public class Quadruple extends Number implements Comparable<Quadruple>
2.271e-646456993
to 1.761e+646456993
with precision not worse than 1,469368e-39
(2^-129
, half the less significant bit).
Like standard double
, it can store and process subnormal values,
with lower precision. The subnormal values range from 6.673e-646457032
to 2.271e-646456993
, they use less than 129 bits of the mantissa and their
precision depends on the number of used bits, the less the value the worse the precision.
Implements conversions from/to other numeric types, conversions from/to strings, formatting, arithmetic operations and square root.
Instances are mutable, a.add(2)
changes the value of a
so that it becomes
a + 2
, and a number of assign()
methods with different types of arguments
replace the old value with the new one, converted from the argument value.
For arithmetic operations, there provided both instance methods that modify the value of the instance, and static methods that return new instances with resulting values without changing the operands. A value of any numeric type may be used as an argument (the second one for static methods) in arithmetic operations. All the methods implementing arithmetic operations and assignments allow for chaining, so that one can write
a = a.add(2).multiply(5).divide(3);
to compute
a = (a + 2) * 5 / 3
.
The class is not thread safe. Different threads should not simultaneously perform operations even with different instances of the class.
An instance internally contains boolean flag for the value's sign,
32-bit (an int
) of binary exponent, and 128 bits (2 longs
) of fractional part of the mantissa.
Like with usual floating-point formats (e.g. standard Java double
), the most significant
bit of the mantissa is not stored explicitly and the exponent is biased.
The biased exponent values stored in the exponent
field are as following:
| biased value | const name | means | unbiased exponent (power of 2) |
|---|---|---|---|
0x0000_0000 |
EXPONENT_OF_SUBNORMAL |
subnormal values | 0x8000_0001 = -2147483647 = Integer.MIN_VALUE + 1 |
0x0000_0001 |
EXPONENT_OF_MIN_NORMAL |
MIN_NORMAL |
0x8000_0002 = -2147483646 = Integer.MIN_VALUE + 2 |
0x7FFF_FFFE |
-1 |
0xFFFF_FFFF |
|
0x7FFF_FFFF |
EXPONENT_OF_ONE |
0 |
0x0000_0000 |
0x8000_0000 |
1 |
0x0000_0001 |
|
0xFFFF_FFFE |
EXPONENT_OF_MAX_VALUE |
MAX_VALUE |
0x7fff_ffff =<PHONE_NUMBER> = Integer.MAX_VALUE |
0xFFFF_FFFF |
EXPONENT_OF_INFINITY |
Infinity |
0x8000_0000 =<PHONE_NUMBER> = Integer.MIN_VALUE |
MAX_VALUE: 2^2147483647 * (2 - 2^-128) =
= 1.76161305168396335320749314979184028566452310e+646456993
MIN_NORMAL: 2^-2147483646 =
= 2.27064621040149253752656726517958758124747730e-646456993
MIN_VALUE: 2^-2147483774 =
= 6.67282948260747430814835377499134611597699952e-646457032
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static int |
EXP_INF
Deprecated.
|
static long |
EXP_MAX
Deprecated.
|
static int |
EXP_MIN
Deprecated.
|
static int |
EXP_OF_ONE
Deprecated.
|
static int |
EXP_SUB
Deprecated.
|
static int |
EXPONENT_BIAS
The value of the exponent (biased) corresponding to
1.0 == 2^0 ;
equals to 2_147_483_647 (0x7FFF_FFFF )
The same as EXPONENT_OF_ONE |
static int |
EXPONENT_OF_INFINITY
The value of the exponent (biased), corresponding to
Infinity ,
_Infinty , and NaN ;
equals to -1 (0xFFFF_FFFF ) |
static long |
EXPONENT_OF_MAX_VALUE
The value of the exponent (biased), corresponding to
MAX_VALUE ;
equals to 4_294_967_294L (0xFFFF_FFFEL ) |
static int |
EXPONENT_OF_MIN_NORMAL
The value of the exponent (biased) corresponding to
MIN_NORMAL ; equals to 1 |
static int |
EXPONENT_OF_ONE
The value of the exponent (biased) corresponding to
1.0 == 2^0 ;
equals to 2_147_483_647 (0x7FFF_FFFF ). |
static int |
EXPONENT_OF_SUBNORMAL
The value of the exponent (biased) corresponding to subnormal values; equals to 0
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Quadruple()
Creates a new instance of
Quadruple with value 0.0 |
Quadruple(BigDecimal bdValue)
Creates a new
Quadruple with the value of the given BigDecimal instance. |
Quadruple(boolean negative,
int exponent,
long mantHi,
long mantLo)
Creates a new
Quadruple built from the given parts. |
Quadruple(double dValue)
Creates a new
Quadruple instance with the given double value. |
Quadruple(int exponent,
long mantHi,
long mantLo)
Creates a new
Quadruple with a positive value built from the given parts. |
Quadruple(long lValue)
Creates a new
Quadruple with the given long value. |
Quadruple(Quadruple qValue)
Creates a new
Quadruple instance with the value of the given Quadruple instance. |
Quadruple(String strValue)
Creates a new
Quadruple with the value represented by the given String . |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Quadruple |
abs()
Returns a new instance of
Quadruple with the value of the absolute value of this instance |
Quadruple |
add(double summand)
Adds the value of the given
double summand to the value of this Quadruple. |
Quadruple |
add(long summand)
Adds the value of the given
long summand to the value of this Quadruple. |
Quadruple |
add(Quadruple summand)
Adds the value of the given
Quadruple summand to the value of this Quadruple. |
static Quadruple |
add(Quadruple op1,
double op2)
Adds the value of the given
double op2 to the value of Quadruple op1
and creates a new instance of Quadruple containing the sum. |
static Quadruple |
add(Quadruple op1,
long op2)
Adds the value of the given
long op2 to the value of Quadruple op1
and creates a new instance of Quadruple containing the sum. |
static Quadruple |
add(Quadruple op1,
Quadruple op2)
Adds the value of the given
Quadruple op2 to the value of Quadruple op1
and creates a new instance of Quadruple containing the sum. |
Quadruple |
assign(BigDecimal value)
Converts the given value to
Quadruple , and assigns it to the instance. |
Quadruple |
assign(boolean negative,
int exponent,
long mantHi,
long mantLo)
Builds a Quadruple value from the given low-level parts and assigns it to the instance.
|
Quadruple |
assign(double value)
Converts the given value to quadruple and assigns it to the instance.
|
Quadruple |
assign(int exponent,
long mantHi,
long mantLo)
Builds a non-negative Quadruple value from the given low-level parts and assigns it to the instance.
|
Quadruple |
assign(long value)
Converts the given value to quadruple and assigns it to the instance.
|
Quadruple |
assign(long[] value)
Builds a Quadruple from the low-level parts given as an array of
long . |
Quadruple |
assign(Quadruple qValue)
Assigns the given value to the instance (copies the values of the private fields of the parameter
to the respective fields of this instance).
|
Quadruple |
assign(String source)
Parses the given String that is expected to contain
floating-point value in any conventional string form or a string designation
of one of special values, and assigns the corresponding value to the instance.
|
Quadruple |
assignIeee754(byte[] value)
Assigns the value of a IEEE-754 quadruple value passed in as an array
of 16
byte s containing the 128 bits of the IEEE-754 quadruple to the given instance. |
Quadruple |
assignIeee754(long[] value)
Assigns the value of a IEEE-754 quadruple value passed in as an array
of two
long s containing the 128 bits of the IEEE-754 quadruple to the given instance. |
Quadruple |
assignMax(Quadruple other)
Assigns to this instance the maximum of the
values of
this instance and the operand. |
Quadruple |
assignMin(Quadruple other)
Assigns to this instance the minimum of the
values of
this instance and the operand. |
Quadruple |
assignNaN()
Assigns the value of "Not a Number" (
NaN ) to this instance. |
Quadruple |
assignNegativeInfinity()
Assigns the value of
-Infinity to this instance. |
Quadruple |
assignPositiveInfinity()
Assigns the value of
+Infinity to this instance. |
Quadruple |
assignWithUnbiasedExponent(boolean negative,
int exponent,
long mantHi,
long mantLo)
Builds a Quadruple value from the given low-level parts and assigns it to the instance.
|
Quadruple |
assignWithUnbiasedExponent(int exponent,
long mantHi,
long mantLo)
Builds a non-negative Quadruple value from the given low-level parts and assigns it to the instance.
|
BigDecimal |
bigDecimalValue()
Builds and returns a
BigDecimal instance holding the same value as the given Quadruple
(rounded to 100 significant decimal digits). |
static int |
compare(Quadruple q1,
Quadruple q2)
Compares the values of two instances.
|
static int |
compareMagnitudes(Quadruple q1,
Quadruple q2)
Compares the magnitudes (absolute values) of the two Quadruples.
|
int |
compareMagnitudeTo(Quadruple other)
Compares the magnitude (absolute value) of this instance
with the magnitude of the other instance.
|
int |
compareTo(double other)
Compares the value of this instance with the specified
double value. |
int |
compareTo(long other)
Compares the value of this instance with the specified
long value. |
int |
compareTo(Quadruple other)
Compares the value of this instance with the value of the specified instance.
|
Quadruple |
divide(double divisor)
Divides the value of this Quadruple by the value of the given
double divisor. |
Quadruple |
divide(long divisor)
Divides the value of this Quadruple by the value of the given
long divisor. |
Quadruple |
divide(Quadruple divisor)
Divides the value of this Quadruple by the value of the given
Quadruple divisor. |
static Quadruple |
divide(Quadruple dividend,
double divisor)
Divides the value of the given dividend by the value of the given
double divisor,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the quotient. |
static Quadruple |
divide(Quadruple dividend,
long divisor)
Divides the value of the given dividend by the value of the given
long divisor,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the quotient. |
static Quadruple |
divide(Quadruple dividend,
Quadruple divisor)
Divides the value of the given dividend by the value of the given
Quadruple divisor,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the quotient. |
double |
doubleValue()
Converts the value of this
Quadruple to a double value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double to float ). |
boolean |
equals(Object obj)
Indicates whether the other
Quadruple is equal to this one. |
int |
exponent()
Returns the raw (biased) value of the binary exponent of the value
i. e. 0x7FFF_FFFF for values falling within the interval of
[1.0 .. 2.0) , 0x8000_0000 for [2.0 .. 4.0) etc. |
float |
floatValue()
Converts the value of this
Quadruple to a float value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double to float ). |
String |
format(String format)
Returns a
String representing the value
of this instance in a form defined by the format parameter. |
int |
hashCode()
Computes a hashcode for this
Quadruple ,
based on the values of its fields. |
int |
intValue()
Converts the value of this
Quadruple to an int value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double to int ). |
boolean |
isInfinite()
Checks if the value is infinite (i.e
NEGATIVE_INFINITY or POSITIVE_INFINITY ). |
boolean |
isNaN()
Checks if the value is not a number (i.e. has the value of
NaN ). |
boolean |
isNegative()
Checks if the value is negative.
|
boolean |
isZero()
Checks if the value is zero, either positive or negative.
|
long |
longValue()
Converts the value of this
Quadruple to a long value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double to long ). |
long |
mantHi()
Returns the most significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissa.
|
long |
mantLo()
Returns the least significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissa
|
static Quadruple |
max(Quadruple q1,
Quadruple q2)
Returns a new instance of
Quadruple with the value of the
maximum of the values of the operands. |
static Quadruple |
maxValue()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of MAX_VALUE ( 2^2147483647 * (2 - 2^-128) = 1.76161305168396335320749314979184028566452310e+646456993) |
static Quadruple |
min(Quadruple q1,
Quadruple q2)
Returns a new instance of
Quadruple with the value of the
minimum of the values of the operands. |
static Quadruple |
minNormal()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of MIN_NORMAL ( 2^-2147483646 = 2.27064621040149253752656726517958758124747730e-646456993) |
static Quadruple |
minValue()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of MIN_VALUE ( 2^-2147483774 = 6.67282948260747430814835377499134611597699952e-646457032) |
Quadruple |
multiply(double factor)
Multiplies the value of this Quadruple by the value of the given
double factor. |
Quadruple |
multiply(long factor)
Multiplies the value of this Quadruple by the value of the given
long factor. |
Quadruple |
multiply(Quadruple factor)
Multiplies the value of this Quadruple by the value of the given
Quadruple factor. |
static Quadruple |
multiply(Quadruple factor1,
double factor2)
Multiplies the value of the given
Quadruple factor1 by the double factor2 ,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the product. |
static Quadruple |
multiply(Quadruple factor1,
long factor2)
Multiplies the value of the given
Quadruple factor1 by the long factor2 ,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the product. |
static Quadruple |
multiply(Quadruple factor1,
Quadruple factor2)
Multiplies the value of the given
Quadruple factor1 by the Quadruple factor2 ,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the product. |
static Quadruple |
nan()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of NaN . |
Quadruple |
negate()
Changes the sign of this Quadruple.
|
static Quadruple |
negativeInfinity()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of -Infinity . |
static Quadruple |
nextRandom()
Creates a new Quadruple instance with a pseudo-random value
using a static randomly initialized
java.util.Random instance. |
static Quadruple |
nextRandom(Random rand)
Creates a new Quadruple instance with a pseudo-random value
using the given
java.util.Random instance. |
static Quadruple |
one()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of 1.0. |
static Quadruple |
pi()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of the number π (pi)
(3.141592653589793238462643383279502884195) |
static Quadruple |
positiveInfinity()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of +Infinity . |
int |
signum()
Returns 1 for positive values, -1 for negative values (including -0), and 0 for the positive zero value
|
Quadruple |
sqrt()
Computes a square root of the value of this
Quadruple
and replaces the old value of this instance with the newly-computed value. |
static Quadruple |
sqrt(Quadruple square)
Computes a square root of the value of the given
Quadruple ,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the value of the square root. |
Quadruple |
subtract(double subtrahend)
Subtracts the value of the given
double subtrahend from the value of this Quadruple. |
Quadruple |
subtract(long subtrahend)
Subtracts the value of the given
long subtrahend from the value of this Quadruple. |
Quadruple |
subtract(Quadruple subtrahend)
Subtracts the value of the given
Quadruple subtrahend from the value of this Quadruple. |
static Quadruple |
subtract(Quadruple minuend,
double subtrahend)
Subtracts the value of the
double subtrahend from the value of the minuend ,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple that contains the difference. |
static Quadruple |
subtract(Quadruple minuend,
long subtrahend)
Subtracts the value of the
long subtrahend from the value of the minuend ,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple that contains the difference. |
static Quadruple |
subtract(Quadruple minuend,
Quadruple subtrahend)
Subtracts the value of the
Quadruple subtrahend from the value of the minuend ,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple that contains the difference. |
static Quadruple |
ten()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of 10.0. |
String |
toHexString()
Returns a
String containing a hexadecimal representation
of the instance's value, consisting of sign, two 64-bit words of mantissa, and
exponent preceded by letter 'e', with '_' separating the tetrads of hexadecimal digits. |
byte[] |
toIeee754Bytes()
Returns the 128 bits of an IEEE-754 quadruple precision number nearest to the value
of
this instance as an array of 16 byte s, containing a physical representation
of the standard IEEE-754 quadruple-precision floating-point number. |
long[] |
toIeee754Longs()
Returns the 128 bits of an IEEE-754 quadruple precision number nearest to the value
of
this instance as an array of two long s, containing a physical representation
of the standard IEEE-754 quadruple-precision floating-point number. |
long[] |
toLongWords()
Returns the fields of the instance that make up it's value as
an array of
long s. |
String |
toString()
Returns a decimal string representation of the value of this
Quadruple
in a scientific (exponential) notation, rounded to 43 digits after point. |
static Quadruple |
two()
Returns a new
Quadruple instance with the value of 2.0. |
int |
unbiasedExponent()
Returns the unbiased value of binary exponent,
i. e. 0 for values falling within the interval of
[1.0 .. 2.0) , 1 for [2.0 .. 4.0) etc. |
byteValue, shortValue
@Deprecated public static final int EXP_SUB
EXPONENT_OF_SUBNORMAL
insteadpublic static final int EXPONENT_OF_SUBNORMAL
@Deprecated public static final int EXP_MIN
MIN_NORMAL
; equals to 1
Deprecated, will be removed in release version. Use EXPONENT_OF_MIN_NORMAL
insteadpublic static final int EXPONENT_OF_MIN_NORMAL
MIN_NORMAL
; equals to 1@Deprecated public static final int EXP_OF_ONE
1.0 == 2^0
;
equals to 2_147_483_647 (0x7FFF_FFFF
)
Deprecated, will be removed in release version. Use EXPONENT_OF_ONE
insteadpublic static final int EXPONENT_OF_ONE
1.0 == 2^0
;
equals to 2_147_483_647 (0x7FFF_FFFF
).
The same as EXPONENT_BIAS
public static final int EXPONENT_BIAS
1.0 == 2^0
;
equals to 2_147_483_647 (0x7FFF_FFFF
)
The same as EXPONENT_OF_ONE
@Deprecated public static final long EXP_MAX
MAX_VALUE
;
equals to 4_294_967_294L (0xFFFF_FFFEL
)
Deprecated, will be removed in release version. Use EXPONENT_OF_MAX_VALUE
insteadpublic static final long EXPONENT_OF_MAX_VALUE
MAX_VALUE
;
equals to 4_294_967_294L (0xFFFF_FFFEL
)@Deprecated public static final int EXP_INF
Infinity
,
_Infinty
, and NaN
;
equals to -1 (0xFFFF_FFFF
)
Deprecated, will be removed in release version. Use EXPONENT_OF_INFINITY
insteadpublic static final int EXPONENT_OF_INFINITY
Infinity
,
_Infinty
, and NaN
;
equals to -1 (0xFFFF_FFFF
)public Quadruple()
Quadruple
with value 0.0public Quadruple(Quadruple qValue)
Quadruple
instance with the value of the given Quadruple
instance.qValue
- the Quadruple
value to be assigned to the new instance.public Quadruple(double dValue)
Quadruple
instance with the given double
value.assign(double)
.dValue
- the double
value to be assignedpublic Quadruple(long lValue)
Quadruple
with the given long
value.assign(long)
.lValue
- the long
value to be assignedpublic Quadruple(String strValue)
Quadruple
with the value represented by the given String
.assign(String)
strValue
- the String
value to be assignedassign(String)
public Quadruple(BigDecimal bdValue)
Quadruple
with the value of the given BigDecimal
instance.bdValue
- the BigDecimal
value to be assignedpublic Quadruple(boolean negative, int exponent, long mantHi, long mantLo)
Quadruple
built from the given parts.negative
- the sign of the value (true
signifies negative values)exponent
- the binary exponent (unbiased)mantHi
- the most significant 64 bits of fractional part of the mantissamantLo
- the least significant 64 bits of fractional part of the mantissapublic Quadruple(int exponent, long mantHi, long mantLo)
Quadruple
with a positive value built from the given parts.exponent
- the binary exponent (unbiased)mantHi
- the most significant 64 bits of fractional part of the mantissamantLo
- the least significant 64 bits of fractional part of the mantissapublic static Quadruple negativeInfinity()
Quadruple
instance with the value of -Infinity
.Quadruple
instance with the value of NEGATIVE_INFINITYpublic static Quadruple positiveInfinity()
Quadruple
instance with the value of +Infinity
.Quadruple
instance with the value of POSITIVE_INFINITYpublic static Quadruple nan()
Quadruple
instance with the value of NaN
.Quadruple
instance with the value of NANpublic static Quadruple one()
Quadruple
instance with the value of 1.0.Quadruple
instance with the value of 1.0public static Quadruple two()
Quadruple
instance with the value of 2.0.Quadruple
instance with the value of 2.0public static Quadruple ten()
Quadruple
instance with the value of 10.0.Quadruple
instance with the value of 10.0public static Quadruple minValue()
Quadruple
instance with the value of MIN_VALUE
2^-2147483774
= 6.67282948260747430814835377499134611597699952e-646457032)Quadruple
instance with the value of MIN_VALUEpublic static Quadruple maxValue()
Quadruple
instance with the value of MAX_VALUE
2^2147483647 * (2 - 2^-128)
= 1.76161305168396335320749314979184028566452310e+646456993)Quadruple
instance with the value of MAX_VALUE
public static Quadruple minNormal()
Quadruple
instance with the value of MIN_NORMAL
2^-2147483646
= 2.27064621040149253752656726517958758124747730e-646456993)Quadruple
instance with the value of MIN_NORMAL
public static Quadruple pi()
Quadruple
instance with the value of the number π
(pi)
(3.141592653589793238462643383279502884195)Quadruple
instance with the value of the number π
(pi)public int exponent()
[1.0 .. 2.0)
, 0x8000_0000 for [2.0 .. 4.0)
etc.public int unbiasedExponent()
[1.0 .. 2.0)
, 1 for [2.0 .. 4.0)
etc.public long mantHi()
public long mantLo()
public boolean isNegative()
true
, if the value is negative, false
otherwisepublic boolean isInfinite()
NEGATIVE_INFINITY
or POSITIVE_INFINITY
).true
, if the value is infinity (either positive or negative), false
otherwisepublic boolean isNaN()
NaN
).true
, if the value is not a number (NaN), false
otherwisepublic boolean isZero()
true
, if the value is 0 or -0, otherwise returnspublic Quadruple assign(Quadruple qValue)
qValue
- a Quadruple
instance whose value is to assignpublic Quadruple assign(double value)
(Double.MIN_NORMAL < v <= Double.MIN_VALUE)
are converted
to normal quadruple values, by shifting them leftwards and correcting the exponent accordingly.value
- the double
value to be assigned.public Quadruple assign(long value)
value
- the long
value to be assignedpublic Quadruple assign(String source) throws NullPointerException, NumberFormatException
Quadruple
value by less than
0.5 - 1e-17
of the least significant bit of the mantissa of the latter, it gets rounded
down to the aforementioned Quadruple
value.Quadruple
value is between
(0.5 - 1e-17) * LSB
and 0.5 * LSB
,
the direction of the rounding is unpredictable.
Expressing it via formulas,
(1 + (n + d) * 2^-128) * 2^e ==> (1 + n * 2^-128) * 2^e, if d <= 0.5 - 1e-17; (1 + (n + d) * 2^-128) * 2^e ==> (1 + (n + 1) * 2^-128) * 2^e, if d => 0.5.where n is an integer less than
2^128
, e
is the exponent of the Quadruple
.1.5 + 0.5 * 2^-128
, that equals1.500000000000000000000000000000000000001469367938527859384960921...
1.5000000000000000000000000000000000000029387
, whose mantissa is 0x8000_..._0001
,1.5 + (0.5 - 1e-17) * 2^-128
, that equals to1.500000000000000000000000000000000000001469367938527859355573561...
0x8000_..._0000
.source
- the String to be parsedNullPointerException
- if the input string is null
NumberFormatException
- if the input string does not contain valid valuepublic Quadruple assign(BigDecimal value)
Quadruple
, and assigns it to the instance.Quadruple
exactly, it gets rounded to a 129-bit value
(implicit unity + 128 bits of the fractional part of the mantissa) according to the 'half-up' rule.
Due to limited precision of computing of great powers of two, the input values
that differ from exact values of corresponding Quadruples
by a value that lies between
(0.5 - 1e-40) * LSB
and 0.5 * LSB
may get rounded either up or down.value
- the value to be assigned.NullPointerException
- if the parameter is null
public Quadruple assign(boolean negative, int exponent, long mantHi, long mantLo)
exponent
parameter as the biased exponent value,
so that its value equal to EXPONENT_OF_ONE
(0xFFFF_FFFEL
)
corresponds to the Quadruple
value of 1.0.negative
- the sign of the value (true
for negative)exponent
- Binary exponent (biased, so that 0x7FFF_FFFF corresponds to 2^0)mantHi
- The most significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissamantLo
- The least significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissaQuadruple
containing the value built of the given partspublic Quadruple assignWithUnbiasedExponent(boolean negative, int exponent, long mantHi, long mantLo)
exponent
parameter as the unbiased exponent value,
whose 0
value corresponds to the Quadruple
value of 1.0.negative
- the sign of the value (true
for negative)exponent
- Binary exponent (unbiased, 0 means 2^0)mantHi
- The higher 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissamantLo
- The lower 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissapublic Quadruple assign(int exponent, long mantHi, long mantLo)
exponent
parameter as the biased exponent value,
so that its value equal to EXPONENT_OF_ONE
(0xFFFF_FFFEL
)
corresponds to the Quadruple
value of 1.0.exponent
- Binary exponent (biased, 0x7FFF_FFFF means 2^0)mantHi
- The most significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissamantLo
- The least significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissapublic Quadruple assignWithUnbiasedExponent(int exponent, long mantHi, long mantLo)
exponent
parameter as the unbiased exponent value,
whose 0
value corresponds to the Quadruple
value of 1.0.exponent
- Binary exponent (unbiased, 0 means 2^0)mantHi
- The most significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissamantLo
- The least significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissapublic Quadruple assign(long[] value)
long
.
value[0] -- sign flag in bit 63 (1 means negative),
biased exponent in bits 31 .. 0
value[1] -- The most significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissa
value[2] -- The most significant 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissa
value
- array of long
containing the low-level parts of the Quadruple valuetoLongWords()
public Quadruple assignIeee754(long[] value) throws IllegalArgumentException
long
s containing the 128 bits of the IEEE-754 quadruple to the given instance.value[0]
should contain the sign bit, the exponent, and the most significant 48 bits of the significand.value
- an array of two longs, containing the 128 bits of the IEEE-754 quadruple value to be assignedIllegalArgumentException
- if the length of the input array is not 2public Quadruple assignIeee754(byte[] value)
byte
s containing the 128 bits of the IEEE-754 quadruple to the given instance.value[0]
should contain the sign bit, and the high-order 7 bits of the IEEE-754 quadruple's exponent,
and the value[15]
is expected to contain the least significant 8 bits of the significand.value
- an array of 16 bytes, containing the 128 bits of the IEEE-754 quadruple value to be assignedIllegalArgumentException
- if the length of the input array is not 16public Quadruple assignPositiveInfinity()
+Infinity
to this instance.POSITIVE_INFINITY
public Quadruple assignNegativeInfinity()
-Infinity
to this instance.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
public Quadruple assignNaN()
NaN
) to this instance.NaN
public int intValue()
Quadruple
to an int
value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double
to int
).public long longValue()
Quadruple
to a long
value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double
to long
).public float floatValue()
Quadruple
to a float
value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double
to float
).floatValue
in class Number
Quadruple
instance converted to a float
.public double doubleValue()
Quadruple
to a double
value in a way
similar to standard narrowing conversions (e.g., from double
to float
).
Uses 'half-even' approach to the rounding, like BigDecimal.doubleValue()
doubleValue
in class Number
Quadruple
instance converted to a double
.public BigDecimal bigDecimalValue() throws NumberFormatException
BigDecimal
instance holding the same value as the given Quadruple
(rounded to 100 significant decimal digits).BigDecimal
holding the same value as the given Quadruple
NumberFormatException
- if the value of the instance is not convertible to BigDecimal
(i.e. it is Infinity
, -Infinity
, or NaN
)public String toString()
Quadruple
in a scientific (exponential) notation, rounded to 43 digits after point.format(String)
toString
in class Object
format(String)
,
Object.toString()
public String format(String format)
String
representing the value
of this instance in a form defined by the format
parameter.
If the value is NaN or +/-Infinity, returns respectively "NaN", "Infinity", or "-Infinity",
otherwise formats the value in accordance with the rules
used for formatting BigDecimal
values, like in String.format("%9.3f", value).format
- A pattern to format the valueString
representation of this value, formatted in accordance with the
format
parameterpublic String toHexString()
String
containing a hexadecimal representation
of the instance's value, consisting of sign, two 64-bit words of mantissa, and
exponent preceded by letter 'e', with '_' separating the tetrads of hexadecimal digits.
This way, the value -1.5 is represented by the string
-8000_0000_0000_0000 0000_0000_0000_0000 e7fff_ffff
public long[] toLongWords()
long
s.
value[0] -- sign flag in bit 63 (1 means negative),
biased exponent in bits 31 -- 0
value[1] -- The higher 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissa
value[2] -- The lower 64 bits of the fractional part of the mantissa
long
s containing the contents of the
instance's fields, as described aboveassign(long[])
public long[] toIeee754Longs()
this
instance as an array of two long
s, containing a physical representation
of the standard IEEE-754 quadruple-precision floating-point number.Infinity
or -Infinity
, depending on the sign,
the values with magnitudes less than minimum normal IEEE-754 quadruple value
(3.36210314311209350626267781732175260 * 10^-4932
)
but greater or equal to 6.4751751194380251109244389582276466 * 10^-4966
are converted to subnormal IEEE-754 values, and the values whose magnitude is less
than 6.4751751194380251109244389582276466 * 10^-4966
(minimum positive value of of IEEE-754 Quadruple)
are converted to 0 or -0, depending on the sign of this
instance.public byte[] toIeee754Bytes()
this
instance as an array of 16 byte
s, containing a physical representation
of the standard IEEE-754 quadruple-precision floating-point number.Infinity
or -Infinity
, depending on the sign,
the values with magnitudes less than 3.36210314311209350626267781732175260 * 10^-4932
but greater or equal to 6.4751751194380251109244389582276466 * 10^-4966
are converted to subnormal IEEE-754 values,
and the values whose magnitude is less than 6.4751751194380251109244389582276466 * 10^-4966
(minimum positive value of of IEEE-754 Quadruple)
are converted to 0 or -0, depending on the sign of this
instance.this
instance
as a physical representation of the nearest IEEE-745 Quadruple value,
in the big-endian order.public int compareTo(Quadruple other)
compareTo
in interface Comparable<Quadruple>
other
- the Quadruple
to compare withpublic int compareTo(long other)
long
value.
The value of the argument is converted to Quadruple, and then two Quadruple values
are compared by compareTo(Quadruple)
other
- the long
value to compare withlong
value.public int compareTo(double other)
double
value.
The value of the argument is converted to Quadruple,
and then two Quadruple values are compared by compareTo(Quadruple)
other
- the double
value to compare withdouble
value.public boolean equals(Object obj)
Quadruple
is equal to this one.public int hashCode()
Quadruple
,
based on the values of its fields.hashCode
in class Object
Object.hashCode()
public static int compare(Quadruple q1, Quadruple q2)
q1
- the instance to compare with the other oneq2
- the instance to compare withpublic int compareMagnitudeTo(Quadruple other)
other
- the Quadruple to compare withother
instance,
0 if the argument is equal in magnitude to this instance, -1 if this instance is less in magnitude, than the argumentpublic static int compareMagnitudes(Quadruple q1, Quadruple q2)
q1
- the instance to compare with the other oneq2
- the instance to compare withpublic static Quadruple max(Quadruple q1, Quadruple q2)
Quadruple
with the value of the
maximum of the values of the operands.q1
- first operand to compareq2
- first operand to compareQuadruple
whose value is
equal to the value of the greater of the operands.public static Quadruple min(Quadruple q1, Quadruple q2)
Quadruple
with the value of the
minimum of the values of the operands.q1
- first operand to compareq2
- first operand to compareQuadruple
whose value is
equal to the value of the lesser of the operands.public Quadruple assignMax(Quadruple other)
this
instance and the operand.other
- the operand to compare withthis
instance, after setting its value
to the value of the greater of this
and the operand.public Quadruple assignMin(Quadruple other)
this
instance and the operand.other
- the operand to compare withthis
instance, after setting its value
to the value of the lesser of this
and the operand.public Quadruple add(Quadruple summand)
Quadruple
summand to the value of this Quadruple.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the sum of the previous value and the value of the summand.summand
- the value to addpublic Quadruple add(long summand)
long
summand to the value of this Quadruple.
The value of the long
operand is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The instance acquires the new value that equals the sum of the previous value and the value of the summand.summand
- the value to addpublic Quadruple add(double summand)
double
summand to the value of this Quadruple.
The value of the double
operand is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The instance acquires the new value that equals the sum of the previous value and the value of the summand.summand
- the value to addpublic static Quadruple add(Quadruple op1, Quadruple op2)
Quadruple op2
to the value of Quadruple op1
and creates a new instance of Quadruple containing the sum.
The operands remain unchanged.op1
- the first operand to addop2
- the second operand to addpublic static Quadruple add(Quadruple op1, long op2)
long op2
to the value of Quadruple op1
and creates a new instance of Quadruple containing the sum.
The value of the long
operand is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The Quadruple operand remains unchanged.op1
- the first operand to addop2
- the second operand to addpublic static Quadruple add(Quadruple op1, double op2)
double op2
to the value of Quadruple op1
and creates a new instance of Quadruple containing the sum.
The value of the double
operand is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The Quadruple operand remains unchanged.op1
- the first operand to addop2
- the second operand to addpublic Quadruple subtract(Quadruple subtrahend)
Quadruple
subtrahend from the value of this Quadruple.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the difference between the previous value and the value of the subtrahend.subtrahend
- the value to be subtracted from the current value of this Quadruplepublic Quadruple subtract(long subtrahend)
long
subtrahend from the value of this Quadruple.
The value of the long
subtrahend is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the difference between the previous value and the value of the subtrahend.subtrahend
- the value to be subtracted from the current value of this Quadruplepublic Quadruple subtract(double subtrahend)
double
subtrahend from the value of this Quadruple.
The value of the double
subtrahend is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the difference between the previous value and the value of the subtrahend.subtrahend
- the value to be subtracted from the current value of this Quadruplepublic static Quadruple subtract(Quadruple minuend, Quadruple subtrahend)
Quadruple
subtrahend
from the value of the minuend
,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple that contains the difference.
The operands remain unchanged.minuend
- the value from which the subtrahend is to be subtractedsubtrahend
- the value to be subtracted from the minuendpublic static Quadruple subtract(Quadruple minuend, long subtrahend)
long
subtrahend
from the value of the minuend
,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple that contains the difference.
The value of the long
subtrahend is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The Quadruple minuend remains unchanged.minuend
- the value from which the subtrahend is to be subtractedsubtrahend
- the value to be subtracted from the minuendpublic static Quadruple subtract(Quadruple minuend, double subtrahend)
double
subtrahend
from the value of the minuend
,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple that contains the difference.
The value of the double
subtrahend is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The Quadruple minuend remains unchanged.minuend
- the value from which the subtrahend is to be subtractedsubtrahend
- the value to be subtracted from the minuendpublic Quadruple multiply(Quadruple factor)
Quadruple
factor.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the product of the previous value and the value of the factor.factor
- the value to multiply the current value of this Quadruple by.public Quadruple multiply(long factor)
long
factor.
The value of the long
factor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the product of the previous value and the value of the factor.factor
- the value to multiply the current value of this Quadruple by.public Quadruple multiply(double factor)
double
factor.
The value of the double
factor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the product of the previous value and the value of the factor.factor
- the value to multiply the current value of this Quadruple by.public static Quadruple multiply(Quadruple factor1, Quadruple factor2)
Quadruple factor1
by the Quadruple factor2
,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the product.
The operands remain unchanged.factor1
- the 1st factor to be multiplied by the second onefactor2
- the 2nd factor to be multiplied by the first onepublic static Quadruple multiply(Quadruple factor1, long factor2)
Quadruple factor1
by the long factor2
,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the product.
The value of the long
factor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The operands remain unchanged.factor1
- the 1st factor to be multiplied by the second onefactor2
- the 2nd factor to be multiplied by the first onepublic static Quadruple multiply(Quadruple factor1, double factor2)
Quadruple factor1
by the double factor2
,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the product.
The value of the double
factor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The operands remain unchanged.factor1
- the 1st factor to be multiplied by the second onefactor2
- the 2nd factor to be multiplied by the first onepublic Quadruple divide(Quadruple divisor)
Quadruple
divisor.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the quotient.divisor
- the divisor to divide the current value of this Quadruple bypublic Quadruple divide(long divisor)
long
divisor.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the quotient.
The value of the long
divisor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.divisor
- the divisor to divide the current value of this Quadruple bypublic Quadruple divide(double divisor)
double
divisor.
The instance acquires a new value that equals the quotient.
The value of the double
divisor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.divisor
- the divisor to divide the current value of this Quadruple bypublic static Quadruple divide(Quadruple dividend, Quadruple divisor)
Quadruple
divisor,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the quotient.
The operands remain unchanged.dividend
- the value to be divided by the divisordivisor
- the divisor to divide the dividend bypublic static Quadruple divide(Quadruple dividend, long divisor)
long
divisor,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the quotient.
The value of the long
divisor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The operands remain unchanged.dividend
- the value to be divided by the divisordivisor
- the divisor to divide the dividend bypublic static Quadruple divide(Quadruple dividend, double divisor)
double
divisor,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the quotient.
The value of the double
divisor is preliminarily converted to a Quadruple
value.
The operands remain unchanged.dividend
- the value to be divided by the divisordivisor
- the divisor to divide the dividend bypublic Quadruple sqrt()
Quadruple
and replaces the old value of this instance with the newly-computed value.public static Quadruple sqrt(Quadruple square)
Quadruple
,
creates and returns a new instance of Quadruple containing the value of the square root.
The parameter remains unchanged.square
- the value to find the square root ofpublic Quadruple negate()
public Quadruple abs()
Quadruple
with the value of the absolute value of this instanceQuadruple
with the value of the absolute value of this instancepublic int signum()
public static Quadruple nextRandom()
java.util.Random
instance.
The generated value falls within the range 0.0 (inclusive) to 1.0 (exclusive).public static Quadruple nextRandom(Random rand)
java.util.Random
instance.
The generated value falls within the range 0.0 (inclusive) to 1.0 (exclusive).
Can be used to repeatedly generate the same pseudo-random sequence.rand
- an instance of java.util.Random
to be used for generating the random value


MNI is interested in selling Murray Munch cookies in Europe. How should they approach international expansion?
- Murray Munch is a soft bake cookie with standard ingredients (flour, butter, chocolate, sugar)
- Cookie is packed in a paper bag and branded as a traditional American cookie
- Shelf life is 3 - 4 weeks
Basic Points
- Supply from US: Produce all of the Murray Munch cookies in the facilities in Minnesota and ship to Europe. However, likely that this will involve distribution expenses and supply chain challenges.
- Joint Venture in Europe: Jointly invest facilities to produce and distribute Murray Munch cookies. May be difficult to find the right partner.
- License brand to a European provider: Franchise arrangement in which European manufacturers produce, market and distribute Murray Munch cookies. MNI would earn a royalty.
- Acquire a partner in Europe: Purchase a company in Europe and convert a portion of production to Murray Munch over time.
Advanced Comments
- Local Presence: Without a local presence it's unlikely that MNI will be successful in securing supply deals and getting distribution arrangements in place within international markets.
- Control vs Flexibilty: Most options involve a trade off between these two criteria. For example, licensing offers great flexibility but little control over the direction of the business. Acquiring a partner is a capital intense activity, but may deliver greater benefits in the long term.
- Risk: No guarantee that European consumers will want to purchase American style cookies under an American brand. May need to test the market and adapt entry strategy accordingly.
Conclusion
- MNI faces a range of options for international expansion. Choice depends on scale of objectives for growth and capital resources available to invest. Probably makes most sense to test the market and learn about local opportunities by licensing the brand for a few years. However if an attractive opportunity comes up to acquire a local business then this could deliver growth faster.


My name is Arshpreet Singh and I am currently studying as a 10th grade student at Shiv Nadar School, Noida.
If you want to know more about me please refer to the About section. The Experience section defines my journey through all the project and extra curricular activities I did over the past few years. All my Achievements, have been complied up in the achievement section. And many of the projects that I’m working on (or not) are hosted on my Github repo. You can find my research publications to date in the Publications section.
Please excuse any dead links, missing pictures, and 404 errors; this website is currently under construction!


| Jump to DART Documentation Main Index |
obs_seq_verify reorders the observations from a
forecast run of DART into a structure that is amenable for the evaluation
of the forecast. The big picture is that the verification locations and times
identified in the obsdef_mask.nc and the observations
from the forecast run (whose files must have an extension
as in the following: obs_seq.forecast.YYYYMMDDHH)
are put into a netCDF variable that looks like this:
obs_seq_verify can read in a series of
observation sequence files - each of the files must contain
the entire forecast from a single analysis time.
The extension of each filename is required to reflect the analysis time.
Use obs_sequence_tool to
concatenate multiple files into a single observation sequence file if necessary.
Only the individual ensemble members forecast values
are used - the ensemble mean and spread (as individual copies) are completely ignored.
The individual "prior ensemble member NNNN"
copies are used. As a special case, the
"prior ensemble mean" copy is used if and only if
there are no individual ensemble members present (i.e. input.nml
&filter_nml:num_output_obs_members == 0).
| Dimension | Explanation |
|---|---|
| analysisT | This is the netCDF UNLIMITED dimension, so it is easy to 'grow' this dimension. This corresponds to the number of forecasts one would like to compare. |
| stations | The unique horizontal locations in the verification network. |
| levels | The vertical level at each location. Observations with a pressure vertical coordinate are selected based on their proximity to the mandatory levels as defined in obs_seq_coverage. Surface observations or observations with undefined vertical coordinates are simply put into level 1. |
| copy | This dimension designates the quantity of interest; the observation, the forecast value, or the observation error variance. These quantities are the ones required to calculate the evaluation statistics. |
| nmembers | Each ensemble member contributes a forecast value. |
| forecast_lead | This dimension relates to the amount of time between the start of the forecast and the verification. |
The USAGE section has more on the actual use of obs_seq_verify.
This namelist is read from the file input.nml. Namelists start with an ampersand '&' and terminate with a slash '/'. Character strings that contain a '/' must be enclosed in quotes to prevent them from prematurely terminating the namelist.
&obs_seq_verify_nml obs_sequences = '' obs_sequence_list = '' station_template = 'obsdef_mask.nc' netcdf_out = 'forecast.nc' obtype_string = 'RADIOSONDE_TEMPERATURE' print_every = 10000 verbose = .true. debug = .false. /
You can specify either obs_sequences or obs_sequence_list -- not both. One of them has to be an empty string ... i.e. ' '.
| Item | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| obs_sequences | character(len=256), dimension(500) | Names of the observation sequence files - each of which MUST have an extension that defines the start of the forecast (the analysis time). The observation sequence filenames must be something like obs_seq.forecast.YYYYMMDDHH . If obs_sequences is specified, obs_sequence_list must be empty. |
| obs_sequence_list | character(len=256) | Name of an ascii text file which contains a list of one or more observation sequence files, one per line. The observation sequence filenames MUST have an extension that defines the start of the forecast (the analysis time). The observation sequence filenames must be something like obs_seq.forecast.YYYYMMDDHH. obs_sequence_list can be created by any method, including sending the output of the 'ls' command to a file, a text editor, or another program. If obs_sequence_list is specified, obs_sequences must be empty. |
| station_template | character(len=256) | The name of the netCDF file created by obs_seq_coverage that contains the verification network description. |
| netcdf_out | character(len=256) | The base portion of the filename of the file that will contain the forecast quantities. Since each observation type of interest is processed with a separate run of obs_seq_verify, the observation type string is used to create a unique output filename. |
| calendar | character(len=129) | The type of the calendar used to interpret the dates. |
| obtype_string | character(len=32) | The observation type string that will be verified. The character string must match one of the standard DART observation types. This will be the name of the variable in the netCDF file, and will also be used to make a unique netCDF file name. |
| print_every | integer | Print run-time information for every "print_every" n-th observation. |
| verbose | logical | Print extra run-time information. |
| debug | logical | Print a frightening amount of run-time information. |
assimilation_code/location/threed_sphere/location_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/assimilation/assim_model_mod.f90 models/your_model/model_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/observations/obs_kind_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/observations/obs_sequence_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/utilities/null_mpi_utilities_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/utilities/types_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/utilities/random_seq_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/utilities/time_manager_mod.f90 assimilation_code/modules/utilities/utilities_mod.f90 observations/forward_operators/obs_def_mod.f90
obs_seq_verify is built in
.../DART/models/your_model/work, in the same way
as the other DART components.
Once the forecast has completed, each observation type may be extracted
from the observation sequence file and stuffed into the appropriate
verification structure. Each observation type must be processed serially
at this time, and each results in a separate output netCDF file. Essentially,
obs_seq_verify sorts an unstructured, unordered set of
observations into a predetermined configuration.
In this example, the obsdef_mask.nc file was created by running
obs_seq_coverage with the namelist specified in the
single 48hour forecast evaluated every 6 hours example. The obsdef_mask.txt file was used to mask the
input observation sequence files by obs_selection and
the result was run through filter with the
observations marked as evaluate_only - resulting in a file
called obs_seq.forecast.2008060818. This filename could also
be put in a file called verify_list.txt.
Just to reiterate the example, both namelists for obs_seq_coverage
and obs_seq_verify are provided below.
&obs_seq_coverage_nml obs_sequences = '' obs_sequence_list = 'coverage_list.txt' obs_of_interest = 'METAR_U_10_METER_WIND' 'METAR_V_10_METER_WIND' textfile_out = 'obsdef_mask.txt' netcdf_out = 'obsdef_mask.nc' calendar = 'Gregorian' first_analysis = 2008, 6, 8, 18, 0, 0 last_analysis = 2008, 6, 8, 18, 0, 0 forecast_length_days = 2 forecast_length_seconds = 0 verification_interval_seconds = 21600 temporal_coverage_percent = 100.0 lonlim1 = 0.0 lonlim2 = 360.0 latlim1 = -90.0 latlim2 = 90.0 verbose = .true. / &obs_seq_verify_nml obs_sequences = 'obs_seq.forecast.2008060818' obs_sequence_list = '' station_template = 'obsdef_mask.nc' netcdf_out = 'forecast.nc' obtype_string = 'METAR_U_10_METER_WIND' print_every = 10000 verbose = .true. debug = .false. /
The pertinent information from the obsdef_mask.nc file is summarized (from ncdump -v experiment_times,analysis,forecast_lead obsdef_mask.nc) as follows:
verification_times = 148812.75, 148813, 148813.25, 148813.5, 148813.75, 148814, 148814.25, 148814.5, 148814.75 ; analysis = 148812.75 ; forecast_lead = 0, 21600, 43200, 64800, 86400, 108000, 129600, 151200, 172800 ;
There is one analysis time, 9 forecast leads and 9 verification times. The analysis time is the same as the first verification time. The run-time output of obs_seq_verify and a dump of the resulting netCDF file follows:
[thoar@mirage2 work]$ ./obs_seq_verify |& tee my.verify.log Starting program obs_seq_verify Initializing the utilities module. Trying to log to unit 10 Trying to open file dart_log.out -------------------------------------- Starting ... at YYYY MM DD HH MM SS = 2011 3 1 10 2 54 Program obs_seq_verify -------------------------------------- set_nml_output Echo NML values to log file only Trying to open namelist log dart_log.nml ------------------------------------------------------ -------------- ASSIMILATE_THESE_OBS_TYPES -------------- RADIOSONDE_TEMPERATURE RADIOSONDE_U_WIND_COMPONENT RADIOSONDE_V_WIND_COMPONENT SAT_U_WIND_COMPONENT SAT_V_WIND_COMPONENT -------------- EVALUATE_THESE_OBS_TYPES -------------- RADIOSONDE_SPECIFIC_HUMIDITY ------------------------------------------------------ find_ensemble_size: opening obs_seq.forecast.2008060818 location_mod: Ignoring vertical when computing distances; horizontal only find_ensemble_size: There are 50 ensemble members. fill_stations: There are 221 stations of interest, fill_stations: ... and 9 times of interest. InitNetCDF: METAR_U_10_METER_WIND_forecast.nc is fortran unit 5 obs_seq_verify: opening obs_seq.forecast.2008060818 analysis 1 date is 2008 Jun 08 18:00:00 index 6 is prior ensemble member 1 index 8 is prior ensemble member 2 index 10 is prior ensemble member 3 ... index 100 is prior ensemble member 48 index 102 is prior ensemble member 49 index 104 is prior ensemble member 50 QC index 1 NCEP QC index QC index 2 DART quality control Processing obs 10000 of 84691 Processing obs 20000 of 84691 Processing obs 30000 of 84691 Processing obs 40000 of 84691 Processing obs 50000 of 84691 Processing obs 60000 of 84691 Processing obs 70000 of 84691 Processing obs 80000 of 84691 METAR_U_10_METER_WIND dimlen 1 is 9 METAR_U_10_METER_WIND dimlen 2 is 50 METAR_U_10_METER_WIND dimlen 3 is 3 METAR_U_10_METER_WIND dimlen 4 is 1 METAR_U_10_METER_WIND dimlen 5 is 221 METAR_U_10_METER_WIND dimlen 6 is 1 obs_seq_verify: Finished successfully. -------------------------------------- Finished ... at YYYY MM DD HH MM SS = 2011 3 1 10 3 7 -------------------------------------- [thoar@mirage2 work]$ ncdump -h METAR_U_10_METER_WIND_forecast.nc netcdf METAR_U_10_METER_WIND_forecast { dimensions: analysisT = UNLIMITED ; // (1 currently) copy = 3 ; station = 221 ; level = 14 ; ensemble = 50 ; forecast_lead = 9 ; linelen = 129 ; nlines = 446 ; stringlength = 64 ; location = 3 ; variables: char namelist(nlines, linelen) ; namelist:long_name = "input.nml contents" ; char CopyMetaData(copy, stringlength) ; CopyMetaData:long_name = "copy quantity names" ; double analysisT(analysisT) ; analysisT:long_name = "time of analysis" ; analysisT:units = "days since 1601-1-1" ; analysisT:calendar = "Gregorian" ; analysisT:missing_value = 0. ; analysisT:_FillValue = 0. ; int copy(copy) ; copy:long_name = "observation copy" ; copy:note1 = "1 == observation" ; copy:note2 = "2 == prior" ; copy:note3 = "3 == observation error variance" ; copy:explanation = "see CopyMetaData variable" ; int station(station) ; station:long_name = "station index" ; double level(level) ; level:long_name = "vertical level of observation" ; int ensemble(ensemble) ; ensemble:long_name = "ensemble member" ; int forecast_lead(forecast_lead) ; forecast_lead:long_name = "forecast lead time" ; forecast_lead:units = "seconds" ; double location(station, location) ; location:description = "location coordinates" ; location:location_type = "loc3Dsphere" ; location:long_name = "threed sphere locations: lon, lat, vertical" ; location:storage_order = "Lon Lat Vertical" ; location:units = "degrees degrees which_vert" ; int which_vert(station) ; which_vert:long_name = "vertical coordinate system code" ; which_vert:VERTISUNDEF = -2 ; which_vert:VERTISSURFACE = -1 ; which_vert:VERTISLEVEL = 1 ; which_vert:VERTISPRESSURE = 2 ; which_vert:VERTISHEIGHT = 3 ; which_vert:VERTISSCALEHEIGHT = 4 ; double METAR_U_10_METER_WIND(analysisT, station, level, copy, ensemble, forecast_lead) ; METAR_U_10_METER_WIND:long_name = "forecast variable quantities" ; METAR_U_10_METER_WIND:missing_value = -888888. ; METAR_U_10_METER_WIND:_FillValue = -888888. ; int original_qc(analysisT, station, forecast_lead) ; original_qc:long_name = "original QC value" ; original_qc:missing_value = -888888 ; original_qc:_FillValue = -888888 ; int dart_qc(analysisT, station, forecast_lead) ; dart_qc:long_name = "DART QC value" ; dart_qc:explanation1 = "1 == prior evaluated only" ; dart_qc:explanation2 = "4 == forward operator failed" ; dart_qc:missing_value = -888888 ; dart_qc:_FillValue = -888888 ; // global attributes: :creation_date = "YYYY MM DD HH MM SS = 2011 03 01 10 03 00" ; :source = "$URL$" ; :revision = "$Revision$" ; :revdate = "$Date$" ; :obs_seq_file_001 = "obs_seq.forecast.2008060818" ; } [thoar@mirage2 work]$
| Routine | Message | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| obs_seq_verify | 'namelist: obtype_string (xxxx) is unknown. change input.nml' | the requested observation type does not match any supported observation type. If it is spelled correctly, perhaps you need to rerun preprocess to build the appropriate obs_def_mod.modand obs_kind_mod.mod. |
| obs_seq_verify | 'specify "obs_sequences" or "obs_sequence_list"' | one of these namelist variables MUST be an empty string |
| obs_seq_verify | 'xxxxxx ' is not a known observation type.' | one of the obs_of_interest namelist entries specifies an observation type that is not supported. Perhaps you need to rerun preprocess with support for the observation, or perhaps it is spelled incorrectly. All DART observation types are strictly uppercase. |
| obs_seq_verify | 'need at least 1 qc and 1 observation copy' | an observation sequence does not have all the metadata necessary. Cannot use "obs_seq.in"-class sequences. |
| obs_seq_verify | 'num_copies ##### does not match #####' | ALL observation sequences must contain the same 'copy' information. At some point it may be possible to mix "obs_seq.out"-class sequences with "obs_seq.final"-class sequences, but this seems like it can wait. |
| obs_seq_verify | 'No location had at least ### reporting times.' | The input selection criteria did not result in any locations that had observations at all of the required verification times. |
| set_required_times | 'namelist: forecast length is not a multiple of the verification interval' | The namelist settings for forecast_length_[days,seconds] and verification_interval_seconds do not make sense. Refer to the forecast time diagram. |
| set_required_times | 'namelist: last analysis time is not a multiple of the verification interval' | The namelist settings for first_analysis and last_analysis are not separated by a multiple of verification_interval_seconds. Refer to the forecast time diagram. |
none
none
DART software - Copyright UCAR. This open source software is provided by UCAR, "as is", without charge, subject to all terms of use at http://www.image.ucar.edu/DAReS/DART/DART_download


Home > CSS Questions > What is CSS flexbox?
CSS3 Flexible boxes also known as CSS Flexbox, is a new layout mode in CSS3.
The CSS3 flexbox is used to make the elements behave predictably when they are used with different screen sizes and different display devices. It provides a more efficient way to layout, align and distribute space among items in the container.
It is mainly used to make CSS3 capable to change its item?s width and height to best fit for all available spaces. It is preferred over block model.
The CSS3 flexbox contains flex containers and flex items.
Flex container:The flex container specifies the properties of the parent. It is declared by setting the display property of an element to either flex or inline-flex.
Flex items:The flex items specify properties of the children. There may be one or more flex items inside a flex container.


| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
2 glasses |
oral |
Alcohol - Beer/Wine |
(liquid) |
| T+ 0:30 |
1 tablet |
oral |
PMA |
(pill / tablet) |
| T+ 1:30 |
1 tablet |
oral |
PMA |
(pill / tablet) |
| T+ 6:30 |
2 joints/cigs |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
First some context, me and a friend (J) had been using MDMA fairly regularly for a few months, every couple of weeks. We had a good supplier who we trust, but who only sold in quantities of 10 or more pills. Furthermore, he lives a short train ride away so it's always a bit of a pain to get pills from him. We'd done a lot of different pills of varying strengths, and I'd say both of us are pretty good at judging the quality of a pill.
On the day in question, we were both eager to take a couple of pills each and have a little walk around the city we live in. We refer to these walks as 'missions'. Unfortunately it was late and we were unable to get any pills from our regular supplier. J knows some people who hang around on the beach and sell pills and other party prescriptions to clubbers so we wandered down there after a couple of beers in my local pub.
When we arrived at the beach, sure enough there was a guy J knows hanging around drinking Jack Daniels out of a bottle with a group friends. He sold us 4 pills for £25, which is a little expensive by today's prices (we usually get good quality pills for £2.50 each), but we were paying the prices clubbers would pay so we didn't mind much. The pills appeared to be white mitsubishi doublestack. It was dark and we were in public so we didn't examine them very closely. Prior to this I had seen the notice on Erowid about PMA being sold as MDMA, usually in the form of white mitsubishi doublestack. However, we've had mitsubishis that look a lot like these before and they've been pure MDMA, so I wasn't worried about them.
J and I both took one each and started walking back from the beach in the direction of a park not far from my house. By the time we got there it'd been just over an hour since we took the pills. Usually I can at least feel the beginnings of an MDMA high after an hour so we were both concerned that we'd been sold bad pills. We decided to take the other two we had left, one each to see if anything would happen. Had I known the content of the pills I would not have done this, but we were very slightly drunk and looking for that amazing feeling MDMA gives you.
After about 15 minutes we could both feel something, but it didn't have that happy buzz that MDMA has. We decided to go and sit in little garden with a pond that's near the park. This garden is always a nice place to sit, it's really beautiful. I'd never been there at night though. It must've been past midnight by now and it was dark. So we sat there and talked a bit and took in the beauty of the garden.
With MDMA I get the feeling of euphoria, the manic need for conversation and the amphetamine-like desire to constantly be doing something. We felt none of these things, we were just sitting there talking as old friends do, feeling no burning desire to get up and do something. Just sitting there taking in our surroundings. The closest thing I could compare the feeling to was the warm happiness of a low magic mushroom dose. Instead of being full of euphoria, we were both just content with our surroundings. There was a mild 'trippyness' as well. By that I don't mean that we were hallucinating, just that colours seemed more intense and everything had a sort of crystaline glow. Jaw clenching was apparent and we were both chewing gum, other than that I noticed no other physical symptoms.
After a couple of hours we wandered back to my house through the park. This was an enjoyable walk and everything still had a kind of hazy warmth to it; like the feeling of lying on grass on a warm summer's day staring up at the clouds in the sky. It was an enjoyable experience, but nothing like as intense as MDMA. To be honest, having paid more than we usually pay for some pills that were clearly not MDMA, I was a little disappointed.
By about the 6th hour after taking the pills we were both back to normal, no significant comedown was experienced by either of us. We smoked a little weed and went to sleep.
At the time, I hypothesized that the pills may have contained MDA or some other such chemical similar to MDMA. Later I found out for certain that the pills contained PMA. This worried me slightly as we'd fallen into the same trap that had killed several PMA users; waiting an hour after taking one pill and then taking more because nothing was happening. Fortunately we were lucky. No negative side effects were experienced aside from jaw clenching and slight muscle ache the next day.
The reason I write about this now is that I've just been sold 18 white mitsubishi doublestack pills that look very similar to the ones we had on the night described here. I haven't tried them yet, and it seems quite unlikely that they're from the same batch. The experience I've described here happened at least 5 months ago, plus we never really looked at the pills we took properly in good lighting conditions so it's hard to make a comparison.
I'm aware that the experience I had with PMA was very tame, but that the drug can be dangerous and even kill. I'll certainly not be taking any risks and I don't want anything to think just because I had a reasonably nice time on PMA, they should take risks.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


star President
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What is popHealth?
popHealth is an open source reference implementation software service that automates the reporting of Meaningful Use quality measures. popHealth integrates with a healthcare provider’s electronic health record (EHR) system using continuity of care records. popHealth streamlines the automated generation of summary quality measure reports on the provider’s patient population.
Who are the intended users?
popHealth supports healthcare providers and EHR vendors by reporting clinical quality measures from electronic health record continuity of care files. Providers are empowered to better understand, and analyze the health of their patient population, and meet Meaningful Use reporting objectives, through reports of clinical quality measures. EHR vendors and healthcare providers are free to download, use, and integrate the popHealth software in their systems.
What is the project's objective?
popHealth is designed to simplify the reporting of summary quality measures, and streamline the exchange of summary quality data. Demonstration of Meaningful Use requires the reporting of quality measure data. This reference implementation open source software demonstrates how providers can rapidly produce and submit Meaningful Use clinical quality measures. Further, popHealth provides EHR vendors with a reference implementation software package to guide the development of further Meaningful Use quality measures.


MY NIECE, HAL & JEAN’S DAUGHTER, CINDI PORTER
Ken and I were on our way to Heber City, just going up Weber Canyon when we received a phone call. It was from the Police Chief at Clinton City. He asked if I was Mae Browning and if I knew a Cindi Porter. When I responded that she was my niece, he said I was to call a Sharon at Boulder Colorado and gave me the number. I tried to question him as to what it was about and finally he said Sharon was from the coroner’s office in Boulder. At that I started to cry and he said he hated to be the one to tell me and that I should call her right away. As soon as I got some control of myself, I did. Sharon was very kind and told me they had been trying to reach Cindi’s next of kin since Friday. Cindi took her life on Thursday afternoon. They found a recent call to Aunt Mae on her phone, but the number didn’t have the prefix, so they didn’t know where Aunt Mae was. They finally found out that Cindi’s parents were both deceased and were buried in Utah, so they called the Utah prefixes and found me. She said they found some credit cards in the apartment and took them so they wouldn’t be found by others and possibly used. When I asked her what we should do, she said to take what time we needed, but then get a trusted funeral home and the funeral home could make the arrangements for Cindi’s body to be sent here to Utah.
I asked Sharon if Cindi’s daughter, Samantha, had been notified or her foster parents. She said “Yes, Cindi’s caseworker had taken care of that”, but said that the caseworker wouldn’t give her their telephone number or any information, so that was another reason why it was so hard to reach any of us. Georgia called Dugans and left a message for them to call ---------
CINDI’S BISHOP
When I mentioned to Terry about wanting to get a hold of Cindi’s Bishop, Terry said he would get on the internet and find him and have him call me. Bishop Michael Rayback called about 4 pm of Jan. 9th, the day we found out about Cindi’s death. I could tell from his voice what a caring and loving Bishop Cindi had. As I talked with him, I felt such peace and joy knowing that members of his ward as well as himself loved Cindi and took good care of her. He said he called her as much as 3 times a week. He said that when he called and couldn’t even reach the voice message, he knew that message center was full and that probably she was using again, so he would go check on her and work with her to get her back on track again. He said he felt Cindi had mental illness and that the mental illness is what brought on the drugs – not the other way around. He said he felt it was the same as her father had. I shared with him about Hal’s insomnia and getting on sleeping pills in the service and getting addicted and how frustrating it was for Jean and also for his brothers who took him hiking to get the pills out of his system. I shared with him Hal’s good qualities. He said Cindi had real depression problems as well as the drugs and other health problems because of the drugs and she had been going downhill for some time and he was worried about how he and the ward could take care of her as she was getting worse and worse. But they loved her and wanted too.
The friend, who had been staying with her, found her and called the Bishop. The Bishop called the missionaries who had been teaching her and asked if they could go over. They did and found the police there. The police wouldn’t tell them anything or let them look at anything until Cindi’s next of kin was notified.
The friend was a recent employer of Cindi’s. He had a marketing business and Cindi was working for him by phone and internet. He and his wife separated and he had no place to go, so Cindi invited him to stay with her. He assured me that there was nothing morally wrong going on between them. He was in contact with this man too, and the man had moved out prior to Cindi’s suicide.
When the Bishop notified the ward leaders and it spread from there, everyone was heard saying “Oh, if I had just called her again, or gone to see her, or been there for her, maybe it wouldn’t have happened.” He said I’m sure you are all saying and thinking the same thing, but I don’t think any of us could have stopped it – the mental illness had taken over.” He said “When I told her visiting teacher, she just cried and cried and said “How can I take care of my two children today, I am so distraught by this as I loved Cindi dearly.” He counseled her to pray to the Lord and he would comfort her. He said she bore her a sweet testimony on Sunday and said how as she prayed the Lord spoke to her and said “Cindi is ok, don’t grieve for her, I love her and am taking care of her.” She said that brought such peace and joy to her soul.”
Bishop Rayback said that he had been paying Cindi’s rent for the past two years from ward welfare funds. They had just paid it again for this month last week. He said that Cindi was very good with money and very careful. If ever she went overdrawn or asked him for small loans, he knew she was using drugs again and he could meet and council with her. He said Cindi would get jobs, but couldn’t keep them long the past few years because of the drugs, her health and the depression. She told him: “No one knows how hard my depression is unless they go through it themselves”. He told her he knew that was true.
Bishop Rayback said that Cindi had wrecked her car by running into a curb and blowing out the tire. Bishop said he knew she was using drugs again and that was the cause of the accident. Her home teacher had come to get her and tow the car to a garage. Upon checking the car, it was found that the transmission was about gone and it would cost about $1,500.00 to $2,000. to be fixed. Cindi had told the Bishop that it wouldn’t help to fix the tire, but that she didn’t know what she would do now without a car. (I’m sure that added to her depression). She had told the Bishop about how her uncle gave her the car, and she also told him about all of us – her Porter family in Utah and the love she had for us, and the wonderful time she had when she came to Utah.
Bishop Rayback said that Cindi came to church on Christmas Day with her visiting teacher and she looked so beautiful. He told her “Cindi, I am so glad to see you, this is where you belong.” And she said “Yes Bishop, I know that.”
I mentioned to Bishop Rayback that we had talked with a couple of funeral homes and that the one said it could cost 8 or 9 thousand dollars by the time we pay the coroner in Boulder, had her body flown over, paid for the services of the funeral home and the casket, vault, burial plot and opening and closing of grave. Mark at Walker’s in Morgan suggested we cremate her body and get permission from the cemetery to lay the ashes in either her father or mother’s grave. It would only be $1,500. to $2,000. Bishop Rayback said “yes”, I would agree, I think that it what Cindi would want.  He said his father wanted to be cremated, and so they honored his wishes, since his mother and father were divorced and there was no one, other than him and his father’s sister to pay for it. He said he ended up paying the $2,000. He said the ashes were put in an urn and later when it was convenient to have a gravesite service, they did. He said there is no hurry when a cremation takes place. He said the church doesn’t frown on it either, they feel it is up to the family to decide.
Bishop Rayback said Cindi really struggled with her father’s suicide, and that the year she became the age he was when he died (36) she had a really hard time and they talked about it. She showed him a treasured birthday card she had received from her father when she was a child and it said “To the most beautiful little girl in the world.”
Bishop Rayback said since the ward members all loved her, they would like to have a service where the members could say “goodbye” to her. I told him that would be wonderful. He said the members loved her and knew that she loved them and appreciated all they did for her. He said Cindi had wonderful home teachers and visiting teachers, plus many, many other friends in the ward and also many friends not in the ward.
Bishop Rayback asked what they could do and I said if they could take care of the apartment – give the furniture and clothes to needy families and close the apartment. He said Cindi had some personal belongings and if someone came to pick them up, they could get the urn with the ashes at that time, if that is what we decided to do.
Bishop Rayback gave me his phone number and e-mail address and I gave him mine. He said we would keep in touch until it is all settled. He said if there is anything else he or his ward could do, they would be happy to do it


Package org.drip.function.definition
Function Implementation Ancillary Support Objects
- Author:
- Lakshmi Krishnamurthy
-
Interface Summary Interface Description R2ToR1 R2ToR1 provides the Evaluation of the Objective Function and its derivatives for a specified variate Pair.R2ToZ1 R2ToZ1 provides the Evaluation of the Complex Objective Function and its Derivatives for a specified Variate Pair.R3ToR1 R3ToR1 provides the Evaluation of the Objective Function and its derivatives for a specified variate Pair. -
Class Summary Class Description CartesianComplexNumber CartesianComplexNumber implements the functionality for dealing with the Cartesian Form of Complex Numbers.PoleResidue PoleResidue holds the Residue for given variate, if it is a Pole.R1PropertyVerification R1PropertyVerification evaluates the Specified Pair of Rx To R1 Functions, and holds the Verification Status.R1ToR1 R1ToR1 provides the evaluation of the objective function and its derivatives for a specified variate.R1ToR1Property R1ToR1Property evaluates the Specified Pair of R1 To R1 Functions, and verifies the Properties.R1ToRd R1ToRd provides the evaluation of the R1 To Rd Objective Function and its derivatives for a specified variate.R2ToR1Property R2ToR1Property evaluates the Specified Pair of R2 To R1 Functions, and verifies the Properties.R3ToR1Property R3ToR1Property evaluates the Specified Pair of R3 To R1 Functions, and verifies the Properties.RdToR1 RdToR1 provides the evaluation of the Rd To R1 objective function and its derivatives for a specified set of Rd variates.RdToRd RdToRd provides the evaluation of the Rd To Rd objective function and its derivatives for a specified set of Rd variates.RxToR1Property RxToR1Property evaluates the Specified Pair of Rx To R1 Functions, and verifies the Properties.SizedVector SizedVector holds the Rd Unit Direction Vector along with its Magnitude.UnitVector UnitVector implements the Normalized Rd Unit Vector.VariateOutputPair VariateOutputPair records the Multidimensional Variate and its corresponding Objective Function Value.


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DfE enquiries
Central newsdesk 020 7783 8300
General enquiries 0370 000 2288
Press release
The Department has published Prof Alison Wolf's review of vocational education calling for a fresh approach to a range of qualifications.
The independent Wolf Review into vocational education, commissioned by Education Secretary Michael Gove, is published today.
Professor Alison Wolf analyses how millions of children have been failed over the past twenty years and sets out a blueprint for a very different system in which almost all young people have the chance of further education or a good job.
Professor Wolf recommends a radical change of direction.
There are four main principles for reform:
The proposals include:
Professor Wolf, launching her report today at Westminster Kingsway College in London, alongside Mr Gove, said:
The system is complex, expensive and counterproductive. We have had twenty years of micromanagement and mounting bureaucratic costs. The funding and accountability systems create perverse incentives to steer students into inferior courses. We have many vocational qualifications that are great and institutions which are providing an excellent education and are heavily oversubscribed. But we also have hundreds of thousands of young people taking qualifications that have little or no value.
We must change course to give everyone a fair chance of a good education and a good job. Getting at least a ‘C’ in English and maths GCSE is absolutely vital for a young person’s future education and employment so those subjects should be compulsory for 16 to 19 year olds who have not achieved this. A lesson from abroad is that 14 to 16 year-olds should spend 80 per cent of their time on a shared academic core of subjects.
Mr Gove said Prof Wolf’s report was “brilliant and ground-breaking”. He immediately accepted four recommendations:
Michael Gove said he would now consider how best to implement Professor Wolf’s remaining recommendations.
He said:
The system that we have inherited is very damaging. It is unfair for children and it is harming the economy. Millions of children have been misled into pursuing courses which offer little hope.
We will reform league tables, the funding system, and regulation to give children honest information and access to the right courses.
Implementing these reforms will be hard and take a few years but we cannot afford another decade of educational failure.
Andy Wilson, Principal of Westminster Kingsway College, in London, said:
Westminster Kingsway College welcomes the publication of Alison Wolf’s eagerly awaited report. We are pleased that in taking an early decision to review vocational education, the coalition Government has recognised its importance to both short term economic recovery and the future of the country’s young people. The careful and considered analysis Professor Wolf has provided further enhances the importance of the vocational curriculum and recognises the position of further education colleges at the heart of its delivery.
Westminster Kingsway has a 100 year history of providing high quality vocational education for young people across London and is proud to host today’s launch event. Of course, our provision has evolved to reflect changing labour market needs and Government policy but has also provided the continuity that both young people and employers rely on. We will continue to respond to the priorities identified in Professor Wolf’s report and to provide routes for increasing numbers of young people to succeed as they progress directly to sustainable careers or HE.
Andy Palmer, head of skills at BT, said:
We require strong literacy and numeracy but all too often it is these key skills - particularly the ability to deploy them in the workplace - that cause our young recruits so many problems and requires investment from us.
We continually hear about the need for parity of esteem between academic and vocational qualifications but this masks the fact that they are different products with different outputs. Our senior management roles are populated by former apprentices and graduates alike.
Ali Hadawi CBE, Principal of Central Bedfordshire College, said:
The changes wrought over recent years have seen a systematic de-skilling of the quality of provision with the emphasis on achievement of a qualification being primary and the dumbing-down of the content, quality and rigour.
Sally Lowe, 14-19 partnership manager at Education Leeds on behalf of the 11-19 (25) Learning & Support Partnership, said:
There needs to be a single funding mechanism for 14-19. The awarding bodies used to have far more of a ‘hands on’ approach to ensuring the quality of delivery of vocational qualifications in centres. This has been eroded over the past 10 years and means that delivery centres are less accountable.
Awarding organisations needs to review existing Quality Assurance and implement more rigour to centre approval.
Phil Dover, Principal of Lees Brook Community Sports College, in Derby, said:
Some schools have used the flexibility in the assessment process to enable students to gain qualifications and accreditation too easily. The procedure needs to be changed by making the external verification process more rigorous.
Pete Birkett, chief executive of Barnfield Federation in Luton, said:
I welcome this report. I’m pleased that Alison Wolf took the time to visit Barnfield to meet with me and our staff and students to understand the real issues. She is right that we need to have experts teaching vocational qualifications who really understand and enjoy their subjects.
Wendy Wright OBE, Principal of Macclesfield College, said:
I was delighted that my college was part of the Wolf Review. I welcome the focus Prof Wolf has brought to the importance of vocational education for this country. My students are fully equipped for the world of work or further study and I want all students to have the same opportunity.
Lynn Sedgmore, of the 157 Group, said:
The 157 Group really welcome such a focus on the importance and benefits of vocational education. We appreciate the rigour and comprehensive dialogue that has taken place and we look forward to working constructively to ensure the main recommendations are implemented.
Central newsdesk 020 7783 8300
General enquiries 0370 000 2288
Published: 3 March 2011
From: Department for Education The Rt Hon Michael Gove MP
Part of: Young people


Equivalent to clicking the Subtotals command on the Data menu. Generates a subtotal in a list or database.
Syntax
SUBTOTAL.CREATE(at_change_in, function_num, total, replace, pagebreaks, summary_below)
SUBTOTAL.CREATE?(at_change_in, function_num, total, replace, pagebreaks, summary_below)
At_change_in is a column offset corresponding to the At Each Change In text box on the Subtotal dialog box.
 Indicates which columns you want aggregated according to function_num; for example, {4,5}
Replace is a logical value which, if TRUE, causes any previous subtotals to be replaced by new subtotals. If FALSE or omitted, subtotals will not be replaced.
PageBreaks is a logical value corresponding to the Page Break Between Groups check box which, if TRUE, creates a page break below each subtotal. If FALSE or omitted, does not create a page break below each subtotal.
Summary_Below is a logical value corresponding to the Summary Below Data check box which, if TRUE, places subtotal rows below the data they refer to, and a grand total at the bottom of the list. If FALSE, places subtotal rows above the data they refer to, and a grand total just below the header.
Related Function
SUBTOTAL.REMOVE Removes all previously existing subtotals and grand totals in a list
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Sounds a tone. Use BEEP to signal a message, a dialog box, or the end of a macro, or whenever you need to get the user's attention.
Syntax
BEEP(tone_num)
Tone_num is a number from 1 to 4 specifying the tone to be played.
On most computers, all numbers produce the same sound, the sound that you hear when an error occurs or when you click outside some dialog boxes.
If tone_num is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.
Remarks
With a Macintosh, you can control the volume of the tone by using the Control Panel desk accessory.
With Microsoft Windows version 3.0 or later, you can turn off the tone by using the Control Panel.
Related Functions
ALERT Displays a dialog box and a message
MESSAGE Displays a message in the status bar
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I have not come to Software Engineering via traditional route, i.e. I do not have Computer Science degree nor was I a genious kid who was spending days on end in front of a computer writing programs. So it took a lot of determination to get to a level where I could build web applications, and when I got there it suddenly wasn't enough. I wanted my code to be beautiful, I wanted it to be robust and scalable. I felt responsible for my applications and this is when I started looking into ways of raising my own bar.
One of the options that I considered was a Masters Degree via an evening course. It appeared that having had industry experience would have qualified me for the programme.
The other option, ideal one, was to get a job at a company with an established culture of training. I did not know of any at a time but I heard they existed, so I started keeping an eye on this. As a result I ended up with an extremely short list and was just giving myself some time to get more competent, as I was feeling somewhat intimidated by the interviewing process at those places.


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Ryan Holmberg wrote an article on the Typepicter a couple of days ago. A japanese typewriter from the early twentieth century, specifically for making artistic images - ASCII art of the time. There is something fascinating about hacking the alphabet or other miniscule units and creating something unintended. Whether it be nerdy or abstract. Usawa Masato created a unique typewriter, or Typepicter, that both had semantic and non-semantic units. I've created a font that imitates a few units of the Typepicter. Enough to create ASCII bonzai cherries. Font and SVGs are avaible at GitHub.
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tttrt
tt r t t
t rtt ttt tt
trtttt trtt ttt rtt
tttE tr ttt tt tt tt
t tt tttrt rtt ttt
t t tttrttttttwt
tt t tr tt qtttrtr
y r rtrtttt rtt trttt
t rtrt Wtt qrttrrt t
trttt ttr trtttrtttqr
tttt r qqttttqt tW
tWt y qqrtt tt
trt y qqqt ttEt
y t wt E qqtr t
et tt qqqtWt y
tt qqq tt
y qq y e
y y qqq tt
y qqqq
qqqqqq
Try it using qwerty
The original ad
Beyond ASCII and back
Asemic writing by Sergio Uzal


(Softwares developper)
Hey, i'm a designer since 2017 i have created and design many differents websites, useful mobile applications and different addictive games and many more.
This website was focusing on pets which are fictionals.
Language used in HTML and CSS for styling.
This was basing on studying how to create lists in nan awesome way either ordered or unordered!
Language used in HTML and CSS for styling.
This was for also exercising myself how to clear indentation and spacing.
Language used in HTML and CSS for styling.
I'm now a software programmer and designer, i have an advanced diploma in
ICT(Infomation and Communication Technology)
in IPRC-HUYE and i'm now working on a bachelors degree
in IT(Imformation Technology) in Christian University of Rwanda,
I studied Computer Electr
onics in high school and means that i am interested in computer, For sure i really like
having fun with
my computer by deploying many things that can help us to simplify our dairy
lives by using softwares.


I lost 3 years of my life
I started suffering from migraines during 7th grade. I first started out on atenol, 50mg a day.  When I started 8th grade, I switched over to nortriptyline, 75mg a day. Although in most people, it made them sleep, it made me an insomniac. I couldn't sleep. Further more my mind slowly began to scramble. I had trouble thinking things through. Sun light became painful, as my eyes stopped adjusting. After 6 months I changed over to cymbalta (duloxetine), 60mg a day. This was by far the worst.  I felt nervous. My insomnia continued, although I spent the day zoned out. I found myself losing trains of thought. It became hard to even watch tv.
After 6 months on this hellish substance, I started on 50mg topamax(topiramate). This lasted 3 weeks, and had little or no effects, although I never was able to regain my ability to focus. After this, I spent 2 weeks on 120mg of verapamil, still with no real side effects. My focus however started coming back after I got off of it. I spent about a month sober.
Then I began a caffeine regiment. It started out very small. One or two 200mg caps a week. My focus during the next few months returned completely. I was able to think straight. I could remember things. I wasn't zoning out anymore. I had energy. I wasn't depressed.  Soon I was using a gram a day. If I ever tried and stop, I stopped thinking. My memory went as far back as a few minutes. People would talk to me, and I'd just see their mouths opening and closing while my brain thought about random things, but I couldn't complete each random thought. I was also horribly depressed. So I just stopped not taking caffeine, and my long attention span returned. And my happy-caffeine hi continued.
I was speeding on caffeine for 3 months like this. A gram a day, everyday. Slowly, I became depressed again. My mind started losing focus. Everything became pointless. I could break this cycle by taking 2 grams a day every once in a while, but knew that wasn't good at all, so I limited it. My last month or two, I tried to limit my use. Cutting down to 400mg a day on average, and recreational doses of a gram. My mind went crazy for the first month. I couldn't even spell basic words. I lost the ability grasp concepts. But I knew this was better than if I continued my gram a day system. But it wasn't enough.
There came a night where I took 800mg of caffeine, with one of my old cymbaltas (I've done this combo many times before, usually adding in various other things as well). I was ok for about 5 hours. I felt nice and calm, and went to sleep. I woke up around 10am (I had taken them around 5am) and calmly walked into the bathroom, and puked a yellow/green vomit which severely burned my throat, more than any other puke I've ever puked. As soon as I was finished, my mind completely zoned out. I spent the next 24 hours in a fog of concentration. I wouldn't watch tv, I'd stare a corner of the tv and just look not processing anything.
I haven't been able to stomach any caffeine, cymbalta, or any of my other stuff since. I padded the withdrawals with 20mg of hydrocodone a day, which has actually restored my ability to focus and think. I'm not sure why, but I can think straight again because of it. I'm now getting off the hydrocodone, and have almost reduced it to nothing a day. I've decided I'll take the migraines and actually have a life.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


This screen allows you to configure the passive scanner.
| Configuration Options | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Field | Details | Default | Config File |
| Only scan messages in scope | Sets whether or not the passive scan should be performed only on messages that are in scope. | Deselected | Key: pscans.scanOnlyInScope Values: true or false |
| UI Overview | for an overview of the user interface | |
| Options dialogs | for details of the other Options dialog screens |


https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/digital/collection/natdiglib/id/7372
Title: Mountain chickadee
Contact mailto<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Creator: Menke, Dave, USFWS;
Subject:Birds, Migratory birds, Perching birds
Location: Oregon
Publisher: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Date of Original: 2004-07
Type: Still Image
Format: JPG
https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/digital/collection/natdiglib/id/7449
Title: Barn owl
Alternative Title: Tyto alba
Contact mailto<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Creator: Barnes, Dr. Thomas G., USFWS
Subject Birds, Birds of prey, Migratory birds
Publisher: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Contributors: Dr.Thomas G. Barnes/University of Kentucky
Date of Original: 1980-01-01
Type: Still Image
Format:JPG
https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/digital/collection/natdiglib/id/5542
Title: Horned puffin, Hall Island
Alternative Title: Fratercula corniculata
Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Creator: Morkill, Anne
Subject: Birds, Marine birds, Coasts, Marine birds, Aquatic environments
Publisher: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Contributors: ALASKA MARITIME NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
Type: Still image
Format: JPG
https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/digital/collection/natdiglib/id/31319
Title: Red-headed Woodpecker
Alternative Title: Melanerpes erythrocephalus
Contact Mailto<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Creator: Patterson, Marvinann, USFWS
FWS Resource Links: https://www.fws.gov/refuge/hagerman/; https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/rehwoo/introduction
Subject: Birds,Wildlife refuges, Wildlife viewing
Location: Texas
FWS Site: HAGERMAN NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
Publisher: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Date of Original: 2017-01-25
Type: Still Image
Format: JPG


“Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.” Albert Einstein
“Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.”


Places you can visit
Subdomains
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My Development Server
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Covid-19 Statistics
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