Prerequisites
- Basic calculus (logarithm rules, computing derivatives, properties of derivatives, chain rule for derivatives)
- Linear algebra (properties of traces, matrix inverses, determinants, properties of symmetric matrices)
- Basic probability and bayesian statistics notions (prior, posterior, Bayes’ rule, joint probability, independence, probability chain rule, Gaussian distribution, categorical distribution, most of them can be found here)
- Optimization concepts (convex and concave functions, finding extrema points, method of Lagrange multipliers)
- Matrix calculus (gradients and their properties, some identities involving gradients)
- Coding in python + numpy
Table of contents
- Probabilistic framework for generative classification
- Normally distributed inputs
- Maximum likelihood estimation
- Decision boundary
- Code
- Generative power
Probabilistic framework for generative classification
Classification is the problem of assigning a discrete label (class) to a data point. Unlike discriminant methods, where the class is assigned directly, a generative approach models the joint probability of the data:
\begin{equation} \overbrace{p(\boldsymbol{x}, y)}^{\text{joint}} = \underbrace{p(y)}_{\text{class prior}} \overbrace{p(\boldsymbol{x}\mid y)}^{\text{class conditional}} \tag{1} \end{equation}
where (note the usage of bold symbols for vectors) is a point to be classified and is its label, with being the total number of classes.
Intuitively, the prior represents how often a class is expected to appear and the class conditional is the probability density function (assuming are continous) of the data having the class indicated by y.
Using this framework, the posterior probability of each class for a new point is given by Bayes’ rule:
where we used the fact that is just a scaling factor that appears in all posterior probabilities and thus can be ignored.
Now, will be assigned to the class which yields the highest posterior probability:
Normally distributed inputs
Up to this point, we have only established the probabilistic framework we will use, but we haven’t made any assumption about the distribution of the data within each class. We will continue by making some assumptions about the underlying distributions of the data and then estimating the parameters of these distributions.
Modelling the class priors and class conditionals
We will assume that the class conditionals are multivariate Gaussian distributions:
Because there are classes and their probabilities sum to one, the natural choice for the class priors is a categorical distribution with parameters :
Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE)
Before moving on, let’s recap what we have until now: we modeled the class priors using a categorical distribution with parameters and the class conditionals using Gaussian distributions with means and covariance matrices . However, the parameters of these distributions are not known, so we must use the dataset in order to estimate them.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) refresher
MLE is a method for estimating the parameters of a probability distribution by maximizing the likelihood function of a dataset consisting of i.i.d samples:
Because it is inconvenient to maximize a function containing a product, we can make use of the fact that the logarithm function transforms products into sums and is non-decreasing, thus preserving the extrema of a function:
Usually, when is unconstrained, the maximizer of the log likelihood function is found by setting the derivative w.r.t (or gradient if working with a multidimensional parameter) to zero and proving that the maximized function is concave, which is sufficient to conclude that extrema point found is indeed a maximizer. If is constrained, then a different method such as the method of Lagrange multipliers should be used.
Modeling the joint distribution of a sample
Using the class priors and class conditionals assumed above, the joint distribution of an input and its corresponding label can be written as:
where is the indicator function (see Iverson bracket) which evaluates to 1 only if the condition inside the brackets is true.
Computing the log likelihood of the dataset
Assuming we have a dataset consisting of N independent and identically distributed samples, , we can write the likelihood of the data as the product of the probabilities of all samples:
Thus, the log likelihood of the dataset will be:
Estimating
We first notice that appears in the log likelihood only through the term , so we can ignore the other term which doesn’t depend on it:
Because the ’s are constrained such that (as they are the parameters of a categorical distribution), we can use the method of Lagrange multipliers to find the maximizer of the log likelihood subject to this constraint.
We formulate the Lagrangian (which is concave in both and , so the solution will be indeed a maximum):
which we can reorder a bit and unclutter by noticing that the interior sum is just the number of data points which have class , which we can denote as :
Taking the derivative of the Lagrangian w.r.t and setting it to zero, we obtain:
Replacing back into the Lagrangian we obtain the dual:
We remember that was the number of elements in the dataset belonging to class , so naturally the sum of all ’s will be , the total number of elements in the dataset. Thus, we can conclude that:
So we arrived at a simple result stating that the estimated probability for each class must be the empirical probability of that class, measured on dataset .
Estimating
Now, we look at the log likelihood again [10] and only keep the terms containing :
Note that the log likelihood is concave in (quadratic with negative coefficient), so taking the gradient w.r.t and setting it to zero is sufficient to find the maximum:
Again, we arrived at a very simple result: the mean of each class conditional is the empirical mean of all data points belonging to that class.
Estimating
Similarly, we find the optimal by computing the gradient of the log likelihood w.r.t and setting it to zero.
Because the function is concave in (log determinant is concave), we can compute the gradient w.r.t directly:
We will compute the two gradients separately. For the first one we will use the log-determinant gradient rule from the table here, coupled with the fact that is a covariance matrix, thus symmetric:
For the second one, in a similar way, if , then the gradient is 0. For , we can notice that the expression under the gradient is a scalar, so we can apply the trace operator on it, as . The trace operator has some nice properties, such as the cyclic property and allowing transposing, so using the rule for the gradient of a product of two matrices w.r.t one of the matrices (from the table here), we get:
Now, using the results (20) and (21) and plugging them into the expression of the gradient of the log likelihood w.r.t (19), we finally get:
which is the MLE estimate of the covariance of the data points having class .
Decision boundary
Shape of decision boundary
Now, having estimated the parameters of the assumed distributions, let’s inspect the shape of the decision boundary. The decision boundary is the hypersurface separating data points from 2 different classes, let’s say class and class , so the points on this hypersurface have equal posterior probability of being assigned to either of the two classes:
Using Bayes’ rule as in (2), we can write an equivalent condition:
Now, looking at the expression above, we can see that the decision boundary is quadratic. We’ll expand it further to see each coefficient clearly:
where
Linear Discriminant Analysis for classification
The model above might have too many parameters for some applications, so it can be simplified by assuming that the covariance matrix is the same for all classes, that is , in which case the decision boundary will be linear, because the term (26) will vanish.
Decision boundary and probability plots
In order to visualize the decision boundary of the model, as well as the probabilities assigned by the classifier, I first generated some data using the following process:
The colour scheme in the plots encodes the probabilities assigned by the classifier to each class and the white line is the decision boundary.
For the plot on the left, I used , means (dark blue class), (dark red class) and covariance matrices . Because the model estimates different covariance matrices for different classes, we can notice that they are slightly different by looking at the shape of the contour plots (so in reality the decision boundary is ‘almost linear’). For an interactive version of the plot generated with plotly, see this.
The paramteres for the plot on the right were: (dark blue class), (dark red class), , , , and . An interactive version is here.
Code
import numpy as np from plotly import subplots import plotly.graph_objs as go import plotly.offline as py from scipy.stats import multivariate_normal as gaussian class GenerativeGaussianClassifier(object): def __init__(self, K): """Initialize a generative classifier for Gaussian inputs. Parameters ---------- K: int, the number of classes """ self.K = K def fit(self, Xs, ys): """Estimate the parameters of the model. Fit a categorical with K classes (self.pis) representing the class priors and K Gaussians (with means self.mus and covariances self.gammas) as class conditionals. Parameters ---------- Xs: np.ndarray of inputs having shape (num_samples, sample_size) ys: np.ndarray of labels having shape (num_samples, ) """ cls_counts = np.bincount(ys) get_mean = lambda k: Xs[ys == k].mean(0) get_cov = lambda k: np.dot((Xs[ys == k] - self.mus[k]).T, \ Xs[ys == k] - self.mus[k]) / cls_counts[k] get_cls_cond = lambda k: gaussian(mean=self.mus[k], cov=self.gammas[k]) self.pis = cls_counts / len(ys) self.mus = np.stack([get_mean(k) for k in range(self.K)]) self.gammas = np.stack([get_cov(k) for k in range(self.K)]) self.cls_cond = [get_cls_cond(k) for k in range(self.K)] def predict_scores(self, Xs): """Use the fitted classifier to predict scores for new data. Parameters ---------- Xs: np.ndarray of inputs having shape (num_samples, sample_size) Returns ------- scores: np.ndarray of unnormalized scores (not probabilities) """ scores = np.zeros((len(Xs), self.K), float) comp_score = lambda k, X: self.pis[k] * self.cls_cond[k].pdf(X) for i in range(len(Xs)): scores[i] = np.stack([comp_score(k, Xs[i]) for k in range(self.K)]) return scores def predict(self, Xs): """Predict labels for new data. For each input in Xs, return a number between 0 and K - 1 representing the class it was assigned to. Parameters ---------- Xs: np.ndarray of inputs having shape (num_samples, sample_size) Returns ------- labels: np.ndarray of predictions having shape (num_samples, ) """ labels = np.argmax(self.predict_scores(Xs), axis=1) return labels
Generative power
After fitting a model, it can also be used to generate new data points. This is, however, problematic in some situations, as the estimated covariance matrix might be singular when the data actually lives in a lower dimensional subspace. It wouldn’t be very exciting to illustrate the generative power of these models on the example above, as it will simply generate points according to the 2 distributions encoded in the colours of the plot. Instead, we will look at a model fitted on MNIST digits, but a simplified version (named Naive Bayes) in which all features of a data point are assumed independent. Here, a univariate Gaussian is fitted for every pixel.
Code
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from mnist import MNIST mndata = MNIST('./mnist/') Xs, ys = mndata.load_training() Xs = np.array(Xs).astype(float) / 255. ys = np.array(ys) # Increase image contrast. Xs = (Xs - Xs.min(axis=0)) / (Xs.max(axis=0) - Xs.min(axis=0) + 1e-5) # Estimate mean and variance for each pixel. mus = np.stack([Xs[ys == k].mean(axis=0) for k in range(10)]) var = np.stack([Xs[ys == k].var(axis=0) for k in range(10)]) # Generate a new sample from a random class. y = np.random.choice(10) random_sample = np.stack([np.random.normal(mus[y][i], var[y][i]) \ for i in range(Xs.shape[1])]) plt.imshow(random_sample.reshape(28, 28)) plt.title('Generated image from class ' + str(y)) plt.show()
Generated samples
The generated samples look pretty reasonable for such a simple model and a few lines of code!
Credits
- Bishop, Christopher M. Neural networks for pattern recognition. Oxford university press, 1995.
- Decision boundaries visualised via python plotly


Stima’s Babu wins coach of the month gong
by Timothy OlobuluNAIROBI, Kenya, Nov 1 – Western Stima tactician has beaten Bandari’s Bernard Mwalala and Tusker’s Robert Matano to clinch the season opening Sports Journalists Association of Kenya (SJAK)/Fidelity insurance coach of the month award for August/September.
Babu led Stima to pick eight points off a possible 12 from four matches and he notches his second coach of the month award having picked the same silverware during his stint as Sony Sugar head coach
“I am elated with the recognition from SJAK and their partner Fidelity Insurance.T he award is a motivation to me as I seek to finish the season unbeaten. I am hopeful that we can finish within the top eight in the first leg even though we are not title favorite. I have the required depth to navigate through the season,” he said after receiving his award in Kisumu on Friday.
“The boys have been working hard in the past seven rounds and we are looking to carry the fighting spirit for our next match against Bandari,” Babu further stated.
In a poll conducted by the SJAK football commission, Babu narrowly floored the trio of Mwalala, Matano and AFC Leopards’ Andre Cassa Mbungo who all tied on seven points.
Stima started off the campaign with back to back draws, picking a point in a 2-2 draw away to Kariobangi Sharks in Machakos before squaring it barren against Wazito in Kisumu.
They however responded to the two points with a 1-0 victory over Posta Rangers away in Machakos and a 2-1 victory over local rivals and league newcomers Kisumu All Stars.
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1. Why CSS structure matters? ⛩
A good CSS structure is a prerequisite for productivity
Often you don't learn it in CS
Don't expect to get over this any time soon
And this is easy to demonstrate by examples 😏
The quest for "better" (more modular, reusable, robust) CSS has been a major
quest of the community since the creation of CSS.


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Yorick Function ReferenceMatrix MultiplicationThe * binary operator normally represents the product of its operands element-by-element, following the same conformability rules as the other binary operators. However, by marking one dimension of its left operand and one dimension of its right operand with +, * will be interpreted as a matrix multiply along the marked dimensions. The marked dimensions must have the same length. The result will have the unmarked dimensions of the left operand, followed by the unmarked dimensions of the right operand. For example, if x is a 12-by-25-by-35 array, y and z are vectors of length 35, and w is a 9-by-12-by-7 array, then:
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{%extends "base.html" %} {% set page_title = "Task list" %} {% block content %}
Add task or Remove selected
Write access is disabled on the web interface for this task list.


I’m Bill. After spending several years teaching and translating Russian and Polish, I now work professionally as a software engineer. As you can see, I really enjoy working with languages.
This site houses my blog, which I semi-regularly update with posts on technical topics and other assorted thoughts. The blog also serves as a record of my journey from a hobbyist programmer to a student at Dev Bootcamp to a professional developer.
For more information about me and some of the things I’ve helped to build, check out my bio page and projects page. If you’d like to get in touch, the relevant link(s) can be found in the footer directly below this sentence. Thanks for reading.


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and support services with respect to the mobile application; (3) in the event of any failure
of the mobile application to conform to any applicable warranty, you may notify the applicable
App Distributor, and the App Distributor, in accordance with its terms and policies, may refund
the purchase price, if any, paid for the mobile application, and to the maximum extent permitted
by applicable law, the App Distributor will have no other warranty obligation whatsoever with
respect to the mobile application; (4) you represent and warrant that (i) you are not located
in a country that is subject to a U.S. government embargo, or that has been designated by the
U.S. government as a “terrorist supporting” country and (ii) you are not listed on any U.S. government
list of prohibited or restricted parties; (5) you must comply with applicable third-party terms
of agreement when using the mobile application, e.g., if you have a VoIP application, then you
must not be in violation of their wireless data service agreement when using the mobile application;
and (6) you acknowledge and agree that the App Distributors are third-party beneficiaries of
the terms and conditions in this mobile application license contained in these Terms of Use,
and that each App Distributor will have the right (and will be deemed to have accepted the right)
to enforce the terms and conditions in this mobile application license contained in these Terms
of Use against you as a third-party beneficiary thereof. SOCIAL MEDIAAs part
of the functionality of the Site, you may link your account with online accounts you have with
third-party service providers (each such account, a “Third-Party Account”) by either: (1) providing
your Third-Party Account login information through the Site; or (2) allowing us to access your
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your Third-Party Account login information to us and/or grant us access to your Third-Party Account,
without breach by you of any of the terms and conditions that govern your use of the applicable
Third-Party Account, and without obligating us to pay any fees or making us subject to any usage
limitations imposed by the third-party service provider of the Third-Party Account. By granting
us access to any Third-Party Accounts, you understand that (1) we may access, make available,
and store (if applicable) any content that you have provided to and stored in your Third-Party
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account, including without limitation any friend lists and (2) we may submit to and receive from
your Third-Party Account additional information to the extent you are notified when you link
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subject to the privacy settings that you have set in such Third-Party Accounts, personally identifiable
information that you post to your Third-Party Accounts may be available on and through your account
on the Site. Please note that if a Third-Party Account or associated service becomes unavailable
or our access to such Third-Party Account is terminated by the third-party service provider,
then Social Network Content may no longer be available on and through the Site. You will have
the ability to disable the connection between your account on the Site and your Third-Party Accounts
at any time.  We make no effort to review any Social Network Content for any purpose, including
but not limited to, for accuracy, legality, or non-infringement, and we are not responsible for
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SUBMISSIONSYou acknowledge and agree that any questions, comments, suggestions, ideas, feedback,
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You hereby waive all moral rights to any such Submissions, and you hereby warrant that any such
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THIRD-PARTY WEBSITES AND CONTENTThe Site may contain (or you may be sent via the Site) links
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us harmless from any harm caused by your purchase of such products or services. Additionally,
you shall hold us harmless from any losses sustained by you or harm caused to you relating to
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ADVERTISERSWe allow advertisers to display their advertisements and other information in
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SITE MANAGEMENT
We reserve the right, but not the obligation, to: (1) monitor the Site for violations of these
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PRIVACY POLICY
By using the Site, you agree to be bound by our Privacy Policy, which is incorporated into these Terms
of Use. Please be advised the Site is hosted in the United States. If you access the Site from
the European Union, Asia, or any other region of the world with laws or other requirements governing
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or phone number:
See what data we have about you, if any.
Change/correct any data we have about you.
Have us delete any data we have about you.
Express any concern you have about our use of your data.
SECURITY
We take precautions to protect your information. When you submit sensitive information via the
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example, billing or customer service) are granted access to personally identifiable information.
The computers/servers in which we store personally identifiable information are kept in a secure
environment. If you feel that we are not abiding by this privacy policy, you should contact us
immediately via telephone or email.
INFORMATION COLLECTED
No information associated with your Google Account is stored or processed by a Fake Company server at any
point.
The only information we collect is the information supplied by the user to create an account, a Kanban
board, or a note. This information can be readily deleted by the user at any time either through the Site or by
contacting us at the email address provided below.
DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT (DMCA) NOTICE AND POLICYNotificationsWe respect the
intellectual property rights of others. If you believe that any material available on or through
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on or linked to by the Site infringes your copyright, you should consider first contacting an
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All Notifications should meet the requirements of DMCA 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(3) and include the
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Counter NotificationIf you believe your own copyrighted material has been removed from the
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at which the material appeared before it was removed or disabled; (2) a statement that you consent
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as a result of a mistake or misidentification of the material to be removed or disabled; and
(6) your physical or electronic signature.
If you send us a valid, written Counter Notification meeting the requirements described above,
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filing the Notification informing us that such party has filed a court action to restrain you
from engaging in infringing activity related to the material in question. Please note that if
you materially misrepresent that the disabled or removed content was removed by mistake or misidentification,
you may be liable for damages, including costs and attorney's fees. Filing a false Counter Notification
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COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENTSWe respect the intellectual property rights of others. If you believe
that any material available on or through the Site infringes upon any copyright you own or control,
please immediately notify us using the contact information provided below (a “Notification”).
A copy of your Notification will be sent to the person who posted or stored the material addressed
in the Notification. Please be advised that pursuant to federal law you may be held liable for
damages if you make material misrepresentations in a Notification. Thus, if you are not sure
that material located on or linked to by the Site infringes your copyright, you should consider
first contacting an attorney.]
TERM AND TERMINATIONThese Terms of Use shall remain in full force and effect while you use
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IN OUR SOLE DISCRETION AND WITHOUT NOTICE OR LIABILITY, DENY ACCESS TO AND USE OF THE SITE (INCLUDING
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GOVERNING LAW These Terms of Use and your use of the Site are governed by and construed
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written notice from one Party to the other Party.
Binding ArbitrationIf the Parties are unable to resolve a Dispute through informal negotiations,
the Dispute (except those Disputes expressly excluded below) will be finally and exclusively
resolved by binding arbitration.  The arbitration shall be commenced and conducted
under the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") and, where
appropriate, the AAA’s Supplementary Procedures for Consumer Related Disputes ("AAA Consumer
Rules"), both of which are available at the AAA website www.adr.org. Your arbitration fees and
your share of arbitrator compensation shall be governed by the AAA Consumer Rules and, where
appropriate, limited by the AAA Consumer Rules. The arbitration may be conducted in person, through
the submission of documents, by phone, or online. The arbitrator will make a decision in writing,
but need not provide a statement of reasons unless requested by either Party. The arbitrator
must follow applicable law, and any award may be challenged if the arbitrator fails to do so.
Except where otherwise required by the applicable AAA rules or applicable law, the arbitration
will take place in Delaware. Except as otherwise provided herein, the Parties may litigate in
court to compel arbitration, stay proceedings pending arbitration, or to confirm, modify, vacate,
or enter judgment on the award entered by the arbitrator.
If for any reason, a Dispute proceeds in court rather than arbitration, the Dispute shall be
commenced or prosecuted in the state and federal courts located in Delaware, and the Parties
hereby consent to, and waive all defenses of lack of personal jurisdiction, and forum non conveniens
with respect to venue and jurisdiction in such state and federal courts. Application of the United
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In no event shall any Dispute brought by either Party related in any way to the Site be commenced
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court of competent jurisdiction within the courts listed for jurisdiction above, and the Parties
agree to submit to the personal jurisdiction of that court.
The Parties agree that any arbitration shall be limited to the Dispute between the Parties individually.
To the full extent permitted by law, (a) no arbitration shall be joined with any other proceeding;
(b) there is no right or authority for any Dispute to be arbitrated on a class-action basis or
to utilize class action procedures; and (c) there is no right or authority for any Dispute to
be brought in a purported representative capacity on behalf of the general public or any other
persons.
CORRECTIONSThere may be information on the Site that contains typographical errors,
inaccuracies, or omissions that may relate to the Site, including descriptions, pricing, availability,
and various other information. We reserve the right to correct any errors, inaccuracies, or omissions
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DISCLAIMERTHE SITE IS PROVIDED ON AN AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE BASIS.
WE DO NOT WARRANT, ENDORSE, GUARANTEE, OR ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE ADVERTISED
OR OFFERED BY A THIRD PARTY THROUGH THE SITE, ANY HYPERLINKED WEBSITE, OR ANY WEBSITE OR MOBILE
APPLICATION FEATURED IN ANY BANNER OR OTHER ADVERTISING, AND WE WILL NOT BE A PARTY TO OR IN
ANY WAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MONITORING ANY TRANSACTION BETWEEN YOU AND ANY THIRD-PARTY PROVIDERS
OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES.   CERTAIN
STATE LAWS DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF CERTAIN
DAMAGES. IF THESE LAWS APPLY TO YOU, SOME OR ALL OF THE ABOVE DISCLAIMERS OR LIMITATIONS MAY
NOT APPLY TO YOU, AND YOU MAY HAVE ADDITIONAL RIGHTS. INDEMNIFICATIONYou agree
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connected via the Site. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we reserve the right, at your expense,
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reasonable efforts to notify you of any such claim, action, or proceeding which is subject to
this indemnification upon becoming aware of it. USER DATAWe will maintain certain
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to your use of the Site. Although we perform regular routine backups of data, you are solely
responsible for all data that you transmit or that relates to any activity you have undertaken
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of any such data, and you hereby waive any right of action against us arising from any such loss
or corruption of such data. ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS, TRANSACTIONS, AND SIGNATURESVisiting
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Site, satisfy any legal requirement that such communication be in writing. YOU HEREBY AGREE TO
THE USE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES, CONTRACTS, ORDERS, AND OTHER RECORDS, AND TO ELECTRONIC DELIVERY
OF NOTICES, POLICIES, AND RECORDS OF TRANSACTIONS INITIATED OR COMPLETED BY US OR VIA THE SITE.
You hereby waive any rights or requirements under any statutes, regulations, rules, ordinances,
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CALIFORNIA USERS AND RESIDENTSIf any complaint with us is not satisfactorily resolved, you
can contact the Complaint Assistance Unit of the Division of Consumer Services of the California
Department of Consumer Affairs in writing at 1625 North Market Blvd., Suite N 112, Sacramento,
California 95834 or by telephone at<PHONE_NUMBER> or<PHONE_NUMBER>.
MISCELLANEOUSThese Terms of Use and any policies or operating rules posted by us on the
Site constitute the entire agreement and understanding between you and us. Our failure to exercise
or enforce any right or provision of these Terms of Use shall not operate as a waiver of such
right or provision. These Terms of Use operate to the fullest extent permissible by law. We may
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control. If any provision or part of a provision of these Terms of Use is determined to be unlawful,
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by the parties hereto to execute these Terms of Use.
CONTACT US cpeterkoch@gmail.com


Everybody is a genius.

Everybody is a genius.


Perry sets record, leads Brown past Columbia 48-24
by EndPlayNEW YORK (AP) - EJ Perry threw for three touchdowns, ran for another and set the Brown single-season record for total offense in a 48-24 win over Columbia on Saturday, the Bears' first Ivy League win.
Allen Smith had 113 yards and two touchdowns on 13 carries, one going 70 yards for a score on fourth-and-1, which put the Bears on top 28-17 at halftime.
Perry, who was 24 of 39 for 300 yards, had 334 yards of total offense, which pushed him pass the 3,196 yards piled up by head coach James Perry, who is EJ's uncle. Perry had touchdown passes of 49, 10 and 7 yards in a 21-point third quarter. He also scored on a 2-yard run. LJ Harriott had one of the touchdowns among his six catches for 117 yards.
The Bears (2-7, 1-5) piled up 457 yards but started the scoring with a 38-yard scoop and score by Nick Messina.
The Lions (3-6, 2-4) had 427 yards but had three turnovers and a punt blocked. Josh Wainwright had seven catches for 143 yards and two touchdowns from Ty Lenhart.


What to expect from a Piano technician's visit
How long will it take?
-
Most Piano Technicians try to be in and out of your house within a two hour window. This window can obviously vary if repairs are needed, but generally two hours should suffice - even if a pitch raise is needed.
What should I do to be ready for them to arrive?
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It is helpful to the technician if you have the piano cleared of decorations before they arrive. Otherwise, just being there to let them in and being prepared to pay them before they leave is sufficient.
How much should I expect to pay?
-
Most Piano Technicians try to be in and out of your house within a two hour window. This window can obviously vary if repairs are needed, but generally two hours should suffice - even if a pitch raise is needed.
How much will it cost?
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This is a difficult question to answer. Most technicians have a base rate just to come out to your house. They will also have a base rate for the minimum service that they provide when called on to do a basic tuning. If there are services required outside of that base rate the technician will generally charge an hourly rate for time it takes them to perform the additional services.
What can I expect from the piano technician?
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Expect them to be professional. It may be somewhat uncomfortable for you to invite a stranger into your home for a couple hours, but understand that they have made a career of it. Obviously piano technicians can vary in personality types, but most are naturally quite courteous as a guest in your home.
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It is common for individuals having their piano tuned (especially if it has been a while) to be curious about how their piano works, or how a tuning is done. Please feel free to ask your technician any questions you have. Also, feel free to watch them work and ask questions about how they learned to tune or what they are listening for when tuning. Unless the technician is under a time constraint, they will enjoy the interaction and sharing with you why they love what they do.
What is a "Pitch Raise" and why is it needed?
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Pitch raises are commonly needed if it has been 2 or more years since your piano was last serviced. The reason for this is tension.
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Your piano is engineered to be constantly under a great deal of tension from the collective pull of it's strings (see below for more details). If the tension on those strings is significantly decreased (ie. the individual keys are flat enough that they are 20% on their way down to being where the next note should be), then bringing them back up to tension can instantly add a cumulative 3,000+ lbs onto the structure of your piano. The new tension being added (imagine a large car being placed on the piano) causes the distance between the tuning pin and hitch pins to decrease and pitch of to drop again. To remedy this problem the piano technician will (in essence) tune the piano twice in a single service call, the first being the pitch raise, and the second being a fine tuning.
How often should I have my piano tuned?
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Most in home pianos need to be serviced every 12 to 18 months. Doing so will add longevity to the piano's life, help avoid major repairs and make it more enjoyable to play.
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It is a common misconception that pianos can be tuned too frequently. Some of the nicest pianos in concert halls are tuned multiple times per week. Most are tuned before a performance, and sometimes even during intermission they will receive a quick service.
What causes a piano to loose pitch?
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Temperature and humidity fluctuations are the piano's biggest enemy. The internal structure of the piano is mainly wood, metal, and felt. I'm sure you can imagine how those materials will react if placed under a swamp cooler over a heating/ac vent that is turned off and on all day, or in a location that gets direct sunlight for a couple hours in the day.
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Outside of temperature and humidity fluctuations expediting the process, simple physics over time causes the piano to loose tension.
Fascinating Facts about your Piano
PIANO SPECIFICATIONS
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Nearly all pianos have 88 keys, but the number of strings inside of the piano varies by manufacturer and model. The average number of strings in a piano is 220.
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Each string in a piano is designed to maintain around 200 lbs of tension, which equates to more than 40,000 lbs of total string tension compressing the piano's support structure... this is enough tension to lift a mobile home off the ground!
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The average piano string is designed to last approximately 50 years before it needs to be overstretched to maintain it's tension... similar to a rubber band that has been under constant tension for a prolonged amount of time.
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Most early 1900's upright pianos did not have a middle pedal. It was simply the aesthetic appeal to the american consumers that caused piano manufacturers to add the middle pedal.
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While the middle pedal does have a defined purpose in grand pianos, the variety of functions performed by the middle pedal on upright pianos still vary greatly.
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The moving parts inside a piano that make it work, or piano action, can be very complicated with as many as 40-60 parts per key; each part having a specific purpose.
ORIGIN OF THE PIANO
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Bartholomeu Christophori is credited for inventing the Piano around the turn of the 18th century.
-
He was an inventor and a musician for an Italian magistrate who wanted an instrument that was similar to the harpsichord, but that could fluctuate in volume.
-
It took more than a decade and seven different renditions before Christophori had a design that he and other musicians were pleased with.
-
He named his new instrument the Piano Forte ...Italian for Soft Loud.
-
Christophori's design for has gone mostly unchanged to this day... more than 200 years later.
MODERN PIANOS
-
The upright piano became popular starting in the 1890's, and by 1910 well over 100 different piano manufacturers were selling pianos in the United States.
-
During the first and second world wars the majority of those piano manufacturers converted to making wartime goods, or were forsed to close altogether.
-
It wasn't until the 1940's that the piano industry experienced a resurgence with the production of a cheaper, smaller piano called the Spinet, or Drop Action piano.
-
By the mid 1950's the piano become, once again, an american staple for in-home entertainment.
-
Today, piano technicians are called on to service all types of pianos, from brand new concert grands to family heirlooms from 1895.


[gecode-users] Implementing No-goods
Kish Shen
kisshen at cisco.com
Wed Sep 25 21:11:42 CEST 2013
On 13/09/2013 12:20, Christian Schulte wrote:
> In your idea of doing several searches after each other I assume that you
> use the next() function to get a space and then continue search. As the
> no-goods are posted in the master space they will be contained in the space
> returned by next() as well (unless they already have been found out to be
> useless).
Hi Christian,
I thought I better separate the two issues into different posts....
Thinking about the restart search more, I think my question may arise
from a (mis)understanding of what the master space is. Please let me
know if the following is correct:
master(.., const Space* s, NoGoods& ng)
I had assumed that each time master is called, there is a fresh copy of
the space s, i.e. a clone of the space before search was started. In
this case, then you need to remember NoGoods for all the previous
restarts in ng.
However, thinking about it more, it seems to make more sense that you
use the same master space (s) in all the restarts of a search; in this
case ng would only need to be the NoGoods in the single "pass" since the
last restart, because all the previous NoGoods would already be posted
to s by previous calls to master().
If a different search is done after this, as I suggested previously,
then you have a different master space s from the previous search.
Cheers,
Kish
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mailing list


Better Call Saul season 5 sets premiere date
Better Call Saul's official Twitter account shared a short video on Wednesday teasing the return date. LWYRUP 2.23, the tweet read in a reference to Goodman's abbreviated license plate.
by PTIThe season five of Better Call Saul will have a two-night premiere in February, AMC network has announced.
According to Deadline, the Breaking Bad prequel spin-off will bow out on February 23 at 10 pm, with the second airing on February 24 at 9 pm, its normal time slot.
The show will see Bob Odenkirk reprise his role as the shady lawyer, Jimmy McGill alias Saul Goodman in the crime drama.
The logline for the fifth season: “In the 10-episode fifth season of Better Call Saul, Jimmy’s decision to practice law as Saul Goodman creates unexpected and profound waves of change for those in his orbit.”
The show’s official Twitter account shared a short video on Wednesday teasing the return date.
LWYRUP 2.23, the tweet read in a reference to Goodman’s abbreviated license plate.
Better Call Saul also stars Jonathan Banks, Rhea Seehorn, Patrick Fabian, Michael Mando and Giancarlo Esposito.


| Purpose | Choice | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Text Editor | Visual Studio Code | Germany |
| Graphics Editor | GIMP | Mexico |
| Vector Editor | Roland Mendel | Austria |
| Screen Editor | Helen Bennett | UK |
| Screen Capture | Yoshi Tannamuri | Canada |
| Image Resizer | Giovanni Rovelli | Italy |
| CAD system | Fusion 360 | Pro CAD, 3yr Education License |
| IDE | Fusion 360 | Pro CAD, 3yr Education License |
| Browser | Google Chrome | Most Comfortable with chrome as i have been using it since forever |


public static final class R.id
extends java.lang.Object
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
R.id() |
public static final int GridLayout1
public static final int ImageView01
public static final int LinearLayout1
public static final int LinearLayout2
public static final int RelativeLayout1
public static final int ScrollView1
public static final int achievementImage
public static final int achievementLinearLayout
public static final int achievementTableLayout
public static final int achievementText
public static final int achievementTitle
public static final int action_forgot_password
public static final int action_settings
public static final int addPatientBtn
public static final int aids1
public static final int aids1Lay
public static final int aidsLabel1
public static final int annet
public static final int annet_edit
public static final int articleText
public static final int articleTitle
public static final int back_level
public static final int balance_button
public static final int balance_info
public static final int caseMedalImage
public static final int caseName
public static final int caseScore
public static final int caseTableLayout
public static final int case_PatientName
public static final int case_patientAge
public static final int case_patientGender
public static final int case_patientInfo
public static final int case_patientInfoField
public static final int circle
public static final int cmField
public static final int cmLabel3
public static final int cmText
public static final int content_frame
public static final int deleteBtn
public static final int descrLayout
public static final int description
public static final int drawer_layout
public static final int edit_info_button
public static final int email
public static final int empty_ok
public static final int enter_level
public static final int exercises_button
public static final int fail_chooser
public static final int fail_chooser2
public static final int finishBtn
public static final int finish_quiz_button
public static final int fragment_practise_patient
public static final int frame
public static final int gallery1
public static final int galleryLayout
public static final int gangtest_button
public static final int gangtest_info
public static final int gangtest_result1
public static final int gangtest_result2
public static final int gangtest_tid
public static final int header
public static final int homeAchievement
public static final int homeAchievementsList
public static final int homeButtonAchievements
public static final int homeButtonPractise
public static final int homeButtonTraining
public static final int homeCasesAchievements
public static final int homeCasesCompletedCases
public static final int homeCasesListCases
public static final int homeCasesTotalScore
public static final int homeCasesUncompletedCases
public static final int homeListCase
public static final int homeListLevel
public static final int homeLockedLevels
public static final int homeMainLinearLayout
public static final int homeStatus
public static final int homeUserName
public static final int image
public static final int imageButton1
public static final int imageButton2
public static final int imageButton3
public static final int imageButton4
public static final int imageField
public static final int imageView1
public static final int imageView10
public static final int imageView11
public static final int imageView12
public static final int imageView13
public static final int imageView14
public static final int imageView15
public static final int imageView16
public static final int imageView17
public static final int imageView18
public static final int imageView19
public static final int imageView2
public static final int imageView20
public static final int imageView21
public static final int imageView22
public static final int imageView23
public static final int imageView24
public static final int imageView25
public static final int imageView26
public static final int imageView27
public static final int imageView28
public static final int imageView3
public static final int imageView4
public static final int imageView5
public static final int imageView6
public static final int imageView7
public static final int imageView8
public static final int imageView9
public static final int image_dialog_root
public static final int info_ok
public static final int item_icon
public static final int item_text
public static final int krykker
public static final int layout1
public static final int left_drawer
public static final int levelTableRow
public static final int linearLayoutRadio
public static final int login
public static final int login_form
public static final int login_status
public static final int login_status_message
public static final int name
public static final int next_button
public static final int pairLay
public static final int password
public static final int patientsList
public static final int patients_textView
public static final int poeng1
public static final int poeng2
public static final int practice_SPPB_button
public static final int practice_patient_SPPB_automatic
public static final int practice_patient_age
public static final int practice_patient_other
public static final int practice_patient_other_edit
public static final int practice_patient_problems
public static final int practice_patient_problems_edit
public static final int practise_patient_SPPB_result
public static final int practise_patient_age_edit
public static final int practise_patient_name
public static final int practise_patient_name_edit
public static final int progressBar
public static final int question
public static final int quiz_button1
public static final int quiz_button2
public static final int quiz_button3
public static final int quiz_button4
public static final int quiz_next_button
public static final int quiz_spm_correct
public static final int register_button
public static final int repetition
public static final int repsField
public static final int repsText
public static final int result1_accept
public static final int result2_accept
public static final int resultBtn
public static final int resultsDivider1
public static final int resultsDivider2
public static final int resultsDivider3
public static final int rollator
public static final int saveBtn
public static final int score1
public static final int score2
public static final int score3
public static final int score4
public static final int scoreLabel1
public static final int scoreLabel2
public static final int scoreLabel3
public static final int scoreLabel4
public static final int seatHeight
public static final int seatHeight3Lay
public static final int seatHeightLabel3
public static final int semiLay
public static final int sign_in_button
public static final int singleLevelName
public static final int singleLevelScore
public static final int singleLevelTableLayout
public static final int singleLevelTableRow
public static final int skip_button
public static final int standUp_info
public static final int standup_button
public static final int start
public static final int startStopButton
public static final int start_test
public static final int stop
public static final int tableRow1
public static final int tandLay
public static final int test
public static final int testDate1
public static final int testDate2
public static final int testDate3
public static final int testName1
public static final int testName2
public static final int testName3
public static final int text1
public static final int text2
public static final int text3
public static final int text4
public static final int textLayout
public static final int textView10
public static final int textView11
public static final int textView12
public static final int textView13
public static final int textView2
public static final int textView3
public static final int textView4
public static final int textView5
public static final int textView6
public static final int textView8
public static final int time1
public static final int time1Lay
public static final int time3
public static final int time3Lay
public static final int timeField
public static final int timeLabel1
public static final int timeLabel3
public static final int timeText
public static final int titleField
public static final int total1
public static final int total1Label1
public static final int total1Lay
public static final int total2
public static final int total3
public static final int total3Label
public static final int total3Lay
public static final int totalLay
public static final int training_case_back
public static final int training_case_next
public static final int training_hus1
public static final int training_hus10
public static final int training_hus11
public static final int training_hus2
public static final int training_hus3
public static final int training_hus4
public static final int training_hus5
public static final int training_hus6
public static final int training_hus7
public static final int training_hus8
public static final int training_hus9
public static final int training_popup_cancel
public static final int training_popup_enter
public static final int training_ratingBar
public static final int training_rel
public static final int training_scroll
public static final int training_status
public static final int traningCar
public static final int uten_hjelpemidler
public static final int view1
public static final int view2
public static final int wikiListView


Part of elita.deployment.salt_control View In Hierarchy
| Method | __init__ | |
| Method | salt_commands_async | Undocumented |
| Method | salt_command | Undocumented |
| Method | run_command | Undocumented |
| Method | load_salt_info | Undocumented |
| Method | verify_connectivity | Undocumented |
| Method | get_gd_file_name | Undocumented |
| Method | get_gitdeploy_entry_name | Undocumented |
| Method | rm_gitdeploy_yaml | Undocumented |
| Method | new_gitdeploy_yaml | Adds new gitdeploy to existing YAML file or creates new YAML file. |


Unable to Connect? Lyric was unable to connect to your home Wi-Fi network. If you have entered the Wi-Fi password correctly, press the retry button. If you are having connection issues or entered the password incorrectly, please press the Start Over button on the thermostat.


---
layout: post
title: Boxing Day in the Medway
date: '2011-12-26T18:30:00.001-05:00'
author: Bob Sica
tags:
- photos
- Family
- holiday
modified_time: '2013-07-31T16:24:05.063-04:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4599947215754335931.post-3085689556201422332
blogger_orig_url: http://blog.bobsica.com/2011/12/boxing-day-in-medway.html
---
We got a beautiful, really Fall-like day today on Boxing Day (or Wrestling Day as it is known to
Doug and Bob). The kids went skating down in the Park and we brought our coffee cups over to a lookout on the Medway. If you saw the "teaser" video I posted from there you could hear how quiet and so how pretty it was. So I had some fun with the camera.
Oh right, Americans Boxing Day is the day Canadians bring small gifts to there servants for the hard work for them preparing our feasts on the previous day. In our case we gave them the morning off as well, but that's just us!


Public Member Functions | |
| XMLUri (const XMLCh *const uriSpec, MemoryManager *const manager=XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager) | |
| Construct a new URI from a URI specification string. | |
| XMLUri (const XMLUri *const baseURI, const XMLCh *const uriSpec, MemoryManager *const manager=XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager) | |
| Construct a new URI from a base URI and a URI specification string. | |
| XMLUri (const XMLUri &toCopy) | |
| Copy constructor. | |
| XMLUri & | operator= (const XMLUri &toAssign) |
| virtual | ~XMLUri () |
| const XMLCh * | getUriText () const |
| Get the URI as a string specification. | |
| const XMLCh * | getScheme () const |
| Get the scheme for this URI. | |
| const XMLCh * | getUserInfo () const |
| Get the userinfo for this URI. | |
| const XMLCh * | getHost () const |
| Get the host for this URI. | |
| int | getPort () const |
| Get the port for this URI. | |
| const XMLCh * | getRegBasedAuthority () const |
| Get the registry based authority for this URI. | |
| const XMLCh * | getPath () const |
| Get the path for this URI. | |
| const XMLCh * | getQueryString () const |
| Get the query string for this URI. | |
| const XMLCh * | getFragment () const |
| Get the fragment for this URI. | |
| void | setScheme (const XMLCh *const newScheme) |
| Set the scheme for this URI. | |
| void | setUserInfo (const XMLCh *const newUserInfo) |
| Set the userinfo for this URI. | |
| void | setHost (const XMLCh *const newHost) |
| Set the host for this URI. | |
| void | setPort (int newPort) |
| Set the port for this URI. | |
| void | setRegBasedAuthority (const XMLCh *const newRegAuth) |
| Sets the registry based authority for this URI. | |
| void | setPath (const XMLCh *const newPath) |
| Set the path for this URI. | |
| void | setQueryString (const XMLCh *const newQueryString) |
| Set the query string for this URI. | |
| void | setFragment (const XMLCh *const newFragment) |
| Set the fragment for this URI. | |
| XMLUri (MemoryManager *const manager=XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager) | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static bool | isURIString (const XMLCh *const uric) |
| Determine whether a given string contains only URI characters (also called "uric" in RFC 2396). | |
| static bool | isValidURI (const XMLUri *const baseURI, const XMLCh *const uriStr, bool bAllowSpaces=false) |
| Determine whether a given string is a valid URI. | |
| static bool | isValidURI (bool haveBaseURI, const XMLCh *const uriStr, bool bAllowSpaces=false) |
| Determine whether a given string is a valid URI. | |
| static void | normalizeURI (const XMLCh *const systemURI, XMLBuffer &normalizedURI) |
| XMLUri::XMLUri | ( | const XMLCh *const | uriSpec, | |
| MemoryManager *const | manager = XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager | |||
| ) |
Construct a new URI from a URI specification string.
If the specification follows the "generic URI" syntax, (two slashes following the first colon), the specification will be parsed accordingly - setting the scheme, userinfo, host, port, path, querystring and fragment fields as necessary.
If the specification does not follow the "generic URI" syntax, the specification is parsed into a scheme and scheme-specific part (stored as the path) only.
| uriSpec | the URI specification string (cannot be null or empty) | |
| manager | Pointer to the memory manager to be used to allocate objects. |
| XMLUri::XMLUri | ( | const XMLUri *const | baseURI, | |
| const XMLCh *const | uriSpec, | |||
| MemoryManager *const | manager = XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager | |||
| ) |
Construct a new URI from a base URI and a URI specification string.
The URI specification string may be a relative URI.
| baseURI | the base URI (cannot be null if uriSpec is null or empty) | |
| uriSpec | the URI specification string (cannot be null or empty if base is null) | |
| manager | Pointer to the memory manager to be used to allocate objects. |
| XMLUri::XMLUri | ( | const XMLUri & | toCopy | ) |
Copy constructor.
| virtual XMLUri::~XMLUri | ( | ) | [virtual] |
| XMLUri::XMLUri | ( | MemoryManager *const | manager = XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager |
) |
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getUriText | ( | ) | const |
Get the URI as a string specification.
See RFC 2396 Section 5.2.
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getScheme | ( | ) | const |
Get the scheme for this URI.
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getUserInfo | ( | ) | const |
Get the userinfo for this URI.
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getHost | ( | ) | const |
Get the host for this URI.
| int XMLUri::getPort | ( | ) | const |
Get the port for this URI.
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getRegBasedAuthority | ( | ) | const |
Get the registry based authority for this URI.
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getPath | ( | ) | const |
Get the path for this URI.
Note that the value returned is the path only and does not include the query string or fragment.
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getQueryString | ( | ) | const |
Get the query string for this URI.
| const XMLCh * XMLUri::getFragment | ( | ) | const |
Get the fragment for this URI.
| void XMLUri::setScheme | ( | const XMLCh *const | newScheme | ) |
Set the scheme for this URI.
The scheme is converted to lowercase before it is set.
| newScheme | the scheme for this URI (cannot be null) |
| void XMLUri::setUserInfo | ( | const XMLCh *const | newUserInfo | ) |
Set the userinfo for this URI.
If a non-null value is passed in and the host value is null, then an exception is thrown.
| newUserInfo | the userinfo for this URI |
| void XMLUri::setHost | ( | const XMLCh *const | newHost | ) |
Set the host for this URI.
If null is passed in, the userinfo field is also set to null and the port is set to -1.
Note: This method overwrites registry based authority if it previously existed in this URI.
| newHost | the host for this URI |
| void XMLUri::setPort | ( | int | newPort | ) |
Set the port for this URI.
-1 is used to indicate that the port is not specified, otherwise valid port numbers are between 0 and 65535. If a valid port number is passed in and the host field is null, an exception is thrown.
| newPort | the port number for this URI |
| void XMLUri::setRegBasedAuthority | ( | const XMLCh *const | newRegAuth | ) |
Sets the registry based authority for this URI.
Note: This method overwrites server based authority if it previously existed in this URI.
| newRegAuth | the registry based authority for this URI |
| void XMLUri::setPath | ( | const XMLCh *const | newPath | ) |
Set the path for this URI.
If the supplied path is null, then the query string and fragment are set to null as well.
If the supplied path includes a query string and/or fragment, these fields will be parsed and set as well.
Note:
For URIs following the "generic URI" syntax, the path specified should start with a slash.
For URIs that do not follow the generic URI syntax, this method sets the scheme-specific part.
| newPath | the path for this URI (may be null) |
| void XMLUri::setQueryString | ( | const XMLCh *const | newQueryString | ) |
Set the query string for this URI.
A non-null value is valid only if this is an URI conforming to the generic URI syntax and the path value is not null.
| newQueryString | the query string for this URI |
| void XMLUri::setFragment | ( | const XMLCh *const | newFragment | ) |
Set the fragment for this URI.
A non-null value is valid only if this is a URI conforming to the generic URI syntax and the path value is not null.
| newFragment | the fragment for this URI |
| static bool XMLUri::isURIString | ( | const XMLCh *const | uric | ) | [static] |
Determine whether a given string contains only URI characters (also called "uric" in RFC 2396).
uric consist of all reserved characters, unreserved characters and escaped characters.
| static bool XMLUri::isValidURI | ( | const XMLUri *const | baseURI, | |
| const XMLCh *const | uriStr, | |||
| bool | bAllowSpaces = false | |||
| ) | [static] |
Determine whether a given string is a valid URI.
| static bool XMLUri::isValidURI | ( | bool | haveBaseURI, | |
| const XMLCh *const | uriStr, | |||
| bool | bAllowSpaces = false | |||
| ) | [static] |
Determine whether a given string is a valid URI.
| static void XMLUri::normalizeURI | ( | const XMLCh *const | systemURI, | |
| XMLBuffer & | normalizedURI | |||
| ) | [static] |


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The Crown star Tobias Menzies: I am more of a republican
The Crown star Tobias Menzies has said he remains “republican” despite his new royal role.
He stars as the Duke of Edinburgh in the upcoming series of the Netflix show.
Despite getting to know his character and the nature of blue-blooded responsibilities, he does not support the monarchy.
Menzies concedes that Prince Philip has “real wit” and the ruling family is more interesting than he anticipated, but said he is glad they have little power.
The actor has also taken issue with the honours system, and said he would think about turning down an OBE if ever offered one.
He told Radio Times: “I’m still more of a republican, and instinctively I don’t love the idea of hereditary power.
“But given that there isn’t a lot of power attached to that role, maybe it’s a good idea.”
Menzies praised Philip for working hard and being energetic in his duties.
The actor also sympathised with his gaffes, believing it is difficult to walk into a room of people tongue-tied due to the presence of royalty.
Inherently I don’t massively agree with the honours system. It feels like it entrenches privilege
He said royal life would be “very boring” and has a problem with institutional privilege.
Menzies said: “I’d definitely think about not accepting an OBE.
“Inherently I don’t massively agree with the honours system. It feels like it entrenches privilege.”
Menzies attended fee-paying schools before attending the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, and has gone on to star in Outlander and Game Of Thrones.
He stars alongside Olivia Colman in the new series of The Crown.
The full interview with Menzies is available in Radio Times, out now.


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