious" date: 2021-04-08T03:05:13Z image: https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.media-allrecipes.com/userphotos/1005595.jpg thumbnail: https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.media-allrecipes.com/userphotos/1005595.jpg cover: https://cdn.statically.io/img/images.media-allrecipes.com/userphotos/1005595.jpg author: Mala ratingvalue: 4.6 reviewcount: 120 recipeingredient: - "2 (5 ounce) cans tuna, drained" - "1 tablespoon olive oil" - "1 tablespoon mayonnaise, or more if needed" - "1 small apple - peeled, cored, and chopped" - "¼ small onion, minced" - "1 tablespoon sweet pickle relish" - "½ teaspoon dill weed" - "salt and ground black pepper to taste" recipeinstructions: - "Stir the tuna, olive oil, mayonnaise, apple, onion, relish, and dill together in a bowl until evenly mixed. Season with salt and pepper. You can serve immediately, though is tastes much better after being refrigerated overnight." categories: - "Salad" - "Seafood Salad Recipes" - "Tuna Salad Recipes" - "Recipes" tags: - "salad" - "seafood salad recipes" - "tuna salad recipes" katakunci: southern apple tuna salad, salad, seafood salad recipes, tuna salad recipes, . nutrition: 148.3 calories recipecuisine: Western preptime: "P0DT0H15M" cooktime: "" totaltime: "P0DT0H15M" recipeyield: "4 servings" recipecategory: - Salad - Seafood Salad Recipes - Tuna Salad Recipes quotes: If you combine good flavors, food turns into an orchestra. ---
Southern Apple Tuna Salad - Hey everyone, hope youre having an incredible day today. Its me again Mala , welcome to our recipe site. Today, I will show you a way to make a distinctive dish, Southern Apple Tuna Salad. One of my favorites food recipes. For mine, Im gonna make it a little bit unique. This is gonna smell and look delicious.
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To get started with this recipe, we must first prepare a few components. You can cook Southern Apple Tuna Salad using 8 ingredients and 1 steps. Here is how you can achieve it.
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