Fraction fields of Ore polynomial rings#
Sage provides support for building the fraction field of any Ore
polynomial ring and performing basic operations in it.
The fraction field is constructed by the method
sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_ring.OrePolynomialRing.fraction_field()
as demonstrated below:
sage: R.<t> = QQ[]
sage: der = R.derivation()
sage: A.<d> = R['d', der]
sage: K = A.fraction_field()
sage: K
Ore Function Field in d over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field twisted by d/dt
The simplest way to build elements in \(K\) is to use the division operator over Ore polynomial rings:
sage: f = 1/d
sage: f
d^(-1)
sage: f.parent() is K
True
REPRESENTATION OF ELEMENTS:
Elements in \(K\) are internally represented by fractions of the form \(s^{-1} t\) with the denominator on the left. Notice that, because of noncommutativity, this is not the same that fractions with denominator on the right. For example, a fraction created by the division operator is usually displayed with a different numerator and/or a different denominator:
sage: g = t / d
sage: g
(d - 1/t)^(-1) * t
The left numerator and right denominator are accessible as follows:
sage: g.left_numerator()
t
sage: g.right_denominator()
d
Similarly the methods OrePolynomial.left_denominator()
and
OrePolynomial.right_numerator()
give access to the Ore polynomials
\(s\) and \(t\) in the representation \(s^{-1} t\):
sage: g.left_denominator()
d - 1/t
sage: g.right_numerator()
t
We favored the writing \(s^{-1} t\) because it always exists. On the contrary, the writing \(s t^{-1}\) is only guaranteed when the twisting morphism defining the Ore polynomial ring is bijective. As a consequence, when the latter assumption is not fulfilled (or actually if Sage cannot invert the twisting morphism), computing the left numerator and the right denominator fails:
sage: sigma = R.hom([t^2])
sage: S.<x> = R['x', sigma]
sage: F = S.fraction_field()
sage: f = F.random_element()
sage: while not f:
....: f = F.random_element()
sage: f.left_numerator()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: inversion of the twisting morphism Ring endomorphism of Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field
Defn: t |--> t^2
On a related note, fractions are systematically simplified when the twisting morphism is bijective but they are not otherwise.
EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3) sage: S.<x> = SkewPolynomialRing(k, k.frobenius_endomorphism()) sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: Z = K.center() sage: iota = K.coerce_map_from(Z) sage: sigma = iota.section() sage: sigma(x^3 / (x^6 + 1)) z/(z^2 + 1)
- class sage.rings.polynomial.ore_function_field.OreFunctionField(ring, category=None)#
Bases:
Algebra
,UniqueRepresentation
A class for fraction fields of Ore polynomial rings.
- Element = None#
- change_var(var)#
Return the Ore function field in variable
var
with the same base ring, twisting morphism and twisting derivation asself
.INPUT:
var
– a string representing the name of the new variable.
EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: R.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(k,Frob) sage: K = R.fraction_field() sage: K Ore Function Field in x over Finite Field in t of size 5^3 twisted by t |--> t^5 sage: Ky = K.change_var('y'); Ky Ore Function Field in y over Finite Field in t of size 5^3 twisted by t |--> t^5 sage: Ky is K.change_var('y') True
- characteristic()#
Return the characteristic of this Ore function field.
EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<t> = QQ[] sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1]) sage: S = R['x',sigma] sage: S.fraction_field().characteristic() 0 sage: k.<u> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S = k['y',Frob] sage: S.fraction_field().characteristic() 5
- fraction_field()#
Return the fraction field of this Ore function field, i.e. this Ore function field itself.
EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<t> = QQ[] sage: der = R.derivation() sage: A.<d> = R['d', der] sage: K = A.fraction_field() sage: K Ore Function Field in d over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field twisted by d/dt sage: K.fraction_field() Ore Function Field in d over Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field twisted by d/dt sage: K.fraction_field() is K True
- gen(n=0)#
Return the indeterminate generator of this Ore function field.
INPUT:
n
– index of generator to return (default: 0). Exists for compatibility with other polynomial rings.
EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<a> = GF(5^4) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.gen() x
- gens_dict()#
Return a {name: variable} dictionary of the generators of this Ore function field.
EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<t> = ZZ[] sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1]) sage: S.<x> = OrePolynomialRing(R, sigma) sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.gens_dict() {'x': x}
- is_commutative()#
Return
True
if this Ore function field is commutative, i.e. if the twisting morphism is the identity and the twisting derivation vanishes.EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.is_commutative() False sage: T.<y> = k['y', Frob^3] sage: L = T.fraction_field() sage: L.is_commutative() True
- is_exact()#
Return
True
if elements of this Ore function field are exact. This happens if and only if elements of the base ring are exact.EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.is_exact() True sage: k.<u> = Qq(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.is_exact() False
- is_field(proof=False)#
Return always
True
since Ore function field are (skew) fields.EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: S.is_field() False sage: K.is_field() True
- is_finite()#
Return
False
since Ore function field are not finite.EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3) sage: k.is_finite() True sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x',Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.is_finite() False
- is_sparse()#
Return
True
if the elements of this Ore function field are sparsely represented.Warning
Since sparse Ore polynomials are not yet implemented, this function always returns
False
.EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<t> = RR[] sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1]) sage: S.<x> = R['x', sigma] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.is_sparse() False
- ngens()#
Return the number of generators of this Ore function field, which is \(1\).
EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<t> = RR[] sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1]) sage: S.<x> = R['x',sigma] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.ngens() 1
- parameter(n=0)#
Return the indeterminate generator of this Ore function field.
INPUT:
n
– index of generator to return (default: 0). Exists for compatibility with other polynomial rings.
EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<a> = GF(5^4) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.gen() x
- random_element(degree=2, monic=False, *args, **kwds)#
Return a random Ore function in this field.
INPUT:
degree
– (default: 2) an integer or a list of two integers; the degrees of the denominator and numeratormonic
– (default:False
) ifTrue
, return a monic Ore function with monic numerator and denominator*args, **kwds
– passed in to therandom_element
method for the base ring
EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.random_element() # random (x^2 + (2*t^2 + t + 1)*x + 2*t^2 + 2*t + 3)^(-1) * ((2*t^2 + 3)*x^2 + (4*t^2 + t + 4)*x + 2*t^2 + 2) sage: K.random_element(monic=True) # random (x^2 + (4*t^2 + 3*t + 4)*x + 4*t^2 + t)^(-1) * (x^2 + (2*t^2 + t + 3)*x + 3*t^2 + t + 2) sage: K.random_element(degree=3) # random (x^3 + (2*t^2 + 3)*x^2 + (2*t^2 + 4)*x + t + 3)^(-1) * ((t + 4)*x^3 + (4*t^2 + 2*t + 2)*x^2 + (2*t^2 + 3*t + 3)*x + 3*t^2 + 3*t + 1) sage: K.random_element(degree=[2,5]) # random (x^2 + (4*t^2 + 2*t + 2)*x + 4*t^2 + t + 2)^(-1) * ((3*t^2 + t + 1)*x^5 + (2*t^2 + 2*t)*x^4 + (t^2 + 2*t + 4)*x^3 + (3*t^2 + 2*t)*x^2 + (t^2 + t + 4)*x)
- twisting_derivation()#
Return the twisting derivation defining this Ore function field or
None
if this Ore function field is not twisted by a derivation.EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<t> = QQ[] sage: der = R.derivation(); der d/dt sage: A.<d> = R['d', der] sage: F = A.fraction_field() sage: F.twisting_derivation() d/dt sage: k.<a> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x', Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.twisting_derivation()
See also
sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_element.OrePolynomial.twisting_derivation()
,twisting_morphism()
- twisting_morphism(n=1)#
Return the twisting endomorphism defining this Ore function field iterated
n
times orNone
if this Ore function field is not twisted by an endomorphism.INPUT:
n
- an integer (default: 1)
EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<t> = QQ[] sage: sigma = R.hom([t+1]) sage: S.<x> = R['x', sigma] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: K.twisting_morphism() Ring endomorphism of Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in t over Rational Field Defn: t |--> t + 1
When the Ore polynomial ring is only twisted by a derivation, this method returns nothing:
sage: der = R.derivation() sage: A.<d> = R['x', der] sage: F = A.fraction_field() sage: F.twisting_morphism()
See also
sage.rings.polynomial.ore_polynomial_element.OrePolynomial.twisting_morphism()
,twisting_derivation()
- class sage.rings.polynomial.ore_function_field.OreFunctionField_with_large_center(ring, category=None)#
Bases:
OreFunctionField
A specialized class for Ore polynomial fields whose center has finite index.
- center(name=None, names=None, default=False)#
Return the center of this Ore function field.
Note
One can prove that the center is a field of rational functions over a subfield of the base ring of this Ore function field.
INPUT:
name
– a string orNone
(default:None
); the name for the central variabledefault
– a boolean (default:False
); ifTrue
, set the default variable name for the center toname
EXAMPLES:
sage: k.<t> = GF(5^3) sage: Frob = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<x> = k['x',Frob] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: Z = K.center(); Z Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in z over Finite Field of size 5
We can pass in another variable name:
sage: K.center(name='y') Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over Finite Field of size 5
or use the bracket notation:
sage: Zy.<y> = K.center(); Zy Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over Finite Field of size 5
A coercion map from the center to the Ore function field is set:
sage: K.has_coerce_map_from(Zy) True
and pushout works:
sage: x.parent() Ore Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field in t of size 5^3 twisted by t |--> t^5 sage: y.parent() Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in y over Finite Field of size 5 sage: P = x + y; P x^3 + x sage: P.parent() Ore Function Field in x over Finite Field in t of size 5^3 twisted by t |--> t^5
A conversion map in the reverse direction is also set:
sage: Zy(x^(-6) + 2) (2*y^2 + 1)/y^2 sage: Zy(1/x^2) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: x^(-2) is not in the center
ABOUT THE DEFAULT NAME OF THE CENTRAL VARIABLE:
A priori, the default is
z
.However, a variable name is given the first time this method is called, the given name become the default for the next calls:
sage: k.<t> = GF(11^3) sage: phi = k.frobenius_endomorphism() sage: S.<X> = k['X', phi] sage: K = S.fraction_field() sage: C.<u> = K.center() # first call sage: C Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in u over Finite Field of size 11 sage: K.center() # second call: the variable name is still u Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in u over Finite Field of size 11
We can update the default variable name by passing in the argument
default=True
:sage: D.<v> = K.center(default=True) sage: D Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in v over Finite Field of size 11 sage: K.center() Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in v over Finite Field of size 11


| 1 | /* =========================================================== | |
| 2 | * JFreeChart : a free chart library for the Java(tm) platform | |
| 3 | * =========================================================== | |
| 4 | * | |
| 5 | * (C) Copyright 2000-2009, by Object Refinery Limited and Contributors. | |
| 6 | * | |
| 7 | * Project Info: http://www.jfree.org/jfreechart/index.html | |
| 8 | * | |
| 9 | * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | |
| 10 | * under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by | |
| 11 | * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or | |
| 12 | * (at your option) any later version. | |
| 13 | * | |
| 14 | * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but | |
| 15 | * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY | |
| 16 | * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public | |
| 17 | * License for more details. | |
| 18 | * | |
| 19 | * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public | |
| 20 | * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software | |
| 21 | * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, | |
| 22 | * USA. | |
| 23 | * | |
| 24 | * [Java is a trademark or registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. | |
| 25 | * in the United States and other countries.] | |
| 26 | * | |
| 27 | * ------------------------- | |
| 28 | * CategoryStepRenderer.java | |
| 29 | * ------------------------- | |
| 30 | * | |
| 31 | * (C) Copyright 2004-2009, by Brian Cole and Contributors. | |
| 32 | * | |
| 33 | * Original Author: Brian Cole; | |
| 34 | * Contributor(s): David Gilbert (for Object Refinery Limited); | |
| 35 | * | |
| 36 | * Changes | |
| 37 | * ------- | |
| 38 | * 21-Apr-2004 : Version 1, contributed by Brian Cole (DG); | |
| 39 | * 22-Apr-2004 : Fixed Checkstyle complaints (DG); | |
| 40 | * 05-Nov-2004 : Modified drawItem() signature (DG); | |
| 41 | * 08-Mar-2005 : Added equals() method (DG); | |
| 42 | * ------------- JFREECHART 1.0.x --------------------------------------------- | |
| 43 | * 30-Nov-2006 : Added checks for series visibility (DG); | |
| 44 | * 22-Feb-2007 : Use new state object for reusable line, enable chart entities | |
| 45 | * (for tooltips, URLs), added new getLegendItem() override (DG); | |
| 46 | * 20-Apr-2007 : Updated getLegendItem() for renderer change (DG); | |
| 47 | * 18-May-2007 : Set dataset and seriesKey for LegendItem (DG); | |
| 48 | * 21-Jun-2007 : Removed JCommon dependencies (DG); | |
| 49 | * 17-Jun-2008 : Apply legend shape, font and paint attributes (DG); | |
| 50 | * | |
| 51 | */ | |
| 52 | ||
| 53 | package org.jfree.chart.renderer.category; | |
| 54 | ||
| 55 | import java.awt.Graphics2D; | |
| 56 | import java.awt.Paint; | |
| 57 | import java.awt.Shape; | |
| 58 | import java.awt.geom.Line2D; | |
| 59 | import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D; | |
| 60 | import java.io.Serializable; | |
| 61 | ||
| 62 | import org.jfree.chart.LegendItem; | |
| 63 | import org.jfree.chart.axis.CategoryAxis; | |
| 64 | import org.jfree.chart.axis.ValueAxis; | |
| 65 | import org.jfree.chart.entity.EntityCollection; | |
| 66 | import org.jfree.chart.event.RendererChangeEvent; | |
| 67 | import org.jfree.chart.plot.CategoryPlot; | |
| 68 | import org.jfree.chart.plot.PlotOrientation; | |
| 69 | import org.jfree.chart.plot.PlotRenderingInfo; | |
| 70 | import org.jfree.chart.renderer.xy.XYStepRenderer; | |
| 71 | import org.jfree.chart.util.PublicCloneable; | |
| 72 | import org.jfree.data.category.CategoryDataset; | |
| 73 | ||
| 74 | /** | |
| 75 | * A "step" renderer similar to {@link XYStepRenderer} but | |
| 76 | * that can be used with the {@link CategoryPlot} class. The example shown | |
| 77 | * here is generated by the CategoryStepChartDemo1.java program | |
| 78 | * included in the JFreeChart Demo Collection: | |
| 79 | *

 | |
| 80 | *  | |
| 82 | */ | |
| 83 | public class CategoryStepRenderer extends AbstractCategoryItemRenderer | |
| 84 | implements Cloneable, PublicCloneable, Serializable { | |
| 85 | ||
| 86 | /** | |
| 87 | * State information for the renderer. | |
| 88 | */ | |
| 89 | protected static class State extends CategoryItemRendererState { | |
| 90 | ||
| 91 | /** | |
| 92 | * A working line for re-use to avoid creating large numbers of | |
| 93 | * objects. | |
| 94 | */ | |
| 95 | public Line2D line; | |
| 96 | ||
| 97 | /** | |
| 98 | * Creates a new state instance. | |
| 99 | * | |
| 100 | * @param info collects plot rendering information (null | |
| 101 | * permitted). | |
| 102 | */ | |
| 103 | public State(PlotRenderingInfo info) { | |
| 104 | super(info); | |
| 105 | this.line = new Line2D.Double(); | |
| 106 | } | |
| 107 | ||
| 108 | } | |
| 109 | ||
| 110 | /** For serialization. */ | |
| 111 | private static final long serialVersionUID = -5121079703118261470L; | |
| 112 | ||
| 113 | /** The stagger width. */ | |
| 114 | public static final int STAGGER_WIDTH = 5; // could make this configurable | |
| 115 | ||
| 116 | /** | |
| 117 | * A flag that controls whether or not the steps for multiple series are | |
| 118 | * staggered. | |
| 119 | */ | |
| 120 | private boolean stagger = false; | |
| 121 | ||
| 122 | /** | |
| 123 | * Creates a new renderer (stagger defaults to false). | |
| 124 | */ | |
| 125 | public CategoryStepRenderer() { | |
| 126 | this(false); | |
| 127 | } | |
| 128 | ||
| 129 | /** | |
| 130 | * Creates a new renderer. | |
| 131 | * | |
| 132 | * @param stagger should the horizontal part of the step be staggered by | |
| 133 | * series? | |
| 134 | */ | |
| 135 | public CategoryStepRenderer(boolean stagger) { | |
| 136 | this.stagger = stagger; | |
| 137 |
1
1. |
setBaseLegendShape(new Rectangle2D.Double(-4.0, -3.0, 8.0, 6.0)); |
| 138 | } | |
| 139 | ||
| 140 | /** | |
| 141 | * Returns the flag that controls whether the series steps are staggered. | |
| 142 | * | |
| 143 | * @return A boolean. | |
| 144 | */ | |
| 145 | public boolean getStagger() { | |
| 146 |
1
1. getStagger : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return this.stagger; |
| 147 | } | |
| 148 | ||
| 149 | /** | |
| 150 | * Sets the flag that controls whether or not the series steps are | |
| 151 | * staggered and sends a {@link RendererChangeEvent} to all registered | |
| 152 | * listeners. | |
| 153 | * | |
| 154 | * @param shouldStagger a boolean. | |
| 155 | */ | |
| 156 | public void setStagger(boolean shouldStagger) { | |
| 157 | this.stagger = shouldStagger; | |
| 158 |
1
1. setStagger : removed call to org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::fireChangeEvent → NO_COVERAGE |
fireChangeEvent(); |
| 159 | } | |
| 160 | ||
| 161 | /** | |
| 162 | * Returns a legend item for a series. | |
| 163 | * | |
| 164 | * @param datasetIndex the dataset index (zero-based). | |
| 165 | * @param series the series index (zero-based). | |
| 166 | * | |
| 167 | * @return The legend item. | |
| 168 | */ | |
| 169 | public LegendItem getLegendItem(int datasetIndex, int series) { | |
| 170 | ||
| 171 | CategoryPlot p = getPlot(); | |
| 172 |
1
1. getLegendItem : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (p == null) { |
| 173 |
1
1. getLegendItem : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::getLegendItem to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return null; |
| 174 | } | |
| 175 | ||
| 176 | // check that a legend item needs to be displayed... | |
| 177 |
2
1. getLegendItem : negated conditional → KILLED 2. getLegendItem : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!isSeriesVisible(series) || !isSeriesVisibleInLegend(series)) { |
| 178 |
1
1. getLegendItem : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::getLegendItem to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return null; |
| 179 | } | |
| 180 | ||
| 181 | CategoryDataset dataset = p.getDataset(datasetIndex); | |
| 182 | String label = getLegendItemLabelGenerator().generateLabel(dataset, | |
| 183 | series); | |
| 184 | String description = label; | |
| 185 | String toolTipText = null; | |
| 186 |
1
1. getLegendItem : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (getLegendItemToolTipGenerator() != null) { |
| 187 | toolTipText = getLegendItemToolTipGenerator().generateLabel( | |
| 188 | dataset, series); | |
| 189 | } | |
| 190 | String urlText = null; | |
| 191 |
1
1. getLegendItem : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (getLegendItemURLGenerator() != null) { |
| 192 | urlText = getLegendItemURLGenerator().generateLabel(dataset, | |
| 193 | series); | |
| 194 | } | |
| 195 | Shape shape = lookupLegendShape(series); | |
| 196 | Paint paint = lookupSeriesPaint(series); | |
| 197 | ||
| 198 | LegendItem item = new LegendItem(label, description, toolTipText, | |
| 199 | urlText, shape, paint); | |
| 200 |
1
1. getLegendItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/LegendItem::setLabelFont → SURVIVED |
item.setLabelFont(lookupLegendTextFont(series)); |
| 201 | Paint labelPaint = lookupLegendTextPaint(series); | |
| 202 |
1
1. getLegendItem : negated conditional → SURVIVED |
if (labelPaint != null) { |
| 203 |
1
1. getLegendItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/LegendItem::setLabelPaint → NO_COVERAGE |
item.setLabelPaint(labelPaint); |
| 204 | } | |
| 205 |
1
1. getLegendItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/LegendItem::setSeriesKey → SURVIVED |
item.setSeriesKey(dataset.getRowKey(series)); |
| 206 |
1
1. getLegendItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/LegendItem::setSeriesIndex → KILLED |
item.setSeriesIndex(series); |
| 207 |
1
1. getLegendItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/LegendItem::setDataset → SURVIVED |
item.setDataset(dataset); |
| 208 |
1
1. getLegendItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/LegendItem::setDatasetIndex → KILLED |
item.setDatasetIndex(datasetIndex); |
| 209 |
1
1. getLegendItem : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::getLegendItem to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → KILLED |
return item; |
| 210 | } | |
| 211 | ||
| 212 | /** | |
| 213 | * Creates a new state instance. This method is called from | |
| 214 | * {@link #initialise(Graphics2D, Rectangle2D, CategoryPlot, int, | |
| 215 | * PlotRenderingInfo)}, and we override it to ensure that the state | |
| 216 | * contains a working Line2D instance. | |
| 217 | * | |
| 218 | * @param info the plot rendering info (null is permitted). | |
| 219 | * | |
| 220 | * @return A new state instance. | |
| 221 | */ | |
| 222 | protected CategoryItemRendererState createState(PlotRenderingInfo info) { | |
| 223 |
1
1. createState : mutated return of Object value for org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::createState to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return new State(info); |
| 224 | } | |
| 225 | ||
| 226 | /** | |
| 227 | * Draws a line taking into account the specified orientation. | |
| 228 | *
 | |
| 229 | * In version 1.0.5, the signature of this method was changed by the | |
| 230 | * addition of the 'state' parameter. This is an incompatible change, but | |
| 231 | * is considered a low risk because it is unlikely that anyone has | |
| 232 | * subclassed this renderer. If this *does* cause trouble for you, please | |
| 233 | * report it as a bug. | |
| 234 | * | |
| 235 | * @param g2 the graphics device. | |
| 236 | * @param state the renderer state. | |
| 237 | * @param orientation the plot orientation. | |
| 238 | * @param x0 the x-coordinate for the start of the line. | |
| 239 | * @param y0 the y-coordinate for the start of the line. | |
| 240 | * @param x1 the x-coordinate for the end of the line. | |
| 241 | * @param y1 the y-coordinate for the end of the line. | |
| 242 | */ | |
| 243 | protected void drawLine(Graphics2D g2, State state, | |
| 244 | PlotOrientation orientation, double x0, double y0, double x1, | |
| 245 | double y1) { | |
| 246 | ||
| 247 |
1
1. drawLine : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (orientation == PlotOrientation.VERTICAL) { |
| 248 |
1
1. drawLine : removed call to java/awt/geom/Line2D::setLine → NO_COVERAGE |
state.line.setLine(x0, y0, x1, y1); |
| 249 |
1
1. drawLine : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::draw → NO_COVERAGE |
g2.draw(state.line); |
| 250 | } | |
| 251 |
1
1. drawLine : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
else if (orientation == PlotOrientation.HORIZONTAL) { |
| 252 |
1
1. drawLine : removed call to java/awt/geom/Line2D::setLine → NO_COVERAGE |
state.line.setLine(y0, x0, y1, x1); // switch x and y |
| 253 |
1
1. drawLine : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::draw → NO_COVERAGE |
g2.draw(state.line); |
| 254 | } | |
| 255 | ||
| 256 | } | |
| 257 | ||
| 258 | /** | |
| 259 | * Draw a single data item. | |
| 260 | * | |
| 261 | * @param g2 the graphics device. | |
| 262 | * @param state the renderer state. | |
| 263 | * @param dataArea the area in which the data is drawn. | |
| 264 | * @param plot the plot. | |
| 265 | * @param domainAxis the domain axis. | |
| 266 | * @param rangeAxis the range axis. | |
| 267 | * @param dataset the dataset. | |
| 268 | * @param row the row index (zero-based). | |
| 269 | * @param column the column index (zero-based). | |
| 270 | * @param pass the pass index. | |
| 271 | */ | |
| 272 | public void drawItem(Graphics2D g2, CategoryItemRendererState state, | |
| 273 | Rectangle2D dataArea, CategoryPlot plot, CategoryAxis domainAxis, | |
| 274 | ValueAxis rangeAxis, CategoryDataset dataset, int row, int column, | |
| 275 | boolean selected, int pass) { | |
| 276 | ||
| 277 | // do nothing if item is not visible | |
| 278 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (!getItemVisible(row, column)) { |
| 279 | return; | |
| 280 | } | |
| 281 | ||
| 282 | Number value = dataset.getValue(row, column); | |
| 283 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (value == null) { |
| 284 | return; | |
| 285 | } | |
| 286 | PlotOrientation orientation = plot.getOrientation(); | |
| 287 | ||
| 288 | // current data point... | |
| 289 | double x1s = domainAxis.getCategoryStart(column, getColumnCount(), | |
| 290 | dataArea, plot.getDomainAxisEdge()); | |
| 291 | double x1 = domainAxis.getCategoryMiddle(column, getColumnCount(), | |
| 292 | dataArea, plot.getDomainAxisEdge()); | |
| 293 |
2
1. drawItem : Replaced double multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. drawItem : Replaced double subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE |
double x1e = 2 * x1 - x1s; // or: x1s + 2*(x1-x1s) |
| 294 | double y1 = rangeAxis.valueToJava2D(value.doubleValue(), dataArea, | |
| 295 | plot.getRangeAxisEdge()); | |
| 296 |
1
1. drawItem : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::setPaint → NO_COVERAGE |
g2.setPaint(getItemPaint(row, column, selected)); |
| 297 |
1
1. drawItem : removed call to java/awt/Graphics2D::setStroke → NO_COVERAGE |
g2.setStroke(getItemStroke(row, column, selected)); |
| 298 | ||
| 299 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (column != 0) { |
| 300 |
1
1. drawItem : Replaced integer subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE |
Number previousValue = dataset.getValue(row, column - 1); |
| 301 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (previousValue != null) { |
| 302 | // previous data point... | |
| 303 | double previous = previousValue.doubleValue(); | |
| 304 |
1
1. drawItem : Replaced integer subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE |
double x0s = domainAxis.getCategoryStart(column - 1, |
| 305 | getColumnCount(), dataArea, plot.getDomainAxisEdge()); | |
| 306 |
1
1. drawItem : Replaced integer subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE |
double x0 = domainAxis.getCategoryMiddle(column - 1, |
| 307 | getColumnCount(), dataArea, plot.getDomainAxisEdge()); | |
| 308 |
2
1. drawItem : Replaced double multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. drawItem : Replaced double subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE |
double x0e = 2 * x0 - x0s; // or: x0s + 2*(x0-x0s) |
| 309 | double y0 = rangeAxis.valueToJava2D(previous, dataArea, | |
| 310 | plot.getRangeAxisEdge()); | |
| 311 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (getStagger()) { |
| 312 |
1
1. drawItem : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE |
int xStagger = row * STAGGER_WIDTH; |
| 313 |
3
1. drawItem : changed conditional boundary → NO_COVERAGE 2. drawItem : Replaced double subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE 3. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (xStagger > (x1s - x0e)) { |
| 314 |
1
1. drawItem : Replaced double subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE |
xStagger = (int) (x1s - x0e); |
| 315 | } | |
| 316 |
1
1. drawItem : Replaced double addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
x1s = x0e + xStagger; |
| 317 | } | |
| 318 |
1
1. drawItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::drawLine → NO_COVERAGE |
drawLine(g2, (State) state, orientation, x0e, y0, x1s, y0); |
| 319 | // extend x0's flat bar | |
| 320 | ||
| 321 |
1
1. drawItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::drawLine → NO_COVERAGE |
drawLine(g2, (State) state, orientation, x1s, y0, x1s, y1); |
| 322 | // upright bar | |
| 323 | } | |
| 324 | } | |
| 325 |
1
1. drawItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::drawLine → NO_COVERAGE |
drawLine(g2, (State) state, orientation, x1s, y1, x1e, y1); |
| 326 | // x1's flat bar | |
| 327 | ||
| 328 | // draw the item labels if there are any... | |
| 329 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (isItemLabelVisible(row, column, selected)) { |
| 330 |
3
1. drawItem : changed conditional boundary → NO_COVERAGE 2. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE 3. drawItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::drawItemLabel → NO_COVERAGE |
drawItemLabel(g2, orientation, dataset, row, column, |
| 331 | selected, x1, y1, (value.doubleValue() < 0.0)); | |
| 332 | } | |
| 333 | ||
| 334 | // add an item entity, if this information is being collected | |
| 335 | EntityCollection entities = state.getEntityCollection(); | |
| 336 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (entities != null) { |
| 337 | Rectangle2D hotspot = new Rectangle2D.Double(); | |
| 338 |
1
1. drawItem : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (orientation == PlotOrientation.VERTICAL) { |
| 339 |
2
1. drawItem : Replaced double subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE 2. drawItem : removed call to java/awt/geom/Rectangle2D::setRect → NO_COVERAGE |
hotspot.setRect(x1s, y1, x1e - x1s, 4.0); |
| 340 | } | |
| 341 | else { | |
| 342 |
3
1. drawItem : Replaced double subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE 2. drawItem : Replaced double subtraction with addition → NO_COVERAGE 3. drawItem : removed call to java/awt/geom/Rectangle2D::setRect → NO_COVERAGE |
hotspot.setRect(y1 - 2.0, x1s, 4.0, x1e - x1s); |
| 343 | } | |
| 344 |
1
1. drawItem : removed call to org/jfree/chart/renderer/category/CategoryStepRenderer::addEntity → NO_COVERAGE |
addEntity(entities, hotspot, dataset, row, column, selected); |
| 345 | } | |
| 346 | ||
| 347 | } | |
| 348 | ||
| 349 | /** | |
| 350 | * Tests this renderer for equality with an arbitrary object. | |
| 351 | * | |
| 352 | * @param obj the object (null permitted). | |
| 353 | * | |
| 354 | * @return A boolean. | |
| 355 | */ | |
| 356 | public boolean equals(Object obj) { | |
| 357 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (obj == this) { |
| 358 |
1
1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return true; |
| 359 | } | |
| 360 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!(obj instanceof CategoryStepRenderer)) { |
| 361 |
1
1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → NO_COVERAGE |
return false; |
| 362 | } | |
| 363 | CategoryStepRenderer that = (CategoryStepRenderer) obj; | |
| 364 |
1
1. equals : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (this.stagger != that.stagger) { |
| 365 |
1
1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → KILLED |
return false; |
| 366 | } | |
| 367 |
1
1. equals : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → KILLED |
return super.equals(obj); |
| 368 | } | |
| 369 | ||
| 370 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 137 |
1.1 |
|
| 146 |
1.1 |
|
| 158 |
1.1 |
|
| 172 |
1.1 |
|
| 173 |
1.1 |
|
| 177 |
1.1 2.2 |
|
| 178 |
1.1 |
|
| 186 |
1.1 |
|
| 191 |
1.1 |
|
| 200 |
1.1 |
|
| 202 |
1.1 |
|
| 203 |
1.1 |
|
| 205 |
1.1 |
|
| 206 |
1.1 |
|
| 207 |
1.1 |
|
| 208 |
1.1 |
|
| 209 |
1.1 |
|
| 223 |
1.1 |
|
| 247 |
1.1 |
|
| 248 |
1.1 |
|
| 249 |
1.1 |
|
| 251 |
1.1 |
|
| 252 |
1.1 |
|
| 253 |
1.1 |
|
| 278 |
1.1 |
|
| 283 |
1.1 |
|
| 293 |
1.1 2.2 |
|
| 296 |
1.1 |
|
| 297 |
1.1 |
|
| 299 |
1.1 |
|
| 300 |
1.1 |
|
| 301 |
1.1 |
|
| 304 |
1.1 |
|
| 306 |
1.1 |
|
| 308 |
1.1 2.2 |
|
| 311 |
1.1 |
|
| 312 |
1.1 |
|
| 313 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 314 |
1.1 |
|
| 316 |
1.1 |
|
| 318 |
1.1 |
|
| 321 |
1.1 |
|
| 325 |
1.1 |
|
| 329 |
1.1 |
|
| 330 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 336 |
1.1 |
|
| 338 |
1.1 |
|
| 339 |
1.1 2.2 |
|
| 342 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 344 |
1.1 |
|
| 357 |
1.1 |
|
| 358 |
1.1 |
|
| 360 |
1.1 |
|
| 361 |
1.1 |
|
| 364 |
1.1 |
|
| 365 |
1.1 |
|
| 367 |
1.1 |


[1] It got 14 nominations.
[2] From 1942 to 1944, the trophy was made of plaster, but winners were later presented with the real thing.
[3] The most-nominated film was "All About Eve" in 1950.
[4] "Ben-Hur" in 1959 was the most-awarded film with 11, and Walt Disney was the most-awarded person with 32.
[5] The motion picture industry's most coveted award, Oscar, was created 60 years ago and 1,816 of the statuettes have been produced so far.
[6] Oscar, manufactured by the R.S. Owens Co., Chicago, is made of Britannia metal, copper plate, nickel plate and gold plate.


Register
Name
Name is required
E-Mail Address
Email is invalid
Password
Password is required
By registering you agree with our terms and condition.
Register
Copyright © 2017-2021 — Your Company


|
C Training
1.0
|
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
Data Structures | |
| struct | RBNode |
| struct | QueueRBNode |
| struct | Queue |
Macros | |
| #define | MAX 4096 |
Enumerations | |
| enum | color_t { BLACK, RED } |
Functions | |
| struct RBNode * | newRBNode (int k) |
| struct RBNode * | getParent (struct RBNode *n) |
| struct RBNode * | getGrandParent (struct RBNode *n) |
| struct RBNode * | getSibling (struct RBNode *n) |
| struct RBNode * | getUncle (struct RBNode *n) |
| struct RBNode * | rotateLeft (struct RBNode *root, struct RBNode *node) |
| struct RBNode * | rotateRight (struct RBNode *root, struct RBNode *node) |
| struct RBNode * | insert (struct RBNode *root, struct RBNode *nodeToBeInserted) |
| insert a node into a red black tree More... | |
| void | push (struct Queue *queue, struct RBNode *new_val) |
| void * | pop (struct Queue *queue) |
| struct RBNode *** | levelOrder (struct RBNode *root, int **numberOfElementsInEachRow, int *numberOfRows) |
| struct RBNode * | treeInsert (struct RBNode *root, struct RBNode *newNode) |
| void | freeBinaryTree (struct RBNode *root) |
reference https://brilliant.org/wiki/red-black-tree/
| #define MAX 4096 |
| enum color_t |
| void freeBinaryTree | ( | struct RBNode * | root | ) |
insert a node into a red black tree
| root | a pointer pointing to the root node of the red black tree |
| nodeToBeInserted | the new coming node |
| struct RBNode*** levelOrder | ( | struct RBNode * | root, |
| int ** | numberOfElementsInEachRow, | ||
| int * | numberOfRows | ||
| ) |
| struct RBNode* newRBNode | ( | int | k | ) |
| void* pop | ( | struct Queue * | queue | ) |


--- layout: post title: Polarcoat and Pinguin Foods Article Published ---
An article was just published that highlights the innovation and strengths of our product. Foodmanufacture.co.uk has published the article in conjunction with Pinguin Foods. Here's the official synopsis of the article:
Pinguin Foods’s frozen vegetable and fruit processing facility at Roeselare in Belgium has undergone a refurbishment which has involved treatment of walls and panels with a special coating for refrigerator walls, which allows work to be carried out in situ without raising the temperature or removing foodstuff.
official excerptPinguin Foods treats plant walls with novel coating
Here's a direct link to the article: Pinguin Foods treats plant walls with novel coating.


Fbuild will be a handy tool for an amateur independent to find quality masons, human labor, construction equipment and vendors and service providers with minimum efforts and time. It helps customer erect his dream house with reliable resources at his fingertips. It helps the customers to find vendors and service providers close to their construction site and filter the same on their requirement and save their precious time in searching for the resources.
FBuild has a marketing department which looks after the overall responsibility for growing revenue, increasing market share and contributing to company growth and profitability.FBuild will be helpful for the service providers to find the genuine builders.FBuild will be the best tool for the vendors to sell their construction materials.
Fbuild is an Innovative concept to create a common platform for the builders, Vendors and Service Providers to find each other resourceful and share their services.
Fbuild is an Innovative concept to create a common platform for the builders, Vendors and Service Providers to find each other resourceful and share their services.
Fbuild is an Innovative concept to create a common platform for the builders, Vendors and Service Providers to find each other resourceful and share their services.
Fbuild is an Innovative concept to create a common platform for the builders, Vendors and Service Providers to find each other resourceful and share their services.
Fbuild is an Innovative concept to create a common platform for the builders, Vendors and Service Providers to find each other resourceful and share their services.
Fbuild is an Innovative concept to create a common platform for the builders, Vendors and Service Providers to find each other resourceful and share their services.
Happy Clients
Projects
Service providers
Suppliers


I am an enthusiastic and sociable Technical Computer Science student and I am currently doing my master's at the University of Twente while working at Polder Valley.
I'm
years old and my best-enjoyed activities include sports, cooking, programming, and learning new things - skills, languages, tricks, or random, useless facts.
Within computer science, I mainly enjoy thinking and learning about privacy, artificial intelligence, and ethics and philosophy.
I am an optimistic person and believe humour and having fun is a great way to solve problems.
Currently finishing my Master's, where I followed data science, cybersecurity and philosophy courses. Am writing my thesis on AI Safety; Safe Reinforcement Learning.
Greatly enjoyed learning new people and insights and the UT.
Active member at the study association
Inter-Actief.
Working Agile in a relatively small team in Hengelo.
Programming is mainly in C# and React.
My favourite language has to be Python. I also 'speak' C# and Javascript (React and Vue), and Java. I write and create all beautiful things in LaTeX, mainly using vim, and I am aspiring to be a git-guru. Very familiar with Debian-based Linux, although I'm starting to appreciate Fedora lately as well. Enormous fan of free, open source.
I enjoy doing things. I encounter this stimulation at the University or during work, but I enjoy being physically active as well. I can clear my mind extremely well via sports, especially during swimming, football or gymnastics.
Listening and (to a lesser extent) playing music - the piano's my go-to instrument - is another thing which I enjoy thoroughly as well. When I can find the time I try to improve my skills in the kitchen, where I predominantly cook vegetarian. In the free hours left I spend time solving puzzels, playing games, listening podcasts and, when time permits, reading books. Finally, I am currently active in my dispuut Hamers zonder Sikkel. In the Netherlands a 'dispuut' is quite common, but is not really anything more than a group of friends with a fancy name.


The rectangle below is a separate, framed page:
An instance of <basic-seamless-iframe> here in the outer page is communicating across the frame boundary with an instance of <basic-framed-content> in the framed page. This lets the outer page see that the content of the framed page is: "" This also lets the frame rectangle automatically size itself to the content of the framed page.


Close Ticket
Re-Open Ticket
Ticket closed
Ticket Number
Date Opened
DATE
Title
Last Update
Opened By
Assigned to
Unassigned
Status
Description
Update Status
Updates
No Updates
Add an update
Description
New Update


{{ with .Site.Params.copyright }} {{ . | markdownify }} {{ else }} © Copyright {{ now.Format "2006"}} {{ partial "svgs/heart.svg" (dict "fill" "#bbbbbb" "width" 15 "height" 15 ) }} {{ .Site.Params.Author }} {{ end }}
Powered by Hugo, Theme by nodejh


NYU API
Static APIs for the university.
Athletics data
Building data
Dining data
Dynamic APIs for the university.
Library data


--- title: Code of Conduct ---
{{ site.data.conference.name }} is a community conference intended for networking and collaboration in the developer community.
We value the participation of each member of the community and want all attendees to have an enjoyable and fulfilling experience. Accordingly, all attendees are expected to show respect and courtesy to other attendees throughout the conference and at all conference events, whether officially sponsored by {{ site.data.conference.name }} or not.
To make clear what is expected, all delegates/attendees, speakers, exhibitors, organizers and volunteers at any {{ site.data.conference.name }} event are required to conform to the following Code of Conduct. Organizers will enforce this code throughout the event.
{{ site.data.conference.name }} is dedicated to providing a harassment-free conference experience for everyone, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, body size, race, or religion. We do not tolerate harassment of conference participants in any form.
All communication should be appropriate for a professional audience including people of many different backgrounds. Sexual language and imagery is not appropriate for any conference venue, including talks.
Be kind to others. Do not insult or put down other attendees. Behave professionally. Remember that harassment and sexist, racist, or exclusionary jokes are not appropriate for {{ site.data.conference.name }}.
Attendees violating these rules may be asked to leave the conference without a refund at the sole discretion of the conference organizers.
Thank you for helping make this a welcoming, friendly event for all.

Participants asked to stop any harassing behavior are expected to comply immediately.
Exhibitors in the expo hall, sponsor or vendor booths, or similar activities are also subject to the anti-harassment policy. In particular, exhibitors should not use sexualized images, activities, or other material.
Booth staff (including volunteers) should not use sexualized clothing / uniforms / costumes, or otherwise create a sexualized environment.
Be careful in the words that you choose.
If a participant engages in behavior that violates this code of conduct, the conference organizers may take any action they deem appropriate, including warning the offender or expulsion from the conference with no refund.
If you are being harassed, notice that someone else is being harassed, or have any other concerns, please contact a member of conference staff.
Conference staff will be wearing “GrUSP Staff” t-shirts.
You may also contact hotel staff and ask to be put in touch with the conference chair — Francesco Fullone.
If the matter is especially urgent, please contact us via our email address<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Conference staff will be happy to help participants contact hotel/venue security or local law enforcement, provide escorts, or otherwise assist those experiencing harassment to feel safe for the duration of the conference. We value your attendance.


Input Data Debitur
Nama
Example help text that remains unchanged.
NIM
Example help text that remains unchanged.
Email
Example help text that remains unchanged.
No HP
Example help text that remains unchanged.


“The true vocation of reason must be to produce a will that is good, not perhaps as a means to other purposes, but good in itself, for which reason was absolutely necessary.”
— Immanuel Kant, ‘The Good Will’ in Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
A linguistic area refers to a geographical area in which, due to borrowing and language contact, languages of a region come to share certain structural or lexical features as a result of their close proximity. The elements shared by these languages are called areal features, and are acquired rather than inherited. Languages are generally classified typologically or genetically; the genetic classification of languages points to the existence of language families, wherein languages can be grouped based on their shared inheritance from a common ancestor. However, a linguistic area is a result of the diffusion of linguistic traits over genetic boundaries so that genetically dissimilar languages or dialects can be grouped together due to common features that they have acquired as a result of contact.
“A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.” ― Max Weinreich
A language is generally understood as a collection of dialects and linguistic varieties. All languages exhibit some form of internal variation, and exist in a number of different varieties. However, when we normally talk about a language, we refer to the variety that is standardized and accepted by society as the ‘proper’ language. Here, the line separating a dialect from a language has always been a bit blurred. A common belief is that a dialect is a ‘local, non-prestigious and powerless variety of a real language’. It is often thought of as a substandard language that is excluded from polite society, and connotes various degrees of inferiority (that is passed on to the speakers of a dialect too).


Teen Put In Isolation For Dying Hair Pink To ‘Cheer Herself Up’
by Cameron FrewA teenager struggling with her mental health dyed her hair pink in a bid to ‘cheer herself up’. The next day at school, she was put in isolation.
Savannah Sharp, suffering with anxiety and depression, added some colour to her hair to try and allay her mental health struggles – previously, she had turned to self-harm as a way to cope.
However, when the 15-year-old returned to St Peter’s Academy, in Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent, she was segregated from her classmates for two days for breaking the uniform policy.
Savannah’s mum, Rachel, is furious with the ‘unfair’ decision, taking aim at the school who were reportedly aware of her mental health struggles.
The 48-year-old, from Blurton, said:
She dyed her hair before half term to cheer herself up. It was a wash in, wash out but when she went into school she was put into isolation for two days. Savannah is in year 11, her GCSE year, and needs to be in lessons because of her exams but they took her out for two days. They basically stopped her from learning.
I’ve spoken to the school over the phone and they told me that I need to dye her hair back, but I have refused to do this as it is an infringement on my daughter’s human rights to express herself in a way she is comfortable. The colour of her hair has no impact on her education.
People with dyed hair and tattoos still do their jobs well, but they say it’s going against school policy. Her hair is a nice pale pink, it will eventually wash out and it made her feel better about herself, whereas before she would self-harm.
Rachel added that doesn’t understand why the colour of her daughter’s hair affects her ability to learn. ‘They’re making a mountain out of a mole hill. The most important thing is that Savannah is in school learning for her GCSE exams,’ she added.
For Rachel, as long as Savannah turns up at school in a clean uniform and is willing to learn and is respectful to her teachers, ‘that’s all that matters’.
Rachel explained:
Savannah is very angry about it, she doesn’t know why the colour of her hair matters when her GCSEs are really important. She missed out on her maths and English lessons. She’s annoyed that she was put into isolation and it’s brought her mind back down to a low level. That’s why I’m so annoyed at the school picking up on such an insignificant thing.
The school is aware of Savannah’s mental health and I’m disappointed in them because they should be helping to make sure her mood is lifted not putting her in isolation where she’s alone. Having no one to talk to will affect her mental health. I am totally disgusted with the staff at the school.
St Peter’s Academy has been approached for comment.
After graduating from Glasgow Caledonian University with an NCTJ and BCTJ-accredited Multimedia Journalism degree, Cameron ventured into the world of print journalism at The National, while also working as a freelance film journalist on the side, becoming an accredited Rotten Tomatoes critic in the process. He’s now left his Scottish homelands and took up residence at UNILAD as a journalist.


Install ZeroMQ plugin for MySQL
Following steps in CentOS 6.x
Download cmake , use the binary one. such as: cmake-3.2.3-Linux-x86_64.sh
http://www.cmake.org/download/
Install Cmake
chmod +x cmake-3.2.3-Linux-x86_64.sh
./cmake-3.2.3-Linux-x86_64.sh
Get mysql zeromq plugin:
git clone https://github.com/netkiller/mysql-zmq-plugin.git
Update headers:
cd mysql-zmq-plugin
vi CMakeLists.txt , replace with your own headers
”INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES(/usr/local/mysql-xxx/include)”
”INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES(/usr/local/zeromq-xxx/include)”
cmake .
make
Then you will get libzeromq.so
sudo cp libzeromq.so /path/to/mysql/plugin
Refer:
http://zeromq.org/event:zeromq-for-mysql
Known issue:
If you got following complain:
/usr/bin/ld: cannot find -lzmq collect2: ld returned 1 exit status make[2]: *** [libzeromq.so] Error 1 make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/zeromq.dir/all] Error 2
you can
ln -s your_zmq_so to /lib64/libzmq.so


File management made easy¶
There are many methods to create and update file metadata and contents. With PyDrive, you don’t have to care about any of these different API methods. Manipulate file metadata and contents from GoogleDriveFile object and call Upload(). PyDrive will make the optimal API call for you.
Upload a new file¶
Here is a sample code to upload a file. gauth
is an authenticated GoogleAuth object.
from pydrive.drive import GoogleDrive
# Create GoogleDrive instance with authenticated GoogleAuth instance.
drive = GoogleDrive(gauth)
# Create GoogleDriveFile instance with title 'Hello.txt'.
file1 = drive.CreateFile({'title': 'Hello.txt'})
file1.Upload() # Upload the file.
print('title: %s, id: %s' % (file1['title'], file1['id']))
# title: Hello.txt, id: {{FILE_ID}}
Now, you will have a file ‘Hello.txt’ uploaded to your Google Drive. You can open it from web interface to check its content, ‘Hello World!’.
Note that CreateFile() will create GoogleDriveFile instance but not actually upload a file to Google Drive. You can initialize GoogleDriveFile object by itself. However, it is not recommended to do so in order to keep authentication consistent.
Delete, Trash and un-Trash files¶
You may want to delete, trash, or un-trash a file. To do this use Delete()
,
Trash()
or UnTrash()
on a GoogleDriveFile object.
Note: Trash()
moves a file into the trash and can be recovered,
Delete()
deletes the file permanently and immediately.
# Create GoogleDriveFile instance and upload it.
file1 = drive.CreateFile()
file1.Upload()
file1.Trash() # Move file to trash.
file1.UnTrash() # Move file out of trash.
file1.Delete() # Permanently delete the file.
Update file metadata¶
You can manipulate file metadata from a GoogleDriveFile object just as you manipulate a dict
.
The format of file metadata can be found in the Google Drive API documentation: Files resource.
Sample code continues from Upload a new file:
file1['title'] = 'HelloWorld.txt' # Change title of the file.
file1.Upload() # Update metadata.
print('title: %s' % file1['title']) # title: HelloWorld.txt.
Now, the title of your file has changed to ‘HelloWorld.txt’.
Download file metadata from file ID¶
You might want to get file metadata from file ID. In that case, just initialize
GoogleDriveFile with file ID and access metadata from GoogleDriveFile
just as you access dict
.
Sample code continues from above:
# Create GoogleDriveFile instance with file id of file1.
file2 = drive.CreateFile({'id': file1['id']})
print('title: %s, mimeType: %s' % (file2['title'], file2['mimeType']))
# title: HelloWorld.txt, mimeType: text/plain
Handling special metadata¶
Not all metadata can be set with the methods described above.
PyDrive gives you access to the metadata of an object through
file_object.FetchMetadata()
. This function has two optional parameters:
fields
and fetch_all
.
file1 = drive.CreateFile({'id': '<some file ID here>'})
# Fetches all basic metadata fields, including file size, last modified etc.
file1.FetchMetadata()
# Fetches all metadata available.
file1.FetchMetadata(fetch_all=True)
# Fetches the 'permissions' metadata field.
file1.FetchMetadata(fields='permissions')
# You can update a list of specific fields like this:
file1.FetchMetadata(fields='permissions,labels,mimeType')
For more information on available metadata fields have a look at the official documentation.
Insert permissions¶
Insert, retrieving or deleting permissions is illustrated by making a file readable to all who have a link to the file.
file1 = drive.CreateFile()
file1.Upload()
# Insert the permission.
permission = file1.InsertPermission({
'type': 'anyone',
'value': 'anyone',
'role': 'reader'})
print(file1['alternateLink']) # Display the sharable link.
Note: InsertPermission()
calls GetPermissions()
after successfully
inserting the permission.
You can find more information on the permitted fields of a permission here. This file is now shared and anyone with the link can view it. But what if you want to check whether a file is already shared?
List permissions¶
Permissions can be fetched using the GetPermissions()
function of a
GoogleDriveFile
, and can be used like so:
# Create a new file
file1 = drive.CreateFile()
# Fetch permissions.
permissions = file1.GetPermissions()
print(permissions)
# The permissions are also available as file1['permissions']:
print(file1['permissions'])
For the more advanced user: GetPermissions()
is a shorthand for:
# Fetch Metadata, including the permissions field.
file1.FetchMetadata(fields='permissions')
# The permissions array is now available for further use.
print(file1['permissions'])
Remove a Permission¶
PyDrive allows you to remove a specific permission using the
DeletePermission(permission_id)
function. This function allows you to delete
one permission at a time by providing the permission’s ID.
file1 = drive.CreateFile({'id': '<file ID here>'})
permissions = file1.GetPermissions() # Download file permissions.
permission_id = permissions[1]['id'] # Get a permission ID.
file1.DeletePermission(permission_id) # Delete the permission.
Upload and update file content¶
Managing file content is as easy as managing file metadata. You can set file content with either SetContentFile(filename) or SetContentString(content) and call Upload() just as you did to upload or update file metadata.
Sample code continues from Download file metadata from file ID:
file4 = drive.CreateFile({'title':'appdata.json', 'mimeType':'application/json'})
file4.SetContentString('{"firstname": "John", "lastname": "Smith"}')
file4.Upload() # Upload file.
file4.SetContentString('{"firstname": "Claudio", "lastname": "Afshar"}')
file4.Upload() # Update content of the file.
file5 = drive.CreateFile()
# Read file and set it as a content of this instance.
file5.SetContentFile('cat.png')
file5.Upload() # Upload the file.
print('title: %s, mimeType: %s' % (file5['title'], file5['mimeType']))
# title: cat.png, mimeType: image/png
Advanced Users: If you call SetContentFile and GetContentFile you can can define which character encoding is to be used by using the optional parameter encoding.
If you, for example, are retrieving a file which is stored on your Google Drive which is encoded with ISO-8859-1, then you can get the content string like so:
content_string = file4.GetContentString(encoding='ISO-8859-1')
Download file content¶
Just as you uploaded file content, you can download it using GetContentFile(filename) or GetContentString().
Sample code continues from above:
# Initialize GoogleDriveFile instance with file id.
file6 = drive.CreateFile({'id': file5['id']})
file6.GetContentFile('catlove.png') # Download file as 'catlove.png'.
# Initialize GoogleDriveFile instance with file id.
file7 = drive.CreateFile({'id': file4['id']})
content = file7.GetContentString()
# content: '{"firstname": "Claudio", "lastname": "Afshar"}'
file7.SetContentString(content.replace('lastname', 'familyname'))
file7.Upload()
# Uploaded content: '{"firstname": "Claudio", "familyname": "Afshar"}'
Advanced users: Google Drive is known to add BOM (Byte Order Marks) to the beginning of some files, such as Google Documents downloaded as text files. In some cases confuses parsers and leads to corrupt files. PyDrive can remove the BOM from the beginning of a file when it is downloaded. Just set the remove_bom parameter in GetContentString() or GetContentFile() - see examples/strip_bom_example.py in the GitHub repository for an example.


Banff National Park
Banff National Park lies in the heart of the majestic Rocky Mountains in the province of Alberta, and showcases some of Canada's most beautiful scenery. Turquoise-colored lakes, snow-capped peaks, and glaciers are all easily accessible
@thomasalva_adison


--- # jekyll header level: 2 active: profiles title: formats --- {% include header.html %} {% include container-start.html %} {% include breadcrumbs.html %}
Raw json
{% include Patient-example-json-html.xhtml %} {% include container-end.html %} {% include footer.html %}


Week Seven Technical Blog
SQL Injections
SQL Injection can destroy your database. It is a code injection technique where a user can insert, or inject, a SQL command into a SQL statement through a web page input. w3 schools gives an example of SQL injection where 1=1 is always true. A user can take a command and add or 1=1 to the end of it, so the statement will always return true, even if the other command is false.
A dangerous example..
Now a hacker has the ability to have access to all users passwords. A hacker might get access to user names and passwords in a database by inserting " or ""=" into the user name or password text box.
Protection against SQL Injections
Some web developers use a "blacklist" of words or characters to search for in SQL input, to prevent SQL injection attacks but it isn't a very good idea since many of these words are used in common language, such as delete or drop. The only proven way to protect a website and prevent SQL injection is SQL parameters. SQL parameters are values that are added to an SQL query at execution time, in a controlled manner. Other than SQL parameters, the site should be coded in such a way to protect against data leaks.
comments powered by Disqus


8-14, 塔利班打到哪里了？ 上一个问题「塔利班打到哪里了」中说到：在美国撤军的闹剧中，塔利班连下 18 城，阿富汗即将易手，然后 …
read moreafghan.ghani.escapes.md
Former Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled country with only the clothes he was wearing, an official says
https://www.businessinsider.com/afghanistan-president-ashraf-ghani-fled-set-of-clothes-taliban-2021-8
Ghani was reportedly dumbfounded by the rapid pace at which the Taliban advanced on Kabul.
After fleeing the country, the ousted leader turned up in the United Arab …
read moreisis.k.md
美国撤离 Kabul 机场时被人肉炸弹袭击， ISIS-K 宣称为此负责。 而 Biden 命令美军击杀两名 ISIS-K 的高层指挥，然后继续撤出 Kabul 机场。 对小粉 …
read morestory.y21.m2.d16.txt.md
ssn.md
a.markdown
你知道灵魂是什么，对吧？ 你知道灵魂和肉体有区别，是吧？ 因此，我就不解释了，不容易解释。 因为我们正好站在灵魂广场，这不 …
read moreREADME.md
crash course try to be short {{{
}}}
China history in ? minutes
China is the 2nd largest economy in the world now, and it could become the 1st.
It's about 1500 BC, when ancient Chinese people invented Chinese writtings, Some teachers would put the Chinese history a few thousands years before the date, it's not a big difference …
read morecrash course try to be short {{{
}}}
China history in 7 minutes
China became the 2nd largest economy, how it becomes in long history?
It's 3500years ago, about 1500 BC, when ancient Chinese people invented Chinese writtings, Some teachers would put the Chinese history a few thousands years before the date, it's not a big difference when …
read more13.7 billion years {{{
}}}
13.7 Billion years,
universe, Solar System, the Heavy Bombardment
To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour. -- Fragment from "Anguries of Innocence" by William Blake
English is not …
read more


Access Key :
Secret Key :
Data Bucket :
HTML Bucket :
Save
Load
Load Settings
Settings:
Table:
ID
TITLE
DATE
URL
Published
Edit
Delete
Publish
Add
Edit Detail:
Update
ID:
Title:
Url:
Date:
Published:
Content:
Images:
Upload
List
Image Name:


OVA for Flowplayer - Flowplayer Specific Options
- Flowplayer Playlists
- Supporting the Flowplayer Javascript Playlist Control
- Custom Properties
- Flowplayer Providers
- Flowplayer Clip Properties
- 3rd Party Plugin Compatibility
These examples use an OpenX installation that we are running at Open Video Ads. To gain more insight
into the zone/banner setup that we have in place for the examples, please read this short guide.
Back to main index
Copyright 2011 Open Video Ads


Over enunciation is a drill where you speak out everyword as clearly as possible, emphasizing every syllable.
Word Drills
Word Drills are where you read the evidence with a word in between each word like "a" or "and".
Accents
Accents are where you read the evidence with an accent.
Backwards
Backwards is a drill where you read the evidence backwards.
Pen Drills
Pen Drills are where you read the evidence with a pen in your mouth.
Speed
Straight Down
Straight Down is a drill where you read the evidence as fast as you can as though you were giving a speech.
Familiarization
Read Through
Read through is a drill where you read the evidence at a normal speed and tone.
More
Breathing Drill
Breathing drill is where you read as much of the evidence with one breath. Try to breath from your driaphraghm rather than your lungs to you can get more words in with one breath.
Emotion Drill
Read through is a drill where you read the evidence at a normal speed and tone.
Flowing Drills
Songs
Flow a song with words.
Here's some recomendations. (Rap is the best for this drill)