[§211D-10] Reports; audits. (a) The department shall submit to the legislature an annual status report on the program's activities.
(b) The financial transactions of the fund are subject to audit by the auditor. [L 2000, c 290, pt of §2]


Incomes of social media influencers soar amid resctrictions
by Tech DeskSocial media influencers have the ability to sell your product to a vast audience due to which they are charging a hefty price as well.
Instagram recently banned sponsorship content for weight loss products as it has a negative impact on society. There were three influencers posts that had been banned by the Advertising Standards Authority, labelling them ‘irresponsible’.
However, there are numerous fashion and cosmetic brands that are willing to pay a good amount to generate popularity.
According to the marketing firm Izea, the price of a sponsored photo on Instagram has gone from $134 in 2014 to $1,642 in 2019.
The report further stated that sponsored Instagram photo price has risen 44 per cent from 2018 to 2019. A sponsored blog post would make around $7.39 in 2006 spiked high to $1,442 in 2019.
YouTube content creators benefited the most from this marketplace with a sponsored content price of $420 in 2014 to $6,700 in 2019 while Twitter posts have risen from $29 in 2014 to $422 in 2019 and single Facebook status update has risen from $8 in 2014 to $395 in 2019.
“Digital marketing is the equivalent of word of mouth but there will always be a mix between that and traditional advertising,” said Yuval Ben-Itzhak, chief executive of social media marketing platform Socialbakers.
Recently, Instagram also experimented hiding “likes” on posts but Itzhak thinks influencers will not be impacted at all.
“Influencers will still be able to see what engagement they have and it is common practice to grant permission to brands so that they can see that too,” stated Itzhak.
However, watchdogs haven’t turned a blind eye to this, there are tougher laws and regulations placed on social media platforms.
Competition and Markets Authority has issued warning that influencers would be breaking consumer law if they do not make it clear when they advertise a product or brand.
Furthermore, the research suggests that influencer-sponsored posts spiked by 150 per cent in the last year, with double the use of the hashtag #ad.
Brands are willing to increase their spending on influencer marketing in 2020, making it a $10 billion industry.
This article originally published on BBC Tech.


THE CREW A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 2000 Steve Rhodes RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
Old wise guys don't die; they just wheeze away.
In Michael Dinner's THE CREW, Joey "Bats" Pistella (Burt Reynolds), Bobby Bartellemeo (Richard Dreyfuss), Mike "The Brick" Donatelli (Dan Hedaya) and Tony "The Mouth" Donato (Seymour Cassel) are four old geezers who call themselves the Crew and who used to be made men in the mob, but now they're slowly dying of boredom in the rusty, run-down Raj Mahal Hotel on a beach in Florida.
Friends since childhood, they were used to living together in the laps of luxury as consummate criminals. "You said the good times were going to last forever," Bats complains. "I thought we'd be dead by now," Bobby tells him.
Now in their declining years, they have been relegated to working minimum wage jobs to earn enough to the pay the rent. Apparently, the investments of the mob's pension fund must have gone sour. The hot-tempered Bats works in the fast food industry as an order taker at Burger King, not exactly a job well suited for his fiery demeanor. "Lady, I know what the commercial says, but special orders do upset us," he angrily tells one customer who dares suggest adjustments in her burger's preparation.
A rise in the rents gives them just the opportunity they need to put a little of the old zest back into their lives. Figuring that the rents will go down if someone is murdered in their hotel, they decide to shoot a corpse from the morgue, where The Brick works.
The man does end up shot, and the Crew gets a drug lord and his gang after them in the process. In addition, Detective Olivia Neal (Carrie-Anne Moss from THE MATRIX) starts investigating the murder. Moss, in an underwritten role, turns in one of the film's best performances. Neal makes mincemeat of her fellow cop and former lover, Steve Menteer (Jeremy Piven). Suffice it to say that you don't want to mess with her feet.
In low-cut dresses that make her breasts look like huge cantaloupes, Ferris (Jennifer Tilly) is a member of "the leisure profession." Reeking humorous sleaze, Ferris hires the Crew to whack her stepmom, played by Lainie Kazan.
 Writer Barry Fanaro (KINGPIN) just doesn't come up with quite enough good stuff for me to be able to recommend the picture.
Older audiences, however, will likely be as pleased with it as were my parents. Based on the volume of their laughter, the line that resonated with them the most was: "As you get older things that happened 30 years ago seem realer than things that happened today."
THE CREW runs 1:30. It is rated PG-13 for sexual content, violence and language and would be acceptable for kids around 11 and up.
My son Jeffrey, age 11, said that the movie was pretty good and gave it ** 1/2. He complained, correctly, that the film's trailers give away the best lines.
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--- layout: default ---
The Chrome debugging protocol allows for tools to instrument, inspect, debug and profile Chromium, Chrome and other Blink-based browsers. The Chrome DevTools uses this protocol and the team maintains its API.
For production use, consider the stable protocol version. Many existing projects currently use the protocol.
commit d81769a470e8baf5e09aa990e4a510ed8d3da9722144656dc5d080 Date: Mon Mar 7 12:16:01 2016 -0800https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/third_party/WebKit/Source/devtools/+/d81769a470e8baf5e09aa990e4a510ed8d3da9722144656dc5d080


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Happily was an app developed to help people monitor how they feel day to day, then give the user an update
on how they were feeling each month. The apps primary perpose was to bring awarnes to the users mnetal health
and provide Suggestions on how to deal with the emotions they are experencing. The app tack the users mood on
a calender and sends alerts to user who are experencing frequent days of sadness or grief.
To use the app the user clicks on the get started button, answer a question, takes a selfie, and then gets an analitic of what kind
of emotions they are experencing. The app asks the user a differnt question everyday, so that has the user refect on how they are
feeling that day. The app uses machine learning technology read the emotions on the users face and determine how the user is feeling.
“How might we think beyond banking to create meaningful solutions to make Canadian lives better?”
The theme of this app is mental health. I wanted the colour scheme of the app to be somehthing that was soothing and calming for the user to look at. I experimented with soft and low saturated colours and went through many ideations before choosing one.
It was Important for the font on the app was readable and simple. The users on the app need to be able to read its content without any problems, the font has to be readable and functional. I tested different fonts and went through many different types of styles before choosing one.
In conclusion, by analyzing other social media platforms of other co working spaces, we have discovered that using all features of the platform (stories, hashtags, reposting, etc.) can really increase community involvement and overall traffic of the platform. Should NUVO choose to implement these ideas, we believe they could benefit significantly.


Test Driven Developement C++ With Eclipse
The first thing to do is create a new project for testing. I have a project called MyProject, and then I create a new project called MyProjectTesting.
I have all the source code in a folder called src.
Download the Google C++ Testing Framework at these link : http://code.google.com/p/googletest/downloads/detail?name=gtest-1.6.0.zip&can=2&q= .
Make a folder into your project and name it testing_lib, and then extract the Google Testing framework with the following command (from the Google Test folder):
*/scripts/fuse_gtest_files.py ./testing_lib*
Now the most important part, create a folder and name it imported_src. While you’re creating it select advanced, and then Link to alternate location, and select the *src* folder in MyProject, like in these screenshot.
Now you’ve a mirror to your src folder. Select the file containing the main, and right-click. Select Exclude from build, and select all the build profiles.
Now we need to tell the compiler how to link the test library with the source file. First of all create a folder in your project and name it test; then right-click on test ->properties->C/C++ Build, and then add to the Includes->Incude Path two folders: the first is the folder with the test library, that we call testing_lib, and the other id the original source file folder, called imported_src, as showed in these screenshot.
Make the same thing with the testing folder, but these time link the folder with itself. These is an important step, if you don’t do this, the compiler’ll complain.
Now in the test folder add a file called MainTest.cpp and paste the following code:
include "gtest/gtest.h" int main(int argc, char **argv) { ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv); return RUN_ALL_TESTS(); }This will launch all the tests (these step is not necessary because the testing framework has an auto-main option). After that write a first test case, let’s assume that I have a class called Sin that implements a simple sin function. Now I write a simple test case using GoogleTest rules, and launch it, the result is showed here: You’ve done! Now you can write all the test case that you want, and Google Test Framework’ll execute all the tests on your source code without modifying it.


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Filters
class Filters
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Swift
var showOpen = true
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var showClosed = true
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var sortBy = SortMethod.alphabetical
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var openFirst = true
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var showAlerts = ["Informational":true, "Minor Alerts":true, "Major Alerts":true]
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var onlyFromLocations = [String: Bool]() // Locations to show, could simply use Location objects instead if you wanted
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var onlyFromCategories = [String: Bool]() // same as above, but for Categories, not Locations
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var onlyFromCampuses = [String: Bool]() // and for campuses
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init()
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func setShowOpen(_ to: Bool) -> Bool
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func setShowClosed(_ to: Bool) -> Bool
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func setOpenFirst(_ to: Bool) -> Bool
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func setCategory(_ category: String?, to: Bool) -> Bool
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func setLocation(_ location: String?, to: Bool) -> Bool


About Us
"Technology is a glittering lure. But there's the rare occasion when the public can be engaged on a level beyond flash, if they have a sentimental bond with the product.
My first job, I was in-house at a fur company, with this old pro copywriter. Greek, named Teddy. And Teddy told me the most important idea in advertising is 'new'. Creates an itch. You simply put your product in there as a kind of... calamine lotion. But he also talked about a deeper bond with the product: nostalgia. It's delicate... but potent. Teddy told me that, in Greek, 'nostalgia' literally means, 'the pain from an old wound.' It's a twinge in your heart, far more powerful than memory alone.
This device isn't a spaceship. It's a time machine. It goes backwards, forwards. It takes us to a place where we ache to go again. It's not called the Wheel. It's called a Carousel. It lets us travel the way a child travels. Around and around, and back home again... to a place where we know we are loved."
- Don Draper
(pitch to Kodak, Season 1, Episode 13)
"Technology is a glittering lure. But there's the rare occasion when the public can be engaged on a level beyond flash, if they have a sentimental bond with the product.
My first job, I was in-house at a fur company, with this old pro copywriter. Greek, named Teddy. And Teddy told me the most important idea in advertising is 'new'. Creates an itch. You simply put your product in there as a kind of... calamine lotion. But he also talked about a deeper bond with the product: nostalgia. It's delicate... but potent. Teddy told me that, in Greek, 'nostalgia' literally means, 'the pain from an old wound.' It's a twinge in your heart, far more powerful than memory alone.
This device isn't a spaceship. It's a time machine. It goes backwards, forwards. It takes us to a place where we ache to go again. It's not called the Wheel. It's called a Carousel. It lets us travel the way a child travels. Around and around, and back home again... to a place where we know we are loved."
- Don Draper
(pitch to Kodak, Season 1, Episode 13)


Pope Francis arrives in Japan to preach against nuclear weapons
by Jon LevinePope Francis touched down in Japan Saturday for a visit to preach against the dangers of nuclear weapons. The visit is the second leg of a weeklong swing through Asia for the pontiff, who made his first stop in Thailand.
While in Japan, Francis. 82, is expected to meet with bishops in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Reuters reported. Both locations were struck by atomic bombs within days of each other in the summer of 1945 as the U.S. sought to bring a final conclusion to World War II.
“I wish to meet those who still bear the wounds of this tragic episode in human history,” Francis said, the wire service reported.
It’s the first time a Pope has visited Japan in 38 years. Francis will spend four days in the country and is expected to meet with top officials including Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Emperor Naruhito, NHK reported.


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@techreport{Boussemart2003a, title = {{Bennet} Profit Function and {Luenberger} Productivity Indicators: Linking Both Indicators, Their Decompositions and Observed and Shadow Prices}, author = {Boussemart, Jean-Philippe and Briec, Walter and Kerstens, Kristiaan}, institution = {Universit\'{e} Catholique de Lille, LABORES}, year = {2003}, address = {Lille}, note = {Unpublished}, number = {2003-04}, type = {Document de travail}, owner = {Kristiaan Kerstens}, timestamp = {2013.01.03} }
@techreport{Kerstens1989, title = {Voorbij het Utilitarisme: A. {Sen} over Rechtvaardigheid en Autonomie}, author = {Kerstens, Kristiaan}, institution = {UFSIA}, year = {1989}, address = {Antwerpen}, note = {Unpublished}, number = {19}, type = {EMC-werkdocument}, owner = {Kristiaan Kerstens}, timestamp = {2013.01.03} }
@techreport{Kerstens2020a, author = {Kerstens, K. and Sadeghi, J. and Van de Woestyne, I. and Walden, J.}, title = {Short-Run Johansen Frontier-Based Industry Models: Methodological Refinements and Empirical Illustration on Fisheries}, institution = {IESEG School of Management}, year = {2020}, type = {Working paper}, number = {2020-EQM-01}, address = {Lille}, note = {Unpublished}, url = {../pdf/2020-EQM-01.pdf} }
@techreport{Cesaroni2020, author = {Cesaroni, G. and Kerstens, K. and Van De Woestyne, I.}, title = {The Shape of Ray Average Cost and Its Role in Multioutput Scale Economies: Some Generalisations}, institution = {IESEG School of Management}, year = {2020}, type = {Working paper}, number = {2020-EQM-03}, address = {Lille}, note = {Unpublished}, url = {../pdf/2020-EQM-03.pdf} }
@techreport{Kerstens2021c, author = {Kerstens, K. and Sadeghi, J.}, title = {Plant Capacity Notions: Existence Results at Firm and Industry Levels}, institution = {IESEG School of Management}, year = {2021}, type = {Working paper}, number = {2021-EQM-04}, address = {Lille}, note = {Unpublished}, url = {../pdf/2021-EQM-04.pdf} }
@techreport{Chen2021, author = {Chen, X. and Kerstens, K. and Zhu, Q.}, title = {Exploring Horizontal Mergers in {Swedish} District Courts Using Convex and Nonconvex Technologies: Usefulness of a Conservative Approach}, institution = {IESEG School of Management}, year = {2021}, type = {Working paper}, number = {2021-EQM-05}, address = {Lille}, note = {Unpublished}, url = {../pdf/2021-EQM-05.pdf} }
@techreport{Jin2023, author = {Jin, Q. and Kerstens, K. and Van de Woestyne, I.}, title = {Convex and Nonconvex Nonparametric Frontier-based Classification Methods for Anomaly Detection}, institution = {IESEG School of Management}, year = {2023}, type = {Working paper}, number = {2023-EQM-01}, address = {Lille}, note = {Unpublished}, url = {../pdf/2023-EQM-01.pdf} }
@techreport{Chen2023a, author = {Chen, X. and Kerstens, K. and Tsionas, M.}, title = {Does Productivity Change at All in {Swedish} District Courts? Empirical Analysis Focusing on Horizontal Mergers}, institution = {IESEG School of Management}, year = {2023}, type = {Working Paper}, address = {Lille}, number = {2023-EQM-03}, note = {Unpublished}, url = {../pdf/2023-EQM-03.pdf} }
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Hypothesis
- class datatoolkit.hypothesis.HypothesisTest
Abstract base class for hypothesis tests.
- run(name: str, **kwargs)
Run test
- Parameters
name (str) – Name of test to be run
- Returns
- Return type
(None)
- class datatoolkit.hypothesis.SingleSampleTest(data: numpy.array)
- stationarity(**kwargs)
[summary]
- Returns
[description]
- Return type
[type]
Example
>>> x = np.arange(365) >>> data = np.sin(pi*x/60) >>> test = SingleSampleTest(data) >>> test.run("stationarity") >>> test.name 'stationarity' >>> test.stat -7612364038365.818 >>> test.pval 0.0 >>> test.accept_h0 False
- class datatoolkit.hypothesis.TwoSampleTest(control: numpy.array, treatment: numpy.array)
- ind_t(**kwargs)
Calculate the T-test for the means of two independent samples of scores. The null-hypothesis (H0) is: mean(control) <= mean(treatment) The alternative hypothesis (H1) is: mean(control) > mean(treatment) This test provides the probability to see the sample’s test statistic or something that is even less in line with the null hypothesis (H0) under the H0: P(T<=0|H0), where T is the Welch’s_t-test statistic [4, 2].
- Necessary Assumptions [1]:
The means of the two populations being compared should follow
normal distributions. Under weak assumptions, this follows in large samples from the central limit theorem, even when the distribution of observations in each group is non-normal.[18]
If using Student’s original definition of the t-test, the two
populations being compared should have the same variance (testable using F-test, Levene’s test, Bartlett’s test, or the Brown–Forsythe test; or assessable graphically using a Q–Q plot). If the sample sizes in the two groups being compared are equal, Student’s original t-test is highly robust to the presence of unequal variances. Welch’s t-test is insensitive to equality of the variances regardless of whether the sample sizes are similar.
The data used to carry out the test should either be sampled
independently from the two populations being compared or be fully paired. This is in general not testable from the data, but if the data are known to be dependent (e.g. paired by test design), a dependent test has to be applied. For partially paired data, the classical independent t-tests may give invalid results as the test statistic might not follow a t distribution, while the dependent t-test is sub-optimal as it discards the unpaired data
Most two-sample t-tests are robust to all but large deviations from the assumptions
- Parameters
control (Iterable) – Iterable containing average to be tested
treatment (Iterable) – Iterable containing average to be tested
pval_threshold (float, optional) – p-value threshold. Defaults to 0.05.
- Returns
Test statistic and p-value
- Return type
(float, float)
Example
>>> np.random.seed(1) # seed the random number generator >>> control = 5 * np.random.randn(100) + 50 >>> treatment = 5 * np.random.randn(100) + 51 >>> test = TwoSampleTest(control, treatment) >>> test.run("ind_t") >>> test.name 'ind_t' >>> test.stat -2.2620139704259556 >>> test.pval 0.024782819014639627 >>> test.accept_h0 False
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test [2] https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/491294/can-you-multiply-p-values-if-you-perform-the-same-test-multiple-times [3] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15984221/how-to-perform-two-sample-one-tailed-t-test-with-numpy-scipy [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%27s_t-test [5] https://machinelearningmastery.com/how-to-code-the-students-t-test-from-scratch-in-python/
- ind_z(**kwargs)
Do a independent z-test to verify if the difference of a mean between treatment and control is statistically significant. The need for independent test is because the variance of control and treatment are not necessarily equal.
- Necessary Assumptions [3]:
Nuisance parameters should be known, or estimated with high accuracy
(an example of a nuisance parameter would be the standard deviation in a one-sample location test). Z-tests focus on a single parameter, and treat all other unknown parameters as being fixed at their true values. In practice, due to Slutsky’s theorem, “plugging in” consistent estimates of nuisance parameters can be justified. However if the sample size is not large enough for these estimates to be reasonably accurate, the Z-test may not perform well.
The test statistic should follow a normal distribution. Generally, one appeals to the central limit
theorem to justify assuming that a test statistic varies normally. There is a great deal of statistical research on the question of when a test statistic varies approximately normally. If the variation of the test statistic is strongly non-normal, a Z-test should not be used.
- Parameters
control (Iterable) – Iterable containing average to be tested
treatment (Iterable) – Iterable containing average to be tested
pval_threshold (float, optional) – p-value threshold. Defaults to 0.05.
- Returns
Test statistic and p-value
- Return type
(float, float)
Example
>>> np.random.seed(1) # seed the random number generator >>> control = 5 * np.random.randn(100) + 50 >>> treatment = 5 * np.random.randn(100) + 51 >>> test = TwoSampleTest(control, treatment) >>> test.run("ind_z") >>> test.name 'ind_z' >>> test.stat -2.2620139704259556 >>> test.pval 0.02369654016419 >>> test.accept_h0 False
References
[1] https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/124096/two-samples-z-test-in-python [2] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/65235896/statsmodel-z-test-not-working-as-intended-statsmodels-stats-weightstats-compare [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-test [4] https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/491294/can-you-multiply-p-values-if-you-perform-the-same-test-multiple-times


Click the button below to generate a random gradient hex color combination.
The hex codes of the colors are
#00000
Click at your own risk


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IIIT, bangalore May 2010-July 2010
Distribute Systems/Fault Tolerance Algebra
I got an opportunity to pursue a 2 months research internship in second year of college with Prof. Shrisha Rao, at International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore.
I was assigned the task of developing algebra for degradation analysis of fault tolerant computer systems, which I carried out successfully.
The apogee of my internship was when I proposed to consider the use of probabilistic choice in selection of distributed systems in parallel, instead of considering the generic equiprobable systems.
Intrigued with the idea, Prof. Shrisha Rao motivated me to develop a comprehensive algebra to handle such distributed systems.
A major outcome of this project was publication of a manuscript titled ‘Degradation analysis of probabilistic choice systems’ in the renowned journal, International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539314500120)


It's a style of music and dance that originated in Cuba and gained worldwide popularity during the 1930s. Son combines the structure and feel of the Spanish canción with Afro-Cuban traits and percussion.
Timba is a Cuban genre of music based on popular Cuban music along with salsa, American funk/R&B, and the strong influence of Afro-Cuban folkloric music.
Rumba is a secular genre of Cuban music involving dance, percussion, and song. It originated in the northern regions of Cuba, mainly in urban Havana and Matanzas, during the late 19th century.


Logline
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I have read and agree with the "Terms & Conditions & NDA"
Once you’ve agreed with the terms – you can’t unselect the check-box
You won’t be able to edit this film later anymore. Do you really want to submit it?


|
Bolt Preview
0.4.4
C++ template library with support for OpenCL
|
Functions | |
| template<typename InputIterator , typename UnaryFunction , typename T , typename BinaryFunction > | |
| T | bolt::cl::transform_reduce (InputIterator first, InputIterator last, UnaryFunction transform_op, T init, BinaryFunction reduce_op, const std::string &user_code="") |
| transform_reduce fuses transform and reduce operations together, increasing performance by reducing memory passes. | |
| template<typename InputIterator , typename UnaryFunction , typename T , typename BinaryFunction > | |
| T | bolt::cl::transform_reduce (const control &ctl, InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1, UnaryFunction transform_op, T init, BinaryFunction reduce_op, const std::string &user_code="") |
| transform_reduce fuses transform and reduce operations together, increasing performance by reducing memory passes. |
| T bolt::cl::transform_reduce | ( | InputIterator | first, |
| InputIterator | last, | ||
| UnaryFunction | transform_op, | ||
| T | init, | ||
| BinaryFunction | reduce_op, | ||
| const std::string & | user_code = "" |
||
| ) |
transform_reduce fuses transform and reduce operations together, increasing performance by reducing memory passes.
Logically, a transform operation is performed over the input sequence using the unary function and stored into a temporary sequence; then, a reduction operation is applied using the binary function to return a single value.
| first | The beginning of the input sequence. |
| last | The end of the input sequence. |
| transform_op | A unary tranformation operation. |
| init | The initial value for the accumulator. |
| reduce_op | The binary operation used to combine two values. By default, the binary operation is plus<>(). |
| user_code | Optional OpenCL™ code to be passed to the OpenCL compiler. The cl_code is inserted first in the generated code, before the cl_code trait. |
| T | The type of the result. |
| InputIterator | is a model of an InputIterator. and InputIterator's value_type is convertible to BinaryFunction's first_argument_type . |
| UnaryFunction | is a model of Unary Function. and UnaryFunction's result_type is convertible to InputIterator's value_type . |
| BinaryFunction | is a model of Binary Function. and BinaryFunction's result_type is convertible to InputIterator's value_type . |
| T bolt::cl::transform_reduce | ( | const control & | ctl, |
| InputIterator | first1, | ||
| InputIterator | last1, | ||
| UnaryFunction | transform_op, | ||
| T | init, | ||
| BinaryFunction | reduce_op, | ||
| const std::string & | user_code = "" |
||
| ) |
transform_reduce fuses transform and reduce operations together, increasing performance by reducing memory passes.
Logically, a transform operation is performed over the input sequence using the unary function and stored into a temporary sequence; then, a reduction operation is applied using the binary function to return a single value.
| ctl | Control structure to control command-queue, debug, tuning, etc. See bolt::cl::control. |
| first | The beginning of the input sequence. |
| last | The end of the input sequence. |
| transform_op | A unary tranformation operation. |
| init | The initial value for the accumulator. |
| reduce_op | The binary operation used to combine two values. By default, the binary operation is plus<>(). |
| user_code | Optional OpenCL™ code to be passed to the OpenCL compiler. The cl_code is inserted first in the generated code, before the cl_code trait. |
| T | The type of the result. |
| InputIterator | is a model of an InputIterator. and InputIterator's value_type is convertible to BinaryFunction's first_argument_type . |
| UnaryFunction | is a model of Unary Function. and UnaryFunction's result_type is convertible to InputIterator's value_type . |
| BinaryFunction | is a model of Binary Function. and BinaryFunction's result_type is convertible to InputIterator's value_type . |


Text alternative for images
In a nutshell ...
Provide alternative text for images.Make sure it conveys the same message.
Every image must ...
-
... have a text equivalent that serves the same purpose,
if it conveys information or a functionality. -
... or be silenced,
if it doesn't convey any information,
or if the information it conveys is always available in text.
This is so that ...
- People who use screen readers can perceive information conveyed via images.
- People who use speech input software can trigger buttons and links that include icons.
On this page:
1. Images that convey information
§-
Does the image convey any information?
→ The text alternative should convey the same information as the image. -
It's not about describing what's on the image:
It's about serving the same purpose as the image (conveying the same information).A picture can seek to convey different information in different contexts.
Example
On a page promoting a holiday resort, the purpose of this picture might be to convey that the resort is family friendly.
2. Images that convey functionality
§-
Does the image describe what a button or a link is going to do?
→ The text alternative should describe the action that will be performed. -
It's not about describing what's on the image:
It's about serving the same purpose as the image: indicating what action will be triggered, or where users will be taken to. -
If the button or link also has text label, see Images that are purely decorative or redundant below.
Example
3. Images that are purely decorative or redundant
§-
The image does not convey any information?
Or it conveys information that's already conveyed in text?
→ It should be silenced usingalt=''
, or be a CSSbackground-image
. -
This is so that screen readers and speech-input software ignore it.
Example
If a button's name is already included in text, the icon shouldn't be read out by screen readers.
4. Complex images
§-
Does the communicate complex information (like an infographics, a chart or a diagram)?
→ The same information should be available in text or as a table within the same page.
Common mistakes§
-
An
img
element with noalt
attribute-
If an image doesn't have an
alt
attribute (orrole=
'presentation'
or'none'
), then screen readers will read the filename. -
Always give
img
elements analt
attribute.role=
'presentation'
or'none'
achieve the same outcome. But it's better not to use ARIA attributes when the same outcome can be achieved with just HTML.
Example
With the code below, screen readers would read out the image like this:
"search underscore icon underscore jeo87668 underscore medium underscore 2x.png Search, button".
-
-
Text alternative that does not serve the same purpose as the image
Example 1
The purpose of this magnifying glass icon is to convey a 'Search' functionality. So its alternative text should be 'Search', not 'Magnifying glass'.
Example 2
This alt text describes what's on the image, but doesn't serve the same purpose as the image.
-
Text alternative that includes redundant words like 'image', 'icon', 'button' or 'select this to ...'
-
The type of the element (such as image or button) should not be included in the text alternative.
An element's type is programmatically determined (based on the HTML element's tag name or `role` attribute) and announced by the screen reader.
Example 1
The alt text should not include 'button'.
This would be read out by screen readers as"Play button, button"
.Example 2
This would be read out by screen readers as
"Picture of a happy family, image"
. -
-
Using CSS
background-image
for images that are not purely decorative or redundant-
Do not use a CSS `background-image` for images that convey purpose or information not already available in text.
-
CSS background images are not available to assistive technologies.
-
CSS background images may only used for:
- decorative images
- images that communicate information or functionality that's also described in text.
-
-
Text alternative that is too verbose
-
Try to be succinct (50 characters max).
-
Verbose alternatives make content harder to listen to and understand for screen reader users.
-
More info
§
More guidance
- Official wording in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
- Alternative text tutorial by WebAIM explains how to write and set alternative text
- The Image concepts tutorial by the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative
- W3C Alt text decision tree
- Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images in the HTML 5.1 specification
- Why CSS `background-image` should not be used to include images that convey important information
Sources and copyright
General guidance and examples
- W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.1 Copyright © 2019 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang). License
- W3C Web Accessibility Tutorials Copyright © 2019 W3C ® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio, Beihang). License
- Government Digital Service WCAG 2.1 Primer licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
- BBC Mobile Accessibility Guidelines licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
- Kin+Carta Accessibility Guidelines licensed under MIT License.
Images
- Search icon: Copyright Rohith M S from the Noun Project, licensed under Creative Commons license
- Pay icon: Copyright Alena Artemova from the Noun Project, licensed under Creative Commons license


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