Beam SQL Walkthrough
This page illustrates the usage of Beam SQL with example code.
Row
Before applying a SQL query to a PCollection
, the data in the collection must
be in Row
format. A Row
represents a single, immutable record in a Beam SQL
PCollection
. The names and types of the fields/columns in the row are defined
by its associated Schema.
You can use the Schema.builder() to create
Schemas
. See Data
Types for more details on supported primitive data types.
A PCollection<Row>
can be obtained multiple ways, for example:
-
From in-memory data (typically for unit testing).
Note: you have to explicitly specify the
Row
coder. In this example we’re doing it by callingCreate.of(..).withCoder()
:// Define the record type (i.e., schema). Schema appSchema = Schema .builder() .addInt32Field("appId") .addStringField("description") .addDateTimeField("rowtime") .build(); // Create a concrete row with that type. Row row = Row .withSchema(appSchema) .addValues(1, "Some cool app", new Date()) .build(); // Create a source PCollection containing only that row PCollection<Row> testApps = PBegin .in(p) .apply(Create .of(row) .withCoder(appSchema.getRowCoder()));
-
From a
PCollection<T>
of records of some other type (i.e.T
is not already aRow
), by applying aParDo
that converts input records toRow
format.Note: you have to manually set the coder of the result by calling
setCoder(appSchema.getRowCoder())
:// An example POJO class. class AppPojo { Integer appId; String description; Date timestamp; } // Acquire a collection of POJOs somehow. PCollection<AppPojo> pojos = ... // Convert them to Rows with the same schema as defined above via a DoFn. PCollection<Row> apps = pojos .apply( ParDo.of(new DoFn<AppPojo, Row>() { @ProcessElement public void processElement(ProcessContext c) { // Get the current POJO instance AppPojo pojo = c.element(); // Create a Row with the appSchema schema // and values from the current POJO Row appRow = Row .withSchema(appSchema) .addValues( pojo.appId, pojo.description, pojo.timestamp) .build(); // Output the Row representing the current POJO c.output(appRow); } })) .setCoder(appSchema.getRowCoder());
-
As an output of another
BeamSql
query. Details in the next section.
Once you have a PCollection<Row>
in hand, you may use the BeamSql
APIs to apply SQL queries to it.
BeamSql transform
BeamSql.query(queryString)
method is the only API to create a PTransform
from a string representation of the SQL query. You can apply this PTransform
to either a single PCollection
or a PCollectionTuple
which holds multiple
PCollections
:
- when applying to a single
PCollection
it can be referenced via the table namePCOLLECTION
in the query:PCollection<Row> filteredNames = testApps.apply( BeamSql.query( "SELECT appId, description, rowtime " + "FROM PCOLLECTION " + "WHERE id=1"));
-
when applying to a
PCollectionTuple
, the tuple tag for eachPCollection
in the tuple defines the table name that may be used to query it. Note that table names are bound to the specificPCollectionTuple
, and thus are only valid in the context of queries applied to it.For example, you can join two
PCollections
:// Create the schema for reviews Schema reviewSchema = Schema. .builder() .addInt32Field("appId") .addInt32Field("reviewerId") .withFloatField("rating") .addDateTimeField("rowtime") .build(); // Obtain the reviews records with this schema PCollection<Row> reviewsRows = ... // Create a PCollectionTuple containing both PCollections. // TupleTags IDs will be used as table names in the SQL query PCollectionTuple namesAndFoods = PCollectionTuple.of( new TupleTag<>("Apps"), appsRows), // appsRows from the previous example new TupleTag<>("Reviews"), reviewsRows)); // Compute the total number of reviews // and average rating per app // by joining two PCollections PCollection<Row> output = namesAndFoods.apply( BeamSql.query( "SELECT Names.appId, COUNT(Reviews.rating), AVG(Reviews.rating)" + "FROM Apps INNER JOIN Reviews ON Apps.appId == Reviews.appId"));
BeamSqlExample in the code repository shows basic usage of both APIs.


Engine Repair
This website is in-depth and offers guides on nearly anything that’s wrong with your
vehicle, and it isn’t free. It does, however, present several purchasing options
This website is in-depth and offers guides on nearly anything that’s wrong with your
vehicle, and it isn’t free. It does, however, present several purchasing options
Alignment assures your tires meet the road at the proper angle, your wheels
are pointing straight and your tires are centered in the wheel wells. It adjusts the angles of your vehicle's
wheels to original specs for best gas mileage, proper road contact, a smooth ride, and the longest tire life
The fluids inside your vehicle’s engine and drivetrain components are much like the ones in your body.
They serve to lubricate, clean, and cool. They keep it alive or, at least running smoothly.
24 Hour Emergency Towing
Monday - Friday: 7:30 am - 6:00
Saturday: 7:30 am - Noon
Night Drop Available


Google Earth Enterprise Documentation Home | GEE Server administration
Publish databases and portables
When you publish a Fusion database, you select the database you want to publish, specify a publish point, then apply publishing options in the Publish dialog. Before you publish a Fusion database, you must register it by pushing it to GEE Server.
With portable files, the process is a little different. Instead, first you register your portable globes and maps in the Manage Portables dialog before publishing them. Registering a portable globe or map is similar to pushing a database from Fusion.
Publish a Fusion database
To publish a Fusion database:
- In the GEE Server Admin console, click Databases.
- Check the box next to the database or portable to publish.
- Click Publish to open the Publish dialog.
- Specify a Publish point, which is where you access the database or portable. For example, if you specify sanfrancisco, it will be accessible from myserver.mydomainname.com/sanfrancisco.
Note: When publishing a database, the publish point you specify is case insensitive. Upper and lower case are not differentiated. Make sure each publish point path name you specify is unique.
- Specify the following options:
- POI Search (Fusion databases with search data only)
- Search Tabs (Fusion databases only)
- Snippet profile (Fusion 3D databases only)
- Select a Virtual host.
- Optionally enable Serve WMS.
- Click Publish. The Databases page updates to indicate the published status of your database.
Register and publish a portable globe or map
To register a portable globe or map:
- In the GEE Server Admin console, click Databases.
- Click Manage Portables to open the Manage portable globes dialog.
The list of globes and maps corresponds to the files located in your default
/opt/google/gehttpd/htdocs/cutter/globes
directory. - Click Register next to the globe or map that you want to make available for publishing on GEE Server. The registered globe or map appears in the list on the Databases page of the Admin console.
You can register as many portable globes or maps as you have listed in the dialog. Click Unregister to make a globe or map unavailable on GEE Server.
- On the Databases page of the Admin console, check the box next to the portable globe or map to publish.
- Click Publish to open the Publish dialog.
- Specify a Publish point, where the portable will be accessible from. For example, if you specify grandcanyon, it will be accessible from myserver.mydomainname.com/grandcanyon.
Note: When publishing a database, the publish point you specify is case insensitive. Upper and lower case are not differentiated. Make sure each publish point path name you specify is unique.
- Select a Virtual host.
- Click Publish. The Databases page updates to indicate the published status of your portable globe or map.


HTML is a programming language primarily used for webpage desiging. It consists of elements that describe the arrangement of the webpage. Web browsers read this text and use it to display a page.
I chose to take this class because I had some prior experience with similar coding things from Khan academy a while ago and I wanted to try learning more about it. I originally wasn't going to take this, but another pseo class that I wanted to take a little more fell through and this was my backup.


Big Bash League: Hobart Hurricanes' Emily Smith banned for posting team line-up on Instagram
by OmnisportCricket Australia (CA) has imposed a year-long ban, with nine months suspended, on Hobart Hurricanes player Emily Smith after she posted a team line-up on Instagram before its official release.
Smith's post, which went up around an hour before it was permitted, was considered a breach of CA's anti-corruption code.
The 24-year-old displayed the team on the social media platform prior to a Women's Big Bash League fixture against Sydney Thunder on November 2, a match that was abandoned because of poor weather.
The sanction has been accepted by Smith and the three-month suspension she will serve rules her out of the rest of the Women's Big Bash League and Women's National Cricket League.
Sean Carroll, CA's head of integrity and security, said the governing body accepted there was no intent to breach the code but all players must be aware of their responsibilities.
Carroll said via a CA statement: "Whilst Cricket Australia acknowledges that at the time of posting the team line-up there was no intent to breach the Anti-Corruption Code, CA's rigorous anti-corruption player education program means that players are well aware of their obligations under the Anti-Corruption Code and there is no excuse for breaches regardless of the reasons for information being disclosed.
"Since the commencement of the WBBL, Cricket Australia has had in place a robust anti-corruption program.
"We have been working with Emily throughout the process and Emily now understands the mistake she made.
"Unfortunately, in this instance Emily's actions breached the Anti-Corruption Code. We hope this serves as reminder to all that the Anti-Corruption Code is critical to protecting the integrity of the game."


Home
This page with overview what this application is about.
Messages
List messages in your inbox, delete a message, send a message.
APIs used:
- Messages: https://graph.microsoft.com/beta
- /me/messages -> list of messages
- /me/sendmail -> send a message
- /me/messages/{msg-id} -> delete a message
- /me/messages/?search -> search a message by keyword
My Groups
List groups you are a member off, see the group conversations and the group calendar.
APIs used:
- Groups: https://graph.microsoft.com/beta
- /me/joinedGroups -> Groups you are a member-of
- /myorganization/{group-id}/conversations -> get Group conversations
- /myorganization/{group-id}/calendar/events -> get Groups events
- /myorganization/{group-id}/calendar/files -> get Groups files
- /myorganization/{group-id}/conversations/{id}/threads/ -> get and post to conversation
My Files
See the list of your files on your OneDrive for Business.
APIs used:
- Files: https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/me/files
About Me
This shows your profile and organization information.
APIs used:
- Profile: https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/me
- Manager: https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/me/manager
- Reports: https://graph.microsoft.com/beta/me/directReports
Open ID Connect Token
This shows the content of the OpenID Connect token issued by AzureAD for this app.


Central African Republic army evacuates ex-Seleka rebel militia [Morning Call]
In the Central African Republic, C.A.R, weapons were fired in the capital Bangui from Tuesday night into Wednesday in the 200 villas district – a residential area which held an alleged base for the former Seleka rebel group.
According to reports, these ex-combatants were forcibly evicted by elements of the Central African Armed Forces, FACA.
Samuel Thierry Nzam reports from Bangui.


Create a new website using our mobile website builder. First, you need to pick a name for your website. Choose something that is short and easy to remember.
http://www.scanshowsell.com/m/yourwebsitename
Create new »
Please give your website a name!


Editor Help
What is an Editor?It's a basic text editing text-editing program and it's most commonly used to view or edit text files.
The extension fo these files is .txt.
How do I open a file in the Editor? Click Open from the File menu or from the Menu Toolbar. If you are already working on a file, it will ask you to Save. If you choose Yes it will show the Save dialog and you can save the file. If you choose No, the file will not be saved and the Open dialog will appear from where you can select the file you wish to open. How do I save a file in the Editor? Click on Save from the File menu or from the Menu Toolbar. The Save dialog would appear. Enter the filename and click on Save. How do I edit a file in the editor?Open a file or start with a New file. Type in the required text. Do one of the following:
To cut text so you can move it to another location, select the text, click the Edit menu, and then click Cut.
To copy text so you can paste it in another location, select the text, click the Edit menu, and then click Copy.
To paste text you have cut or copied, click the location in the file where you want to paste the text, click the Edit menu, and then click Paste.
To delete text, select it, click the Edit menu, and then click Delete.You can also use these above options from the Menu Toolbar.
How do I print a text file? Click the File menu, and then click Print.
Or
Click Print button from the Menu Toolbar.


Contributing¶
Clone from the git repo at: https://github.com/vsalvino/sphinx-library.
Create a virtual environment and install the dev dependencies:
$ pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
All theme styling is done via SCSS, which is compiled into CSS before publishing the package. Do not edit the theme’s CSS files directly.
Pygments styling is handled directly in sphinx_library.themes
. These themes
generate SCSS files which are then compiled into CSS files and included with
the theme.
The build.py
script handles all of the SCSS compilation, and also builds the
project documentation.
$ python build.py
Docs hosting is handled by GitHub pages, so the source RST files are in
docs-source
and the built HTML output is in docs/
. Due to the nature of
GitHub pages the built HTML should be committed whenever it changes.
Finally, to build a package and upload to PyPI:
$ python setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
$ twine upload dist/*


In order to avoid linear complexity in displaying large arrays, the ZeroBUGS' built-in expression interpreter extends the C/C++ language rules with a new postfix grammar rule.
Given an array myArray
, you can inspect a range of values
by evaluating any of the following expressions:
myArray[low:high]
myArray[:high]
myArray[low:]
low
and high
can be any legal expressions that
evaluate to a value of integer type.
In addition, you can inspect any individual element of the array,
by evaluating myArray[index]
, where index
is some expression that evaluates to an integer.
The interpreter limits internally the number of elements that are shown when none of the above subscript postfix expressions are used. The value is determined by the ZERO_MAX_ARRAY environment variable.


The United Arab Emirates holds the largest biometric database in
the world, the Emirates Identity Authority has announced. The
population register of Emirates ID has over 103 million digital
fingerprints and over 15 million digital facial recognition
records, which includes multiple records of each UAE resident,
and digital signatures as of October 11, senior officials said.
Dr. Ali Al Khoury, Director General of Emirates ID, said the
authority has submitted an official application to the World
Record Academy to recognize this record. Asked about the
confirmation of the authority’s claims about the world record, an
official spokesman of the authority told Gulf News on Sunday: “We
have made worldwide surveys and inquiries with the similar
official authorities and agencies of the world governments holding
such databases and confirmed that our database is the largest. The
World Record Academy also confirmed to us that no other government
or authority has made a similar claim for such a record.” 1
Read On


- Parameter Controls: the 3 white knobs control different parameters depending on which patch you're running
- Patch Name
- Patch Selection: choose between patches in the selected bank (3 banks of 23 patches)
- Volume
- 3-way Bank Selection: select between the built-in bank of patches, and 2 banks of custom patches
- Wet/Dry Mix
- True Bypass
- Top Mounted Jacks
- Power: 9V, center negative power supply required (not included)


 This meant he had to find a planet he could have one on. It had to be a planet he could breathe on, where he could stand up and sit down without experiencing gravitational discomfort. It had to be somewhere the acid levels were low and the plants didn't actually attack you.
Mostly Harmless, Douglas Adams


AcionSheetController
AcionSheetController is an iOS control for presenting a view in an iOS action sheet or alert style. You can add a custom view, representing your custom content, and add any number of buttons to represent actions related to that content. You can also forgo any custom view and simply present a number of actionable buttons.
Usage
There is generally no need to subclass ActionSheetController, although you can if you want to.
License (MIT License)
Copyright (c) 2015 Roland Moers
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


Education
•B.S. Electrical Engineering with a major in
Instrumentation and Control Engineering and Minor
in Computer Science at National Institute of
Technology, Trichy, India
Graduating in Fall of 2021
• Summer Training at NIIT in Java as a part of
which wrote the SCJP test and became an Oracle
Certified Junior Associate as of 2015
Research paper
Title: TransFER: - Deep Inductive Network for Facial
Emotion Recognition Conference – IMECS’20
Journal Published: Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences, Vol–15 No-7, July 2020 issue.
• Co-published a paper that has utilized deep residual
networks with inductive learning and self-attention
module to overcome the problem of unavailability of
large amounts of labelled data.
Work experience
Summer Internship at IIT – Madras
May 2019 - June 2019
• Worked on vehicular detection in Indian traffic
conditions with real time data in the Transportation
department using SVM and CNN algorithms.
• Worked with the COCO, TensorFlow, NumPy,
pandas, skimage packages on Colab platform.
Winter Internship at TCS, IIT-M Park
Dec 2018 - Jan 2019
• The project involved the prediction and analysis of
pricing strategies adopted by airlines using Random
forest algorithm
• Coding was done in R.
Summer Internship at Equad Engineering services
May 2018 - Jul 2018
• To implement a heat control system for furnaces
which must be flexible to work with the existing
system/device in the field.
• Coded using C++ language and tools such as
Arduino board.


--- layout: default title: Page 1 description: This is my site. Welcome. ---
This page shows how all teh html tags renders on this thing. Taken from WordPress Theme Unit Test
Stay hungry. Stay foolish.Multi line blockquote with a cite reference:
People think focus means saying yes to the thing you've got to focus on. But that's not what it means at all. It means saying no to the hundred other good ideas that there are. You have to pick carefully. I'm actually as proud of the things we haven't done as the things I have done. Innovation is saying no to 1,000 things. Steve Jobs - Apple Worldwide Developers' Conference, 1997
| Employee | Salary | |
|---|---|---|
| John Doe | $1 | Because that's all Steve Job' needed for a salary. |
| Jane Doe | $100K | For all the blogging he does. |
| Fred Bloggs | $100M | Pictures are worth a thousand words, right? So Tom x 1,000. |
| Jane Bloggs | $100B | With hair like that?! Enough said... |
These supported tags come from the WordPress.com code FAQ.
Address Tag
Anchor Tag (aka. Link)
This is an example of a link.
Abbreviation Tag
The abbreviation srsly stands for "seriously".
Acronym Tag (deprecated in HTML5)
The acronym ftw stands for "for the win".
Big Tag (deprecated in HTML5)
These tests are a big deal, but this tag is no longer supported in HTML5.
Cite Tag
"Code is poetry." --Automattic
Code Tag
You will learn later on in these tests that word-wrap: break-word;
will be your best friend.
Delete Tag
This tag will let you strikeout text, but this tag is no longer supported in HTML5 (use the
instead).
Emphasize Tag
The emphasize tag should italicize text.
Insert Tag
This tag should denote inserted text.
Keyboard Tag
This scarsly known tag emulates keyboard text, which is usually styled like the
tag.
Preformatted Tag
This tag styles large blocks of code.
.post-title { margin: 0 0 5px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 38px; line-height: 1.2; and here's a line of some really, really, really, really long text, just to see how the PRE tag handles it and to find out how it overflows; }
Quote Tag
Developers, developers, developers...
--Steve Ballmer
Strike Tag (deprecated in HTML5)
This tag shows strike-through text
Strong Tag
This tag shows bold text.
Subscript Tag
Getting our science styling on with H2O, which should push the "2" down.
Superscript Tag
Still sticking with science and Isaac Newton's E = MC2, which should lift the 2 up.
Teletype Tag (deprecated in HTML5)
This rarely used tag emulates teletype text, which is usually styled like the
tag.
Variable Tag
This allows you to denote variables.


Artem has many years of experience in brokerage industry ranging from Voice-Broking OTC Interest Rate Options in London, UK to running the biggest African CFD brokerage in Lagos, Nigeria.
Artem is an active Member of the Board of Human Catalyst, Romania’s leading NGO devoted to supporting children from deprived backgrounds. Passionate about Japanese culture and martial arts.
Alex is a Computer Science Engineering graduate with 15 years of experience in Web and Software Development.
During the years, he created or participated in the development of over 250 projects ranging from simple websites and online shops to complex SaS applications and multi-layered database architectures.
Manuela is an acclaimed lawyer within the Bucharest Bar, with over 10 years of professional experience including legal assistance and representation for various international clients in corporate finance and commercial property.
In her free time Manuela enjoys taking trips with her family, read and cultivate her passion for vintage fashion.
Genuinely a curious mind - believes that learning is a continuous process. Currently learning programming and tailoring. Vigorously observing children and refugee rights within her reach.


type TVectorCombineEvent = procedure (F, P: TFixedVector; var B: TFixedVector) of object;
TVectorCombineEvent is a type for OnVectorCombine callback function, used in Merge, when VectorCombineMode is vcmCustom. It specifies a function which takes foreground vector (F) and mixes it with the background vector (B).
This function may optionally use progresson vector (P). The progression vector will by the merge routine be specified in the range X,Y: [-FIXEDONE..FIXEDONE], regardless of the specified source rect in Merge. This enables in-place masking of the vector map to be merged.


We will look at the concept of Grid Layouts now
Packt is one of the most prolific and fast-growing tech book publishers in the world. Originally focused on open source software, Packt pays a royalty on relevant books directly to open source projects. These projects have received over $400,000 as part of Packt's Open Source Royalty Scheme to date.Our books focus on practicality, recognising that readers are ultimately concerned with getting the job done. Packt's digitally-focused business model allows us to publish up-to-date books in very specific areas.
PacktLib is Packt's online digital book library. Launched in August 2010, it allows you to access and search almost 100,000 pages of book content, to find the solutions you need.


subject = "Your reservation" layout = "default" ==
Hello,
thank you for your reservation. Below you can find reservation summary:
Date and time: {{ reservation.date | date("d.m.Y H:i") }}
Address: {{ reservation.street }}
Name: {{ reservation.name }} {{ reservation.lastname }}
Email: {{ reservation.email }}
Phone: {{ reservation.phone }}
Your message: {{ reservation.message }}
We accept your reservation at {{ reservation.created_at | date("d.m.Y H:i") }} and send you confirmation as soon as possible.
{% if reservationsCount == 1 %}
We hope that you enjoy your first experience!
{% endif %}
Thank you for using our services


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--- layout: page status: publish published: true title: 2009 NAIP 1 Meter Orthophotography author: display_name: Rick Kelson login: rkelson email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: rkelson author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 818 wordpress_url: http://gis.utah.gov/?page_id=818 date: '2011-08-15 17:00:37 -0600' date_gmt: '2011-08-15 17:00:37 -0600' categories: [] tags: - aerial photography - sgid - Data - utah - gis - map - mapping - dataset - download - agrc - layer - metadata - digital - geographic - information - database - state - statewide - imagery - NAIP - 1 meter - '2009' ---
AGRC has statewide National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) natural color aerial photography for Utah. The imagery is 1-meter resolution and was collected in the summer of 2009. The date the photography was flown can be found in the SrcImgDate field of the NAIP2009_Index shapefile for the individual TIFF files or the SDATE field of the county mosaics index file. The images have a UTM NAD83 meters projection.
To display the 4-band images as a color infrared (CIR) or a false color image in ArcMap, use the Layer Properties->Symbology tab. Change the Red Channel to Band_4, Green to Band_1, and Blue to Band_2. (example below)
* If you are having problems with the imagery from AGRC read this document first.
If you have any trouble contact Rick Kelson at<PHONE_NUMBER>)


Ghanaians mock Efia Odo for wearing ‘Silver Shine’ to 4Syte TV Awards
by RASHADGhanaians on social media have described Efia Odo’s dress to the 2019 4Syte Music Video Awards as a silver shine and not a dress.
According to critics of the controversial actress, Efia Odo should not for once assume she wore a cloth to the award show.
Instead what she wore could be likened to a silver shine, the aluminum sponge which is used in the kitchen to remove tough stains in silver bowls.

Whiles Ghanaians have accused her of going to the show naked, Efia Odo has dropped two photos of nakked p0rn stars on her twitter handle to explain what nakkedness is.
Check out the photos of Efia Odo’s cloth to the 4Syte music video awards and click on them to read some hilarious comments from Ghanaians
SEE ALSO: 15 Stunning Unseen photos of Shatta Wale’s beautiful daughter, Ohemaa who is based in London (See)
What do you think of Efia Odo’s dress to the show? Was she properly dressed at the show? Share your opinions with us in the comment section


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|
Testing Foundations
|
The Test Manager at the Project Status Meeting
Brian Marick, Testing Foundations<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Steve Stukenborg, Pure
Atria (now Rational)
Copyright ã 1997 by
Brian Marick and Pure Atria Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
Project management must decide when a product is ready to release to end users. That decision is based on a mass of inevitably imperfect information, including an estimate of the product's bugginess. The testing team creates that estimate. The test manager reports it, together with an assessment of how accurate it is. If it's not accurate enough, because not enough testing has been done, the test manager must also report on what the testing team is doing to obtain better information. When will project management know enough to make a reasoned ship decision?
The test manager has two responsibilities: to report the right information, and to report the information right. Both are equally important. If you don't have the right information, you're not doing your job. If you don't report it so that it's accepted, valued, and acted upon, you might as well not be doing your job.
To address both topics, this paper is organized around the situation in which the test manager presents "the public face" of the testing team: the status meeting. It covers the information to be presented and the needs of the people involved (which govern how to present that information usefully).
1. Context
We assume a product developed in two distinct phases: feature development and product stabilization. We are specifically concerned with status meetings during stabilization, which is when the pressure is highest. During the stabilization phase, developers should do nothing but fix bugs. Ideally, they do not add or change features.
Testers do three types of testing during stabilization:
In the first part of stabilization, planned tests dominate. As stabilization proceeds, more and more regression testing is done. At the end of the project, the testing effort shifts entirely to regression testing and guerrilla testing.
For more about the stabilization phase, see [Cusumano96] and [Kaner93]. For various software development models, see [McConnell96].
2. A Note on Numbers
Throughout the paper, we ask you to compare actual results to your plan. For example, we recommend that you track what proportion of their time your team spends rerunning tests vs. how much you expected they'd spend. A natural question is, "Well, then, what proportion should we expect?" We're not going to answer that question because the answers vary and, to be useful, require project-specific context. On the other hand, we think it's terrible that test managers have nowhere to go to get those answers, other than to buttonhole their colleagues and swap war stories. For that reason, we will try to collect a variety of answers and rules of thumb from experienced test managers and put them on the web page http://www.stlabs.com/marick/root.htm.
3. Questions to Answer in the Status Meeting
During the project status meeting, you should be ready to answer certain questions, both explicit and implicit.
3.1 When will we be ready to ship?
During stabilization, successive builds are made, found not to be good enough, and replaced. It's a stressful time because, early in stabilization, it often seems as if the product will never be good enough. There's a lot of pressure to show forward progress. Much attention revolves around a graph like this:
Everyone wants to know when those lines will cross, meaning all must-fix bugs have been fixed. Part of the answer comes from knowing how fast open bugs will be resolved. But another part of it comes from knowing how many new must-fix bugs can be expected. Our argument in this section is as follows:
To estimate this number, the natural tendency is to do some sort of curve-fitting (by using a ruler, a spreadsheet, or some more sophisticated tool). If you do, your extrapolations will likely be wildly wrong, because that curve is due to a changing mixture of completed tasks, tasks in progress, and tasks not yet begun, each with a different rate of finding bugs. Better than extrapolating from the summary graph is extrapolating from each testing task individually, using a spreadsheet like this:
Important
What's being estimated with this spreadsheet is the total number of bugs this testing effort will find before it's finished. It is not the total number of bugs in the product. It is not the number of failures customers will see or report. Those would be better numbers to know, but this one is nevertheless useful.
Comparing apples and oranges
The spreadsheet above assumes that bugs will be found at roughly the same rate throughout a task. That's unlikely. A typical graph of cumulative bugs discovered vs. working time (which is more meaningful than calendar time) will look like this:
The reason for the curve is that different activities are lumped together in one task. Early in the task, the tester is learning an area of the product and designing tests. While test design does find bugs, the rate of bug discovery is lower than when the tests are run for the first time. So, when test execution begins, the curve turns up. As testing proceeds, an increasing amount of time will be spent in regression testing (especially checking bug fixes). Because rerunning a test is less likely to find a bug than running it for the first time, the curve begins to flatten out.
Your estimates will be more accurate if you track test design, first-time execution, and regression testing separately.
Notes:
A linear estimate early in the effort would guess high. That's not necessarily bad - not because it gives you more breathing room, but because the harm of estimating high is less than the harm of estimating low. You should temper the estimate with some judgment about when the curve is likely to level off.
Reality Check
You may object that this approach seems hopelessly idealistic. Your project is chaotic enough, with code that changes so much, and so many bugs, and so much churn in the features, and... that there's no hope of having tasks that stay the same long enough for extrapolations to be meaningful. If that's the case - if your stabilization phase is anything but stable and you're really doing mostly guerrilla testing - there's no point in presenting wildly inaccurate estimates at the project status meeting. Concentrate on answering the other questions presented in this paper.
What about unstarted tasks?
Here's a different spreadsheet, one for a project in which configuration testing hasn't started yet:
If you haven't started a task, you have no data from which to extrapolate. But you have to, because the project manager needs estimates in order to run the project. Here are some solutions:
Reality check: you will certainly be wrong
Even if you are careful with your extrapolation, you should realize that the number calculated is certainly wrong. Attaching too much certainty to the numbers - and especially striving for meaningless precision - will lead to madness. Concentrate on testing, and hope that the errors in your estimates roughly cancel each other out.
Ideally, you'd like to give your estimates in the form of intervals, like this:
| Week 1 | "We predict 122 to 242 bugs. Best estimate is 182." |
| Week 2 | "We predict 142 to 242 bugs. Best estimate is 192." |
| Week 3 | "We predict 173 to 233 bugs. Best estimate is 203." |
| Week 4 | "We predict 188 to 228 bugs. Best estimate is 208." |
| Week 5 | "We predict 205 to 215 bugs. Best estimate is 210." |
Unfortunately, we expect your data will be unstable enough that your calculated "confidence intervals" will be so wide as to be pointless. We're also unaware of statistical techniques that apply to this particular problem. If you wish to explore related notions, see the large body of literature on software reliability and software reliability growth ([Musa87][Lyu96]). Your best bet might be using historical project data. If your company keeps good records of past projects, and has a reasonably consistent process, you may be able to use errors in historical estimates to make predictions for this project.
We think that, rather than straining for numbers far more exact than anything else in the project, you should concentrate on understanding and explaining what caused any recent changes in the estimates. Here, your goal is confidence - in you and your team - not confidence intervals. You want to say things like:
The description behind the numbers is much more useful than the numbers, because it helps the project manager make contingency plans.
Final notes on estimation
3.2 Which bugs should be fixed?
A discussion of individual bugs might happen in the project meeting or in a separate bug classification meeting. (This might be a discussion of all bugs or, more productively, a discussion of only controversial bugs.) You are likely to be the person who prints and distributes the summaries and detailed listings of new and unresolved bugs. It's preferable if the project manager leads the meeting, not you. First, he or she has the ultimate responsibility. Second, you will be an active participant, and it's difficult to do a good job as both participant and meeting leader.
Here are some key points:
- What are the testing implications of fixing the bug (whether it's fixed alone or batched with other bugs in the same subsystem)? How much will adequately testing the fix cost? Do you have the resources to do it? Is it a matter of rerunning regression tests? (What's the backlog?) Or will new tests have to be written?
- What's the rate of regressions? How often do bug fixes fail? (If the rate of regressions is high, especially in the subsystem in question, and that subsystem has light test coverage, the risk of a bugfix is high.)
We urge you to read the discussions of bugs and bug reporting in [Bach94] and [Kaner93].
3.3 Where are the danger areas in the project?
As part of the estimation process, you will become aware of "hot spots" in the product: areas where there are unusually many bugs. In the charts above, testing editing is finding far more bugs than any other testing task.
The project manager is sometimes the last to know about hot spots, since developers are incorrigibly optimistic. They tend not to admit (to themselves) that a particular subsystem is out of control until too late. It's your job as a test manager to report on hot spots at the status meeting.  Here are some tips.
The heat of a hot spot is relative to the size and complexity of the area under test. If the editing subsystem is four times as complex as the printing subsystem, four times as many bugs is not surprising. You should have complexity information available, because you should have used it in test planning.
Historical information will help to keep hot spots in perspective. What's the bug rate for previous projects (per line of code, function point, or some other measure of size)? What parts of this project are out of line with the historical averages?
With perhaps a few exceptions, such as configuration testing, the hot spots you find will be associated with a particular person or team. Don't criticize them. Maybe they've done a shoddy job, but don't assume you have enough information to make that judgement. Even if you do, it's counterproductive at this point.
Not only must you not criticize the developers, it's important that they not think you're criticizing them. Your manner should be calm, dispassionate, and professional. Use "we" instead of "you". You should take care to say something good along with the bad news:
"That last overhaul of the account management module has really streamlined the user interface. Paul, the tester, says that it takes half as many mouse moves to get through a test as before. Of course, that means that users will see the same speedup. Unfortunately, his tests have found a big jump in the number of bugs, to the point where we're well above average for modules in this product."
Do not announce a hot spot without prior warning.  Why haven't I heard about this before?!"
One reason for no prior warning is that there's no data. Some testing task hadn't started until the past week. When it did start, the tester involved found so many bugs she had to down tools right away. Avoid the issue by doing at least a little testing on all tasks as soon as possible. You can defuse the issue by reporting, at each status meeting, which important tasks haven't started, along with a prediction of when each will start.
Another reason for a sudden announcement is that a testing task suddenly crosses the threshold where you feel you should raise the alarm. Avoid this by announcing which tasks you're watching more carefully, though they don't yet merit the designation "hot spot".
The response to a hot spot should be some development effort (redesign or rework). When that's complete, report on the success: "We reran all the regression tests on the new build, with unusually few regressions, which personally gives me a warm and fuzzy feeling. We've started executing new tests on the module, and things look good so far - many fewer bugs than in the last version. I think we're out of the woods on this one."
An alternative to rework is to "debug the code into working". In that case, you need to adjust your plans. Whereas before you scheduled a fixed amount of testing, you now have an open-ended testing task. You might increase the number of designed tests; you will certainly devote more time to guerrilla testing. You need to continue testing until you stop discovering a disproportionately large number of bugs. You will look for a graph like this:
After nearly twice as much testing as planned, you seem to have exhausted the bugs in the code.
Another type of hot spot
In addition to total bugs, track "churn": how many regression tests fail. If a disproportionately high number of bug fixes or other changes break what used to work, there's a problem. The subsystem is likely fragile and deserves rework or a greater testing effort. Here's a chart that might cause alarm:
3.4 Are you working smart?
Any buggy area announced late in the project is going to be stressful. It will likely mean some upheaval, some shifting of development priorities. As test manager, you must also shift your priorities, both because you now know more about risky areas and also because you must be seen as doing more than smugly announcing a crisis and letting someone else deal with it. It's important to both be helpful and also be seen to be helpful.
Display graphs to show that the testing team is flexibly adapting what you do to what you discover. One such graph follows. It breaks testing down by task. It plots effectiveness (bugs found) behind measures of effort to date. That way, mismatches between effort and result are visually striking. The graph uses two measures of effort: time spent and coverage achieved. Code coverage measures how thoroughly tests exercise the code. That correlates roughly with thoroughness of testing. The most common type of code coverage measures which lines of code have been executed. For other types of coverage, see [Kaner96] and [Marick95]. For a discussion of how coverage can be misused, see [Marick97].
Here's what you might say in the project status meeting. (Notice that the individual testing activities tracked separately for bug count estimation are here grouped into larger tasks.)
"The stress tests and db tests are paying off in terms of bugs found. The stress tests are only 14% complete, so you can expect a lot of stress-type bugs in the next few weeks. You'll notice that we early in the project cut back on the number of stress tests - although we're 14% complete against plan, that's only three percent of what we originally hoped to do. If stress testing keeps finding bugs, we'll up the amount of stress testing planned.
"The db tests are 55% complete against plan, and they've got 80% coverage. Given the type of testing we're doing, we might see the bug finding rate start leveling off soon. We may not do all the testing planned.
"The GUI tests have been a washout. We're not finding bugs. The code seems solid. We're stopping that testing now and shifting the tester onto network testing, where we're finding tons of bugs. In the network testing, you'll note that the coverage is high in comparison to the number of tests written. That's because we've finished the "normal use tests". The error handling tests, which we couldn't start until the network simulator was ready, will add less coverage, but we expect them to be a good source of bugs.
"The calc tests were a botch. We're nearly done, without much to show for it. My fault - I let the schedule get away from me. We're stopping testing right away."
Comparing yourself to others
It's a common developer prejudice that testers write a lot of tests, but it's wasted motion because they're not finding the important bugs. First, the test manager needs to check whether the prejudice is justified. (All too often, it is.) Second, if it's not, reassure the project team. Doing both things starts with a graph like this, which shows what percentage of bugs are being found by different types of planned testing vs. those found by chance.
This shows a fairly reasonable breakdown. Most new bugs are found by the testing team: newly written feature tests, regression tests run again, guerrilla tests, and planned configuration tests. 10% of new bugs reported are due to regressions, which is not outlandish. Beta customers are reporting configuration bugs at a good clip, which is what you expect from them. (You might want to consider doing more in-house configuration testing if the total number of configuration bugs is unusually high.) There are a reasonable number of bugs from other sources (beta bugs that are not configuration problems, bugs found by developers and other in-house use, and so on).
This graph is more alarming:
Too many bugs are being found by "other", not enough by the testing team. They're being discovered by chance. Can the testing effort change to detect them more reliably? The fact that guerrilla testing is doing so much better than the new feature tests is also evidence that something's wrong with the planned testing effort. Perhaps the problem is that the project is "churning": there are too many regressions. Maybe almost everyone on the testing team is spending so much time running regression tests that they have little time to execute new ones (except for a few very productive guerrilla testers).
When many bugs have been found, the testing team can become a bottleneck. Report clearly when regression testing load exceeds the plan. Such reports, made early and forthrightly, leave the impression that slips in the testing schedule are a result of pitching in to help the project. Done late, you may get the blame for the final slips, slips that happen as developers wait for you to finish up your testing.
When reporting on your schedule, remind everyone that the earliest possible ship date is the time required to complete all planned tests, plus the time required to rerun all repeatable tests (both manual and automated) on the final build, and time for a series of guerrilla tests on that build.
3.5 What does your work mean?
We've seen how you can predict the number of bugs testing will find and use graphs to reallocate the testing effort appropriately. But what does all this effort mean?
Recall that the project manager wants to reduce uncertainty and risk. He worries that this product will be an embarrassment or worse after it ships. Knowing how many bugs testing will find is useful, because it lets him predict whether the product can ship on time, but what he really wants to know is how many bugs testing won't find.
Let's assume that you graph the bugs found by new (not rerun) designed tests for some particular testing task. If that task is consistent throughout (you don't apply different testing techniques during different parts of the task, or save the trickiest tests for the end), you'd expect a graph that looks something like this:
You'd expect something of a flurry of new bugs at first. Many of those are the bugs that are easy to find, so that many different tests would hit them. After those have been disposed of, there's a more-or-less steady stream of new bugs. (In practice, the curve might tail down more sharply, since there's a tendency to concentrate on the most productive tests first, in order to get bugs to the developers quickly.)
This graph doesn't really let you predict what happens in the field. You can't simply extrapolate the curve. If you did a perfect job of test design, you've tried all the bug-revealing cases, and all bugs have been found. If your test cases are very unrepresentative of typical customer use, you might have missed many of the bugs customers will find, in which case there will be a surge of new bug reports when the product is released (not unusual).
So what can you do? You have to extrapolate from previous projects.
When reporting extrapolations, don't give raw numbers. Say, "we predict the reliability of this product will be typical [or high, or low] for this company." If possible, make comparisons to specific products: "This product did about average on the planned tests, but remarkably few bugs were found in guerrilla testing or regression testing. The last product with that pattern was FuzzBuster 2.0, which did quite well in the field. We predict the same for this one."
The accuracy of your predictions depends on a consistent process. Consistent processes are the subject of industrial quality control, especially the work of Shewhart, Deming, Juran, and others. We in software can learn much from them, so long as we're careful not to draw unthinking analogies. [Deming82] is often cited, but the style is somewhat telegraphic. [Aguayo91] has been recommended to one of us (Marick), who first learned about statistical quality control from a draft of [Devor91]. The Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model can be thought of as an adaptation of modern industrial quality control to software, though the coverage of testing is sketchy. See [Humphry89] or [Curtis95].
4. Summary of the paper
As the frequent bearer of bad news, the test manager has a difficult job. The job is easier if he or she appears competent, knowledgeable, and proactive. It's a matter of having the relevant information, presenting it well, being able to answer reasonable questions. A goal should be to walk out of the status meeting knowing that the testing team and its work have been represented well.
As the test manager, you are the keeper of data that can help you understand trends and special occurrences in the project, provided you avoid the two "data traps": having unjustified faith in numbers, and rejecting numbers completely because they're imperfect. Take a balanced view and use data as a springboard to understanding.
5. Acknowledgements
Keith Davis made helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
6. References
[Aguayo91]
Rafael Aguayo, Dr. Deming, Fireside / Simon and Schuster,
1991.
[Bach94]
James Bach, "Process Evolution in a Mad World," in Proceedings
of the Seventh International Quality Week, (Software Research,
San Francisco, CA), 1994.
[Curtis95]
Mark C. Paulk, Charles V. Weber, and Bill Curtis (ed), The
Capability Maturity Model: Guidelines for Improving the Software
Process, Addison-Wesley, 1995.
[Cusumano95]
M. Cusumano and R. Selby, Microsoft Secrets, Free Press,
1995.
[DeMarco82]
Tom DeMarco, Controlling Software Projects: Management,
Measurement, and Estimation, Prentice Hall, 1982.
[Deming82]
J. Edwards Deming, Out of the Crisis, MIT Center for
Advanced Engineering Study, 1982.
[Devor92]
Richard E. Devor, Tsong-How Chang, and John W. Sutherland,
Statistical Quality Design and Control: Contemporary Concepts and
Methods, MacMillan, 1992.
[Humphrey89]
Watts Humphrey, Managing the Software Process, Addison-Wesley,
1989.
[Kaner93]
C. Kaner, J. Falk, and H.Q. Nguyen, Testing Computer Software
(2/e), Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993.
[Kaner96]
Cem Kaner, "Software
Negligence & Testing Coverage," in Proceedings of
STAR 96, (Software Quality Engineering, Jacksonville, FL),
1996. ()
[Keuffel94]
Warren Keuffel, "James Bach: Making Metrics Fly at Borland,"
Software Development, December 1994.
[Keuffel94]
Warren Keuffel, "Further Metrics Flights at Borland," Software
Development, January 1995.
[Lyu96]
Michael R. Lyu (ed.), Handbook of Software Reliability
Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1996.
[Marick95]
Brian Marick, The Craft of Software Testing, Prentice Hall,
1995.
[Marick97]
Brian Marick, "Classic
Testing Mistakes," in Proceedings of STAR 97, (Software
Quality Engineering, Jacksonville, FL), 1997.
[McConnell96]
Steve McConnell, Rapid Development, Microsoft Press, 1996.
[Mosteller77]
Frederick Mosteller and John W. Tukey, Data Analysis and
Regression, Addison-Wesley, 1977.
[Musa87]
J. Musa, A. Iannino, and K. Okumoto, Software Reliability :
Measurement, Prediction, Application, McGraw-Hill, 1987.
[Rothman96]
Johanna Rothman, "Measurements to
Reduce Risk in Product Ship Decisions," in Proceedings
of the Ninth International Quality Week, (Software Research,
San Francisco, CA), 1996.
[Tukey77]
John W. Tukey, Exploratory Data Analysis, Addison-Wesley,
1977.
Comments to marick@testing.com


|
Drake
|
A class representing a trajectory for quaternions that are interpolated using piecewise slerp (spherical linear interpolation). More...
#include <drake/common/trajectories/piecewise_quaternion.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp ()=default | |
| Builds an empty PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp. More... | |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp (const std::vector< double > &breaks, const std::vector< Quaternion< T >> &quaternions) | |
| Builds a PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp. More... | |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp (const std::vector< double > &breaks, const std::vector< Matrix3< T >> &rot_matrices) | |
| Builds a PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp. More... | |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp (const std::vector< double > &breaks, const std::vector< AngleAxis< T >> &ang_axes) | |
| Builds a PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp. More... | |
| ~PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp () override=default | |
| std::unique_ptr< Trajectory< T > > | Clone () const override |
| Eigen::Index | rows () const override |
| Eigen::Index | cols () const override |
| Quaternion< T > | orientation (double t) const |
| Interpolates orientation. More... | |
| MatrixX< T > | value (double t) const override |
Evaluates the trajectory at the given time t . More... | |
| Vector3< T > | angular_velocity (double t) const |
| Interpolates angular velocity. More... | |
| std::unique_ptr< Trajectory< T > > | MakeDerivative (int derivative_order=1) const override |
| Vector3< T > | angular_acceleration (double t) const |
| Interpolates angular acceleration. More... | |
| const std::vector< Quaternion< T > > & | get_quaternion_knots () const |
| Getter for the internal quaternion knots. More... | |
| bool | is_approx (const PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp< T > &other, const T &tol) const |
Returns true if all the corresponding segment times are within tol seconds, and the angle difference between the corresponding quaternion knot points are within tol . More... | |
Implements CopyConstructible, CopyAssignable, MoveConstructible, MoveAssignable | |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp (const PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp &)=default | |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp & | operator= (const PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp &)=default |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp (PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp &&)=default | |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp & | operator= (PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp &&)=default |
| Public Member Functions inherited from PiecewiseTrajectory< T > | |
| ~PiecewiseTrajectory () override=default | |
| int | get_number_of_segments () const |
| double | start_time (int segment_number) const |
| double | end_time (int segment_number) const |
| double | duration (int segment_number) const |
| double | start_time () const override |
| double | end_time () const override |
| bool | is_time_in_range (double t) const |
Returns true iff t >= getStartTime() && t <= getEndTime() . More... | |
| int | get_segment_index (double t) const |
| const std::vector< double > & | get_segment_times () const |
| void | segment_number_range_check (int segment_number) const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Trajectory< T > | |
| virtual | ~Trajectory ()=default |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Static Public Member Functions inherited from PiecewiseTrajectory< T > | |
| static std::vector< double > | RandomSegmentTimes (int num_segments, std::default_random_engine &generator) |
| Static Public Attributes inherited from PiecewiseTrajectory< T > | |
| static constexpr double | kEpsilonTime = 1e-10 |
| Minimum delta quantity used for comparing time. More... | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from PiecewiseTrajectory< T > | |
| PiecewiseTrajectory ()=default | |
| PiecewiseTrajectory (const std::vector< double > &breaks) | |
breaks increments must be greater or equal to kEpsilonTime. More... | |
| bool | SegmentTimesEqual (const PiecewiseTrajectory &b, double tol=kEpsilonTime) const |
| const std::vector< double > & | breaks () const |
| std::vector< double > & | get_mutable_breaks () |
| PiecewiseTrajectory (const PiecewiseTrajectory &)=default | |
| PiecewiseTrajectory & | operator= (const PiecewiseTrajectory &)=default |
| PiecewiseTrajectory (PiecewiseTrajectory &&)=default | |
| PiecewiseTrajectory & | operator= (PiecewiseTrajectory &&)=default |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from Trajectory< T > | |
| Trajectory ()=default | |
| Trajectory (const Trajectory &)=default | |
| Trajectory & | operator= (const Trajectory &)=default |
| Trajectory (Trajectory &&)=default | |
| Trajectory & | operator= (Trajectory &&)=default |
A class representing a trajectory for quaternions that are interpolated using piecewise slerp (spherical linear interpolation).
All the orientation knots are expected to be with respect to the same parent reference frame, i.e. q_i represents the rotation R_PBi for the orientation of frame B at the ith knot in a fixed parent frame P. The world frame is a common choice for the parent frame. The angular velocity and acceleration are also relative to the parent frame and expressed in the parent frame. Since there is a sign ambiguity when using quaternions to represent orientation, namely q and -q represent the same orientation, the internal quaternion representations ensure that q_n.dot(q_{n+1}) >= 0. Another intuitive way to think about this is that consecutive quaternions have the shortest geodesic distance on the unit sphere.
| T,double. |
|
default |
|
default |
|
default |
Builds an empty PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp.
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp | ( | const std::vector< double > & | breaks, |
| const std::vector< Quaternion< T >> & | quaternions | ||
| ) |
Builds a PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp.
| std::logic_error | if breaks and quaternions have different length, or breaks have length < 2. |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp | ( | const std::vector< double > & | breaks, |
| const std::vector< Matrix3< T >> & | rot_matrices | ||
| ) |
Builds a PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp.
| std::logic_error | if breaks and rot_matrices have different length, or breaks have length < 2. |
| PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp | ( | const std::vector< double > & | breaks, |
| const std::vector< AngleAxis< T >> & | ang_axes | ||
| ) |
Builds a PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp.
| std::logic_error | if breaks and ang_axes have different length, or breaks have length < 2. |
|
overridedefault |
Interpolates angular acceleration.
| t | Time for interpolation. |
t
, which is always zero for slerp. Interpolates angular velocity.
| t | Time for interpolation. |
t
, which is constant per segment.
|
overridevirtual |
Implements Trajectory< T >.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Implements Trajectory< T >.
|
inline |
Getter for the internal quaternion knots.
| bool is_approx | ( | const PiecewiseQuaternionSlerp< T > & | other, |
| const T & | tol | ||
| ) | const |
Returns true if all the corresponding segment times are within tol
seconds, and the angle difference between the corresponding quaternion knot points are within tol
.
|
overridevirtual |
| std::runtime_error | (always) because it is not implemented yet. |
Implements Trajectory< T >.
|
default |
|
default |
| Quaternion< T > orientation | ( | double | t | ) | const |
Interpolates orientation.
| t | Time for interpolation. |
t
.
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
Implements Trajectory< T >.
Evaluates the trajectory at the given time t
.
| t | The time at which to evaluate the trajectory. |
Implements Trajectory< T >.


001 package org.codemonkey.swiftsocketserver; 002 003 import java.io.BufferedReader; 004 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; 005 import java.io.IOException; 006 import java.io.InputStreamReader; 007 import java.io.PrintWriter; 008 import java.net.DatagramPacket; 009 import java.net.DatagramSocket; 010 import java.net.InetAddress; 011 import java.net.Socket; 012 import java.net.SocketAddress; 013 import java.util.LinkedList; 014 015 import org.apache.log4j.Logger; 016 017 /** 018 * Abstraction of the client socket. Acts as a wrapper for {@link Socket} and {@link DatagramSocket} to provide uniform behavior. 019 * 020 * @author Benny Bottema 021 * @see ClientEndpointUDP#handleDatagramPacket(DatagramPacket) 022 * @since 1.0 023 */ 024 interface ClientEndpoint { 025 /** 026 * Calls the close method on the embedded socket, or in case of UDP, remove itself from parent {@link ServerEndpointUDP} list of known 027 * clients. 028 * 029 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link ServerEndpointTCP#close()} 030 */ 031 void close() 032 throws IOException; 033 034 InetAddress getInetAddress(); 035 036 void send(String message) 037 throws IOException; 038 039 String readLine() 040 throws IOException; 041 042 void read() 043 throws IOException; 044 045 /** 046 * @return Whether the endpoint connection has been explicitly closed. 047 */ 048 boolean isClosed(); 049 } 050 051 /** 052 * Simply delegates all calls to the {@link Socket}. This is because the {@link ClientEndpointUDP} is modeled after the TCP version. 053 * 054 * @author Benny Bottema 055 * @since 1.0 056 */ 057 class ClientEndpointTCP implements ClientEndpoint { 058 059 private final Socket socket; 060 061 /** 062 * The input stream from the client on which we're waiting for data. Data is being read with {@link BufferedReader#readLine()}, so 063 * incoming messages need to end with a newline character '\n'. In addition, to work with Flex clients, an additional NULL character 064 * '\0' needs to be added. 065 */ 066 private final BufferedReader reader; 067 068 /** 069 * Creates a {@link BufferedReader} for the socket's input stream. 070 * 071 * @param socket The open socket on which to listen for TCP messages. 072 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link Socket#getInputStream()}. 073 */ 074 public ClientEndpointTCP(final Socket socket) 075 throws IOException { 076 this.socket = socket; 077 reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream())); 078 } 079 080 /** 081 * Calls {@link Socket#close()}. 082 * 083 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link Socket#close()}. 084 */ 085 @Override 086 public void close() 087 throws IOException { 088 socket.close(); 089 } 090 091 /** 092 * @return {@link Socket#isClosed()}. 093 */ 094 @Override 095 public boolean isClosed() { 096 return socket.isClosed(); 097 } 098 099 /** 100 * @return {@link Socket#getInetAddress()}. 101 */ 102 @Override 103 public InetAddress getInetAddress() { 104 return socket.getInetAddress(); 105 } 106 107 /** 108 * Writes message to {@link Socket#getOutputStream()} using a {@link PrintWriter}. 109 * 110 * @param message The message to send to the client. 111 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link Socket#getOutputStream()}. 112 */ 113 @Override 114 public void send(final String message) 115 throws IOException { 116 try { 117 final PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true); 118 out.write(message); 119 out.flush(); 120 } catch (final IOException e) { 121 final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(ClientEndpoint.class); 122 LOGGER.error("outputstream could not be obtained (tried to use dropped connection perhaps?)"); 123 throw e; 124 } 125 } 126 127 /** 128 * @return Data received from the socket, by calling {@link #reader}.readLine(). 129 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link BufferedReader#readLine()}. 130 */ 131 @Override 132 public String readLine() 133 throws IOException { 134 return reader.readLine(); 135 } 136 137 /** 138 * Calls {@link #reader}.read(). 139 * 140 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link BufferedReader#read()}. 141 */ 142 @Override 143 public void read() 144 throws IOException { 145 reader.read(); 146 } 147 } 148 149 /** 150 * Client endpoint that handles UDP traffic and maintains a list of known and new datagram messages. 151 * 152 * @author Benny Bottema 153 * @see ClientEndpointUDP#handleDatagramPacket(DatagramPacket) 154 * @since 1.0 155 */ 156 class ClientEndpointUDP implements ClientEndpoint { 157 158 private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(ClientEndpoint.class); 159 160 /** 161 * Contains the value that is the command received from a client when making first contact, so that the server knows where to send the 162 * UDP messages. 163 *
 164 * Value: {@value #CONNECT}. 165 */ 166 public static final String CONNECT = "CONNECT"; 167 168 /** 169 * Contains the that is the first value we must send to the client as an acknowledgment answer to '{@value #CONNECT}'. 170 *
 171 * Value: {@value #ACK}. 172 */ 173 public static final String ACK = "ACK"; 174 175 private final ServerEndpointUDP serverEndpointUDP; 176 private final DatagramSocket datagramSocket; 177 private final LinkedList<DatagramPacket> queue; 178 private final InetAddress clientInetAddress; 179 private final SocketAddress clientSocketAddress; 180 181 /** 182 * Constructor; performs a handshake verification by responding with an acknowledgment command to a handshake connection request. 183 * 184 * @param serverEndpointUDP The server endpoint from which we can remove clients if necessary. 185 * @param datagramSocket The {@link DatagramSocket} to send messages to the client with. 186 * @param datagramPacket The initial {@link DatagramPacket} received from the client that should be a handshake request. 187 * @see #verifyHandshake(DatagramPacket) 188 */ 189 public ClientEndpointUDP(final ServerEndpointUDP serverEndpointUDP, final DatagramSocket datagramSocket, 190 final DatagramPacket datagramPacket) { 191 this.serverEndpointUDP = serverEndpointUDP; 192 this.datagramSocket = datagramSocket; 193 clientInetAddress = datagramPacket.getAddress(); 194 clientSocketAddress = datagramPacket.getSocketAddress(); 195 queue = new LinkedList<DatagramPacket>(); 196 verifyHandshake(datagramPacket); 197 } 198 199 /** 200 * Verifies that the first message to the server is an '{@value #CONNECT}' so we can complete the handshake by sending an '{@value #ACK} 201 * ' 202 * 203 * @param datagramPacket The request message from the client that must contain the connect handshake value. 204 */ 205 private void verifyHandshake(final DatagramPacket datagramPacket) { 206 final String message = new String(datagramPacket.getData()).trim(); 207 if (!message.equals(CONNECT)) { 208 final String msg = "expected handshake '%s' back, but received: '%s'"; 209 throw new UnknownMessageException(new ClientContext(this), String.format(msg, CONNECT, message)); 210 } else { 211 LOGGER.debug("received handshake request from " + clientSocketAddress + ": " + message); 212 try { 213 LOGGER.debug("sending handshake acknowledgment to " + clientSocketAddress + ": " + ACK); 214 send(ACK); 215 } catch (final IOException e) { 216 final String msg = "unable establish first contact with client '%s' with acknowledgment response '%s'!"; 217 throw new RuntimeException(String.format(msg, clientInetAddress, ACK), e); 218 } 219 } 220 } 221 222 /** 223 * Removes this client endpoint from the server endpoint's list of known clients. 224 */ 225 @Override 226 public void close() { 227 serverEndpointUDP.removeClient(clientSocketAddress); 228 } 229 230 /** 231 * @return {@link Socket#isClosed()}. 232 */ 233 @Override 234 public boolean isClosed() { 235 return serverEndpointUDP.hasClient(clientSocketAddress); 236 } 237 238 /** 239 * Returns the client's {@link InetAddress} for logging purposes. In case of UDP {@link SocketAddress} is actually used to identify and 240 * communicate with the server. 241 * 242 * @return {@link #clientInetAddress}. 243 */ 244 @Override 245 public InetAddress getInetAddress() { 246 return clientInetAddress; 247 } 248 249 /** 250 * Sends a message in the form of a {@link DatagramPacket}, using {@link DatagramSocket#send(DatagramPacket)}. 251 * 252 * @param message The message to send to client. 253 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link DatagramPacket#DatagramPacket(byte[], int, SocketAddress)} and 254 * {@link DatagramSocket#send(DatagramPacket)}. 255 */ 256 @Override 257 public void send(final String message) 258 throws IOException { 259 final DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(message.getBytes(), message.length(), clientSocketAddress); 260 datagramSocket.send(packet); 261 } 262 263 /** 264 * Adds a datagram packet to the {@link #queue} to be processed, which is done by calling {@link #readLine()}. This is so that it mimics 265 * how TCP messages are read, molded into a uniform abstraction ({@link ClientEndpoint}). 266 *
 267 * The difference between TCP and UDP is that UDP messages are pushed, by TCP messages can be pulled by the system. And so we need to 268 * cache (or 'queue') the UDP messages until they are pulled by the server the same way TCP messages are being pulled. 269 * 270 * @param datagramPacket The {@link DatagramPacket} to add to the queue waiting for {@link #readLine()} calls the same way a TCP 271 * messages are retrieved by the server. 272 */ 273 public void handleDatagramPacket(final DatagramPacket datagramPacket) { 274 queue.add(datagramPacket); 275 } 276 277 /** 278 * Returns a String line from the next {@link DatagramPacket} in the {@link #queue}. This is done by using a {@link BufferedReader} to 279 * read {@link DatagramPacket#getData()}. If there are no datagram packets to convert to a string line, this method blocks until a 280 * datagram packet is received or the socket has been closed. 281 * 282 * @return A complete datagram packet value read using {@link BufferedReader#readLine()} so that it detects the newline and zero/NULL 283 * character. 284 * @throws IOException Thrown by {@link BufferedReader#readLine()}. 285 */ 286 @Override 287 public String readLine() 288 throws IOException { 289 while (!datagramSocket.isClosed()) { 290 if (queue.size() > 0) { 291 final DatagramPacket datagram = queue.removeFirst(); 292 final BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader( 293 new InputStreamReader(new ByteArrayInputStream(datagram.getData()))); 294 return bufferedReader.readLine(); 295 } else { 296 ServerUtil.defaultSleep(); 297 } 298 } 299 // socket.close() will be called when the SwiftSocketServer is stopping, 300 // returning null won't cause NullPointerException in that case 301 return null; 302 } 303 304 /** 305 * Does nothing, since the entire message is conveyed by a {@link DatagramPacket} and we don't need the extra read for get out the NULL 306 * character (which was needed in case of Flash clients on TCP sockets). 307 */ 308 @Override 309 public void read() { 310 // 311 } 312 }


Critical Questions (information list)
- How confident are you that this assumption is correct?
- What explains your degree of confidence?
- What circumstances or information might undermine this assumption?
- Could this assumption have been true in the past, but less so now?
- Are there lots of calls to share the article or join mailing lists?
- How aggressively are adverts and calls to share placed?
- Does the title of the article reflect the content? Does it have a "clickbait" title?
- How engaged is the author with the platform the content appears on?
- Is content aggressive and/or very bold?
- How objective and unbiased is the language?
- Is the tone emotive or exaggerated?
- Is language used that qualifies the degree of confidence in the claim?
- Is the claim justified with convincing evidence?
- Can the content be independently fact-checked?
- Is supporting evidence accurately represented?
- What is the evidence for the charge of bias?
- Is this a type of dialogue that requires a participant to take evidence on both sides of an issue into account?


Here is a link to assignments given by Professional Computer Aided Design II. Click here for the assignments
SVG PRACTICE 1 CLASS PRACTICE CIRCLES INTERACTIVE MAP
Proffesional CAD is a course for 3rd year students thought in EiABC that helps students learn and grasp basic and indepth knowlege of BIM, Revit, CAD, HTML, CSS and other softwares
The project was part of Architectural Design Course which was based on Addis Sefers. This site was gola sefer.
Integrated Design I project on Customary and First Instance Courts.


--- layout: page title: Team ---
| Norihiro Yoshida | Nagoya University | Japan |
| Hitesh Sajnani | Microsoft | USA |
| Foutse Khomh | DGIGL, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal | Canada |
| Daqing Hou | Clarkson University | USA |
| Yoshiki Higo | Osaka University | Japan |
| Ravindra Naik | Tata Consultancy Services | India |
| Xin Peng | Fudan University | China |
| Matthew Stephan | Miami University | USA |
| Lingxiao Jiang | Singapore Management University | Singapore |
| Eunjong Choi | Kyoto Institute of Technology | Japan |
| Jens Krinke | University College London | UK |
| Banani Roy | University of Saskatchewan | Canada |
| Chaiyong Ragkhitwetsagul | Mahidol University | Thailand |
| Raula Gaikovina Kula | Nara Institute of Science and Technology | Japan |


About
Hi! Glad you found my website.
I'm a Msc. student major in Computer Science and Engineering.
Here are some of my random thinkings on random things.
You can always find me at my email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Hi! Glad you found my website.
I'm a Msc. student major in Computer Science and Engineering.
Here are some of my random thinkings on random things.
You can always find me at my email minqiulee@gmail.com


Split panes can be nested. Re-size the browser window and drag the dividers to see the effect.
Look at the source of this resource to learn about setting them up.


Click 'Enter XR' to see content
This sample demonstrates a simple VR session that shows the user's hands. If your device supports this feature, you will see your hands using a set of cubes. Each cube represents a joint in your hand. Back
Click 'Enter XR' to see content


See below a list of features that Citrus provides as a test automation framework for enterprise integration testing. If you are missing a feature in Citrus
please help us and submit a feature request. You can also just vote
for ideas and features on http://citrusframework.atlassian.net, so we can start
developing those things that are most relevant to you.
Control the test flow
- Send and receive messages and specify control messages for validation
- Simulate interface partners supporting a wide range of protocols (Http, JMS, SOAP WebServices, TCP/IP, ...)
- Force timeouts and error situations
- Define the sequence of messages
- Wait for messages to arrive
- Trigger messages and validate responses
- Save dynamic message content and reuse those later in test case (proper response generation with dynamic identifiers)
- Test complex messaging scenarios with step by step sequence of operations
- Use advanced logic in test cases (loops, delays, retries, parallel sections, ...)
Message validation
- Message header validation
- XML message payload validation
- XML tree comparison
- XPath element validation
- Groovy XML validation
- XML schema and DTD validation
- Groovy message validaiton
Database access/validation
- Validate existence of data
- Prepare/simulate database content
- Execute queries and use database content in tests
Test writing
- Human readable tests (XML format)
- Simple test creation (cross-editor support, XML schema support)
- Separation of test cases and environment configurations (easy environment switching, improved maintenance)
Effective testing
- Test grouping / test templates / test suites
- IDE support (execute tests as TestNG/JUnit tests from Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA or NetBeans)
- Integration into build lifecycle (Maven, ANT)
- Reliable failure descriptions
- Reports and test results
- Parallel test execution realistic message load on tested system and faster test runs
- Provide test plan and document test coverage
Framework extensions
- Write adapters to support more protocols
- Write customized functions
- Write customized test actions
- Execute Groovy code


 We specialize in saving you time and money in premium air travel. You get the very best but least costly first and business class airfare. We offer superior service to meet all your travel needs.
Go Fly First uses a specially developed flight consolidator database to find reduced-fare flights for first and business travel. The savings are up to 70% off published airfares and are directly passed onto our clients! You will enjoy all the benefits of first and business class travel at affordable fares.
Imagine having your very own personal travel concierge;, always there, always ready, taking you places around the world wherever you want to go. Go Fly First is your go to travel specialist.
Designed from the ground up with the requirements of our customers in mind, Go Fly First is your concierge service at your service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. Your priorities are our specializations. We take you places you want to go, provide you with service you expect to receive, and offer you the best rates. In short you, Go Fly First offers you superior service to meet all your travel needs.
One of the key things to keep in mind when designing any system for multiple customers is diversity. In the airline industry no two customers have the exact same travel requirements. Some prefer to fly exclusively on first class and others are more inclined to get the best rates available. A diverse system is key here; one that every customer can utilize to their advantage. This is what Go Fly First offers our customers.
From First class tickets and corporate travel deals to EB-5 travel arrangements and last minute airfare deals, Go Fly First is committed to providing you with speedy, reliable, trusted service to accommodate your travel needs.
Business Class tickets are our specialty and we keep our site regularly updates with the latest, hottest discount airfare and corporate packages. We understand that some travelers would require special arrangements beforehand in order to fly promptly and hence Go Fly First, we consider it to be a part of our job to facilitate such arrangements and provide our customers with a smooth, seamless, stress-free travel.
 Using this system, our customers can find the latest information on flights going to their destination cities around the world. You name it, the system will provide it for you. Are you looking for reduced-fare flights for first class and business class? Are you taking a company group to a remote resort and would like to know what kind of corporate deals are available? Need a last minute available flight on an urgent basis? Go Fly First, can assist you with all of these inquires and much more. And the savings are simply phenomenal in some cases up to 70% off. The savings are up to 70% off published airfares that are directly passed onto our clients. That’s like flying first class at economy price. Who wouldn’t want that?
We are confident that you will find diversity in what we offer, quality in our service, reliability in our system, all elegantly bundled to suit even the most seasoned of travelers. Go Fly First is your very own trusted person online travel concierge.
At Go Fly First, We Connect you to the World.


WiFi LED Homepage
RGB Cluster
RGB Repeat
Blue
Green
Red
Purple
Yellow
White
Off
Faster
Slower
Stop Animation
Default Speed


Create new APP (a helloworld example)
The sample on security area : It detect whether people moves in every 1s. If someone moves, it will be buzzing to alert.
Create App
- Open the browser in your host machine, make sure the machine is in the same network with Edison board.
- Visit
<your edison ip>:8080
in browser
- Create new App


Heading 1
Heading 2
Heading 3
Heading 4
Heading 5
Heading 6
This is a paragraph
This is text as well
Google logo
Color:
Dog:
Email:
Number:
Size:
Url:
Best color:
Blue
Green
Red
Yellow
Best color:
UP


| Home | Trees | Indices | Help |
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Decorator that caches a function's return value each time it is called. If called later with the same arguments, the cached value is returned, and not re-evaluated. from http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonDecoratorLibrary seb 20100624: if cacheSize not None: hold no more than `cacheSize` results in cache this is useful to limit memory usage if more calls are made, cache is used in FIFO mode, i.e. oldest results are "forgotten" first
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x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature
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cacheSize = None --> inifinite memoizing cache cacheSize = 0 --> memoizing turned off (for testing !?) cacheSize > 0 --> memoizing used for up to cacheSize different arguments (limit used to save memory) if clearNow: clear cache completely now note: if cacheSize was None, setting to finite size will NOT adjust cacheSize, and the cache will always stay (by the current size) larger than the given value. unless you have clearNow=True, or until you call clearCache later |
repr(x)
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str(x)
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| Home | Trees | Indices | Help |
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| Generated by Epydoc 3.0.1 on Mon Nov 22 14:59:46 2010 | http://epydoc.sourceforge.net |


Pass arbitrary values between your module files
```css /* colors.css */ @value primary: #BF4040; @value secondary: #1F4F7F;
.text-primary { color: primary; }
.text-secondary { color: secondary; } ```
css
/* breakpoints.css */
@value small: (max-width: 599px);
@value medium: (min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 959px);
@value large: (min-width: 960px);
```css /* my-component.css / / alias paths for other values or composition / @value colors: “./colors.css”; / import multiple from a single file / @value primary, secondary from colors; / make local aliases to imported values */ @value small as bp-small, large as bp-large from “./breakpoints.css”;
.header { composes: text-primary from colors; box-shadow: 0 0 10px secondary; }
@media bp-small { .header { box-shadow: 0 0 4px secondary; } } @media bp-large { .header { box-shadow: 0 0 20px secondary; } } ```
If you are using Sass along with this PostCSS plugin, do not use the colon :
in your @value
definitions. It will cause Sass to crash.
Note also you can import multiple values at once but can only define one value per line.
css
@value a: b, c: d; /* defines a as "b, c: d" */
See this PR for more background
ISC
Glen Maddern, 2015.


AppVersionLabel
@IBDesignable
open class AppVersionLabel : UILabel
UILabel which is autopopulated with information about installed version of the app. Can be used programmatically or in Storyboards
-
Desired version format
Declaration
Swift
public var format: AppInfo.VersionFormat { get set }
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Init UILable with frame
Declaration
Swift
override public init(frame: CGRect)
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Init UILable with from coder
Declaration
Swift
required public init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder)


japanese occupation Aishite Imasu 1941: Mahal Kita Joey Lamangan 2014 | 1 hr 47 min pg-13 womencolonialism
spanish colonization Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo Enzo Williams 2014 | 1 hr 40 min pg-13 nation buildingbiopicpolitics
American Colonial Period Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral Jerrold Tarog 2018 | 2 hr 35 min pg-13 nation buildingbiopicpolitics
American Colonial Period Heneral Luna Jerrold Tarog 2015 | 1 hr 58 min R-13 nation buildingbiopicpolitics
spanish colonization Jose Rizal Marilou Diaz Abaya 1998 | 2 hr 58 min pg-13 nation buildingbiopiccolonialism
american colonial period Minsa'y Isang Gamu-Gamo Lupita Concio 1976 | 1 hr 39 min pg-13 Family DynamicsWomencolonialism
post martial law Ninoy Aquino and the Rise of People Power Oliver Ledbury 2010 | 57 min Nation buildingDocumentarypolitics
japanese occupation Oro Plata Mata Peque Gallaga 1982 | 3 hr 14 min r-13 Family Dynamicshuman rightswomen
japanese occupation Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos Mario O'Hara 1976 | 2 hr 5 min pg-13 family dynamicshuman rights
post martial law Tu Pug Imatuy (Right to Kill) Arbi Barbarona 2017 | 1 hr 30 min family dynamicshuman rightspolitics
japanese occupation Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos Mario O'Hara 1976 | 2 hr 5 min pg-13 family dynamicshuman rights
american colonial period Minsa'y Isang Gamu-Gamo Lupita Concio 1976 | 1 hr 39 min pg-13 Family DynamicsWomencolonialism
japanese occupation Oro Plata Mata Peque Gallaga 1982 | 3 hr 14 min r-13 Family Dynamicshuman rightswomen
spanish colonization Jose Rizal Marilou Diaz Abaya 1998 | 2 hr 58 min pg-13 nation buildingbiopiccolonialism
post martial law Ninoy Aquino and the Rise of People Power Oliver Ledbury 2010 | 57 min Nation buildingDocumentarypolitics
japanese occupation Aishite Imasu 1941: Mahal Kita Joey Lamangan 2014 | 1 hr 47 min pg-13 womencolonialism
spanish colonization Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo Enzo Williams 2014 | 1 hr 40 min pg-13 nation buildingbiopicpolitics
American Colonial Period Heneral Luna Jerrold Tarog 2015 | 1 hr 58 min R-13 nation buildingbiopicpolitics
post martial law Tu Pug Imatuy (Right to Kill) Arbi Barbarona 2017 | 1 hr 30 min family dynamicshuman rightspolitics
American Colonial Period Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral Jerrold Tarog 2018 | 2 hr 35 min pg-13 nation buildingbiopicpolitics


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FragmentationFragmentation occurs when pieces of the database are no longer contiguous. Fragmentation can consist of disk fragmentation or tablespace fragmentation. Both types of fragmentation usually affect performance. Disk fragmentation usually causes multiple I/Os to occur where one I/O should have been sufficient (such as with chained or migrated rows). Disk fragmentation can also be caused when the extents that make up the database segments are noncontiguous, as happens when there is excessive dynamic growth (see Figure 10.3).
Tablespace fragmentation is caused by the dropping and creation of segments, which can cause large free areas between segments. The free areas result in the inefficient use of space and cause excessive disk seeks over the empty areas (see Figure 10.4). Tablespace fragmentation can also prevent Oracle from taking advantage of multiblock reads.
Tablespace fragmentation can be detected by looking in the Oracle table DBA_EXTENTS with a query such as this one: SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(tablespace_name,1,25) "Tablespace Name", 2 block_id "Block", 3 blocks "Number of Blocks", 4 SUBSTR(segment_name,1,25) "Segment Name" 5 FROM dba_extents 6 WHERE tablespace_name = 'SYSTEM' 7 ORDER BY block_id; Tablespace Name Block Number of Blocks Segment Name ------------------------ -------- ---------------- ------------------------ SYSTEM 2 25 SYSTEM SYSTEM 27 25 SYSTEM SYSTEM 52 60 C_OBJ# SYSTEM 112 5 I_OBJ# SYSTEM 117 5 C_TS# SYSTEM 122 5 I_TS# SYSTEM 127 10 C_FILE#_BLOCK# SYSTEM 137 5 I_FILE#_BLOCK# SYSTEM 142 5 C_USER# SYSTEM 147 5 I_USER# SYSTEM 152 5 UNDO$ SYSTEM 157 5 FILE$ SYSTEM 162 5 OBJ$ SYSTEM 167 5 CON$ SYSTEM 172 25 C_COBJ# SYSTEM 197 5 I_COBJ# SYSTEM 202 5 I_TAB1 SYSTEM 207 5 I_UNDO1 SYSTEM 212 5 I_OBJ1 SYSTEM 217 5 I_OBJ2 SYSTEM 222 5 I_IND1 By examining the blocks, you can determine whether there are any segments missinga process that is quite time consuming c79 and tedious. Another way to detect fragmentation is by using one of many third-party monitoring and defragmentation tools. One way to eliminate fragmentation is to export the table or tablespace data, remove and re-create the table or tablespace, and import the data. Although this process fixes the problem at hand, it may not solve the problem that caused the fragmentation to occur in the first place. You can prevent fragmentation by properly sizing segment storage parameters so that your tables dont span excessive numbers of extents. It can also help to group segments with similar growth characteristics in the same tablespaces. It is also beneficial to avoid unnecessary table or index drops, which also cause fragmentation. Probably of most importance is to separate temporary segments into their own tablespaces. By eliminating fragmentation, you can reduce excessive I/O and CPU usage, streamlining data accesses. And when you reduce any overhead and unnecessary I/O, you improve system performance. Hash ClustersA hash cluster is similar to a cluster but uses a hash function rather than an index to reference the cluster key. A hash cluster stores the data based on the result of a hash function. The hash function is a numeric function that determines the data block in the cluster based on the value of the cluster key. Figure 10.5 shows a hash cluster.
To find the data block in an index cluster, there must first be one or more I/Os to the cluster index to find the correct data block. In a hash cluster, the cluster key itself tells Oracle where the data block is, an arrangement that can reduce to one the number of I/Os needed to retrieve the row. In contrast to the index cluster, which stores related data together based on the rows cluster key value, the hash cluster stores related rows together based on their hash values. The number of hash values is determined by the HASHKEYS value parameter of the CREATE CLUSTER command. The number and size of the cluster keys are very important and should be carefully calculated. Do not use hash clusters on tables where table scans are often performed on only one of the tables in the cluster. The additional space required by the cluster and additional I/O can reduce performance. Do not use a hash cluster on a table where the application frequently modifies the cluster key or when the table is constantly being modified. Because the cluster key is based on a calculation, significant overhead is involved in constantly recalculating the key.
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{% load staticfiles %}
Team Aqua
{% if getResource %} {% for resource in list_of_resources %}
{{ resource.Name }}
{% endfor %} {% else %}
No resources are available. (Talk to Joey about it)
{% endif %}


[t]The Link Checker has detected broken links in the CMS[/t]
[t]The following links were not working when tested:[/t]
[t]Site[/t]
[t]Language[/t]
[t]Page[/t]
[t]Link[/t]
{foreach from=$brokenlinks item=i}
{$i.site}
{if $i.language}{$langs[$i.language]}{/if}
{if $i.title}{$i.title}{else}{$i.page_id}{/if}
{$i.link}
{/foreach}


Short name or label of this entity.
Longer description of the entity.
This should be one or two words denoting the type, such as "Idea", "Field", "Paper", "SQL Query".
The date/time should be precise as possible.