Archaeology was born of modernity. Indeed, it helped shape it. There are many ways to define modernity, but the very word indicates that the concept of time is central—modernity as a new way of conceptualizing time that emerged around the sixteenth century, specifically the perception of the present as distinct from the past: the break with tradition. 1 Alongside this temporal fracture was a new sense of history or historical consciousness that attempted to mend this break, but which was however faced with an inherent paradox: before modernity, understanding of the past had come through tradition, yet in breaking with tradition, with the past, modernity now had to find another way of understanding it. This was a problem faced by all Renaissance scholars in whatever field, a problem which was ultimately resolved by invoking the authority of reason (Descartes) and the senses (Bacon) against tradition, including religion. Understanding the past, particularly the human past of history, presented a particularly acute instance of this paradox, for it involved breaking from the very thing that was to be understood. The only way to respond was either to study the past through a critical analysis of traditional sources (history) or to find other sources, another authority; and this meant, above all, material culture (archaeology).
The antiquarians of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and even eighteenth centuries played a critical role in articulating the project of modernity, for it was they who discovered a past previously unknown to tradition through the recognition of an ancient European material culture. It is too easy to forget the specific social and intellectual conditions which define archaeology. With all sense of the past coming from what had been handed down, it must have seemed near impossible to find an independent and alternative way of understanding. The significant thing about the recognition of this ancient material culture was that it was based on observation and comparison with contemporary objects. Just as it was realized that fossils were the remains of once living organisms, so it was realized that prehistoric objects were the material culture of once living societies. The example of thunderstones illustrates this perfectly. These objects were originally interpreted as "solidified lightning" and viewed as natural objects; we now recognize them as stone axes, dating back over four thousand years. It was only when Europe began its global expansion and encountered people living in very different conditions and using very different material culture—but one which included objects that looked like those found buried in European soil—that the possibility of their human origin was raised. 2
Despite the increasing amount of empirical work conducted on ancient remains during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the contradiction between breaking with the past and depending upon it remained acute. In facing this new past, which was opened up by analogies with the present, the antiquarians did not develop the means to understand it much further until the nineteenth century. They were, for all intents and purposes, forced back onto what tradition—specifically written texts—said, and so they fitted the new discoveries into this framework. Classical and biblical texts spoke of stone tools, just as the world, according to Archbishop Ussher's famous calculations, began only in 4004 B.C. The idea of prehistory—of a past radically earlier than written history—was unacceptable, if not inconceivable, until the nineteenth century. The great antiquity of the earth and of human culture was realized only when—similarly using analogies with the present—the layering of rocks and soil in the earth (stratigraphy) replaced traditional sources (such as biblical genealogies) as a guide to chronology. Combined with the development of typology—the classification of prehistoric artifacts—antiquarians now had the beginnings of a method for interrogating this new past; they could also give the final death blow to the antimodernists by claiming a past which existed even before tradition: prehistory. 3
The idea of prehistory is in many ways the epitome of the modernist project: the creation of a past which has no connection to traditional history. Moreover, prehistory was not just a new past, it was also a lost past—lost to traditional forms of memory, whether written or spoken. For the new historical consciousness, prehistory was perhaps the greatest challenge and yet perhaps its greatest asset; on the one hand, it was a past which tradition has forgotten, and no amount of critical analysis of traditional texts would recover it. On the other, precisely for this reason, it was a past purified of all taint of tradition. It was a clean slate. The concept of prehistory is incredibly radical, and yet today we do not give it too much thought. Prehistory was about a time before text. We tend to think of prehistory as simply the recognition of a chronological period, a time before history, where history is the written or spoken word. Yet the "before" of prehistory is not just temporal, it is also ontological (though the two are related). Prehistory is not solely about chronological priority, it is also about the ontological priority of material culture before text. It was not simply that archaeologists were forced to rely on material culture to interpret this new past—the modernist project demanded it. It was an alternative path to constructing a new authority and foundation for understanding the past that did not rely on tradition (i.e., texts). Let me be clear here though: I am not suggesting some absolute priority of material culture over text, but a contingent one, according to the disciplinary context. In absolute terms, if I can use this phrase at all, the issue was making material culture the equal of text—and more than its equal: independent of it. But in the specific context of archaeology, material culture was to have the upper hand.
While the implications of this role of material culture have been long recognized in archaeology, they have not been connected to the concept of prehistory. In fact, ironically, most archaeologists continue to consider the concept of prehistory as primarily a chronological concept: the time before writing. 4 Yet to appreciate fully the radical nature of the modernist project, the ontological status of prehistory needs to be properly considered. The word prehistory was only invented in the mid-nineteenth century and it caused some ripples at the time; other words were even considered for this "new" past, such as antehistory. Given the phonetic similarity to antihistory, perhaps this would have been more apt. But then, perhaps this would have underlined the break between traditional history and the new history too much. 5 Yet the break was always more than a temporal one: prehistory was, above all, history studied through material culture, not through texts. This characterization deliberately blurs the distinction between method and material. It relocates the split between prehistory and history from chronology to ontology. This means that even archaeologists studying the material culture of the historic past—medieval Britain or colonial America—are doing prehistory, not history.
That archaeologists do not think this way—that the idea of prehistory is reduced to a chronological concept—is problematic. To some, this may seem a mere question of semantics, but I think it signals an underlying lack of confidence in the archaeological project. To insist on the limited definition of prehistory as a time before text is to ignore the ontological status of material culture vis-à-vis text. It has been pointed out that when archaeologists suddenly opened up the vast period of prehistory in the nineteenth century, they ironically tried to reduce it to a simulacrum of the present through ethnographic analogies: prehistory was peopled by societies similar to contemporary savages. For Tim Murray, this is almost a betrayal of the initial achievement of the discovery of a new past. 6 This is an important issue, yet I think the irony is even greater than Murray indicates: first, the discovery of this "new past" was founded on exactly such analogies—actualistic studies informed the very recognition of thunderstones as stone axes, of deep stratigraphy as long chronologies. Without such contemporary analogies in the first place, there would have been no "discovery" of the antiquity of human culture. Second and more significantly, the "discovery" of prehistory was not just the discovery of a long chronology. It was the discovery of a new method of understanding the past: the analysis of material culture.
What I find really interesting about the history of archaeology is how many of its key developments were linked to the key contradiction of modernity: the need to understand the past without relying on it as a source of authority. Archaeology resolved this contradiction, on the one hand, by creating a new or different kind of past from that laid down by tradition: prehistory; and, on the other, by creating a new way of understanding the past: the study of material culture. The two are closely connected, especially through the wider social context in which these concepts emerged—particularly capitalism. Through mercantile capitalism, the expansion of European people around the world, particularly the discovery of the New World, produced material analogies for those "curiosities" of the Old World such as thunderstones. Through industrial capitalism, the development of mass production and consumption provided a new way of understanding material culture, through the notion of the serial object, which changes through time. Archaeological typologies were quite explicitly inspired by mid-nineteenth-century exhibitions of this new material culture, which arranged objects according to series. 7 These social conditions not only provided the means for one solution to the contradiction of modernity; they also provided the context for actually thinking in a modern way in the first place. Indeed, one cannot really separate these issues, and in fact one might define modernity as the persistence of this dialectic.
This can be seen in archaeology's continued dilemma about the relation between the present and the past. As mentioned earlier, there is a disturbing question surrounding our knowledge of prehistory: on the one hand, it was defined as a new past, a new time, but on the other, it can only be understood (and was created) through analogies (direct or indirect) with the present. The concept of analogy articulates this dialectic well. However, archaeologists are forever uneasy about such ambiguities and concurrently developed a means to conceal this dilemma, as if the line between past and present were not a slash but a hyphen. If analogy represents the modernist divide of past/present, chronology represents the modernist patch of a historical consciousness linking past-present. In short, archaeology created its own mode of time—a temporalization which is not necessarily unique to archaeology (except in its details), but which nonetheless serves to plaster over the fracture between present and past by creating a specific time in which material culture resides. The oldest mode of archaeological temporalization was the narrative of evolution, which placed all material culture in a progressive sequence from savagery to civilization. This model has been continually refined since the eighteenth century, and is still employed by many archaeologists today, especially in North America, albeit in a very modified form. However, evolutionism has not always been in favor and its popularity varies with time and the place. On the other hand, basic chronology—whether drawn from radiocarbon dates, dendrochronology, or typology—remains a fundamental part of the discipline. Periodization in particular—from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age—has remained a key device for structuring this material culture, and even while many archaeologists may have abandoned the grand narratives of social evolution, it is hard to imagine the discipline ever abandoning chronology in some form. It is chronology which provides the most successful temporalization, for it embraces all material culture within a universal temporality, and makes us believe that the prehistoric past is joined to the present through a shared, universal time.
However, we need to be conscious of the political consequences of this kind of historical consciousness, and the political nature of time it incorporates. 8 Archaeology has of course been closely tied to nationalism and the formation of nation-states whether or not it is explicitly used to create origin stories: 9 archaeology—ironically—as the invention of traditions. The politics of nationalism are often—though not always—quite transparent. But archaeology has always also been a modernist project, as this paper has discussed, and one which investigates pasts beyond national frontiers, as the science of the history of humankind. The politics of this humanism have been less transparent. The problem with this vision of archaeology as part of modernity and the project of humanism lies in its politics of time—as Foucault has so minutely deconstructed in his genealogies of European history. For if archaeology is seen as one of the guardians of our time-consciousness, maintaining the temporal continuity or link with the past of humanity, what implications does this have for archaeology vis-à-vis other histories, other strategies of cultural remembrance? The question is whether this concept of time-consciousness does not claim some special and universal status, for its totalizing vision would seem to erase or denigrate other claims to the past. Archaeology as part of the hegemony of a Western discourse on history, a scientific colonialism, a white mythology. 10
Analogy and chronology represent archaeology's two articulations of modernity as a temporal problem. While analogy expresses the fundamental dilemma, chronology represents the primary solution. But what about material culture? It is very much caught between these two articulations, for on the one hand it represents something of both the past and the present simultaneously, and on the other, it is captured within time, belonging to a particular point or period: the stone axe as both metaphor and concept. The textual articulation of material culture, which has become a dominant feature of much archaeology since the 1980s, 11 is perhaps a little ironic given the association between material culture and prehistory discussed earlier. Indeed, we need to remind ourselves of a key axis in the concept of prehistory: as a time before writing—not "before" in a chronological or temporal sense, but "before" in an ontological sense. Of course one needs to be wary of associations with Heideggerian concepts of primordiality, for the priority being asserted here—as I have already mentioned—is not absolute but contingent, and related to a methodological strategy. But as with the restricted, chronological conception of prehistory, I think many archaeologists are also working with a restricted conception of material culture that makes it secondary or supplemental to language, or "mental culture" if you like. To illustrate this, I want to turn towards the archaeology of modernity, towards an archaeological analysis of modernity. For here it is possible to see how archaeology has for a long time either ignored or marginalized an archaeology of the modern period. In doing this, I hope to return to the question of material culture with a revitalized sense of its significance to archaeology.
The grating of metal teeth on concrete, the pounding of a breaker, dust and noise—typical sights and sounds on the initial stages of any urban excavation, as mechanical excavators rip up modern surfaces and foundations. It is normal practice on archaeological excavations, particularly those in cities and so-called "brownfield" (i.e., built-up) areas, for the upper layers of a site to be machined or dug away in order to get down to the "archaeology." Tarmac surfaces, concrete foundations, or service pipe trenches all constitute what is often called "modern disturbance" and if they are recorded at all, it is as a blank zone, their sole importance defined as an area of truncated archaeology—that is, of no archaeology. On reflection, one should of course ask why these features are excluded from consideration as archaeological remains, and the usual answer is, "they are too modern." But what is "too modern"? The question is critical because by default, it also raises the question of what is "the archaeological." Indeed it is as if a major barrier separates the modern from the archaeological gaze. Why are archaeologists usually uninterested in such material remains—is it a question of chronology, disciplinary boundaries, or is there a more concealed issue of ontology and temporality implicated in this simple phrase—"too modern"?
Ironically, throughout most of its history archaeology has not given much attention to the material culture and remains of the very period in which it was born and grew up, its contemporary past. Indeed, it has only been since the late twentieth century—that "postmodern period"—that anything like an active research interest in this vein has developed. Of course in different countries there are different responses to this problem—in Europe, archaeologies of the modern world are very poorly developed ("too modern" is regularly applied as far back as the eighteenth century); 12 but in North America, by contrast, the archaeology of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries is a thriving subdiscipline. Indeed, explorations of the role of material culture in the development of capitalism and global expansion—the very processes connected to the rise of modernity—have formed a core part of some of the most exciting archaeology being done in the United States. 13 The reasons for this regional disparity no doubt relate to broader social issues about the role of archaeology in society. Is it any coincidence that North American archaeologists—mostly white, of European descent—should start using archaeology to explore their "own" past? Indeed, one might suggest there is a clear postcolonial geopolitics operating in this focus on the archaeology of the modern world: globally, the most active research of the modern period occurs precisely in those former colonies where the European-derived population is or has been politically or numerically dominant (such as North America or Australia) in contrast to those where the indigenous population regained power (such as India or other countries in southeast Asia).
Yet the more insistent question is perhaps not why the archaeology of the past three centuries is stronger in some former colonies than others, but why it is so weak in the colonial homeland of Europe. This is slowly changing, but it is a long time coming and the resistance is not so much active as passive: it never really occurred to us that this was an important avenue for archaeology. Not that there has not been—and still is—some active resistance, especially when faced with issues of priority; I have no doubt that if you asked ten archaeologists what was more important, a Neolithic or a nineteenth-century site, nine of them (if not ten) would probably say the former—without hesitation. Yet why do we value the remains of the past in this way? Is it simply that older is better? Or is it perhaps something else—a fear of getting too close to the present? There is, I suppose, a threat of ridicule entangled in this fear of the present, because no matter how much archaeology might be defined by its set of methods and its focus on material culture, it retains a strong sense that its subject matter is the past; indeed, that instead of moving forward in time, it should be moving backward in time, exploring the darkest depths of prehistory. But at the same time, putting a date on the limits of archaeology also seems ludicrous. Why stop at 1750, 1800, 1900, or 2003? Indeed, given the variability in national, local, and individual responses to the archaeology of the past three hundred years, it should already be clear that this cannot be a chronological question. That is, there can be no date or time after which we might say that this is no longer archaeology, even though many archaeologists routinely do this in practice, if not on principle. But if it is not a question of chronology, then what is it that creates such resistance to an archaeology of modernity?
A typical response is often: "We have masses of textual and testimonial sources from which to address the history of the recent past, so why bother with archaeology?" I have heard many people—archaeologists and nonarchaeologists—use this argument, and I think it is an irony bordering on tragedy. What happened to the radical project of modernity and its attempt to put material culture on an independent basis for understanding the past? It is as if these people have no idea what archaeology is about. For if you use this argument, then you also accept that archaeology will always be in the shadow of documentary and oral-led history or ethnography and is effectively the poorest and most pathetic of all historical or social disciplines. If you use this line, you should not be an archaeologist at all. Many archaeologists had to go through this argument in the mid-twentieth century, whether they were studying medieval Britain or colonial America, and I would hope that few would actually maintain this position today. Yet it is still heard, even from within the discipline. This is not to deny the value of using textual and other sources in historical archaeology. Rather the point is the power of material culture. I mention this moreover not so much to lament the theoretically vacuous position some might hold, but to highlight the close relationship material culture has with textuality, or discursivity. I want to explore the nature of material culture and the project of archaeology through this opposition; to put it in rather negative terms—using negativity as a positive concept—to explore material culture as the nondiscursive, the nontextual.
The one place to explore this question best I believe is to focus on an archaeology of modernity as contemporaneity: the archaeology of the present, or, as it has been called elsewhere, the "contemporary past." 14 For even while many archaeologists may accept the importance of an archaeology of the modern period, even of twentieth-century archaeology, some still stop when it comes to doing the archaeology of now. Is it even possible to do this kind of archaeology? Does the archaeological context not have to be, by definition, dead? Archaeology as autopsy. Consider this: even if archaeologists decided to pay attention to the very surface of an urban site—the tarmac, the service pipes, the concrete—why should it stop there? Why do the archaeologists leave the site once all the cultural material traces have been dealt with, when new ones might be being constructed in their place? What would it be like if archaeologists stayed to analyze the construction of the new building being erected on that urban plot—and then stayed to examine its occupation and use . . . and possibly its eventual destruction and replacement by another building. An archaeologist could devote her whole life to the material history of just one site.
This is a provocative idea, though some skeptics might question whether such a project is archaeology. Well, actually I do not care. And I am not sure many people care that much about disciplinary purity, which is surely the only reason for engaging in such debate. Archaeologists have been borrowing for decades and are increasingly exploring interdisciplinary spaces—just look at this volume. What is more important here is the nature of material culture in relation to the archaeological method. What does it mean to perform archaeology on a living context rather than a dead one? Archaeology has routinely been doing this since the 1960s, and less systematically before that time. What is called ethnoarchaeology is an established subfield of archaeology where archaeologists study living societies to help them interpret dead ones. In such a case, ethnoarchaeology is largely seen as methodological: it helps us to reflect on our methods. But an archaeology of a living society also has a very different role. It reflects back, not on the discipline but on contemporary society at large. The archaeology of the present might be characterized as a two-way mirror: on the one hand, we could just see it as a mirror, held up to our own discipline (as in ethnoarchaeology); on the other, we could try to see it as a window onto wider society, albeit an obscure rather than a transparent one. This use of archaeology is much harder; it requires much more effort, for we have first to ignore its reflective properties and, second, to struggle to see through to the other side. Indeed, ironically, it is perhaps the reflection of ourselves which is the most difficult obstacle to overcome in this process.
What kind of archaeology looks through the mirror? There are any number of examples one could choose, 15 but let me focus on just two: garbology and forensic archaeology. Garbology is the study of people's rubbish, pioneered by William Rathje, from which critical understanding is gained of a community's habits of consumption and waste. 16 One of the more interesting aspects of this "project" is the frequent incongruity between what people said and thought about their consumption habits and what they actually did, as revealed by an examination of their trash cans. It is not simply about people lying or deluding themselves; it is about the significance of nondiscursive behavior in people's lives. It is about material culture. And what applies on an individual level applies equally on a social level, as similar studies of landfills have demonstrated. Forensic archaeology involves a similar revelation, but in the field of criminal behavior. Archaeologists are increasingly being drawn into cases of civil and war crimes, where they serve as part of the judicial process. Archaeologists have, for example, worked on the bodies and graves of serial killers' victims, or have participated in the excavation and analysis of mass graves around the world. 17 Once again, it is dealing with contexts in which discursivity is either absent or intentionally suppressed.
The nature of archaeology in these examples might be described as a presencing of absence—or making discursive the nondiscursive. Archaeology as exploring the prehistory of the present, where the word "prehistory" invokes the radical ontological meaning given earlier in this paper. For our world is not transparent; it is not fully constituted: there are gaps, shadows, silences, and absences which are not simply outside of discourse, but are often structurally excluded by discourse. And here I want to introduce a notion of archaeology as an engagement with the unconstituted present. If we can call this unconstituted present a prehistory, then I would suggest even further that this is exactly what all prehistory is, indeed what all archaeology engages with, whether excavating Neolithic burial mounds or late-twentieth-century landfills. The objects that archaeologists study are unearthed and existing in the present—even if they can be said to have been made and buried in the past. To be clear: this is not to deny the age of objects, or their historicity, merely the temporal bracketing which would reduce the temporality of an object to another time—such as the Bronze Age or the Neolithic. Prehistoric artifacts are contemporary objects, as much as the latest Nokia cell phone or BMW. Indeed, archaeologists routinely bring new things into the world through their excavations, and these add to the material culture of contemporary society—even if they are tightly contained in museum cases, or concealed in archives. Archaeologists, above all, engage with the unconstituted present and attempt to make it part of a discourse.
How is this constitution performed? Critically and most momentously, through the act of fieldwork. Archaeology is a materializing activity—it does not simply work with material things, it materializes. It brings new things into the world; it reconres the world. The public watches on as slowly over the weeks a Viking longhouse emerges from the soil. To the public—indeed to archaeologists—the rhetoric of the dig is about exposure, uncovering what has been buried. But this seriously misrepresents the creative process of excavation. A rhetoric of sculpture, of design, might be equally apt. The archaeological site as a gestalt image: sculpted or buried? Would the passer-by be able to tell? Would you? Of course in a Platonic epistemology, the sculptor is only uncovering what was already there anyway, inherent in the material; perhaps archaeology is no different. But I think the issue is not about the end product as much as the process; not about what is made, but the process of making. Moreover, archaeology viewed as an act of materializing also incorporates the act of translation, which is often less noticeable. The passer-by now sees an archaeologist making a drawing of the sculpted/buried remains, making notes, taking photographs. She witnesses the process of translation from object to image/text.
This is not simply a case of representation either, despite what archaeological orthodoxy would say. Rather it is a double materialization, where both excavation and translation constitute each other. The way the site is excavated is largely performed with reference to the way it will be recorded; for example, sections of earth are cut vertically in preparation for drawing the layers; pegs are put in the ground to reference gridded drafting paper; lines are scored around layers, like pencil on paper. Which is representing which? Excavations and even laboratories are the sites where this unconstituted present is engaged, and made discursive. The nature of this discursivity is not given in the nature of the materials either but is something which has to be performed; archaeology is just one performance. Others are possible: even on the same site other materializations could take place. The question is, should archaeology be worried by this possibility?
Ultimately, this brings us back to the beginning of this paper and the contradictions of modernity. The core dilemma of modernity was how to understand the world without turning to tradition—how to find a new authority which resided outside of tradition—effectively, outside of time. As part of this search for a new authority in studying the past, archaeology developed the analysis of material culture which subsequently produced in the nineteenth century the concept of a new past. Prehistory was this new past, unrelated to tradition and paradoxically, a very modern past. Yet its meaning was always rendered ambiguous through the connection to the present, through analogy, an ambiguity which is concealed by chronology. An archaeology of the present, of modernity as the contemporary, however, raises a new conception of prehistory. It unsettles the role of chronology by once again focusing on analogy. Only instead of seeing an archaeology of the present as analogical (i.e., ethnoarchaeology), it demands we see it as an engagement with the unconstituted present. The present is no longer an analogy for the past, it is the field in which pasts are constituted. Prehistory should no longer be viewed as a new past, but rather a new present—rather the performance of presencing. The significance of material culture is no longer about a new authority or foundation for understanding the world (specifically the past), but about a critique of any absolute authority or foundationalism. Depending on your perspective, this is archaeology as an antimodernist, postmodernist or, simply, late modernist project.
The implications of this conception also explode the restricted notion of archaeology as the search for knowledge. Archaeology is often seen as simply an academic discipline, producing authoritative knowledge about the past. But however you characterize or contest the nature of such knowledge (or the past), it is also important to recognize that archaeology is a mode of cultural production: a cultural work. 18 Archaeology is important to most societies in the world today because it contributes to a broader educational project about national and even universal identities: who are we? It can be exploited to support nationalistic ideologies (as was the case in Nazi Germany) 19 or critique them. It also serves more recreational functions as entertainment, either directly (e.g., a day at the museum) or indirectly (e.g., technical advice on the latest Hollywood movie). One could no doubt cite more roles; however, the route from the very specific and highly specialized job of excavating, say a Viking house, to the wider social reception of archaeological knowledge affecting people's lives is long— often too long. Indeed, insofar as archaeology enhances people's lives and society in general, its major impact might be said to lie in popular culture rather than any noble vision of improving self-awareness. One could debate the relative merit of these different roles of archaeology in society—should it be emancipatory or is it enough to be entertaining? I do not want to address such questions here (though they are exceedingly important), but rather argue that however one views its cultural role, an archaeology of the present opens up a much broader forum for cultural work, and one whose relevance is potentially immediate rather than distant.
In many ways, it is through exploring the interstitial spaces between
cultural projects that archaeology can expand most; conventionally,
by viewing itself primarily as an academic discipline, archaeology
has perceived its limits to lie on the border of other academic
disciplines—history, anthropology, or geography, for example. But
archaeology's limits go far beyond academia—it can equally explore
its relation to other fields of cultural production, such as art or
theater. Indeed, these have been explored through dialogues between
individuals from their respective fields, such as Colin Renfrew and Mark
Dion on art,
20
or Michael Shanks and Michael Pearson on theater.
21
And then why not similar dialogues between archaeologists and
construction engineers or architects? (I am not talking about
practical issues of conservation or mitigation, but about theoretical
issues regarding the significance of the built environment.) The
possibilities are endless, as is the field of archaeology. Moreover,
such a perspective deconstructs the hierarchy of knowledge, which
privileges the didactic role of archaeology. For the cultural value of
archaeology lies not solely in the grand narratives of the past. It
is not just in synthetic works, popular books, museums, or heritage
sites that archaeology performs its cultural work. Any segment or
part of archaeological practice, even its most scientific, mundane
operations, is potentially able to participate in a wider cultural
project. The projects I discussed earlier, garbology and forensics,
have much broader and rather different cultural implications and
social relevance than traditional archaeology. Extending the notion
of archaeology to a more generalized concept of cultural critique and
redemption, archaeology can be likened to an act of therapy on a social
level. It can help a community or even a whole nation come to terms with
and understand key social problems, such as a sudden tragic event (e.g.,
war crimes) or a more long-term, structural malaise (social deprivation
and inequality). This is archaeology breaking the boundaries of its
normal role in cultural work. This is modern archaeology.
Gavin Lucas is currently an assistant director of the Institute of Archaeology in Reykjavik, Iceland, and also an adjunct lecturer in archaeology at the University of Iceland. His main research interests lie in archaeologies of the modern world, particularly in relation to imperialism and capitalism and the role of material culture in constructing identities.
I would like to thank Mike Shanks for inviting me to contribute to this special issue of the journal and offering the opportunity to present some of my ideas to a wider audience. Many of these ideas have derived from collaborative work with my colleague and friend Victor Buchli, and while I want to acknowledge this, the views expressed here should be taken only as a statement of the author's position.
1. Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, trans. Frederick G. Lawrence(Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987).
2. Bruce G. Trigger, A History of Archaeological Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 52-5.
3. Alain Schnapp, The Discovery of the Past: The Origins of Archaeology (London: British Museum Press, 1996).
4. See, e.g., Glyn Edmund Daniel, The Idea of Prehistory (Baltimore: Penguin, 1962).
5. See my "Forgetting the Past," Anthropology Today 13, no. 1 : 8-14.
6. Tim Murray, "Archaeology and the Threat of the Past: Sir Henry Rider Haggard and the Acquisition of Time," World Archaeology 25, no. 2 : 175-86.
7. Bertil Almgren, "The Development of the Typological Theory in Connection with the Exhibition in the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm," in Oscar Montelius, 150 Years: Proceedings of a Colloquium Held in the Royal Academy of Letters, History, and Antiquities, Stockholm, 13 May 1993, ed. Paul Åström (Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets, Historie och Antikvilets Akademien, 1995), 23-39.
8. See, e.g., Mark P. Leone, "Time in American Archaeology," in Social Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating, ed. Charles L. Redman et al. (New York: Academic Press, 1978), 25-36.
9. Margarita Díaz-Andreu and Timothy Champion, eds., Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe (London: UCL Press, 1996).
10. Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (New York: Routledge, 1990).
11. Ian Hodder, "This is not an Article about Material Culture as Text," Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8, no. 3 : 250-69.
12. See Matthew Johnson, An Archaeology of Capitalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996); Sarah Tarlow and Susie West, eds., The Familiar Past: Archaeologies of Britain 1550-1950 (London: Routledge, 1998).
13. For instance, Mark P. Leone and Parker B. Potter, Jr., eds., Historical Archaeologies of Capitalism (New York: Plenum Press, 1999).
14. See Victor Buchli and Gavin Lucas, eds., Archaeologies of the Contemporary Past (New York: Routledge, 2001), esp. Laurent Olivier, "The Archaeology of the Contemporary Past," trans. Vérène Grieshaber, in ibid., 175-88.
15. See, e.g., Buchli and Lucas, eds., Archaeologies.
16. See, e.g., William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).
17. John Hunter, Charlotte Roberts, and Anthony Martin, Studies in Crime: An Introduction to Forensic Archaeology (London: Batsford, 1996).
18. Michael Shanks and Randall H. McGuire, "The Craft of Archaeology," American Antiquity 61, no. 1 : 75-88.
19. Bettina Arnold, "The Past as Propaganda: Totalitarian Archaeology in Nazi Germany," Antiquity 64, no. 244 : 464-78.
20. Mark Dion, Archaeology, ed. Alex Coles and Mark Dion([London]: Black Dog Publishers, 1999).
21.
Michael Shanks and Mike Pearson, Theatre/Archaeology (New York:
Routledge, 2001).


BOXING CLEVER
Jack Ross ticks ALL the boxes to be Hibs boss but he has questions to answer to after Sunderland, says Michael Stewart
by Michael StewartHIBS might have looked outside the box when they added Darren Fletcher and John Kennedy to their wishlist.
But in Jack Ross they have someone who ticks ALL the boxes for the Easter Road club right now.
Look, with any managerial appointment there’s an element of risk, even with the very top bosses, but on the face of it this looks like another progressive appointment by Leeann Dempster.
There’s no doubt that in recent times Hibs’ most successful managers have been either young and hungry and on the way up, or people with a point to prove.
Tony Mowbray was a left-field choice that worked out big time. Alan Stubbs was another.
Even Neil Lennon, to a degree, was a move that not a lot of people saw coming at the time.
They tried something similar with Paul Heckingbottom and in the end that was too left-field, even for them.
Mowbray, Stubbs and Lennon, though, all knew the Scottish game, having played here.
And having that sort of history is a clear advantage that Heckingbottom didn’t have, but Ross clearly does.
His critics will point to the fact that he had a good budget at Sunderland and didn’t get them up. That’s a valid argument and something Ross will have to answer to.
But it doesn’t disqualify him from being in the running for a job like Hibs — just as Derek McInnes’ time at Bristol City didn’t stop Aberdeen being interested in him.
Del’s time in England didn’t make him a bad manager, likewise Ross’ time at the Stadium of Light.
But at the same time just because going for McInnes worked for the Dons it’s not a given that Ross will be a success at Hibs.
What I will say is it’s not like Sunderland’s form has suddenly picked up since Ross has moved on.
The job Ross did at St Mirren cannot be underestimated — they were on their way to League One when he went in there.
He turned them around and got them promoted to the Premiership with a squad of players you wouldn’t say was that good. That team, remember, had to get ripped up and improved just to have a chance of staying in the top flight.
Ross is fresh, he has good ideas, he’ll get Hibs playing football the way their fans want to see the game being played.
So it seems like a good fit.
What is clear is that Hibs went into this process with a clear idea of what they wanted. Sure, they may have ultimately come up short in their attempts to speak to Kennedy and Fletcher.
But they were looking to the future. There was a profile there, a clarity of thinking.
It was always going to be difficult for them to get Kennedy in such a pivotal season for Celtic as they chase nine in a row.
I have heard nothing but good things about big John as a coach and, who knows, he may well have designs on being a manager someday soon.
The Hibs job could have been a fantastic opportunity in that respect but I can also understand why Lennon was so keen to keep him.
It’s a similar situation with Fletcher, who is another who wants to be a manager at some point, just not yet.
My old team-mate has already been touted for a role at Manchester United, otherwise he might have kept playing on this season.
But he has made it known he wants to get some experience before throwing himself into a manager’s job.
What Ross, Kennedy and Fletcher all have in common is they are young, hungry and desperate to prove themselves.
And the positive for Hibs is there are boys there Ross has worked with before and others he will inevitably have a good understanding of.
As I have said all along Hibs have the makings of a very good squad but there are also some gaping holes that need to be filled.
Ross has six weeks to get through to the winter break before he can start to plug those gaps.
Centre-half and centre midfield are the two positions where they are crying out for reinforcements.
And while Dylan McGeouch might not have played for him at Sunderland he’d certainly do a job for him at Hibs.
Dylan would help straight away, he would be someone the Hibs fans could relate to straight away as well, unlike some of Heckingbottom’s signings.
I don’t know what the working relationship between the two is like — I’m sure Dylan wouldn’t have been too happy not playing at Sunderland.
But if he was to come to Hibs, knowing he was going to get game time, it would be a win-win situation for both parties.


Ponzi Protocol is a fun new game that teaches the mechanics of how Ponzi Schemes operate in an extraordinarily
transparent way. Players *CAN* walk away with more than they put in, as long as they act conservatively, and
understand when the right time is to exit.
Step 1: DEPOSIT. Send some amount of Ethereum (that you are willing to lose) to the listed ETH
address.
Step 2: WAIT. Interest is compounded hourly. Yearly returns are 666% growth.
Step 3: WITHDRAW. When the time is right (don't be greedy!) withdraw your ETH and enjoy your gains.
WARNINGS:
Any address may only have one claim open at a time.
If you try to withdraw your claim, and the money isn't there, your claim will be forfeited.
Deposits and withdrawals can not come from other smart contracts, as that would make it too easy to avoid
negative outcomes.
If you are trying to make a large withdrawal, other players may detect that and "frontrun" your transaction,
which could cause you to lose your claim.
If a withdrawal is successful, an additional education fee will be withdrawn and gifted to me, the creator of
this site, which may be used for further development or boats.
Contract code available
HERE.


New role 'working a trick' for Aston Villa magician John McGinn, says Sky Sports pundit
Aston Villa news | McGinn has been in great form for Villa in the Premier League this season, scoring three goals in the top flight
by James PallatDean Smith's decision to play John McGinn in a more advanced role for Aston Villa "is working a trick", says Sky Sports pundit Charlie Nicholas.
McGinn has been in great form for Villa in the Premier League this season, scoring three goals in the top flight.
His form has prompted speculation about a move to Manchester United.
And speaking ahead of Villa's Premier League clash with Steve Bruce's Newcastle United at Villa Park on Monday night (8pm), Nicholas said: "John McGinn is playing further forward and it is working a trick."
Nicholas is also predicting a Villa win over their former manager.
"Aston Villa need to nurture and control leads much better, and at times they leave themselves vulnerable," he added.
"That being said, I have to admire the way Dean Smith goes about it.
"Villa is also Bruce's old club and will sit in once again, but Villa will sneak it. There is enough about them to create enough chances."


Contributions, Tickets and Pull Requests appreciated!
id-builder
id-builder compiles your code, runs your tests and servers, recompiles and restarts on changes and reloads the browser for you.
Getting Started
id-builder assumes the following directory structure but all paths can be configured to point to a different location.
// Source Directory src/ client/ app.js server/ app.js tests/ anything.js // Target Directory (created automatically) build/ client/ app.js server/ app.js tests/ anything.js
so
$ mkdir -p src/client src/server src/tests build;
Create a file with any name in your project for example
idBuilder.js
.var idBuilder = require('id-builder'); idBuilder();
or just
require('id-builder')();
Run the file.
$ node id-builder.js
API
idBuilder([options]);
Takes an optional options object. By default, all tasks are enabled.

Copy
Copies files that are not compiled to another format.
Compile
These tasks all compile an input language to HTML, JavaScript or CSS.
Babel
Compiles ES6 to ES5.
Browserify
Compiles all Client code into one file. Uses Browserify.
Browsersync
Reloads the browser (or refreshes on CSS changes) when files change on disk that are loaded in the browser. Allows you to connect many devices to the same site and operate on them and reload them at the same time.
To use this functionality, you need to add a script to the page that serves the app.browserify.js.
Start id-builder and go to http://localhost:9001 for the script to include.
CoffeeScript
Compiles CoffeeScript files to JavaScript.
Jade
Compiles Jade files to JavaScript.
Less
Compiles Less files to CSS.
LiveScript
Compiles LiveScript files to JavaScript.
Stylus
Compiles Stylus files to CSS.
Run
These tasks run one or more processes to facilitate the development process.
Servers
Runs one or more servers used in your project. These run under separate processes and are started/stopped/restarted together.
Tests
Runs all the tests. For now, the only output is to the console. Later this could include growl style desktop notifications, etc.
Watch
Watches for changes in the source and test directory and takes appropriate actions. There is a separate watch task for each compile and run task. There is only one watcher in your entire project to increase speed and not hit the inodes limit.
Planned Features
Options
Documentation
At some point it would be good to have an automated documentation facility. The documentation would be JavaScript based so Languages that compile to JavaScript should include the documentation in their output.
Command Line
It would be nice to be able to start tasks (and all their dependencies before them) based on a command line interface.
Web Interface
Building on the command line interface, one of the commands could start a webserver hosting a webapplication to manage process instead of having to use the commandline.
Acting as a 'central hub' to your project, it could include code stats, test run stats, complete control over all the processes that are running for your project, running different environments (OTAP), etc.
Continuous Integration & Deployment
Provide integration with CI and CD, allowing you to easily deploy new versions of your code.
Running one test suite at a time
UML YES NO REALLY NO I WANT IT :D
The ES6 specification is now finished meaning work could be underway to support it in ESPrima which means generating ES6 modules with classes from a JSON definition becomes a possibility. Since UML is easily represented in JSON, generating UML from ES6 is also possible.
This would mean you could make a UML editor environment that could read and write ES6 class files, live. It could even support asynchronous syntax with the async/await statements.
If you take real care of the contents of the methods of the classes you could not only perform all structural changes in the UML GUI but also offer an interface where you could 'enter' the method and change the implementation code directly.
Consider this: I click on a Model class and select Add Property, configure the options and default value, press save and my browser window reloads the edit screen showing the new property.


Name Photo Frame Heart Collage Frame Rs.2500.00 Rs.2000.00 Puzzle Photo Frame Changable Photo Frame Rs.800.00 Rs.2000.00 Initial Letter Frame Photo Collage Frame Rs.1000.00 Rs.2000.00 First Name Photo Frame Two Letter Photo Frame Rs.2500.00 Rs.1800.00 Couple Name Collage Rs.2000.00


When you work with us, you are part of a team commited collaborators. All aspects of our software development are integrated, interactive and agile
Our approach unifies design, development and product management to create exceptional products.
We start each project by understanding your business goal, the user's needs and product requirements.
Thenwe help translate them into effective and elegant solutions
Before we sign a contarct or write a line of code, our team will spend the necessary time needed to underatand your product vision.
The outcome of this scoping session is proposal or high-level statement of work
Based on your requirements, we can provide a complete offering or just the pieces you need.
Our design practice offers a full range of services including brand strategy, interaction and visual design and user experience testing.
Throughout your project, our designers create and implement visual design and workflows, solicit user feedback and work with you to make sure what gets built is what is needed.
All engineers are fluent in the latest enterprise, mobile and web development technologies.
They collaborate with your team to write, and improve code on a daily basis, using proven practices such as test-driven development and pair programming.
Planning and development is iterative. Because we are constantly coding and testing, the products we build are always ready to go live.
This iterative process allows for changes as business requirements evolve.
All Black
Ontorio Security
Gold Diamond
Jim Carrey
Elexs
Digital Log
Burned Logo Mock
Bailey Wonger


Here you can choose the ratings/info shown (in order) next to a Netflix title. Your options are avgStars, predictedStars, matchScore, alreadyRated.
Put them in just like that, commas and all. Don't forget to hit save.
Note: predictedStars will behave like avgStars for folks without a DVD plan.


We're sorry! The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Please try again later.
HTTP 500 - Internal Server Error
We're sorry! The server encountered an internal error and was unable to complete your request. Please try again later.
error 500 |
Tracy is unable to log error.


Search
People
Sara Soueidan
Rachel Smith
Peter Finlan
Patrick Cox
Tim Holman
Shaun Dona
Popular
Page Preloading Effect
Arrow Navigation Styles
Ideas for Subtle Hover Effects
Halcyon Days Template
Inspiration for Article Intro Effects
Draggable Dual-View Slideshow
Recent
Tooltip Styles Inspiration
Animated Background Headers
Off-Canvas Menu Effects
Tab Styles Inspiration
Make SVGs Responsive with CSS
Notification Styles Inspiration
Morphing Search
A search input that morphs into a fullscreen search page.
Previous Demo
Back to the Codrops Article


| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| GlobalErrorCodes |
Global error code used in the Web Annotation Protocol Server.
|
| WapResponseEntityExceptionHandler |
This class is used as the global exception handler for the application.
|
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
| ContainerNotEmptyException |
This exception is used whenever a container that has subcontainers should be deleted
|
| EtagDoesntMatchException |
This exception is used when ETags do not match in the request and the database
|
| FormatException |
This exception is used for various types of exceptions related to format processing.
|
| FormatNotAvailableException |
This exception is used if during post/post requests an invalid format is used.
|
| HttpHeaderException |
This exception is used for all problems concerning HTTP header fields.
|
| IllegalHttpParameterException |
This exception is used whenever HTTP requests contained illegal parameters in their query string.
|
| IllegalPageIriException |
This exception is used when the IRI of a page has an invalid form
|
| InternalServerException |
This exception is used for internal server errors that are already specific enough using the message alone
|
| InvalidContainerException |
This exception is used if the client tries to create a container that is not a LDP basic container, has an invalid
name or similar container specific reasons
|
| InvalidRequestException |
This exception is used whenever a per se valid HTTP Method is used on a resource in an invalid way not already
implemented by more specific exceptions
|
| MethodNotAllowedException |
This exception is used whenever a HTTP Method is used on a resource where it is not allowed like posting to a Page.
|
| NotAContainerException |
This exception is used when the body of a PUT/POST request does not contain a valid Container
|
| NotAnAnnotationException |
This exception is used when the body of a PUT/POST request does not contain a valid Annotation
|
| NotExistentException |
This exception is used when a requested resource does not exist
|
| RepositoryException |
This exception is used whenever an error occurred in the repository
|
| ResourceDeletedException |
This exception is used whenever a resource that has been deleted should be recreated
|
| ResourceExistsException |
This exception is used whenever a resource that already exists should be created
|
| UnallowedPropertyChangeException |
This exception is used when properties that are forbidden to change are tried to be changed
|
| WapException |
The base exception class use for all Web Annotation Protocol Server specific exceptions.
|


'Spurned' man who killed young woman a day before marriage arrested in Sargodha | Pakistan - Geo.tv
by Malik AsgharSARGOGHA: A 'spurned' man, who killed a young woman one day before her marriage over her parents' refusal to let him marry her, was arrested on Sunday here in the city, police confirmed.
The man — identified as Sher Muhammad — was arrested alongside two of his accomplices, both friends, police said, adding that they have registered a first information report (FIR) over the murder on behalf of the deceased's father.
According to the regional police officer (RPO) for Sargodha, Afzal Ahmad Kausar, three accused were arrested over the 18-year-old woman's killing and the murder weapon, a pistol, recovered.
RPO Kausar added that the primary suspect, Muhammad, wished to marry the woman but shot her dead one day before she was to be married after her parents rejected his proposition. They killed her at night when she was en route to a beauty salon with her parents.


-- = ---- --
-- = ---- --
-- = ---- --
DOI 10.1007/s00190-002-0273-6 - Direct transformation from geocentric coordinates to geodetic coordinates, from H. Vermeille.
Figure 1 - Earth Wallpaper HD 1080p, from GETWALLPAPERS.
Figure 2 - 3. Reference surfaces for mapping, from R. Knippers.
Figure 3 - Geodetic systems (earth, ellipsoid), from Md. Tamim Haider.


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @(field: play.api.data.Field, elementOptions: Seq[(String, String)], displayEmptyValue: Boolean, args: (Symbol,Any)*)(implicit messages: Messages) @import play.api.i18n._ @import views.html.helper._ @elements = @{ new FieldElements(field.id, field, null, args.toMap, messages) } @value = @{ field.value match { case Some(x) => x case None => ""}}


The best travel destinations
Hi Chris!
Towards the end of every year we look at the year ahead through a cultural lens, with a focus on major events and trends the world - in 2020, for example, the Olympics will take place in Japan.
We know about Japan more than all travel agents. We will be happy to share with you all the advantages of this destination:)
6 files 24.8 Mb
Now i can insert incredible notes here!
What a cool feature!.


| Home | Trees | Index | Help |
|---|
| Package svnmailer :: Package settings :: Module _accessors |
|
This module defines the settings member descriptors used by the svnmailer.
| Classes | |
|---|---|
BooleanMember |
Boolean storage |
Commandline |
Represents a command line |
CommandlineMember |
Commandline storage |
FilenameMember |
Filename storage |
HumanBooleanMember |
Boolean storage with translater from human readable booleans |
IntegerMember |
Integer storage |
MailAction |
Mailaction container |
MailactionMember |
Mail action parsing and storage |
QuotedString |
Holds a quoted string |
QuotedstringMember |
Quoted string storage |
RegexMember |
Regex storage |
StdinMember |
Stdin storage |
StringMember |
String storage |
TokenList |
represents a token list |
TokenlistMember |
Unicode token list storage |
TokenMember |
Unicode token storage |
UnicodeMember |
Unicode object storage |
| Home | Trees | Index | Help |
|---|
| Generated by Epydoc 2.0 on Sun Sep 25 20:49:03 2005 | http://epydoc.sf.net |


On 3 August 2015, WHO was notified by the National IHR Focal Point for Spain of a case of chikungunya infection in the city of Gandia, Valencian Community. The patient, a 60-year-old man, had no history of travel outside the European Region.
The patient was identified after detection at the regional laboratory of IgM in his serum by ELISA in samples taken on 23 July. A second sample taken on 19 August showed an IgG seroconversion at the same laboratory.
Samples were then sent for further testing to the Institute of Health Carlos III, the national reference laboratory (NRL). ELISA results at the NRL were inconclusive both for IgM and IgG on the sample taken on 23 July. These results were not confirmed neither by indirect immunofluorescence nor neutralization tests. Samples taken on 19 August were negative.
Further tests carried out at the NRL showed a positive ELISA result for IgM against Parvovirus B19 in the sample taken on 23 July that turned negative in the sample taken on 19 August, suggesting a possible recent past parvovirus infection, which could explain the symptoms experienced by the patient.


--- layout: documentation title: DateRangeType ---
The DateRangeType specifies a range of dates.
| Field Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Start_Date0..1 | DateWithPrecisionType |
This field contains the start date for this contributor's involvement. In order to avoid ambiguity, it is strongly suggest that all timestamps in this field include a specification of the timezone if it is known. |
| End_Date0..1 | DateWithPrecisionType |
This field contains the end date for this contributor's involvement. In order to avoid ambiguity, it is strongly suggest that all timestamps in this field include a specification of the timezone if it is known. |


Dr. Norman Borlaug
The man who saved a billion lives
Here's a time line of Dr. Borlaug's life:
- 1914 - Born in Cresco, lowa
- 1933 - Leaves his family's farm to attend the University of Minnesota, thanks to a Depression era program known as the "National Youth Administration"
- 1935 - Has to stop school and save up ,ore money. works in the Civilian Conservation Corps, helpping starvving A mericans. "Isaw how food chaged them", he said. "All of his scars on me."
- 1937 - Finishes university and takes a job in the US Forestry Service
- 1938 - Marries wife of 69 years Margret Gibson. Gets laid off due to budget cuts. Inspired by Elvin Charles Stkman, he returns to school study under Stakman, who teaches him about breeding pest-resistent plants.
- 1941 - Tries to enroll in the military after the Pearl Harbor attack, but is rejected. Instead, the military asked his lab to work on waterproof glue, DDT to control malaria, disinfectants, and other applied science.
- 1942 - Receives a Ph.D. in Genetics and Plant Pathology
- 1944 - Rejects a 100% salary increase from Dupont, leaves behind his pregnant wife, and flies to Mexico to head a new plant pathology program. Over the next 16 years, his team breeds 6,000 different strains of disease resistent wheat - including different varieties for each major climate on Earth.
- 1953 - crosses a short, sturdy dwarf breed of wheat with a high-yeidling American breed, creating a strain that responds well to fertilizer. It goes on to provide 95% of Mexico's wheat.
- 1962 - Visits Delhi and brings his high-yielding strains of wheat to the Indian subcontinent in time to help mitigate mass starvation due to a rapidly expanding populatio.
- 1970 - receives the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1983 - helps seven African countries dramatically increase their maize and sorghum yields
- 1984 - becomes a distinguished professor at Texas A&M University
- 2005 - states "we will have to double the world food supply by 2050." Argues that genetically modified crops are the only way we can meet the demand, as we run out of arable land. Says that GM crops are not inherently dangerous because "we've been genetically modifying plants and animals for a long time. Long before we called it science, people were selecting the best breeds."
- 2009 - dies at the age of 95.
"Borlaug's life and achievement are testimony to the far-reaching contribution that one man's towering intellect, persistence and scientific vision can make to human peace and progress." -- Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh


cardboard floor, will smash right through. 10k imminent
once binance enables deposits again, the dumpening will start
libra: freedom
just like the feds allow you to be free
Crabby Paddy18-Jun-19 09:33 AM
@jorian is kmd short term really looking that bleak
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:33 AM
BTC dominance rising, 57.2%, KMD rank at 48, higher than before the hack. everyone is expecting a big dump when KMD is enabled at exchanges, but there isnt much evidence to support that, as bittrex and upbit are open and their price is very close to binance
jorian18-Jun-19 09:33 AM
i was just saying random shit. i have no idea what will happen
2
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:34 AM
and i think all along huobi and/or hitbtc were open, so there was at least some connection of price to "reality"
Crabby Paddy18-Jun-19 09:34 AM
Just a friendly reminder Zaddex.io is also open
1
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:34 AM
it might be a "buy the news, sell the event" sort of thing in reverse
Crabby Paddy18-Jun-19 09:34 AM
Did someone say kmd margin trading
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:36 AM
the most likely result will be that you wont really be able to tell when the exchanges reopen
the primary driver of price seems to be the BTC dominance
jorian18-Jun-19 09:37 AM
BTC is king
𝙊𝙊𝙊𝙊18-Jun-19 09:37 AM
For how long... The king is dead, long live the king!
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:42 AM
does anybody know the meaning of the FATF proposal where all exchanges (and other?) must include KYC info with every transfer?
what about user withdraw and deposit? if the user makes a withdraw, will they send the KYC info to the user? and then does the user have to attach KYC info to each deposit? if not, then instead of withdraw from exchange to another exchange, couldnt users simply withdraw to their wallet and then deposit? it all seems like applying regulations for trains onto cars
and they arent really going to attach the KYC info directly to each tx as there is no room. maybe all withdraws will get an opreturn with a hash to the KYC data?
polycryptoblog18-Jun-19 09:45 AM
June 21st it gets released
smk762 - dracocanis ominator18-Jun-19 09:46 AM
Godfather wants to know about every deal that happens on his block, so the correct tribute due can be collected.
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:46 AM
i guess it would be all regulated entities, so this would not really affect people with their own wallets
polycryptoblog18-Jun-19 09:46 AM
It seems more just guidance for nation states to make laws than laws themselves
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:47 AM
which means it will just make life difficult for the average user and not provide any barrier to advanced users. i guess it will catch the dumb criminals but not do anything about the smart ones that get 99% of the stolen funds
jorian18-Jun-19 09:47 AM
what else is new
jl777c18-Jun-19 09:49 AM
there is some celebrity scandal happening
1
smk762 - dracocanis ominator18-Jun-19 09:50 AM
You have to offer social media logins at some customs terminals. Maybe soon we need to offer facebook logins to get bank acount.
if you dont have an account, one will be created for you
Cryptoon18-Jun-19 09:53 AM
tbh, everything libra is trying to achieve/prove within a year, can already be done by kmd/verus tech today.
ttal order itself or must be transmitted separately.55
Unhosted wallets are software hosted on a person’s computer, phone, or other device that allow the person to store and conduct transactions in CVC. Unhosted wallets do not require an additional third party to conduct transactions. In the case of unhosted, single-signature wallets, (a) the value (by definition) is the property of the owner and is stored in a wallet, while (b) the owner interacts with the payment system directly and has total independent control over the value. In so far as the person conducting a transaction through the unhosted wallet is doing so to purchase goods or services on the user’s own behalf, they are not a money transmitter.
If the multiple-signature wallet provider restricts its role to creating un-hosted wallets that require adding a second authorization key to the wallet owner’s private key in order to validate and complete transactions, the provider is not a money transmitter because it does not accept and transmit value.56 On the other hand, if the person combines the services of a multiple-signature wallet provider and a hosted wallet provider, that person will then qualify as a money transmitter. Likewise,
if the value is represented as an entry in the accounts of the provider, the owner does not interact with the payment system directly, or the provider maintains
total independent control of the value, the provider will also qualify as a money transmitter, regardless of the label the person applies to itself or its activities.
Looks like Proxy Token DEXs are money transmitters @jl777c
Score one for Atomic Swaps
jl777c18-Jun-19 10:00 AM
atomic swaps will dominate
it is unclear if a large multisig makes all the multisig participants money transmitters. that seems silly
so it could be that multisig proxy token DEX are ok
the language around multisig is a bit confusing in that document.
of course, the pure cross chain atomic swap is a nice safe harbor exemption, specifically mentioned
3
hyperDEX18-Jun-19 10:07 AM
Now it brings up another question, does wallets like wasabi that does coin join = money transmitters lol
jl777c18-Jun-19 10:08 AM
i wouldnt think so as it is non-custodial
polycryptoblog18-Jun-19 10:08 AM
I think masternodes based instantsend like dash will have an issue
jl777c18-Jun-19 10:08 AM
that was the main theme of those money transmitter doc
if you never are able to spend the funds, then likely you are not a money transmitter
hyperDEX18-Jun-19 10:08 AM
Ah ok makes sense
jl777c18-Jun-19 10:08 AM
but the multisig aspect is a bit contradictory as a multisig signer cant spend the funds
maybe they just analzed 2 of 2 and 2of3 multisig, which are the most common
polycryptoblog18-Jun-19 10:09 AM
I think it’s the provider maintaining control of the value that’s the issue
jl777c18-Jun-19 10:09 AM
but a 7 of 13 type of multisig, no single signer can reasonably be said to be in possession of the funds and if you never had possession of something, howe can you transmit it?
polycryptoblog18-Jun-19 10:10 AM
Example: 7/13 collude to steal the real coins and leave users with worthless proxies
jl777c18-Jun-19 10:10 AM
ok, but that is theft, not money transmission
it requires a conspiracy among 7 independent parties
polycryptoblog18-Jun-19 10:12 AM
It’s the fact they have control of the value of the proxy token.
Tek18-Jun-19 10:12 AM
ROGER VER REPLIED TO MY THREAD ON REDDIT
BITCOOOOOOOON JESUS
hyperDEX18-Jun-19 10:13 AM
well what if they rebrand to instead of a dex, it is just a p2p platform, to swap useless btcB for BTC? Basically a p2p between the site and a user?
There is no multisig, hopefully some cold storage and basically becomes a manual OTC desk, where they support proxy assets
jl777c18-Jun-19 10:14 AM
if the user is able to trigger a withdraw automatically, then it seems the user has control of their funds
hyperDEX18-Jun-19 10:14 AM
@Tek what did he say? He stopped replying to my emails after the whole BTC/BCH split
We are launching tokens on Binance Chain that will be pegged to leading cryptocurrencies. This will start with a Bitcoin-pegged token that will be traded on Binance and proposed for trading on Binance DEX.
We encourage project teams to follow this approach and issue pegged token of their own coins on Binance Chain. For coins already listed on Binance.com, we will try our best (no guarantee) to facilitate a pegged/native pair.
jansako18-Jun-19 10:25 AM
Sounds just like a proxy-token. there are a dime a dozen of those 'DEX's...(edited)
Markus18-Jun-19 10:26 AM
sounds like binance chain is similar to omni, pegged tokens


-
<%=link("LOOP.v23", "Version 2.3")%>
[<%=link("LOOP.v23.tgz", "tar.gz")%>]
[<%=link("LOOP.v23.zip", "zip")%>]
-
New component model, new classes added and many bugfixes in the class library.
-
<%=link("LOOP.v22", "Version 2.2")%>
[<%=link("LOOP.v22.tgz", "tar.gz")%>]
[<%=link("LOOP.v22.zip", "zip")%>]
-
New introspection features and expanded class library.
-
<%=link("LOOP.v21", "Version 2.1")%>
[<%=link("LOOP.v21.tgz", "tar.gz")%>]
[<%=link("LOOP.v21.zip", "zip")%>]
-
First public stand-alone release.
Version 2.0
-
Released inside early <%=link("OiL")%> packages.
Version 1.0
-
Developed as the underpinnings of the LuaCCM research project.
Provided a single class model with features similar to the
scoped
model of LOOP 2.x.
It was written in Lua 4.0.


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auditd allows system administrators to observe activities going on throughout the day and monitor changes in their systems, such as unauthorized access or modification of data. It is recommended for a secured system to have a logging service (rsyslog) along with a properly configured auditing service.
To install auditd, simply type sudo apt-get install auditd.
That should be it! Further tasks involving auditd configuration are covered in other vulnerability checks.


| A story about the great basketball player "Pistol" Pete Maravich when he was in the eighth grade. He plays on the varsity basketball team at Daniel High School but has some very difficult obstacles standing in his way of playing. The only support he has is from his father, retired basketball pro Press Maravich. | |
| Genres: | Biography, Drama, Sport |
| Director: | Frank C. Schroeder |
| Writer: | Darrel Campbell, Peter Maravich |
Cast: | Helen Maravich - Millie Perkins Press Maravich - Nick Benedict Pete Maravich - Adam Guier Coach Pendleton - Murrell Garland Pete as adult - Tom Lester Buddy Pendleton - Buddy Petrie Carl Connfield - Darrel Campbell Sandy - Wendy Leblanc Moose - John Richardson Postman - Nick Cardona Clemson College basketball player - John Raymond Rachel - Melinda Walsh |


Before Change
// try parsing as normal logical expression that tt recognizes
try:
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape("^"), " xor ", expression)
expression = to_cnf(BooleanExpression(expression)).raw_expr
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape(" and "), " & ", expression)
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape("not "), "~", expression)
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape(" or "), " | ", expression)
raw_expr = BooleanExpression(expression)
except Exception:
// try parsing as dimacs cnf
try:
After Change
if not self._optimization == "off" and not self._pyeda:
warnings.warn("Logical expression optimization will not be performed without PyEDA.")
if not expression is None:
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape(" and "), " & ", expression)
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape(" xor "), " ^ ", expression)
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape(" or "), " | ", expression)
expression = re.sub("(?i)" + re.escape("not "), "~", expression)
if self._pyeda:
from pyeda.boolalg.expr import ast2expr, expr
from pyeda.parsing.dimacs import parse_cnf
if expression is None:


SWEET SHOVE WITH FLATDOC.
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Announcement to All Lc players: LC WILL NOT HAVE RANDOM FRIENDS ANYMORE
Lc Admins and EA clan both agreed on not playing with random friends anymore.This is an enormous change and we considered much about it.
How to do it: If you cannot attack your Game friends, change name (Or at least dont feed them). There are 2 occasions:
1) Lc is on clan war: Everyone should join Lc with symbol and password. No friends accepted, Lc, EA players feeding randoms (friends) will be eaten too.
Players must have specialties (spliters, helpers, mass keepers)
2) Lc on random servers: If none Lc on server a player may team with a random. But since Lc comes, Clan goes first. If player continuously gives mass to randoms rather than Lc he will be eaten.
We can train for all specialties there. Also we may all find a Lc couple, the player we play better with and practice.
The reasons for this change: We must push forward on more pro playing. We cannot trust the XP of others or the friends of friends. Also game servers were getting kindegarden because there was no enemy.
This way we will gain more pro playing players, although some players who will not understand may leave. For more info ask Admin Contra, for problem with player refer to Admin Hano any issues.
℄? symbol means player who kills everyone than are not Lc, EA.
If anyone wants to be organised game friend he must join Lc (respect rules), and have the same allies and enemies. Good to all means... less XP player


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@@include('head.inc') @@include('banner.inc') @@include('search.inc') @@include('main_nav.inc')
¥20000.00


Many people today are throwing away their old, fuel burning ICE cars to replace them with electric cars. So is it really helping the environment? What can you do to really help?
English language and latin keyboards have become widespread. In India, this has led to disadvantages to the rural populations. We want to empower them, with skills and material to excel in every sphere of life without having to learn a foreign language.
This blog is my take on the learnings and interpretations of the story of an incredible man who succumbed to pressures put by the government and lost the fight, not by giving up the fight, but by giving up his life.
In this article, I have listed down the scientific frontiers that will shape the future. Personally, this where I will concentrate all my resoruces as soon as I have resources to do so.
My experience of 5 month YSI acceleration program


the and The cortex bone tissue outer with woven are UTCM CCCB endosteal mid-cortex OMNH lamellar parallel-fibered polarized from (Fig growth resorption for primary composed osteons vascular side femur has tibia corner lateral light nine-banded canals under layer medial along linearly oriented posterior within {background armadillo that secondary separated tissue. EFS present periosteal were []. bone. microstructure anterior but regions sections circularly longitudinally margin not {border-style al. armadillos cancellous due line. simple deposition found long ontogenetic px;} #ffffff;} light. calcified can femora histology lines study toluidine Resorption both inner region surface two All CCCB. However, University avascular between cortical individuals longitudinal osteons. our sides similar B). Straehl life line more sampled tibiae was Fig Yes cartilage described fibers fusion have indicating organized primarily prior specimens stained this trabeculae transitions used C). Woven additional blue. canals. data entire few fundamental innermost mid-cortical osteocyte side. sides. skeletal than (B) (C) (D) Bone age also around collagen corner. cross history length thin throughout (A) A). D). Primary United bones coarse could epiphyseal extends external incomplete lacunae metaplastic numerous patterns plump portion postero-lateral postero-medial remodeled thickness through tibia. using Incomplete Secondary analysis antero-medial birefringent bone, cavities changes elements features individual limited occurred osteons, px; range rates species studies {font-family (E) (F) (bottom). (top) Complete CuboJ, Endosteal In: Osteohistological Parallel-fibered Posterior Press; This [], [–]. anterior, birefringence cessation circumference concentrated deposited femur, font-size growth. highly implications less light, medullary novemcinctus novemcinctus) often organization other placental plane result series system then varying (Dasypus Biol. Calcified CastanetJ, Compacted EFS. LAGs Lateral LoughryWJ, New None Similar antero-lateral appear arrested based blue body bone–CCCB, bone–WB. cortex. double; formation formed had increases interpreted larger likely may network noted osteohistological osteon–PO, parallel previously relative section staining surrounded tissues when where (left) Antero-medial Dasypus HornerJR, LAG Lamellar Medullary Metaplastic Museum Nikon Regions South State Tennessee, Two apex appears armadillo, armadillos. arranged axis been bone–EB, bone–PFB, border-color border-width cartilage. cartilage–CC, cavity–MC, complete composes comprises conservation consists continue corner, did drift each editors. extensive extinct further high incipient increase lacunae. largest laterally mass maturity medially morphological most only posteriorly presence sample solid; surface. surrounding these third trabecular variation work would {font-style {font-weight & (TIF) (arrow). (right). Anat. Biol CCCB, CastanetJ. Click E). F). Fused LINK MargerieE, McDonough McDonoughCM. Morphol. MurphyWJ, Nat. Nearly Note–some Oklahoma Osteocyte Osteoderm RicqlèsAJ, States SuperinaM, Transverse USA Xenarthra. accurate allow bold bone–LB, comparisons. contains courier; descriptions determine differences difficult dinosaur distal does double drift. easier element em; epiphyses eroded erosion examined extant extent femur. fiber file. flipped future here histological horizontal humerus hyper-mineralized indicate into irregularly lacks length. line–RL, mammal mammals maturity. novemcinctus. one organizations osteon–SO, population posterior, previous processes pt;} recent records review sampling scarce single suggests their thicker three thus, time tissue, typically vertebrate which


|
My Project
|
P3_RGB_LED_matrix class. More...
#include <P3-RGB-LED-matrix.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| P3_RGB_LED_matrix (pin_out &latch, pin_out &out_enable, pin_out &clock, hwlib::port_out &rows_port, hwlib::port_out &rgb1_port, hwlib::port_out &rgb2_port, uint8_t foreground=WHITE, uint8_t background=BLACK) | |
| constructor from explicit values More... | |
| bool | is_within_bounds (const hwlib::xy &pos) |
| checks if given coordinate is valid More... | |
| bool | is_occupied (hwlib::xy pos) |
| checks if given coordinate is taken More... | |
| void | clear () |
| clears the buffer More... | |
| void | flush () override |
| draws pixels on the matrix More... | |
P3_RGB_LED_matrix class.
This is a class that uses the hwlib library to provide the user with an interface to work with matrices like this one: https://www.adafruit.com/product/2279 This class provides a buffer with write functions and a toolset of other functions. The user must give three hwlib pins and three hwlib port_outs to the constructor for initialization.
|
inline |
constructor from explicit values
This constructor initializes the pins and port_outs and initializes its superclass, hwlib, with pre-defined values found at the top of the page. These values can be changed to change the resolution of the window. Lastly it intializes the dataport buffer(array) with zeroes.
|
inline |
clears the buffer
This member function clears the buffer by reinitializing it with zeroes.
|
inlineoverride |
draws pixels on the matrix
This function clocks in the data from the buffer to the shift-registers on the matrix. After clocking in one row on the matrix it will display the row for a short period before moving on to the next row. This function fully draws the screen one time.
|
inline |
checks if given coordinate is taken
This boolean member function checks the buffer to see if the given index has a value greater than zero.
|
inline |
checks if given coordinate is valid
This boolean member function checks to see if the given hwlib::xy pos is within the window resolution.


{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block content%}
Please enter your username and password to access the Wildlife Center of Virginia's Auction Management system.
{% if form.errors %}
Looks like something's wrong with your username/password. Please try again.
{% endif %}


--- layout: post title: Create a global git commit hook date: 2017-07-03 13:00:30.000000000 +02:00 type: post parent_id: '0' published: true password: '' status: publish tags: - Git - Linux/Ubuntu - Tricks meta: publicize_google_plus_url: https://plus.google.com/+MphoMphego/posts/dc7GignGcyb _rest_api_published: '1' _rest_api_client_id: "-1" _wpas_skip_16076853: '1' _publicize_job_id: '6722205711' publicize_linkedin_url: https://www.linkedin.com/updates?discuss=&scope=97183493&stype=M&topic=6287595711865454592&type=U&a=GGXY _publicize_done_16016023: '1' _wpas_done_15845576: '1' _publicize_done_external: a:1:{s:7:"twitter";a:1:{i:16076855;s:56:"https://twitter.com/MphoMphego/status/881830023757524992";}} _publicize_done_16257272: '1' _wpas_done_16076855: '1' publicize_twitter_user: MphoMphego _publicize_done_16966120: '1' _wpas_done_16750486: '1' author: login: mpho112 email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Mpho first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
Recently found out about these git hooks and they work flawlessly but my only worry was that I had to copy all my hooks over every repo such that I could use them, which was a pain sometimes.
Then started reading about this so called global git hooks, and found a fix.
Usually the default template library is found at /usr/share/git-core/templates
and we are going to use that directory for all our hooks.
1. Enable git templates:
git config --global init.templatedir '/usr/share/git-core/templates/'
This tells git to copy everything in /usr/share/git-core/templates/
to your per-project .git/
directory when you run git init.
2. Write your hooks in /usr/share/git-core/templates/hooks
.
For example, here's an update hook (located in /usr/share/git-core/templates/hooks/update
):
#!/bin/sh
# Prevent pushing changes to master branch
if [ $USER != "mmphego" ];
then
if [ "$1" == refs/heads/master ];
then
echo "Manual pushing to this repo is restricted"
exit 1
fi
fi
4. Make sure the hook is executable.
chmod a+x /usr/share/git-core/templates/hooks/update
5. Re-initialize git in each existing repo you'd like to use this in:
git init
NOTE if you already have a hook defined in your local git repo, this will not overwrite it.


This creates an inner feedback loop with your scene(the image you are seeing on your screen).
Controls' Specification
Play around with sliders.
- frecuencyBroadcast: number of frames you will be sending messages
- step: size of neighbourhood radius of diffusion
- iterations: how many times the algorithm is apply per frame
- invert: invert effect apply on input image
- saturate: increase general saturation
- hue: changes hue
- sharp: amount to sharpen colour
- weigth: how important is the value of each current pixel
- diffusionRate1: rate of diffusion of neighbours in directions: north, south, east, west
- diffusionRate2: rate of diffusion of neighbours in directions: north-east, north-west, south-east, south-west
- interpolate: value that mixes with previous frame
When you move sliders, you are updating values that will create messages. Some messages will be listened by all your peers, affecting the shared glitchy medium. As well as you will be receiving messages that will altered the control's values.
Decide how to interact
- Choosing when to broadcast your messages in terms of frames. Using frecuencyBroadcast.
- Choosing what values of the controls you are sending
- Choosing what values of the controls you are receiving
[2] Network interaction
Use peer to peer connections to have general context in where users’ actions will be affecting each other mediums. This context can be seen as the outer feedback loop.
For now, once you get the URL you are automatically connected to receive
and send messages.


Argentina's Fernandez: debt is a problem that must be resolved
MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Argentina’s debt is a problem that the incoming administration must resolve, President-elect Alberto Fernandez said on Monday during a news conference in Mexico.
MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - Argentina’s debt is a problem that the incoming administration must resolve, President-elect Alberto Fernandez said on Monday during a news conference in Mexico.


bool output_add_rewrite_var ( string $name , string $value )
This function adds another name/value pair to the URL rewrite mechanism. The name and value will be added to URLs (as GET parameter) and forms (as hidden input fields) the same way as the session ID when transparent URL rewriting is enabled with session.use_trans_sid. Please note that absolute URLs (http://example.com/..) aren't rewritten. This function's behavior is controlled by the url_rewriter.tags php.ini parameter. Note: Calling this function will implicitly start output buffering if it is not active already.
Returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.