‘The Simpsons’ recasts three roles following the death of voice actor Russi Taylor
Grey DeLisle-Griffin has joined the show's cast
Following the death of The Simpsons voice actor Russi Taylor in July, producers of the long-running cartoon have announced her replacement for a number of longstanding roles.
Taylor provided the voice of Springfield Elementary school twins Sherri and Terri, and their classmate Martin Prince, as well as a number of other parts.
Now, writer and executive producer for the show Al Jean has asked fans to welcome Grey DeLisle-Griffin as the three characters’ new voice.
DeLisle-Griffin is well-established as a voice actor. She played Catwoman in the video game Batman: Arkham City, voiced Arcee in Transformers: Revenge of The Fallen, as well as a number of characters in Netflix’s new She-Ra reboot.
Her predecessor Taylor was also known for playing Disney’s Minnie Mouse for over 30 years, and was married to Wayne Allwine, the voice of Mickey Mouse, until his death in 2009.
DeLisle-Griffin’s first series of The Simpsons features an episode themed around Marvel’s The Avengers, set to air next year. It follows episodes that focused on Game of Thrones and Stranger Things.
In other Simpsons news, it has been confirmed that Olivia Colman will appear in the new series, portraying a character who falls in love with Homer.
A potential spin-off to The Simpsons could also be on the cards, focused on the lives of a host of other Springfield residents.


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close - closes the socket associated with the descriptor.
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#include <lwip/sockets.h>
int close(int s);
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Closes the socket associated with the passed socket descriptor s.The
passed socket descriptor must be returned by the
socket call.
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Jose Mourinho finally gets to work with Harry Kane at Tottenham Hotspur
The new Spurs boss reportedly wanted Harry Kane at Manchester United.
by Mathew NashJose Mourinho is the new Tottenham Hotspur manager after a dramatic 48 hours at the London club. Mauricio Pochettino was sacked and by half six the following morning the Portuguese had been appointed as the club’s new manager.
In doing so, the new Tottenham boss will now get to implement a £170 million ambition from his time in charge of Manchester United.
As reported by The Sun back in October 2017, Mourinho wanted Manchester United to break the bank to bring Tottenham Hotspur striker Harry Kane to Old Trafford.
The report suggested that United had previously had a £40 million bid for Kane rejected in the pre-Mourinho era. It was suggested that the Portuguese manager was happy for the club to spend £170 million on bringing the England international to Manchester.
Of course, that never happened, as the wheels started to come off for Mourinho at Old Trafford.
Now he is at Tottenham and can finally get the chance to work with a player he is clearly a big fan of.
Kane, who of course owes plenty to the work of Mourinho’s predecessor Pochettino, will now have to try and improve his game even more under the demanding eye of one of football’s most divisive but successful managers.
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Find healing waters around the U.S., from natural pools in the West to a historic Arkansas spa town.
National GeographicReports of fatal blood clots in patients who received the vaccine disrupted immunization efforts in several European countries and may have cast unfair suspicions on the shot.
National Geographic


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We describe a new species of fanged frog ( Limnonectes larvaepartus ) that is unique among anurans in having both internal fertilization and birth of tadpoles. The new species is endemic to Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. This is the fourth valid species of Limnonectes described from Sulawesi despite that the radiation includes at least 15 species and possibly many more. Fewer than a dozen of the 6455 species of frogs in the world are known to have internal fertilization, and of these, all but the new species either deposit fertilized eggs or give birth to froglets.
The Indonesian island of Sulawesi in central Indonesia is home to a largely unstudied radiation of fanged frogs in the genus Limnonectes Fitzinger, 1843 (Anura: Dicroglossidae Anderson, 1871). To date, only three species are recognized from Sulawesi, but at least 15 species occur on the island [1] , [2] , [3] . It was recently proposed that Sulawesi fanged frogs represent an adaptive radiation based on patterns of morphological diversification among co-distributed species, and correspondence of morphological features (body size, webbing) with habitat utilization [3] . Adult body size ranges from ∼2 g to more than 900 g in members of the Sulawesi assemblage, with large-bodied species found in close association with fast moving rivers, and small-bodied species occupying more terrestrial niches in forest leaf-litter and on the banks of slow moving streams. Iskandar and Tjan [4] first documented that there are multiple undescribed species of Limnonectes on Sulawesi, and indicated that one of the constituent species utilizes an unusual ovoviviparous reproductive strategy. Here we describe that species, and provide additional details on its reproductive mode.
Anurans exhibit tremendous diversity in mode of reproduction. Not only have there been many independent origins of direct development, the condition in which a free-living tadpole stage is bypassed and froglets emerge from the egg capsules [5] , but a bewildering array of mechanisms has evolved wherein parents care for their developing offspring. Examples of parental care include guarding of terrestrial eggs, transport of tadpoles on the back following hatching, carrying developing eggs in pouches or depressions on the back and flanks, males carrying developing tadpoles in the vocal sac, and even the now-extinct species of gastric brooding frogs in which the female carried her developing tadpoles in her stomach (see [6] for a summary). Despite this extreme reproductive diversity, internal fertilization has evolved only a few times among the 6455 known species of anurans [7] , [8] . Only the African bufonid genera Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides and the now extinct Puerto Rican species, Eleutherodactylus jasperi , are documented to combine internal fertilization with egg retention and subsequent birth of froglets [9] . To this group, we can now add a species of Sulawesi fanged frog in the genus Limnonectes with internal fertilization and live birth of tadpoles, a reproductive mode that is unique among anurans.
We analyzed more than 100 specimens representing the new species from 23 localities on the island of Sulawesi. This study was conducted under an approved Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol issued to JAM by the University of California at Berkeley (Protocol #R279). Fieldwork conducted in Indonesia was undertaken under research permits issued by LIPI and RISTEK, with specimen exportation authorized under permits or loans issued by LIPI, the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, and Pusat Studi Biologi. Specimens were captured by hand in the field, sacrificed via emersion in an aqueous solution of MS-222 (tricaine methane sulfonate) buffered to neutral pH, and prepared as formalin-fixed specimens deposited primarily in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (the national museum of Indonesia) or Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley. As part of a comprehensive study of Sulawesi Limnonectes diversification, we obtained morphometric data for the full Sulawesi assemblage. Sex was determined by inspection of gonads. The following measurements were made to the nearest 0.1 mm using digital calipers: snout-vent length (SVL) – from cloaca to tip of snout; head width (HW) – widest distance between posterior end of lower jaw; head length (HL) – from posterior end of lower jaw to tip of snout; femur length (FE) – from cloaca to distal end of femur; tibia length (TI) – from knee to distal end of tibia; foot length (FL) – from distal end of tibia-fibula to tip of 4th toe; inner metatarsal tubercle (IM); humerus length (UA) – from proximal end of upper arm to elbow; lower arm length (LA) – from elbow joint to base of middle palmar tubercle; hand length (HA) – from lower border of middle tubercle to distal tip of third finger; snout length (SL) – from bony border of eye socket to tip of snout; snout width at eye level (SWE); snout width at nostril level (SWN); eye diameter (EY) – outer diameter, measured from bones bordering eye; interorbital distance (IO) – distance between orbits ( = width of frontoparietal bones); eye-tympanum distance (ET); eye-narial distance (EN) – eye socket border to posterior border of nostril; Internarial distance (IN) – shortest distance between nostrils; nostril to tip of snout (NT); tympanum diameter (TY); odontoid process length (OP) –length of fang-like odontoid process of lower jaw; tibia diameter measured at its widest point (TD). Digital webbing formulae from [10] .
The electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and hence the new names contained herein are available under that Code from the electronic edition of this article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSID (Life Science Identifier) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix “
Limnonectes larvaepartus new species ( Figs. 1 , 2 )
Ventral views of the right foot ( d ) and right hand ( e ) are also presented.
( a ) MVZ 268323 ( male, left ) and MVZ 268307 ( female, right ) collected from Desa Uaemate along the Tasio-Tibo Road, Kabupatan Mamuju, Provinsi Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Island (02.61287S, 119.14238 E, 89 m elev.); ( b ) Limnonectes larvaepartus female (MVZ 268426) with tadpoles removed from the oviduct. Note the large yolk reserves available to the tadpoles; ( c ) An in situ adult male L. larvaepartus (JAM 14234) observed calling while perched on the edge of a small pool 2 m away from a 2 m wide stream; several L. larvaepartus tadpoles were present in the pool including the two visible within the yellow circle; ( d ) dorsal and ventral views of ∼stage 25 L. larvaepartus tadpoles (JAM 14271) released by a pregnant female (JAM 14237) at the moment of capture.
Urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 60AA7136-89A0-4DBB-9FBC-BD0FAF8A214C
This species has been referred to in the literature under the names Limnonectes larviparus [11] and Limnonectes “ovovivipar” [4] , both of which created nomina nuda. This species also corresponds to Limnonectes sp. V in [2] , [3] .
The species name larvaepartus (from ‘larvae’, plural of larva, the early form of an animal, and ‘partus’, to give birth to) reflects the unique reproductive mode of this tadpole-bearing species.
MZB.Amph.23755 (Field Number: BSI 0605, see Fig. 1 ), an adult male, collected from Dunu Village, (0.92353 o N; 122.64386 oE) at 189 m elevation, Kecamatan Anggrek, Kabupaten Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo, Sulawesi, Indonesia by J.A. McGuire & team, 18 October 2004.
Paratypes (n = 30) are from Sulawesi Utara, Gorontalo, Sulawesi Tengah, and Sulawesi Barat Provinces: MZB 2834, a gravid female with 33 translucent tadpoles (Gosner stage 23) from the left oviduct and 2 from outside the body, from Toraut (00′33.72 o N, 123′54.23 oE), Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara at 370 m elevation, by D. T. Iskandar, 15 August 1991; FMNH 252453, a female, from Toraut, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara by D. T. Iskandar, August 1991. MVZ 255545, 256009-11, 256013 from Desa Lombongo (−1.43346, 120.30800), Kecamatan Suwawa, Kabupaten Bone Bolango, Bogani Nani Warta Bone National Park, Provinsi Gorontalo at 75 m elevation by J. A McGuire and team, 20 October 2004. ZRC 1.3258 (left femur removed) from Toraut, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara at 370 m elevation, by D. T. Iskandar, 15 August 1991. MZB 2835–2841 from Toraut, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara at 370 m elevation, by D. T. Iskandar, 15 August 1991 & 12 July 1992. MVZ 255548–49 from Desa Pontak (−2.62910, 118.99300), Kecamatan Motoling, Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara at 285 m elevation by J. A. McGuire and team, 13 October 2004. MZB 3117, near Potolok river, Lolak, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park at 350 m elevation, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara; MZB 3118, male from seashore forest near Bungbungan River, Lolak, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara. MZB 3120 from Tangkorak River, Desa Pindol, Kecamatan Lolak, Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara, by Mumpuni, 26 June 1995; MZB 3121 from Tangaga Forest, Dudepo, Bolaang Mongondow, Sulawesi Utara, by I. Maryanto, 20 October 1995; MZB 3122 from Potolok River, Bogani Nani National Park, Lolak, Sulawesi Utara by Mumpuni, 19 June 1995; MZB 3124 from Bungbungan River, Bogani Nani National Park, Lolak, Sulawesi Utara by Mumpuni, 19 June 1995; MZB Amph.8108 from Toraut, near Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Sulawesi Utara. LSUMZ 84209, 84214, 84221, 84224 from Desa Torout, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara at 267 m elevation by J. A. McGuire on 6 and 11 September 2001.
LSUMZ 84218, 84219 from Desa Torout, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara by J.A. McGuire. FMNH 130991, 106930 from Buang-buang Island, Sulawesi Utara. MZB 3119, juvenile from Seashore forest near Bungbungan River, Lolak, Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. AMNH 167199 from Tangkoko National Park (1.570083 o N, 125.156933 o E), Kabupaten Minahasa, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. MVZ 255546 from Desa Salumpaku (−1.60757, 119.29900), Kecamatan Banawa, Kabupaten Donggala, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. MVZ 255547 from Desa Kelapa Dua (−1.60757, 119.29900), Kecamatan Anreapi, Kabupaten Polewali Mandar, Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. MVZ 268426, 268428–30, 268432 from Polewali-Masawa Road (River 1) (−2.65490, 118.93300), Kecamatan Polewali, Kabupaten Polewali Mandar, Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. MVZ 268309–10, 268313, 268317–19, 268322, 268325, MZB.Amph. 20675, 20677–80 from Desa Uaemate (Tasiu-Tibo Road; S02.61550, E119.14417), Kecamatan Kaluku, Kabupaten Mamuju, Provinsi Sulawesi Barat. MZB.Amph.20663 from Desa Kabiraan (−2.62460, 119.14700), Kecamatan Ulumunda, Kabupaten Majene, Provinsi Sulawesi Barat.
Limnonectes larvaepartus occurs across the Northern Peninsula, as well as on the western margin of Sulawesi's Central Core ( Fig. 3 ). We do not know the full extent of the species' range in the Central Core because the central highlands of Sulawesi remain poorly explored herpetologically. Several genera have species range boundaries in this same general region (e.g. the flying lizards Draco spilonotus and D. walker [12] , the fanged frogs Limnonectes sp. I and L. sp. D [3] , and the tarsiers Tarsius lariang and T. dentatus [13] .
The right panel shows the phylogenetic position of L. larvaepartus , with different symbol shapes denoting regional genetic structure in the species.
Prior workers have recognized substantial species diversity in the genus Limnonectes on Sulawesi. However, diagnosing many of these lineages on the basis of morphology is challenging, and several authors have instead opted to apply names to Sulawesi specimens representing species from outside Sulawesi. Consequently, the following names have all been incorrectly applied to Sulawesi populations: the Lesser Sundas species (type locality: Flores Island) L. dammermani (Mertens, 1927), the Bornean species L. finchii (Inger, 1966), the Mollucan species (type locality: Ambon) L. grunniens (Daudin, 1801), and the Philippine taxa L. leytensis (Boettger, 1893), L. magnus (Stejneger, 1909), and L. palavanensis (Boulenger, 1894). These names should not be applied to Sulawesi populations, as was verified phylogenetically for several of these taxa [3] . Only four Sulawesi species have been described: L. arathooni (Smith, 1927), L. heinrichi (Ahl, 1933), L. modestus (Boulenger, 1882), and L. microtympanum (van Kampen, 1909). However, we will show elsewhere that L. heinrichi is a junior synonym of L. modestus and the species complex that we have referred to previously [2] , [3] as L. modestus remains undescribed – thus, at present there are but three valid described species of Sulawesi Limnonectes .
Limnonectes larvaepartus can be distinguished from all other described species of Limnonectes by its reproductive mode ( Fig. 2 ). It can be further differentiated from all described Sulawesi species by its combination of body size (mean male SVL = 37.4; female SVL = 40.2 mm), coloration, tympanum size, and degree of hind foot webbing, as well as on the basis of phylogenetic placement ( Fig. 3 ). Limnonectes arathooni is endemic to Sulawesi's Southwestern (SW) Peninsula south of the Tempe Depression, and thus does not occur within the range of L. larvaepartus . It is similar in size to the new species (male SVL = 36.6 mm, females = 39.6 mm), but differs in having substantially reduced webbing (extending to penultimate phalange of fourth toe vs. to toe disc), in lacking fine granular dorsal tubercles, and in having melanic spots above the forelimb insertion, a fine ridge extending posteriorly behind each eye, and an alternative derived reproductive mode in which males guard clutches of terrestrial eggs that hatch into tadpoles that then make their own way to an adjacent stream by sliding down steep stream-side embankments [14] . Limnonectes microtympanum , like L. arathooni , is restricted to the SW Peninsula south of the Tempe Depression, and thus does not overlap in geographical range with L. larvaepartus . Limnonectes microtympanum is moderately large (male SVL = 78.4; female SVL = 72.4 mm), and thus much larger than the new species. Limnonectes microtympanum also differs from the new species in having proportionally smaller tympana (TY/SVL = 0.05 + 0.01 in males, 0.06 + 0.01 in females versus 0.08 + 0.01 in both sexes in L. larvaepartus ). The new species occurs in broad sympatry with L. modestus , which is a moderate sized (male SVL = 70.2 mm; female SVL = 64.0 mm) inhabitant of fast-moving streams and substantially larger than L. larvaepartus . Like L. larvaepartus , L. modestus has nearly complete hindfoot webbing (slightly more extensive in L. modestus than in L. larvaepartus but reaching the toe disc in both species), a dusky throat with melanic pigments extending onto the pectoral region (in a clear wedge shape in L. modestus , more randomly distributed in L. larvaepartus ), and skin with extensive fine granular tubercles. Limnonectes modestus also exhibits a derived reproductive mode involving production of a relatively small number of large (10 mm diameter) eggs that are deposited along the edge of fast moving streams.
An adult male ( Fig. 1 ) 48 mm SVL, body moderately robust, head not broader than body, head about 65% longer than wide, length 45% of snout-vent length, snout 17% of snout-vent length, moderately pointed, projecting above lower jaw, nostril lateral, closer to tip of snout than to eye, lore essentially straight, canthus rostralis distinct, eye about equal to snout length, pupil diamond-shaped, upper eyelid with tubercles; interorbital region smooth, width 69% of internarial distance, tympanum moderate, slightly wider than interorbital distance, supratympanic fold distinct, extending from posterior corner of eye to supra-axillary region, in contact with tympanic annulus, temporal muscle slightly enlarged; odontoid process 2.1 mm. Dentigerous process of vomer distinct, angled anterolaterally, approximately at 45 o angle, posterior ends separated by distance approximately equal to one-third diameter of choanae. Limbs relatively slender, tibia width at thickest part 7.5 mm; femur length 52% of snout-vent length, heels moderately overlapping when placed perpendicular to body axis; tibia length 64.9% of foot length, 48.9% of snout-vent length; foot length 71% of snout-vent length; tarsal fold indistinct, only evident as a ridge; toe discs moderately expanded, circum-marginal groove horseshoe-shaped, pointed anteriorly. Plantar surface of foot smooth, subarticular tubercle rounded, relative length of toes 4>3>5>2>1. Inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, elongate, ovoid with a sharp spade like ventral edge; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; hind foot webbing full, extending to toe discs, slightly emarginated. Manus length 51.3% of foot length, fingers slender, terminal discs slightly expanded, length formula 3>1≥4≥2, with slight differences in length, subarticular tubercle rounded, convex; supernumerary tubercles absent; inner and outer metacarpal tubercles enlarged, nuptial pads and webbing absent, forearm muscle not enlarged. See Table 1 for measurements and variation.
| Limnonectes larvaepartus | |||
| Males (31) | Females (30) | Holotype | |
| Snout-Vent Length (SVL) | 39.8+4.7 | 41.2+3.1 | 48.0 |
| Range | 31.3−48.3 | 35.7−47.5 | - |
| Head Length (HL) | 17.6+2.0 | 17.9+1.3 | 21.5 |
| Head Width (HW) | 15.4+2.1 | 15.1+1.5 | 18.9 |
| Snout Length (SL) | 7.0+0.9 | 7.2+0.5 | 8.2 |
| Eye-Narial Distance (EN) | 3.6+0.5 | 3.9+0.4 | 4.0 |
| Nostril-Tip of Snout (NT) | 3.6+0.4 | 3.8+0.4 | 4.3 |
| Internarial Distance (IN) | 4.5+0.6 | 4.4+0.4 | 4.9 |
| Snout Width at Eye (SWE) | 10.5+1.2 | 10.6+1.0 | 12.2 |
| Snout Width at Nostril (SWN) | 6.0+0.8 | 5.8+0.7 | 7.5 |
| Eye-Tympanum Distance (ET) | 1.8+0.5 | 1.6+0.4 | 1.7 |
| Odontoid Process Length (OP) | 2.0+0.3 | 1.6+0.2 | 2.1 |
| Tympanum Diameter (TY) | 3.1+0.5 | 3.3+0.4 | 3.6 |
| Interorbital Distance (IO) | 3.0+0.5 | 3.0+0.4 | 3.9 |
| Eye Diameter (EY) | 7.2+0.8 | 7.4+0.5 | 8.7 |
| Femoral Length (FE) | 21.1+2.6 | 22.0+2.4 | 23.7 |
| Tibial Length (TI) | 22.7+2.8 | 24.1+2.3 | 23.5 |
| Foot Length (FL) | 32.1+3.6 | 33.5+3.0 | 36.2 |
| Humeral Length (UA) | 11.5+1.0 | 11.4+1.1 | 13.5 |
| Lower Arm Length (LA) | 8.4+1.0 | 9.1+1.0 | 9.5 |
| Hand Length (HA) | 9.7+1.2 | 9.9+1.0 | 11.8 |
| HL/SVL | 0.44+0.02 | 0.44+0.03 | 0.45 |
| HW/SVL | 0.39+0.02 | 0.37+0.02 | 0.39 |
| SL/SVL | 0.18+0.01 | 0.18+0.01 | 0.17 |
| EN/SVL | 0.09+0.01 | 0.09+0.01 | 0.08 |
| IN/SVL | 0.11+0.01 | 0.11+0.01 | 0.10 |
| SWE/SVL | 0.26+0.02 | 0.26+0.01 | 0.25 |
| SWN/SVL | 0.15+0.01 | 0.14+0.01 | 0.16 |
| ET/SVL | 0.04+0.01 | 0.04+0.01 | 0.04 |
| OP/SVL | 0.05+0.01 | 0.04+0.01 | 0.04 |
| TY/SVL | 0.08+0.01 | 0.08+0.01 | 0.08 |
| IO/SVL | 0.08+0.01 | 0.07+0.01 | 0.08 |
| EY/SVL | 0.18+0.01 | 0.18+0.01 | 0.18 |
| FE/SVL | 0.53+0.03 | 0.53+0.03 | 0.49 |
| TI/SVL | 0.57+0.04 | 0.59+0.04 | 0.49 |
| PL/SVL | 0.81+0.03 | 0.81+0.04 | 0.75 |
| SL/SWE | 0.67+0.07 | 0.69+0.07 | 0.67 |
| IN/SWN | 0.74+0.08 | 0.76+0.08 | 0.65 |
| HW/HL | 0.87+0.07 | 0.84+0.08 | 0.88 |
| SL/HW | 0.46+0.05 | 0.48+0.03 | 0.43 |
| IO/IN | 0.68+0.07 | 0.67+0.08 | 0.80 |
| TI/TD | 3.6+0.4 | 3.8+0.2 | 3.6 |
The dorsal coloration is highly variable, typically brownish-grey, but can be darker brown on the dorsolateral region, and some individuals are reddish-brown or golden-tan (see Fig. 2 ). ∼23% of specimens have a bold mid-dorsal stripe. The venter is either yellowish or cream colored, with the upper end of the tibia usually bearing a prominent dark spot. A light bar is often present in the interorbital region, and the coloration of the snout to interorbital region may be lighter than the remainder of the dorsum. The tympanum is often masked in black leaving only the lower rim sharing the predominant body coloration. The gular region is usually darker in males and may have a finely mottled wedge-shaped melanic patch. The dorsal half of the iris is golden-orange in coloration in at least some individuals (we do not know of exceptions, but have not documented iris coloration for most specimens).
Females produce ∼100 non-pigmented eggs (see [15] ), though the most we have observed is 55, which possibly represents the contents of just one oviduct. The eggs lack a jelly-coat and reach at least ∼3 mm in diameter. These eggs develop within the oviducts into pigmented tadpoles that reach at least Gosner stage 35 prior to parturition (see [16] for staging). The gut is initially provisioned with substantial yolk ( Fig. 2 b ), and developing tadpoles prematurely removed from the oviducts at approximately stage 21 progressed to approximately stage 25 over the course of two weeks in a water bottle without supplemental food, suggesting plasticity in terms of the timing of parturition. A detailed description of the tadpole is provided in the accompanying paper by Kusrini et al. [15] .
Limnonectes larvaepartus occurs in natural and disturbed forest habitats of Sulawesi, generally in sympatry with at least one, and sometimes as many as five other Limnonectes species. In the western Central Core of Sulawesi, we have always found L. larvaepartus living in sympatry with a much larger species that has been referred to in the literature as L. sp. D (2,3). Whereas L. sp. D is generally found on rocks in fast-moving streams or within a meter of water on the banks of fast-flowing streams, L. larvaepartus is usually found further from the stream (2–10 meters from water) on rocky substrates, in leaf-litter, or secluded in grassy vegetation. Because we have observed that L. sp. D predates other frogs, including other Limonectes , it is possible that L. larvaepartus avoids large streams in response to predation pressure from larger Limnonectes species. Male L. larvaepartus typically call from the margins of seeps, puddles, or small pools away from the main stream. Notably, we have found many males calling from small pools that were already inhabited by L. larvaepartus tadpoles ( Fig. 2 c ), with as many as three size-classes of tadpoles represented. It is unclear whether some or all of the observed tadpoles were sired by the accompanying male. We have furthermore collected at least one pregnant female from a small stream-side puddle already inhabited by tadpoles of two size classes, again suggesting the possibility that individual pools may be visited repeatedly by the same adult males and females during the reproductive season.
We first became aware of the unusual reproductive mode of Limnonectes larvaepartus while conducting fieldwork on Sulawesi. In several instances, we discovered tadpoles in the oviducts while preparing specimens. In each case, having sacrificed frogs for preparation, the abdominal wall was observed to quiver, and incision resulted in living tadpoles emerging from the opening (see S1 Movie ). On one occasion, a gravid female gave birth to tadpoles in-hand at the moment of capture. On four other occasions, field-collected L. larvaepartus in our possession gave birth to tadpoles while being held individually in collecting bags. In total, we have either observed tadpoles in the oviducts or direct-birth of tadpoles on 19 occasions.
Because we have not witnessed natural birth of tadpoles in free-living frogs, two possible alternative reproductive modes are possible for this species. Limnonectes larvaepartus reproduction may simply reflect what we have observed in the hand – direct birth of tadpoles. Alternatively, this species may be capable of retaining developing young in the oviducts through metamorphosis with subsequent birth of froglets, as is the case for Eleutherodactylus jasperi and members of the African bufonid genera Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides [9] , [17] , [18] . The latter mode seems unlikely for several reasons. First, we have collected 19 pregnant individuals carrying tadpoles in the oviducts but none carrying froglets. These 19 females were collected across different months, years, and localities. Second, we have observed and collected at least four clutches of free-living L. larvaepartus tadpoles in small pools of water on the margins of streams, with each of these samples exhibiting two or three size classes and thus possibly representing multiple clutches. Three of these clutches were accompanied by males, some of which were calling, and one was found in association with the gravid female that gave birth to 55 tadpoles (some in the hand of JAM, others subsequently deposited in a collecting bag). Finally, although adaptive plasticity has been demonstrated for many frog species, whereby tadpoles or froglets are capable of hatching from their eggs prematurely when attacked by predators [19] , this has only been documented for a single direct-developer, Eleutherodactylus coqui [20] . In the case of E. coqui , the capacity for early hatching commenced at stages 13 or 14, whereas normal hatching occurred at stage 15 (see [21] for staging). Thus, E. coqui were capable of premature hatching only as froglets, with toe pads and eyelids present but before the tail was completely resorbed, a stage much later than would be required by L. larvaepartus if it were simultaneously capable of hatching as either a tadpole or full-term froglet. Most direct-developers, as well as the few frog species that give birth to froglets, pass through the tadpole stage in a form poorly suited for free-living. In many such species, the tadpole has a broad, highly vascularized ‘respiratory tail’ specialized for intra-egg or intra-oviductal gas exchange rather than for swimming, as is the case for Eleutherodactylus jasperi [17] , and may lack mouthparts and functional gills [22] , [23] , [24] . In others, the tail remains rudimentary and limb buds appear early in development such that a typical tadpole phenotype never occurs [22] , [23] . Given these observations, it appears unlikely that any one species would be characterized by the combination of (1) internal fertilization, (2) complete metamorphosis within the oviducts and live-birth in the form of froglets, as well as (3) an oviductal tadpole stage that is capable of premature birth and free-living. Although we think that L. larvaepartus is much more likely to give birth to tadpoles as its sole mode of reproduction as opposed to exhibiting adaptive plasticity allowing for birth of either tadpoles or froglets depending on the circumstances confronting the frog, we note that either condition would be unique among Anura. In either case, L. larvaepartus requires internal fertilization, which is, itself, extremely rare among anurans [8] , [25] . The mechanism by which internal fertilization takes place is unknown, and there is no obvious intromittent organ present to facilitate sperm transfer. If L. larvaepartus reproduction always involves birth of tadpoles, it is likely that they are ovoviparous given that the tadpoles are well provisioned with yolk and appear fully capable of developing without nutrient transfer from the mother. Prior to parturition, the tadpoles have well-developed tails and pigmentation, and well developed mouthparts. Given this morphology, it is unlikely that these tadpoles are endotrophic (never feed before metamorphosing into froglets). It is more likely that the tadpoles are born after exhausting their yolk supply, and are subsequently self-feeding prior to metamorphosis. Nevertheless, it is clear that much remains to be learned about this unusual frog, the discovery of which brings to light yet another axis of diversity characterizing the remarkable Sulawesi fanged frog adaptive radiation.
Video showing the characteristic quivering abdomen caused by movement of tadpoles within a pregnant female Limnonectes larvaepartus.
(MOV)
We thank K. N. Tjan, U. Arifin, K. Laras, Suwatio, A. Rachmansah, R. M. Brown, and C. J. Hayden for assistance in the field. Boeadi and Mumpuni for MZB specimens; R. F. Inger for discussion and access to comparative materials from FMNH, USNM and MCZ; D. N. Cannatella, M. H. Wake, and members of the McGuire Lab for helpful discussion.


public interface IpasirLibrary
extends com.sun.jna.Library
| 修飾子とタイプ | インタフェースと説明 |
|---|---|
static interface |
IpasirLibrary.IpasirCallback |
| 修飾子とタイプ | フィールドと説明 |
|---|---|
static int |
INTERRUPTED |
static int |
SAT |
static int |
UNSAT |
| 修飾子とタイプ | メソッドと説明 |
|---|---|
void |
ipasir_add(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver,
int lit_or_zero)
Add the given literal into the currently added clause
or finalize the clause with a 0.
|
void |
ipasir_assume(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver,
int lit)
Add an assumption for the next SAT search (the next call
of ipasir_solve).
|
int |
ipasir_failed(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver,
int lit)
Check if the given assumption literal was used to prove the
unsatisfiability of the formula under the assumptions
used for the last SAT search.
|
com.sun.jna.Pointer |
ipasir_init()
Construct a new solver and return a pointer to it.
|
void |
ipasir_release(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver)
Release the solver, i.e., all its resoruces and
allocated memory (destructor).
|
void |
ipasir_set_terminate(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver,
com.sun.jna.Pointer state,
com.sun.jna.Callback terminate)
Set a callback function used to indicate a termination requirement to the
solver.
|
String |
ipasir_signature()
Return the name and the version of the incremental SAT
solving library.
|
int |
ipasir_solve(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver)
Solve the formula with specified clauses under the specified assumptions.
|
int |
ipasir_val(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver,
int lit)
Get the truth value of the given literal in the found satisfying
assignment.
|
static final int SAT
static final int UNSAT
static final int INTERRUPTED
String ipasir_signature()
com.sun.jna.Pointer ipasir_init()
Required state: N/A State after: INPUT
void ipasir_release(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver)
Required state: INPUT or SAT or UNSAT State after: undefined
void ipasir_add(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver, int lit_or_zero)
Required state: INPUT or SAT or UNSAT State after: INPUT
Literals are encoded as (non-zero) integers as in the DIMACS formats. They have to be smaller or equal to INT_MAX and strictly larger than INT_MIN (to avoid negation overflow). This applies to all the literal arguments in API functions.
void ipasir_assume(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver, int lit)
Required state: INPUT or SAT or UNSAT State after: INPUT
int ipasir_solve(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver)
Required state: INPUT or SAT or UNSAT State after: INPUT or SAT or UNSAT
int ipasir_val(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver, int lit)
Required state: SAT State after: SAT
int ipasir_failed(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver, int lit)
Required state: UNSAT State after: UNSAT
void ipasir_set_terminate(com.sun.jna.Pointer solver, com.sun.jna.Pointer state, com.sun.jna.Callback terminate)
Required state: INPUT or SAT or UNSAT State after: INPUT or SAT or UNSAT
Copyright © 2019. All rights reserved.


| Upcoming fixtures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Time | Home team | Away team | |
| {{fixture.date.dayOfMonth}}-{{fixture.date.monthValue}}-{{fixture.date.year}} | {{fixture.date.hour}}:{{fixture.date.minute != 0 | iif : fixture.date.minute : '00' }} | {{fixture.homeTeam.name}} | - | {{fixture.awayTeam.name}} |


Before Change
// Verify that ValueError is raised if the transform are invalid
dim = 3
theta = np.ndarray(2)
assert_raises(ValueError, param_to_matrix, -1, dim, theta)
// Verify that ValueError is raised if incorrect number of parameters
for transform in transform_type.keys():
After Change
def test_param_to_matrix_3d():
// Test translation matrix 3D
transform = regtransforms[("TRANSLATION", 3)]
dx, dy, dz = np.random.rand(3)
theta = np.array([dx, dy, dz])
expected = np.array([[1, 0, 0, dx],


|
MoveToCode
|
Base Component for handling Focus on GameObjects. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual void | OnFocusEnter (FocusEventData eventData) |
| The Focus Enter event is raised on this GameObjectwhenever a Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointer's focus enters this GameObject More... | |
| virtual void | OnFocusExit (FocusEventData eventData) |
| The Focus Exit event is raised on this GameObjectwhenever a Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointer's focus leaves this GameObject More... | |
| virtual void | OnBeforeFocusChange (FocusEventData eventData) |
| Focus event that is raised before the focus is actually changed. More... | |
| virtual void | OnFocusChanged (FocusEventData eventData) |
| Focus event that is raised when the focused object is changed. More... | |
Properties | |
| virtual bool | FocusEnabled [get, set] |
| Is focus enabled for this Component? More... | |
| virtual bool | HasFocus [get] |
| Does this object currently have focus by any Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointer? More... | |
| List< IMixedRealityPointer > | Focusers = new List<IMixedRealityPointer>(0) [get] |
| The list of Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointers that are currently focused on this GameObject More... | |
Base Component for handling Focus on GameObject
s.
|
virtual |
Focus event that is raised before the focus is actually changed.
Implements Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityFocusChangedHandler.
Reimplemented in Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Teleport.TeleportHotSpot, and Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.BaseEyeFocusHandler.
|
virtual |
Focus event that is raised when the focused object is changed.
Implements Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityFocusChangedHandler.
|
virtual |
The Focus Enter event is raised on this GameObjectwhenever a Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointer's focus enters this GameObject
Implements Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityFocusHandler.
Reimplemented in Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.UI.PrefabSpawner, Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.UI.InteractableHighlight, and Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.UI.HandInteractionPanZoom.
|
virtual |
The Focus Exit event is raised on this GameObjectwhenever a Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointer's focus leaves this GameObject
Implements Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityFocusHandler.
Reimplemented in Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.UI.PrefabSpawner, Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.UI.InteractableHighlight, and Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.UI.HandInteractionPanZoom.
|
getset |
Is focus enabled for this Component?
|
get |
The list of Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointers that are currently focused on this GameObject
|
get |
Does this object currently have focus by any Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Input.IMixedRealityPointer?


Scan Launch
Select Scanner
The following scanners are available :
Scan Status
| IP | Status |
|---|---|
| {{data.scan_ip}} |
{{data.scan_status}}
|
{% extends 'header.html' %} {% block body %}
Select Scanner
The following scanners are available :
| IP | Status |
|---|---|
| {{data.scan_ip}} |
{{data.scan_status}}
|


© Copyright 1986-2013 by The University of Washington. Written by Joseph Felsenstein. Permission is granted to copy this document provided that no fee is charged for it and that this copyright notice is not removed.
Drawtree and Drawgram are interactive tree-plotting programs that take a tree description in a file and read it, and then let you interactively make various settings and then make a plot of the tree in a file in some graphical file format, or plot the tree on a laser printer, plotter, or dot matrix printer. In most cases you can preview the resulting tree. This allows you to modify the tree until you like the result, then plot the result. Drawtree plots unrooted trees and Drawgram plots rooted cladograms and phenograms. With a plot to a file whose format is one acceptable to publishers both programs can produce fully publishable results.
These programs are descended from PLOTGRAM and PLOTREE, written by Christopher Meacham in 1984 and contributed to PHYLIP. I have incorporated his code for fonts and his plotter drivers, and in Drawtree have used some of his code for drawing unrooted trees. In both programs I have also included some plotter driver code by David Swofford, Julian Humphries and George D.F. "Buz" Wilson, to all of whom I am very grateful. Mostly, however, they consist of my own code and that of my programmers. The font files are printable-character recodings of the public-domain Hershey fonts, recoded by Christopher Meacham. The Java interface for the programs was created by Jim McGill.
This document will describe the features common to both programs. The documents for Drawtree and Drawgram describe the particular choices you can make in each of those programs. The Appendix to this documentation file contains some pieces of C code that can be inserted to make the program handle another plotting device -- the plotters by Calcomp.
To use Drawtree and Drawgram, you must have
Once you have all these pieces, the programs should be fairly self explanatory, particular if you can preview your plots so that you can discover the meaning of the different options by trying them out.
Once you have an executable version of the appropriate program (say Drawgram), and a file called (say) intree with the tree in it, and if necessary a font file (say font2 which you have copied as a file called fontfile), all you do is run the Drawgram program. It should automatically read the tree file and any font file needed, and will allow you to change the graphics device. Then it will let you see the options it has chosen, and ask you if you want to change these. Once you have modified those that you want to, you can tell it to accept those. The version of the program that has a Java interface will then allow you to preview the tree on the computer screen.
After you are done previewing the tree, the program will want to know whether you are ready to plot the tree. In the Java GUI version of the programs, you press on the Create Plot File button when you want to produce the final plot.
In the character-mode menu-driven versions of the programs, options can be changed but previewing does not occur. Plotting will occur after you close the menu by making the Y (yes) choice when you are asked whether you want to accept the plot as is. If you say no, it will once again allow you to change options, as many times as you want. If you say yes, then it will write a file called (say) plotfile. If you then copy this file to your printer or plotter, it should result in a beautifully plotted tree. You may need to change the filename to have the file format recognized by your operating system (for example, you may want to change plotfile to plotfile.ps if the file is in Postscript format).
If you don't want to print the file immediately, but want to edit the figure first, you should have chosen an output format that is readable by a draw program. Postscript format is readable by drawing programs such as Adobe Illustrator, Canvas, Freehand, and Coreldraw, and can be displayed by the Unix utilities Ghostscript and Ghostview. It can also be imported into word processors such as Microsoft Word as a figure. The PICT format was created for earlier Macintosh drawing programs such as MacDraw, and can be read by some other drawing programs and word processors. A widely-available bitmap drawing editor is GIMP (the Gnu Image Manipulation Program). On Windows systems bitmap drawing editors such as Paint can read Windows Bitmap files. We have provided output formats here for Xfig and Idraw drawing programs available on Linux or Unix systems.
Drawing programs can be used to add branch length numbers (something too hard for us to do automatically in these programs) and to make scale bars. Another use is as a way of printing out the trees, as most drawing programs are set up to print out their figures.
Having read the above, you may be ready to run the program. Below you will find more information about representation of trees in the tree file, on the different kinds of graphics devices supported by this program, and on how to recompile these programs.
The Newick Standard for representing trees in computer-readable form makes use of the correspondence between trees and nested parentheses, noticed in 1857 by the famous English mathematician Arthur Cayley. If we have this rooted tree:
A D \ E / \ C / / \ ! / / \ ! / / B \!/ / \ o / \ ! / \ ! / \ ! / \ ! / \!/ o ! !
then in the tree file it is represented by the following sequence of printable characters, starting at the beginning of the file:
(B,(A,C,E),D);
The tree ends with a semicolon. Everything after the semicolon in the input file is ignored, including any other trees. The bottommost node in the tree is an interior node, not a tip. Interior nodes are represented by a pair of matched parentheses. Between them are representations of the nodes that are immediately descended from that node, separated by commas. In the above tree, the immediate descendants are B, another interior node, and D. The other interior node is represented by a pair of parentheses, enclosing representations of its immediate descendants, A, C, and E.
Tips are represented by their names. A name can be any string of printable characters except blanks, colons, semcolons, parentheses, and square brackets. In the programs a maximum of 20 characters are allowed for names: this limit can easily be increased by recompiling the program and changing the constant declaration for "MAXNCH" in phylip.h.
Because you may want to include a blank in a name, it is assumed that an underscore character ("_") stands for a blank; any of these in a name will be converted to a blank when it is read in. Any name may also be empty: a tree like
(,(,,),);
is allowed. Trees can be multifurcating at any level (while in many of the programs multifurcations of user-defined trees are not allowed or restricted to a trifurcation at the bottommost level, these programs do make any such restriction).
Branch lengths can be incorporated into a tree by putting a real number, with or without decimal point, after a node and preceded by a colon. This represents the length of the branch immediately below that node. Thus the above tree might have lengths represented as:
(B:6.0,(A:5.0,C:3.0,E:4.0):5.0,D:11.0);
These programs will be able to make use of this information only if lengths exist for every branch, except the one at the bottom of the tree.
The tree starts on the first line of the file, and can continue to subsequent lines. It is best to proceed to a new line, if at all, immediately after a comma. Blanks can be inserted at any point except in the middle of a species name or a branch length.
The above description is of a subset of the Newick Standard. For example, interior nodes can have names in that standard, but if any are included the present programs will omit them.
To help you understand this tree representation, here are some trees in the above form:
((raccoon:19.19959,bear:6.80041):0.84600,((sea_lion:11.99700, seal:12.00300):7.52973,((monkey:100.85930,cat:47.14069):20.59201, weasel:18.87953):2.09460):3.87382,dog:25.46154);(Bovine:0.69395,(Gibbon:0.36079,(Orang:0.33636,(Gorilla:0.17147,(Chimp:0.19268, Human:0.11927):0.08386):0.06124):0.15057):0.54939,Mouse:1.21460);
(Bovine:0.69395,(Hylobates:0.36079,(Pongo:0.33636,(G._Gorilla:0.17147, (P._paniscus:0.19268,H._sapiens:0.11927):0.08386):0.06124):0.15057):0.54939, Rodent:1.21460);
();
((A,B),(C,D));
(Alpha,Beta,Gamma,Delta,,Epsilon,,,);
The Newick standard is based on a standard invented by Christopher Meacham for his programs PLOTREE and PLOTGRAM. The Newick Standard was adopted June 26, 1986 by an informal committee that met during the Society for the Study of Evolution meetings in Durham, New Hampshire and consisted of James Archie, William H.E. Day, Wayne Maddison, Christopher Meacham, F. James Rohlf, David Swofford, and myself. A web page describing it will be found at http://evolution.gs.washington.edu/phylip/newicktree.html.
When the programs run they have a menu which allows you to set (on its option P) the final plotting device, and another menu which allows you to set the type of preview screen. The choices for previewing are a subset of those available for plotting, and they can be different (the most useful combination will usually be a previewing graphics screen with a hard-copy plotter or a drawing program graphics file format).
In the Java interface the "Final plot file type" menu gives you the choices
Which plotter or printer will the tree be drawn on? (many other brands or models are compatible with these) type: to choose one compatible with: L Postscript printer file format M PICT format (for drawing programs) J HP Laserjet PCL file format W MS-Windows Bitmap F FIG 2.0 drawing program format A Idraw drawing program format Z VRML Virtual Reality Markup Language file P PCX file format (for drawing programs) K TeKtronix 4010 graphics terminal X X Bitmap format V POVRAY 3D rendering program file R Rayshade 3D rendering program file H Hewlett-Packard pen plotter (HPGL file format) D DEC ReGIS graphics (VT240 terminal) E Epson MX-80 dot-matrix printer C Prowriter/Imagewriter dot-matrix printer O Okidata dot-matrix printer B Houston Instruments plotter U other: one you have inserted code for Choose one: |
Here are the choices, with some comments on each:
Postscript printer file format. This means that the program will generate a file containing Postscript commands as its plot file. This can be printed on any Postscript-compatible laser printer, and can be incorporated into Microsoft Word documents or into PDF documents. The page size is assumed to be 8.5 by 11 inches, but as plotting is within this limit A4 metric paper should work well too. This is the best quality output option. For this printer the menu options in Drawgram and Drawtree that allow you to select one of the built-in fonts will work. The programs default to Times-Roman when this plotting option is in effect. I have been able to use fonts Courier, Times-Roman, and Helvetica. The others have eluded me for some reason known only to those who really understand Postscript. The font name is written into the file, so any name that works there is possible.
PICT format (for drawing programs). This file format is read by many drawing programs (an early example was MacDraw). It has support for some fonts, though if fonts are used the species names can only be drawn horizontally or vertically, not at other angles in between. The control over line widths is a bit rough also, so that some lines at different angles may turn out to be different widths when you do not want them to be. If you are working on a Mac OS X system and have not been able to persuade it to print a Postscript file, even after adding a .ps extension to the file name, this option may be the best solution, as you could then read the file into a drawing program and then order it to print the resulting screen. The PICT file format has font support, and the default font for this plotting option is set to Times. You can also choose font attributes for the labels such as Bold, Italic, Outline, and Shadowed. PICT files can be read and supported by various drawing programs, but support for it in Adobe Photoshop has recently been dropped. It has been replaced by PDF format as the default graphics file format in Mac OS X.
HP Laserjet PCL file format. Hewlett-Packard's extremely popular line of laser printers has been emulated by many other brands of laser printer, so that for many years this format was compatible with many printers. It was also the default format for many inkjet printers. More recently almost all of these printers have support for the Postscript format, and their support for the PCL format may ultimately disappear. One limitation of the early versions of the PCL command language for these printers was that they did not have primitive operations for drawing arbitrary diagonal lines. This means that they must be treated by these programs as if they were dot matrix printers with a great many dots. This makes output files large, and output can be slow. The user will be asked to choose the dot resolution (75, 150, or 300 dots per inch). The 300 dot per inch setting should not be used if the laser printer's memory is less than 512k bytes. The quality of output is also not as good as it might be so that the Postscript file format will usually produce better results even at the same resolution. I am grateful to Kevin Nixon for inadvertently assisting me by pointing out that on Laserjets one does not have to dump the complete bitmap of a page to plot a tree.
MS-Windows Bitmap. This file format is used by most Windows drawing and paint programs, including Windows Paint which comes with the Windows operating system. It asks you to choose the height and width of the graphic image in pixels. For the moment, the image is set to be a monochrome image which can only be black or white. We hope to change that soon, but note that by pasting the image into a copy of Paint that is set to have a color image of the appropriate size, one can get a version whose color can be changed. Note also that large enough Windows Bitmap files can be used as "wallpaper" images for the background of a desktop.
FIG 2.0 drawing program format. This is the file format of the free drawing program Xfig, available for X-windows systems on Unix or Linux systems. Xfig can be downloaded from these places:
Xfig but may draw them with lines. This often makes the names look rather bumpy. We hope to change this soon.
Idraw drawing program format. Idraw is a free drawing program for X windows systems (such as Unix and Linux systems). Its interface is loosely based on MacDraw, and I find it much more useable than Xfig (almost no one else seems to agree with me). Though it was unsupported for a number of years, it has more recently been actively supported by Scott Johnston, of Vectaport, Inc. (http://www.vectaport.com). He has produced, in his ivtools package, a number of specialized versions of Idraw, and he also distributes the original Idraw as part of it. ivtools is available as a package on the Debian family of Linux distributions, as packages ivtools-bin, libiv-unidraw1, libiv1 and (for development) ivtools-dev. Thus on a Debia-family Linux system such as Ubuntu Linux, Linux Mint, SUSE, etc. you may simply need to type:
sudo apt-get install ivtools-bin sudo apt-get install libiv-unidraw1 sudo apt-get install libiv1in order to install Ivtools.
The Idraw file format that our programs produce can be read into Idraw, and also can be imported into the other Ivtools programs such as Drawtool. The file format saved from Idraw (or which can be exported from the other Ivtools programs) is Postscript, and if one does not print directly from Idraw one can simply send the file to the printer. But the format that we produce is missing some of the header information and will not work directly as a Postscript file. However if you read it into Idraw and then save it (or import it into one of the other Ivtools drawing programs such as Drawtool, and then export it) you will get a Postscript version that is fully useable.
Drawgram and Drawtree have font support in their Idraw file format options. The default font is Times-Bold but you can also enter the name of any other font that is supported by your Postscript printer. Idraw labels can be rotated to any angle. Some of these fonts are directly supported by the Idraw program. There is also a way to install new Postscript Type 1 fonts in the Ivtools programs.
Note that the Idraw drawing program from Ivtools is not related to the drawing program iDraw, which is produced by Indeeo, Inc.
VRML Virtual Reality Markup Language file. This is by far the most interesting plotting file format. VRML files describe objects in 3-dimensional space with lighting on them. A number of freely available "virtual reality browsers" or browser plugins can read VRML files. A list of available virtual reality browsers and browser plugins can be found at http://cic.nist.gov/vrml/vbdetect.html, a site that also automatically detects which VRML plugins are appropriate for your web browser. VRML plugins for your web browser or standalone browsers allow you to wander around looking at the tree from various angles, including from behind! I found VRMLView particularly easy to download -- it is distributed as an executable. It is not particulary fast and somewhat mysterious to use (try your mouse buttons). At the moment our VRML output is unsophisticated. The branches are made of tubes, with spheres at their joints. The tree is made of three-dimensional tubes but is basically flat. Names are made of connected tubes (to get this make sure you use a simple default font such as the Hershey font in file font1). This has the interesting effect that if you (virtually) move around and look at the tree from behind, the names will be backwards. VRML itself has VRML itself has been superseded by a standard called X3D (see http://www.web3d.org/), and we will be moving toward X3D support. Fortunately X3D is backwards compatible with VRML. What's next? Trees whose branches stick out in three dimensions? Animated trees whose forks rotate slowly? A video game involving combat among schools of systematists?
PCX file format (for drawing programs). A bitmap format that was formerly much used on the PC platform, this has been largely superseded by the Windows Bitmap (BMP) format, but it is still useful. This file format is simple and is read by many other programs as well. The user must choose one of three resolutions for the file, 640x480, 800x600, or 1024x768. The file is a monochrome paint file. Our PCX format is correct but is not read correctly by versions of Microsoft Paint (PBrush) that are running on systems that have loaded Word97. The version of the Paint utility provided with Windows 7 also does not support the PCX format. The free image manipulation program GIMP (Gnu Image Manipulation Program) is able to read the PCX format.
The plot devices from here on are only available in the non-Java-interface version of the programs:
Tektronix 4010 graphics terminal. The plot file will contain commands for driving the Tektronix series of graphics terminals. Other graphics terminals were compatible with the Tektronix 4010 and its immediate descendants. There are terminal emulation programs for Macintoshes that emulate Tektronix graphics. On workstations with X windows you can use one option of the "xterm" utility to create a Tektronix-compatible window. On Sun workstations there used to be a Tektronix emulator you can run called "tektool" which can be used to view the trees.
X Bitmap format. This produces an X-bitmap for the X Windows system on Unix or Linux systems, which can be displayed on X screens. You will be asked for the size of the bitmap (e.g., 16x16, or 256x256, etc.). This format cannot be printed out without further format conversion but is usable for backgrounds of windows ("wallpaper"). This can be a very bulky format if you choose a large bitmap. The bitmap is a structure that can actually be compiled into a C program (and thus built in to it), if you should have some reason for doing that.
POVRAY 3D rendering program file. This produces a file for the free ray-tracing program POVRay (Persistence of Vision Raytracer), which is available at http://www.povray.org/. It shows a tree floating above a flat landscape. The tree is flat but made out of tubes (as are the letters of the species names). It casts a realistic shadow across the landscape. lit from over the left shoulder of the viewer. You will be asked to confirm the colors of the tree branches, the species names, the background, and the bottom plane. These default to Blue, Yellow, White, and White respectively.
Rayshade 3D rendering program file. The input format for the free ray-tracing program "rayshade" which is available at http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/~cek/rayshade/rayshade.html for many kinds of systems. Rayshade takes files of this format and turns them into color scenes in "raw" raster format (also called "MTV" format after a raytracing program of that name). If you get the Netpbm package (available from http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/projects/netpbm/). and compile it on your system you can use the "mtvtoppm" and "ppmtogif" programs to convert this into the widely-used GIF raster format. (the Netpbm package will also allow you to convert into tiff, pcx and many other formats) The resultant image will show a tree floating above a landscape, rendered in a real-looking 3-dimensional scene with shadows and illumination. It is possible to use Rayshade to make two scenes that together are a stereo pair. When producing output for Rayshade you will be asked by the Drawgram or Drawtree whether you want to reset the values for the colors you want for the tree, the species names, the background, and the desired resolution.
Hewlett-Packard pen plotter (HPGL file format). This means that the program will generate a file as its plot file which uses the HPGL graphics language. Hewlett-Packard 7470, 7475, and many other plotters are compatible with this. The paper size is again assumed to be 8.5 by 11 inches (again, A4 should work well too). It is assumed that there are two pens, a finer one for drawing names, and the HPGL commands will call for switching between these. Few people have HP plotters these days, the PCL printer control language found in but recent Hewlett-Packard printers can emulate an HP plotter, as this feature is included in its PCL5 command language (but not in the PCL4 command languages of earlier Hewlett-Packard models).
DEC ReGIS graphics (VT240 terminal). The DEC ReGIS standard is used by the VT240 and VT340 series terminals by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation). There used to be many graphics terminals that emulate the VT240 or VT340 as well. The DECTerm windows in many versions of Digital's (now Compaq's) DECWindows windowing system also did so. These days DEC ReGIS graphics is rarely seen: it is most likely to be encountered as an option in X11 Xterm windows.
Epson MX-80 dot-matrix printer. This file format is for the dot-matrix printers by Epson (starting with the MX80 and continuing on to many other models), as well as the IBM Graphics printers. The code here plots in double-density graphics mode. Many of the later models are capable of higher-density graphics but not with every dot printed. This density was chosen for reasonably wide compatibility. Many other dot-matrix printers on the market have graphics modes compatible with the Epson printers. I cannot guarantee that the plot files generated by these programs would be compatible with all of these, but they do work on Epsons. They have also worked, in our hands, on IBM Graphics Printers. There used to be many printers that claimed compatibility with these too, but I do not know whether it will work on all of them. If you have trouble with any of these you might consider trying in the epson option of procedure initplotter to put in a fprintf statement that writes to plotfile an escape sequence that changes line spacing. As dot matrix printers are rare these days, used mostly to print multipart receipts in business, I suspect this option will not get much testing.
Prowriter/Imagewriter dot-matrix printer. The trading firm C. Itoh distributed this line of dot-matrix printers, which was made by Tokyo Electric (TEC), now a subsidiary of Toshiba. It was also sold by NEC under the product number PC8023. These were 9-pin dot matrix printers. In a slightly modified form they were also the Imagewriter printer sold by Apple for their Macintosh line. The same escape codes seem to work on both machines, the Apple version being a serial interface version. They are not related to the IBM Proprinter, despite the name.
Okidata dot-matrix printer. The ML81, 82, 83 and ML181, 182, 183 line of dot-matrix printers from Okidata had their own graphics codes and those are dealt with by this option. The later Okidata ML190 series emulated IBM Graphics Printers so that you would not want to use this option for them but the option for that printer.
Houston Instruments plotter. The Houston Instruments line of plotters were also known as Bausch and Lomb plotters. The code in the programs for these has not been tested recently; I would appreciate anyone who tries it out telling me whether it works. I do not have access to such a plotter myself, and doubt most users will come across one.
Conversion from these formats to others is also possible. There is a free program NetPBM that interconverts many bitmap formats (see above under Rayshade). A more accessible option will be the free image manipulation program GIMP (Gnu Image Manipulation Program) which can read our Postscript, Windows Bitmap (.BMP), PCX, and X Bitmap formats and can write many raster and vector formats.
In the Java GUI version of Drawgram and Drawtree, the graphics capabilities of Java are used for previewing. The programs actually write a Postscript file called JavaPreview.ps, and each time the preview is displayed this is read in and displayed.
Another problem is adding labels (such as vertical scales and branch lengths) to the plots produced by this program. This may require you to use the Postcript, BMP, PICT, Idraw, Xfig, or PCX file format and use a draw or paint program to add them. GIMP and Adobe Illustrator can do this.
I would like to add more built-in fonts. The fontfiles now have recoded versions of the Hershey fonts. They are legally publicly distributable. Most other font families on the market are not public domain and I cannot afford to license them for distribution. Some people have noticed that the Hershey fonts, which are drawn by a series of straight lines, have noticeable angles in what are supposed to be curves, when they are printed on modern laser printers and looked at closely. This is less a problem than one might think since, fortunately, when scientific journals print a tree it is usually shrunk so small that these imperfections (and often the tree itself) are hard to see!
One more font that could be added from the Hershey font collection would be a Greek font. If Greek users would find that useful I could add it, but my impression is that they publish mostly in English anyway.
The C code of these programs consists of two C programs, "drawgram.c" and "drawtree.c". Each of these uses two other pieces of C code "draw.c", "draw2.c", plus a common header file, "draw.h". All of the graphics commands that are common to both programs will be found in "draw.c" and "draw2.c". The following instructions for writing your own code to drive a different kind of printer, plotter, or graphics file format, require you only to make changes in "draw.c" and "draw2.c". The two programs can then be recompiled.
If you want to write code for other printers, plotters, or vector file formats, this is not too hard. The plotter option "U" is provided as a place for you to insert your own code. Chris Meacham's system was to draw everything, including the characters in the names and all curves, by drawing a series of straight lines. Thus you need only master your plotter's commands for drawing straight lines. In function "plotrparms" you must set up the values of variables "xunitspercm" and "yunitspercm", which are the number of units in the x and y directions per centimeter, as well as variables "xsize" and "ysize" which are the size of the plotting area in centimeters in the x direction and the y direction. A variable "penchange" of a user-defined type is set to "yes" or "no" depending on whether the commands to change the pen must be issued when switching between plotting lines and drawing characters. Even though dot-matrix printers do not have pens, penchange should be set to "yes" for them. In function "plot" you must issue commands to draw a line from the current position (which is at (xnow, ynow) in the plotter's units) to the position (xabs, yabs), under the convention that the lower-left corner of the plotting area is (0.0, 0.0). In functions "initplotter" and "finishplotter" you must issue commands to initialize the plotter and to finish plotting, respectively. If the pen is to be changed an appropriate piece of code must be inserted in function "penchange". The code to print the text needs to be added to the "plottext" function.
For dot matrix printers and raster graphics matters are a bit more complex. The functions "plotrparms", "initplotter", "finishplotter" and "plot" still respectively set up the parameters for the plotter, initialize it, finish a plot, and plot one line. But now the plotting consists of drawing dots into a two-dimensional array called "stripe". Once the plot is finished this array is printed out. In most cases the array is not as tall as a full plot: instead it is a rectangular strip across it. When the program has finished drawing in ther strip, it prints it out and then moves down the plot to the next strip. For example, for Hewlett-Packard Laserjets we have defined the strip as 2550 dots wide and 20 dots deep. When the program goes to draw a line, it draws it into the strip and ignores any part of it that falls outside the strip. Thus the program does a complete plotting into the strip, then prints it, then moves down the diagram by (in this case) 20 dots, then does a complete plot into that strip, and so on.
To work with a new raster or dot matrix format, you will have to define the desired width of a strip ("strpwide"), the desired depth ("strpdeep"), and how many lines of bytes must be printed out to print a strip. Procedure "striprint" is the one that prints out a strip, and has special-case code for the different printers and file formats. For file formats, all of which print out a single row of dots at a time, the variable "strpdiv" is not used. The variable "dotmatrix" is set to "true" or "false" in function "plotrparms" according to whether or not "strpdiv" is to be used. Procedure "plotdot" sets a single dot in the array "strip" to 1 at position (xabs, yabs). The coordinates run from 1 at the top of the plot to larger numbers as we proceed down the page. Again, there is special-case code for different printers and file formats in that function. You will probably want to read the code for some of the dot matrix or file format options if you want to write code for one of them. Many of them have provision for printing only part of a line, ignoring parts of it that have no dots to print.
I would be happy to obtain the resulting code from you to consider adding it to this listing so we can cover more kinds of plotters, printers, and file formats.
These pieces of code are to be inserted in the places reserved for the "Y" plotter option. The variables necessary to run this have already been incorporated into the programs.
Calcomp's industrial-strength plotters were once a fixture of University computer centers, but are rarely found now, but just in case you need to use one, this code should work:
A global declaration needed near the front of drawtree.c:
Char cchex[16];
Code to be inserted into function plotrparms:
case 'Y': plotter = other; xunitspercm = 39.37; yunitspercm = 39.37; xsize = 25.0; ysize = 25.0; xposition = 12.5; yposition = 0.0; xoption = center; yoption = above; rotation = 0.0; break;
Code to be inserted into function plot:
Declare these variables at the beginning of the function:
long n, inc, xinc, yinc, xlast, ylast, xrel, yrel, xhigh, yhigh, xlow, ylow; Char quadrant;
and insert this into the switch statement:
case other: if (penstatus == pendown) putc('H', plotfile); else putc('D', plotfile); xrel = (long)floor(xabs + 0.5) - xnow; yrel = (long)floor(yabs + 0.5) - ynow; xnow = (long)floor(xabs + 0.5); ynow = (long)floor(yabs + 0.5); if (xrel > 0) { if (yrel > 0) quadrant = 'P'; else quadrant = 'T'; } else if (yrel > 0) quadrant = 'X'; else quadrant = '1'; xrel = labs(xrel); yrel = labs(yrel); if (xrel > yrel) n = xrel / 255 + 1; else n = yrel / 255 + 1; xinc = xrel / n; yinc = yrel / n; xlast = xrel % n; ylast = yrel % n; xhigh = xinc / 16; yhigh = yinc / 16; xlow = xinc & 15; ylow = yinc & 15; for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) fprintf(plotfile, "%c%c%c%c%c", quadrant, cchex[xhigh - 1], cchex[xlow - 1], cchex[yhigh - 1], cchex[ylow - 1]); if (xlast != 0 || ylast != 0) fprintf(plotfile, "%c%c%c%c%c", quadrant, cchex[-1], cchex[xlast - 1], cchex[-1], cchex[ylast - 1]); break;
Code to be inserted into function initplotter:
case other: cchex[-1] = 'C'; cchex[0] = 'D'; cchex[1] = 'H'; cchex[2] = 'L'; cchex[3] = 'P'; cchex[4] = 'T'; cchex[5] = 'X'; cchex[6] = '1'; cchex[7] = '5'; cchex[8] = '9'; cchex[9] = '/'; cchex[10] = '='; cchex[11] = '#'; cchex[12] = '"'; cchex[13] = '\''; cchex[14] = '^'; xnow = 0.0; ynow = 0.0; fprintf(plotfile, "CCCCCCCCCC"); break;
Code to be inserted into function finishplotter:
case other: plot(penup, 0.0, yrange + 50.0); break;
The Hershey fonts were digitized fonts created by Dr. A. V. Hershey in the late 1960s when he was working at the U. S. Naval Weapons Laboratory. They were published in U. S. National Bureau of Standards Special Publication No. 424, distributed by the U. S. National Technical Information Service. Legally, it is possible to freely distribute these fonts in any encoding system except the original one used by the U. S. National Technical Information Service, provided that you acknowledge that the original fonts were produced by Dr. Hershey and published by NBS. This is a somewhat odd restriction, but convenient for us. Chris Meacham developed the software we use to read the Hershey fonts, and it uses a simple coding system that he developed. The original Hershey fonts were transformed by him into this encoding system. Six of them are distributed with PHYLIP: three Roman fonts, one unserifed and two serifed, two Italic fonts, one unserifed and one serifed, and a Russian Cyrillic font.
Each font file consists of groups of lines, one for each character. Here are the lines for character "h" in the font #1 in this encoding:
Ch 608 21 19 28 -1456 1435 -1445 1748 1949 2249 2448 2545 2535 -12935 |
The group of lines starts with the letter C (for Character). Then follows the character that this font will draw (in this case "h"). It is the byte which, when read by the computer, signals that character. Then there is the number of this character in the original Hershey fonts (608). This is not used by our software.
The Hershey fonts are drawn on a grid of points as a series of lines. The next three numbers (21, 19, and 28) are the height (21), and two widths (19, and 28, which we don't use). Then comes a new line which shows the individual pen moves. When these are negative, they indicate that the pen is to be up when moving; when they are positive, the pen is to be down. They are integers. The last of them is greater than 10,000, and that is the signal to end after that move.
Each number has a final four digits that give the coordinate to which the pen is to move. These are given as (x,y) coordinates. Thus the first number (-1456) indicates the pen is to be up and the plotting is to move to coordinate (14, 56), which is x = 14, y = 56. Then the pen is put down and moved to (14, 35). This draws a line from (14, 56) to (14, 35), in fact the vertical line that forms the back of the "h". Then the pen is picked up and moved to (14, 45). Then there follow a series of moves with pen down to (14, 35), (14, 45), (17, 48), (19, 49), (22, 49), (24, 48), (25, 45), and finally (25, 35). This draws a series of connected line segments that make the arch and right-hand vertical, ending up at the bottom-right of the character. -12935 then signals a pen-up move to (29, 35). This moves to a point where the next character can start, putting in a little "white space".
As you can see, the coding system is quite simple. Does anyone want to draw us some new fonts to add to our repertoire? I have spared you the Gothic, Old English, and Greek Hershey fonts, but perhaps there are some other nice ones people might want to use.


The X Factor: Celebrity tonight LIVE – latest updates
by https://www.facebook.com/thesunshowbiz/THE X Factor: Celebrity has seen a string of famous faces try their hand at singing but while some have triumphed, others have fallen at the first hurdle.
Simon Cowell’s revamped show continues in under ONE HOUR.
Follow our live blog for all the latest gossip and news ahead of the show...
- Joanne Kavanagh4 minutes agoNovember 16, 2019FIERCE! Megs is looking fierce as she heads into the studio tonight. God help anyone who stands in her way reaching the final…
- Joanne Kavanagh9 minutes agoNovember 16, 2019SIT BACK AND RELAX Not long until X Factor Celebrity kicks off. So make sure the wine is chilled, the takeaway is ordered, sit back and get ready to pass judgement on the rich and famous. Bliss!
- Joanne Kavanagh17 minutes agoNovember 16, 2019BACKSTAGE BITCHING Simon and Louis have been swiping at each other A LOT this series. I am LOVING it. Certainly makes the show more fun! Let’s hope they have another spat tonight – maybe Nicole will have to step in…
- Joanne Kavanagh22 minutes agoNovember 16, 2019SET LIST Wondering what songs everyone's performing tonight? Look no further as here is the complete rundown TRY STAR – Boom – X Ambassadors V5 – Bang Bang – Jessie J, Ariana Grande, Nicki Minaj MAX & HARVEY – High Hopes – Panic! At The Disco JENNY RYAN – Euphoria – Loreen VINNIE JONES – I Fought The Law / Should I Stay Or Should I Go – The Clash MEGAN MCKENNA – When I'm Crying – original song KEVIN MCHALE – I Feel Love – Donna Summer (Sam Smith version)
- Joanne Kavanagh29 minutes agoNovember 16, 2019NOT SO GLEEFUL X Factor Celebrity fans will sadly be saying goodbye to yet another famous face during tonight’s live show. But who’s favourite to get the chop from Simon Cowell? Betways reckon Glee's Kevin McHale is tipped to get his X-it from the show with odds of 13/8, closely followed by Try Star at 7/4 and then Vinnie Jones with odds of 7/2.
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My favorite photos
LIST OF MY FAVORITE PHOTOS
- Computer image
- Office image
- Motivational image
- Teamwork image
- swimming image
- Food
- A cat
LIST OF THEIR PHOTOS
Reasons why they are my favorite photos
- A computer/ a laptop helps me to reach my dream which was to be a software developer.
- An office is the place where I will be using to do my job which provides me with income / salary that make me to get a living.
- Motivational images:these are photos/ images that carry millions of words that makes people to inspire and provides them with powers to overcome all the things that stands in between them and their goals.
- Teamwork:Helps one to make work easier by doing a proect or solving proplems that one faces during his work.
- Swimming is one of the best activity which i like doing during my leisure time.
- Food:provides 0ne with energy that makes one to do the day to day activities.
- Cat is my favorite domestic animal it has a nice interraction and it's a cute animal.
Biography Of The Webesite
A Photograph is way of presenting millions of ideas in one picture / image where it shows defferent expressions.
This is a Website Where you can find a list of my favorite photos with the reason as to why I have choosen them from thousands of other photos.