Usage: data loading
The first step of CovsirPhy analysis is data laoding. In this chapter, we will confirm the way to load the following two type of datasets using DataLoader
class.
recommented datasets: open datasets recommended by CovsirPhy community
local datasets: opened/closed datasets you have in your local environment
1. Decide whether to use the recommended datasets
We will create DataLoader
instance. As default, the recommended datasets will be download and saved to “input” directory of the current directory. These downloaded datasets will be updated automatically when DataLoader
instance is created and 12 hours have passed since the last downloading.
import covsirphy as cs
loader = cs.DataLoader()
If you want to change the download directory (e.g. “datasets”), please use directory
argument. the interval of downloading (default: 12 hours) can be changed with update_interval
argument (e.g. 24 hours).
import covsirphy as cs
loader = cs.DataLoader(directory="datasets", update_interval=24)
If you want to use ONLY local datasets, please set update_interval=None
. directory
argument will be ignored.
import covsirphy as cs
loader = cs.DataLoader(update_interval=None)
2. Read local datasets
We can read local datasets with DataLoader.read_csv()
, DataLoader.read_dataframe()
and DataLoader.assign()
. When we use only recommended datasets, we can skip this step.
2-1. Check variables to use
Variables to analyse are specified by covsirphy
. Please check that you have records of the required variables and the correspondence of te variables you have and variables specified by covsirphy
. The required variables must be prepared with DataLoader.read_csv()
, DataLoader.read_dataframe()
and DataLoader.assign()
. We can decide column names freely at this step and we will tell the correspondence to DataLoader
with DataLoader.lock()
later.
Required:
date: observation dates
country: country names (the top level administration)
province: province/state/prefecture names (the second level adminitration)
confirmed: the number of confirmed cases
fatal: the number of fatal cases
population population values
Optional:
iso3: ISO codes of countries
recovered: the number of recovered cases
tests: the number of tests
product: vaccine product names
vaccinations: cumulative number of vaccinations
vaccinated_once: cumulative number of people who received at least one vaccine dose
vaccinated_full: cumulative number of people who received all doses prescrived by the protocol
Changeable:
variables of government response indicators
variables of mobility indicators
Note that covsirphy
uses only two levels of administration (country and province). If you have the third level (e.g. city), please regard it as province for analysis.
If you want to use a new dataset for your analysis, kindly create an issue with GitHub Issues: Request new method of DataLoader class! Please read Guideline of contribution in advance.
2-2. Read datasets from CSV files
If we have records as CSV files (time series data of vairables), we can read them with DataLoader.read_csv()
method. This uses pandas.read_csv()
internally and arguments of pandas.read_csv()
can be used.
As an example, we have records in “./usa.csv” as shown in the next table. Obseervation dates are assigned to “date” column with “YYYY-MM-DD” format. (Data is from COVID-19 Data Hub.)
| confirmed | fatal | province | population | date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 966287 | 17979 | Illinois | 12671821 | 2021-01-01 |
| 1 | 977677 | 18217 | Illinois | 12671821 | 2021-01-02 |
| 2 | 982105 | 18322 | Illinois | 12671821 | 2021-01-03 |
We can read it with DataLoader.read_csv()
method. Argument parse_dates
(list of columns of dates) and dayfirst
(whether date and month are formatted with DD/MM or not) are optional, but it is suggested to use them to read date information correctly. The read data is saved as a pandas.DataFrame
and it can be checked with DataLoader.local
property.
loader.read_csv("./usa.csv", parse_dates=["date"], dayfirst=False)
print(loader.local)
If you have multiple CSV files, you can call DataLoader.read_csv()
multiple times. Note that we need to specify how to combine the current data and the new data with how_combine
(string) argument. Candidates of how_combine
is listed here.
“replace” (default): replace registered dataset with the new data
“concat”: concat datasets with
pandas.concat()
“merge”: merge datasets with
pandas.DataFrame.merge()
“update”: update the current dataset with
pandas.DataFrame.update()
loader.read_csv("./usa.csv", parse_dates=["date"], dayfirst=False)
loader.read_csv("./uk.csv", parse_dates=["date"], dayfirst=True, how_combine="concat")
print(loader.local)
Because DataLoader.read_csv()
uses pandas.read_csv()
internally, URLs can be used as the first positional argument.
loader.read_csv(
"https://github.com/lisphilar/covid19-sir/tree/master/data",
parse_dates=["date"], dayfirst=False
)
print(loader.local)
2-3. Read datasets from pandas.DataFrame
If you have local datasets as a pandas.DataFrame
, please use DataLoader.read_dataframe()
. Its usage is similar to DataLoader.read_csv()
. As an example, we the dataset as usa_df
and uk_df
(instance of pandas.DataFrame
).
loader.read_csv(usa_df, parse_dates=["date"], dayfirst=False)
loader.read_csv(uk_df, parse_dates=["date"], dayfirst=True, how_combine="concat")
print(loader.local)
2-4. Assign columns
We can set variables using DataLoader.assign()
. This use pandas.DataFrame.assign()
internally and we can assign new variables (columns) with stable values and lambda
function.
Let’s say, we have the following dataset as loader.local
. We want to assign
country name (string “USA”),
population values (12,671,821 persons), and
the number of vaccinations as the total value of vaccinated_once and vaccinated_full.
(The values of vaccinated_once and vaccinated_full are not actual values. They are just simplified example values.)
| confirmed | fatal | province | date | vaccinated_once | vaccinated_full | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 966287 | 17979 | Illinois | 2021-01-01 | 1000 | 500 |
| 1 | 977677 | 18217 | Illinois | 2021-01-02 | 2000 | 700 |
| 2 | 982105 | 18322 | Illinois | 2021-01-03 | 3000 | 800 |
We can assign them as follows.
loader.assign(
country="USA",
population=12_671_821,
vaccinations=lambda x: x["vaccinated_once"] + x["vaccinated_full"]
)
print(loader.local)
Three columns will be added.
| confirmed | fatal | province | date | vaccinated_once | vaccinated_full | country | population | vaccinations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 966287 | 17979 | Illinois | 2021-01-01 | 1000 | 500 | USA | 12671821 | 1500 |
| 1 | 977677 | 18217 | Illinois | 2021-01-02 | 2000 | 700 | USA | 12671821 | 2700 |
| 2 | 982105 | 18322 | Illinois | 2021-01-03 | 3000 | 800 | USA | 12671821 | 3800 |
3. Perform database lock
We need to run DataLoader.lock()
(method for database lock) when you want to use local CSV files and pandas.DataFrame
as the database. (i.e. We can skip this method when you use ONLY the recommended datasets.) After completion of database lock, we cannot update local database with DataLoader.read_csv()
and so on.
By database lock, we tell the correspondence of te variables you have and variables specified by covsirphy
and lock the local database. Addtionally, the all recommended datasets will be downloaded automatically (if update_interval
was not None
) and combined to the local database.
Database lock can be done as follows. As an example, we assume that all variables are registered in advance.
Argument names of
DataLoader.lock()
is listed at 2-1. Variables to use.oxcgrt_variables
(e.g.["Stringency_index", "Contact_tracing"]
) is a variable name list forOxCGRTData
(government response indicators).mobility_variables
(e.g.["Mobility_workplaces", "Mobility_residential"]
) is a variable name list forMobilityData
(mobility indicators).
loader.lock(
# Always required
date="date", country="country", province="province",
confirmed="confirmed", fatal="fatal", population="population",
# Optional regarding location
iso3="iso3",
# Optional regarding JHUData
recovered="recovered",
# Optional regarding PCData
tests="tests",
# Optional regarding VaccineData
product="product", vaccinations="vaccinations",
vaccinated_once="vaccinated_once", vaccinated_full="vaccinated_full",
# Optinal for OxCGRTData (list[str] or None)
oxcgrt_variables=["Stringency_index", "Contact_tracing"],
# Optinal for OxCGRTData (list[str] or None)
mobility_variables=["Mobility_workplaces", "Mobility_residential"],
)
If you do not have some variables in the local database, please skip the arguments or apply None
to the arguments. For example, the codes will be as follows if we have only the required arguemnts listed at 2-1. Variables to use.
loader.lock(
date="date", country="country", province="province",
confirmed="confirmed", fatal="fatal", population="population",
)
DataLoader.locked
is a read-only property to check the locked database. instance of pandas.DataFrame
will be returned.
print(loader.locked)
4. Download the recommended datasets
If update_interval
was not None
when DataLoader
instance was created, downloading of the recommended datasets will be started automatically with calling DataLoader.lock()
or DataLoader.jhu()
etc.
The recommended datasets are listed here. Please refer to Usage (datasets) to find the details of the datasets. All recommended datasets are retrieved from public databases. No confidential information is included. If you found any issues, please let us know via GitHub issue page.
COVID-19 Data Hub
Guidotti, E., Ardia, D., (2020), “COVID-19 Data Hub”, Journal of Open Source Software 5(51):2376, doi: 10.21105/joss.02376.
The number of cases (JHU style)
Population values in each country/province
The number of tests
Our World In Data
Hasell, J., Mathieu, E., Beltekian, D. et al. A cross-country database of COVID-19 testing. Sci Data 7, 345 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00688-8
The number of tests
The number of vaccinations
The number of people who received vaccinations
COVID-19 Open Data by Google Cloud Platform
O. Wahltinez and others (2020), COVID-19 Open-Data: curating a fine-grained, global-scale data repository for SARS-CoV-2, Work in progress, https://goo.gle/covid-19-open-data
percentage to baseline in visits (will be usable from 2.22.0)
Note:
Please refer to Google Terms of Service in advance.
World Bank Open Data
World Bank Group (2020), World Bank Open Data, https://data.worldbank.org/
Population pyramid
Datasets for CovsirPhy
Hirokazu Takaya (2020-2021), GitHub repository, COVID-19 dataset in Japan, https://github.com/lisphilar/covid19-sir/tree/master/data.
The number of cases in Japan (total/prefectures)
Metadata regarding Japan prefectures
How to request new data loader
If you want to use a new dataset for your analysis, please kindly inform us using GitHub Issues: Request new method of DataLoader class. Please read Guideline of contribution in advance.
5. Clean data
DataLoader.jhu()
and some methods listed here will create JHUData
instance and so on respectively and performs data cleaning automatically.
# The number of cases and population values
jhu_data = loader.jhu()
# Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT)
oxcgrt_data = loader.oxcgrt()
# The number of tests
pcr_data = loader.pcr()
# The number of vaccinations
vaccine_data = loader.vaccine()
# Mobility data
mobility_data = loader.mobility()
# Population pyramid
pyramid_data = loader.pyramid()
# Japan-specific dataset
japan_data = loader.japan()
Data loading in Kaggle Notebook
We can use the recommended datasets in Kaggle Notebook. The datasets are saved in “/kaggle/input/” directory. Additionally, we can use Kaggle Datasets (CSV files) with covsirphy
in Kaggle Notebook.
Note:
If you have Kaggle API, you can download Kaggle datasets to your local environment by updating and executing input.py script. CSV files will be saved in “/kaggle/input/” directory.
Kaggle API:
Move to account page of Kaggle and download “kaggle.json” by selecting “API > Create New API Token” button. Copy the json file to the top directory of the local repository or “~/.kaggle”. Please refer to How to Use Kaggle: Public API and stackoverflow: documentation for Kaggle API within python?
Acknowledgement
In Feb2020, CovsirPhy project started in Kaggle platform with COVID-19 data with SIR model notebook using the following datasets.
The number of cases (JHU) and linelist: Novel Corona Virus 2019 Dataset by SRK
Population in each country: covid19 global forecasting: locations population by Dmitry A. Grechka
The number of cases in Japan: COVID-19 dataset in Japan by Lisphilar
Best Regards.


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Reference: CID2030


WINDOW TO PARIS A film review by Ben Hoffman Copyright 1995 Ben Hoffman
This is a fairy tale that, despite moments of comedy, illustrates the life in Russia now that the USSR is a thing of the past and everyone is on his own. The current Russia is compared with the outside world ... and vice versa.
In a no-frills apartment house in St. Petersburg an old woman has recently died. A young man who is a music teacher, Nikolai (Sergei Dontsov), rents the room which is part of Gorokhov's (Victor Mikhailov) apartment where he lives with his family. One evening, after a night of drinking, Nikolai and Gorokhov, in a "Through The Looking Glass" scene, discover that behind a closet in Nikolai's room there is a window which leads on to a roof.  Morning reveals to them that they are in Paris. The window that led to the roof, they discover, leads to the rooftops of Paris.
On the Parisian side, an almost similar situation is unraveling. Here lives Nicole (Agnes Sorall) a taxidermist whose skylight faces the same rooftops of St Petersburg. Although Nikolai falls in love with Nicole, the Russians are more in love with the merchandise they are now able to get while Greed takes over.
This could be the greatest deal if it were not that they discover that the magic window closes every twenty years and that date is just about to show up on the calendar. What now?
Director Turi Mamin takes careful aim at both sides of the newly opened world as he shows what we already know: people are people and that is where the world's trouble starts. "Neighbor" means not only someone who lives near you; it also means someone to whom you should be kind and helpful.
Ben Hoffman
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


{% extends "layout_argleton.html" %}
{% block page_title %}
Argleton County Council - Apply for an older person's bus pass in Argleton
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
Apply for an older person's bus pass in Argleton
How would you like to take your photo?
{% endblock %}


On 9 February 2018, 4 new articles were published in 4 journals.
Luck’s Mischief and the Prescriptive Burden
Social Psychological Risk Factors, Delinquency and Age of Onset
The Media’s Coverage of Mass Public Shootings in America: Fifty Years of Newsworthiness
The Potential Mediating Impact of Future Orientation on the Ace–crime Relationship


execline
Software
skarnet.org
What has changed in execline
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- New experimental multicall feature, with a new
execline binary.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- nsss
optional dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- New program: eltest.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- New options to wait: -o
to wait for one of the listed processes, and -a to get the
default behaviour.
- wait now exits 99 on timeout.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- New options to getpid: -P
to get the parent's pid, and -p to get the default behaviour.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- nsss
optional dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- New options to case.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- New binary: case.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- backtick options have changed
slightly, and now propagates subprocess failure by default.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- nsss
optional dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- forstdin now exits 1 on immediate EOF,
and only splits on newlines by default.
- forbacktickx, which is a wrapper
around forstdin, gets the same changes.
- Input-processing binaries (not substitution binaries!)
now chomp by default.
- New -N option to deactivate chomping.
- New default directive to trap,
replacing the timeout one, which was ill-suited to that program.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- The envfile format has changed.
It is now more expressive and largely compatible with systemd's
EnvironmentFile
format. The new format is a superset of the old one, so old
envfiles should still be understood by the new binary.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- dollarat now has its -0 and -d
priority unified. (Rightmost priority.)
- runblock now accepts a command line prefix,
given as runblock's own command line.
- New binary: posix-umask.
- cd has been renamed execline-cd.
- umask has been renamed execline-umask.
- At installation time, cd and umask symbolic links are created,
pointing to either the posix- or execline- -prefixed version of the
commands, depending on whether the --enable-pedantic-posix option
was given or not.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- --enable-pedantic-posix configure option added.
- posix-cd binary added.
- wait binary made POSIX-compliant.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs
dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>.
- New command: envfile.
- Everything now builds as PIC by default no matter
the toolchain's settings. Use the --disable-all-pic configure
option to build executables and static libraries as non-PIC.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- Optional nsss support added.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- The import command has been removed.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- Commands now exit 127 (not found) or 126 (other error) if
they cannot exec into a program they're supposed to.
- The import command will likely
disappear very soon. Please switch to
importas as soon as possible!
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- import is now marked as obsolescent.
It is recommanded to use the importas command
instead.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- GNU make dependency pushed back to 3.81
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- New EXECLINE_BLOCK_END_STRING and EXECLINE_BLOCK_QUOTE_STRING macros
- New command: withstdinas. It's a simplification
of backtick, which is now implemented as a combination of
pipeline and withstdinas.
- Other new command: getcwd.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- New configure option: --shebangdir for script creation
automation.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- Bugfix release, no changes
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- new command: trap
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- execlineb parser made into a library function, for easier
inclusion in other programs
in <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- foreground now sets the ? environment
variable to 256 plus the signal number when its block was killed by a signal
(in previous releases it used 126).
- New rules for exit codes of forx, loopwhilex, forbacktickx
- New -e option to loopwhilex,
deprecating the -x option.
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- New command: fdswap
- New -D option to backtick
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- Parallel build fix
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- -u option added to import and importas
in <IP_ADDRESS>
- The build system has completely changed. It is now a standard
./configure && make && sudo make install
build system. See the enclosed INSTALL file for details.
- slashpackage is not activated by default.
- shared libraries are neither built nor used by default.
- skalibs dependency bumped to <IP_ADDRESS>
- The obsolete -E option to backtick, forx and forbacktickx is not
supported anymore.
- multisubstitute does not support the "backtick" directive
anymore.


**BARC0130 AMMA: Fourier Series I**
Worksheet 2: Investigating the properties of Fourier Series
# Basic Definitions (special case where period = $2\pi$)
The function, $f(x)$, can be expressed by its Fourier Series, $F(x)$, at those points where $f(x)$ is continuous, if:
- it is a periodic function such that $f(x+2\pi)=f(x)$, where $2\pi$ is the period
- it defined and it is single-valued
- it is piecewise continuous (i.e. there are a finite number of finite discontinuities) over a single period
If these properties, the **Dirichlet conditions**, are satisfied, the Fourier Series of $f(x)$ is:
\begin{equation}
F(x) = \frac{a_0}{2} + \sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty{a_n\cos(nx)} + \sum\limits_{n=1}^\infty{b_n\sin(nx)}
\end{equation}
where the coefficients of $F(x)$ are:
\begin{equation}
a_0 = \frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}{f(x)dx}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
a_n = \frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}{f(x)\cos(nx)dx}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
b_n = \frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}{f(x)\sin(nx)dx}
\end{equation}
# Question
Write out the analytical expression of the function depicted in Figure [fr_sawtooth]. Note that the pattern repeats itself in both directions.
Discuss whether or not this function satisfies the Dirichlet conditions?
Find the coefficients $a_0$, $a_n$ and $b_n$ of the Fourier Series, $F(x)$, for this function. What is the value of $F(x)$ at $2\pi?$
Using MATLAB, compute the Fourier Series up to $n=20$ in the domain $0 \leq x < 6\pi$. Plot
the values of $x$ against $F_n(x)$, where $F_n(x)$ is the Fourier Series expansion of function
truncated at $n$.
![Figure [fr_sawtooth]: Sawtooth function in the domain $0 \leq x < 6\pi$. Note, the dashed lines are included to show discontinuites only.](images/sawtooth.png)
## Guidance
This is a problem that has has several components to it. You need to break it down and solve each component of the problem in sequence.


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Chaining a sequence of generators
I often gravitate towards solutions using a series of chained generators, in the style of David Beazley's 'Generator Tricks for Systems Programmers.'
This results in the outer level of my code calling one generator after another, terminating in something that consumes the rows, pulling data one row at a time through each of the generators:
inputRows = read() parsedRows = parse(inputRows) processedRows = process(parsedRows) outputRows = format_(processedRows) output(outputRows)
where each called function except the last is actually a generator, e.g:
def parse(rows): for row in rows: yield int(row)
This is great. But my itch is that the top level code above is a bit wordy, given that what it does is so simple. The reader has to check each temporary variable quite carefully to be sure it's doing the right thing.
Fowler's 'Refactoring' describes circumstances when it's good to remove intermediate variables, which results in:
output( format_( process( parse( read() ) ) ) )
This is certainly less wordy, and expresses what's happening very directly, but it annoys some of my colleagues that the called functions are listed in reverse order from what one might intuitively expect.
I've had this idea in my head to create a decorator for generators which allows one to chain them in an intuitive order, possibly using some unconventional notation such as:
read() | parse | process | format_ | output
where 'parse', et al, are now decorated with '@chainable' or somesuch, which returns an instance of a class that stores the wrapped generator, and overrides __or__ to do its magic. Maybe 'read' doesn't need to be invoked manually there at the start of the chain. I haven't really thought this through.
Luckily, before embarking on that, I realised today I've been over-complicating the whole thing. There's no need for decorators, nor for the cute '|' syntax. I just need a plain old function:
def link(source, *transforms): args = source for transform in transforms: args = transform(args) return args
Update: This code has been improved thanks to suggestions in the comments from Daniel Pope (eliminate the 'first' variable) and Xtian (take an iterable rather than a callable for the source.)
This assumes the first item passed to link is an iterable, and each subsequent item is a generator that takes the result of the item before.
If the final item in the sequence passed to 'link' is a generator, then this returns a generator which is the composite of all the ones passed in:
for item in link(read(), parse, process, format_): print item
Or if the final item passed to 'link' is a regular function, which consumes the preceding generators, then calling 'link' will invoke the generators, i.e. the following is the same as the above 'for' loop:
link(read(), parse, process, format_, output)
There's some rough edges, such as determining what to do if different generators require other args. Presumably 'partial' could help here. But in general, 'link' only needs to be written once, and I'm liking it.


About
Cloudmesh enables you to access multi-cloud environments such as AWS, Azure, Google, and OpenStack Cloudsvery easily. To start a vm on AWS you can say
cms set cloud=AWS cms vm boot
To start one on Azure, simply set the cloud accordingly
cms set cloud=AWS cms vm boot
Cloudmesh is an evolution of our previous tool that has been used by hundreds of students and cloud practitioners to interact easily with clouds to create a service mashup to access common cloud services across a number of cloud providers.
It is under active development and managed in github at
- Documentation: https://github.com/cloudmesh/cloudmesh-manual/
- Code: https://github.com/cloudmesh/
It has a variety of repositories that add features to cloudmesh based on needs by the user.
Features
| Library | Description |
|---|---|
| Common | Simplifies system, console, and argument management |
| Shell | Dophisticated command shell and line interpreter with plugins |
| Installer | Convenient source code installer and manager for developers |
| Database | A database for caching cloud interactions (based on MongoDB) |
| Cloud Compute | Cloud Compute Providers for AWS, Azure, Google, Openstack |
| Cloud Storage | Cloud Storage Providers for AWS, Azure, Google, Openstack |
| Workflow | Plugin for managing workflows |
| Map/Reduce | Plugin for managing AWS Elastic MapReduce (EMR) |
| OpenApi | OpenAPI based REST service interfaces |
It is under active development and managed in github at
- Documentation: https://github.com/cloudmesh/cloudmesh-manual/
- Code: https://github.com/cloudmesh/


| BSP Type: | hal |
| SOPC Design File: | /home/vagrant/projects/color3/bringup/models/cpu_sys/cpu_sys.sopcinfo |
| Quartus JDI File: | default |
| CPU: | nios2_qsys_0 |
| BSP Settings File: | settings.bsp |
| BSP Version: | default |
| BSP Generated On: | Apr 23, 2018 12:45:02 AM |
| BSP Generated Timestamp: |<PHONE_NUMBER>563 |
| BSP Generated Location: | /home/vagrant/projects/color3/bringup/sw/bringup_bsp |
| Slave Descriptor | Address Range | Size | Attributes |
|---|---|---|---|
| jtag_uart_0 | 0x00011030 - 0x00011037 | 8 | printable |
| altpll_0 | 0x00011020 - 0x0001102F | 16 | |
| pio_0 | 0x00011000 - 0x0001101F | 32 | |
| cpu_mem | 0x00008000 - 0x0000FFFF | 32768 | memory |
| Region | Address Range | Size | Memory | Offset |
|---|
| Section | Region |
|---|---|
| .text | cpu_mem |
| .rodata | cpu_mem |
| .rwdata | cpu_mem |
| .bss | cpu_mem |
| .heap | cpu_mem |
| .stack | cpu_mem |
| Setting Name: | altera_avalon_jtag_uart_driver.enable_jtag_uart_ignore_fifo_full_error |
| Identifier: | ALTERA_AVALON_JTAG_UART_IGNORE_FIFO_FULL_ERROR |
| Default Value: | false |
| Value: | false |
| Type: | BooleanDefineOnly |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable JTAG UART driver to recover when host is inactive causing buffer to full without returning error. Printf will not fail with this recovery. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | altera_avalon_jtag_uart_driver.enable_small_driver |
| Identifier: | ALTERA_AVALON_JTAG_UART_SMALL |
| Default Value: | false |
| Value: | false |
| Type: | BooleanDefineOnly |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Small-footprint (polled mode) driver |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.custom_newlib_flags |
| Identifier: | CUSTOM_NEWLIB_FLAGS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Build a custom version of newlib with the specified space-separated compiler flags. |
| Restrictions: | The custom newlib build will be placed in the <bsp root>/newlib directory, and will be used only for applications that utilize this BSP. |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_c_plus_plus |
| Identifier: | ALT_NO_C_PLUS_PLUS |
| Default Value: | 1 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable support for a subset of the C++ language. This option increases code footprint by adding support for C++ constructors. Certain features, such as multiple inheritance and exceptions are not supported. If false, adds -DALT_NO_C_PLUS_PLUS to ALT_CPPFLAGS in public.mk, and reduces code footprint. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_clean_exit |
| Identifier: | ALT_NO_CLEAN_EXIT |
| Default Value: | 1 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | When your application exits, close file descriptors, call C++ destructors, etc. Code footprint can be reduced by disabling clean exit. If disabled, adds -DALT_NO_CLEAN_EXIT to ALT_CPPFLAGS and -Wl,--defsym, exit=_exit to ALT_LDFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_exit |
| Identifier: | ALT_NO_EXIT |
| Default Value: | 1 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Add exit() support. This option increases code footprint if your "main()" routine does "return" or call "exit()". If false, adds -DALT_NO_EXIT to ALT_CPPFLAGS in public.mk, and reduces footprint |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_gprof |
| Identifier: | ALT_PROVIDE_GMON |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Causes code to be compiled with gprof profiling enabled and the application ELF to be linked with the GPROF library. If true, adds -DALT_PROVIDE_GMON to ALT_CPPFLAGS and -pg to ALT_CFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_instruction_related_exceptions_api |
| Identifier: | ALT_INCLUDE_INSTRUCTION_RELATED_EXCEPTION_API |
| Default Value: | false |
| Value: | false |
| Type: | BooleanDefineOnly |
| Destination: | system_h_define |
| Description: | Enables API for registering handlers to service instruction-related exceptions. Enabling this setting increases the size of the exception entry code. |
| Restrictions: | These exception types can be generated if various processor options are enabled, such as the MMU, MPU, or other advanced exception types. |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_lightweight_device_driver_api |
| Identifier: | ALT_USE_DIRECT_DRIVERS |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 1 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enables lightweight device driver API. This reduces code and data footprint by removing the HAL layer that maps device names (e.g. /dev/uart0) to file descriptors. Instead, driver routines are called directly. The open(), close(), and lseek() routines will always fail if called. The read(), write(), fstat(), ioctl(), and isatty() routines only work for the stdio devices. If true, adds -DALT_USE_DIRECT_DRIVERS to ALT_CPPFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | The Altera Host and read-only ZIP file systems can't be used if hal.enable_lightweight_device_driver_api is true. |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_mul_div_emulation |
| Identifier: | ALT_NO_INSTRUCTION_EMULATION |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Adds code to emulate multiply and divide instructions in case they are executed but aren't present in the CPU. Normally this isn't required because the compiler won't use multiply and divide instructions that aren't present in the CPU. If false, adds -DALT_NO_INSTRUCTION_EMULATION to ALT_CPPFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_reduced_device_drivers |
| Identifier: | ALT_USE_SMALL_DRIVERS |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 1 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Certain drivers are compiled with reduced functionality to reduce code footprint. Not all drivers observe this setting. The altera_avalon_uart and altera_avalon_jtag_uart drivers switch from interrupt-driven to polled operation. CAUTION: Several device drivers are disabled entirely. These include the altera_avalon_cfi_flash, altera_avalon_epcs_flash_controller, and altera_avalon_lcd_16207 drivers. This can result in certain API (HAL flash access routines) to fail. You can define a symbol provided by each driver to prevent it from being removed. If true, adds -DALT_USE_SMALL_DRIVERS to ALT_CPPFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_runtime_stack_checking |
| Identifier: | ALT_STACK_CHECK |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Turns on HAL runtime stack checking feature. Enabling this setting causes additional code to be placed into each subroutine call to generate an exception if a stack collision occurs with the heap or statically allocated data. If true, adds -DALT_STACK_CHECK and -mstack-check to ALT_CPPFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_sim_optimize |
| Identifier: | ALT_SIM_OPTIMIZE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | The BSP is compiled with optimizations to speedup HDL simulation such as initializing the cache, clearing the .bss section, and skipping long delay loops. If true, adds -DALT_SIM_OPTIMIZE to ALT_CPPFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | When this setting is true, the BSP shouldn't be used to build applications that are expected to run real hardware. |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_small_c_library |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 1 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Causes the small newlib (C library) to be used. This reduces code and data footprint at the expense of reduced functionality. Several newlib features are removed such as floating-point support in printf(), stdin input routines, and buffered I/O. The small C library is not compatible with Micrium MicroC/OS-II. If true, adds -msmallc to ALT_LDFLAGS in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.enable_sopc_sysid_check |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 1 |
| Value: | 1 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable SOPC Builder System ID. If a System ID SOPC Builder component is connected to the CPU associated with this BSP, it will be enabled in the creation of command-line arguments to download an ELF to the target. Otherwise, system ID and timestamp values are left out of public.mk for application Makefile "download-elf" target definition. With the system ID check disabled, the Nios II EDS tools will not automatically ensure that the application .elf file (and BSP it is linked against) corresponds to the hardware design on the target. If false, adds --accept-bad-sysid to SOPC_SYSID_FLAG in public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.allow_code_at_reset |
| Identifier: | ALT_ALLOW_CODE_AT_RESET |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 1 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Indicates if initialization code is allowed at the reset address. If true, defines the macro ALT_ALLOW_CODE_AT_RESET in linker.h. |
| Restrictions: | If true, defines the macro ALT_ALLOW_CODE_AT_RESET in linker.h. This setting is typically false if an external bootloader (e.g. flash bootloader) is present. |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.enable_alt_load |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 1 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Enables the alt_load() facility. The alt_load() facility copies sections from the .text memory into RAM. If true, this setting sets up the VMA/LMA of sections in linker.x to allow them to be loaded into the .text memory. |
| Restrictions: | This setting is typically false if an external bootloader (e.g. flash bootloader) is present. |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.enable_alt_load_copy_exceptions |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Causes the alt_load() facility to copy the .exceptions section. If true, this setting defines the macro ALT_LOAD_COPY_EXCEPTIONS in linker.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.enable_alt_load_copy_rodata |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Causes the alt_load() facility to copy the .rodata section. If true, this setting defines the macro ALT_LOAD_COPY_RODATA in linker.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.enable_alt_load_copy_rwdata |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 1 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Causes the alt_load() facility to copy the .rwdata section. If true, this setting defines the macro ALT_LOAD_COPY_RWDATA in linker.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.enable_exception_stack |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Enables use of a separate exception stack. If true, defines the macro ALT_EXCEPTION_STACK in linker.h, adds a memory region called exception_stack to linker.x, and provides the symbols __alt_exception_stack_pointer and __alt_exception_stack_limit in linker.x. |
| Restrictions: | The hal.linker.exception_stack_size and hal.linker.exception_stack_memory_region_name settings must also be valid. This setting must be false for MicroC/OS-II BSPs. The exception stack can be used to improve interrupt and other exception performance if the EIC is *not* used. |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.enable_interrupt_stack |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Enables use of a separate interrupt stack. If true, defines the macro ALT_INTERRUPT_STACK in linker.h, adds a memory region called interrupt_stack to linker.x, and provides the symbols __alt_interrupt_stack_pointer and __alt_interrupt_stack_limit in linker.x. |
| Restrictions: | The hal.linker.interrupt_stack_size and hal.linker.interrupt_stack_memory_region_name settings must also be valid. This setting must be false for MicroC/OS-II BSPs. Only enable if the EIC is used exclusively. The exception stack can be used to improve interrupt and other exception performance if the EIC is *not* used. |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.exception_stack_memory_region_name |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | cpu_mem |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Name of the existing memory region that will be divided up to create the 'exception_stack' memory region. The selected region name will be adjusted automatically when the BSP is generated to create the 'exception_stack' memory region. |
| Restrictions: | Only used if hal.linker.enable_exception_stack is true. |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.exception_stack_size |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 1024 |
| Value: | 1024 |
| Type: | DecimalNumber |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Size of the exception stack in bytes. |
| Restrictions: | Only used if hal.linker.enable_exception_stack is true. |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.interrupt_stack_memory_region_name |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | cpu_mem |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Name of the existing memory region that will be divided up to create the 'interrupt_stack' memory region. The selected region name will be adjusted automatically when the BSP is generated to create the 'interrupt_stack' memory region. |
| Restrictions: | Only used if hal.linker.enable_interrupt_stack is true. |
| Setting Name: | hal.linker.interrupt_stack_size |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 1024 |
| Value: | 1024 |
| Type: | DecimalNumber |
| Destination: | none |
| Description: | Size of the interrupt stack in bytes. |
| Restrictions: | Only used if hal.linker.enable_interrupt_stack is true. |
| Setting Name: | hal.log_flags |
| Identifier: | ALT_LOG_FLAGS |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | DecimalNumber |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | The value is assigned to ALT_LOG_FLAGS in the generated public.mk. See hal.log_port setting description. Values can be -1 through 3. |
| Restrictions: | hal.log_port must be set for this to be used. |
| Setting Name: | hal.log_port |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Slave descriptor of debug logging character-mode device. If defined, it enables extra debug messages in the HAL source. This setting is used by the ALT_LOG_PORT family of defines in system.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ar |
| Identifier: | AR |
| Default Value: | nios2-elf-ar |
| Value: | nios2-elf-ar |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Archiver command. Creates library files. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ar_post_process |
| Identifier: | AR_POST_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed after archiver execution. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ar_pre_process |
| Identifier: | AR_PRE_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed before archiver execution. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.as |
| Identifier: | AS |
| Default Value: | nios2-elf-gcc |
| Value: | nios2-elf-gcc |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Assembler command. Note that CC is used for .S files. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.as_post_process |
| Identifier: | AS_POST_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed after each assembly file is compiled. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.as_pre_process |
| Identifier: | AS_PRE_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed before each assembly file is compiled. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_arflags |
| Identifier: | BSP_ARFLAGS |
| Default Value: | -src |
| Value: | -src |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Custom flags only passed to the archiver. This content of this variable is directly passed to the archiver rather than the more standard "ARFLAGS". The reason for this is that GNU Make assumes some default content in ARFLAGS. This setting defines the value of BSP_ARFLAGS in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_asflags |
| Identifier: | BSP_ASFLAGS |
| Default Value: | -Wa,-gdwarf2 |
| Value: | -Wa,-gdwarf2 |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Custom flags only passed to the assembler. This setting defines the value of BSP_ASFLAGS in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_cflags_debug |
| Identifier: | BSP_CFLAGS_DEBUG |
| Default Value: | -g |
| Value: | -g |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | C/C++ compiler debug level. '-g' provides the default set of debug symbols typically required to debug a typical application. Omitting '-g' removes debug symbols from the ELF. This setting defines the value of BSP_CFLAGS_DEBUG in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_cflags_defined_symbols |
| Identifier: | BSP_CFLAGS_DEFINED_SYMBOLS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Preprocessor macros to define. A macro definition in this setting has the same effect as a "#define" in source code. Adding "-DALT_DEBUG" to this setting has the same effect as "#define ALT_DEBUG" in a souce file. Adding "-DFOO=1" to this setting is equivalent to the macro "#define FOO 1" in a source file. Macros defined with this setting are applied to all .S, .c, and C++ files in the BSP. This setting defines the value of BSP_CFLAGS_DEFINED_SYMBOLS in the BSP Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_cflags_optimization |
| Identifier: | BSP_CFLAGS_OPTIMIZATION |
| Default Value: | -O0 |
| Value: | -Os |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | C/C++ compiler optimization level. "-O0" = no optimization,"-O2" = "normal" optimization, etc. "-O0" is recommended for code that you want to debug since compiler optimization can remove variables and produce non-sequential execution of code while debugging. This setting defines the value of BSP_CFLAGS_OPTIMIZATION in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_cflags_undefined_symbols |
| Identifier: | BSP_CFLAGS_UNDEFINED_SYMBOLS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Preprocessor macros to undefine. Undefined macros are similar to defined macros, but replicate the "#undef" directive in source code. To undefine the macro FOO use the syntax "-u FOO" in this setting. This is equivalent to "#undef FOO" in a source file. Note: the syntax differs from macro definition (there is a space, i.e. "-u FOO" versus "-DFOO"). Macros defined with this setting are applied to all .S, .c, and C++ files in the BSP. This setting defines the value of BSP_CFLAGS_UNDEFINED_SYMBOLS in the BSP Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_cflags_user_flags |
| Identifier: | BSP_CFLAGS_USER_FLAGS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Custom flags passed to the compiler when compiling C, C++, and .S files. This setting defines the value of BSP_CFLAGS_USER_FLAGS in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_cflags_warnings |
| Identifier: | BSP_CFLAGS_WARNINGS |
| Default Value: | -Wall |
| Value: | -Wall |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | C/C++ compiler warning level. "-Wall" is commonly used.This setting defines the value of BSP_CFLAGS_WARNINGS in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_cxx_flags |
| Identifier: | BSP_CXXFLAGS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Custom flags only passed to the C++ compiler. This setting defines the value of BSP_CXXFLAGS in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.bsp_inc_dirs |
| Identifier: | BSP_INC_DIRS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Space separated list of extra include directories to scan for header files. Directories are relative to the top-level BSP directory. The -I prefix's added by the makefile so don't add it here. This setting defines the value of BSP_INC_DIRS in Makefile. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.build_post_process |
| Identifier: | BUILD_POST_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed after BSP built. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.build_pre_process |
| Identifier: | BUILD_PRE_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed before BSP built. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.cc |
| Identifier: | CC |
| Default Value: | nios2-elf-gcc -xc |
| Value: | nios2-elf-gcc -xc |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | C compiler command. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.cc_post_process |
| Identifier: | CC_POST_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed after each .c/.S file is compiled. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.cc_pre_process |
| Identifier: | CC_PRE_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed before each .c/.S file is compiled. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.cxx |
| Identifier: | CXX |
| Default Value: | nios2-elf-gcc -xc++ |
| Value: | nios2-elf-gcc -xc++ |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | C++ compiler command. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.cxx_post_process |
| Identifier: | CXX_POST_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed before each C++ file is compiled. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.cxx_pre_process |
| Identifier: | CXX_PRE_PROCESS |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command executed before each C++ file is compiled. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.big_endian |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system is big endian. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -EB' to public.mk if big endian system. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -EL' if little endian system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.debug_core_present |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system has a debug core present. If true ignores export of 'CPU_HAS_DEBUG_CORE = 1' to public.mk if a debug core is found in the system. If true ignores export of 'CPU_HAS_DEBUG_CORE = 0' if no debug core is found in the system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.fpu_present |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system has FPU present. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mhard-float' to public.mk if FPU is found in the system. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mhard-soft' if FPU is not found in the system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.hardware_divide_present |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system has hardware divide present. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mno-hw-div' to public.mk if no division is found in system. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mhw-div' if division is found in the system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.hardware_fp_cust_inst_divider_present |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system floating point custom instruction with a divider is present. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-2' and 'ALT_LDFLAGS += -mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-2' to public.mk if the custom instruction is found in the system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.hardware_fp_cust_inst_no_divider_present |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system floating point custom instruction without a divider is present. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-1' and 'ALT_LDFLAGS += -mcustom-fpu-cfg=60-1' to public.mk if the custom instruction is found in the system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.hardware_multiplier_present |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system has multiplier present. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mno-hw-mul' to public.mk if no multiplier is found in the system. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mhw-mul' if multiplier is found in the system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.hardware_mulx_present |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system has hardware mulx present. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mno-hw-mulx' to public.mk if no mulx is found in the system. If true ignores export of 'ALT_CFLAGS += -mhw-mulx' if mulx is found in the system. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.sopc_simulation_enabled |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query if SOPC system has simulation enabled. If true ignores export of 'ELF_PATCH_FLAG += --simulation_enabled' to public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.sopc_system_base_address |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query SOPC system for system ID base address. If true ignores export of 'SOPC_SYSID_FLAG += --sidp=<address>' and 'ELF_PATCH_FLAG += --sidp=<address>' to public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.sopc_system_id |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query SOPC system for system ID. If true ignores export of 'SOPC_SYSID_FLAG += --id=<sysid>' and 'ELF_PATCH_FLAG += --id=<sysid>' to public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.ignore_system_derived.sopc_system_timestamp |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | 0 |
| Value: | 0 |
| Type: | Boolean |
| Destination: | public_mk_define |
| Description: | Enable BSP generation to query SOPC system for system timestamp. If true ignores export of 'SOPC_SYSID_FLAG += --timestamp=<timestamp>' and 'ELF_PATCH_FLAG += --timestamp=<timestamp>' to public.mk. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.make.rm |
| Identifier: | RM |
| Default Value: | rm -f |
| Value: | rm -f |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | makefile_variable |
| Description: | Command used to remove files during 'clean' target. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.max_file_descriptors |
| Identifier: | ALT_MAX_FD |
| Default Value: | 32 |
| Value: | 4 |
| Type: | DecimalNumber |
| Destination: | system_h_define |
| Description: | Determines the number of file descriptors statically allocated. This setting defines the value of ALT_MAX_FD in system.h. |
| Restrictions: | If hal.enable_lightweight_device_driver_api is true, there are no file descriptors so this setting is ignored. If hal.enable_lightweight_device_driver_api is false, this setting must be at least 4 because HAL needs a file descriptor for /dev/null, /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr. |
| Setting Name: | hal.stderr |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | jtag_uart_0 |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | system_h_define |
| Description: | Slave descriptor of STDERR character-mode device. This setting is used by the ALT_STDERR family of defines in system.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.stdin |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | jtag_uart_0 |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | system_h_define |
| Description: | Slave descriptor of STDIN character-mode device. This setting is used by the ALT_STDIN family of defines in system.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.stdout |
| Identifier: | NONE |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | jtag_uart_0 |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | system_h_define |
| Description: | Slave descriptor of STDOUT character-mode device. This setting is used by the ALT_STDOUT family of defines in system.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.sys_clk_timer |
| Identifier: | ALT_SYS_CLK |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | system_h_define |
| Description: | Slave descriptor of the system clock timer device. This device provides a periodic interrupt ("tick") and is typically required for RTOS use. This setting defines the value of ALT_SYS_CLK in system.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |
| Setting Name: | hal.timestamp_timer |
| Identifier: | ALT_TIMESTAMP_CLK |
| Default Value: | none |
| Value: | none |
| Type: | UnquotedString |
| Destination: | system_h_define |
| Description: | Slave descriptor of timestamp timer device. This device is used by Altera HAL timestamp drivers for high-resolution time measurement. This setting defines the value of ALT_TIMESTAMP_CLK in system.h. |
| Restrictions: | none |


About
jCapSlide allows you to add a sliding caption to your images.
As you can see, it is configurable and let's you define colors, borders and if the title should be initially visible.
You can also define a tint color that will overlay the image when hovering over it.


Unit p3d.core Object Instance of TP3DShaderNodeTree
this is a test output! Here we want test1 to appear: Test Input 1 Works! Test Input 2 Works! Should list test declaration Test DeclarationNested Declaration


Hello, Code School!
I want to learn how to become proficient at Git and Github
I want to be able to create programs using Python
I want to teach my children Php
Incorporating html/css with Python to create great apps
hopefully game development


Different blocks
Solid block with border 300x300px
Transperent block with border 20x20 em
Block with bg image
Gradient block 60%


A Visual Studio extension (and command line tool) to create an entity from the database
to the UI layer by just defining its properties
(see how it works)
Templating support to generate customized code
MOBILE APPLICATION
Integrated, cross-platform Xamarin application
Cross-platform (iOS & Android) Xamarin mobile application
integrated with the backend API
Provides infrastructure for common development tasks
DYNAMIC UI LOCALIZATION
Control localization in your application
Fully localized UI
Can add, remove and translate languages on UI
RTL and LTR support
English, Chinese, German, French, Italian, Russian, Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish
(Mexico), Spanish (Spain), Turkish and Arabic localizations are included
SETTING MANAGEMENT
Manage the application settings
Host & tenant-specific setting pages
Hierarchical setting management infrastructure
Easily configurable
SOLID ARCHITECTURE
Built with best practices
Clean source code in a well-defined solution structure


Deleting Feedback Subjects
How to permanently delete subjects from the Feedback module. As an alternative to deleting a feedback subject, you can deactivate it.
- Select Edit > Edit Category/Subject Lists from the module actions menu. This opens the Edit Lists page.
- At List Type, select Subjects.
- Click the Delete button beside the subject to be deleted. This displays the message "Are You Sure You Wish To Delete This Item?"
-
Click the OK button to confirm.
- Repeat Steps 3-4 to delete additional subjects.
- Click the Return to Module button when you are finished.


I am a PhD Candidate in the Department of Government at Harvard University and a Research Fellow at Harvard University's Program on Education Policy and Governance. I am an affiliate at the Center for American Political Studies and a member of the Algorithm-Assisted Redistricting Methodology (ALARM) Project.
I am also a Data Scientist at the Office of Evaluation Sciences, where I work in an interdisciplinary team that conducts policy evaluations of US federal, state, and local programs to help government partners build and use evidence in crafting public policy. Our work is available here. In this role, I regularly design causal evaluations of government programs using methods like field experiments and quasi-experimental designs.
My research focuses on measuring and improving equity in American state and local public policy-making. First, I specialize in the creation and evaluation of large-scale datasets about subnational politics. For example, I co-created LocalView — the largest video and text database of local government meetings in the United States — with Soubhik Barari. In another series of papers, my co-authors and I evaluate how changes to the design of the US Census could influence research and policy decisions (e.g. 2023a, 2023b , 2021). Second, I use methodological tools from causal inference, algorithmic simulations, and machine learning to evaluate inequality and how it can be reduced. For example, my co-authors and I at the ALARM Project evaluate partisan gerrymandering across the United States using simulated district maps that incorporate locally relevant legal constraints. I regularly partner with federal, state, and local policy-makers to improve program design and reduce administrative burdens. My dissertation focuses on policy solutions to US school segregation.
I regularly teach in data science and American politics at the graduate, undergraduate, and high school levels. For example, I created my own course on US Local Policymaking in Spring 2022 for Harvard undergraduates, re-designed the summer data science training for MPA/ID students at the Harvard Kennedy School in 2022, and created an Introduction to Data Science (in R) in Summer 2021 for high school students in New Jersey.
Before graduate school, I served as the President of the South Amboy Board of Education in New Jersey. I was elected to two terms on the board and served on every committee, including Education & Curriculum, Budget & Finance, and Personnel.
I received a B.A. in Politics and a Certificate in Statistics & Machine Learning from Princeton University.
If you have any questions / comments, here is my e-mail: tsimko@g.harvard.edu.


FAQ for using Mahout with Spark
Q: Mahout Spark shell doesn’t start; “ClassNotFound” problems or various classpath problems.
A: So far as of the time of this writing all reported problems starting the Spark shell in Mahout were revolving around classpath issues one way or another.
If you are getting method signature like errors, most probably you have mismatch between Mahout’s Spark dependency and actual Spark installed. (At the time of this writing the HEAD depends on Spark 1.1.0) but check mahout/pom.xml.
Troubleshooting general classpath issues is pretty straightforward. Since Mahout is using Spark’s installation and its classpath as reported by Spark itself for Spark-related dependencies, it is important to make sure the classpath is sane and is made available to Mahout:
- Check Spark is of correct version (same as in Mahout’s poms), is compiled and SPARK_HOME is set.
- Check Mahout is compiled and MAHOUT_HOME is set.
- Run
$SPARK_HOME/bin/compute-classpath.sh
and make sure it produces sane result with no errors. If it outputs something other than a straightforward classpath string, most likely Spark is not compiled/set correctly (later spark versions requiresbt/sbt assembly
to be run, simply runnigsbt/sbt publish-local
is not enough any longer). - Run
$MAHOUT_HOME/bin/mahout -spark classpath
and check that path reported in step (3) is included.
Q: I am using the command line Mahout jobs that run on Spark or am writing my own application that uses Mahout’s Spark code. When I run the code on my cluster I get ClassNotFound or signature errors during serialization. What’s wrong?
A: The Spark artifacts in the maven ecosystem may not match the exact binary you are running on your cluster. This may cause class name or version mismatches. In this case you may wish to build Spark yourself to guarantee that you are running exactly what you are building Mahout against. To do this follow these steps in order:
- Build Spark with maven, but do not use the “package” target as described on the Spark site. Build with the “clean install” target instead.  This will put the jars for Spark in the local maven cache.
- Deploy your Spark build to your cluster and test it there.
- Build Mahout. This will cause maven to pull the jars for Spark from the local maven cache and may resolve missing or mis-identified classes.
- if you are building your own code do so against the local builds of Spark and Mahout.
Q: The implicit SparkContext ‘sc’ does not work in the Mahout spark-shell.
A: In the Mahout spark-shell the SparkContext is called ‘sdc’, where the ‘d’ stands for distributed.


Thank you, Lars. I can definitely use your paper.

2011/4/7 Lars Kotthoff <<a href="mailto:larsko<EMAIL_ADDRESS>class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex;">

> Does anyone know where I can find benchmarks comparing Gecode to

> other system. I have read several places that they should be on

> Gecode.org, but I can't find it.

There's the comparison of 4 solvers (including Gecode) I did a while ago [1].

Not sure how applicable that is to the current version, but it might be a

starting point. I'd be happy to answer any questions you might have about it.

Lars

[1] http://www-circa.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Preprints/solver-design.pdf

>

> /Jonathan Skovhus.


Kathryn Henderson
Referred to in a literature review of the concept of 'boundary object' as a seminal paper where the concept was used within design processes, so highly relevant.


--- tags: - 基础算法-dfs grammar_cjkRuby: true catalog: true layout: post header-img: "img/header/P12.jpg" preview-img: "/img/preview/P12.jpg" ---
标签：dfs
Recallthat the bracket sequence is considered regular if it is possible to insertsymbols '+' and '1' into it so that the result is a correctarithmetic expression. For example, a sequence "(()())" is regular, because we can get correct arithmeticexpression insering symbols '+' and '1': "((1+1)+(1+1))". Also the following sequences are regular: "()()()", "(())" and "()". The following sequences are not regular bracket sequences: ")(", "(()" and "())(()".
In thisproblem you are given two integers n and k. Your task is to construct a regularbracket sequence consisting of round brackets with length 2·n with total sum ofnesting of all opening brackets equals to exactly k. The nesting of a single opening bracket equals to thenumber of pairs of brackets in which current opening bracket is embedded.
Forexample, in the sequence "()(())" thenesting of first opening bracket equals to0, the nesting of the second opening bracket equals to 0 and the nesting of the third openingbracket equal to 1. So the total sum ofnestings equals to 1.
Input
The firstline contains two integers n and k (1 ≤ n ≤ 3·105, 0 ≤ k ≤ 1018) —the number of opening brackets and needed total nesting.
Output
Print therequired regular bracket sequence consisting of round brackets.
If thereis no solution print "Impossible"(without quotes).
Example
Input
3 1
Output
()(())
Input
4 6
Output
(((())))
Input
2 5
Output
Impossible
Note
The firstexample is examined in the statement.
In thesecond example the answer is "(((())))".The nesting of the first opening bracket is 0, the nesting of the second is 1, the nesting of the third is 2, the nesting of fourth is 3. So the total sum of nestings equals to 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 6.
In thethird it is impossible to construct a regular bracket sequence, because themaximum possible total sum of nestings for two opening brackets equals to 1. This total sum of nestings is obtained forthe sequence "(())".
直接递归搜索即可，注意要先搜索是否可行，如果不行的话输出impossible，最后再输出
Code
#include<bits/stdc++.h> #define rep(i,a,b) for(int i=a;i<=b;i++) #define dep(i,a,b) for(int i=a;i>=b;i--) #define LL long long using namespace std; long long n,k; int cnt[500005]; void f(int x,int y) { if(x==y+1)return; printf("("); f(x+1,y); printf(")"); while(cnt[x]--)printf("()"); } int main() { long long base=0; cin>>n>>k; rep(i,0,n-1){ base+=i; if(base<=k&&k<=base+(n-i-1)*i){ k-=base; n-=i+1; dep(x,i,0) while(n&&k-x>=0){ cnt[x]++; k-=x; n--; } f(0,i); return 0; } } printf("Impossible\n"); return 0; }


Next: make-broadcast-stream, Previous: synonym-stream-symbol, Up: Streams Dictionary
broadcast-stream-streams
broadcast-stream ⇒ streams
broadcast-stream—a broadcast stream.
streams—a list of streams.
Returns a list of output streams that constitute all the streams to which the broadcast-stream is broadcasting.


Before becoming a developer, I worked extensively in biostatistics, scientific research, and analytics.
After teaching myself some basic JavaScript to connect our analytics dashboards to an API for near real-time automated access to our data,
I decided to expand on those skills by pursuing an education and training in full-stack web development.


The command line is a user interface that allows us to give the computer commands such as: creating folders/files, deleting folders/files, moving around the computer and many more. You are able to do the same things on the computer through the command line using your mouse however, the command line is faster than the GUI (Graphical user interface) if used properly. In terms of an analogy I would say the command line is like a video game. If it were a fighting game on Playstation, in order to make your character punch or kick it would require you give commands by pushing buttons on the controller, then you’re character will act accordingly. Relating this to the command line, the controller/buttons would your keyboard/keys and the character would be your user interface. I did not stick to the timebox guidelines all the way through, I had actually gone over time with exploring, watching videos about the command line. Next time, I will study with more focus on achieving the learning competencies. Though the week hasn’t started yet, I will definitely go over this again as well as a few of the stretch learning. 5 commands I used were: cd (changes directory e.g cd Desktop), .. (goes back a directory), ../.. (goes back two directories), mkdir (make directory - a folder), and ls (lists directories). I was almost still sure that I am way faster at using the GUI than I ever would be at the command line, until I realised how much faster it is to create folders/files (e.g. a 100 folders) using the command line than it would be using the GUI.
Git is a distributed version control system, basically a tool which is typically installed in our computer that helps maintain/manage a detailed history of a project, where as Github is a centralized service that allows multiple people to work collaboratively on source code. Git data can be thought of as snapshots at a particular moment in time (like a picture) because everytime you commit (save the current state of project in Git) it basically takes a picture of your data and holds onto it for you to look at anytime. I did stick more to the timebox suggestions during this part because I kept more focus on focusing purely on the learning competencies whilst keeping an eye on Toggl.
GitHub workflow is the order of which a repository is forked (copied) into a GitHub personal account, then cloned (copied) to a local server where commits are done. Then through an origin remote (the repository cloned from - our personal fork), commits are pulled from the local server and put into a featured branch on the GitHub personal account. From there pull requests are made on the GitHub website, where we can merge our commits to the main repository, as well as make comments/requests and other notes. What I noticed about my own learning was that I tended to get sidetracked by youtube videos related to the topic, however, which do not help me to achieve the learning competencies. I would listen in to the infinite amount of information and get worried about all this information I need to remember. When I was confused about a term or something I was reading I would straight away Google or Youtube for the answer. At this point I don’t think I’d do anything different if I were to repeat the learning exploration again. If I were to describe stage and commit to a non-tech-savvy friend I would relate stage to a draft essay and commit to a completed/submitted essay.  Because once you submit the essay (commit the data), there isn’t much else you could do to change your grade that you will get for it at that point.
Master is the main branch where the most ideal version of a project’s code resides. The birth of this master branch is the result of cloning or downloading a project (repository) from a remote server (GitHub) to local Git. A Branch is created when someone wants to make changes/edits, commit changes etc, and is able to test/implement them without affecting the master branch, this is to be sure that no questionable code is unnecessarily added. I was surprised by the amount of new terms that are involved with Git such as pull-requests, fork, clone etc, instead of generic phrases. It takes a little bit longer to understand the online video tutorials, I find myself rewinding parts at least 2-3 times over because I am unable to fully comprehend a sentence. This also sidetracks me because when I hear new terms I have to stop and search it up online though it isn’t part of the learning competencies.


Ensure quality in all our activities of business is improved based on reviews & complying to recognized Standards in related field
Ensure high standards of expertise, through continuous improvement and dedication amongst our team, technology partners and panel of experts
Ensure employees are updated for performing their task exceeding customer requirement.
Help industries build proactive maintenance practices by providing timely services and effective solutions
Provide World Class Basic & Advanced Training services with latest development in the field to professionals
Provide qualityMPTI Meters & Analysers
Achieve excellence and be the Company for itself as leader in the field of Condition Monitoring that understands and satisfies Customer requirement


Handbags for Hope returns
by Chelsea PowrieThe annual Handbags for Hope project is back in Keremeos, looking for donations from the community to help women in need.
Organized by the ladies of the Keremeos Royal Purple, the campaign is looking for new or gently used large purses and/or toiletries, all of which will be donated to needy women in Keremeos, Ollala, Cawston and Hedley.
Last year, they packed 43 handbags full of items for distribution.
Donations can be dropped off at the Valley First Credit Union in Keremeos until Nov. 29.


Tseng-Yi Chen holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from National Tsing Hua University. Currently, he serves as an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering at National Central University. Prior to his current position, from February 2020 to July 2023, Dr. Chen worked as an assistant professor in the same department. Before joining National Central University, he held the position of assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, from February 2018 to January 2020. Additionally, he gained valuable experience as a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Information Science from July 2015 to January 2018. Dr. Chen's primary research interests revolve around embedded and large-scale storage system designs, emerging memory and storage technologies, as well as non-volatile memory systems for machine learning.
Dr. Chen has published more than 60 research papers , which were mainly published in prestige journals (e.g., IEEE TC, IEEE TVLSI, IEEE TCAD, ACM TECS, ACM TODAES, and ACM TOS) and premier conferences (e.g., IEEE HPCA, ACM/IEEE DAC, ACM/IEEE ISLPED, ACM/IEEE CODES+ISSS, and ACM/IEEE CASES). His works received best paper awards from a premier conference (i.e., ACM/IEEE ISLPED 2020) and an important conference (i.e., IEEE NVMSA 2019). Plus, he also received one best paper nomination from a premier conference (i.e., ACM/IEEE DAC 2016). Additionally, Dr. Chen also received Distinguished New Faculty Award from National Central University in 2020, Best Research Paper Award for Postdoctoral Fellows from Ministry of Science and Technology in 2018 and Doctoral Dissertation Award from Institute of Information & Computing Machinery in 2016. He also serves as a reviewer for prestige journals (e.g., IEEE TC, IEEE TVLSI, IEEE TCAD, IEEE TPDS, IEEE TETC, ACM TOS, and ACM TACO).
Our lab welcomes self-motivated graduate students with interests in system designs and memory/storgae technologies.
Lectured subjects: Embedded System Design and System Component Design for Emerging Memory/Storage Technologies.
Lectured subjects: Introduction to UNIX Operating System, Machine Learning, and Data Structure.
| Subjects | Semesters | Places |
|---|---|---|
| System Security Design on Embedded Non-volatile Memory | Spring 2023 | National Central University |
| Seminar | Spring 2021 | National Central University |
| Computer Organization | Spring 2021 and 2022-2023 (in English) | National Central University |
| Modern Operating System Kernel (in English) | Fall 2020 | National Central University |
| System Component Design for Emerging Memory and Storage Technologies | Spring 2020 and Fall 2021-2023 (in English) | National Central University |
| Embedded System Design | Spring 2020 | National Central University |
| Introduction to UNIX Operating System | Spring 2018 and 2019 | Yuan Ze University |
| Machine Learning | Spring 2018 and 2019 | Yuan Ze University |
| Data Structure (in English) | Fall 2018 and 2019 | Yuan Ze University |


Dylan's EDA Blogs
Reflection Blog
Time and Habit Blog
Technical Blog Part 1
Technical Blog Part 2
Emotional Intelligance
Meditation Process
Technical Blog Part 2
Daily Mindfulness
Basic JavaScript
Self Confidence
Problem Solving
JS Language
soon
soon


Russell Crowe confirms his house was hit by wildfires in Australia
Russell Crowe has told fans that his house has been hit by wildfires in Australia, but that he is safe and out of the country.
The Hollywood star’s home is in New South Wales (NSW), which is currently under a week-long state of emergency due to ferocious fires that have burned in recent days.
There were fears that his sprawling property in the Nana Glen area would be affected by the bush fires earlier this week.
Crowe, 55, has now told his 2.7 million Twitter followers: “I’m not in Australia. My family are safe, billeted with friends.
“Fire hit my place late in the day yesterday.
“My heart goes out to everyone in the valley.”
The Gladiator star, who was born in New Zealand but has lived most of his life in Australia, shared three pictures of the fire, including one that showed flames approaching a property.
The wildfires in the state have so far claimed the lives of three people and more than 150 homes, and have impacted more than 3,300 square miles of forest and farmland since Friday.
The state of emergency in NSW is a declaration that gives the Rural Fire Service sweeping powers to control resources and direct other government agencies in its efforts to battle fires.
The worst of the fires emerged in the state’s north east on Tuesday, and a catastrophic fire warning was in place for Sydney – the capital of NSW – as well as coastal communities to the populous city’s north and south.


#include <SDL_enigme.h>
◆ answer1
| char Enigme::answer1[256] |
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The documentation for this struct was generated from the following file:


“Abhisattova nipatati,
Vayo rūpaṁ aññamiva tatheva santaṁ;
Tasseva sato avippavasato,
Aññasseva sarāmi attānan”ti.
… Kimilo thero ….
Old age falls like a curse;
it’s the same body, but it seems like someone else’s.
I remember myself as if I were someone else,
but I’m still the same, I haven’t been away.


This details my two somewhat negative experiences with Spice-type products.
Marijuana is simply lovely. However, I consider Spice to be the lovely Mary Jane's psychotic sister that stays locked in the attic, chained to a pole and wearing a muzzle. Spice is what all your relatives are whispering about at family reunions. I want to share this because although some individuals seem to have a nice experience, I and other contributors have had nightmares.
I smoked a half a bowl (a mere eighth of a gram of fluffy herbal shake) of the product called Spike Silver, the weakest of that brand. A week later, I smoked a bowl and a half of Posh, a Damiana and JWH-018 cocktail. Both of these brands fall under the category of Spice-herbs with synthesized cannabinoids mixed in.
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**For those of you who don't feel like reading my verbose account, scroll down to my more concise summary at the end.**
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'Victim' history: I am a 22 year old female, and a heavy pot smoker (5+ years).  I also take 60mg of Adderall XR every 8 hours that I am awake. Possibly the Adderall and the antidepressant caused my horrible experience, but I'm unsure.
Some background: I work at a head shop, and we sell a few varieties of herbal potpourri incense, not for human consumption. I'd never heard of it, but my interest was piqued due to the thousands of dollars in sales a day this Spice generated. We sell Spike (silver, gold, diamond and max, listed weakest to strongest).
It was a calm Thursday with a weak flow of customers. At about 4:00 in the afternoon, an hour before my shift ended, my boss offered to let me try some of her Spike Silver. She and a coworker had each smoked a bowl, and they seemed to be relaxed and stoned... a pleasant reaction. I'm low on funds, so if offered a substance by the boss that's reputed to be legal cannabis... well, it's legal, how bad can it be? How horribly wrong I was. At this point, I had no idea that this product had the chemical JWH-018, nor that this fluffy pile of herb would have anything beyond a placebo effect. I expected almost nothing, perhaps a slight high from power of suggestion... although the high sales volume set off a faint alarm somewhere deep in my gut.
Out in my boss's car, behind the building, I had half a bowl of Spike Silver-mind you, this is the weakest available, and many customers say they have smoked the Silver and felt nothing. Boss-lady assured me it would 'fuck me up' (accompanied by Beavis and Butthead laughter). I should have paid attention to that, because she's the type that seems to lose IQ when stoned, and I can't stop my philosophical rants about the nature of the universe and religion. Hence my half a bowl. With marijuana, I typically smoke two or three bowls at a time, and it's high-grade homegrown I-feel-like-a-goddess bud. Keep in mind that my boss had smoked four times as much as I was about to consume (about 1/2 gram for her, and about 1/8 of a gram for me-fluffy shake consistency), and she seemed relaxed, almost in a happy stupor.
It burned fast, and like a practiced stoner, I held it in as long as I could... and it wasn't harsh, so I took large hits.  We left the car and headed toward the building. I started to feel strange, and the chatty ebullience I associate with a good stone rapidly dissipated. I stood in the store talking to my coworkers and felt like my body was vibrating slowly in waves toward the floor, and these waves were being pulled through me and down into the ground. I sat.
My heart raced, and seemed to double its speed, and my chest hurt. I felt dizzy and slightly headachy, but I was detached from the head pain. VERY dissociative.
Here is what I thought happened: I was sitting for 30 minutes. My boss slyly told me some scheme about how to steal shoes from the store that is connected to us (same owner for both stores), and rambled on about a plan. I became more and more confused... thinking 'what the hell? She's a good person, I don't think she would rip off the owner, and besides, the store next to us is going out of business and they're all size 12 stripper shoes...' My coworker listened to her, smiled and nodded. I then became extremely uncomfortable with this talk of stealing and deceit (I'm paranoid and a strong believer in karma). I decided to pretend like I hadn't heard a word she said and said 'What's going on?' a few times.
Here is what actually happened: I was sitting for five minutes. My boss was talking to my coworker about getting the owner to replace a broken case. I told her I hadn't understood anything, and that sentences didn't make sense (true, I was having difficulty stringing more than two words together). She giggled because she thought I was just stoned, and said she was just mumbling about unimportant things--I was extremely paranoid AND delusional.
Exactly 10 minutes after I finished smoking, my lady parts felt funny. Translation: my clitoris throbbed and burned for about three minutes, like I had just spent an hour masturbating. It went away as quickly as it came, like flipping a switch.
I was drinking a cola.  I went outside to have a cigarette. I smoked it so fast that the cherry burned faster than the paper by about a centimeter (stupid fire-safe cigarettes). It tasted bizarre, but the familiar action of smoking seemed to help... I had to focus on standing there, inhaling the smoke, tapping the ash, and it took about 20 tries to light the fucker.
Back inside, I asked my boss if there was something else in the stuff I smoked... because I felt almost like I was coming off of a psyclobin (shroom) trip-when the trip isn't fun because it's almost gone but you aren't sober. She looked at me strangely and said no. I was ringing up a customer and she was near me trying to fill a lighter with lighter fluid, and she couldn't get it to light.  She kept trying to spark it, but it wouldn't work.  I was so completely sure of it. I almost panicked.
I continued to help customers until the end of my shift, an hour after I smoked (5:00). I was moving so slowly, it felt, and everyone was getting pissed, and it was a struggle to complete normal tasks. After I clocked out, I explained to my coworkers that I felt paranoid that I was doing everything wrong and was freaking out. They told me I was acting completely normal!  But then they figured out I was tripping, and helped me ride it out, and I sat down and drank lots of water.
My mind seemed to be sped up, and my heart raced. Everything seemed slightly blurry, like it was vibrating... but I couldn't see it moving, just the slight doubling of everything. Music seemed to be coming from another world, ghostly and tinny, rising from hell (it was top 40 rap, and I don't enjoy listening to semi-rhythmic stuttering over badly remixed 80's pop music). I finally came down about 6:45, and felt exhausted and drained.
I felt sick and weak for the rest of the night and felt out of sorts the next day, and extremely frightened that something costing 15 dollars a gram and being sold to the general public could do this to me.
Part Two-- 'Posh' Spice... not just a British pop star.
Exactly a week later--oddly enough at the same time, 4:00--I smoked a bowl and a half of a product called Posh. It said 100% Damiana on the sticker. I know about that stuff. I was open to it. I should have paid attention when my coworker said that it was like Spike but mellower, but assumed she was basing it on her calm stoned reaction she shared with my boss. Further perusal of the PoshpartyUSA website indicates that yeah, it likely has the JWH-018.
It was weaker than the Spike, and I didn't trip as hard, but I was pissed at myself for falling into this hole again and made a conscious effort to stay calm and not freak out. I also knew what to expect.
It came on the same way: so many thoughts manifesting as verbal diarrhea, like with pot. And then came the feeling glued to the floor. And then, precisely 10 minutes later, intense random clitoral stimulation for about 3 minutes. Time was freaky, but I expected it and dealt with it. I was paranoid, but I didn't fall as hard into that paranoid delusional state--I was able to tell myself that no, everyone isn't talking about you and your psycho reactions.
It was almost pleasant. I sat outside the building, leaning against the sun-baked window while a cool breeze swirled and I chain-smoked. It would have been okay if not for my fear of embarrassing myself at work, and the fact that if I isolated myself for too long I would lose it. It lasted the same amount of time, about two and a half hours or so, and I didn't feel as weak or sick after, thankfully.
I still was pissed, because I had to use every ounce of willpower to force myself to have a happy time. At least this time I knew I was tripping and could help myself out a little bit, but shit, was it hard. I didn't want to revisit that place again until I knew how much of the synthesized THC I was having, and there I was, back in the Spice vortex. It was negative because although I didn't freak out as bad or externalize the way I was feeling, I still was wracked with intense paranoia, confusion and near psychosis. And my heart! It pounded like mad, just as before, and my chest ached.
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In summation (finally):
If I knew how much JWH-018 (and how much, if any other chemicals) were present, and had it at home in a safe, comforting environment... maybe it would have been better?
 It is completely unlike psyclobin or any other psychedelic I have tried. It was bizarre and unsettling, and even the second (accidental) time it took every fiber of my being not to dissolve into paranoid delusions and panic. This is important to note because the second time I was not afraid, just a bit annoyed, so it's unlikely my negative reaction was motivated entirely by perpetuating the effects by being scared and freaking out.
Negative:
-Confusion
-Auditory hallucinations
-Inability to recognize hallucinations versus actual speech from others
-intense paranoia
-racing heartbeat, chest pain
-time distortions
-taste distortions
-bizarre body sensations (like a wave going through me, pulling me down)
-verge of panic
-inability to string more than two words in a spoken sentence together
-strange visual blurring
Positive:
-Potential for decent music experiences
-I appreciated the warmth of the sun and the blue of the sky intensely
Neutral:
-Random sexual arousal (yes, neutral, and somewhat amusing)
-chatty
-dissociative effects (fine under a controlled environment, for me, when I know it's coming)
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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