jarsigner - Signs and verifies Java Archive (JAR) files.
jarsigner [ options ] jar-file alias
jarsigner -verify [ options ] jar-file [alias ...]
options The command-line options. See Options.
-verify
The f3-verify option can take zero or more keystore alias names after the JAR file name. When the f3-verify option is specified, the f3jarsigner command checks that the certificate used to verify each signed entry in the JAR file matches one of the keystore aliases. The aliases are defined in the keystore specified by f3-keystore or the default keystore.
If you also specified the f3-strict option, and the f3jarsigner command detected severe warnings, the message, "jar verified, with signer errors" is displayed.
jar-file The JAR file to be signed.
If you also specified the f3-strict option, and the f3jarsigner command detected severe warnings, the message, "jar signed, with signer errors" is displayed.
alias The aliases are defined in the keystore specified by f3-keystore or the default keystore.
The f3jarsigner tool has two purposes:
(bu To sign Java Archive (JAR) files.
(bu To verify the signatures and integrity of signed JAR files.
The JAR feature enables the packaging of class files, images, sounds, and other digital data in a single file for faster and easier distribution. A tool named f3jar enables developers to produce JAR files. (Technically, any zip file can also be considered a JAR file, although when created by the f3jar command or processed by the f3jarsigner command, JAR files also contain a f3META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file.)
A digital signature is a string of bits that is computed from some data (the data being signed) and the private key of an entity (a person, company, and so on). Similar to a handwritten signature, a digital signature has many useful characteristics:
(bu Its authenticity can be verified by a computation that uses the public key corresponding to the private key used to generate the signature.
(bu It cannot be forged, assuming the private key is kept secret.
(bu It is a function of the data signed and thus cannot be claimed to be the signature for other data as well.
(bu The signed data cannot be changed. If the data is changed, then the signature cannot be verified as authentic.
To generate an entity's signature for a file, the entity must first have a public/private key pair associated with it and one or more certificates that authenticate its public key. A certificate is a digitally signed statement from one entity that says that the public key of another entity has a particular value.
The f3jarsigner command uses key and certificate information from a keystore to generate digital signatures for JAR files. A keystore is a database of private keys and their associated X.509 certificate chains that authenticate the corresponding public keys. The f3keytool command is used to create and administer keystores.
The f3jarsigner command uses an entity's private key to generate a signature. The signed JAR file contains, among other things, a copy of the certificate from the keystore for the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign the file. The f3jarsigner command can verify the digital signature of the signed JAR file using the certificate inside it (in its signature block file).
The f3jarsigner command can generate signatures that include a time stamp that lets a systems or deployer (including Java Plug-in) to check whether the JAR file was signed while the signing certificate was still valid. In addition, APIs allow applications to obtain the timestamp information.
At this time, the f3jarsigner command can only sign JAR files created by the f3jar command or zip files. JAR files are the same as zip files, except they also have a f3META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file. A f3META-INF/MANIFEST.MF file is created when the f3jarsigner command signs a zip file.
The default f3jarsigner command behavior is to sign a JAR or zip file. Use the f3-verify option to verify a signed JAR file.
The f3jarsigner command also attempts to validate the signer's certificate after signing or verifying. If there is a validation error or any other problem, the command generates warning messages. If you specify the f3-strict option, then the command treats severe warnings as errors. See Errors and Warnings.
All keystore entities are accessed with unique aliases.
When you use the f3jarsigner command to sign a JAR file, you must specify the alias for the keystore entry that contains the private key needed to generate the signature. For example, the following command signs the JAR file named f3MyJARFile.jar with the private key associated with the alias f3duke in the keystore named f3mystore in the f3working directory. Because no output file is specified, it overwrites f3MyJARFile.jar with the signed JAR file.
f3jarsigner -keystore /working/mystore -storepass <keystore password>
f3 -keypass <private key password> MyJARFile.jar duke
f3
Keystores are protected with a password, so the store password must be specified. You are prompted for it when you do not specify it on the command line. Similarly, private keys are protected in a keystore with a password, so the private key's password must be specified, and you are prompted for the password when you do not specify it on the command line and it is not the same as the store password.
The f3jarsigner command has a f3-keystore option for specifying the URL of the keystore to be used. The keystore is by default stored in a file named f3.keystore in the user's home directory, as determined by the f3user.home system property.
On Oracle Solaris systems, f3user.home defaults to the user's home directory.
The input stream from the f3-keystore option is passed to the f3KeyStore.load method. If f3NONE is specified as the URL, then a null stream is passed to the f3KeyStore.load method. f3NONE should be specified when the f3KeyStore class is not file based, for example, when it resides on a hardware token device.
The f3KeyStore class provided in the f3java.security package supplies a number of well-defined interfaces to access and modify the information in a keystore. You can have multiple different concrete implementations, where each implementation is for a particular type of keystore.
Currently, there are two command-line tools that use keystore implementations (f3keytool and f3jarsigner), and a GUI-based tool named Policy Tool. Because the f3KeyStore class is publicly available, JDK users can write additional security applications that use it.
There is a built-in default implementation provided by Oracle that implements the keystore as a file, that uses a proprietary keystore type (format) named JKS. The built-in implementation protects each private key with its individual password and protects the integrity of the entire keystore with a (possibly different) password.
Keystore implementations are provider-based, which means the application interfaces supplied by the f3KeyStore class are implemented in terms of a Service Provider Interface (SPI). There is a corresponding abstract f3KeystoreSpi class, also in the f3java.security package, that defines the Service Provider Interface methods that providers must implement. The term provider refers to a package or a set of packages that supply a concrete implementation of a subset of services that can be accessed by the Java Security API. To provide a keystore implementation, clients must implement a provider and supply a f3KeystoreSpi subclass implementation, as described in How to Implement a Provider in the Java Cryptography Architecture at http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/crypto/HowToImplAProvider.html
Applications can choose different types of keystore implementations from different providers, with the f3getInstance factory method in the f3KeyStore class. A keystore type defines the storage and data format of the keystore information and the algorithms used to protect private keys in the keystore and the integrity of the keystore itself. Keystore implementations of different types are not compatible.
The f3jarsigner and f3policytool commands can read file-based keystores from any location that can be specified using a URL. In addition, these commands can read non-file-based keystores such as those provided by MSCAPI on Windows and PKCS11 on all platforms.
For the f3jarsigner and f3keytool commands, you can specify a keystore type at the command line with the f3-storetype option. For Policy Tool, you can specify a keystore type with the Edit command in the KeyStore menu.
If you do not explicitly specify a keystore type, then the tools choose a keystore implementation based on the value of the f3keystore.type property specified in the security properties file. The security properties file is called f3java.security, and it resides in the JDK security properties directory, f3java.home/lib/security, where f3java.home is the runtime environment's directory. The f3jre directory in the JDK or the top-level directory of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).
Each tool gets the f3keystore.type value and then examines all the installed providers until it finds one that implements keystores of that type. It then uses the keystore implementation from that provider.
The f3KeyStore class defines a static method named f3getDefaultType that lets applications and applets retrieve the value of the f3keystore.type property. The following line of code creates an instance of the default keystore type as specified in the f3keystore.type property:
f3KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
f3
The default keystore type is f3jks (the proprietary type of the keystore implementation provided by Oracle). This is specified by the following line in the security properties file:
f3keystore.type=jks
f3
Case does not matter in keystore type designations. For example, f3JKS is the same as f3jks.
To have the tools use a keystore implementation other than the default, change that line to specify a different keystore type. For example, if you have a provider package that supplies a keystore implementation for a keystore type called f3pkcs12, then change the line to the following:
f3keystore.type=pkcs12
f3
Note: If you use the PKCS 11 provider package, then see "KeyTool" and "JarSigner" in Java PKCS #11 Reference Guide at http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/p11guide.html
By default, the f3jarsigner command signs a JAR file using one of the following algorithms:
(bu Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) with the SHA1 digest algorithm
(bu RSA algorithm with the SHA256 digest algorithm
(bu Elliptic Curve (EC) cryptography algorithm with the SHA256 with Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA).
If the signer's public and private keys are DSA keys, then f3jarsigner signs the JAR file with the f3SHA1withDSA algorithm. If the signer's keys are RSA keys, then f3jarsigner attempts to sign the JAR file with the f3SHA256withRSA algorithm. If the signer's keys are EC keys, then f3jarsigner signs the JAR file with the f3SHA256withECDSA algorithm.
These default signature algorithms can be overridden using the f3-sigalg option.
When the f3jarsigner command is used to sign a JAR file, the output signed JAR file is exactly the same as the input JAR file, except that it has two additional files placed in the META-INF directory:
(bu A signature file with an f3.SF extension
(bu A signature block file with a f3.DSA, f3.RSA, or f3.EC extension
The base file names for these two files come from the value of the f3-sigFile option. For example, when the option is f3-sigFile MKSIGN, the files are named f3MKSIGN.SF and f3MKSIGN.DSA
If no f3-sigfile option appears on the command line, then the base file name for the f3.SF and f3.DSA files is the first 8 characters of the alias name specified on the command line, all converted to uppercase. If the alias name has fewer than 8 characters, then the full alias name is used. If the alias name contains any characters that are not allowed in a signature file name, then each such character is converted to an underscore (_) character in forming the file name. Valid characters include letters, digits, underscores, and hyphens.
Signature File
A signature file (f3.SF file) looks similar to the manifest file that is always included in a JAR file when the f3jarsigner command is used to sign the file. For each source file included in the JAR file, the f3.SF file has three lines, such as in the manifest file, that list the following:
(bu File name
(bu Name of the digest algorithm (SHA)
(bu SHA digest value
In the manifest file, the SHA digest value for each source file is the digest (hash) of the binary data in the source file. In the f3.SF file, the digest value for a specified source file is the hash of the three lines in the manifest file for the source file.
The signature file, by default, includes a header with a hash of the whole manifest file. The header also contains a hash of the manifest header. The presence of the header enables verification optimization. See JAR File Verification.
Signature Block File
The f3.SF file is signed and the signature is placed in the signature block file. This file also contains, encoded inside it, the certificate or certificate chain from the keystore that authenticates the public key corresponding to the private key used for signing. The file has the extension f3.DSA, f3.RSA, or f3.EC, depending on the digest algorithm used.
The f3jarsigner command can generate and store a signature time stamp when signing a JAR file. In addition, f3jarsigner supports alternative signing mechanisms. This behavior is optional and is controlled by the user at the time of signing through these options. See Options.
f3-tsa url
f3-tsacert alias
f3-altsigner class
f3-altsignerpath classpathlist
f3-tsapolicyid policyid
f3
A successful JAR file verification occurs when the signatures are valid, and none of the files that were in the JAR file when the signatures were generated have changed since then. JAR file verification involves the following steps:
1. Verify the signature of the f3.SF file.
The verification ensures that the signature stored in each signature block (f3.DSA) file was generated using the private key corresponding to the public key whose certificate (or certificate chain) also appears in the f3.DSA file. It also ensures that the signature is a valid signature of the corresponding signature (f3.SF) file, and thus the f3.SF file was not tampered with.
2. Verify the digest listed in each entry in the f3.SF file with each corresponding section in the manifest.
The f3.SF file by default includes a header that contains a hash of the entire manifest file. When the header is present, the verification can check to see whether or not the hash in the header matches the hash of the manifest file. If there is a match, then verification proceeds to the next step.
If there is no match, then a less optimized verification is required to ensure that the hash in each source file information section in the f3.SF file equals the hash of its corresponding section in the manifest file. See Signature File.
One reason the hash of the manifest file that is stored in the f3.SF file header might not equal the hash of the current manifest file is that one or more files were added to the JAR file (with the f3jar tool) after the signature and f3.SF file were generated. When the f3jar tool is used to add files, the manifest file is changed by adding sections to it for the new files, but the f3.SF file is not changed. A verification is still considered successful when none of the files that were in the JAR file when the signature was generated have been changed since then. This happens when the hashes in the non-header sections of the f3.SF file equal the hashes of the corresponding sections in the manifest file.
3. Read each file in the JAR file that has an entry in the f3.SF file. While reading, compute the file's digest and compare the result with the digest for this file in the manifest section. The digests should be the same or verification fails.
If any serious verification failures occur during the verification process, then the process is stopped and a security exception is thrown. The f3jarsigner command catches and displays the exception.
Note: You should read any addition warnings (or errors if you specified the f3-strict option), as well as the content of the certificate (by specifying the f3-verbose and f3-certs options) to determine if the signature can be trusted.
A JAR file can be signed by multiple people by running the f3jarsigner command on the file multiple times and specifying the alias for a different person each time, as follows:
f3jarsigner myBundle.jar susan
f3jarsigner myBundle.jar kevin
f3
When a JAR file is signed multiple times, there are multiple f3.SF and f3.DSA files in the resulting JAR file, one pair for each signature. In the previous example, the output JAR file includes files with the following names:
f3SUSAN.SF
f3SUSAN.DSA
f3KEVIN.SF
f3KEVIN.DSA
f3
Note: It is also possible for a JAR file to have mixed signatures, some generated by the JDK 1.1 by the f3javakey command and others by f3jarsigner. The f3jarsigner command can be used to sign JAR files that are already signed with the f3javakey command.
The following sections describe the various f3jarsigner options. Be aware of the following standards:
(bu All option names are preceded by a minus sign (-).
(bu The options can be provided in any order.
(bu Items that are in italics or underlined (option values) represent the actual values that must be supplied.
(bu The f3-storepass, f3-keypass, f3-sigfile, f3-sigalg, f3-digestalg, f3-signedjar, and TSA-related options are only relevant when signing a JAR file; they are not relevant when verifying a signed JAR file. The f3-keystore option is relevant for signing and verifying a JAR file. In addition, aliases are specified when signing and verifying a JAR file.
-keystore url
Specifies the URL that tells the keystore location. This defaults to the file f3.keystore in the user's home directory, as determined by the f3user.home system property.
A keystore is required when signing. You must explicitly specify a keystore when the default keystore does not exist or if you want to use one other than the default.
A keystore is not required when verifying, but if one is specified or the default exists and the f3-verbose option was also specified, then additional information is output regarding whether or not any of the certificates used to verify the JAR file are contained in that keystore.
The f3-keystore argument can be a file name and path specification rather than a URL, in which case it is treated the same as a file: URL, for example, the following are equivalent:
f3-keystore filePathAndName
f3-keystore file:filePathAndName
f3
If the Sun PKCS #11 provider was configured in the f3java.security security properties file (located in the JRE's f3$JAVA_HOME/lib/security directory), then the f3keytool and f3jarsigner tools can operate on the PKCS #11 token by specifying these options:
f3-keystore NONE
f3-storetype PKCS11
f3
For example, the following command lists the contents of the configured PKCS#11 token:
f3keytool -keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11 -list
f3
-storetype storetype
Specifies the type of keystore to be instantiated. The default keystore type is the one that is specified as the value of the f3keystore.type property in the security properties file, which is returned by the static f3getDefaultType method in f3java.security.KeyStore.
The PIN for a PCKS #11 token can also be specified with the f3-storepass option. If none is specified, then the f3keytool and f3jarsigner commands prompt for the token PIN. If the token has a protected authentication path (such as a dedicated PIN-pad or a biometric reader), then the f3-protected option must be specified and no password options can be specified.
-storepass[:env | :file] argument
Specifies the password that is required to access the keystore. This is only needed when signing (not verifying) a JAR file. In that case, if a f3-storepass option is not provided at the command line, then the user is prompted for the password.
If the modifier f3env or f3file is not specified, then the password has the value argument. Otherwise, the password is retrieved as follows:
(bu f3env: Retrieve the password from the environment variable named f3argument.
(bu f3file: Retrieve the password from the file named f3argument.
Note: The password should not be specified on the command line or in a script unless it is for testing purposes, or you are on a secure system.
-keypass [:env | :file] argument
Specifies the password used to protect the private key of the keystore entry addressed by the alias specified on the command line. The password is required when using f3jarsigner to sign a JAR file. If no password is provided on the command line, and the required password is different from the store password, then the user is prompted for it.
If the modifier f3env or f3file is not specified, then the password has the value f3argument. Otherwise, the password is retrieved as follows:
(bu f3env: Retrieve the password from the environment variable named f3argument.
(bu f3file: Retrieve the password from the file named f3argument.
Note: The password should not be specified on the command line or in a script unless it is for testing purposes, or you are on a secure system.
-sigfile file
Specifies the base file name to be used for the generated f3.SF and f3.DSA files. For example, if file is f3DUKESIGN, then the generated f3.SF and f3.DSA files are named f3DUKESIGN.SF and f3DUKESIGN.DSA, and placed in the f3META-INF directory of the signed JAR file.
The characters in the file must come from the set f3a-zA-Z0-9_-. Only letters, numbers, underscore, and hyphen characters are allowed. All lowercase characters are converted to uppercase for the f3.SF and f3.DSA file names.
If no f3-sigfile option appears on the command line, then the base file name for the f3.SF and f3.DSA files is the first 8 characters of the alias name specified on the command line, all converted to upper case. If the alias name has fewer than 8 characters, then the full alias name is used. If the alias name contains any characters that are not valid in a signature file name, then each such character is converted to an underscore (_) character to form the file name.
-sigalg algorithm
Specifies the name of the signature algorithm to use to sign the JAR file.
For a list of standard signature algorithm names, see "Appendix A: Standard Names" in the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) Reference Guide at http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/crypto/CryptoSpec.html#AppA
This algorithm must be compatible with the private key used to sign the JAR file. If this option is not specified, then f3SHA1withDSA, f3SHA256withRSA, or f3SHA256withECDSA are used depending on the type of private key. There must either be a statically installed provider supplying an implementation of the specified algorithm or the user must specify one with the f3-providerClass option; otherwise, the command will not succeed.
-digestalg algorithm
Specifies the name of the message digest algorithm to use when digesting the entries of a JAR file.
For a list of standard message digest algorithm names, see "Appendix A: Standard Names" in the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) Reference Guide at http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/crypto/CryptoSpec.html#AppA
If this option is not specified, then f3SHA256 is used. There must either be a statically installed provider supplying an implementation of the specified algorithm or the user must specify one with the f3-providerClass option; otherwise, the command will not succeed.
-certs
If the f3-certs option appears on the command line with the f3-verify and f3-verbose options, then the output includes certificate information for each signer of the JAR file. This information includes the name of the type of certificate (stored in the f3.DSA file) that certifies the signer's public key, and if the certificate is an X.509 certificate (an instance of the f3java.security.cert.X509Certificate), then the distinguished name of the signer.
The keystore is also examined. If no keystore value is specified on the command line, then the default keystore file (if any) is checked. If the public key certificate for a signer matches an entry in the keystore, then the alias name for the keystore entry for that signer is displayed in parentheses. If the signer comes from a JDK 1.1 identity database instead of from a keystore, then the alias name displays in brackets instead of parentheses.
-certchain file
Specifies the certificate chain to be used when the certificate chain associated with the private key of the keystore entry that is addressed by the alias specified on the command line is not complete. This can happen when the keystore is located on a hardware token where there is not enough capacity to hold a complete certificate chain. The file can be a sequence of concatenated X.509 certificates, or a single PKCS#7 formatted data block, either in binary encoding format or in printable encoding format (also known as Base64 encoding) as defined by the Internet RFC 1421 standard. See the section Internet RFC 1421 Certificate Encoding Standard in f3keytool and http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1421.
-verbose
When the f3-verbose option appears on the command line, it indicates verbose mode, which causes f3jarsigner to output extra information about the progress of the JAR signing or verification.
-internalsf
In the past, the f3.DSA (signature block) file generated when a JAR file was signed included a complete encoded copy of the f3.SF file (signature file) also generated. This behavior has been changed. To reduce the overall size of the output JAR file, the f3.DSA file by default does not contain a copy of the f3.SF file anymore. If f3-internalsf appears on the command line, then the old behavior is utilized. This option is useful for testing. In practice, do not use the f3-internalsf option because it incurs higher overhead.
-sectionsonly
If the f3-sectionsonly option appears on the command line, then the f3.SF file (signature file) generated when a JAR file is signed does not include a header that contains a hash of the whole manifest file. It contains only the information and hashes related to each individual source file included in the JAR file. See Signature File.
By default, this header is added, as an optimization. When the header is present, whenever the JAR file is verified, the verification can first check to see whether the hash in the header matches the hash of the whole manifest file. When there is a match, verification proceeds to the next step. When there is no match, it is necessary to do a less optimized verification that the hash in each source file information section in the f3.SF file equals the hash of its corresponding section in the manifest file. See JAR File Verification.
The f3-sectionsonly option is primarily used for testing. It should not be used other than for testing because using it incurs higher overhead.
-protected
Values can be either f3true or f3false. Specify f3true when a password must be specified through a protected authentication path such as a dedicated PIN reader.
-providerClass provider-class-name
Used to specify the name of cryptographic service provider's master class file when the service provider is not listed in the f3java.security security properties file.
Used with the f3-providerArg ConfigFilePath option, the f3keytool and f3jarsigner tools install the provider dynamically and use ConfigFilePath for the path to the token configuration file. The following example shows a command to list a f3PKCS #11 keystore when the Oracle PKCS #11 provider was not configured in the security properties file.
f3jarsigner -keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11 e
f3 -providerClass sun.security.pkcs11.SunPKCS11 e
f3 -providerArg /mydir1/mydir2/token.config e
f3 -list
f3
-providerName providerName
If more than one provider was configured in the f3java.security security properties file, then you can use the f3-providerName option to target a specific provider instance. The argument to this option is the name of the provider.
For the Oracle PKCS #11 provider, providerName is of the form f3SunPKCS11-TokenName, where TokenName is the name suffix that the provider instance has been configured with, as detailed in the configuration attributes table. For example, the following command lists the contents of the f3PKCS #11 keystore provider instance with name suffix f3SmartCard:
f3jarsigner -keystore NONE -storetype PKCS11 e
f3 -providerName SunPKCS11-SmartCard e
f3 -list
f3
-Jjavaoption
Passes through the specified javaoption string directly to the Java interpreter. The f3jarsigner command is a wrapper around the interpreter. This option should not contain any spaces. It is useful for adjusting the execution environment or memory usage. For a list of possible interpreter options, type f3java -h or f3java -X at the command line.
-tsa url
If f3-tsa http://example.tsa.url appears on the command line when signing a JAR file then a time stamp is generated for the signature. The URL, f3http://example.tsa.url, identifies the location of the Time Stamping Authority (TSA) and overrides any URL found with the f3-tsacert option. The f3-tsa option does not require the TSA public key certificate to be present in the keystore.
To generate the time stamp, f3jarsigner communicates with the TSA with the Time-Stamp Protocol (TSP) defined in RFC 3161. When successful, the time stamp token returned by the TSA is stored with the signature in the signature block file.
-tsacert alias
When f3-tsacert alias appears on the command line when signing a JAR file, a time stamp is generated for the signature. The alias identifies the TSA public key certificate in the keystore that is in effect. The entry's certificate is examined for a Subject Information Access extension that contains a URL identifying the location of the TSA.
The TSA public key certificate must be present in the keystore when using the f3-tsacert option.
-tsapolicyid policyid
Specifies the object identifier (OID) that identifies the policy ID to be sent to the TSA server. If this option is not specified, no policy ID is sent and the TSA server will choose a default policy ID.
Object identifiers are defined by X.696, which is an ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) standard. These identifiers are typically period-separated sets of non-negative digits like f<IP_ADDRESS>, for example.
-altsigner class
This option specifies an alternative signing mechanism. The fully qualified class name identifies a class file that extends the f3com.sun.jarsigner.ContentSigner abstract class. The path to this class file is defined by the f3-altsignerpath option. If the f3-altsigner option is used, then the f3jarsigner command uses the signing mechanism provided by the specified class. Otherwise, the f3jarsigner command uses its default signing mechanism.
For example, to use the signing mechanism provided by a class named f3com.sun.sun.jarsigner.AuthSigner, use the jarsigner option f3-altsigner com.sun.jarsigner.AuthSigner.
-altsignerpath classpathlist
Specifies the path to the class file and any JAR file it depends on. The class file name is specified with the f3-altsigner option. If the class file is in a JAR file, then this option specifies the path to that JAR file.
An absolute path or a path relative to the current directory can be specified. If classpathlist contains multiple paths or JAR files, then they should be separated with a colon (:) on Oracle Solaris and a semicolon (;) on Windows. This option is not necessary when the class is already in the search path.
The following example shows how to specify the path to a JAR file that contains the class file. The JAR file name is included.
f3-altsignerpath /home/user/lib/authsigner.jar
f3
The following example shows how to specify the path to the JAR file that contains the class file. The JAR file name is omitted.
f3-altsignerpath /home/user/classes/com/sun/tools/jarsigner/
f3
-strict
During the signing or verifying process, the command may issue warning messages. If you specify this option, the exit code of the tool reflects the severe warning messages that this command found. See Errors and Warnings.
-verbose suboptions
For the verifying process, the f3-verbose option takes suboptions to determine how much information is shown. If the f3-certs option is also specified, then the default mode (or suboption f3all) displays each entry as it is being processed, and after that, the certificate information for each signer of the JAR file. If the f3-certs and the f3-verbose:grouped suboptions are specified, then entries with the same signer info are grouped and displayed together with their certificate information. If f3-certs and the f3-verbose:summary suboptions are specified, then entries with the same signer information are grouped and displayed together with their certificate information. Details about each entry are summarized and displayed as one entry (and more). See Examples.
During the signing or verifying process, the f3jarsigner command may issue various errors or warnings.
If there is a failure, the f3jarsigner command exits with code 1. If there is no failure, but there are one or more severe warnings, the f3jarsigner command exits with code 0 when the f3-strict option is not specified, or exits with the OR-value of the warning codes when the f3-strict is specified. If there is only informational warnings or no warning at all, the command always exits with code 0.
For example, if a certificate used to sign an entry is expired and has a KeyUsage extension that does not allow it to sign a file, the f3jarsigner command exits with code 12 (=4+8) when the f3-strict option is specified.
Note: Exit codes are reused because only the values from 0 to 255 are legal on Unix-based operating systems.
The following sections describes the names, codes, and descriptions of the errors and warnings that the f3jarsigner command can issue.
Reasons why the f3jarsigner command fails include (but are not limited to) a command line parsing error, the inability to find a keypair to sign the JAR file, or the verification of a signed JAR fails.
failure Code 1. The signing or verifying fails.
Note: Severe warnings are reported as errors if you specify the f3-strict option.
Reasons why the f3jarsigner command issues a severe warning include the certificate used to sign the JAR file has an error or the signed JAR file has other problems.
hasExpiredCert Code 4. This jar contains entries whose signer certificate has expired.
notYetValidCert Code 4. This jar contains entries whose signer certificate is not yet valid.
chainNotValidated Code 4. This jar contains entries whose certificate chain cannot be correctly validated.
badKeyUsage Code 8. This jar contains entries whose signer certificate's KeyUsage extension doesn't allow code signing.
badExtendedKeyUsage Code 8. This jar contains entries whose signer certificate's ExtendedKeyUsage extension doesn't allow code signing.
badNetscapeCertType Code 8. This jar contains entries whose signer certificate's NetscapeCertType extension doesn't allow code signing.
hasUnsignedEntry Code 16. This jar contains unsigned entries which have not been integrity-checked.
notSignedByAlias Code 32. This jar contains signed entries which are not signed by the specified alias(es).
aliasNotInStore Code 32. This jar contains signed entries that are not signed by alias in this keystore.
Informational warnings include those that are not errors but regarded as bad practice. They do not have a code.
hasExpiringCert This jar contains entries whose signer certificate will expire within six months.
noTimestamp This jar contains signatures that does not include a timestamp. Without a timestamp, users may not be able to validate this JAR file after the signer certificate's expiration date (f3YYYY-MM-DD) or after any future revocation date.
Use the following command to sign bundle.jar with the private key of a user whose keystore alias is f3jane in a keystore named f3mystore in the f3working directory and name the signed JAR file f3sbundle.jar:
f3jarsigner -keystore /working/mystore
f3 -storepass <keystore password>
f3 -keypass <private key password>
f3 -signedjar sbundle.jar bundle.jar jane
f3
There is no f3-sigfile specified in the previous command so the generated f3.SF and f3.DSA files to be placed in the signed JAR file have default names based on the alias name. They are named f3JANE.SF and f3JANE.DSA.
If you want to be prompted for the store password and the private key password, then you could shorten the previous command to the following:
f3jarsigner -keystore /working/mystore
f3 -signedjar sbundle.jar bundle.jar jane
f3
If the keystore is the default keystore (.keystore in your home directory), then you do not need to specify a keystore, as follows:
f3jarsigner -signedjar sbundle.jar bundle.jar jane
f3
If you want the signed JAR file to overwrite the input JAR file (bundle.jar), then you do not need to specify a f3-signedjar option, as follows:
f3jarsigner bundle.jar jane
f3
To verify a signed JAR file to ensure that the signature is valid and the JAR file was not been tampered with, use a command such as the following:
f3jarsigner -verify sbundle.jar
f3
When the verification is successful, f3jar verified is displayed. Otherwise, an error message is displayed. You can get more information when you use the f3-verbose option. A sample use of f3jarsigner with thef3-verbose option follows:
f3jarsigner -verify -verbose sbundle.jar
f3
f3 198 Fri Sep 26 16:14:06 PDT 1997 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
f3 199 Fri Sep 26 16:22:10 PDT 1997 META-INF/JANE.SF
f3 1013 Fri Sep 26 16:22:10 PDT 1997 META-INF/JANE.DSA
f3 smk 2752 Fri Sep 26 16:12:30 PDT 1997 AclEx.class
f3 smk 849 Fri Sep 26 16:12:46 PDT 1997 test.class
f3
f3 s = signature was verified
f3 m = entry is listed in manifest
f3 k = at least one certificate was found in keystore
f3
f3 jar verified.
f3
If you specify the f3-certs option with the f3-verify and f3-verbose options, then the output includes certificate information for each signer of the JAR file. The information includes the certificate type, the signer distinguished name information (when it is an X.509 certificate), and in parentheses, the keystore alias for the signer when the public key certificate in the JAR file matches the one in a keystore entry, for example:
f3jarsigner -keystore /working/mystore -verify -verbose -certs myTest.jar
f3
f3 198 Fri Sep 26 16:14:06 PDT 1997 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
f3 199 Fri Sep 26 16:22:10 PDT 1997 META-INF/JANE.SF
f3 1013 Fri Sep 26 16:22:10 PDT 1997 META-INF/JANE.DSA
f3 208 Fri Sep 26 16:23:30 PDT 1997 META-INF/JAVATEST.SF
f3 1087 Fri Sep 26 16:23:30 PDT 1997 META-INF/JAVATEST.DSA
f3 smk 2752 Fri Sep 26 16:12:30 PDT 1997 Tst.class
f3
f3 X.509, CN=Test Group, OU=Java Software, O=Oracle, L=CUP, S=CA, C=US (javatest)
f3 X.509, CN=Jane Smith, OU=Java Software, O=Oracle, L=cup, S=ca, C=us (jane)
f3
f3 s = signature was verified
f3 m = entry is listed in manifest
f3 k = at least one certificate was found in keystore
f3
f3 jar verified.
f3
If the certificate for a signer is not an X.509 certificate, then there is no distinguished name information. In that case, just the certificate type and the alias are shown. For example, if the certificate is a PGP certificate, and the alias is f3bob, then you would get: f3PGP, (bob).
If a JAR file was signed with the JDK 1.1 f3javakey tool, and the signer is an alias in an identity database, then the verification output includes an f3i. If the JAR file was signed by both an alias in an identity database and an alias in a keystore, then both f3k and f3i appear.
When the f3-certs option is used, any identity database aliases are shown in brackets rather than the parentheses used for keystore aliases, for example:
f3 jarsigner -keystore /working/mystore -verify -verbose -certs writeFile.jar
f3
f3 198 Fri Sep 26 16:14:06 PDT 1997 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
f3 199 Fri Sep 26 16:22:10 PDT 1997 META-INF/JANE.SF
f3 1013 Fri Sep 26 16:22:10 PDT 1997 META-INF/JANE.DSA
f3 199 Fri Sep 27 12:22:30 PDT 1997 META-INF/DUKE.SF
f3 1013 Fri Sep 27 12:22:30 PDT 1997 META-INF/DUKE.DSA
f3 smki 2752 Fri Sep 26 16:12:30 PDT 1997 writeFile.html
f3
f3 X.509, CN=Jane Smith, OU=Java Software, O=Oracle, L=cup, S=ca, C=us (jane)
f3 X.509, CN=Duke, OU=Java Software, O=Oracle, L=cup, S=ca, C=us [duke]
f3
f3 s = signature was verified
f3 m = entry is listed in manifest
f3 k = at least one certificate was found in keystore
f3 i = at least one certificate was found in identity scope
f3
f3 jar verified.
f3
Note: The alias f3duke is in brackets to denote that it is an identity database alias, and not a keystore alias.
The f3keytool and f3jarsigner tools replace the f3javakey tool in JDK 1.1. These new tools provide more features than f3javakey, including the ability to protect the keystore and private keys with passwords, and the ability to verify signatures in addition to generating them.
The new keystore architecture replaces the identity database that f3javakey created and managed. There is no backward compatibility between the keystore format and the database format used by f3javakey in JDK 1.1. However, be aware of the following:
(bu It is possible to import the information from an identity database into a keystore through the f3keytool -identitydb command.
(bu The f3jarsigner command can sign JAR files that were signed with the f3javakey command.
(bu The f3jarsigner command can verify JAR files signed with f3javakey. The f3jarsigner command recognizes and can work with signer aliases that are from a JDK 1.1 identity database rather than a JDK keystore.
Unsigned JARs have the default privileges that are granted to all code.
Signed JARs have the privilege configurations based on their JDK 1.1.n identity and policy file status as described. Only trusted identities can be imported into the JDK keystore.
Default Privileges Granted to All Code
Identity in 1.1 database: No
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: No
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: No
Identity in 1.1 database: No
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: Yes
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: No
Identity in 1.1 database: Yes/Untrusted
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: No
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: No
See 3 in Notes Regarding Privileges of Signed JARs.
Identity in 1.1 database: Yes/Untrusted
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: No
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: Yes
See 1 and 3 in Notes Regarding Privileges of Signed JARs.
Default Privileges and Policy File Privileges Granted
Identity in 1.1 database: No
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: Yes
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: Yes
Identity in 1.1 database: Yes/Trusted
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: Yes
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: Yes
See 2 in Notes Regarding Privileges of Signed JARs.
All Privileges Granted
Identity in 1.1 database: Yes/Trusted
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: No
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: No
Identity in 1.1 database: Yes/Trusted
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: Yes
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: No
See 1 in Notes Regarding Privileges of Signed JARs.
Identity in 1.1 database: Yes/Trusted
Trusted identity imported into Java keystore from 1.1. database: No
Policy file grants privileges to identity/alias: Yes
See 1 in Notes Regarding Privileges of Signed JARs.
Notes Regarding Privileges of Signed JARs
1. If an identity or alias is mentioned in the policy file, then it must be imported into the keystore for the policy file to have any effect on privileges granted.
2. The policy file/keystore combination has precedence over a trusted identity in the identity database.
3. Untrusted identities are ignored in the Java platform.
(bu f3jar
(bu f3keytool
(bu Trail: Security Features in Java SE at http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/security/index.html
'pl 8.5i 'bp


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Error and Exception Handling
References
The following paper is a good introduction to some of the issues of writing robust generic components:
D. Abrahams: ``Exception Safety in Generic Components'', originally published in M. Jazayeri, R. Loos, D. Musser (eds.): Generic Programming, Proc. of a Dagstuhl Seminar, Lecture Notes on Computer Science. Volume. 1766
Guidelines
When should I use exceptions?
The simple answer is: ``whenever the semantic and performance characteristics of exceptions are appropriate.''
An oft-cited guideline is to ask yourself the question ``is this an exceptional (or unexpected) situation?'' This guideline has an attractive ring to it but is usually a mistake. The problem is that one person's ``exceptional'' is another's ``expected'': when you look at the terms carefully, the distinction evaporates and you're left with no guideline. After all, if you check for an error condition, then in some sense you expect it to happen, or the check is wasted code.
A more appropriate question to ask is: ``do we want stack unwinding here?'' Because actually handling an exception is likely to be significantly slower than executing mainline code, you should also ask: ``Can I afford stack unwinding here?'' For example, a desktop application performing a long computation might periodically check to see whether the user had pressed a cancel button. Throwing an exception could allow the operation to be canceled gracefully. On the other hand, it would probably be inappropriate to throw and handle exceptions in the inner loop of this computation because that could have a significant performance impact. The guideline mentioned above has a grain of truth in it: in time-critical code, throwing an exception should be the exception, not the rule.
How should I design my exception classes?
- Derive your exception class from
std::exception
. Except in *very* rare circumstances where you can't afford the cost of a virtual table,std::exception
makes a reasonable exception base class, and when used universally, allows programmers to catch "everything" without resorting tocatch(...)
. For more aboutcatch(...)
, see below. -
Use virtual inheritance. This
insight is due to Andrew Koenig. Using virtual inheritance
from your exception's base class(es) prevents ambiguity
problems at the catch-site in case someone throws an
exception derived from multiple bases which have a base
class in common:
#include <iostream> struct my_exc1 : std::exception { char const* what() const throw(); }; struct my_exc2 : std::exception { char const* what() const throw(); }; struct your_exc3 : my_exc1, my_exc2 {}; int main() { try { throw your_exc3(); } catch(std::exception const& e) {} catch(...) { std::cout << "whoops!" << std::endl; } }
The program above prints"whoops"
because the C++ runtime can't resolve whichexception
instance to match in the first catch clause. -
Don't embed a std::string object or
any other data member or base class whose copy constructor
could throw an exception. That could lead directly to
std::terminate() at the throw point. Similarly, it's a bad
idea to use a base or member whose ordinary constructor(s)
might throw, because, though not necessarily fatal to your
program, you may report a different exception than intended
from a throw-expression that includes construction
such as:
throw some_exception();
There are various ways to avoid copying string objects when exceptions are copied, including embedding a fixed-length buffer in the exception object, or managing strings via reference-counting. However, consider the next point before pursuing either of these approaches.
- Format the
what()
message on demand, if you feel you really must format the message. Formatting an exception error message is typically a memory-intensive operation that could potentially throw an exception. This is an operation best delayed until after stack unwinding has occurred, and presumably, released some resources. It's a good idea in this case to protect yourwhat()
function with acatch(...)
block so that you have a fallback in case the formatting code throws - Don't worry too much about the
what()
message. It's nice to have a message that a programmer stands a chance of figuring out, but you're very unlikely to be able to compose a relevant and user-comprehensible error message at the point an exception is thrown. Certainly, internationalization is beyond the scope of the exception class author. Peter Dimov makes an excellent argument that the proper use of awhat()
string is to serve as a key into a table of error message formatters. Now if only we could get standardizedwhat()
strings for exceptions thrown by the standard library... - Expose relevant information about the cause of
the error in your exception class' public interface.
A fixation on the
what()
message is likely to mean that you have neglected to expose information someone might need, in order to make it a coherent message for users. For example, if your exception reports a numeric range error, it's important to have the actual numbers involved available as numbers in the exception class' public interface where error reporting code can do something intelligent with them. If you only expose a textual representation of those numbers in thewhat()
string, you will make life very difficult for programmers who need to do something more (e.g. subtraction) with them than dumb output. - Make your exception class immune to double-destruction if possible. Unfortunately, several popular compilers occasionally cause exception objects to be destroyed twice. If you can arrange for that to be harmless (e.g. by zeroing deleted pointers) your code will be more robust.
What About Programmer Errors?
As a developer, if I have violated a precondition of a
library I'm using, I don't want stack unwinding. What I want is
a core dump or the equivalent - a way to inspect the state of
the program at the exact point where the problem was detected.
That usually means assert()
or something like
it.
Sometimes it is necessary to have resilient APIs which can stand up to nearly any kind of client abuse, but there is usually a significant cost to this approach. For example, it usually requires that each object used by a client be tracked so that it can be checked for validity. If you need that sort of protection, it can usually be provided as a layer on top of a simpler API. Beware half-measures, though. An API that promises resilience against some, but not all abuse is an invitation to disaster. Clients will begin to rely on the protection and their expectations will grow to cover unprotected parts of the interface.
Note for Windows developers: unfortunately,
the native exception-handling used by most Windows compilers
actually throws an exception when you use
assert()
. Actually, this is true of other
programmer errors such as segmentation faults and
divide-by-zero errors. One problem with this is that if you use
JIT (Just In Time) debugging, there will be collateral
exception-unwinding before the debugger comes up because
catch(...)
will catch these not-really-C++
exceptions. Fortunately, there is a simple but little-known
workaround, which is to use the following incantation:
extern "C" void straight_to_debugger(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*) { throw; } extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*) = _set_se_translator(straight_to_debugger);
This technique doesn't work if the SEH is raised from within a catch block (or a function called from within a catch block), but it still eliminates the vast majority of JIT-masking problems.
How should I handle exceptions?
Often the best way to deal with exceptions is to not handle them at all. If you can let them pass through your code and allow destructors to handle cleanup, your code will be cleaner.
Avoid catch(...)
when
possible
Unfortunately, operating systems other than
Windows also wind non-C++ "exceptions" (such as thread
cancellation) into the C++ EH machinery, and there is sometimes
no workaround corresponding to the
_set_se_translator
hack described above. The
result is that catch(...)
can have the effect of
making some unexpected system notification at a point where
recovery is impossible to look just like a C++ exception thrown
from a reasonable place, invalidating the usual safe
assumptions that destructors and catch blocks have taken valid
steps to ensure program invariants during unwinding.
I reluctantly concede this point to Hillel Y. Sims, after
many long debates in the newsgroups: until all OSes are
"fixed", if every exception were derived from
std::exception
and everyone substituted
catch(std::exception&)
for
catch(...)
, the world would be a better place.
Sometimes, catch(...)
, is still the most
appropriate pattern, in spite of bad interactions with
OS/platform design choices. If you have no idea what kind of
exception might be thrown and you really must stop
unwinding it's probably still your best bet. One obvious place
where this occurs is at language boundaries.


Death investigation started for UD junior found in his dorm
by Breaking News StaffDAYTON — Law enforcement and the county coroner's office are investigating the death of a University of Dayton junior finance major from Vandalia who was found in his dorm room Friday.
Batholomew Lennartz, 20, died in Marycrest Hall, University President Eric Spina said in an email to students, faculty and staff.
There is no indication of foul play, Spina said in the email, which made no mention of when Lennartz was found or who found him.
A group gathering with prayer for all those who mourn Lennartz's death is planned for 7:30 p.m. in the Immaculate Conception chapel. Campus ministers will also be available tonight in Marycrest Chapel.
"We extend our deepest sympathy and prayers to Bart's family, friends, professors and our campus community," President Spina said in the email. "I pray for comfort and peace for each of you."
We will update this developing report. Stay with whio.com for breaking news.
If you have a news tip, call our 24-hour line at<PHONE_NUMBER> or send it to newsdesk@cmgohio.com


About
Hi! I'm Seth. Currently, I'm seeking a software internship for the summer of 2022 or a full-time software
position in November 2022.
My interest in computer science stems from my enjoyment of
problem-solving in a group and the satisfaction I feel from
completing a project. I am searching for a summer internship
with a positive, inclusive work environment in order to learn
more about software development while building on my resume.
Resume
Bachelor of Science, Computer Science
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN 3.93 / 4.0 GPA
Relevant Courses
Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis,
Software Requirements,
Database Systems,
Programming Language Concepts,
Software Design
Internships
Lakstins Family LLC, Terre Haute, IN Summer 2020
- Prototyped an event calendar for the Terre Haute community website using JavaScript
- Followed a user interface design brief
Skills
- Procedural programming: C
- Application and Game Development: Java
- Front-end Development: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
- Functional Programming: Scheme; a Lisp dialect
- Databases: SQL
Experience
Logan Library, Terre Haute, IN 2019 - Present
Full-time summer student worker
-
Modified the library catalog and its digital databases in Excel
-
Completed projects to improve library function
Activities
-
Rose-Hulman Jazz Band, lead trombone: 2019 – Present
-
Rose-Hulman Climbing Club: 2019 – Present


Landslide on Bodi Mettu road
by Staff ReporterTHENI
A landslide was reported on the Bodi Mettu ghat road connecting to Munnar, in the district around 2 a.m. on Sunday.
As heavy rains pounded the Bodi and Munnar hills in the past few days, a portion of loose soil slipped on the road near Puliyuthu falls and the 11th hairpin bend.
Traffic was suspended for about nine hours due to this. The Kurangani police stopped vehicles bound for Munnar at the Munthal checkpost and the vehicles from Kerala were stopped at Bodi Mettu checkpost.
The highway authorities cleared the landslide on Sunday morning, after which traffic was restored. As it was Sunday, the usual jeep traffic carrying workers to the cardamom estates was few in numbers.


U-Turn (R) *** (out of ****)
The words "An Oliver Stone Film" have come to signify a big, bombastic political statement by the controversial director, so at the opening of U-Turn, his moderately-budgeted, statement-free thriller, in place of those words are "An Oliver Stone Movie." The altered credit is clearly intended to label the film as an unpretentious, conventional genre piece, but after seeing the film, I see it as more of a warning. U-Turn is not a conventional genre piece, but rather Stone's perception of a genre piece--which is bizarre, somewhat baffling, but nonetheless intriguing and warped entertainment for anyone brave enough to tackle it.
This adaptation of John Ridley's Stray Dogs does boil down to a thriller premise: Bobby Cooper (Sean Penn) on the way to Vegas to settle a debt with some stolen money, has his radiator hose blow up on him in the backwater--make that back_desert_--town of Superior, Arizona, where he becomes part of a murderous triangle with sultry, bored housewife Grace McKenna (Jennifer Lopez) and her wealthy husband Jake (Nick Nolte). The seeds of this conflict are planted early on, but for the space of an hour, nothing really happens with it; instead, that time is spent with Bobby as he encounters the various eccentrics about town: flirty hick Jenny (Claire Danes); her tough guy suitor Toby N. Tucker, a.k.a. TNT (Joaquin Phoenix); a nameless blind man (Jon Voight) with a dead pet dog; and mechanic Darrell (Billy Bob Thornton), a grease monkey in the truest sense of the term. For this time, Stone appears more interested in the oddball characters than he is the normal thriller aspects, which would be a problem if the characters and the situations were not as funny as they are. Not everything works (a running gag where Bobby's beverage bottles keep on breaking before he can drink is especially lame), but for the most part this section of the film is a demented hoot, galvanized by some great character work by the supporting players.
With that sideshow going on, the thriller side of U-Turn seems more of an afterthought, both figuratively and literally; the Bobby-Grace-Jake triangle and its intertwining murder schemes takes finally centerstage with about 40 minutes to go. But Stone gives it his all, using his Natural Born Killers intercutting visual style to good use here to underscore points in Ridley's ever-twisting screenplay, and going full-throttle with the sex and, this being Stone, violence. Keeping things running smoothly are the actors, especially Lopez, who shows more depth and versatility with every film. In a way, U-Turn feels like two different films--the small-town satire and the thriller--but what unites them is Ridley and Stone's pitch-black sense of humor. The blood-drenched finale may be too gruesome for most audiences to get the joke, but if you do, it is quite funny in the most twisted sense.
Many critics have panned U-Turn as a creative cul-de-sac for Stone, but I think it signifies the opening of a new road for the director to take--the application of his considerable filmmaking talents to films other than personal "message" movies. If the loopy yet fun U-Turn is any indication, his planned Mission: Impossible sequel should be something to look forward to.
Michael Dequina<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Visit Mr. Brown's Movie Site at http://members.tripod.com/~MrBrown/ Personal Page: http://members.tripod.com/~MrBrown/home.html Michael Jordan Sites: http://members.tripod.com/~mj23/mj.html & http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Field/2302/
"I can accept failure. Everyone fails at something. But I can't accept not trying. It doesn't matter if you win as long as you give everything in you heart." --Michael Jordan
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Our Mission
Our mission is to deliver high speed internet world wide for better education. We will achieve this mission by partnering with Starlink. By providing internet to communities that cannot afford it we will empower students around the world
How we're doing it
We will be partnering with internet service providers to bring internet to communities that otherwise
wouldn't have it. Our partners are lowering they costs for our organization so we can provide internet
to more communities.
These partners will providing internet for reduced rates to bring internet to more communities.
Partners include:
- Starlink
- Spectrum Internet
- Viasat
- HughesNet
We will be using donations from the community to give internet services to communities around the world.
Why we're doing it
Our organization seeks to further education around the world by providing fast and reliable internet.
The Benefits
Our project has many benefits including but not limited to:
- Communities are provided with easier access to information
- The ability to connect to others around the world
- New bussiness oportuinities
- Access to online banking and shopping


Oblivious Transfer demo by L2-HE
Get the pos-th digit of π (0 <= pos < 1000000)
pos :
ret :
status :
initializing...
test OT
N =
, M =
enc:
0
msec
send/OT/recv:
0
msec
links
GitHub


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PSALMS 75
A psalm written by Asaph for the choir director, to be sung using the tune 'Do not destroy'
1 We give thanks to you;
our God, we thank you.
You are close to us,
and we proclaim to others the wonderful things that you have done for us.
2 You have said, "I have appointed a time when I will judge people,
and I will judge everyone fairly.
3 When the earth shakes
and all the creatures on the earth tremble,
I am the one who will keep its foundations steady.
4 I say to people who boast, 'Stop bragging!'
and I say to wicked people, 'Do not proudly do things to show how great you are!'"
5 Do not be arrogant,
and do not speak so boastfully!
6 The one who judges people does not come from the east or from the west,
and he does not come from the desert.
7 God is the one who judges people;
he shames and punishes some, and he honors others.
8 It is as though Yahweh held a cup in his hand;
it is filled with wine that has spices mixed in it to cause those who drink it to become more drunk;
and when Yahweh pours it out, he will force all the wicked people to drink it;
they will drink every drop of it; yes, he will punish them fully.
9 But as for me, I will never stop saying what the God whom Jacob worshiped has done;
I will never stop singing to praise him.
10 He promises this: "I will destroy the power of wicked people,
but I will increase the power of righteous people."


- On first login, every user is credited with 1000 byteCoins (no pun unintended =P) in the wallet.
- There are two types of leagues you can take part in, for each match
- Win Predictor - where you predict the winners (along with goal margin)
- Stat Guru - where you predict a few stats(Yes/No types) for a game
- You can only bet 95% of your wallet balance at once
- The bet amount would be deduced from your wallet when you place the bet
- You can withdraw from any bet till 1 hour before the start of the game
- At every frequent interval, you will be credited with byteCoins to your wallet. There will be other ways to
earn the byteCoins as well which will be communicated later.
- Winner and Runner-up to win Prizes
- In case of a penalty shootout, the penalty goal difference will be considered.


Join our community
30-day, hassle-free money back guarantee
Gain access to our full library of tutorials along with expert code review. Perfect for any developers who are serious about honing their skills.
30-day, hassle-free money back guarantee
Gain access to our full library of tutorials along with expert code review. Perfect for any developers who are serious about honing their skills.


Device ID
Device Type
All
Raspberry Pi
Start Date/Time
End Date/Time
Get History
Air Flow
AC Voltage
AC Current
Frequency
Power Factor
DC Voltage
DC Current


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Person rushed to hospital after stabbing at Lowe’s in southwest Charlotte, suspect in custody
by WBTV Web Staff, Caroline HicksCHARLOTTE, N.C. (WBTV) - One person was rushed to the hospital and another arrested after a stabbing at a shopping center in southwest Charlotte Tuesday.
According to the police report, he is 40-year-old Antonio Orellana Melgar.
The incident happened around 11:30 a.m. at the Lowe’s Home Improvement on the 8100 block of S. Tryon Street, near I-485. Medic said the victim was taken to Carolinas Medical Center with life-threatening injuries.
Officers say they were able to locate a suspect and are not looking for anyone else in connection to the crime. The suspect in this incident was identified as 24-year-old Justin Devonte Campbell.
Police have not said what may have led to the stabbing, but a man who says he is friends with the victim said it started with panhandling.
His friend said a man asked his friend for money and he told him he did not have any cash. According to the friend, he then followed his friend inside of the store and stabbed him.
WBTV is asking police what charges this man will face.


{% if not election %} {% set election = None %} {% endif %}
Tip: Hover over the names of the fields to get more information!
Please use this link to share the election to your voters. Anyone with a valid NetID who uses this link can vote for the election.
Election Link


The PDredesign Data & Tech Analysis is a free tool for school districts to get the big picture of their data and technology systems that support professional learning. The Analysis completes the Data & Tech Landscape and brings together central office staff from across departments to discuss how current data systems, technology infrastructure, and product purchases documented in the Inventory are supporting teachers. The Analysis makes it easy to see how effectively technology is aligned to district needs and goals.
The Analysis may be used to:
Invite
Automatically include participants from the Data & Tech Inventory and add new facilitators. You’ll be able to manage participants, send reminders, and schedule a meeting date.
Analyze
Discover how effectively existing products and data systems are supporting teachers. You or another facilitator will complete this during one or more in-person meetings with the team of participants you selected.
Review Results
After entering your team’s findings, you will immediately see your interactive, shareable results, where you may prioritize areas for impact, learn about supporting strategies and products, and add your reflections.


Miso-soup
Miso-soup is Japanese traditional home cooking.
Ingredients
- dashi stock
- miso paste
- tofu(optional)
- seaweed(optional)
- green onion(optional)
Directions
- put about half of the water in the pot and bring the water to a boil.
- put the dashi stock in the pot.
- if you use tofu or seaweed, cut the ingredients into bite-sized pieces, place the ingredients in the pot and bring to a boil.
- Melt the miso in the water and bring the water to a boil.
- serve into small bowls.
- if you use green onion, slice them and put in a small bowls.
Contribution
Recipe tags:
japanese
soup


Robotics
Our idea for our robot design is for it to be small and good at doing missions. So we came up with...
Our idea for our robot design is for it to be small and good at doing missions. So we came up with...
The biggest problem during space travel is mental stress. Our solution to mental stress is...
Our team is energetic, creative, and fun-loving and is not afraid to share ideas. Our team includes...


FloatInsideTest.testComparableInsideFailNoMessage: Float 'valueA'(0.123) is inside Float range [0.122;0.124]. FloatInsideTest.testComparableInsideFailComparableMax: Float 'valueA'(3.4028235E38) is inside Float range [3.4028235E38;3.4028235E38]. Extra info goes here. FloatInsideTest.testComparableInsideFailComparableMin: Float 'valueA'(1.4E-45) is inside Float range [1.4E-45;1.4E-45]. FloatInsideTest.testComparableInsideFailMessage: Float 'valueA'(0.123) is inside Float range [0.124;0.122]. Extra info goes here.


Giadi1833.github.io
Lovato Electric Energy and Automation. GB THREE-PHASE ENERGY METER - lovatoelectric.de. Energy Management. Energy efficiency is an intelligent way to manage and limit the growth of your energy consumption and costs. It improves your competitiveness by supplying more services for a given energy consumption, or maintaining the same services while reducing energy consumption. Page 23-13 DATA CONCENTRATORS - lovatoelectric.de. Lovato electric componenti elettromeccanici Global.
2 DME D330: three single phase loads can be monitored separately, with energy and hour counts per phase NB For an up-to-date list of expansion modules, visit www.lovatoelectric.com. DME D130 - Lovato Electric manualzz.com.
Electric signal RS485 LOVATO ELECTRIC DEVICE MONITORING. 23-4 Metering instruments and current transformers 23 Energy consumption monitoring Energy quality analysis according to EN 50160 Alarms Control and diagnostic Boolean logic combination Water Pressure Energy quality verification Process data collection PT100 temperature 4-20mA 0-10V DMG SERIES MULTIMETERS AND DME SERIES ENERGY METERS. For over 90 years, LOVATO Electric has been designing and manufacturing low voltage electrical devices for industrial applications. Established
I444 gb 08 15 31100243 1 dme d330 three-phase energy meter with ct insertion with rs485 interface instructions manual gb lovato electric s.p.a. TME has over 700 employees, who provide expert support at each stage of the ordering process. Our offer includes 250,000 electronic components from 900 producers. Manualzz provides technical documentation library and question answer platform. It s a community-based project which helps to repair anything. Page 23-10 Page 23-15 DATA CONCENTRATORS. Energy Management - LOVATO Electric. LOVATO ELECTRIC DME D310 T2 - Electronic components. Lovato electric DME D110T1 Handbücher.


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Farewell Letter Generator
(Darius Kazemi's last project at
Bocoup
)
Generate another!
Share this link!
Source at Github
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