#
Redux Essentials, Part 2: Redux App StructureWhat You'll Learn
- The structure of a typical React + Redux app
- How to view state changes in the Redux DevTools Extension
#
IntroductionIn Part 1: Redux Overview and Concepts, we looked at why Redux is useful, the terms and concepts used to describe different parts of Redux code, and how data flows through a Redux app.
Now, let's look at a real working example to see how these pieces fit together.
#
The Counter Example AppThe sample project we'll look at is a small counter application that lets us add or subtract from a number as we click buttons. It may not be very exciting, but it shows all the important pieces of a React+Redux application in action.
The project has been created using the official Redux template for Create-React-App. Out of the box, it has already been configured with a standard Redux application structure, using Redux Toolkit to create the Redux store and logic, and React-Redux to connect together the Redux store and the React components.
Here's the live version of the project. You can play around with it by clicking the buttons in the app preview on the right, and browse through the source files on the left.
If you'd like to try create this project on your own computer, you can start a new Create-React-App project using our Redux template:
#
Using the Counter AppThe counter app has already been set up to let us watch what happens inside as we use it.
Open up your browser's DevTools. Then, choose the "Redux" tab in the DevTools, and click the "State" button in the upper-right toolbar. You should see something that looks like this:
On the right, we can see that our Redux store is starting off with an app state value that looks like this:
The DevTools will show us how the store state changes as we use the app.
Let's play with the app first to see what it does. Click the "+" button in the app, then look at the "Diff" tab in the Redux DevTools:
We can see two important things here:
-
When we clicked the "+" button, an action
with a type of
"counter/increment"
was dispatched to the store -
When that action was dispatched, the
state.counter.value
field changed from0
to1
Now try these steps:
- Click the "+" button again. The displayed value should now be 2.
- Click the "-" button once. The displayed value should now be 1.
- Click the "Add Amount" button. The displayed value should now be 3.
- Change the number "2" in the textbox to a "3"
- Click the "Add Async" button. You should see a progress bar fill the button, and after a couple seconds, the displayed value should change to 6.
Go back to the Redux DevTools. You should see a total
of five actions dispatched, one for each time we
clicked a button . Now select the last
"counter/incrementByAmount"
entry from the list on the left, and click the
"Action" tab on the right side:
We can see that this action object looked like this:
And if you click the "Diff" tab, you can see
that the state.counter.value
field
changed from a 3
to a 6
in
response to that action.
The ability to see what is happening inside of our app and how our state is changing over time is very powerful!
The DevTools have several more commands and options to
help you debug your app. Try clicking the
"Trace" tab in the upper right. You should
see a JavaScript function stack trace in the panel,
with several sections of source code showing the lines
that were executing when the action reached the store.
One line in particular should be highlighted: the line
of code where we dispatched this action from the
<Counter>
component:
This makes it easier to trace what part of the code dispatched a specific action.
#
Application ContentsNow that you know what the app does, let's look at how it works.
Here are the key files that make up this application:
-
/src
-
index.js
: the starting point for the app -
App.js
: the top-level React component -
/app
-
store.js
: creates the Redux store instance
-
-
/features
-
/counter
-
Counter.js
: a React component that shows the UI for the counter feature -
counterSlice.js
: the Redux logic for the counter feature
-
-
-
Let's start by looking at how the Redux store is created.
#
Creating the Redux Store
Open up app/store.js
, which should look
like this:
The Redux store is created using the
configureStore
function from Redux
Toolkit. configureStore
requires that we
pass in a reducer
argument.
Our application might be made up of many different
features, and each of those features might have its
own reducer function. When we call
configureStore
, we can pass in all of the
different reducers in an object. The key names in the
object will define the keys in our final state value.
We have a file named
features/counter/counterSlice.js
that
exports a reducer function for the counter logic. We
can import that counterReducer
function
here, and include it when we create the store.
When we pass in an object like
{counter: counterReducer}
, that says that
we want to have a state.counter
section
of our Redux state object, and that we want the
counterReducer
function to be in charge
of deciding if and how to update the
state.counter
section whenever an action
is dispatched.
Redux allows store setup to be customized with
different kinds of plugins ("middleware" and
"enhancers").
configureStore
automatically adds several
middleware to the store setup by default to provide a
good developer experience, and also sets up the store
so that the Redux DevTools Extension can inspect its
contents.
#
Redux SlicesA "slice" is a collection of Redux reducer logic and actions for a single feature in your app, typically defined together in a single file. The name comes from splitting up the root Redux state object into multiple "slices" of state.
For example, in a blogging app, our store setup might look like:
In that example, state.users
,
state.posts
, and
state.comments
are each a separate
"slice" of the Redux state. Since
usersReducer
is responsible for updating
the state.users
slice, we refer to it as
a "slice reducer" function.
Detailed Explanation: Reducers and State Structure
A Redux store needs to have a single "root reducer" function passed in when it's created. So if we have many different slice reducer functions, how do we get a single root reducer instead, and how does this define the contents of the Redux store state?
If we tried calling all of the slice reducers by hand, it might look like this:
That calls each slice reducer individually, passes in the specific slice of the Redux state, and includes each return value in the final new Redux state object.
Redux has a function called
combineReducers
that does this for us automatically. It accepts an
object full of slice reducers as its argument, and
returns a function that calls each slice reducer
whenever an action is dispatched. The result from
each slice reducer are all combined together into a
single object as the final result. We can do the
same thing as the previous example using
combineReducers
:
When we pass an object of slice reducers to
configureStore
, it passes those to
combineReducers
for us to generate the
root reducer.
As we saw earlier, you can also pass a reducer
function directly as the
reducer
argument:
#
Creating Slice Reducers and Actions
Since we know that the
counterReducer
function is coming from
features/counter/counterSlice.js
,
let's see what's in that file, piece by
piece.
Earlier, we saw that clicking the different buttons in the UI dispatched three different Redux action types:
-
{type: "counter/increment"}
-
{type: "counter/decrement"}
-
{type: "counter/incrementByAmount"}
We know that actions are plain objects with a
type
field, the type
field
is always a string, and we typically have "action
creator" functions that create and return the
action objects. So where are those action objects,
type strings, and action creators defined?
We could write those all by hand, every time. But, that would be tedious. Besides, what's really important in Redux is the reducer functions, and the logic they have for calculating new state.
Redux Toolkit has a function called
createSlice
, which takes care of the work
of generating action type strings, action creator
functions, and action objects. All you have to do is
define a name for this slice, write an object that has
some reducer functions in it, and it generates the
corresponding action code automatically. The string
from the name
option is used as the first
part of each action type, and the key name of each
reducer function is used as the second part. So, the
"counter"
name + the
"increment"
reducer function
generated an action type of
{type: "counter/increment"}
.
(After all, why write this by hand if the computer can
do it for us!)
In addition to the name
field,
createSlice
needs us to pass in the
initial state value for the reducers, so that there is
a state
the first time it gets called. In
this case, we're providing an object with a
value
field that starts off at 0.
We can see here that there are three reducer functions, and that corresponds to the three different action types that were dispatched by clicking the different buttons.
createSlice
automatically generates
action creators with the same names as the reducer
functions we wrote. We can check that by calling one
of them and seeing what it returns:
It also generates the slice reducer function that knows how to respond to all these action types:
#
Rules of ReducersWe said earlier that reducers must always follow some special rules:
-
They should only calculate the new state value based
on the
state
andaction
arguments -
They are not allowed to modify the existing
state
. Instead, they must make immutable updates, by copying the existingstate
and making changes to the copied values. - They must not do any asynchronous logic or other "side effects"
But why are these rules important? There's a few different reasons:
- One of the goals of Redux is to make your code predictable. When a function's output is only calculated from the input arguments, it's easier to understand how that code works, and to test it.
- On the other hand, if a function depends on variables outside itself, or behaves randomly, you never know what will happen when you run it.
- If a function modifies other values, including its arguments, that can change the way the application works unexpectedly. This can be a common source of bugs, such as "I updated my state, but now my UI isn't updating when it should!"
- Some of the Redux DevTools capabilities depend on having your reducers follow these rules correctly
The rule about "immutable updates" is particularly important, and worth talking about further.
#
Reducers and Immutable UpdatesEarlier, we talked about "mutation" (modifying existing object/array values) and "immutability" (treating values as something that cannot be changed).
In Redux, our reducers are never allowed to mutate the original / current state values!
:::
There are several reasons why you must not mutate state in Redux:
- It causes bugs, such as the UI not updating properly to show the latest values
- It makes it harder to understand why and how the state has been updated
- It makes it harder to write tests
- It breaks the ability to use "time-travel debugging" correctly
- It goes against the intended spirit and usage patterns for Redux
So if we can't change the originals, how do we return an updated state?
tip
Reducers can only make copies of the original values, and then they can mutate the copies.
We already saw that we can write immutable updates by hand, by using JavaScript's array / object spread operators and other functions that return copies of the original values. However, if you're thinking that "writing immutable updates by hand this way looks hard to remember and do correctly"... yeah, you're right! :)
Writing immutable update logic by hand is hard, and accidentally mutating state in reducers is the single most common mistake Redux users make.
That's why Redux Toolkit's
createSlice
function lets you write
immutable updates an easier way!
createSlice
uses a library called
Immer
inside. Immer uses a special JS tool called a
Proxy
to wrap the data you provide, and
lets you write code that "mutates" that
wrapped data. But,
Immer tracks all the changes you've tried to
make, and then uses that list of changes to return a
safely immutably updated value, as if you'd written all the immutable update
logic by hand.
So, instead of this:
You can write code that looks like this:
That's a lot easier to read!
But, here's something very important to remember:
warning
You can only write
"mutating" logic in Redux
Toolkit's createSlice
and
createReducer
because they use
Immer inside! If you write mutating logic in
reducers without Immer, it will mutate
the state and cause bugs!
With that in mind, let's go back and look at the actual reducers from the counter slice.
We can see that the increment
reducer
will always add 1 to state.value
. Because
Immer knows we've made changes to the draft
state
object, we don't have to
actually return anything here. In the same way, the
decrement
reducer subtracts 1.
In both of those reducers, we don't actually need
to have our code look at the
action
object. It will be passed in
anyway, but since we don't need it, we can skip
declaring action
as a parameter for the
reducers.
On the other hand, the
incrementByAmount
reducer
does need to know something: how much it
should be adding to the counter value. So, we declare
the reducer as having both state
and
action
arguments. In this case, we know
that the amount we typed into the textbox is being put
into the action.payload
field, so we can
add that to state.value
.
Want to Know More?
For more information on immutability and writing immutable updates, see the "Immutable Update Patterns" docs page and The Complete Guide to Immutability in React and Redux.
#
Writing Async Logic with ThunksSo far, all the logic in our application has been synchronous. Actions are dispatched, the store runs the reducers and calculates the new state, and the dispatch function finishes. But, the JavaScript language has many ways to write code that is asynchronous, and our apps normally have async logic for things like fetching data from an API. We need a place to put that async logic in our Redux apps.
A thunk is a specific kind of Redux function that can contain asynchronous logic. Thunks are written using two functions:
-
An inside thunk function, which gets
dispatch
andgetState
as arguments - The outside creator function, which creates and returns the thunk function
The next function that's exported from
counterSlice
is an example of a thunk
action creator:
We can use them the same way we use a typical Redux action creator:
However, using thunks requires that the
redux-thunk
middleware (a type
of plugin for Redux) be added to the Redux store when
it's created. Fortunately, Redux Toolkit's
configureStore
function already sets that
up for us automatically, so we can go ahead and use
thunks here.
When you need to make AJAX calls to fetch data from the server, you can put that call in a thunk. Here's an example that's written a bit longer, so you can see how it's defined:
We'll see thunks being used in Part 5: Async Logic and Data Fetching
Detailed Explanation: Thunks and Async Logic
We know that we're not allowed to put any kind of async logic in reducers. But, that logic has to live somewhere.
If we have access to the Redux store, we could write
some async code and call
store.dispatch()
when we're done:
But, in a real Redux app, we're not allowed to import the store into other files, especially in our React components, because it makes that code harder to test and reuse.
In addition, we often need to write some async logic that we know will be used with some store, eventually, but we don't know which store.
The Redux store can be extended with
"middleware", which are a kind of add-on
or plugin that can add extra abilities. The most
common reason to use middleware is to let you write
code that can have async logic, but still talk to
the store at the same time. They can also modify the
store so that we can call
dispatch()
and pass in values that are
not plain action objects, like functions or
Promises.
The Redux Thunk middleware modifies the store to let
you pass functions into dispatch
. In
fact, it's short enough we can paste it here:
It looks to see if the "action" that was
passed into dispatch
is actually a
function instead of a plain action object. If
it's actually a function, it calls the
function, and returns the result. Otherwise, since
this must be an action object, it passes the action
forward to the store.
This gives us a way to write whatever sync or async
code we want, while still having access to
dispatch
and getState
.
There's one more function in this file, but
we'll talk about that in a minute when we look at
the <Counter>
UI component.
Want to Know More?
 for more information.
#
The React Counter Component
Earlier, we saw what a standalone React
<Counter>
component looks like. Our
React+Redux app has a similar
<Counter>
component, but it does a
few things differently.
We'll start by looking at the
Counter.js
component file:
Like with the earlier plain React example, we have a
function component called Counter
, that
stores some data in a useState
hook.
However, in our component, it doesn't look like
we're storing the actual current counter value as
state. There is a variable called
count
, but it's not coming from a
useState
hook.
While React includes several built-in hooks like
useState
and useEffect
,
other libraries can create their own
custom hooks
that use React's hooks to build custom logic.
The React-Redux library has a set of custom hooks that allow your React component to interact with a Redux store.
useSelector
#
Reading Data with
First, the useSelector
hook lets our
component extract whatever pieces of data it needs
from the Redux store state.
Earlier, we saw that we can write "selector"
functions, which take state
as an
argument and return some part of the state value.
Our counterSlice.js
has this selector
function at the bottom:
If we had access to a Redux store, we could retrieve the current counter value as:
Our components can't talk to the Redux store
directly, because we're not allowed to import it
into component files. But,
useSelector
takes care of talking to the
Redux store behind the scenes for us. If we pass in a
selector function, it calls
someSelector(store.getState())
for us,
and returns the result.
So, we can get the current store counter value by doing:
We don't have to only use selectors that
have already been exported, either. For example, we
could write a selector function as an inline argument
to useSelector
:
Any time an action has been dispatched and the Redux
store has been updated, useSelector
will
re-run our selector function. If the selector returns
a different value than last time,
useSelector
will make sure our component
re-renders with the new value.
useDispatch
#
Dispatching Actions with
Similarly, we know that if we had access to a Redux
store, we could dispatch actions using action
creators, like
store.dispatch(increment())
. Since we
don't have access to the store itself, we need
some way to have access to just the
dispatch
method.
The useDispatch
hook does that for us,
and gives us the actual dispatch
method
from the Redux store:
From there, we can dispatch actions when the user does something like clicking on a button:
#
Component State and FormsBy now you might be wondering, "Do I always have to put all my app's state into the Redux store?"
The answer is NO. Global state that is needed across the app should go in the Redux store. State that's only needed in one place should be kept in component state.
In this example, we have an input textbox where the user can type in the next number to be added to the counter:
We could keep the current number string in
the Redux store, by dispatching an action in the
input's onChange
handler and keeping
it in our reducer. But, that doesn't give us any
benefit. The only place that text string is used is
here, in the <Counter>
component.
(Sure, there's only one other component in this
example: <App>
. But even if we had
a larger application with many components, only
<Counter>
cares about this input
value.)
So, it makes sense to keep that value in a
useState
hook here in the
<Counter>
component.
Similarly, if we had a boolean flag called
isDropdownOpen
, no other components in
the app would care about that - it should really stay
local to this component.
In a React + Redux app, your global state should go in the Redux store, and your local state should stay in React components.
If you're not sure where to put something, here are some common rules of thumb for determining what kind of data should be put into Redux:
- Do other parts of the application care about this data?
- Do you need to be able to create further derived data based on this original data?
- Is the same data being used to drive multiple components?
- Is there value to you in being able to restore this state to a given point in time (ie, time travel debugging)?
- Do you want to cache the data (ie, use what's in state if it's already there instead of re-requesting it)?
- Do you want to keep this data consistent while hot-reloading UI components (which may lose their internal state when swapped)?
This is also a good example of how to think about forms in Redux in general. Most form state probably shouldn't be kept in Redux. Instead, keep the data in your form components as you're editing it, and then dispatch Redux actions to update the store when the user is done.
One other thing to note before we move on: remember
that incrementAsync
thunk from
counterSlice.js
? We're using it here
in this component. Notice that we use it the same way
we dispatch the other normal action creators. This
component doesn't care whether we're
dispatching a normal action or starting some async
logic. It only knows that when you click that button,
it dispatches something.
#
Providing the Store
We've seen that our components can use the
useSelector
and
useDispatch
hooks to talk to the Redux
store. But, since we didn't import the store, how
do those hooks know what Redux store to talk to?
Now that we've seen all the different pieces of this application, it's time to circle back to the starting point of this application and see how the last pieces of the puzzle fit together.
We always have to call
ReactDOM.render(<App />)
to tell
React to start rendering our root
<App>
component. In order for our
hooks like useSelector
to work right, we
need to use a component called
<Provider>
to pass down the Redux
store behind the scenes so they can access it.
We already created our store in
app/store.js
, so we can import it here.
Then, we put our
<Provider>
component around the
whole <App>
, and pass in the store:
<Provider store={store}>
.
Now, any React components that call
useSelector
or
useDispatch
will be talking to the Redux
store we gave to the <Provider>
.
#
What You've LearnedEven though the counter example app is pretty small, it showed all the key pieces of a React + Redux app working together. Here's what we covered:
Summary
-
We can create a Redux store using the Redux
Toolkit
configureStore
API-
configureStore
accepts areducer
function as a named argument -
configureStore
automatically sets up the store with good default settings
-
-
Redux logic is typically organized into files
called "slices"
- A "slice" contains the reducer logic and actions related to a specific feature / section of the Redux state
-
Redux Toolkit's
createSlice
API generates action creators and action types for each individual reducer function you provide
-
Redux reducers must follow specific
rules
-
Should only calculate a new state value
based on the
state
andaction
arguments - Must make immutable updates by copying the existing state
- Cannot contain any asynchronous logic or other "side effects"
-
Redux Toolkit's
createSlice
API uses Immer to allow "mutating" immutable updates
-
Should only calculate a new state value
based on the
-
Async logic is typically written in special
functions called "thunks"
-
Thunks receive
dispatch
andgetState
as arguments -
Redux Toolkit enables the
redux-thunk
middleware by default
-
Thunks receive
-
React-Redux allows React components to
interact with a Redux store
-
Wrapping the app with
<Provider store={store}>
enables all components to use the store - Global state should go in the Redux store, local state should stay in React components
-
Wrapping the app with
#
What's Next?Now that you've seen all the pieces of a Redux app in action, it's time to write your own! For the rest of this tutorial, you'll be building a larger example app that uses Redux. Along the way, we'll cover all the key ideas you need to know to use Redux the right way.
Continue on to Part 3: Basic Redux Data Flow to get started building the example app.


The svg element is a container that defines a new coordinate system and viewport.
It is used as the outermost element of any SVG document, but it can also be used to add an SVG fragment into an SVG or HTML document.
The HTML element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via JavaScript.
The element is just a graphics container. You must use JavaScript to draw the graphics.


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When a
proof
environment ends with a displaymath environment, the QED symbol should be placed in the displaymath environment. Otherwise, the symbol is pushed down below the last line of the proof environment.


Express
What is Express ?
Express is a Node JS framework that provides a lot of utilities for quickly and easily creating APIs.
How to use Express ?
Example:
const express = require( "express" );
Now we can call express
to launch the application, like so:
express();. This can also be stored in a variable:
const express = require( "express" );
const app = express();
The next thing we want to do is to tell the app
to listen
on a port. We do that by using the listen()
function.
app.listen( 3000 );
If we now try to go to localhost:3000
, we will be greeted with
the following message: Cannot GET /
. That means
there is no GET mapping implemented for
localhost:3000/
. Now that the
application
is up and running, we can start implementing
the API. We will do so by following this documentation:
GET
/plants - Retrieves the list of plants
GET
/plants/id - Retrieves the plant with the provided id
POST
/plants - Creates a new plant entry
PATCH
/plants/id - Updates a plant with the given id
DELETE
/plants/id - Deletes a plant entry with the given id
GET /plants
// The first argument that we pass is the path we want to make the mapping for
// The second argument is a callback function in which we are sending the plants.
app.get( "/plants", ( req, res ) => {
res.send( plants );
} );
Before we can actually use this code, we should define what plants
is. While
it could be used as an variable filled with data from a database, we are going to make an
array
in which we will hard-code some simple plant objects for the purposes
of testing our code.
let plants = [
{
"id": 1,
"name": "Cephalotus follicularis"
},
{
"id": 2,
"name": "Sarracenia purpurea"
}
];
If we are now accessing localhost:3000/plants
, we will get the following
output: [{"id":1,"name":"Cephalotus follicularis"},{"id":2,"name":"Sarracenia purpurea"}]
GET /plants/id
path variables
in order to extract the id of the plant we want to retrieve
from the URL.
// We mark a part of a path as a path variable by adding ':' before it
// We can then take these variables in req.params
app.get( "/plants/:id", ( req, res ) => {
// Retrieving the id from the URL
const id = parseInt( req.params.id );
// Looking for the plant with the given id
const foundPlant = plants.find( ( plant ) => {
return plant.id === id;
} );
// If no plant has been found, we send a message saying that
const response = foundPlant ? foundPlant : {
exception: "No carnivorous plant with the given id was found"
};
res.send( response );
} );
POST /plants
Now we should be ready to implement the POST mapping which will take care of getting the JSON data that it receives and adding it as a new element in our
plants
array.
let ID = plants.length;
app.post( "/plants", ( req, res ) => {
// We are creating a new plant from the data received in req.body
const newPlant = req.body;
// Regardless of what id this plant had ( if it had any )
// we are overwriting it just as a database would with the
// auto-increment constraint
newPlant.id = ++ID;
plants.push( newPlant );
// We are now sending back the plant that actually got saved in the array
res.send( newPlant );
} );
PATCH /plants/id
This would be one way of implementing it:
app.patch( "/plants/:id", ( req, res ) => {
const id = parseInt( req.params.id );
let hasUpdated = false
plants = plants.map( plant => {
if ( plant.id === id ) {
hasUpdated = true;
// Once we find the plant, we are returning
// its original content, overwriting it with
// the body that we receive, while making sure
// the id stays the same
return { ...plant, ...req.body, id: plant.id };
}
return plant;
} );
res.send( { hasUpdated: hasUpdated } );
} );
DELETE /plants/id
app.delete( "/plants/:id", ( req, res ) => {
// Getting the id
const id = parseInt( req.params.id );
// Removing the plant by filtering it out based on the id
plants = plants.filter( plant => plant.id !== id );
res.send( { } );
} );
Extras
We can add some error checking in ourapp.listen()
function
by providing it a callback function, similar to this:
app.listen( 3000, ( error ) => {
// We print the error, if there is any
if ( error ) {
console.log( error );
}
// We display the port we are running the server on, in case of no errors
console.log( "Server running on port: ", 3000 );
} );
Serving files with Express
We can serve HTML files in Express by using res.sendFile() function. In order to provide this function the path to the file we want to serve, independent of the OS or the folder we are running the app from, we can use__dirname
,
like so:
app.get( "/", ( req, res ) => {
res.sendFile( __dirname + "/public/index.html" );
} );
There may be instances where the HTML file we are trying to serve is referring to a
stylesheet
or a javascript
file.
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
<script src="./script.js"></script>
In this case, we may want to tell Express to statically serve the files from our
public folder as they are requested:
app.use( express.static( "public" ) );


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Round Rotherham 80 km
Rotherham ENG
Website: www.rotherhamharriers.org
Race Winners
(33 runnings)
8:00:10 7:38:02 8:23:55 9:24:38 08 Dec
2007
6:17:54
8:22:20
09 Dec
2006
6:27:07
8:38:15
10 Dec
2005
6:33:56
7:59:27
11 Dec
2004
7:07:23
9:02:34
13 Dec
2003
7:04:58
9:56:20
14 Dec
2002
7:06:37
9:14:07
08 Dec
2001
6:44:54
8:52:21
09 Dec
2000
7:11:26
9:23:27
11 Dec
1999
7:08:15
8:09:00
12 Dec
1998
7:08:55
9:49:35
13 Dec
1997
6:58:56
7:57:26
14 Dec
1996
6:17:50
8:08:40
16 Dec
1995
7:04:30
7:44:45
17 Dec
1994
7:05:55
8:20:28
18 Dec
1993
7:11:29
8:19:08
20 Dec
1992
6:31:46
6:33:47
28 Dec
1991
6:47:18
6:41:12
29 Dec
1990
6:46:01
7:12:37
30 Dec
1989
6:19:57
6:44:19
18 Dec
1988
6:06:22
7:22:11
Dec
1987
6:46:
8:53:
27 Dec
1986
6:38:
9:34:
28 Dec
1985
6:30:
Dec
1984
6:54:
Dec
1983
7:36:
Notes: 1983 was the inaugural year. The distance was 76 km thru 1992. This race is run on trails.
17 Oct
2015
6:48:44
Kevin Hoult-2
7:52:30
Lizzie Hutson (ENG)
18 Oct
2014
6:52:42
Kevin Doyle (ENG)
8:02:55
Helen Pickford (ENG)
19 Oct
2013
6:52:14
Kevin Hoult (ENG)
8:21:49
Karen Nash (ENG)
20 Oct
2012
6:29:29
Duncan Harris-2
8:21:30
Lucy Clayton (ENG)
15 Oct
2011
6:47:14
Ian Symington
Helen Skelton (ENG)
16 Oct
2010
6:29:35
Duncan Harris (GBR) + Harald Aas
Kathryn Bailey (ENG)
17 Oct
2009
6:42:12
Marcus Scotney (GBR)
Angela Sadler (ENG)
13 Dec
2008
7:23:19
Paul Ward
Alayne Malkin
Matt Giles (ENG)
Sarah Ridgeway
Jez Bragg-2
Jenn Dick
Jez Bragg
Sharon Gayter-7
Les Hill (SCO)
Cath Worth (ENG)
Andy Brooks-2
Patricia Muller (ENG)
Kerry Booth (ENG)
Sharon Gayter-6
Ian Anderson (NIR) + Andrei Kotsybka (UKR)
Sharon Gayter-5
Martin Gayner (ENG)
Kendra Ann White (ENG)
Andy Brooks (ENG)
Sharon Gayter-4
Tony Okell-2
Julie Bushell (ENG)
Tony Okell (ENG)
Sharon Gayter-3
Chris Parkes-3
Hilary Walker-3 + Sylvia Watson-2
Mick Masters (ENG)
Sharon Gayter-2
Jonathan Whitehead-3
Sharon Gayter (ENG)
Jonathan Whitehead-2
Caroline Boyd-4
Mike Hartley (ENG)
Caroline Hunter-Rowe-2
Jonathan Whitehead (ENG)
Caroline Hunter-Rowe (ENG)
Terry Edmondson-2
Sylvia Watson (ENG) + Caroline Boyd-3
Terry Edmondson (ENG)
Hilary Walker-2
Chris Parkes-2
Hilary Walker (ENG)
Chris Parkes (ENG)
Caroline Boyd-2
Andy Forsythe (ENG)
Caroline Boyd (ENG)
Brian Harney-2
Peter Neal
Brian Harney (ENG)
Most Wins
(1983-date)
Men
3
Chris Parkes (ENG)
1987-88,1996
.
Jonathan Whitehead (ENG)
1991,1993-94
Women
7
Sharon Gayter (ENG)
1994-95,1997,1999,2001-02,2005
Prize Money
(ADR qualified runners)
No information on prize money has been received for this race.
Race Time Bias
(sec/km)
The race time bias is not calculated for distances beyond 45 km.
Competitive Level
(1990-date)
Insufficient data to calculate the competitive level.
Last Updated on 20 Jan 2016
Contributors: Klaas Loonstra (50), Henry Marston (50), Juraj Gasparovic (40)


Privacy Policy
TORY BURCH PRIVACY & USAGE POLICY
August 4, 2015
Introduction
Tory Burch LLC (together with its affiliates “Tory Burch”) values its customers and respects their privacy. This Privacy and Usage Policy applies to personal information that we collect about you in the United States, including but not limited to data collected through our websites, mobile applications (collectively the "website") and in our stores. This information is used to improve your shopping experience and to communicate with you about our products, services and promotions. Neither your name nor any of your personal information is sold to any other non-affiliated company or agency. However, as described in greater detail below, we may share your information under certain circumstances with business partners that help this site function or assist us in fulfilling or servicing your order, as well otherwise detailed below. Personal information that we collect about you outside of the United States shall be governed by separate privacy policies.
This policy describes the personal information we collect about you, why we collect it, how we use it, and when we share it with third parties. Our policy also describes the choices you can make about how we collect and use certain information. If our information practices change, we will post an updated policy on our website. You can tell if the policy has changed by checking the revision date that appears on this policy. We shall not apply changes in our policy retroactively to information collected from you under a prior policy if, in the reasonable exercise of our discretion, we determine that the changes substantively affect your rights, unless we have given you notice of the changes of the policy and an opportunity to opt out. We will provide this notice to you by email if we have a current email address for you and otherwise by posting notice of the change prominently on the home page of our website.
Tory Burch complies with the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor Framework and the U.S.-Swiss Safe Harbor Framework as set forth by the U.S. Department of Commerce regarding the collection, use, and retention of personal information from European Union member countries and Switzerland. To learn more about the Safe Harbor program, and to view Tory Burch’s certification, please visit http://www.export.gov/safeharbor/.
Information We Collect & How We Use It
We sometimes ask you for certain kinds of personal information to provide the services we offer. By providing your personal information as set forth herein, you are authorizing Tory Burch to store and use your information accordingly. This information includes:
- Shopping: We may ask for information such as your name, billing and shipping address, telephone number, email address and payment card information in order to process your purchase, confirm your order and ship the items to you. If you elect to be added to the Tory Burch marketing list, we may use your contact information to communicate with you about our products, services, surveys and promotions.
-
My Account: You have the opportunity to create a personal shopping account with Tory Burch,
which allows you to shop faster and easier. Using a user name and a password of your choice, you may access your
account online at any time to add, delete, or change information. In creating this account, you authorize Tory Burch
to store your name and email address. Should you elect to do so, you may also include in your “My Account” your
telephone number, payment card information, and shipping and billing addresses. If you choose to include such
additional information then you are also authorizing Tory Burch to store such information accordingly. Each of these
options is for your convenience only. If you ever use a public computer to visit the “My Account” section of our
website we strongly encourage you to log out at the conclusion of your session.
Through the “My Account” feature, you may create a Wish List of products you want and share the items on your list by copying and pasting the URL. You may elect to make this Wish List public, so that friends and family can search for you by either name or email address.
When you create an account with Tory Burch, you will be given the option to be added to the Tory Burch marketing list. Whether or not you select this option, your personal information will never be sold to anyone and except as specifically provided herein, your personal information will not be shared.
- Email List: You may also sign up on the website to receive promotional emails from Tory Burch. To sign up we may ask for information such as your name, email address, mailing address, telephone number, gender, age, birthday and preferences. Subscriptions to the email list can be cancelled at any time.
- Removal from Lists: To be removed from our marketing list, please email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>You may also click the unsubscribe button found at the bottom of the emails in order to be removed from emails that we send you. Please allow us at least ten (10) business days from when the request was received to complete the removal, as some of our promotions may already have been in process before you submitted your request.
- Customer Care: If you call, email or chat with our Customer Care center, we may ask for information such as your name, email address, mailing address, telephone number and if you choose to make a purchase, your credit card information. We use this information to assist you and to process or review your transaction. When you place an order through Customer Care, you will be asked to provide your credit card information. Tory Burch does not store your credit card information unless you choose to include it in your “My Account” (see above).
- Surveys, Sweepstakes & Promotions: On this website, you may be able to participate in surveys, sweepstakes and promotions. If you choose to participate in these promotions, we may request information such as your name, age, email address, mailing address, telephone number, and interests or product preferences. This information is used to enter you into our contests, sweepstakes and other promotions. We may use this information to communicate with you about our products, services and promotions, but only if you have given us your consent to do so.
- Email to a Friend: You may be able to share certain content from this website with your friends. In order to do so, we may ask for information such as your name, email address, zip code and telephone number, as well as for your friends’ contact details, in order for Tory Burch to fulfill your request, on your behalf and under your sole responsibility as regards to their consent to receive a message from you via this service.
Information We Collect By Automated Means
Cookies
We may collect information about your browser, including, where available, your IP address, operating system and browser type, for system administration. This is statistical data about how you browse our website.We may obtain information about your general Internet usage by using a cookie file which is stored on the hard drive of your device. Cookies contain information that is transferred to your device’s hard drive.
Cookies help us to improve our website and to deliver a better and more customized service. They enable us:
- To estimate usage numbers and patterns
- To store information about your preferences, and to allow us to customize our website according to your individual interests.
- To speed up your searches.
- To recognize you when you return to our website.
You may refuse to accept cookies by activating the setting on your browser which allows you to refuse the setting of cookies. However, if you select this setting you may be unable to access certain parts of the website or unable to avail yourself of some of our services. Unless you have adjusted your browser setting so that it will refuse cookies, our system may issue cookies when you log on to our website. Additionally, if a browser is set to issue a “do not track” signal, we do not place tracking cookies on this browser.
Pixel Tags
We also use "pixel tags" (sometimes called “Internet tags”, "web beacons" or "clear GIFS"), which are tiny graphic images, on our website. Pixel tags help us analyze our customers' online behavior and measure the effectiveness of our website and our advertising. We work with service providers that help us track, collect, and analyze this information.
Pixel tags on our website may be used to collect information about your visit, including the pages you view, the features you use, the links you click, and other actions you take in connection with the website. This information may include your device’s IP address, your browser type, your operating system, date and time information, and other technical information about your device. We may also track certain information about the identity of the website you visited immediately before coming to our site. We do not otherwise track any information about your use of other websites.
Pixel tags and cookies in our emails may be used to track your interactions with those messages, such as when you receive, open, or click a link in an email message from us.
We also work with business partners that use tracking technologies to deliver advertisements on our behalf across the Internet. These companies may collect information about your visits to our website, and your interaction with our advertising and other communications.
We may combine the information we collect through cookies and pixel tags with other information we have collected from you. This information may be used to improve our website, to personalize your online experience, to help us deliver information to you, to determine the effectiveness of our advertising, and for other internal business purposes.
Mobile Location Analytics Data
We may use tracking technology to collect certain information about your Wi-Fi enabled mobile device, including the presence of the device in our stores, its signal strength, its manufacturer, and a unique identifier known as its Media Access Control (“MAC”) address (collectively, “Customer Mobile Device Data”). This Customer Mobile Device Data may be collected for the purpose of determining the amount, location and frequency of customer traffic into our stores. A mobile device’s MAC address identifies a specific device to the surrounding Wi-Fi networks. The MAC address does not disclose the identity or any other personal data of the mobile device user.
You may opt-out of having your MAC address recorded by visiting the following link and entering your mobile device’s MAC address: https://optout.smart-places.org/
To learn more about the use of Customer Mobile Device Data and your choices, please visit: www.smartstoreprivacy.comUse of Your Personal Information
We use the information we collect from our customers for various purposes, including:
- Process transactions upon their request.
- Improve our stores, website, customers shopping experience and quality of service.
- Determine the amount, location and frequency of customer traffic into our stores.
- Send communications to you about our products, services surveys and promotions, as well as about the Tory Burch Foundation.
- Prevent and detect fraud and abuse.
- Process information or claims in connection with incidents at our stores.
- Enable our service providers to perform certain activities on our behalf.
- Comply with our legal obligations, policies and procedures and for internal administrative and analytics purposes.
- Combine information obtained in store and online for the purposes identified above.
Others with Whom We May Share Your Information
Service Providers and the Tory Burch Foundation: We may disclose information to outside companies that help us bring you the products and services we offer. For example, we may work with an outside company to: (a) manage a database of customer information; (b) assist us in distributing emails; (c) assist us with direct marketing and data collection; (d) provide us data storage and analysis; (e) provide fraud prevention; (f) provide customer service by phone; and (g) provide other services designed to assist us in maximizing our business potential. We require that these outside companies agree to keep confidential all information we share with them and to use the information only to perform their obligations in the agreements and in a manner consistent with this Privacy and Usage Policy. We also may share your information with the Tory Burch Foundation so that you can receive information regarding this organization, which was founded in 2009 by Ms. Tory Burch.
Compliance with Law: We may provide access to information when legally required to do so, to cooperate with legal proceedings, to protect against misuse or unauthorized use of our website, to limit our legal liability and protect our rights or to protect the rights, property or safety of visitors of this website or the public.
Links to other sites
While visiting our website, you may link to sites operated by our business partners or other third parties. This does not mean that we endorse these sites. We do not make any representations or warranties about any website you may access through the Tory Burch website. They are independent from us, and we have no control over, or responsibility for, their information or activities.
In addition, our privacy practices may differ from those of these other sites. If you provide personal information at one of those sites, you are subject to the privacy policy of the operator of that site, not the Tory Burch Privacy and Usage Policy. Please make sure you understand the other site's privacy policy before providing personal information.
Security
Tory Burch uses commercially reasonable measures to keep your financial information private and safe. We take appropriate physical, electronic and administrative steps to maintain the security and accuracy of personally identifiable information we collect, including limiting the number of people who have physical access to our database servers, as well as employing electronic security systems and password protections that guard against unauthorized access. In addition, it is our policy to never send your credit card number via email. Our customer service center and stores also operate over a private, secure network. Please note, however, that email is not encrypted and is not considered to be a secure means of transmitting credit card information.
We use what we consider to be industry standard security technology in transferring information to process your orders. All credit card transactions should take place in a protected area of our website, which is designed to reduce the risk of any loss, misuse or alteration of the information collected. When you have finished shopping and begin the checkout process, you should move into the protected area of our website. Once you've entered, the page address (URL) should change from http to https. Also, a key or a closed lock should appear in the lower right hand corner of your screen to notify you of this change. You should remain in this secure zone for the entire checkout process. Please check that you are still in this protected area when you type in your credit card details.
Unfortunately, despite our best efforts, the transmission of data over the Internet cannot be guaranteed to be 100% secure. While we will use commercially reasonable means to ensure the security of information you transmit to us, we cannot guarantee that such information will not be intercepted by third parties. We may, however, prosecute any unauthorized or fraudulent transactions to the fullest extent permitted by law.
“SPOOFING” AND “PHISHING”
“Spoofing” or “Phishing” are common Internet scams. These may occur when you receive an email from what appears to be a legitimate source requesting personal information from you. Please be aware that Tory Burch will NEVER send you an email requesting you to verify credit card or bank information. If you ever receive an email that appears to be from us requesting such information from you, DO NOT respond to it, and DO NOT click on any links appearing in the email. Instead, please forward the email to us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>as we will endeavor to investigate all instances of possible Internet fraud.
Children's Privacy
Our website is not meant for children. We do not intentionally collect any personal information from children under the age of thirteen, and will dispose of any such information if we become aware that it has been provided to us. Our online contests or sweepstakes are restricted to entrants who are at least 18 years old or the age of majority in the jurisdiction where they are located, whichever is greater.
California Privacy Rights
Under California Civil Code sections 1798.83-1798.84, California residents are entitled to ask us for a notice describing what categories of personal information we share with third parties or corporate affiliates for those third parties’ or corporate affiliates' direct marketing purposes. That notice will identify the categories of information shared and will include a list of the third parties and affiliates with which it was shared, along with their names and addresses. If you are a California resident and would like a copy of this notice, please submit a written request to the following address: Tory Burch LLC, 11 West 19th Street, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10011, Attn: Customer Care or by email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Please allow 30 days for a response.
Your Consent
You acknowledge that this Privacy and Usage Policy is part of the Terms of Use and you agree: (1) that using our website signifies your assent to Tory Burch's Privacy and Usage Policy and related terms of use provided above; (2) that such policy is subject to all applicable laws; and (3) your use is undertaken at your own risk. Tory Burch reserves the right to change this Privacy and Usage Policy at any time, without advance notice. As described above, if we decide to change our Privacy and Usage Policy, we will post those changes on this page so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it and under what circumstances we disclose it. In the event of a corporate reorganization or asset transfer, your personal information may also be transferred. However, use of your personal information will remain subject to this Privacy and Usage Policy. By giving us your personal information you consent to those transfers occurring.
FOR EUROPEAN CITIZENS
Your data may be stored and processed in and transferred to the United States and other non-European countries. Data may also be processed by people around the world who work for us or for one of our suppliers or vendors. These people may be engaged in, among other things, the fulfilment of your information requests, meeting your orders and the provision of support services. By consenting to this Privacy Policy, you confirm to be aware of and to accept the fact that these countries are deemed by the EU and other European authorities to not have data privacy laws that provide equivalent protection as the EU. However, Tory Burch takes what it considers to be appropriate technical and organizational measures to guard against unauthorized or unlawful processing of your data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, your data. Tory Burch has security measures in place designed to protect its customer database.
HOW TO CONTACT US
If you have any questions about your privacy or security on our website, please contact us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>TERMS OF USE
August 4, 2015
Please read the following terms and conditions (the “Terms of Use”) carefully before using the website. By accessing this website, you agree to be bound by these Terms of Use. If you do not agree with these Terms of Use, you may not use the website. We recommend that you keep a printed copy of these Terms of Use for future reference.
Intellectual Property Ownership & Use
Please be aware that as you visit and navigate this website your use of our website is subject to applicable laws governing ownership and use of intellectual property, including our trademarks and copyrights.
For International Website Users: The website is hosted in the United States and is intended for and directed to users in the United States. By using this website you are subjecting yourself to the laws and jurisdiction of the United States.
Trademarks
You may not use any of the Tory Burch trademarks or trade dress without our prior written permission. Trademarks or trade dress include the Tory Burch name and logos, and other graphics, logos, page headers, button icons, scripts, and service names of Tory Burch's products, services, and programs. Any other trademarks that appear on our website are the property of their owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by us or our affiliates.
Copyright
All text, graphics, photographs, logos, button icons, images, audio clips, digital downloads, and data compilations appearing on the website, including in related emails and marketing materials, as well as the software used to create them, are owned or licensed by Tory Burch and/or its affiliates and are protected by U.S. and foreign copyright laws. You may electronically copy and/or print “hard copies” from the website solely for personal, non-commercial purposes related to placing an order or shopping on the website. Any other use of any content included on the website, including linking or framing to this website, are strictly prohibited unless you first obtain our prior written consent.
Non-Confidential Information
Except for information necessary to place an order, please do not send to us any confidential or proprietary information through this website. Any information, materials, suggestions, ideas or comments sent to us will be considered non-confidential, and by submitting it, you are giving us the absolute right to use, modify, reproduce, transmit, display and distribute it for any purpose whatsoever, with no payment or other compensation to you. However, we will not use your name unless we are required by law to identify the source of the materials, information, suggestions, ideas or comments, or unless we first obtain your permission.
Errors & Inaccuracies
We always try to provide complete, accurate, up-to-date information on our website. Unfortunately, despite those efforts, human or technological errors may occur. This website may contain typographical mistakes, inaccuracies, or omissions, some of which may relate to pricing and availability, and some information may not be complete or current. We reserve the right to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions, including after an order has been submitted, and to change or update information at any time without prior notice.
Shipment of Order
Orders will be shipped to the address designated by the purchaser as long as that shipping address is compliant with the restrictions contained on toryburch.com. All purchases from toryburch.com are made pursuant to the terms and conditions found on the website. Risk of loss and title for items purchased from the website pass to the buyer upon delivery of the items to the carrier. The buyer is responsible for filing any claims with carriers for damaged and/or lost shipments.
Disclaimer of Liability
We make no representations or warranties of any kind, whether express or implied, with respect to this website, its content, or the information available on or through it; they are provided "as is," with all faults. Except as otherwise provided under applicable laws, we will not be liable for any damages whatsoever arising out of or related to the use of this website or any other site linked to it. This limitation of liability applies to direct, indirect, consequential, special, punitive or other damages you or others may suffer, as well as damages for lost profits, business interruption or the loss of data or information, even if we are notified in advance of the potential for any such damages.
Applicable Law
By visiting our website, you agree that the laws of the State of New York, without regard to principles of conflict of laws, will govern any dispute of any sort that might arise between you and us or any of our affiliates regarding your visit to and use of our website.


I reached colonel service star(eagle)100 at the bf3 version on xbox 360.
We have reached just the halftime of bf3 releases and I earn any following Points
only for the Worldranking.
It would be better for the gamers , like me ,and a growing pool of passionate soldiers-
If they have following targets after reach the colonels higest grade.
What,if- Dice alloweds a following ranking system,if they would -it can be an General-Stars
ladder,start from colonel 100 and then move to General 1 ,perhaps with a big Nuke in the backround.
I hope for that!
Sorry for my English,Im a german Soldier.
please send suggestions
juress
Theme Developer
Thats nice, but Better Battlelog isn't DICE, so you'll have to write them about it.


The 20 Biggest Spending Managers in Football History
by Jamie SpencerFootball managers often live and die by transfers. They might not always be directly in charge of signings, but being handed expensive players by their club will always bring huge expectations.
Everyone on this list has seen more than £500m worth of new players sign for their clubs over the years. But who are the biggest spending managers in history?
All data is courtesy of Transfermarkt.
Note: Only players who commanded a fee for a permanent transfer are included in the number of signings. Any difference between fees stated here and reported fees may be down to a number of factors, such as currency fluctuation, add-ons/bonuses or other potential variables.
20. Brendan Rodgers - £503m
65 signings
Avg. per signing: £7.7m
Most expensive: Christian Benteke (£41.85m – Liverpool, 2015)
Brendan Rodgers’ most expensive signing at a club anywhere other than Liverpool or current side Leicester comes in at under £10m. He had a big budget at Anfield, but few of the players that arrived were successes, not that it was necessarily solely his decision.
19. Fabio Capello - £513m
65 signings
Avg. per signing: £7.9m
Most expensive: Gabriel Batistuta (£32.5m – Roma, 2000)
Several of the most expensive players Fabio Capello managed during his storied career were signed during his spell at Roma, including the likes of Gabriel Batistuta, Antonio Cassano, Vincenzo Montella and Walter Samuel. Three of those won Serie A in 2000/01.
18. Marcello Lippi - £524m
59 signings
Avg. per signing: £8.9m
Most expensive: Gianluigi Buffon (£47.5m – Juventus, 2001)
Italian football led the way in big transfers in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with Marcello Lippi afforded plenty of expensive players at Juventus and Inter around that time. The capture of Gianluigi Buffon from Parma in 2001 stood as a world record for a goalkeeper for 17 years.
17. Leonardo Jardim - £528m
67 signings
Avg. per signing: £7.9m
Most expensive: Wissam Ben Yedder (£36m – Monaco, 2019)
Having narrowly avoided an embarrassing relegation in 2018/19, Monaco spent big to try and equip Leonardo Jardim with a squad good enough to return to the right end of the table. It included the most expensive signing of his career to date in Wissam Ben Yedder
16. Mark Hughes - £536m
62 signings
Avg. per signing: £8.6m
Most expensive: Robinho (£38.7m – Manchester City, 2008)
Mark Hughes was installed as Manchester City manager shortly before the Abu Dhabi takeover in 2008 and reaped the rewards of a massively inflated transfer budget. That being said, he was also backed with considerable money at both Stoke and Southampton later on.
15. Luciano Spalletti - £569m
88 signings
Avg. per signing: £6.5m
Most expensive: Hulk (£36m – Zenit St Petersburg, 2012)
Luciano Spalletti might not have been an obvious contender for this list, but Inter spent very big during the Italian’s relatively short-lived time at San Siro. The double capture of Axel Witsel and Hulk stand out from his spell at Zenit St Petersburg.
14. Jurgen Klopp - £577m
68 signings
Avg. per signing: £8.5m
Most expensive: Virgil van Dijk (£76.19m – Liverpool, 2018)
Such was Borussia Dortmund’s financial position 10 years ago, Jurgen Klopp initially had very little to spend on players during his time there. That has significantly changed at Liverpool, with well over half of his career spend coming just since the summer 2017.
13. Louis van Gaal - £588m
65 signings
Avg. per signing: £9m
Most expensive: Angel Di Maria (£67.5m – Manchester United, 2014)
Louis van Gaal famously enjoyed a lot of success as a manager using home-grown players, but the situation he found himself in at Manchester United required serious cash. That, plus inflation, is why nine of his 15 most expensive signings came in just two years at Old Trafford.
12. Rafael Benitez - £695m
93 signings
Avg. per signing: £7.5m
Most expensive: Gonzalo Higuain (£35.1m – Napoli, 2013)
Rafa Benitez is revered a manager, but many of his most expensive signings fell short of being home-runs. He had success with Fernando Torres, while Gonzalo Higuain exploded into life under someone else, but then there’s Robbie Keane, Djibril Cisse and Alberto Aquilani.
11. Antonio Conte - £700m
68 signings
Avg. per signing: £10.3m
Most expensive: Alvaro Morata (£59.4m – Chelsea, 2017)
Inter could end up paying more for Romelu Lukaku over time, but for now the most expensive signing of Antonio Conte’s career as a manager remains Alvaro Morata. The Italian had wanted Lukaku at Chelsea instead of Morata in 2017, but has finally got his man at a different club.
10. Claudio Ranieri - £721m
95 signings
Avg. per signing: £7.6m
Most expensive: James Rodriguez (£40.5m – Monaco, 2013)
Claudio Ranieri has benefitted from major club spending sprees a few times in his lengthy managerial career. The Italian was the incumbent when Roman Abramovich began injecting money into Chelsea in 2003 and was at Monaco when they attacked the market in 2013.
9. Roberto Mancini - £721m
79 signings
Avg. per signing: £9.1m
Most expensive: Sergio Aguero (£36m – Manchester City, 2011)
It highlights the spending power of Premier League clubs compared to the rest of Europe that Roberto Mancini has never had a player who cost more than Sergio Aguero in three separate jobs at Galatasaray, Inter and Zenit since leaving Manchester City.
8. Unai Emery - £731m
67 signings
Avg. per signing: £10.9m
Most expensive: Neymar (£199.8m – Paris Saint-Germain, 2017)
Having famously thrived at Sevilla under a system where revered sporting director Monchi would supply him with incredible bargains, Unai Emery entered a different world when he joined PSG in 2016. A year later, his bosses shattered the world transfer record to sign Neymar.
7. Ernesto Valverde - £761m
50 signings
Avg. per signing: £15.2m
Most expensive: Philippe Coutinho (£130.5m – Barcelona, 2018)
The summer of 2019 saw the transfer spend during Ernesto Valverde’s career as a manager grow by close to 50% in the space of just a few months. Antoine Griezmann and Frenkie de Jong immediately became two of the four most expensive signings he has ever been given.
6. Diego Simeone - £813m
64 signings
Avg. per signing: £12.7m
Most expensive: Joao Felix (£113.4m – Atletico Madrid, 2019)
Atletico Madrid knew only too well ahead of this season that challenging Real Madrid and Barcelona in La Liga required huge spending. They did just that, handing Diego Simeone well over £200m worth of new players in one summer alone.
5. Massimiliano Allegri - £923m
87 signings
Avg. per signing: £10.6m
Most expensive: Cristiano Ronaldo (£105.3m – Juventus, 2018)
Five seasons at Juventus is an easy way to rack up major transfer expenditure, with players moving to Turin accounting for most of the money spent during Massimiliano Allegri’s career. Juventus buys make up his entire top 10, and 17 of his top 20.
4. Manuel Pellegrini - £1.01bn
86 signings
Avg. per signing: £11.8m
Most expensive: Cristiano Ronaldo (£84.6m – Real Madrid, 2009)
Manuel Pellegrini wasn’t directly in charge of transfer at Real Madrid, but the Chilean was handed over £200m worth of players in one summer alone when he first arrived at the Bernabeu. That included two world record deals for Kaka and Cristiano Ronaldo.
3. Pep Guardiola - £1.18bn
58 signings
Avg. per signing: £20.4m
Most expensive: Rodri (£63m – Manchester City, 2019)
Pep Guardiola has often gone for quality over quantity when it comes to signings. His clubs have supplied him with far fewer buys than most on this list, but the average fee spent per player is considerably higher than the rest. Seven of his signings have cost in excess of £50m each.
2. Carlo Ancelotti - £1.23bn
94 signings
Avg. per signing: £13m
Most expensive: Gareth Bale (£90.9m – Real Madrid, 2013)
Carlo Ancelotti has never been short of transfer backing in his illustrious managerial career. That much is clear by the fact that five different clubs – Real Madrid, Chelsea, PSG, Bayern Munich and Napoli – are represented on the list of his 10 most expensive buys, all above £30m.
1. Jose Mourinho - £1.40bn
97 signings
Avg. per signing: £14.4m
Most expensive: Paul Pogba (94.5m – Manchester United, 2016)
When it comes to managers getting financial backing from their clubs, none come close to Jose Mourinho. The Portuguese is close to £200m out in front, but it remains to be seen what kind of transfer budget there will be at latest side Tottenham.
For more from Jamie Spencer, follow him on Twitter and Facebook!


Star Wars: Rise of Skywalker Director Confirms Film's Final Runtime
by Jon ArvedonThe saga of Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker's runtime is nearly as long as the Skywalker Saga itself. However, we now have confirmation of the film's official runtime from the most reputable source possible: director/co-writer J.J. Abrams.
While speaking with EW, Abrams said the final cut of the film is 141 minutes, adding an "I believe" at the end to possibly account for a few extra minutes of credits.
In August, percussionist Don Williams, the brother of longtime Star Wars composer John Williams, hinted that the film may have clocked in at 135 minutes. Then, when tickets went on sale in October, AMC listed the film at 155 minutes, which would have made Episode IX the longest entry in the franchise, beating out The Last Jedi's previous record of 152 minutes.
Click the button below to start this article in quick view.
Directed and co-written by J.J. Abrams, Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker stars Daisy Ridley, Adam Driver, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong’o, Domhnall Gleeson, Kelly Marie Tran, Joonas Suotamo, Billie Lourd, Keri Russell, Anthony Daniels, Mark Hamill, Billy Dee Williams, and Carrie Fisher, with Naomi Ackie and Richard E. Grant. The film arrives on Dec. 20.
https://schema.orgBreadcrumbListListItem1Homehttps://www.cbr.com/ListItem2Movieshttps://www.cbr.com/category/movies/ListItem3Movie Newshttps://www.cbr.com/category/movies/news-movies/ListItem4Star Wars: Rise of Skywalker Director Confirms Film's Final Runtimehttps://www.cbr.com/star-wars-rise-of-skywalker-final-runtime/


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Import from paysite
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Your session key is used to scrape paid posts from your feed. After downloading missing posts, the key is immediately discarded and never stored.
Fantia
- At least one paid content must be unlocked for the post to be imported. Free posts cannot be archived at this time.
- In order to download post contents accurately, the importer will automatically enable adult-viewing mode for duration of the import if you have it turned off. Do not change back to general-viewing during imports.
If you're having trouble with the importer, contact admin.
{% endblock %}


My dad is a nature photographer and has over 1700 of his photos on his instagram account. I scrapped the photos from his account. I wanted to try out some image recommendations (i.e. show me similar photos to the selected photo) and try to see if I could properly cluster them, as a first look suggests there are certain categories of photo, e.g. landscape, elk/moose, birds, etc.
Tensorflow has great tools for image analysis and classification, so I wanted to try them out for myself. To get started I used the Intel Image Classification Dataset and follow a standard approach. Then I used a set of images scraped from google image search and experimented with transfer learning.
Time series forecasting involves using historical scalar data of a time series to predict future observations. I used an ARIMA model on the number of daily Covid cases in the US, which I scraped from Wikipedia. I also added the number of daily protests (downloaded from here) as an exogenous variable to the model, which resulted in a better fit to the model.
Collaborative filtering recommendation systems are fun, but it's hard to find data for it that's not proprietary. So I used a clean dataset from Kaggle, transform the data, and feed it to SVD, and test it using standard and custom methods.
I used Thompson sampling to simulate how a website might employ ad auctions to decide which ad should be placed on the website based off the expected value. The document shows how to continuously update the model after several campaigns and how this affects the distributions of expected values. This follows this blog entry.
I used Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools to analyze Marvel Movie Transcripts from this website. I used the scraped transcripts to some classification (MCU vs. other marvel projects) and some Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to see which movies are most similar to each other. Both approaches ended up relying heavily on the names, which, due mainly to the inconsistent script structure, was infeasible to properly remove.
While I was a Data Science Fellow at Insight Data Science I worked on a machine learning web application that assists cryptocurrency investors in growing their portfolios. The web app was launched to a domain name using AWS, but has since been taken down due to costs. You can find the code to analyze the data and build the model in my github repo here and the code to build and launch the web app here.
This is a study of the interconnected network of podcast hosts and guests, named for Joe Rogan, who is particularly central in the network, given that he has released over a thousand episodes with interviews with people from all walks of life. This website can be used as a podcast discovery tool where you can see all the guests of various podcasts, and all the podcasts that each guest has been on. You can also explore the various connections between podcast, hence the "Six Degrees". There are more indepth explorations into this dataset explored in the Advanced section.
Kaggle is a website where users can post datasets and others can post analyses, or kernels, both of which can be upvoted and be seen by more users. Companies and organizations often post competitions where they supply a dataset and offer cash prizes to whoever submits the best set of predictions. I used this site to practice and refine my python and machine learning skills. Here are a few of my submissions.
I took a graduate-level Data Visualization class in the Media and Arts Technology department at UCSB. We focused on using MySQL to query databases (specifically, checkout data for the Seattle Public Library for this course) and Processing to display and visualize the data in 2D and 3D environments. For the final project, I used data generated from MESA for a star with the same mass as the Sun from birth to death. A video from the resulting visualization is presented to the right. Souce code.


RaycastResult Class
Storage for Ray casting hit data.
Constructor
RaycastResult
()
Item Index
Methods
Methods
getHitDistance
(
Number
-
ray
Get the distance to the hit point.
Parameters:
-
ray
Ray
Returns:
Number:
hasHit
()
Returns true if the ray hit something since the last reset().
reset
()
Reset all result data. Must be done before re-using the result object.
set
(
private
-
normal
-
shape
-
body
-
fraction
-
faceIndex
stop
()
Can be called while iterating over hits to stop searching for hit points.
Properties
faceIndex
Number
The index of the hit triangle, if the hit shape was indexable.
Default: -1
fraction
Number
Distance to the hit, as a fraction. 0 is at the "from" point, 1 is at the "to" point. Will be set to -1 if there was no hit yet.
Default: -1
isStopped
Boolean
If the ray should stop traversing.
normal
Array
The normal of the hit, oriented in world space.


Reports methods that have too high a cyclomatic complexity. Cyclomatic
complexity is basically a measurement of the number of branching points in a method. Methods with too high
a cyclomatic complexity may be confusing and difficult to test.
Use the field below to specify the maximum cyclomatic complexity a method is allowed to have.
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NSEQ
Section: OpenSSL (1)Updated: 2000-01-21
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
nseq - create or examine a netscape certificate sequenceSYNOPSIS
openssl nseq [-in filename] [-out filename] [-toseq]DESCRIPTION
The nseq command takes a file containing a Netscape certificate sequence and prints out the certificates contained in it or takes a file of certificates and converts it into a Netscape certificate sequence.COMMAND OPTIONS
- -in filename
- This specifies the input filename to read or standard input if this option is not specified.
- -out filename
- specifies the output filename or standard output by default.
- -toseq
- normally a Netscape certificate sequence will be input and the output is the certificates contained in it. With the -toseq option the situation is reversed: a Netscape certificate sequence is created from a file of certificates.
EXAMPLES
Output the certificates in a Netscape certificate sequence
openssl nseq -in nseq.pem -out certs.pem
Create a Netscape certificate sequence
openssl nseq -in certs.pem -toseq -out nseq.pem
NOTES
The PEM encoded form uses the same headers and footers as a certificate:
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- -----END CERTIFICATE-----
A Netscape certificate sequence is a Netscape specific form that can be sent to browsers as an alternative to the standard PKCS#7 format when several certificates are sent to the browser: for example during certificate enrollment. It is used by Netscape certificate server for example.
BUGS
This program needs a few more options: like allowing DER or PEM input and output files and allowing multiple certificate files to be used.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:29:06 GMT, December 24, 2015


.matte
Lifts content off the page and applies a light background.
Details
- filename: /composables/matte.less
- settings: none
- defaults: box-shadow, padding, margin-bottom
composable · supports colors
Examples
The matte component presents the inner content on a raised, lightened surface.
Here, a paragraph is presented inside of a div with the matte class.
Here's the same div, but with the border and padding classes.
Mattes work with colors, light & dark, and the .texture composable.
Hey!
This is a .skyblue matte.
Hey!
This is a .red .texture matte.
Hey!
This is a .skyblue .dark .texture .card .no-padding matte with a .black h3.


--- layout: post title: Website Goes Live categories: - Blog tags: - Organization News status: publish type: post published: true meta: _edit_last: '3' pexeto_video: '' dsq_thread_id: '1772369599' _yoast_wpseo_linkdex: '0' author: login: Alice email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Alice first_name: Alice last_name: '' ---
Welcome to the Restore the Fourth SF website!
To make a suggestion or become a contributor, send an email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>We hope to plan our next open strategy meeting soon, it will be held in Oakland near BART. We are looking for volunteers to plan and run the meeting.
Thanks for joining us!


#include <uvm_callback.h>
Inheritance diagram for uvm::uvm_callback:
Public Member Functions | |
| unsigned int | priority () const |
Protected Member Functions | |
| uvm_callback (int priority) | |
| virtual | ~uvm_callback () |
| virtual void | call ()=0 |
Protected Attributes | |
| unsigned int | _priority |
Friends | |
| class | uvm_callback_agent |
Definition at line 45 of file uvm_callback.h.


{% extends 'layouts/layout.html' %} {% block pageTitle %} What you need {% endblock %} {% block content %}
To create an NHS login you will need your mobile phone, as we will text you a security code.
You also need to prove who you are. You can do this using your photo I.D. and a video selfie, or registration details from your GP surgery’s online services.
Accepted types of photo I.D. are:
This will take around 20 minutes. This may take longer if you are using assistive technologies.
Registration details from your GP surgery’s online services include:
This will take around 10 minutes. This may take longer if you are using assistive technologies.


HTML 4.01 Test Suite - Assertions
Testable Assertions: Section 15 Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules
15 Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules
Assertion 15.1.1-1
(must)(deprecated) The bgcolor attribute sets the background color for the document body or table cells, affecting these elements: BODY, TABLE, TR, TH and TD. The value for this attribute is a color (section 6.5)
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.2-1
(must)(deprecated) The align attribute specifies the horozontal alignment of its element with respect to the surrounding context. In section 15.1.2, it is only defined for text elements. It has four values: left, center, right and justify.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.2-2
(must)(deprecated) The left value for the align attribute renders text lines flush left.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.2-3
(must)(deprecated) The center value for the align attribute centers text lines.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.2-4
(must)(deprecated) The right value for the align attribute renders text lines flush right.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.2-5
(must)(deprecated) The justify value for the align attribute justifies text lines to both margins.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.2-6
(must)(deprecated) The default value for the align attribute depends on base text direction. For left to right text, the default value is left. For right to left text, the default value is right.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.2-7
(must)(deprecated) The CENTER element is exactly equivalent to specifying the DIV element with the align attribute set to center.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-1
(must)(deprecated) The align attribute for object, images, tables, frames, etc., causes the object to float to the left or right margin. Section 15.1.3 only considers the align attribute for use with object, images, tables, frames, etc.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-2
(must)(deprecated) The left value for the align attribute floats the object to the current left margin. Subsequent text flows along the image's right side.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-3
(must)(deprecated) The right value for the align attribute floats the object to the current right margin. Subsequent text flows along the image's left side.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-4
(must)(deprecated) For P and DIV, the center value for the align attribute causes the contents of the element to be centered.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-5
(must)(deprecated) The clear attribute is defined for the BR element. The clear attribute specifies where the next line should appear in a visual browser after the line break caused by BR.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-6
(must)(deprecated) The none value for the clear attribute means that the next line will begin normally. This is the default value.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-7
(must)(deprecated) The left value for the clear attribute means that the next line will begin at the nearest line below any floating objects on the left-hand margin.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-8
(must)(deprecated) The right value for the clear attribute means that the next line will begin at the nearest line below any floating objects on the right-hand margin.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.1.3-9
(must)(deprecated) The all value for the clear attribute means that the next line will begin at the nearest line below any floating objects on either margin.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-1
(author)(must) The start tag and end tag are required for TT, I, B, BIG, SMALL and STRIKE.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-2
(author)(must)(deprecated) The start tag and end tag are required for the S and U tags.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-3
(must)(deprecated) The size attribute of the FONT and BASEFONT tags sets the size of the font.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-4
(must)(deprecated) Some possible values for the size attribute are the integers between 1 and 7. These integers set the font to some fixed size, whose rendering depends on the user agent.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-5
(must)(deprecated) The other possible values for the size attribute are relative increases in font size. The value "+1" means one size larger. The value "-3" means three sizes smaller. All sizes belong to the scale of 1 to 7.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-6
(must)(deprecated) The color attribute of the FONT and BASEFONT tags sets the text color.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-7
(should)(deprecated) The face attribute of the FONT and BASEFONT tags defines a comma-separated list of font names the user agent should search for in order of preference
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-8
(must)(deprecated) The FONT element changes the font size and color for text in its contents.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-9
(must)(deprecated) The BASEFONT element sets the base font size using the size attribute.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-10
(must)(deprecated) Font size changes achieved with FONT are relative to the base font size set by BASEFONT.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-11
(must)(deprecated) If BASEFONT is not used, the default base font size is 3.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.2.1-12
(must)(deprecated) The base font size does not apply to headings, except where these are modified using the FONT element with a relative font size change.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-1
(author)(must) HR: The start tag is required and the end tag is forbidden.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-2
(must)(deprecated) The align attribute of the HR element specifies the horozontal alignment of the rule with respect to the surrounding context.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-3
(must)(deprecated) The left value of the align attribute of the HR element means that the rule is rendered flush left.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-4
(must)(deprecated) The center value of the align attribute of the HR element means that the rule is centered.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-5
(must)(deprecated) The right value of the align attribute of the HR element means that the rule is rendered flush right.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-6
(must)(deprecated) The default value of the align attribute of the HR element is center.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-7
(must)(deprecated) The noshade attribute of the HR element is a boolean attribute that, when set, requests taht the user agent render the rule in a solid color rather than as the tradional two-color "groove".
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-8
(must)(deprecated) The size attribute of the HR element specifies the height of the rule.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-9
(must)(deprecated) The value of the size attribute of the HR element is measured in pixels. The default value for this attribute depends on the user agent.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-10
(must)(deprecated) The width attribute specifies the width of the rule. The default value for this attribute is 100%, which means that the rule extends across the entire canvas.
Tests: None
Assertion 15.3-11
(must) The HR element causes a horizontal rule to be rendered by visual user agents.


Discussion and questions about Komodo QT-wallet.
Latest wallet download https://komodoplatform.com/komodo-wallets/
100 messages
Before 05-Dec-19 12:00 AM
SHossain06-Jul-19 03:33 PM
it's up to you
guttermonk06-Jul-19 03:41 PM
Ahh okay, that's good to know. Thank you!
CombatWombat08-Jul-19 03:38 PM
I have tried to sync the komodo wallet...it syncs up but then after i close and reopen the wallet i get this error message
"Error opening block database.
error in HDD data, might just need to update to latest, if that doesn't work, then you need to resync"
it's the latest wallet and it's the second time i got the message... synced twice now same thing
jon_at_work09-Jul-19 12:25 PM
having some issues getting the kmd wallet to work on linux
i downloaded the tar file and extracted it. ran ./fetch-params.sh and then ./komodo-qt-linux and get an error about conf
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
and a popup window with;
Error: Cannot parse configuration file: Missing komodo.conf. Only use key=value syntax.
any ideas?
SHossain09-Jul-19 12:32 PM
are you running with VNC?
jon_at_work09-Jul-19 12:33 PM
no
SHossain09-Jul-19 12:34 PM
which OS you aree running?
jon_at_work09-Jul-19 12:34 PM
linux ubuntu
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴09-Jul-19 12:36 PM
mkdir ~/.komodo
then copy the conf file provided there
SHossain09-Jul-19 12:36 PM
QStandardPaths: XDG_RUNTIME_DIR not set, defaulting to '/tmp/runtime-root'
i've seen this error only when i connected to my Ubuntu 18.04 desktop with tightVNC. the other error could be if you dont' have komodo.conf file in data dir. follow @ComputerGenie 👴👴👴's instruction above
Hi everyone I can not open my wallet. I keep getting an error message stating, "A fatal error occured. Komodo can no longer continue safely and will quit. EXCEPTION:15dbwrapper_error Database corrupted C:\Users\mwr4mw\Downloads\komodo-qt-win\komodo-qt-win.exe in Runaway exception." Any ideas how to solve this? I have tried redownloading but it continues to pop up.
Komodo QT wallet. Contribute to DeckerSU/KomodoOcean development by creating an account on GitHub.
1
boris21516-Jul-19 09:59 PM
Today I downloaded the latest version from github (v2.0.15-rc2-g28-4). But when i'm launch it i see another version
( v2.0.15-rc2-9693cfe (64-bit) ) https://c2n.me/42CnxhD
I havent received my last two mining payments from the mining pool so I restarted the Ocean wallet and it was stuck at 99.94% for quite some time. So I exited that wallet and downloaded the latest version and installed it. It also is stuck on 99.94%. My last block update was July 16th at 12:53:21. With the recent changes that were implemented do I need to open a port on my router to allow block chain updates for this wallet? Or is there another reason for the failure to update? Like Windows 10 firewall settings or ? I haven't made any changes or software updates (other than the Ocean wallet) on my PC.
Both payments show as valid in the blockchain explorer and have many confirmations on them, so I know they are legit.
I have the ASUS AC-5300 router. I did update the firmware on Monday, but my wallet was receiving payments after the update so I am pretty sure that is not the cause.
Catalyst17-Jul-19 10:24 PM
Good Evening
Guys i would like to ask that My KomodoOcean - Wallet is stuck at Tue Jul 16 22:53:21 2019
has there been some changes to the wallet?
@ca333(edited)
then, check what block you are in. use getinfo call from Help > Debug Window to find it.
once you found the block number, e.g: for block 1444008 use getblockhash 1444008
once you have the hash for the block you are stuck at, use invalidateblock <BLOCKHASH> without <> like the command below
once that is done, use reconsiderblock 035ee329fe10944f1b0bf659a8b8d2424322b98532deba0fe225f26eb350fdb2
wait for the daemon to get on mainchain which might take some time
James Wong18-Jul-19 07:30 AM
Got this message. Hope that's expected.
>A block chain reorganization has been detected that would roll back 267 blocks! This is larger than the maximum of 99 blocks, and so the node is shutting down for your safety.
gcharang18-Jul-19 07:41 AM
@James Wong
first update to the latest version and follow the instructions in the message just above yours
Pinned a message.
Catalyst18-Jul-19 10:33 AM
Is it normal? I mean i was using this one komodo-qt-v2.0.15-rc2-g28-2
was it wrong wallet?
gcharang18-Jul-19 10:37 AM
@Catalyst yes
komodo-qt-v2.0.15-rc2-g28-2 is an outdated version
using the latest version and following the steps posted by shossain above should fix the issue


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SUBJECT INDEX Anthropology Architecture Art Black Studies Business Ecology Economics Education Film Healthcare History Law Linguistics Literature Mass Media Medicine Music Philosophy Political Science Psychology Religion Science Shakespeare Sociology Sports Recreation Urban Studies Women's Studies |
Literature: Written in Other LanguagesTo order a specific paper, click the Catalog Number button next to the Paper Title of interest. Send comments to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Last Updated: 12/21/96 Copyright ©1996 ASM Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. |


THE CHAMBERMAID ON THE TITANIC A film review by Mark R. Leeper
Capsule: In a harsh steel mill town in France of 1912 a man's romantic fantasies transform his life and the lives of the people around him. This is a Spanish film about how human nature will choose a pleasant lie over a brutal truth and the power of the right fantasy to transfigure the listener. Rating: 7 (0 to 10), +2 (-4 to +4) New York Critics: 9 positive, 0 negative, 2 mixed
If I were to look for a film to double-feature with THE CHAMBERMAID ON THE TITANIC, it would probably be last year's misunderstood and under-appreciated THE POSTMAN. Both films are about unpleasant societies and the transforming and inspiring power of just the right lie. In each film the public is more than anxious to be fooled by the lie that fills a need.
THE CHAMBERMAID ON THE TITANIC opens in a steel mill town somewhere in France. One gets a feel for how harsh life is in the credit sequence where the pouring of molten steel looks like the core of a volcano. Fun in this town is the annual race in which the runners, sopping wet, carry large sandbags on their backs through puddles of standing water. Each then has to climb a hill of cinders to retrieve a baton only to return to the run. The winner this time, as it has been the previous two, is young and handsome Horty (Olivier Martinez). This year there is to be a special prize. The winner gets a trip to Southampton, England to see the embarkation of the steamship Titanic. Actually the prize was to have been two tickets, but the manager of the mill wants to use the opportunity to attempt to seduce Horty's wife Zoe (Romane Bohringer). Unaware of what is happening at home, Horty goes to Southampton.
In his hotel Horty meets a beautiful damsel in distress. Marie (Aitana Sanchez-Gijon) is to be a chambermaid on the departing ship in the morning, but she cannot find a room for the night and asks Horty if she may have his room. He reluctantly agrees and spends a frustrating but chaste night in the same bed with the comely woman. Marie is gone before he arises and as he watches the Titanic set sail, he notices that a local photographer captured her picture. He purchases the picture and fantasizes about what might have been.
On his return, Horty's friends hint to him that his wife may have been seeing the manager. Jealous of his wife, he retreats to the bar to enjoy his memories and his photograph of Marie. When his friends start pressing him for details, he brags of his romantic adventures, telling his fantasies as if they were true. What begins as the locker-room sort of boasting evolves into a sort of romantic soft-core pornography. Ever-increasing crowds of both genders gather each night to escape their problems and hear the story of the romantic interlude.
The deceptively simple story touches on not just the mystique of womanhood, but the will to believe and to a certain extent commercialization of the arts. We have a story of the duality of legend and reality and the will to believe. THE CHAMBERMAID ON THE TITANIC, which takes place in Northern France and England, is actually a Spanish film. Jose Juan Bigas Luna wrote and directed. In keeping with Spanish film, his visuals are not impressive exercises in effects. His film is more about people than visual images. Luna's special effects are sufficient to let the viewer know that it is supposed to be the Titanic in the background of a scene, but he does not let the spectacle run away with what is actually a simple story. Bigas Luna, a filmmaker and a painter, has a string of interesting films to his name, few of which are seen in the US. Perhaps the best known here is the sly comedy JAMON, JAMON. Following his 1996 BAMBOLA, this is the second of three films he intends to make on the mystique of women. Olivier Martinez is probably most familiar to American audiences for the 1994 THE HORSEMAN ON THE ROOF. The enigmatic beauty of the chambermaid Marie is provided by Aitana Sanchez-Gijon who is popular in Spain but best known in this country for A WALK IN THE CLOUDS.
The middle film in a trilogy is frequently the least of the three films, but because of the current popularity of romantic stories involving the Titanic, this one is getting much wider play here. And certainly the film deserves to be seen. I would rate it a 7 on the 0 to 10 scale and a +2 on the -4 to +4 scale.
Mark R. Leeper<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright 1998 Mark R. Leeper
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