A method for applying a clamp for a construction strut that allows a pipe to be clamped to the construction strut in which the clamp has a fastener that is not exposed above the clamp curvature and in which the fastener head is easily accessible. Also the clamp has a retaining tab and a neck portion such that it can be installed by straight-in insertion at the top of a construction strut. Also, the method has an embodiment in that the clamp can be installed either on the open side of the construction strut or on the closed side using slots in the closed side by straight-in passing the retaining tab past the inturned flanges on the top of the construction strut and by a rotation at the bottom of the construction strut.
This is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 12/256,407 filed on Oct. 22, 2008.
The invention relates to clamps that are used for clamping pipes and conduits to construction struts.
Construction struts (they are also called channels and framing channels) are well known and ubiquitous in construction, especially in commercial buildings. One of their purposes is to enable pipes and conduits to be installed by being clamped to the construction struts.
A good reference for construction struts as well as accessories for use with them can be found in the catalogue of ERICO International Corporation of Solon, Ohio, and their website ERICO.com. One of the most commonly used accessories with construction struts are clamps for clamping pipes and conduits to the construction strut. Several of these can be found in the ERICO catalogue including a design that is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,440 the content of which is incorporated by reference herein.
Another good reference to these products is Thomas&Betts Corporation of Memphis Tenn.
figref[FIG. 1] shows in cross-section a typical construction strut (taken from the catalogue of Thomas & Betts). These are made by the various manufacturers to dimensions which are either the same or sufficiently substantially the same that accessories will fit on those made by the various manufacturers as shown on figref[FIG. 1] but varying in height. Therefore a standard configuration of the top and inturned flanges and width is adopted by the industry which enables the use of various accessories regardless of the manufacturer of the construction strut. There are other standardized features one of which is providing slots on the bottom of the construction strut. Using the slots, some accessories can be attached to both the top and the bottom of the construction strut. A typical accessory is the clamp which is the subject of the present invention.
figref[FIG. 2] shows three common types of pipe clamps of the prior art designated E 1, E 2 and E 3. Pipe clamp E 1 features separate sides 20 a and 20 b which are held in the construction strut 10. A perspective drawing of type E 1 is shown in the ERICO catalogue at page 78. Type E 1 is installed by fitting the separate sides 20 a and 20 b into the construction channel with the pipe between them, and then fastening them together with the threaded fastener and nut 22. Type E 1 has the disadvantages of having four parts (including the nut), most inconveniently, the clamping sides 20 a and 20 b being separate. It is difficult to install when there are several pipes to be installed close to each other because a screwdriver cannot be used and they have to be manipulated to be held in position as the screw is inserted to keep them assembled. Notably, often installation of pipes and conduits has to be done in very tight and crowded spaces.
Type E 2 in figref[FIG. 2] is made to improve type E 1 by allowing easier access to the fastener head but it too has disadvantages; when the fastener is tightened it tends to move to a more vertical position exposing the head and putting uneven pressure on the pipe.
Type E 3 is shown in the Erico catalogue on page 80 and it is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,440. It has the disadvantage that it does not wrap around the pipe so the pipe is not firmly gripped and is subject to twisting. Also, if the fastener is tightened too much the pipe can be crushed; therefore, this type cannot be used on heavy duty work requirements.
All three of these illustrated fasteners has the additional disadvantage that there is a portion exposed allowing injuries to workers who pass under them as shown in figref[FIG. 2] and also injury to hands and arms when trying to work in a crowded space. One of the problems in this work is that it is often done in tight and crowded spaces and with a lot of adjacent pipes and conduits.
There is a need for a clamp that is easy to install, does not expose a fastener head, allows ready access for tightening and has a clamping surface to keep it firmly in place.
Also there is often a need to clamp a pipe or conduit to the opposite bottom side of the construction strut, where there are slots; a versatile clamp that will work on both sides of the construction strut is very desirable Also, there is a need not only for such a versatile clamp, but one that in accomplishing that versatility also is easy to install.
In construction it is often the case that construction struts will be stacked. This is shown in figref[FIG. 2] b. In the figure stacked construction struts are shown. For illustrative purposes, in between struts 10 and 10 a there are clamps of the type E 1, E 2 (as in figref[FIG. 2] a) and between struts 10 and 10 b there are clamps of the type E 3 (as in figref[FIG. 2] a). The problem with both of these clamp types lies in the dimension N, between the struts. The present invention recognizes the desirability of reducing that distance.
figref[FIG. 1] is a section of a typical construction strut.
figref[FIG. 2] a shows some prior art clamps.
figref[FIG. 2] b shows stacked construction struts with prior art clamps
figref[FIGS. 3] a, 3 b and 3 c are views of an exemplary strip member of the clamp of the invention.
figref[FIG. 3] d shows an alternative structure for the clamp neck.
figref[FIGS. 4] a and 4 b are a top and side view respectively of an exemplary nut of the invention.
figref[FIG. 5] is a perspective exploded view of an exemplary clamp of the invention.
figref[FIG. 6] is a perspective view of an exemplary clamp of the invention installed on a construction strut shown partially cut-away.
figref[FIG. 7] is a side view of an exemplary clamp of the invention installed on a construction strut.
figref[FIG. 8] is a view showing an exemplary clamp inserted and hooked under an inturned flange on the open side of a construction strut.
figref[FIG. 9] is a view showing the installation and clamping of a pipe using an exemplary clamp on the open side of a construction strut.
figref[FIG. 10] shows the beginning of installation of the clamp to the bottom side of a construction strut.
figref[FIG. 11] shows the clamp installed on the bottom side of a construction strut.
figref[FIG. 12] is a view looking into the construction strut for the installation as shown in figref[FIG. 11] .
figref[FIG. 13] is another view looking into the construction strut for the installation as shown in figref[FIG. 11] .
figref[FIG. 14] is a view showing the invention as used to mount a pipe below and above a construction strut as well as mounting an additional pipe on the clamp of the first pipe and also showing a stacked construction strut.
figref[FIG. 15] is a view showing the head of the fastener below the maximum curvature of the strut clamp.
The present invention is a strut clamp that is an improvement over prior designs in several aspects. One improvement is that the fastener head is easily available for tightening, in particular, with a screw driver, and also is not exposed above the top of the pipe and does not extend horizontally. Another improvement is that the same clamp can be used on the top (open) side of a construction strut, or on the bottom (closed) slotted side (that is, it has a series of short spaced-apart slots). Another improvement is that the clamp can be inserted straight-in between the inturned flanges of a construction strut; that is without an angled or twist maneuver. Another improvement for some embodiments is that it is easy to install because the parts can be all assembled into a single unit away from the strut and then be installed together. Another improvement is that there is always a good range of wrap-around to keep the pipe from moving. Another improvement is that stacked construction struts can be closer together than with other clamps. All of these improvements and others will be seen and further explained in the following description.
The invention is used in combination with a construction strut to clamp pipes (for convenience the term “pipe(s)” will be used to include all circular members, including pipes and conduits) that are to be clamped to a construction strut. Construction strut configurations are known and are available from many sources but with the same configurations and substantially the same dimensions, for installing a clamp. It is in combination with construction struts that the present invention is advantageous.
Referring first to figref[FIG. 1] there is shown a typical construction strut exemplary of use with the clamp of the present invention in which the construction strut 10 in the form of a channel is defined by a bottom wall 12, side walls 14 and 16 and a top 18 having inturned flanges 20 extending from the side walls 14 and 16 respectively defining a space 22 between them, also called a slot or channel, extending the length of the construction strut, and an inside distance D between the side walls 14 and 16. The bottom wall 12 can have a series of spaced apart slots 24 (see figref[FIGS. 10-13] ) which are available in a variety of lengths and spacing. Construction struts are sold by a number of manufacturers, and are of generally standardized dimensions in which the height of the side walls 14 and 16 may vary, but the dimensions defining the width of the strut, the top inturned flanges 20, the slot 22 and the inside distance D are sufficiently substantially similar that accessories such as the present clamp will fit on the construction struts made by a number of manufacturers. As shown in figref[FIG. 1] the width of the space 22 is nominally ⅞ inch and the total width of the strut is nominally 1⅝ inch. The inside width D depends on the thickness (12 an 14 gauge are common) of the strut material and is not typically given in manufacturers' catalogues, however for purposes of the present description a dimension of about 1½ inch is taken as applicable. As for the slots in the bottom wall 12, a series of slots on 2 inch centers and having dimensions of 1⅛ inch long and 9/16 inch wide is common. While the present invention can be dimensioned for various dimensions of the slots, a width of 9/16 and length of 1⅛ inch is a selected preferred slot width and length for which the present invention can be configured and it is a very common slotting.
Referring to figref[FIGS. 3] a- d, 4 a- b and 5, in one embodiment the clamp 30 of the present invention comprises three parts which are, a clamp strip 32, a nut 34 and a bolt or machine screw 36. These are used in conjunction with an industry standard construction strut 10 holding in place a pipe P. Pipes come in different sizes, such as from ½ inch to 5 inch. They also come in different types such as EMT and RIGID. In general, a clamp is configured for each pipe size. That is, the length of the strip 32 and its curvature are specific for a pipe size. Pipe sizes are specified for their inside diameter (ID) and the outside diameter will depend on the thickness of the pipe. Therefore the strip curvature will be specific for that outside diameter. There are some cases in which a clamp can fit more than one pipe because different pipe types allow this. For example in some prior art clamps a single clamp can be used for a ¾ inch EMT and a ½ inch RIGID pipe. Nevertheless, commonly, within the size range for a given pipe type, there is a clamp configured to fit each pipe size. In particular the length of the strip and its curvature are made to fit. However in the present invention the retaining tab and the neck portions (as described below) are configured for the dimensions of the industry standard construction strut and therefore will be the same for all sized clamps. In this description the term “engage” refers to the curvature of the strip fitting to the curvature of the pipe. The term “pipe” is intended to mean any of the circular items that the present strut clamp is used for, including pipes, conduits and other circular items.
The clamp strip 32 has an intermediate portion 38 that has a curved portion or curvature for extending around the pipe to be clamped. The strip 32 terminates at a first end 40 which will also be referred to as the gripping end; and, extending into a flat shelf portion 42, it terminates at a second end 44 which will also be referred to as the fastening end; the flat shelf portion 42 having a hole 43. The clamp strip 32 has a first longitudinal side 46 and a second longitudinal side 48 which define a width of the strip. As will be explained, an exemplary width is 1 inch. At the first end 40 is a retaining tab 50 that is attached to the intermediate portion 38 by a narrow neck 52. The neck 52 can be formed in a number of ways. As will be seen the dimensional relationship of the neck 52 and the retaining tab 50 to each other and to the dimensions of the construction strut are important to the advantageous functioning of the new clamp.
Below the neck 52, the retaining tab 50 has a width W. It extends from each side of the neck 52 to a first side 53 and a second side 55. At least one of the sides 53 and 55 has a hook 60.
In a preferred embodiment, as described below the first side 53 has an upward facing edge 58 and the second side 55 has an upward facing hook 60 such that the upward facing edge 58 and the top of the hook 60 are aligned.
In a preferred embodiment the width W is less than the nominal ⅞ inch dimension of the opening 22 in the common construction strut 10 (see figref[FIG. 1] ); sufficiently less that the retaining tab 50 can be inserted straight down (called straight-in insertion) between the inturned flanges 20 without the need for a twist or angled insertion maneuver. Typically but not necessarily, the width of the retaining tab 50 will be narrower than the width of the intermediate portion 38 such as when the width of the intermediate portion is 1 inch as mentioned above. The width W of the retaining tab is less than the width of the opening 22, preferably in the range of about 13/16 to ⅝ inch.
If straight-in insertion is not desired, the width W can exceed the width of the opening 22 so long as it will fit inside the construction strut.
In general the neck portion width will be less than the width of the intermediate portion 48; preferably by a reduction in width on each side. One way for forming the neck 52 is by notches in the strip above the retaining tab 50. This is shown in figref[FIG. 3] c. In the first longitudinal side 46, near the first end 40 there is a first notch 54 and in the second longitudinal side 48, near the first end 40 there is a second notch 56. The bottom of the first notch 54 is defined by an upward facing edge 58 which is not hooked while the bottom of the second notch 56 is defined by an upward facing hook 60. The notches can be reversed since there is no required left-right orientation. As noted in figref[FIG. 3] c in this embodiment, the upward facing edge 58 is preferably aligned with the top of the hook 60 the purpose for which will be explained below.
Referring to figref[FIG. 3] d there is shown an alternative structure for forming the neck 52. In this form the neck 52 is formed by tapers 66 and 68 along the first side 46 and the second side 48, respectively.
In the embodiment shown, the width W of the retaining tab 50 is made less than the space 22 between the inturned flanges 20 by being shorter at its first side 53 relative to the first side 46 as shown by space X while the second side 55 where the hook 60 is, is aligned with the second side 48. This alignment allows extra distance for the hook 60, on the second side 55 of the retaining tab 50. However this alignment while preferred is not essential. For example, each of the side 53 and the side 55 can be not aligned with their respective sides 46 and 48 of the intermediate portion 38. For example, the neck portion 52 and the retaining tab 50 could be located independently with respect to the width of the intermediate portion 38, extending for example from the center a selected distance to each side. Also, if the neck 52 is reduced in width added distance is available for the lateral extension of the respective sides of the retaining tab 50. This will allow more space from the neck 52 to the hook 60 which can be needed to account for variations in the dimensions of the inturned flanges 20. The essential shape and dimensions of the retaining tab 50 and the width of the neck 52 is such that the hook 60 extends sufficiently laterally away from the neck 52 that it can fit under the inturned flange (see figref[FIGS. 6 and 8] ) and the edge 58 extends sufficiently laterally away from the neck 52 that it will extend beyond the edge of the slot 24 as shown in figref[FIGS. 11 and 12] ; the total width of the retaining tab 50 for the embodiment for straight-in insertion, always being less than the opening 22 in the construction strut and the width of the neck 52 being less than the width of the space 22 and of the width of the slot 24 which thereby allows the hook 60 of the second side 55 to be captured under the inturned flanges 20 and both the first side 53 and the second side 55 to be captured and under the bottom 12 on each side of the slot 24.
The clamp strip 32 is preferably formed with a ridge 64 over most of its length in order to add stability against twisting or other unwanted bending.
figref[FIGS. 4] a and 4 b show the nut 34 which is preferably formed from a plate, having a top 80 with a threaded hole 82 located centrally and sides 84 a and 84 b at the ends of which extend hook pairs 86 a- 86 b and 88 a- 88 b. The hook pairs are bent toward (convergently) each other, which makes installation easier. The convergent bending is preferably symmetrical, which allows the most convenient use. Each hook has an upward facing curved surface 90 which, as will be seen, fits under the inturned flanges 20 on a construction strut 10. Any configuration at the ends of the nut that provides spaced apart curved members to fit under the inturned flanges will broadly be within this concept. While this new nut is advantageous for the purpose of enhancing ease of installation of the clamp, nuts already known can also be used in the combination with the clamp strip 32 and the bolt or screw 36. The nut 34 is preferably smaller in width than the width of the slot 24, preferably smaller than the 9/16 inch width of the common slot described above and shorter than the 1⅛ inch length of the slot, the symmetrically convergent hook pairs allowing easy passage through the slot 24. In this way, with the nut 34 threaded on the screw 36, the entire clamp can be assembled and installed in a single operation in which the nut is passed through the slot 24 or between the inturned flanges 20 and then rotated into the cross-wise position.
In use the new clamp allows for clamping a pipe to a construction strut on its top, or on its bottom. Construction struts are well known, and for purposes of the present explanation of use of the new clamp, the description above will be used. figref[FIGS. 6-9] show how the new clamp 30 is used to fix a pipe P to the top of a construction strut 10.
Although in the figures the clamp 30 and pipe P are shown on top of the construction strut 10, as is well known, the assembly may also be in inverted position, that is, with the construction strut inverted with the pipe suspended below it.
The clamp may be applied to a pipe already in place or the clamp can be put in place loosely, and the pipe inserted under it; then the clamp is tightened. With the clamp in place the hook 60 is captured under the adjacent inturned flange 20 on the strut 10. The width of the retaining tab 50 is small enough that it readily fits in the space 22 between the inturned flanges 20 without the need for angled or twist insertion, that is, by straight-in insertion without the need for putting it in at an angle as would be the case if the width was greater than the space 22. The space 22 is conventionally nominally ⅞ inch. A width of the retaining tab 50 from about 1/16 inch smaller than the opening 22 works well. A range from 13/16 to ⅝ inch is preferred. If straight-in insertion is not desired, the width of the retaining tab 50 can exceed the width 22 so long as it fits readily inside the construction strut.
Referring to figref[FIGS. 6-9] , the clamp 30 is shown installed on a strut 10. The hook 60 is captured under the inturned flange 20 while the opposite side 53 of the retaining tab is not captured by the adjacent inturned flange 20 (figref[FIG. 8] ) and does not extend to interfere with the opposite inturned flange. A good way to achieve this is to make the second side 55 extend beyond the neck 52 more than does the first side 53. That allows for variation in the capture of the hook 60 under the inturned flange 20 on one side while avoiding the first side 53 hitting the other inturned flange 20 as can be appreciated by figref[FIG. 8] . Of course, in the case where the total width W of the retaining tab 50 is less than the width 22 between the inturned flanges 20, this is automatically accommodated since the first side 53 cannot interfere with the proximate inturned flange when the hook 60 is under the other inturned flange.
The nut 34 is captured under the inturned flanges 20 by contact of the curved surfaces 90. The bolt 36 is tightened to the nut 34 holding the pipe P firmly in place. The head of the bolt 36 is presented upright from the strut and below the pipe P; it can be easily tightened by a screwdriver or a wrench (for hex head bolts), but it does not present a risk of injury, or the need to avoid injury because it is below the curvature 38 of the clamp 30 (see also figref[FIGS. 14 and 15] ). Also, adjacent clamps do not interfere with each other. Further, as seen in figref[FIG. 14] , stacked struts can be more closely stacked. The bolt can have a hex head and a screwdriver slot, or any other type of head that is available, but preferably for tightening with a blade screwdriver or a Philips screwdriver.
The clamp can also be used to clamp a pipe on the bottom 12 of the strut 10 when it is provided with slots 24, which is a common feature available on construction struts. This is shown in figref[FIGS. 10-13] . First the clamp strip 30 is inserted sideways into the slot 24 (figref[FIG. 10] ) sufficiently that the retaining tab 50 is inside the strut 10 and the neck 52 is aligned with the slot 24. Then it is turned into the cross-wise or straddle position so that the retaining tab 50 will be captured under the bottom 12 with the hook 60 and the flat edge 58 extending on each side of the slot 24 in contact with the interior surface of the bottom wall 12. The flat portion 42 of the second end 44 of the strip 32 is now above another slot 24 b along the length of the strut 10. As described above, although not shown in figref[FIG. 10] , the screw 36 and the nut 34 can be assembled to the strip 32 and the nut guided into the adjacent slot 24 b and rotated into the cross-wise position as shown in figref[FIGS. 11 and 13] . It can be appreciated that by having one side of the strip 32 having a hook 56, there is a positive connection to the inturned flange 20 when installed in the top of the strut and by having a flat edge 54 on the opposite side, there is a clamping on both sides of the slot 24 in that configuration, the flat edge 54 providing added strength for the clamping action.
figref[FIG. 14] shows the versatility provided by the invention. One clamp 30 is positioned on the top of a strut 10 clamping a first pipe P 1 and using a bracket clamp 94 a second pipe P 2 is clamped above it. Under the strut 10 another pipe P 3 is clamped in place with a clamp 30 on the bottom wall 12.
figref[FIG. 14] also shows the advantage of the invention in reducing the distance between stacked construction struts. In this respect, comparison is made to the distance between stacked construction struts which distance is dictated by the configuration of the clamps E 1, E 2 and E 3 in figref[FIG. 2] . However with the present clamp, the stacked construction struts shown in figref[FIG. 14] are able to be closer together.
figref[FIG. 15] illustrates the requisite configuration for the head of a fastener to be below the maximum curvature (the maximum distance from the construction strut) of the intermediate portion of the strut clamp. The dimension M from the maximum curvature of the intermediate portion 38 to the flat shelf portion 42 must be more than the height of the head 37 of the fastener 36. In most applications the fastener head height is about 5/32 in. for a hex head or about 3/16 in. for a round head. Therefore, the distance M is preferably at least about ¼ in. Also, that dimension should be less than the radius of the curvature so that it will not be lower than half way to the strut 10.
The clamp can be made in a range of sizes each size made to accommodate a pipe size. As noted above the dimensions of the construction strut are standardized, so the relationship of the parts of the clamp that interact and interengage with the construction strut can be determined in that context. The size variables for different pipes are the width, length and degree of curvature of the intermediate portion 38. The exemplary version given above has a width of 1 inch for the intermediate portion 38; wider and thinner dimensions may be applicable although a single width is preferred for all sizes. The length of the intermediate portion 38 is selected so that the head of the screw 36 can be below the upper reach of the curvature as described above.
The foregoing Detailed Description of exemplary and preferred embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and disclosure in accordance with the requirements of the law. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form or forms described, but only to enable others skilled in the art to understand how the invention may be suited for a particular use or implementation. The possibility of modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. No limitation is intended by the description of exemplary embodiments which may have included tolerances, feature dimensions, specific operating conditions, engineering specifications, or the like, and which may vary between implementations or with changes to the state of the art, and no limitation should be implied therefrom. This disclosure has been made with respect to the current state of the art, but also contemplates advancements and that adaptations in the future may take into consideration of those advancements, namely in accordance with the then current state of the art. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims as written and equivalents as applicable. Reference to a claim element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated. Moreover, no element, component, nor method or process step in this disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or step is explicitly recited in the Claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. Sec. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for . . . ” and no method or process step herein is to be construed under those provisions unless the step, or steps, are expressly recited using the phrase “comprising step(s) for . . . ”


--- layout: post image: /assets/images/professional/MVCSite.png header-image: /assets/images/professional/MVCSite.png blur-header: true title: Content Management System subtitle: CMS in PHP/MySQL/Activerecord date: 2018-1-20T00:00:00.000Z tags: Programming Professional Portfolio category: [ About ] comments: true --- Overview Sep, 2013 Custom content management system built with PHP using vanilla MVC architecture. Requirements RedHat OpenShift Admin Panel PHP MySQL Activerecord Categories Pages Excerpt Results View on GitHub
Custom content management system built with PHP using vanilla MVC architecture.


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2015-02-10 · Building Apps with Riot, ES6 and Webpack
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2014-12-30 · Porting my blog with Hugo
2014-12-14 · Publishing a project website to Github Pages
2014-11-25 · Flux Backbone Todos Example
2014-08-23 · Switching from Grunt to Jake
2014-08-16 · Porting from Make to Grunt
2014-03-15 · Hello World written in Kotlin using Android Studio
2013-07-08 · Writing Android event handlers in Kotlin
2013-02-27 · Configuring NUT for the Eaton 3S UPS on Ubuntu Linux
2012-11-21 · Building heterogeneous TypeScript libraries
2012-11-11 · Bash completion for Grunt files
2012-10-27 · Reclaiming the Windows 8 Desktop
2012-09-11 · Blogger Backend for AsciiDoc
2012-06-18 · Bash completion for Jake files
2012-04-23 · TypesScript and CoffeeScript ports of the Meteor Leaderboard
2011-11-01 · Bash completion for cake files
2011-10-25 · Testing CoffeeScript apps with Selenium
2011-10-20 · Compiling CoffeeScript with Vim
2011-10-16 · Getters and Setters for Backbone Model attributes
2011-10-03 · Routeless Backbone Contacts 2.0
2011-09-23 · Routeless Backbone Contacts
2011-08-31 · Switching from the iPad to the Asus Transformer
2011-08-30 · Fossil Backend for AsciiDoc
2011-07-17 · Keeping a lid on Mobile data
2011-07-16 · Using an iPad to access remote Windows desktops
2011-07-08 · CoffeeScript for Command-line Apps
2011-04-29 · W3C Command-line Validator
2011-03-17 · Bottle + MongoDB Example
2011-01-07 · Android Development with VirtualBox and the LG P500 phone
2010-11-29 · Moving between VirtualBox Hosts
2010-09-14 · Vala TreeView List Example
2010-08-23 · Publishing eBooks with AsciiDoc
2010-06-25 · Minimalist Machine Clone
2010-06-19 · Deleting VirtualBox Snapshots
2010-06-17 · Merging and Compacting VirtualBox Snapshots
2010-03-23 · Command-line SMS script
2008-11-02 · Cloning and Copying VirtualBox virtual machines
2008-10-09 · Installing Mono 2.0 on Ubuntu 7.10
2008-05-22 · blogpost media processing
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This tool works with a input layer to calculate values for a new or existing field. Build an Arcade expression to calculate the values to populate features with. If your data is time-enabled and of time type instant, you can optionally build expressions that are track aware.
For example, suppose you want to modify an existing field named TotalSales. You want the field to be represented by the sum of the total sales in 2016 and 2017. Using those fields in the expression, you calculate the field value as
$feature["Sales2016"] + $feature["Sales2017"].
Using another example, suppose you have GPS measurements that record the location, time, bus ID, and speed of the busses in a city. We want to create a new field called SpeedFrom3 that averages the speed of the last 3 recorded GPS measurements for each feature. For this calculation we would use a track aware calculation, where the track is a bus denoted by the bus ID. The calculation to determine the average speed of the previous 3 time steps and the current time step is
average($track.field["speed"].history(-4)).
The points, lines, areas, or table that will have field values calculated.
In addition to choosing a layer from your map, you can choose Choose Analysis Layer at the bottom of the drop-down list to browse to your contents for a big data file share dataset or feature layer.
The new or existing field that will have values calculated and the data type of that field. If you are calculating values on a field that already exists, you do not need to match the data type.
Add an expression using the expression builder to calculate field values.
For example, suppose we want to add the values of a field named income and bonus. To do this, add the expression $feature["income"] + $feature["bonus"]
.
Specify if your expression is track aware. A track aware expression will include formatting like
$track.field["fieldname"].history(...). Track aware expressions require fields to identify individual tracks. Tracks can be composed of points, lines, areas or tables and only require that the input has a track identifier and the data is time-enabled of time type instant.
Specify if you want to calculate values for your tracks using time intervals which will segment your inputs for analysis. If you use time intervals you must set the time interval you want to use, and optionally set the reference time. If you don't set a reference time, Jan 1, 1970 will be used.
For example, if you set the time boundary to be 1 day, starting at 9:00 AM on January 1st, 1990, than each track will be truncated at 9:00 am for every day and analyzed within that segment.
Using time intervals is a fast way to accelerate computing time, as it quickly creates smaller tracks for analysis. If splitting by a reoccurring time interval makes sense for your analysis, it is recommend for big data processing.
The name of the layer that will be created. If you are writing to an ArcGIS Data Store, your results will be saved in My Content and added to the map. If you are writing to a big data file share, your results will be stored in the big data file share and added to its manifest. It will not be added to the map. The default name is based on the tool name and the input layer name. If the layer already exists, the tool will fail.
When writing to ArcGIS Data Store (relational or spatiotemporal big data store) using the Save result in drop-down box, you can specify the name of a folder in My Content where the result will be saved.


In The Dabbler this week, a very special treat—Miss HatHorn's animated film of A Recipe For Gruel, in full. Hooting Yard is brought to the screen and, as you might expect, it is all bright sunshine and jollity, or rather, incessant drizzle and misery. The film features both knitting and probably the best crossword in cinema history.


uninherit/1
declaration:- uninherit
+Class +Op +Name/
+Arity,
... .
This prevents the class within whose scope this directive appears from inheriting the Name/Arity method of type Op from ancestor Class.
If Class is unbound, the specified message is uninherited from all ancestors that define it.
Note that if you define a message for your class, you do not need to uninherit that message from its superclasses: it will automatically be shadowed.
Be careful of the precedences of the message operator and the /
operator. You may need to use parentheses.
:- uninherit someclass << (foo/1), someclass >> (foo/1).
This prevents the get and put methods for the slot foo
from being
inherited from any ancestors of class someclass
. In effect, it makes the foo
slot a
protected slot for this class.
inherit/1


{% extends 'nt_training/base.html' %} {% load widget_tweaks %} {% block title %}Login{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% if user.is_authenticated %}
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pdf_merger
A new Flutter plugin for merge List of PDF files. It supports both android and IOS. Before call this package make sure you allow permission and file picker see example. Also check file_picker and permission handle to implement before calling the plugin.
Android & IOS
Usage
See Example. Use with file picker and add permission handler before calling pdf_merger. Make sure to call permission handler for write permission before call pdf_merger.
file_picker
https://pub.dev/packages/file_picker
permission_handler
https://pub.dev/packages/permission_handler
Support
Android & IOS
For Android
Add these lines in your progaurd
required to prevent errors from the spongycastle libraries
-keep class org.spongycastle.** { ; } -dontwarn org.spongycastle.*
For IOS
All set


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My story
This is a site about Hollie Mae Thomas
Here are some things you probably dont know about me
- By the time I am 38 I will have lived
with my husband longer than without
- I am an avid whitewater kayaker
- I have flown in almost every type of military helicopter
- I once told a United States Senator to get out of my chair
- I can cook anything you can imagine but my favorite food is actually cold spaghettios


Address:
ArogyaMedtech Pvt Ltd
Opposite side of GST Bhavan.
FB-125, 804 Rajdanga Main Road.
Kolkaka-700107
Phone:
7003448946
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Drop your message and one of our customer care agents would be in touch within three hours. Feel free to contact us anytime for we are always open to new projects.


epswrite
Save figure as an EPS image
Contents
Syntax
epswrite(filename) epswrite(H, filename) epsewrite(..., 'Param1', Value1, 'Param2', Value2,...)
Description
epswrite(filename) saves the current figure as a EPS image file specified by the string filename.
epswrite(H, filename) outputs an EPS file of the figure specified by the handle H.
epswrite(...,'Param1', Value1, 'Param2', Value2,...) creates an EPS file with the specific parameters (Param) have specified values. Any unspecified parameters are set to use the default value for that parameter.
Options
The following table lists the available option parameters.
Option |
Value |
Description |
Related print arguments |
|---|---|---|---|
Units |
'inches' | 'centimeters' | 'points' |
Units for Size parameter. The figure's PaperUnits property is used as the default. |
n/a |
Size |
[X Y] | 'screen' | {'default'} |
The EPS image size. X and Y must be positive values, and Units property specifies the units of X and Y. 'screen' prints the figure the same size as it appears on the computer screen. 'default' uses the value from figure's PaperPosition property. |
n/a |
Resolution |
positive scalar |
Resolution in dots per inch. The default is 864 dpi if Renderer option is 'painter'; otherwise, it is 150 dpi. If 0, the resolution is set to MATLAB root's ScreenPixelsPerInch property. In Renderer is set to 'painter', Resolution changes the accuracy of object placement. For other Renderer options, it defines the raster dot resolution. |
-rnumber |
BgColor |
'figure' | 'none' | 3-element RGB vector |
Figure background fill color. The default value is [1 1 1] (white). 'figure' uses the figure's Color property value, and 'none' removes the fill (i.e., transparent background). |
n/a |
ColorSpace |
'mono' | {'rgb'} | 'cmyk' |
Output color space. 'mono' prints in monochrome. 'rgb' and 'cmyk' both outputs color image, but in different color space: RGB (red-green-blue) vs. CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow-black). |
-deps, -depsc, -deps2, -depsc2, -cmyk |
PSDriver |
'level1' | {'level2'} |
PostScript level. |
-deps, -depsc, -deps2, -depsc2 |
TiffPreview |
'on' | {'off'} |
'on' to add a 72-dpi TIFF preview. For different resolution, use epspreview function instead. |
-tiff |
BoundingBox |
'tight' | {'loose'} |
Figure cropping mode. 'loose' outputs the figure as is. 'tight' crops the unused figure edge space. |
-loose |
ShowUI |
{'on'} | 'off' |
UI control display mode. 'on' to display; 'off' to hide. |
-noui |
Renderer |
{'painter'} | 'opengl' | 'zbuffer' |
Output rendering mode. 'painter' renders with Painter's algorihtm, opengl renders with OpenGL algorithm, and 'zbuffer' renders with the Z-buffer algorithm. Only 'painter' creates a vector image. Both opengl and zbuffer rasterizes the figure. |
-painter, -opengl, -zbuffer |
EmbedFonts |
'none' | {'default'} | 'addsymbol' | 'all' |
Font embedding mode. 'none' de-embeds all fonts. 'default' keeps the MATLAB default (only embeds LaTeX fonts). 'addsymbol' also includes Symbol font. 'all' embeds all the fonts. By default, embed fonts are subsetted with encryption. For alternate embedding scheme, use epsembedfont. |
n/a |
Example
See Also
eps2raster, epsembedfont, epssetlinestyle, epsembedfont, epssetbbox, epssetbgcolor
Copyright 2012. Takeshi Ikuma. All rights reserved.


Symmetric input-output tables and their auxiliary tables are the most complex, structured statistical products that exit, because they contain relationships among 60x60 industry, the supply and the use of the GDP / GNP, and the income disturbing, trade and transport margins and tax receipts from these industries.
The Eurostat website contains the symmetric input-output data in long form. Working with this data requires a knowledge of the Eurostat SNA vocabulary to arrange the long data in the correct ordering of rows and columns. This is what the preprocessing functions of iotables handle.
Apart from handing a vast and not always well-documented vocabulary,
the user is often confronted with “real-life” data issues, such as
missing rows and columns in certain members states or spelling errors in
the vocabulary. Many hours of testing and exception handling went into
the current form of the processing functions, but there are further
problems may show up. Most of the testing was done on
product x product
type SIOTs, because most member states
use them. The functions work with industry x industry
SIOTs, but further vocabulary exception may show up in their use. Please
report these issues on github.
You are most likely to work with the product x product tables. For
the availability of other data see ?iotables_download
.
The analytical functions are presented at greater detail in the
Germany 1990 vignette. The numbering of the equations refers to
the Eurostat
Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables (Eurostat Manual,
Chapter 15.) The manual was prepared in 2008 under the
ESA95
standards. Currently Eurostat uses the
ESA2010
definitions, and some indicators in the manual are
no longer available. In most uses this will not cause a problem.
Another very useful source of information on how to work with the tables Input-output analytical tables: methods and application to UK National Accounts. Since the United Kingdom at the time of writing the article was a member of the European Union, her national accounts follow the EU ESA standards.
The following code, if specifically run (it will not run on default), will download the latest relevant data from the Eurostat data warehouse, and save it to a directory named ../not_included . The iotables package uses the other rOpenGov package Eurostat with additional processing of the rather complex SIOT bulk files.
The contents of the not_included directory can be found on GitHub, but they are not released and distributed with the package.
#Not run
<- file.path('..', 'not_included')
not_included_directory if ( ! dir.exists(not_included_directory) ) dir.create (not_included_directory)
#The contents of the 'not_included' directory can be found on GitHub,
#but they are not released and distributed with the package.
<- iotables_download(
naio_10_cp1700 "naio_10_cp1700", #SIOT
data_directory = not_included_directory)
# For inclusion in the package, the files must be smaller.
# Reducing the size of the bulk files will not affect
# the demonstration.
<- naio_10_cp1700 %>%
naio_10_cp1700 ::filter ( geo %in% c("CZ", "SK")) %>%
dplyr::filter ( year %in% c(2010, 2015))
dplyr
#Conforming employment data both sexes from 15 years old, year 2015.
#prod_na vocabulary for product x product conformity
<- employment_get(geo = "CZ", year = "2015", sex = "Total",
emp_cz age = "Y_GE15", labelling = "prod_na",
data_directory = not_included_directory,
force_download = TRUE)
#Conforming employment data #both sexes from 15 years old, year 2017.
<- employment_get(geo = "SK", year = "2017", sex = "Total",
emp_sk age = "Y_GE15", labelling = "prod_na",
data_directory = not_included_directory,
force_download = TRUE)
save (naio_10_cp1700, emp_sk, emp_cz,
file = file.path('..', 'inst', 'extdata',
'naio_10_product_x_product.rda'))
For a quicker building of the vignette, the data is retrieved from the not_included directory. The chunk above can reproduce this data file.
#load from pre-saved file to increase running speed
load (system.file('extdata',
'naio_10_product_x_product.rda',
package = 'iotables') )
In this vignette example the Czech (2015) national currency unit and the Slovak (2010) euro tables are created. Since the Slovak national currency is the euro, there is no difference between the Slovak national currency unit and euro tables.
<- iotable_get ( labelled_io_data = naio_10_cp1700,
cz_io source = "naio_10_cp1700", geo = "CZ",
year = 2015, unit = "MIO_NAC",
stk_flow = "TOTAL",
labelling = "short" )
<- iotable_get ( labelled_io_data = naio_10_cp1700,
sk_io source = "naio_10_cp1700", geo = "SK",
year = 2010, unit = "MIO_EUR",
stk_flow = "TOTAL",
labelling = "short" )
<- input_flow_get( data_table = cz_io )
cz_input_flow
<- input_flow_get( data_table = sk_io)
sk_input_flow
<- output_get( data_table = cz_io)
cz_output <- output_get( data_table = sk_io) sk_output
By default, total rows and columns are removed when creating use tables.
Iotables removes the columns and rows that are completely empty and creates the input coefficient matrix, which is used for most of the analytical functions.
The input_coefficient_matrix_create()
function relies on
the following equation. The numbering of the equations is the numbering
of the Eurostat Manual.
It checks the correct ordering of columns, and furthermore it fills up 0 values with 0.000001 to avoid division with zero.
<- input_coefficient_matrix_create(
input_coeff_matrix_cz data_table = cz_io
)
<- input_coefficient_matrix_create(
input_coeff_matrix_sk data_table = sk_io
)#> Columns and rows of CPA_L68A, CPA_T, CPA_U, P6_U2, P6_U3 are all zeros and will be removed.
::kable(head(input_coeff_matrix_cz[,1:8])) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPA_A01 | 0.1247278 | 0.0060946 | 0.0220441 | 0.0004689 | 0.3049289 | 0.0433435 | 0.0031216 |
| CPA_A02 | 0.0027975 | 0.1304276 | 0.0066800 | 0.0023120 | 0.0002613 | 0.0003007 | 0.2438908 |
| CPA_A03 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 | 0.0007234 | 0.0000000 | 0.0000000 |
| CPA_B | 0.0007114 | 0.0027908 | 0.1843687 | 0.0464026 | 0.0005672 | 0.0010852 | 0.0002330 |
| CPA_C10-12 | 0.1481747 | 0.0003899 | 0.0494322 | 0.0001455 | 0.1537184 | 0.0004053 | 0.0002446 |
| CPA_C13-15 | 0.0048691 | 0.0174423 | 0.0060120 | 0.0077445 | 0.0014149 | 0.2881724 | 0.0013162 |
In the Czech SIOTs, they are removed by the statistical authority, so the Czech SIOTs appear smaller.
Most countries do not use the L_68A, CPA_U [Services provided by extraterritorial organisations and bodies] and CPA_T [Services of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services produced by households for own use]industries, instead they use L_68B for the income component of real estates, and they do not calculate the In order to prevent division by zero errors, they are symmetrically removed from rows and columns. This will not change the results.
The Leontief matrix is derived from Leontief equation system.
The Leontief matrix is defined as \((I-A)\) and it is created with the
leontieff_matrix_create()
function.
The Leontief inverse is (I-A)-1 and it is created with the
leontieff_inverse_create()
function from the
Leontief-matrix.
The code chunk below prints a small part of the Czech Leontief-inverse.
<- leontieff_matrix_create( input_coeff_matrix_cz )
L_cz #> Warning: leontieff_matrix_create() is spelled correctly as
#> leontief_matrix_create()
<- leontieff_inverse_create( input_coeff_matrix_cz )
I_cz #> Warning: leontieff_inverse_create() is spelled correctly as
#> leontief_inverse_create()
<- leontieff_matrix_create( input_coeff_matrix_sk )
L_sk #> Warning: leontieff_matrix_create() is spelled correctly as
#> leontief_matrix_create()
<- leontieff_inverse_create( input_coeff_matrix_sk )
I_sk #> Warning: leontieff_inverse_create() is spelled correctly as
#> leontief_inverse_create()
::kable(head(I_cz[,1:8])) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPA_A01 | 1.2259342 | 0.0145906 | 0.0556468 | 0.0077698 | 0.4477719 | 0.0841593 | 0.0160654 |
| CPA_A02 | 0.0074116 | 1.1584704 | 0.0123554 | 0.0064437 | 0.0062990 | 0.0045882 | 0.3595795 |
| CPA_A03 | 0.0001602 | 0.0000050 | 1.0000531 | 0.0000047 | 0.0009176 | 0.0000166 | 0.0000071 |
| CPA_B | 0.0613068 | 0.0268029 | 0.2513917 | 1.1010207 | 0.0515437 | 0.0512433 | 0.0487318 |
| CPA_C10-12 | 0.2183097 | 0.0053221 | 0.0711943 | 0.0043237 | 1.2639393 | 0.0191994 | 0.0066710 |
| CPA_C13-15 | 0.0164678 | 0.0339691 | 0.0192012 | 0.0192664 | 0.0143365 | 1.4139195 | 0.0184852 |
You can create the Leontief-matrix and its inverse from the output
coefficient matrix, too, starting with
output_coefficient_matrix_create()
if you know what you are
doing!
The direct effects can be compared to intermediate production, domestic product or total supply.
The calculation follows the Eurostat Manual on p497-499
\(a_{ij}\) = input coefficient \(z_{ij}\) = input of type i in sector j (i.e. products or capital or labor) \(x_j\) = output of sector j
By default, direct_supply_effects_create()
will compare
inputs to total final demand / supply. You can make comparisons to total
product or total output, too. The code below prints a part of the Czech
direct effects rounded to 4 digits.
<- coefficient_matrix_create(data_table = cz_io,
primary_inputs_cz total = 'output',
return = 'primary_inputs')
<- coefficient_matrix_create(data_table = sk_io,
primary_inputs_sk total = 'output',
return = 'primary_inputs')
#> Columns and rows of CPA_L68A, CPA_T, CPA_U, P6_U2, P6_U3 are all zeros and will be removed.
<- direct_effects_create( primary_inputs_cz, I_cz )
direct_cz <- direct_effects_create( primary_inputs_sk, I_sk )
direct_sk
::kable (head(direct_cz[,1:8]), digits = 4) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL_effect | 1.6834 | 1.0952 | 1.6870 | 1.3066 | 2.0105 | 1.7403 | 1.8346 |
| P7_effect | 1.1504 | 0.5339 | 2.6106 | 3.7138 | 1.4740 | 2.7952 | 0.9758 |
| D1_effect | 0.4264 | 0.2608 | 0.5582 | 0.5140 | 0.4317 | 0.4720 | 0.3670 |
| D11_effect | 0.3257 | 0.1997 | 0.4212 | 0.3770 | 0.3281 | 0.3557 | 0.2792 |
| D29X39_effect | -0.1631 | -0.0083 | -0.1921 | -0.0118 | -0.0594 | -0.0132 | -0.0033 |
| P51C_effect | 0.2271 | 0.1470 | 0.2732 | 0.2627 | 0.2105 | 0.2105 | 0.1824 |
Direct effects measure the initial, direct impact of the change in demand and supply for a product. When production goes up, it will create demand in all supply industries (backward linkages) and create opportunities in the industries that use the product themselves (forward linkages.)
This is not the total effect, because some of the increased production will translate into income, which in turn will be used to create further demand in all parts of the domestic economy. The total effect is characterized by multipliers.
The input_multipliers_create
function will create the
various multipliers for each product.
B = vector of input coefficients compared to final demand / supply.
Z = direct and indirect requirements for wages (or other income)
The calculation follows the Eurostat Manual p 499-502.
The code chunk below prints a part of the Czech multipliers, rounded to 4 digits.
<- coefficient_matrix_create(data_table = cz_io,
primary_inputs_cz total = 'output',
return = 'primary_inputs')
<- coefficient_matrix_create(data_table = sk_io,
primary_inputs_sk total = 'output',
return = 'primary_inputs')
#> Columns and rows of CPA_L68A, CPA_T, CPA_U, P6_U2, P6_U3 are all zeros and will be removed.
<- input_multipliers_create( primary_inputs_cz, I_cz )
multipliers_cz <- input_multipliers_create( primary_inputs_sk, I_sk )
multipliers_sk
::kable (head(multipliers_cz[,1:8]), digits = 4) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c("TOTAL", "P7", "D1", "D11", "D29X39", "P51C", "B2A3G", "B2A3N", "B1G", "P1", "P2_ADJ", "D21X31", "TS_BP") | 2.7349 | 2.4817 | 2.6584 | 2.6774 | 2.6756 | 2.6720 | 2.5171 |
| c("TOTAL", "P7", "D1", "D11", "D29X39", "P51C", "B2A3G", "B2A3N", "B1G", "P1", "P2_ADJ", "D21X31", "TS_BP") | 4.3810 | 5.3101 | 2.3346 | 1.2878 | 2.4907 | 1.8916 | 4.4461 |
| c("TOTAL", "P7", "D1", "D11", "D29X39", "P51C", "B2A3G", "B2A3N", "B1G", "P1", "P2_ADJ", "D21X31", "TS_BP") | 2.5807 | 2.7261 | 2.0634 | 1.6869 | 3.8260 | 2.5307 | 3.3160 |
| c("TOTAL", "P7", "D1", "D11", "D29X39", "P51C", "B2A3G", "B2A3N", "B1G", "P1", "P2_ADJ", "D21X31", "TS_BP") | 2.5562 | 2.6990 | 2.0474 | 1.7224 | 3.8490 | 2.5445 | 3.3161 |
| c("TOTAL", "P7", "D1", "D11", "D29X39", "P51C", "B2A3G", "B2A3N", "B1G", "P1", "P2_ADJ", "D21X31", "TS_BP") | 1.2222 | 1.4523 | 1.0535 | 1.1609 | 1695.1985 | 7.1750 | -6.9818 |
| c("TOTAL", "P7", "D1", "D11", "D29X39", "P51C", "B2A3G", "B2A3N", "B1G", "P1", "P2_ADJ", "D21X31", "TS_BP") | 2.4184 | 2.4343 | 2.2227 | 1.8254 | 4.7038 | 2.9675 | 3.8517 |
The creation of the employment indicator is facilitated with the data
processing function employment_get
. The employment data as
input data is not part of the Eurostat SIOT files, and the Eurostat
employment data uses a more disaggregated structure. This function
downloads and brings the employment data to conforming aggregate
vector.
Other inputs, for example, CO2 emissions may be used, but they are
likely to be need a manual aggregation. The helper function
conforming_vector_create
will create an empty vector that
you can save as a .csv or Excel file and fill up manually with customary
input data.
#New function is needed to add employment vector to SIOT
names ( emp_sk )[1] <- 'prod_na'
names ( emp_cz )[1] <- 'prod_na'
<- rbind (
emp_indicator_sk 1:66],
sk_io[, %>% coefficient_matrix_create(.,
emp_sk) return_part = 'primary_inputs') %>%
filter ( prod_na == "employment_total" )
<- full_join (
emp_indicator_cz
cz_io, %>% coefficient_matrix_create(.,
emp_cz) return_part = 'primary_inputs') %>%
filter ( prod_na == "employment_total" )
<- direct_effects_create( emp_indicator_sk, I_sk )
emp_effect_sk <- direct_effects_create( emp_indicator_cz, I_cz )
emp_effect_cz
::kable (emp_effect_cz[1:8], digits = 5) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| employment_total_effect | 0.00121 | 0.00111 | 0.0024 | 0.0011 | 0.00119 | 0.00155 | 0.00137 |
#New function is needed to add employment vector to SIOT
<- input_multipliers_create( emp_indicator_sk, I_sk )
emp_multiplier_sk <- input_multipliers_create( emp_indicator_cz, I_cz )
emp_multiplier_cz
::kable (emp_multiplier_cz[1:8], digits=5) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| employment_total | 2.19587 | 1.75467 | 1.3926 | 1.81069 | 3.10277 | 2.03429 | 2.49164 |
<- output_multiplier_create (input_coeff_matrix_cz)
output_multipliers_cz <- output_multiplier_create (input_coeff_matrix_sk)
output_multipliers_sk
::kable (head(output_multipliers_cz[,1:8]), digits=4) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| output_multipliers | 2.6834 | 2.0952 | 2.687 | 2.3066 | 3.0105 | 2.7403 | 2.8346 |
Backward linkages show the effect on industries that are suppliers to the production (industry) in question.
<- backward_linkages(I_cz)
cz_bw <- backward_linkages(I_sk)
sk_bw
::kable (head(cz_bw[,1:8]), digits=4) knitr
| prod_na | CPA_A01 | CPA_A02 | CPA_A03 | CPA_B | CPA_C10-12 | CPA_C13-15 | CPA_C16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| backward linkages | 2.6834 | 2.0952 | 2.687 | 2.3066 | 3.0105 | 2.7403 | 2.8346 |
Forward linkages show the effects on other industries that use the product (industry output) at question as an input. Forward linkages can be derived from the ouput coefficient table.
<- output_coefficient_matrix_create(
output_coeff_cz io_table = cz_io, total = "tfu", digits = 4)
<- output_coefficient_matrix_create(
output_coeff_sk io_table = sk_io, total = "tfu")
::kable (head(output_coeff_cz[,1:8])) knitr
From the output coefficient matrix we can create the Leontief-matrix
for outputs, its inverse, and summarize for forward linkages. These
steps are taking place in the forward_linkages
function.
<- forward_linkages ( output_coeff_cz )
cz_fw <- forward_linkages( output_coeff_sk )
sk_fw
::kable (head(cz_fw), digits=4) knitr
This code will not run, unless you run it separately. The resulting files can be used to check calculations in Excel or other application.
The contents of the not_included directory can be found on GitHub, but they are not released and distributed with the package.
require(xlsx)
<- file.path("..", "not_included", "CzechRep_test.xlsx")
cz_file_name #Czech Republic data
::write.xlsx ( cz_io, file = cz_file_name, sheetName = "io_table",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=FALSE)
::write.xlsx ( cz_output, file = cz_file_name, sheetName = "cz_output",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( input_coeff_matrix_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "input_coeff_matrix_cz",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( L_cz, file = cz_file_name, sheetName = "L_cz",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( I_cz, file = cz_file_name, sheetName = "I_cz",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( direct_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "direct_cz",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( multipliers_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "multipliers_cz",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( emp_effect_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "emp_effect_cz_2015",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( emp_indicator_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "emp_indicator_cz",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( emp_multiplier_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "emp_multiplier_cz",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( cz_bw, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "cz_backward_linkages",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( output_coeff_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "output_coeff_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( cz_fw, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "cz_forward_linkages",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( output_multipliers_cz, file = cz_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "output_multipliers_cz",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
<- file.path("..", "not_included", "SlovakRep_test.xlsx")
sk_file_name #Czech Republic data
::write.xlsx ( sk_io, file = sk_file_name, sheetName = "io_table",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=FALSE)
::write.xlsx ( sk_output, file = sk_file_name, sheetName = "sk_output",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( input_coeff_matrix_sk, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "input_coeff_matrix_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( L_sk, file = sk_file_name, sheetName = "L_sk",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( I_sk, file = sk_file_name, sheetName = "I_sk",
xlsxcol.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( direct_sk, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "direct_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( multipliers_sk, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "multipliers_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( emp_effect_sk, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "emp_effect_sk_2015",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( emp_indicator_sk,file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "emp_indicator_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( emp_multiplier_sk, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "employment_multipliers_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( sk_bw, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "sk_backward_linkages",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( output_coeff_sk, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "output_coeff_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( sk_fw, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "sk_forward_linkages",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)
::write.xlsx ( output_multipliers_sk, file = sk_file_name,
xlsxsheetName = "output_multipliers_sk",
col.names=TRUE, row.names=TRUE, append=TRUE)


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Source code for pilot.user.generic.common
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Authors:
# - Paul Nilsson<EMAIL_ADDRESS>2017-2020
import os
from signal import SIGTERM
from pilot.common.exception import TrfDownloadFailure
from pilot.util.config import config
from pilot.util.constants import UTILITY_BEFORE_PAYLOAD, UTILITY_AFTER_PAYLOAD
from pilot.util.filehandling import read_file
from .setup import get_analysis_trf
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
[docs]def sanity_check():
"""
Perform an initial sanity check before doing anything else in a given workflow.
This function can be used to verify importing of modules that are otherwise used much later, but it is better to abort
the pilot if a problem is discovered early.
:return: exit code (0 if all is ok, otherwise non-zero exit code).
"""
return 0
[docs]def validate(job):
"""
Perform user specific payload/job validation.
:param job: job object.
:return: Boolean (True if validation is successful).
"""
return True
[docs]def get_payload_command(job):
"""
Return the full command for executing the payload, including the sourcing of all setup files and setting of
environment variables.
By default, the full payload command is assumed to be in the job.jobparams.
:param job: job object
:return: command (string)
"""
# Try to download the trf
# if job.imagename != "" or "--containerImage" in job.jobparams:
# job.transformation = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(job.transformation), "runcontainer")
# logger.warning('overwrote job.transformation, now set to: %s' % job.transformation)
ec, diagnostics, trf_name = get_analysis_trf(job.transformation, job.workdir)
if ec != 0:
raise TrfDownloadFailure(diagnostics)
else:
logger.debug('user analysis trf: %s' % trf_name)
return get_analysis_run_command(job, trf_name)
[docs]def get_analysis_run_command(job, trf_name):
"""
Return the proper run command for the user job.
Example output: export X509_USER_PROXY=<..>;./runAthena <job parameters> --usePFCTurl --directIn
:param job: job object.
:param trf_name: name of the transform that will run the job (string). Used when containers are not used.
:return: command (string).
"""
cmd = ""
# add the user proxy
if 'X509_USER_PROXY' in os.environ and not job.imagename:
cmd += 'export X509_USER_PROXY=%s;' % os.environ.get('X509_USER_PROXY')
# set up trfs
if job.imagename == "": # user jobs with no imagename defined
cmd += './%s %s' % (trf_name, job.jobparams)
else:
if trf_name:
cmd += './%s %s' % (trf_name, job.jobparams)
else:
cmd += 'python %s %s' % (trf_name, job.jobparams)
return cmd
[docs]def update_job_data(job):
"""
This function can be used to update/add data to the job object.
E.g. user specific information can be extracted from other job object fields. In the case of ATLAS, information
is extracted from the metaData field and added to other job object fields.
:param job: job object
:return:
"""
pass
[docs]def remove_redundant_files(workdir, outputfiles=[], islooping=False):
"""
Remove redundant files and directories prior to creating the log file.
:param workdir: working directory (string).
:param outputfiles: list of output files.
:param islooping: looping job variable to make sure workDir is not removed in case of looping (boolean).
:return:
"""
pass
[docs]def get_utility_commands(order=None, job=None):
"""
Return a dictionary of utility commands and arguments to be executed in parallel with the payload.
This could e.g. be memory and network monitor commands. A separate function can be used to determine the
corresponding command setups using the utility command name.
If the optional order parameter is set, the function should return the list of corresponding commands.
E.g. if order=UTILITY_BEFORE_PAYLOAD, the function should return all commands that are to be executed before the
payload. If order=UTILITY_WITH_PAYLOAD, the corresponding commands will be prepended to the payload execution
string. If order=UTILITY_AFTER_PAYLOAD, the commands that should be executed after the payload has been started
should be returned.
FORMAT: {'command': <command>, 'args': <args>}
:param order: optional sorting order (see pilot.util.constants)
:param job: optional job object.
:return: dictionary of utilities to be executed in parallel with the payload.
"""
return {}
[docs]def get_utility_command_setup(name, setup=None):
"""
Return the proper setup for the given utility command.
If a payload setup is specified
:param name:
:param setup:
:return:
"""
pass
[docs]def get_utility_command_execution_order(name):
"""
Should the given utility command be executed before or after the payload?
:param name: utility name (string).
:return: execution order constant (UTILITY_BEFORE_PAYLOAD or UTILITY_AFTER_PAYLOAD)
"""
# example implementation
if name == 'monitor':
return UTILITY_BEFORE_PAYLOAD
else:
return UTILITY_AFTER_PAYLOAD
[docs]def post_utility_command_action(name, job):
"""
Perform post action for given utility command.
:param name: name of utility command (string).
:param job: job object.
:return:
"""
pass
[docs]def get_utility_command_kill_signal(name):
"""
Return the proper kill signal used to stop the utility command.
:param name:
:return: kill signal
"""
return SIGTERM
[docs]def get_utility_command_output_filename(name, selector=None):
"""
Return the filename to the output of the utility command.
:param name: utility name (string).
:param selector: optional special conditions flag (boolean).
:return: filename (string).
"""
return ""
[docs]def verify_job(job):
"""
Verify job parameters for specific errors.
Note:
in case of problem, the function should set the corresponding pilot error code using
job.piloterrorcodes, job.piloterrordiags = errors.add_error_code(error.get_error_code())
:param job: job object
:return: Boolean.
"""
return True
[docs]def update_stagein(job):
"""
In case special files need to be skipped during stage-in, the job.indata list can be updated here.
See ATLAS code for an example.
:param job: job object.
:return:
"""
pass
[docs]def update_server(job):
"""
Perform any user specific server actions.
E.g. this can be used to send special information to a logstash.
:param job: job object.
:return:
"""
pass


By: billyzhang2010 原文发布于：2010-03-06 11:14:57
We've seen Android running on the Nokia N810 before, but it's never been as easy as it is now for everyone (even Linux dummies like me!) to get it working on their own Internet Tablets. While the original method certainly wasn't for the faint of heart, the newly developed Android Installer (released July 1) makes putting a very functional Android onto Diablo-running N810s as quick and easy as installing an application.
The first thing you need to do is download and save the android.img.bz2 image file on the N810 (internal memory or miniSD card; 110MB free space required).
Then download, save, and install the android-installer.deb file (Settings -> Application manager -> Install from file).
Reboot the device and launch Android through the Extras menu.
Ta-dah! This fantastic Android port includes a working touchscreen, fully functional browser, contact integration, maps, and some developer tools.
The only way I've been able to close Android, though, has been to reboot the N810. I seriously can't find the exit button/command. Anyone know where it is?
[ITT via Random Musings(thanks, Martin!)]
Technorati: android installer, nokia n810


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Twitter CEO Dick Costolo has just dropped some numbers at a speaker dinner here at Web 2.0 Summit in San Francisco. Costolo revealed that the company has gone from 90 million tweets per day in September of 2010 to 100 million at the beginning of this year to 1/4 billion tweets per day as of today, a 177% percent change. Twitter is now serving up a billion tweets every 4-5 days, Costolo said.
The company has gone from having 30% of its 100 million users active every day in January 2011 to over 50% active daily users today. The recent iOS 5 Twitter integration has notably increased signups 3x.


Play
three.js
webaudio - sandbox
music by
larrylarrybb
,
skullbeatz
and
congusbongus
navigate with WASD / arrows / mouse


Class std.list
Tables as lists.
Prototype Chain
table
`-> Object
`-> List
Objects
-
std.list.List
-
An Object derived List.
Functions
Methods
-
std.list.append (l, x)
-
Append an item to a list.
Parameters:
Returns:
List
new list with x appended
Usage:
longer = append (short, "last")
-
std.list.compare (l, m)
-
Compare two lists element-by-element, from left-to-right.
Parameters:
Returns:
-1 if l is less than m, 0 if they are the same, and 1
if l is greater than m
Usage:
if a_list:compare (another_list) == 0 then print "same" end
-
std.list.concat (l, ...)
-
Concatenate the elements from any number of lists.
Parameters:
- l
List
a list
- ...
tuple of lists
Returns:
List
new list with elements from arguments
Usage:
list.concat ({1, 2, 3}, {{4, 5}, 6, 7})
-
std.list.cons (l, x)
-
Prepend an item to a list.
Parameters:
Returns:
List
new list with x followed by elements of l
Usage:
list.cons ({1, 2, 3}, "x")
-
std.list.rep (l, n)
-
Repeat a list.
Parameters:
- l
List
a list
- n
int
number of times to repeat
Returns:
List
n copies of l appended together
Usage:
list.rep ({1, 2, 3}, 3)
-
std.list.sub (l[, from=1[, to=#l]])
-
Return a sub-range of a list.
(The equivalent of ??? on strings; negative list indices
count from the end of the list.)
Parameters:
- l
List
a list
- from
int
start of range
(default 1)
- to
int
end of range
(default #l)
Returns:
List
new list containing elements between from and to
inclusive
Usage:
list.sub ({1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, 3, 5)
-
std.list.tail (l)
-
Return a list with its first element removed.
Parameters:
Returns:
List
new list with all but the first element of l
Usage:
list.tail {{1, 2}, 3, {4, 5}, 6, 7}
Metamethods
-
std.list:__add (l, e)
-
Append element to list.
Parameters:
- l
List
a list
- e
element to append
See also:
Usage:
list = list + "element"
-
std.list:__concat (l, m)
-
Concatenate lists.
Parameters:
- l
List
a list
- m
List or table
another list, or table (hash part is ignored)
See also:
Usage:
new = alist .. {"append", "these", "elements"}
-
std.list:__le (l, m)
-
List equality or order operator.
Parameters:
See also:
Usage:
min = list1 <= list2 and list1 or list2
-
std.list:__lt (l, m)
-
List order operator.
Parameters:
See also:
Usage:
max = list1 > list2 and list1 or list2


About the website
A web based learning platform where we have tried to sum up all the educational resource material together , So you can easily find and download your desired material .
A web based learning platform where we have tried to sum up all the educational resource material together , So you can easily find and download your desired material .


This
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á
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Professional Rails Project Steps
-Roy Canseco
New Rails Project
use
$ rails _5.1.6_ new sample_project --database=postgresql
instead of:
rails new sample_project
- Specify the rails version you want to use for the project. It's good to indicate this in the Gemfile too.
- Immediate use the same database as what you plan to use in production. This is good practice.
Connect to a database
- make sure you have the database software available
- open
config/database.yml
- edit the
default
section and add the following with your database details- host:
- username:
- password:
- port:
- you can leave the default
pool=5
- run
$ rails db:create
to see if the connection is successful (ie no errors)
Create the README
include the following sections in the README
- what is this Project
- License
- Getting Started
- More info / Contact Info
We can use this also as the configuration document. Any sensitive information should be left as configuration variables (eg $PASSWORD
) with a mapping in a private spreadsheet somewhere.
Create the privete password spreadsheet
- Google spreadsheets might be a good fit for this.
- Sample accounts can be stored here.
Private Source Code Repository
- Let's start with gitlab
- Have the team as collaborators
- Assign someone for branch merging to master
Make "Hello World"
- have the root route to a controller method that says "Hello World"
- this allows us to deploy as early as possible without arousing suspicion
Heroku deploy
- sign-up for Heroku
- see if you have heroku cli properly installed
$ heroku --version
- login and save keys
- the create a project and deploy
- open to see your successful "hello world" deployment
$ heroku login
$ heroku keys:add
$ heroku create
$ heroku push master
$ heroku open
Create Static Pages
- This is you About page etc.
- practicing branching would be good now too * create a new branch * develop the static Pages * checkout master and merge branch * delete branch
$ git checkout -b static_pages
$ rails generate controller StaticPages home help
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "Add static pages controller"
$ git push -u origin static-pages
subsequent pushing is ok with $ git push
Setup Automatic Testing
- Test the titles on the static Pages
Freeze the Gemfile
Freezing the versions in the Gemfile can be a good idea now. Since you can now have tests that will check if upgrades will break anything important.
Setup Continous Integration
- use Gitlab CI


I'm Wang Jie. I'm a student living in China Mainland. I'm interested in web development, algorithm and gaming. Here is my home page. You can learn me more by following links.
If you want to contact me, you can try following ways.
Email: ******
PGP Public Key: 0x3B36787A
Telegram: +1(405)396-6624


So, you’re experiencing a problem?
If you’re not sure how to use the lightbox, or are experiencing a problem with it, please ask on StackOverflow - you will most definitely get a faster response time and it leaves this GitHub issues for actual bugs and not support questions.
If you really do think you have a bug, please:


The Hope Organization helps families survive and recover after a disaster by providing timely and effective assistance. Hope also provides a hopeful future for underserved communities through programs that improve their health and wellbeing.
The Hope organization is an international humanitarian aid and disaster relief organization helping disaster victims locally, regionally, nationally and internationally regardless of race, creed or political persuasion. By rescuing and reusing products from major corporations and manufacturers, Hope provides basic necessities, nutritional supplements, educational materials, micro-enterprise supplies and disaster relief across the US and worldwide.
The people we help are not receiving a handout, but a helping hand. It is only when a person’s most basic needs are met that one can become self-reliant. Because of this belief, Hope has always placed an emphasis on education, job creation and providing aid to those affected by disaster. The Hope organization is a federally recognized 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization.
Quality healthcare is crucial in the days following a crisis. Hope stocks hospitals and clinics with medicines and supplies, and we also send fully equipped mobile medical teams to reach people who have no other access to medical help.
We immediately respond to communities impacted by natural disasters by engaging volunteers, partners and local communities to help families rebuild homes and schools by engaging in activities like “mucking and gutting” after a flood, “rubbling” after an earthquake, or safe demolition to remove dangerous structures. We begin by carefully listening to the community to identify their greatest needs and only then create a long-term action plan, executed with speed and real-time problem-solving.
A storm or earthquake can leave survivors without the basics of daily life. When Hope responds we often start by handing out needed supplies, including cooking utensils, hygiene items, blankets, water buckets, and other essentials.
After a disaster, food and water can mean the difference between life and death. We provide emergency food kits that typically include staples such as rice, beans, soy meal, corn, salt, and cooking oil. Contaminated water supplies are purified with packets that remove harmful microorganisms. We install community filtration systems that can purify up to 10,000 gallons per day, enough to provide for 2,500 people.
You can help. Make a gift donation today.


If you like your magic served with a dash of savoir faire, this school is for you. Beauxbatons welcomes a multitude of students of different nationalities, mainly French, but also Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Luxembourgian and Belgian.
You’ll certainly hear a few interesting stories at Durmstrang, seeing as this is the school that Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald was expelled from.
You’ll certainly hear a few interesting stories at Durmstrang, seeing as this is the school that Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald was expelled from.
If you fancy living a Hogwarts-style life across the pond. - The founder of Ilvermorny, Isolt Sayre, - always wished she could go to Hogwarts, - and the school definitely seems to embody some of its traditions.
Because you love it. But also because of its detailed history, secret passages, eccentric professors, wisecracking ghosts, lovely house-elves, talking portraits and much, much more besides. Most importantly, Hogwarts seems to have a sense of humour about itself, and round every corner is a new delight.
If you like your magic served with a dash of savoir faire, this school is for you. Beauxbatons welcomes a multitude of students of different nationalities, mainly French, but also Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Luxembourgian and Belgian.
You’ll certainly hear a few interesting stories at Durmstrang, seeing as this is the school that Dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald was expelled from.
If you fancy living a Hogwarts-style life across the pond. The founder of Ilvermorny, Isolt Sayre, always wished she could go to Hogwarts, and the school definitely seems to embody some of its traditions.
Because you love it. But also because of its detailed history, secret passages, eccentric professors, wisecracking ghosts, lovely house-elves, talking portraits and much, much more besides. Most importantly, Hogwarts seems to have a sense of humour about itself, and round every corner is a new delight.
If you like your magic served with a dash of savoir faire, this school is for you. Beauxbatons welcomes a multitude of students of different nationalities, mainly French, but also Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Luxembourgian and Belgian.
If you fancy living a Hogwarts-style life across the pond. The founder of Ilvermorny, Isolt Sayre, always wished she could go to Hogwarts, and the school definitely seems to embody some of its traditions.
Because you love it. But also because of its detailed history, secret passages, eccentric professors, wisecracking ghosts, lovely house-elves, talking portraits and much, much more besides. Most importantly, Hogwarts seems to have a sense of humour about itself, and round every corner is a new delight.


| Package | org.juicekit.visual.controls |
| Class | public class MovieClipControlBase |
| Inheritance | MovieClipControlBase RendererBase mx.core.UIComponent |
| Subclasses | DMAMapControl, USMapControl |
MovieClip
that contains SimpleButton
children.
The wrapped MovieClip's SimpleButton children dispatch mouse events
and are colored based on data and a colorEncoding function.
Note: This class is only a base class for more specific classes.
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| colorEncodingFunction : Function
References a function that returns a
uint
color value that is applied to the graphical element. | MovieClipControlBase | ||
| data : Object
Stores an
Array or
ArrayCollection of objects
whose properties will be used to change the appearance of the the
MovieClip 's SimpleButton children. | MovieClipControlBase | ||
| dataKeyField : String
Specifies the data
Object property name
that maps to SimpleButton instance names. | MovieClipControlBase | ||
| listData : BaseListData
Implement the IDropInListItemRenderer interface.
| RendererBase |
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| _clip : MovieClip = null
Stores a reference to the wrapped
MovieClip . | MovieClipControlBase | ||
| dataPropertyChanged : Boolean = false
Indicated whether the data property was changed.
| RendererBase |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Constructor.
| MovieClipControlBase | ||
|
encodeMap(table:Array):void
Encode map colors by applying the colorEncodingFunction
to the array of data objects.
| MovieClipControlBase |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
calcPaddedBounds(w:Number, h:Number):Rectangle
Return a
Rectangle inset by any padding styles. | MovieClipControlBase | ||
|
clipDisplayObjectContainer():DisplayObjectContainer
Return the MovieClip's
DisplayObjectContainer containing
the SimpleButton s to encode. | MovieClipControlBase | ||
|
commitProperties():void
Reset the
dataPropertyChanged and invalidate
the display list. | RendererBase | ||
|
createMovieClip():MovieClip
Return an instance of a specific
MovieClip derived class. | MovieClipControlBase | ||
|
getButtonData(simpleButton:SimpleButton):Object
Return the data object associated with the target
DisplayObject . | MovieClipControlBase | ||
|
signalDataMouseEvent(event:MouseEvent):void
Dispatch a mouse event and its related data.
| MovieClipControlBase |
| Event | Summary | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dispatched when the data property changes. | RendererBase | |||
Dispatched when the user clicks a pointing device over a
MovieClipControlBase instance's rectangle. | MovieClipControlBase | |||
Dispatched when the user clicks a pointing device over a
MovieClipControlBase instance's rectangle. | MovieClipControlBase | |||
Dispatched when the user moves a pointing device away from
MovieClipControlBase instance's rectangle. | MovieClipControlBase | |||
Dispatched when the user moves a pointing device over a
MovieClipControlBase instance's rectangle. | MovieClipControlBase |
| _clip | property |
protected var _clip:MovieClip = null
Stores a reference to the wrapped MovieClip
.
| colorEncodingFunction | property |
colorEncodingFunction:Function
[read-write]
References a function that returns a uint
color value that is applied to the graphical element. The function
is passed a SimpleButton
's name and
a data Object
matched to the name.
The function signature is:
f(name:String, data:Object):uint
The default value is null
.
This property can be used as the source for data binding.
Implementation public function get colorEncodingFunction():Function
public function set colorEncodingFunction(value:Function):void
| data | property |
data:Object
[read-write]
Stores an Array
or
ArrayCollection
of objects
whose properties will be used to change the appearance of the the
MovieClip
's SimpleButton
children.
public function get data():Object
public function set data(value:Object):void
| dataKeyField | property |
dataKeyField:String
[read-write]
Specifies the data Object
property name
that maps to SimpleButton
instance names.
The default value is "name"
.
This property can be used as the source for data binding.
Implementation public function get dataKeyField():String
public function set dataKeyField(value:String):void
| MovieClipControlBase | () | constructor |
public function MovieClipControlBase()
Constructor.
| calcPaddedBounds | () | method |
protected function calcPaddedBounds(w:Number, h:Number):Rectangle
Return a Rectangle
inset by any padding styles.
w:Number — Is the maximum width before any padding is subtracted.
|
|
h:Number — Is the maximum height before any padding is subtracted.
|
Rectangle — Returns a rectangle inset by the padding styles.
|
| clipDisplayObjectContainer | () | method |
protected function clipDisplayObjectContainer():DisplayObjectContainer
Return the MovieClip's DisplayObjectContainer
containing
the SimpleButton
s to encode.
DisplayObjectContainer |
| createMovieClip | () | method |
protected function createMovieClip():MovieClip
Return an instance of a specific MovieClip
derived class.
Note: This method is required to be overridden in the derived class.
ReturnsMovieClip |
| encodeMap | () | method |
public function encodeMap(table:Array):void
Encode map colors by applying the colorEncodingFunction to the array of data objects.
Parameterstable:Array |
| getButtonData | () | method |
protected function getButtonData(simpleButton:SimpleButton):Object
Return the data object associated with the target
DisplayObject
.
simpleButton:SimpleButton |
Object |
| signalDataMouseEvent | () | method |
protected function signalDataMouseEvent(event:MouseEvent):void
Dispatch a mouse event and its related data.
Parametersevent:MouseEvent |
| jkDataClick | event |
org.juicekit.events.DataMouseEvent
Dispatched when the user clicks a pointing device over a
MovieClipControlBase
instance's rectangle.
| jkDataDoubleClick | event |
org.juicekit.events.DataMouseEvent
Dispatched when the user clicks a pointing device over a
MovieClipControlBase
instance's rectangle.
| jkDataMouseOut | event |
org.juicekit.events.DataMouseEvent
Dispatched when the user moves a pointing device away from
MovieClipControlBase
instance's rectangle.
| jkDataMouseOver | event |
org.juicekit.events.DataMouseEvent
Dispatched when the user moves a pointing device over a
MovieClipControlBase
instance's rectangle.


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Original Question:
What Is the Probability That a Rhyme Occurs in a Given Language?
Mandarin Chinese only has a few syllables, whereas English or German have far more possibilities of combining sounds. However, grammar only allows certain sound combinations, so not all of them are employed in language. Is it correct to say that in Chinese there will be more rhymes than in Engl.?
This is actually a very interesting question. I can’t give you an actual number, because as far as I’m aware, a study like this has never been done, and it would be kinda hard to do, but we can make predictions.
Secondly, I’m going to assume that you meant, “probably that a rhyme occurs on a given word in a given language”, because every language is going to have at least one rhyme, which would make your answer 100%, and that would be boring.
So, first of all, we need to define “rhyme”. The poetic definition is a bit wibbly-wobbly, so I’ll go with the linguistic definition. A syllable has three parts, an onset, nucleus, and coda. The nucleus and coda together are called the Rhyme or Rime (I’ll use the second spelling, for the sake of clarity). Two words are said to “rhyme” when the final syllable of each word shares the same rime.
To reiterate, for the purposes of this answer (which has now become an essay), rime is a linguistic object consisting of a vowel and some number of consonants, and rhyme is a relationship between two words such that they share the same rime. Kapeesh? Okay, let’s go.
So, armed with this, let’s look at some languages.
Rhyme cross-linguistically
So, first, we need to get inflecting languages out of the way. Many, many languages have nominal and verbal inflection that takes the form of suffixes on words. In these languages, if two words share the same gender, or number, or case, or tense, they will rhyme, by strict definition. This is where we encounter our first cross-linguistic problem: in some languages this rhyme counts for poetry, in others it doesn’t. So in English
When Summer to the earth is bringing
birds of air and flowers blooming
is a kind of disappointing rhyme. If I were in a poetry class, that would get me a solid C, only because I kept the meter. However, in Persian
Morde bodam, zende shodam gerye bodam khande shodam
dowlat e eshgh âmad o man dowlat e pâyande shodam
is totally fine. In fact, many Persian speakers can recite this poem by heart, it’s one of the most famous poems by one of the most famous poets, Rumi. Every line ends with “-am” which is the marker for 1st person singular verb agreement, and a Persian speaker would call that rhyme.
So, what do we do? For the purposes of this discussion, I’m going to go ahead and say that Persian rhyming rules don’t count. I say so at my own peril, but I think that far more languages are like English, and forbid suffix rhyme than like Persian where it counts. This means that we’re only going to be looking at stems.
Whew, now that that’s out of the way.
Defining Rime
Syllable Structure
The next thing to look at is syllable structure, because in addition to having different phonemic inventories, as you have pointed out, different languages have different syllable structure. Linguists classify this in terms of maximal forms. The maximal form is a generalized illustration of the syllable structure of a language by the largest possible number of sounds. The English maximal form is (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)(C). The maximal example is “strengths”, which is phonemically /strɛŋkθs/. Three onset consonants, one vowel nucleus, and five coda consonants. The parentheses indicate items that are optional: in English you can have a syllable as small as V, as in “I” or “a”.
Chinese, on the other hand, has the maximal form (C)(G)V(X)T. That is, an optional consonant, an optional glide, a mandatory vowel, an optional nasal, and a mandatory tone (which is part of the rime). Naturally, this is the greatest limiter to the size of syllables and the number of possible rimes, but not the only one.
The Sonority Principle:
Now that we’ve got a description of the shape of syllables, there are some rules about how they can be made. Now, each language has it’s own rules, for example, in English you can’t have a /ŋ/ in an onset, but there is one generalizable rule that almost every language follows: the Sonority Hierarchy Principle. This principle simply states that sounds with more sonority will be closer to the center of the syllable, and sounds with less sonority, will be further from the center.
Counting Rhymes:
This is the part where we need to actually look at the languages, with all the rules, and try to figure out what is and isn’t legal. Now that we have these basic rules, we can make lists of possible nuclei and codas. Thankfully, some very bored people have already done the tedious work for us, and online you can find exhaustive lists of all the possible codas or nuclei of certain languages. Let’s stick with Chinese and English, since you brought them up.
Chinese
In Chinese, the syllable structure is rather simple, you only get one onset consonant, one vowel, and one coda syllable, so sonority hierarchy doesn’t actually matter. Various institutions have created Pinyin Tables, that contain an exhaustive list of possible syllables, ignoring tone. On this Pinyin Table on Wikipedia (Pinyin table), the rhymes are on the Y axis. We can count the number of rimes simply by counting how many rows there are. But wait! In Chinese, the optional glide is not considered part of the rime (depending on who you ask), so we have to look carefully at the table, and only count the rows without glides. By my count, that gives us 21 rimes. Hooray!
English
Jesus Christ, how are we going to count English rimes? Well, we’ll have to do some combinatorics, there are simply too many possibilities for anybody to make a table that means anything. There are a few tables we can use, though.
On this wikipedia page, you’ll find a list of possible codas in English, ignoring the final /s/: English phonology. The creators of this list already took into account the maximal form and sonority hierarchy, as well as a couple more specific rules that English has. If we count all of those, we should get a total number of possible codas of 97 . Since you can stick an /s/ or a /t/ or /d/ on any of these as inflectional markers, we’re going to go ahead and ignore those, since up above, remember, we said we’re not going to count inflection. Since you can also have no coda, we’re going to stick an extra possibility on there for a total of 98.
So now we’ve got a count of codas, but a rime is a coda put next to a vowel. English, depending on your dialect, has around 15 vowels (normally I would count almost twice that, but our list of codas counts rhoticity as a consonant, I think that’s wrong, but whatever). If we naively assume that any vowel can be stacked with any coda to produce a rhyme, that gives us 15*98=1470 rimes.  This language, man, this language.
Oh dear god he’s still going
Not for much longer, I promise.
You’d think that those numbers above should give you your answer. Since Chinese has fewer rimes than English, you would expect there to be more rhymes. And that’s almost certainly correct. But that’s not what you asked. You asked for a probability of finding a rhyme. And for that, you need to know something about the lexicon.
The lexicon is a funny thing. Language follows Zipf’s law in almost everything. This means that there are a small number of items with a very high distribution of occurrence, and a large number of things with a very low distribution of occurrence. For example, there are hundreds of words with the rhyme /ə/, but only one with the rhyme /ɪnd͡ʒ/ (orange). This means that the probability of finding a rhyme depends on the word you’re starting with. In English, for some words, it’s 0%. For other words, it could be upwards of 5%. We can presume that other languages will follow a similar distribution. Chinese might not have any singletons, like English does, but I guarantee that there’s a zipfian distribution, since, if you go back and look at the pinyin table, you’ll see that some codas are full across the row, and others have only one measly column and the rest is empty.
Therefore, to solve this problem once and for all, we would need to do a survey of all the words in the language, and build some kind of statistical model from that survey, whereby we can query a particular rhyme and find out how often it occurs, and what percentage of the probability space it occupies.
Conclusion
I hope this answered your question. I had fun writing it, and I hope you learned something. To briefly summarize: your likelihood of finding a rhyme depends on what language you’re in. In particular, that language’s syllable structure, the interaction between sonority hierarchy and phonemic inventory, and any additional special phonotactic rules.
The likelihood of finding a rhyme also depends on what word in particular is being investigated. By Zipf’s law, some rimes are much more common than other rimes, and uncommon rimes are more numerous than common ones (I may be wrong on that part, I haven’t done the experiment).
To find this probability, you need to know the language, and you need to have a model of the syllables of that language, and you need to know what word you are attempting to rhyme.


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