Distributed Publish Subscribe in Cluster
How do I send a message to an actor without knowing which node it is running on?
How do I send messages to all actors in the cluster that have registered interest in a named topic?
This pattern provides a mediator actor, akka.contrib.pattern.DistributedPubSubMediator, that manages a registry of actor references and replicates the entries to peer actors among all cluster nodes or a group of nodes tagged with a specific role.
The DistributedPubSubMediator is supposed to be started on all nodes, or all nodes with specified role, in the cluster. The mediator can be started with the DistributedPubSubExtension or as an ordinary actor.
Changes are only performed in the own part of the registry and those changes are versioned. Deltas are disseminated in a scalable way to other nodes with a gossip protocol. The registry is eventually consistent, i.e. changes are not immediately visible at other nodes, but typically they will be fully replicated to all other nodes after a few seconds.
You can send messages via the mediator on any node to registered actors on any other node. There is three modes of message delivery.
1. DistributedPubSubMediator.Send
The message will be delivered to one recipient with a matching path, if any such exists in the registry. If several entries match the path the message will be delivered to one random destination. The sender of the message can specify that local affinity is preferred, i.e. the message is sent to an actor in the same local actor system as the used mediator actor, if any such exists, otherwise random to any other matching entry. A typical usage of this mode is private chat to one other user in an instant messaging application. It can also be used for distributing tasks to workers, like a random router.
2. DistributedPubSubMediator.SendToAll
The message will be delivered to all recipients with a matching path. Actors with the same path, without address information, can be registered on different nodes. On each node there can only be one such actor, since the path is unique within one local actor system. Typical usage of this mode is to broadcast messages to all replicas with the same path, e.g. 3 actors on different nodes that all perform the same actions, for redundancy. You can also optionally specify a property (allButSelf) deciding if the message should be sent to a matching path on the self node or not.
3. DistributedPubSubMediator.Publish
Actors may be registered to a named topic instead of path. This enables many subscribers on each node. The message will be delivered to all subscribers of the topic. For efficiency the message is sent over the wire only once per node (that has a matching topic), and then delivered to all subscribers of the local topic representation. This is the true pub/sub mode. A typical usage of this mode is a chat room in an instant messaging application.
You register actors to the local mediator with DistributedPubSubMediator.Put or DistributedPubSubMediator.Subscribe. Put is used together with Send and SendToAll message delivery modes. The ActorRef in Put must belong to the same local actor system as the mediator. Subscribe is used together with Publish. Actors are automatically removed from the registry when they are terminated, or you can explicitly remove entries with DistributedPubSubMediator.Remove or DistributedPubSubMediator.Unsubscribe.
Successful Subscribe and Unsubscribe is acknowledged with DistributedPubSubMediator.SubscribeAck and DistributedPubSubMediator.UnsubscribeAck replies.
A Small Example in Java
A subscriber actor:
public class Subscriber extends UntypedActor {
LoggingAdapter log = Logging.getLogger(getContext().system(), this);
public Subscriber() {
ActorRef mediator =
DistributedPubSubExtension.get(getContext().system()).mediator();
// subscribe to the topic named "content"
mediator.tell(new DistributedPubSubMediator.Subscribe("content", getSelf()),
getSelf());
}
public void onReceive(Object msg) {
if (msg instanceof String)
log.info("Got: {}", msg);
else if (msg instanceof DistributedPubSubMediator.SubscribeAck)
log.info("subscribing");
else
unhandled(msg);
}
}
Subscriber actors can be started on several nodes in the cluster, and all will receive messages published to the "content" topic.
system.actorOf(Props.create(Subscriber.class), "subscriber1");
//another node
system.actorOf(Props.create(Subscriber.class), "subscriber2");
system.actorOf(Props.create(Subscriber.class), "subscriber3");
A simple actor that publishes to this "content" topic:
public class Publisher extends UntypedActor {
// activate the extension
ActorRef mediator =
DistributedPubSubExtension.get(getContext().system()).mediator();
public void onReceive(Object msg) {
if (msg instanceof String) {
String in = (String) msg;
String out = in.toUpperCase();
mediator.tell(new DistributedPubSubMediator.Publish("content", out),
getSelf());
} else {
unhandled(msg);
}
}
}
It can publish messages to the topic from anywhere in the cluster:
//somewhere else
ActorRef publisher = system.actorOf(Props.create(Publisher.class), "publisher");
// after a while the subscriptions are replicated
publisher.tell("hello", null);
A Small Example in Scala
A subscriber actor:
class Subscriber extends Actor with ActorLogging {
import DistributedPubSubMediator.{ Subscribe, SubscribeAck }
val mediator = DistributedPubSubExtension(context.system).mediator
// subscribe to the topic named "content"
mediator ! Subscribe("content", self)
def receive = {
case SubscribeAck(Subscribe("content", `self`)) ⇒
context become ready
}
def ready: Actor.Receive = {
case s: String ⇒
log.info("Got {}", s)
}
}
Subscriber actors can be started on several nodes in the cluster, and all will receive messages published to the "content" topic.
runOn(first) {
system.actorOf(Props[Subscriber], "subscriber1")
}
runOn(second) {
system.actorOf(Props[Subscriber], "subscriber2")
system.actorOf(Props[Subscriber], "subscriber3")
}
A simple actor that publishes to this "content" topic:
class Publisher extends Actor {
import DistributedPubSubMediator.Publish
// activate the extension
val mediator = DistributedPubSubExtension(context.system).mediator
def receive = {
case in: String ⇒
val out = in.toUpperCase
mediator ! Publish("content", out)
}
}
It can publish messages to the topic from anywhere in the cluster:
runOn(third) {
val publisher = system.actorOf(Props[Publisher], "publisher")
later()
// after a while the subscriptions are replicated
publisher ! "hello"
}
DistributedPubSubExtension
In the example above the mediator is started and accessed with the akka.contrib.pattern.DistributedPubSubExtension. That is convenient and perfectly fine in most cases, but it can be good to know that it is possible to start the mediator actor as an ordinary actor and you can have several different mediators at the same time to be able to divide a large number of actors/topics to different mediators. For example you might want to use different cluster roles for different mediators.
The DistributedPubSubExtension can be configured with the following properties:
# Settings for the DistributedPubSubExtension
akka.contrib.cluster.pub-sub {
# Actor name of the mediator actor, /user/distributedPubSubMediator
name = distributedPubSubMediator
# Start the mediator on members tagged with this role.
# All members are used if undefined or empty.
role = ""
# How often the DistributedPubSubMediator should send out gossip information
gossip-interval = 1s
# Removed entries are pruned after this duration
removed-time-to-live = 120s
}
It is recommended to load the extension when the actor system is started by defining it in akka.extensions configuration property. Otherwise it will be activated when first used and then it takes a while for it to be populated.
akka.extensions = ["akka.contrib.pattern.DistributedPubSubExtension"]
Contents


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★
Connect matching tiles with a circuit to remove them
★
Available for iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch


/* eslint no-constant-condition: off */
/**
* A collection of
* {@link https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/function*|generator functions}
* that yield random values for use in other [Structure](./module-Structure.html) classes.
*/
class Random {
/**
* Don't use. All functions in this class are static.
* @ignore
*/
constructor() {}
/**
* Randomly yield a floating point number suitable for intensity values.
* @param {Object} options
* @param {Number} [options.min=0] minimum possible value (inclusive)
* @param {Number} [options.max=1] maximum possible value (exclusive)
*/
static *intensity({ min=0, max=1 }={}) {
const range = max - min;
while (true) yield min + range*Math.random();
}
/**
* Randomly yield an number suitable for durations values.
*
* First a random integer value between `min` and `max` is calculated, then it's multiplied by the `multiplier`.
* @param {Object} options
* @param {Number} [options.min=1] minimum possible value (inclusive)
* @param {Number} [options.max=4] maximum possible value (inclusive)
* @param {Number} [options.multiplier=1] scales the random value
*/
static *duration({ min=1, max=4, multiplier=1 }={}) {
const range = max - min + 1; // + 1 includes the max value
while (true) yield Math.floor(min + range*Math.random()) * multiplier;
}
/**
* Randomly yield one of the given values.
* @param {Array} choices the values to randomly yield
*/
static *choice(choices) {
const count = choices.length;
while (true) yield choices[Math.floor(count*Math.random())];
}
/**
* Randomly yield one of the given values with a probability distribution determined by the given weights.
* @param {Array} choices the values to randomly yield
* @param {Array} weights the relative weights for the corresponding values.
* @example
* weightedChoice([10,20,30], [1,2,1])
* // 10 is yielded 25% of the time
* // 20 is yielded 50% of the time
* // 30 is yielded 25% of the time
*/
static *weightedChoice(choices, weights) {
const count = choices.length;
const totalWeight = weights.reduce((a,b) => a + b, 0);
while (true) {
const target = totalWeight * Math.random();
let i = 0;
let sum = 0;
while (i < count) {
sum += (weights[i] || 0);
if (sum >= target) break;
i++;
}
yield choices[i]
}
}
}
module.exports = Random;


Module: Module::Concerning
| Included in: | Module |
| Defined in: |
Overview
Bite-sized separation of concerns
We often find ourselves with a medium-sized chunk of behavior that we'd like to extract, but only mix in to a single class.
Extracting a plain old Ruby object to encapsulate it and collaborate or delegate to the original object is often a good choice, but when there's no additional state to encapsulate or we're making DSL-style declarations about the parent class, introducing new collaborators can obfuscate rather than simplify.
The typical route is to just dump everything in a monolithic class, perhaps with a comment, as a least-bad alternative. Using modules in separate files means tedious sifting to get a big-picture view.
Dissatisfying ways to separate small concerns
Using comments:
class Todo
# Other todo implementation
# ...
## Event tracking
has_many :events
before_create :track_creation
after_destroy :track_deletion
private
def track_creation
# ...
end
end
With an inline module:
Noisy syntax.
class Todo
# Other todo implementation
# ...
module EventTracking
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
included do
has_many :events
before_create :track_creation
after_destroy :track_deletion
end
private
def track_creation
# ...
end
end
include EventTracking
end
Mix-in noise exiled to its own file:
Once our chunk of behavior starts pushing the scroll-to-understand it's boundary, we give in and move it to a separate file. At this size, the overhead feels in good proportion to the size of our extraction, despite diluting our at-a-glance sense of how things really work.
class Todo
# Other todo implementation
# ...
include TodoEventTracking
end
Introducing #concerning
By quieting the mix-in noise, we arrive at a natural, low-ceremony way to separate bite-sized concerns.
class Todo
# Other todo implementation
# ...
concerning :EventTracking do
included do
has_many :events
before_create :track_creation
after_destroy :track_deletion
end
private
def track_creation
# ...
end
end
end
Todo.ancestors
# => Todo, Todo::EventTracking, Object
This small step has some wonderful ripple effects. We can
-
grok the behavior of our class in one glance,
-
clean up monolithic junk-drawer classes by separating their concerns, and
-
stop leaning on protected/private for crude “this is internal stuff” modularity.
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#concern(topic, &module_definition)
A low-cruft shortcut to define a concern.
-
#concerning(topic, &block)
Define a new concern and mix it in.
Instance Method Details
#concern(topic, &module_definition)
A low-cruft shortcut to define a concern.
concern :EventTracking do
#...
end
is equivalent to
module EventTracking
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
#...
end
127 128 129 130 131 132
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb', line 127 def concern(topic, &module_definition) const_set topic, Module.new { extend ::ActiveSupport::Concern module_eval(&module_definition) } end
#concerning(topic, &block)
Define a new concern and mix it in.
110 111 112
# File 'activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/concerning.rb', line 110 def concerning(topic, &block) include concern(topic, &block) end


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bd0(x, y)
Computes the expression $$bd0(x, y) = x \ln(x/y) + y - x$$
Based on: Fast and Accurate Computation of Binomial Probabilities, by Catherine Loader, 2000
beta(a, b)
Computes the beta function $$B(a,b) = \int_0^1 x^{a-1} (1-x)^{b-1} dx$$ where $a>0$ and $b>0$.
See also: lbeta
Based on: Algorithm 708: Significant Digit Computation of the Incomplete Beta Function Ratios, by DiDonato and Morris, 1992
bratio(a, b, x, lowerTail, logp)
Returns the lower tail of the incomplete beta function $$I_x(a, b)=G(a,b)\int_0^xt^{a-1}(1-t)^{b-1}dt$$ where $B(a,b)=1/G(a,b) = \Gamma(a)\Gamma(b)/\Gamma(a+b)$ is the usual beta function.
If lowerTail
is false
, returns the upper tail instead.
If logp
is true
, returns the logarithm of the tail.
Expects $a>0$, $b>0$, and $0 \leq x \leq 1$.
Based on: Algorithm 708: Significant Digit Computation of the Incomplete Beta Function Ratios, by DiDonato and Morris, 1992
dbinomLog(size, p)
Performs the raw binomial log computation, even when $x$ is not an integer.
Based on: Fast and Accurate Computation of Binomial Probabilities, by Catherine Loader, 2000
erf(x)
Implementation for erf, the real error function: $$\textrm{erf}(x) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}\int_0^x e^{-t^2} dt$$ Based on: Rational Chebyshev Approximations for the Error Function, by W. J. Cody, 1969
erfc(x)
Implementation for erfc, the complement of the real error function: $$\textrm{erfc}(x) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}\int_x^\infty e^{-t^2} dt$$ Based on: Rational Chebyshev Approximations for the Error Function, by W. J. Cody, 1969
expm1(x)
Computes $$\textrm{expm1}(x) = e^x - 1$$ with reasonable precision near $x = 0$.
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
gam1(x)
Computes $$H(x)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(x+1)} - 1$$ with reasonable precision even near the zeroes ($x = 0, 1$).
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
gaminv(a)(p, lower)
Returns the inverse function
of the incomplete gamma ratio (see: gratio
).
a
is the shape parameter and p
is the desired tail probability.
lower
is a boolean which determines whether p
is a left-tail
probability or not (defaults to true
).
See also: qgamma
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
gamma(x)
Computes $$\Gamma(x) = \int_0^\infty u^{x-1} e^{-u} du$$
Inspired by code in the Gnu Scientific Library
Also see: A Precision Approximation of the Gamma Function, by Lanczos, 1964
gratR(a, x, logr)
Computes the scaled complement of the incomplete gamma ratio function
(see: gratio
): $$\textrm{grat}_r(a,x,r) = \frac{Q(a,x)}{r}$$
where
$Q(a,x)$ is the upper-tail incomplete gamma function
(see: gratioc
) and $r = \frac{e^{-x} x^a}{\Gamma(a)}$
Meant to be used internally.
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
gratio(a)(x)
Returns the incomplete gamma ratio: $$P(a,x) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(a)} \int_0^x e^{-t} t^{a-1} dt$$
a
is the shape parameter and $0 < x < \infty$.
See also: pgamma
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
gratioc(a)(x)
Returns the complement of the incomplete gamma ratio: $$Q(a,x) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(a)} \int_x^\infty e^{-t} t^{a-1} dt$$
a
is the shape parameter and $0 < x < \infty$.
See also: pgamma
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
lbeta(a, b)
Computes the logarithm of the beta function.
See: beta
Based on: Algorithm 708: Significant Digit Computation of the Incomplete Beta Function Ratios, by DiDonato and Morris, 1992
lgamma(x)
Computes the logarithm of the gamma function. See: gamma
Inspired by code in the Gnu Scientific Library
Also see: A Precision Approximation of the Gamma Function, by Lanczos, 1964
log1p(x)
Computes $$\textrm{log1p}(x) = \ln(1+x)$$ with reasonable precision near $x = 0$.
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
lpoisson(lambda)(x)
Computes the logarithm of the Poisson pdf $$\log\left(\frac{\lambda^x}{\Gamma(x+1)}e^{-\lambda}\right) = -\lambda + x \ln(\lambda) - \ln(\Gamma(x+1))$$ where $x>0$ and $\lambda>0$.
Based on: Fast and Accurate Computation of Binomial Probabilities, by Catherine Loader, 2000
phi(x)
Computes $$\phi(x) = x - 1 - \ln(x)$$ with reasonable precision near $x = 1$.
Based on: Computation of the Incomplete Gamma Function Ratios and their Inverse, by DiDonato and Morris, 1986
stirlerr(n)
Computes the error term in Stirling's approximation
$$\textrm{stirlerr}(n) = \ln(\Gamma(n+1)) - n \ln(n) + n - \frac{1}{2} \ln\left(2\pi n\right)$$
where $n>0$ (n
does not need to be an integer).
Based on: Fast and Accurate Computation of Binomial Probabilities, by Catherine Loader, 2000


Contents
$XORG_PREFIX
/include/xcb and $XORG_PREFIX
/share/doc/libxcb-1.14
The libxcb package provides an interface to the X Window System protocol, which replaces the current Xlib interface. Xlib can also use XCB as a transport layer, allowing software to make requests and receive responses with both.
This package is known to build and work properly using an LFS-9.1 platform.
Download (HTTP): https://xorg.freedesktop.org/archive/individual/lib/libxcb-1.14.tar.xz
Download MD5 sum: f90b6e4541e9518b4c373b734f475ae7
Download size: 432 KB
Estimated disk space required: 27 MB (with tests, add 62 MB for doxygen docs)
Estimated build time: 0.2 SBU (with tests, add 1.4 SBU for doxygen docs)
libXau-1.0.9 and xcb-proto-1.14
Doxygen-1.8.17 (to generate API documentation) and libxslt-1.1.34
User Notes: http://wiki.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/wiki/libxcb
Install libxcb by running the following commands:
sed -i "s/pthread-stubs//" configure && ./configure $XORG_CONFIG \ --without-doxygen \ --docdir='${datadir}'/doc/libxcb-1.14 && make
To test the results, issue: make check.
Now, as the root
user:
make install
sed "s/pthread-stubs//" -i configure: This sed removes a dependency on the libpthread-stubs package which is useless on Linux.
--without-doxygen
: Do not
use doxygen to generate API documentation (default: auto). Without
it, if Doxygen-1.8.17 is installed, the API
documentation will be generated and installed.
$XORG_PREFIX
/include/xcb and $XORG_PREFIX
/share/doc/libxcb-1.14
Last updated on 2020-03-21 06:02:56 -0500


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your loan, please click the button below.
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| File | Statements | Branches | Functions | Lines | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dates.js | 100% | 8/8 | 100% | 4/4 | 100% | 3/3 | 100% | 8/8 | |
| GlobalEvent.js | 23.33% | 7/30 | 12.5% | 2/16 | 50% | 2/4 | 25% | 7/28 | |
| IndexManager.js | 82.14% | 23/28 | 72.73% | 16/22 | 50% | 3/6 | 82.14% | 23/28 | |
| Move.js | 10.44% | 19/182 | 7.78% | 7/90 | 31.25% | 5/16 | 10.61% | 19/179 | |
| PopupManager.js | 69.57% | 16/23 | 25% | 1/4 | 80% | 4/5 | 69.57% | 16/23 | |
| Time.js | 47.06% | 8/17 | 28.57% | 4/14 | 75% | 3/4 | 47.06% | 8/17 | |
| TipManager.js | 7.23% | 6/83 | 1.85% | 1/54 | 22.22% | 2/9 | 7.32% | 6/82 | |
| TriggerManager.js | 61.64% | 45/73 | 43.55% | 27/62 | 61.54% | 8/13 | 58.82% | 40/68 | |
| standardDate.js | 100% | 4/4 | 100% | 0/0 | 100% | 0/0 | 100% | 4/4 |


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The extent to which people with disabilities can independently use, navigate, acquire information from, and interact with the site or app that you have built.
Several resolutions in higher education legal cases define "accessible" as follows:
“'Accessible' means a person with a disability is afforded the opportunity to acquire the same information, engage in the same interactions, and enjoy the same services as a person without a disability in an equally effective and equally integrated manner, with substantially equivalent ease of use. The person with a disability must be able to obtain the information as fully, equally and independently as a person without a disability."
http://www.washington.edu/accessibility/requirements/legal-cases-by-issue/
“The Web is an important medium for receiving information as well as for providing information and interacting with society. Therefore, it is essential that the Web is accessible in order to provide equal access and equal opportunity to people with disabilities.” - the W3C
http://www.karlgroves.com/2011/11/15/list-of-web-accessibility-related-litigation-and-settlements/
http://www.washington.edu/accessibility/requirements/accessibility-cases-and-settlement-agreements/ and http://www.karlgroves.com/2011/11/15/list-of-web-accessibility-related-litigation-and-settlements/
CASA is the Community App Sharing Architecture
apps.ucla.edu
Thanks!
Chris Patterson
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>spiritcapsule [GitHub]
spiritcapsule [Twitter]


The border color represents the individual’s party affliation. An additional black border represents a secondary position held.
Click on a picture to learn more and find contact information. See the Political System page for more information on the political offices and powers.
Leaders
Queen Elizabeth II
Queen of the Bahamas
Marguerite Pindling
Governor-General
Perry Christie
Prime Minister
Minister of Finance
MP: Centerville
Loretta Turner-Butler
Long Island
Leader of the Opposition
Members of Parliament and Ministers
These are the politicians Bahamians voted into office.
Bernard Nottage
Bain Town & Grants Town
Minister of National Security
Renward Wells
Bamboo Town
Daniel Johnson
Carmichael
Minister of Youth Sports & Culture
Perry Christie
Centerville
Prime Minister
Minister of Finance
Ryan Pinder
Elizabeth
Glenys Hanna Martin
Englerston
Minister of Transport
Andre Rollins
Fort Charlotte
Frederick Mitchell
Fox Hill
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Kendal Major
Garden Hills
Speaker of the House of Assembly
Shane Gibson
Golden Gates
Minister of Labor & National Insurance
Michael Halkitis
Golden Isles
Minister of State of Finance
Hubert Minnis
Killarney
Leader of the FNM
Jerome Fitzgerald
Marathon
Minister of Education
Richard Lightbourn
Montagu
Arnold Forbes
Mount Moriah
Chairman of BAIC & Ambassador for Trade to Caricom
Dion Smith
Nassau Village
Deputy Speaker of the House of Assembly
Executive Chairman of BAIC
Michael Darville
Pineridge
Minister of Grand Bahama
Khaalis Rolle
Pinewood
Hope Strachan
Seabreeze
Minister of Financial Services
Cleola Hamilton
South Beach
President of the Nurses Union
Kenred Dorsett
Southern Shores
Minister of the Environment & Housing
Hubert Chipman
St. Anne's
Leslie Miller
Tall Pines
Former BEC Executive Chariman
Melanie Griffin
Yamacraw
Minister of Social Services & Community Development
Philip Brave Davis
Cat Island, Rum Cay & San Salvador
Deputy Prime Minister / Minister of Works & Urban Development
Edison Key
Central & South Abaco
Damian Gomez
Central & South Eleuthera
Neko Grant
Central Grand Bahama
Peter Turnquest
East Grand Bahama
Anthony Moss
Exumas & Ragged Island
Loretta Turner-Butler
Long Island
Leader of the Opposition
Picewell Forbes
Mangrove Cay & South Andros
Greg Moss
Marco City
Alfred Gray
M.I.C.A.L.*
Minister of Agriculture, Marine Resources, & Local Government
Renardo Curry
North Abaco
Parliamentary Secretary
Perry Gomez
North Andros & Berry Islands
Minister of Health
Theo Neilly
North Eleuthera
Obediah Wilchcombe
West Grand Bahama & Bimini
Minister of Tourism
Party Breakdown for House of Assembly
* Mayaguana, Inagua (Great & Little), Crooked Island, Acklins, & Long Cay
Senators
The Senate consists of 16 members called Senators. These Senators are not elected, rather, they are appointed by the Governor-General after consultation with the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition.
Allyson Maynard Gibson
Senator
Attorney General
Minister of Legal Affairs
Sharon Wilson
Senator
President of the Senate
Joseph Curry
Senator
Vice President of the Senate
Keith Bell
Senator
Minister of State in the Ministry of National Security
Gregory Burrows
Senator
Jerome Gomez
Senator
Robyn Lynes
Senator
Julian Russell
Senator
Gary Sawyer
Senator
Chairman
Frank Smith
Senator
Henry Storr
Senator
Tanisha Tynes
Senator
Branville McCartney
Senator
Leader of the DNA
Monique Gomez
Senator
Jude Knowles
Senator
Rodney Moncur
Senator
Party Breakdown for Senate


One dead from a plane crash at Stuart Air Show
by WPTV WebteamThe Martin County Sheriff's Office says one person died when a plane crashed at the Stuart Air Show on Friday afternoon.
The Federal Aviation Administration and the National Transportation Safety Board said they're investigating the crash of a Grumman OV-1 Mohawk.
The FAA said the Mohawk, with only the pilot aboard, crashed on the approach end of Runway 1 at Witham Field around 1:15 p.m.
🔽 VIDEO OF PLANE CRASH 🔽
VIDEO: Plane crash at Stuart Air Show
A photo posted to social media by MCSO shows the aircraft on the grass at Witham Field with its wings smashed and metal debris scattered around it.
A separate photo from the area shows a cloud of thick, black smoke rising into the sky.
According to the Stuart Air Show's website, a Grumman OV-1 Mohawk is scheduled to perform at the event.
A Grumman OV-1 Mohawk is a "twin-engine turboprop armed military observation and attack aircraft, designed for battlefield surveillance and light strike capabilities and was intended to operate from short, unimproved runways in support of United States Army maneuver forces," according to the Stuart Air Show's website.
The Stuart Air Show tweeted on Friday they've "had an incident involving one of our aircraft. All local and federal agencies are on site and investigating so that we may ensure the safety of our airshow before we continue."
The NTSB said it's sending an investigator from Miami to Stuart.

It's unclear what caused the crash, or if anyone is injured.
WPTV is working this story and will provide updates as they become available.


\frac{num}{den}
The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den, placing the numerator over a horizontal line (solidus) and the denominator below.
See also: Math Formulas, Math Miscellany Return to the Table of Contents


A Victorious Union
by Oliver Optic
Chapter XXIV: “Lieutenant-Commander Christopher Passford”
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1893
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Optic, O. (1893). A Victorious Union. Boston, MA: Lee and Shepherd Publishers.
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 9.0
- Word Count: 2,217
- Genre: Adventure
- Keywords: 19th century literature, american literature, blue and the gray, civil war
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
Christy Passford dropped asleep when left alone in the sitting-room, and his slumber lasted a full hour. During this time Mr. Graines had related the incidents of the action in which he had been wounded, and given a full account of the expedition to Mobile Point. He was not sparing in his praise; but he brought it out in what had been said by others, especially by the commanders of both vessels and in the demonstrations of the seamen of the Bellevite.
When the wounded officer awoke it was with a start, and he was surprised to find he had been asleep in the midst of such happy surroundings. He rose from his couch, and found that his mother and sister had left the room. He passed out into the hall, and there heard the voice of the engineer in the library which he entered at once.
“I hope you feel better, my son,” said his mother, as she and Florry rose from their chairs rejoicing anew at his return home after the fearful peril through which he had passed, for the recital of his brilliant exploits by his friend had been intensely thrilling to both of them.
“I’m all right, mother dear; I was only tired a little, for I have taken more exercise to-day than usual lately,” replied Christy, as Mrs. Passford kissed him again and again, and Florry followed her example.
“Charley Graines has told us all about it, Christy,” said his sister.
“So you have been spinning a yarn, have you, Charley?” asked the hero.
“I have related only the simple truth, Christy, for I knew you would not tell them the whole of it,” replied the engineer.
“I am afraid you were reckless, my son,” added Mrs. Passford.
“Reckless!” exclaimed Christy. “When I saw my duty there was no alternative but to do it; and that was all I did. You have been decorating your yarn, Charley.”
“Not a particle; and Captain Breaker would confirm everything I have said,” protested Mr. Graines. “So would Captain Rombold, if he were here, as I suppose he will be soon.”
“That reminds me, mother, that you are to have some visitors; for I expect Captain Rombold and Dr. Davidson will be here some time to-day, for I have spoken to have them paroled,” interposed Christy.
“Who is Dr. Davidson, my son?” asked his mother.
“He was the surgeon of the Tallahatchie. Both of your visitors are rebels to the very core,” added the lieutenant playfully. “I was hit in the arm by a bullet when I was in the mizzen rigging; but I did not report to the surgeon”—
“As you ought to have done,” interrupted the engineer.
“Dr. Linscott had his hands full, and I did not want to bother him then. I went on board of the prize to take a look at the disabled Armstrong gun. Captain Rombold, who was wounded in the right thigh, was sitting on the quarter-deck. He spoke to me, for I was well acquainted with him. While we were talking, I began to feel faint, and slumped down on the deck like a woman. The captain sent for his surgeon, though his own wound had not been dressed; and Dr. Davidson was the gentleman who came, and very soon I felt better. They treated me like a brother; and that is the reason I have asked to have them both sent here.”
“I am very glad you did, Christy; and we will do everything we can for them,” added Mrs. Passford.
The father and mother of Mr. Graines lived in Montgomery, two miles distant, and he was anxious to see them. Leaving Christie in the hands of his mother and sister, he took his leave early in the afternoon. Later in the day a carriage stopped at the mansion, and the expected visitors, attended by the naval officer who had paroled them, were admitted by the servant. As soon as they were announced, Christy hastened to the hall, followed by his mother and sister. The captain carried a crutch, and was also supported by the doctor and the naval lieutenant.
“I am very glad to see you, Captain Rombold,” said Christy, as he gave his hand to the commander. “And you, Dr. Davidson;” and he proceeded to present them to his mother and sister.
“This is Lieutenant Alburgh of your navy, Mr. Passford; and he has been very attentive to us,” interposed the surgeon, introducing the paroling officer.
“I am very happy to know you, Mr. Alburgh;” and he presented him to Mrs. Passford and Florry.
The lieutenant declined an invitation to dinner; for he was in haste to return to New York, going back to the station in the carriage that had brought him. Mrs. Passford invited the party to the sitting-room, and Christy and the doctor assisted the wounded commander. He was placed upon the sofa, where he reclined, supported by the cushions arranged by the lady of the house.
“I am extremely grateful to you both, gentlemen, for your kindness to my son when he was beyond my reach, and it affords me very great pleasure to obtain the opportunity to reciprocate it in some slight degree,” said Mrs. Passford, when the captain declared that he was very comfortable in his position on the sofa.
“And I thank you with all my heart for what you did for my brother,” added Florry.
“You more than repay me; and, madam, permit me to congratulate you on being the mother of such a son as Lieutenant Passford,” replied Captain Rombold warmly. “I am still a rebel to the very centre of my being; but that does not prevent me from giving the tribute of my admiration to an enemy who has been as brave, noble, and generous as your son. The brilliant exploit of Mr. Passford, I sincerely believe, cost me my ship, and at least the lives or limbs of a quarter of my ship’s company. It was one of the most daring and well-executed movements I ever witnessed in my life, madam.”
“Please to let up, Captain,” interposed Christy, blushing as Florry would have done if Paul Vapoor had entered the room at that moment.
“He is as modest as he is brave, Mrs. Passford. It was sheer admiration for the young officer which compelled me to send for my own surgeon when he sank fainting upon the deck, with the blood streaming from the ends of his fingers,” added the commander.
“If you are going to talk about this matter the rest of the day, Captain Rombold, I must beg you to excuse me if I retire,” interposed Christy, rising from his chair.
“I won’t say another word about it, Mr. Passford!” protested the captain. “But I hope your mother will have a chance to read Captain Breaker’s report of the action, for he and I are of the same opinion in regard to the conduct of your son.”
“My husband will doubtless bring me a copy of it,” added the lady.
In deference to the wishes of Christy, nothing more was said about the action, at least so far as it related to him. After some general conversation, the surgeon suggested that he had not dressed the wounds of his patients that day, and the commander was assisted to the principal guest chamber, while the lieutenant went to his own apartment.
Captain Passford was detained three days in Washington by important business at the Navy Department. Captain Breaker’s report of the action resulting in the capture of the Tallahatchie had reached its destination, and the proud father was in possession of all the details of the battle. He telegraphed and wrote to his son; and it was another joyful occasion at Bonnydale when he arrived there.
Dr. Davidson remained at the mansion for three weeks, until his patients were convalescent, though he went every day to the hospital of the prisoners of war to see the wounded of his ship. Captain Passford had given the visitors a very cordial and hearty welcome on his return, and expressed his gratitude to them for their kindness to his son in the strongest terms. He did every possible thing to promote their comfort and happiness, and the reign of Christianity continued at Bonnydale as it had been begun on board of the Bellevite and the Tallahatchie.
In two weeks Christy’s wound had practically healed, though his arm was not yet the equal of the other. His father spent all the time he could spare at home, and long talks between father and son were the order of the day. The lieutenant had been informed on his arrival of the death of Mr. Pembroke, Bertha’s father, two months before; but she had gone to visit an uncle in Ohio, and Christy had not yet seen her.
“I expect Miss Pembroke will be here to-morrow, Christy,” said Captain Passford one day, about three weeks after his return. “I suppose you are of the same mind in regard to her.”
“I am, father,” replied Christy, for he was about the same as a younger brother in his relations with him. “But I have not heard a word from her, any more than from you, since I left home.”
“There has been no occasion to send a store-ship or other vessel to the Eastern Gulf squadron, though one sailed about a week before your arrival, and letters were forwarded to you,” replied the captain. “Doubtless one or more went from her to you. She cannot have heard of your arrival; for I lost the address of her uncle in Ohio, and we could not write to her. Her father had a little property; and at her request I have been appointed her guardian, and she will reside at Bonnydale in the future.”
Bertha Pembroke arrived the next day, and what Christy needed to complete his happiness was supplied, and now his cup was overflowing. But he did not forget that he still owed a duty to his suffering country. Even the fascinations of the beautiful girl could not entice him to remain in his beloved home while his arm was needed to help on the nation’s cause to a victorious Union.
At the end of four weeks, he felt as well as ever before in his life, and he was impatient to return to the Bellevite. For a week before he had been talking to his father about the matter; and Bertha knew her betrothed, as he was by this time, too well to make any objection to his intended departure.
The Tallahatchie had been promptly condemned, and the fact that she was a superior vessel for war purposes, and her great speed compared with most vessels in the navy, had caused her to be appropriated to the use of the government. Orders had been given weeks before for her thorough repair and better armament, all of which had been hastily accomplished. Christy had not been to New York since his return; and for some reason of his own, his father had said very little to him about the service, perhaps believing that his son had better give his whole mind to the improvement of his health and strength.
“I hope you have found a vessel by which I can return to the Eastern Gulf squadron, father,” said Christy one morning, with more earnestness than usual. “I begin to feel guilty of neglect of duty while I am loafing about home.”
“Don’t trouble yourself, my son,” replied Captain Passford, who seemed to be rather exhilarated about something. “You shall return to your duty in due time, though not in exactly the same position as before.”
“Am I to be appointed to some other ship, father?” asked Christy, gazing earnestly into the captain’s face to read what was evidently passing in his mind, for it made him very cheerful.
“You are to sail in another ship, Christy; but wait a minute and I will return,” said Captain Passford, as he left the sitting-room and went to his library.
Opening his safe he took from it a ponderous envelope bearing official imprints, and returned to the sitting-room. Handing it to his son, he dropped into an arm-chair and observed him with close attention.
“What’s this, father?” asked the young officer.
“I have had it about three weeks, but waited for your entire recovery before I gave it to you,” replied the captain. “Open it.”
Christy did so, read it, and then in his excitement, dropped it on the floor. It was his commission as a lieutenant-commander.


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Lawmakers seek to dismiss governor’s suit over marijuana law
PROVIDENCE, R.I. (AP) - Rhode Island lawmakers are asking a judge to dismiss Gov. Gina Raimondo’s challenge to a new medical marijuana and hemp law.
The Democratic governor wants the state Superior Court to block legislation giving lawmakers the right to veto regulations imposed on the industry.
The provision was included in the new state budget approved by the Democrat-controlled General Assembly.
Lawmakers argue in a legal motion Friday that court doesn’t need to intervene because House Speaker Nicholas Mattiello and Senate President Dominick Ruggerio have committed to repeal the language when the legislature reconvenes in January.
Raimondo says legislative leaders should convene sooner rather than wait until next year.
She says the new law violates the state constitution’s separate of powers clause because it gives lawmakers “unchecked control” over executive rulemaking authority.
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java.lang.Object greenfoot.Actor Robot Moses
public class Moses
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
Moses()
|
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
behave()
What your robot can do once per round: |
void |
init()
Initialize the robot. |
| Methods inherited from class Robot |
|---|
act, addedToWorld, down, getData, getData, getOldX, getOldY, isClearDown, isClearLeft, isClearRight, isClearUp, isStuck, left, right, setData, setData, setLocation, up |
| Methods inherited from class greenfoot.Actor |
|---|
getImage, getIntersectingObjects, getNeighbours, getObjectsAtOffset, getObjectsInRange, getOneIntersectingObject, getOneObjectAtOffset, getRotation, getWorld, getWorldOfType, getX, getY, intersects, isAtEdge, isTouching, move, removeTouching, setImage, setImage, setRotation, turn, turnTowards |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public Moses()
| Method Detail |
|---|
public void behave()
What your robot can do once per round:
What your robot can do per round:
behave
in class Robot
public void init()
Robot
init
in class Robot


Installation¶
Users will need to complete three things to finish the installation.
Install a licensed RiverWare. Detailed instrustions of RiverWare can be found here.
Install Py-RAMID package.
Setup Windows environment.
Install Py-RAMID¶
To install Py-RAMID, users need to first clone or download the package from the Py-RAMID GitHub respository. Then, unzip the downloaded file and move to the directory containing setup.py in the terminal or the conda prompt. Next, you can install the package by the following command.
pip install .
Windows environment setup¶
As Py-RAMID will exercute .py file through terminal commands, users need to make sure the .py file can be executed through CMD with correct environment (e.g., the virtual environment that has Py-RAMID installed). In other words, we want CMD to execute .py files with assign environment path, which contains Py-RAMID package.
To setup the environment path, please follow the steps below.
Open anaconda prompt or CMD.
Enter “where python”. Then, a list of corresponding python.exe path will appear.
Copy the one that is in your working environment (e.g., the virtual environment that has Py-RAMID installed). In our example, our working environment is at C:/Users/ResearchPC/anaconda3/envs/PyRAMID. Note that only copy the path without /python.exe
Open windows search and search Edit the System Environment Variables.
Click on Environment Variables. Then, double click on the Path in the System variables box.
Add the copied python path into popped out window, Edit enviroment variable.
Done!


| Dates | Online / Offline | Prize Pool | Format | Players Competing | New PBs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ event.name }} | {{ event.startDate | amDateFormat: 'MMM DD YYYY' }} – {{ event.endDate | amDateFormat: 'MMM DD YYYY' }} | {{ event.onlineOffline }} | {{ event.prizePool | currency }} | High Score Competition | Bracket Competition | High Score into Bracket | {{ event.games.length }} |
| Position | Player | Score | Winnings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ $index + 1 }} | {{ game.player }} | {{ game.score | number }} | {{ game.winnings | currency }} |


Open a file `yourfile.txt` in write mode
lower a string `text` and remove non-alphanumeric characters aside from space
choose a random file from the directory contents of the C drive, `C:\\`
show me monday morning flight from Pittsburgh to Seattle
what is the latest flight to Boston
give me the cheapest round trip flights from indianapolis to orlando around december twenty fifth
which state has the lowest population density
what rivers traverses the state which borders the most states
how many people lived in austin
if emnlp_loc starts with 'Brussels'
join app_config.path and string 'locale' into a file path, substitute it for dir
if my_var is true, substitute "UNIQUE" for my_var, otherwise it is an empty string.


Finished todo items
Pomodoey - Todo List App
Either you've done everything already or there are still things to add to your list. Add your first todo.
Your todo items
Add


- getAmount() - Method in class bricks.Order
-
Get the current order amount
- getAmount() - Method in class bricks.Order
-
Get the current order amount
- getId() - Method in class bricks.Order
-
Get the current order id
- getId() - Method in class bricks.Order
-
Get the current order id
- getOrder(Long) - Method in class bricks.BricksController
-
List detail of a single order
- getOrder(Long) - Method in class bricks.BricksController
-
List detail of a single order
- getOrders() - Method in class bricks.BricksController
-
List detail of all orders
- getOrders() - Method in class bricks.BricksController
-
List detail of all orders
- getStatus() - Method in class bricks.Order
-
Get the current order status
- getStatus() - Method in class bricks.Order
-
Get the current order status


{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% include "common/includes/intro.html" with intro=self.intro only %}
{% include "common/includes/carousel.html" with carousel_items=self.carousel_items.all only %}
{% include "common/includes/body.html" with body=self.body only %}
{% include "common/includes/related_links.html" with related_links=self.related_links.all only %}
{% endblock %}


In the middle of Sprint 5, I struggled to grasp the language basics of writing in Javascript. I felt blocked around the syntax and grammer of the code.
I resourced myself in a variety of ways, including taking breaks, seeking online resources (and getting better at appealing to Lord Google), and asking questions of my colleages. It's becoming obvious that we work best together and can learn together along the way! That is a very encouraging part of learning for me.
At times it was tricky to start practicing the theoretical basics we've been learning about, but I have maintained a decent headspace believing that with more practice and exposure, the syntax will eventually sink in :)
I'm continually learning about the balance around when it's best to keep hunting for answers on my own, and when it's time to ask for help. I want to continually grow my ability to resource myself, but I also know I can get hung up on certain details. It's crucial to know when to use whatever hints I can get, and when to keep trying for myself. This is a learning curve in and of itself!
Psuedocode: I am gaining some confidence with that, though it is limited.
Trying something: Confient to try, though it doesnt always yield the answer right away!
Rubber Ducky Method: Haven't tried it.
Reading error messages: Gaining confidence; I've been learning more about the error codes on the bottom of VSC and that's very helpful as well!
Console.logging: Hardly any practice, honestly.
Googling: Getting better! This is my #1.
Asking peers for help: A very effective strategy! I've gotten lots of help so far.
Asking coahces for help: Somewhat! My peers seem more accessible, more often, than coaches.
Improving process with reflection: This is a helpful tool, can't get enough of it!


Welcome to Stack
For quite a long time wanted to create my own website and have my stuff in single space
Finally i have acquired my own Digital plot/site.
To collect my randoms thoughts (shit ;) ) which previously these were in my places wordpress, blogspot, facebook and now collected and aligned here in one place.
Also i have organized all of my profession stuff here for my own reference. Feel feel to browse and see if you can find something useful
My Very First Digital Post
This is a link
Read more May 15, 2021


--- layout: page title: "Thidtc" description: "Keep Learning, Keep Sharing" header-img: "img/2017-bg.jpg" ---
这是Thidtc的博客，记录一些学习过程的总结


All Classes
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AreaRenderer |
Custom renderer displaying line charts with the area under the line is
filled.
|
| ArrrayListDataPoints |
Object storing data points for use in the
JSparklinesArrayListBarChartTableCellRenderer.
|
| BarChartColorRenderer |
Custom renderer making it possible to use different colors for individual
data bars in 3D bar charts.
|
| CellHighlighterRenderer |
Table cell render highlighting columns ending with a given string, by using a
different background color.
|
| ChartPanelTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer for generic org.jfree.chart.ChartPanel objects.
|
| Chromosome |
Object storing data about one data point in a XY plot.
|
| ChromosomeTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer for chromosome objects, i.e., 1-n and X, Y, Z and W.
|
| GradientColorCoding |
Contains methods related to calculating color gradients.
|
| GradientColorCoding.ColorGradient |
List of supported color gradient types.
|
| HtmlLinksRenderer |
Table cell renderer using different HTML tag colors for selected and not
selected rows.
|
| JSparklines3dDataSeries |
Object containing a 3D sparkline data series to be added to a
JSparklines3dDataset.
|
| JSparklines3dDataset |
Object storing a set of JSparkline3dDataSeries in an array.
|
| JSparklines3dTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines 3D plots consisting of multiple
values per data series.
|
| JSparklines3dTableCellRenderer.PlotType |
List of supported plot types for JSparklines3dTableCellRenderer.
|
| JSparklinesArrayListBarChartTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines plots consisting of numbers as a
stacked bar chart.
|
| JSparklinesArrayListBarChartTableCellRenderer.ValueDisplayType |
List of supported value display options.
|
| JSparklinesBarChartTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines bar charts.
|
| JSparklinesBubbleHeatMapTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines bubble heat maps.
|
| JSparklinesColorTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying colored equal size bar charts.
|
| JSparklinesDataSeries |
Object containing a sparkline data series to be added to a
JSparklinesDataset.
|
| JSparklinesDataset |
Object storing a set of JSparklineDataSeries in an array.
|
| JSparklinesDemo |
Demo of JSparklines used to show sparklines in Java tables.
|
| JSparklinesErrorBarChartTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines bar charts with error bars.
|
| JSparklinesHeatMapDemo |
Demo of JSparklines used to display heat maps in Java tables.
|
| JSparklinesHeatMapTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklinesDataSeries as heat maps where the
double values are used the color coding.
|
| JSparklinesIntegerColorTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying integers as colored equal size bar charts.
|
| JSparklinesIntegerIconTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying integers as icons.
|
| JSparklinesIntervalChartTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines interval charts.
|
| JSparklinesMultiIntervalChartTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying multiple intervals.
|
| JSparklinesMultiLabel |
Color labels for use with the JSparklinesMultiLabelTableCellRenderer.
|
| JSparklinesMultiLabelDataset |
A dataset of JSparklinesMultiLabel for use with the
JSparklinesMultiLabelTableCellRenderer.
|
| JSparklinesMultiLabelDemo |
Demo of the JSparklinesMultiLabelTableCellRenderer.
|
| JSparklinesMultiLabelTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer for 1-4 color labels displayed either a pie chart or as
equal parts of a square.
|
| JSparklinesTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines plots consisting of multiple
values per data series.
|
| JSparklinesTableCellRenderer.PlotType |
List of supported plot types.
|
| JSparklinesTwoValueBarChartTableCellRenderer |
Table cell renderer displaying JSparklines plots consisting of two values as
a stacked bar charts.
|
| NimbusCheckBoxRenderer |
Table cell render fixing a bug occurring in the Nimbus look and feel with
alternating row color coding.
|
| ReferenceArea |
Reference area that can be added to a chart.
|
| ReferenceLine |
Reference line that can be added to a chart.
|
| SignificantStatisticalCategoryDataset |
Extention of DefaultStatisticalCategoryDataset adding a boolean
indicating if the dataset is significant or not.
|
| StartIndexes |
Object storing start indexes for use in the
JSparklinesMultiIntervalChartTableCellRenderer.
|
| StatisticalBarChartColorRenderer |
Custom renderer making it possible to use different colors for individual
data bars in statistical bar charts.
|
| TrueFalseIconRenderer |
Table cell render displaying icons instead of boolean values.
|
| Util |
Includes general helper methods that are used by the other classes.
|
| ValueAndBooleanDataPoint |
Object storing data about one data point and a corresponding significance
value.
|
| XYDataPoint |
Object storing data about one data point in an XY plot.
|
| XYZDataPoint |
Object storing data about one data point in an XYZ plot.
|


{% extends 'layout.html' %} {% block pageTitle %} NHS login - Service consent {% endblock %} {# {% block beforeContent %} {{ breadcrumb({ href: "/", text: "Home" }) }} {% endblock %} #} {% block content %}
{{ data.primaryUserFirstName or 'Alice' }} is inviting you to enter their {{ data.service or 'stepWell' }} account and act on their behalf. To accept this invite, you must agree to share some of your NHS login information with {{ data.service or 'stepWell' }}.
{{ data.service or 'stepWell' }} will see your:
{{ data.service or 'stepWell' }} will not see your personal health information.
You will be added to {{ data.primaryUserFirstName or 'Alice' }}'s NHS login as their {{ data.relationship or 'carer'}} and will be able to act on their behalf. This means {{ data.primaryUserFirstName or 'Alice' }} will be able to see your name in the account management area of their NHS login.
You will not create your own {{ data.service or 'stepWell' }} account by accepting this invite and {{ data.primaryUserFirstName or 'Alice' }} will not be able to see your personal health information.
Before you agree, you should read {{ data.service or 'stepWell' }}'s terms of use and privacy policy to check how they will use your information.
{{ button({ "text": "Agree and continue", "href": "consent-success" }) }}


Register or sign up by entering a username and password.
(if the user specified is found, will look up and display their information)
Error: {{ error }}


You password successfully changed. After a few seconds, you go to the admin panel.
{{'We can reset your password if you let us know your email address:'|translate}}


Layout structure
Page
contains Metadata and CSS files for theme. We use special section stylesheet_link_tag params[:controller], to import styles for specific vendor plugins on pages that need it based on controller name.
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>INSPINIA | Responsive admin theme</title>

<%= stylesheet_link_tag params[:controller] if ::Rails.application.assets.find_asset("#{params[:controller]}.css") %>

<%= stylesheet_link_tag 'application', media: 'all', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>

<%= javascript_include_tag 'application', 'data-turbolinks-track' => true %>
<%= csrf_meta_tags %>

Main file structure
IMPORTANT - Main stucture of application.html.erb file.

<%= render 'layouts/skinconfig' %>

<div id="wrapper" class="<%= params[:controller] %>.<%= params[:action] %>">

<%= render 'layouts/navigation' %>

<div id="page-wrapper" class="gray-bg <%= @extra_class %>">

<%= render 'layouts/topnavbar' %>

<%= yield %>

<%= render 'layouts/footer' %>

<%= render 'layouts/rightsidebar' %>

Page Script
On bottom of file are script located. application.js contains all major plugin scripts and Inspinia scripts.
In section yield :javascript, will be import scripts for specific plugins on pages that need it and in section javascript_include_tag params[:controller] will be import specific vendor scripts on pages that need it based on controller name.

<%= javascript_include_tag params[:controller] if ::Rails.application.assets.find_asset("#{params[:controller]}.js") %>

<%= yield :javascript %>
Options
Inspinia provide few option for you layout app. There are:
- Fixed sidebar
- Fixed navbar
- Fixed footer
- RTL support
- Layout 2 (top navigation)
- Off canvas menu
- Skins
Fixed sidebar
Fixed sidebar is a sidebar that is sticked on screen.
To add fixed sidebar you need to add .fixed-sidebar class to body.

Next we will need to add slimScroll handle for sidebar.
To add fixed sidebar you need to add .fixed-nav class to body.

Next we will need to change navbar from static to fixed in app/views/layouts/_topnavbar.html.erb file. Change .navbar-static-top class to navbar-fixed-top

Fixed navbar 2
Fixed navbar 2 is a top navbar that is sticked on screen and it's width is the same as the width of wrapper
To add fixed sidebar you need to add .fixed-nav class and .fixed-nav-basic class to body.

Next we will need to change navbar from static to fixed in app/views/layouts/_topnavbar.html.erb file. Change .navbar-static-top class to navbar-fixed-top

Fixed navbar 2 works only on primary layout
Fixed footer
Fixed footer is a bottom footer that is sticked on screen.
To add fixed bottom footer you just need to add .fixed class to footer class.

Right-to-Left Language Support
Adding support for language written in a Right-To-Left (RTL) direction.
To add RTL support you will need to add new .rtls class to body element

Next you will need to add new bootstrap rtl support library bootstrap-rtl.
Add new link to css file just below the *= require style
in app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.scss page like this:
*= require bootstrap-rtl/bootstrap-rtl.css
After that you will have RTL support similar to this:
Layout 2
Layout 2 is a top navigation with centered content layout.
For layout 2 we prepared special examples files in Shared folder
-
layout_2.html.erb
-
_topnavbar_2.html.erb
To use layout 2 all you need to do is to specify new layout in your controller like this:
def dashboard_4
render :layout => "layout_2"
end
Layout 2 with example code look like this:
Off canvas menu
Off canvas menu is a menu that not change the width of main wrapper page. It appear on top of the page.
To use off canvas menu you just need to use layout_4.html.erb. The body has special .canvas-manu
class and it include special _navigationoffcnavas.
Skins
Inspinai theme has 3 diferent skins
To change skin you just have to add skin class to body element.
For example: to add skin Blue skin you just need to add .skin-1
class to body element.
In SCSS files skins.scss you can find style for the skin. Below is a representation of css classes demand color skin.
.skin-1
- Blue Light
.skin-2
- Inspinia Ultra {for support with Inspinai Ultra please contact with<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.skin-3
- Yellow/purple
.md-skin
- Material Design Skin (In demo Inspinia Material Design version has also fixed sidebar and fixed navbar option)
- Defaut skin does not need any class
Theme config
Theme config is the configuration box for setting options in live preview. It is placed in the right side of page with green icon.
If you want to remove the config box all you need to do is to remove <%= render 'layouts/skinconfig' %>
from application.html.erb file
Rails_Seed_Project
It is an application skeleton for a typical Ruby on Rails web app. You can use it to quickly bootstrap your rails webapp projects and dev environment for these projects.
It is a best start for new app. It has all needed scripts and style.
Change log 2.7 -> 2.7.1
Changed Inspinia js files
- app/assets/javascript/inspinia.js - correct typos in fix_height function
- app/assets/javascript/inspinia.js - update navbar-minimalize event handler
CSS/LESS/SCSS/SASS
- Fix media-body style on right sidebar
- Fix form-control style to allow inout sizing
- Fix min-height issue with small content
- Fix background menu on md-skin
- Fix tabs in top-navigation layout
- Fix label style to release sizing option
Change log 2.6.2 -> 2.7
New view files
- views/appviews/activity_stream.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/password_meter.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/spinners_usage.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/text_spinners.html.erb
Changed views files
- views/dashboards/dashboard_3.html.erb - update css class of sidebar
- views/forms/advanced.html.erb - add new example for switchery control
- views/landing/index.html.erb - add WOW initialise script
- views/layouts/_navigation.html.erb - update is_active_controller helper on secend level menu
- views/layouts/_skinconfig.html.erb - update css clas name of skin-settings
- views/layouts/empty.html.erb - add IE compatibile mode meta tag
- views/layouts/layout_2.html.erb - add IE compatibile mode meta tag
- views/layouts/layout_3.html.erb - add IE compatibile mode meta tag
- views/layouts/layout_4.html.erb - add IE compatibile mode meta tag
- views/miscellaneous/landing_buttons.html.erb - update bind method for ladda example buttons
- views/layoutsoptions/index.html.erb - correct typos in image names and descriptions
- views/mailbox/email_view.html.erb - acorrect typo in class name
- views/uielements/helper_classes.html.erb - change css name in border examples
- views/uielements/icons.html.erb - update font awesome icons to new set
New Inspinia js files
- app/assets/javascript/landing.js - add WOW library to landing page
Changed Inspinia js files
- app/assets/javascript/inspinia.js - update collapse-link and fix_height functions
- app/assets/javascript/application.js - update link to jquery
- app/assets/javascript/appviews.js - update link to jquery-ui
- app/assets/javascript/forms.js - correct typo in steps folder
- app/assets/javascript/miscellaneous.js - add new libraries: touchpunch and pwstrength
- app/assets/javascript/uielemenets.js - update link to jquery-ui, add touchpunch library
- app/assets/javascript/widgets.js - add touchpunch library
Updates
- app/helpers/application_helper.rb - handle special css class
- vendor/assets/javascript/dataTables
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/dataTables
- vendor/assets/javascript/jquery
- vendor/assets/javascript/jquery-ui
- vendor/assets/javascript/steps
- vendor/stylesheets/javascript/steps
- vendor/assets/javascript/switchery
- vendor/stylesheets/javascript/switchery
- vendor/assets/javascript/validate
- Gemefile - set latest Font Awesome version 4.7.0
- config/application.rb - add new landing.js file to precompile
New plugins
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/textSpinners
- vendor/assets/javascript/wow
- vendor/assets/javascript/touchpunch
- vendor/assets/javascript/pwstrength
CSS/LESS/SCSS/SASS
- Add styles for new pages
- Fix jumping menu on landing page
- Fix bg-colors
- Remove rules for support old IE
- Add styles for third level menu on md-skin
- Improve select2 styles
- Improve menu style
- Clear overwrite native media-body classes
- Improve few styles for IE
- Improve style for summernote
- Correct selected typo
- Fix chat-avatar class rules
- Fix typo in css preprocessor variables
Change log 2.6 -> 2.6.2
Updates
- Bootstrap to 3.3.7
CSS/LESS/SCSS/SASS
- Fix the issue with hidden href on mobile mini navbar
- Fix the flickering menu
- Fix Safari modal issue
- Fix Summernote fullscreen mode
- Fix css width helper classes
- Improve content height on fixed navbar
- Improve landing page on mobile view
Change log 2.5 -> 2.6
New view files
- views/forms/autocomplete.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/datamaps.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/pdf_viewer.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/social_buttons.html.erb
- views/uielements/helper_classes.html.erb
Changed views files
- views/dashboard/dashboard_1.html.erb - update script for new Chartjs version
- views/dashboard/dashboard_3.html.erb - update script for new Chartjs version
- views/dashboard/dashboard_4.html.erb - update script for new Chartjs version
- views/dashboard/dashboard_4_1.html.erb - update script for new Chartjs version
- forms/advanced.html.erb - add new features: input tag, dual select
- forms/file_upload.html.erb - add new input components, update dropzone
- graphs/chartjs.html.erb - update script for new Chartjs version
- tables/data_tables.html.erb - remove jeditable library
New Inspinia js files
- public/pdf/example.pdf
- public/api/typehead_collection.json
Changed Inspinia js files
- inspinia.js - update click functions
Updates
- vendor/assets/javascript/dropzone
- vendor/assets/javascript/fullcalendar
- vendor/assets/javascript/chartJs
- vendor/assets/javascript/summernote
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/animate.css
New plugins
- vendor/assets/javascript/bootstrap-taginput
- vendor/assets/javascript/dualListbox
- vendor/assets/javascript/pdfjs
- vendor/assets/javascript/topojson
- vendor/assets/javascript/typehead
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/bootstrapSocial
CSS/LESS/SCSS/SASS
- Add styles for new pages
- Fix menu jumping issue
- Improve print mode for Firefox
- Improve chosen colors
- Fix boxes layout with md-skin
- Improve custom swithc style
- Add few new css classes - helper classes
Change log 2.4 -> 2.5
2.5 version fully focused on update AngularJS projects.
New features and views will be added to separate 2.6 version.
Change log 2.3 -> 2.4
New view files
- views/graphs/c3charts.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/clipboard.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/i18support.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/loading_buttons.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/tour.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/truncate.html.erb
- views/commerce/cart.html.erb
- views/forms/markdown.html.erb
- views/uielements/resizable_panels.html.erb
Changed views files
- views/layouts/_navigation.html.erb - add new menu elements for new views
- miscellaneous/agile_board.html.erb - add example code for serialize list
- forms/advanced.html.erb - add new Touch spin control
- landing/index.html.erb - update page-scroll click event to close menu on select in mobile
- layouts/_skinconfig.html.erb - add new option for fixed nav bar
- tables/data_tables..html.erb - replace old swf buttons with new button plugin (update datatables library)
- uielements/video.html.erb - add script for handle full screen video option
New Inspinia js files
- public/locales/en.json
- public/locales/es.json
Changed Inspinia js files
- inspinia.js - update fix_height function
- inspinia.js - update SmoothlyMenu function
Updates
- bootstrap - update to 3.3.6
- dataTables - create on compact datatables generate in official builder: https://datatables.net/download/index
- pace - update to 1.0.2
New plugins
- vendor/assets/javascript/c3
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/c3
- vendor/assets/javascript/bootstrap-markdow
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/bootstrap-markdow
- vendor/assets/javascript/d3
- vendor/assets/javascript/clipboard
- vendor/assets/javascript/dotdotdot
- vendor/assets/javascript/i18next
- vendor/assets/javascript/ladda
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/ladda
- vendor/assets/javascript/touchspin
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/touchspin
- vendor/assets/javascript/bootstrapTour
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/bootstrapTour
New images
- app/assets/images/flags- Set of flags images
CSS/LESS/SCSS/SASS
- Add styles for new pages
- Fix buttons shadow on Chrome
- Fix dropdown text colour on md-skin
- Fix pace.js on fixed navbar option
- Fix few glitch animation effect
- Improve nav-tabs on mobile devices
- Fix second level menu on md-skin
- Improve RTL mode
- Add new fixed navbar option
- Ipmore print mode
Change log 2.0/2.1 -> 2.2
Change log 2.2 -> 2.3
New view files
- views/appviews/contacts_two.html.erb
- views/appviews/profile_two.html.erb
- views/appviews/vote_list.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/masonry.html.erb
- views/ecommerce/product_detail.html.erb
- views/ecommerce/payments.html.erb
- views/dashboards/dashboard_5.html.erb
- views/gallery/slick_carusela.html.erb
Changed views files
- views/layouts/_navigation.html.erb - add new menu elements for new views
- views/forms/advanced.html.erb - Add select2 examples
- views/uielements/tabs_panels.html.erb - add example of fullscreen panel and slim scroll panel
New Inspinia js files
- No new files
Changed Inspinia js files
- inspinia.js - Add function for handle full screen ibox
Updates
- vendor/assets/javascripts/dataTables - update to 1.10.8
- bootstrap - update to 3.3.5
New plugins
- vendor/assets/javascripts/slick (with css files)
- vendor/assets/javascripts/select2 (with css files)
- vendor/assets/javascripts/masonry
New images
- images/landing - Full folder of images used in landing page
New images
- css/patterns- Add images for header in Material Design skin
CSS/SCSS/SASS
- Add styles for new pages
- Add new md-skin styles
- Fix ibox-tools when title is large
- Fix landing page menu on small devices
- Fix modal open backdrop with animate.css effect
- Fix dropdown orientation under ibox
- Fix profile menu on fixed sidebar
Change log 2.0/2.1 -> 2.2
New view files
- views/graphs/chartist.html.erb
- views/metrics/index.html.erb
- views/appviews/social_feed.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/sweet_alert.html.erb
- views/tables/foo_tables.html.erb
- views/uielements/tabs.html.erb
- views/landing/index.html.erb (incorporate to admin)
- views/ecommerce/orders.html.erb
- views/ecommerce/product_edit.html.erb
- views/ecommerce/products_grid.html.erb
- views/ecommerce/products_list.html.erb
Changed views files
- views/layouts/_navigation.html.erb - add new menu elements for new views
- views/layouts/_navigation.html.erb - added ".metismenu" class to nav element id="side-menu" (new version of metisMenu)
- views/appviews/article.html.erb - Add example of comments section
- views/forms/advanced.html.erb - Add new new plugins
- views/uielements/tabs_panels.html.erb - add example of footer to panel and initial collapsed panel
- views/miscellaneous/chat_view.html.erb - Add left/right class to chat panels
- views/landing/index.html.erb - Add new sections: timeline and comments
New Inspinia js files
- No new files
Changed Inspinia js files
- inspinia.js - Update fix_height for handle height wrapper on fixed-nav
Updates
- vendor/assets/javascripts/metisMenu - update to 2.0.2
- vendor/assets/javascripts/slimscrol - update to 1.3.6
- vendor/assets/javascripts/jvectormap - update to 2.0.2
- vendor/assets/javascripts/fullcalendar/moment.min.js - update to 2.9.0
New plugins
- vendor/assets/javascripts/clockpicker (with css files)
- vendor/assets/javascripts/daterangepicker (with css files)
- vendor/assets/javascripts/footable (with css files)
- vendor/assets/javascripts/sweetalert (with css files)
- vendor/assets/javascripts/chartist
- vendor/assets/stylesheets/awesome-bootstrap-checkbox
New images
- images/landing - Full folder of images used in landing page
CSS/SCSS/SASS
- Add styles for new pages
- Add new metisMenu style
- Add landing page styles
- Add chat-discussion left/right class
- Fix z-index of modal-dialog
- Fix margins on wrapper when fixed-nav is enabled
Change log 2.0 - 2.1
Version 2.1 is mainly focused on MeteorJS to provide Meteor version.
Please stay tuned for 2.2 version to get new features for Ruby on Rails version.
Change log 1.9 -> 2.0
New view files
- views/appviews/article.html.erb
- views/appviews/blog.html.erb
- views/appviews/clients.html.erb
- views/appviews/issue_tracker.html.erb
- views/appviews/outlook_view.html.erb
- views/appviews/teams_board.html.erb
- views/layoutoptions/off_canvas.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/agile_board.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/diff.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/idle_timer.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/live_favicon.html.erb
- views/miscellaneous/spinners.html.erb
- views/pages/forgot_password.html.erb
- views/layouts/_navigationoffcanvas.html.erb
- views/layouts/_rightsidebar.html.erb
- views/layouts/_layout_3.html.erb
- views/layouts/_layout_4.html.erb
Changed views files
- views/layouts/application.html.erb - Add new right sidebar
- views/layouts/_navigation.html.erb - Add new menu elements
- views/layouts/_topnavbar.html.erb - Add new menu element for right sidebar
- views/miscellaneous/chat_view.html.erb - Add small-chat element
- views/appviews/faq.html.erb - Fix the collapse effect - Create new div element
.faq-answer
before p
answer.
New Inspinia js files
- No new files
Changed Inspinia js files
- app/assets/javascripts/inspinia.js - Update fix_height function, add local storage handler, add functions for small-chat and right-sidebar
Updates
- vendor/assets/javascripts/pace - update Pace to 1.0
- vendor/assets/javascripts/morris/morris.js - update to 0.5
New plugins
- vendor/assets/javascripts/diff_match_patch - Google algorithm for diff functionality
- vendor/assets/javascripts/preetyTextDiff - jQuery plugin for dif
- vendor/assets/javascripts/idle_timer
- vendor/assets/javascripts/tinycon
New images
- app/assets/images/full_height.jpg
- app/assets/images/off_canvas.jpg
CSS/SCSS/SASS
- Add styles for new pages
- Improve btn-link
- variables.scss - change url to image-url helper
- Add colapsed class for initial collapsed ibox
- Fix margins for footer with sidebar fixed
- Fix responsive in login page
New Controllers
- No new files
Update Controllers
- app/controllers/appviews.rb - add new pages for views
- app/controllers/pages.rb - add new pages for views
- app/controllers/miscellaneous.rb - add new pages for views
- app/controllers/layoutsoptions.rb - add new pages for views
Updates .rb files
- config/routes.rb - add new routes
New public files
- public/favicon.ico
Change log 1.9.2
First version of Inspinai Ruby on Rails - Initial released.
Please stay tuned for 2.0 version to get new features and improvements.
Contact
Contact as with email: support@webapplayers.com


This user guide explains how to extract magnetic parameters from experimental EPR spectra by fitting an EasySpin simulation result to the experimental spectra using least-squares fitting techniques. EasySpin's function esfit contains all the necessary machinery and is easy to use.
This tutorial contains the following topics:To get the most out of the EasySpin fitting features, you should work through this entire tutorial and study the associated examples.
EasySpin's fitting function is esfit and can be called with up to seven parameters:
esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp) esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp,SimOpt) esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp,SimOpt,FitOpt)Here is what the various parameters mean:
'pepper'
indicates that the simulation function pepper is to be used. Any other EasySpin simulation function can be given here, e.g. 'garlic'
, 'chili'
, 'salt'
, 'saffron'
, 'curry'
. You can also define your own simulation functions as described later.
spc
is the array containing the experimental spectral data. For the fitting, the abscissa values are not needed.
Sys0
is a structure collecting magnetic parameters of the spin system. The parameters in this structure are used as first guesses in the fitting procedure. For a multi-component fit, this is a list of spin systems, one for each component, e.g. {Sys1, Sys2}
.
Vary
is a structure similar to Sys0
containing the search ranges of the parameters that should be fitted. For a multi-component fit, this is again a list of structures, one for each component, e.g. {Vary1, Vary2}
.
Exp
is a structure containing the experimental parameters for the simulation function.
SimOpt
contains settings for the spectral simulation function.
FitOpt
contains settings for the least-squares fitting algorithm.
Before you can fit parameters to your experimental spectrum, you have to import the experimental data into MATLAB. There are several ways to do this, depending in which format your data are stored in.
If your spectrum was acquired by a Bruker spectrometer, it is most likely either in ESP format (having file extensions .par and .spc) or in BES3T format (with file extensions .DSC and .DTA). Both formats, as well as formats from other spectrometer brands, are handled by EasySpin's function eprload. Here is an example: Suppose your data are stored in the files dpph.DSC
and dpph.DTA
. To load them into MATLAB, type
[B,spc,Params] = eprload('dpph.DTA');
This returns the magnetic-field values in B
, the spectral data in spc
, and all the parameters in the structure Params
.
Often, experimental spectral data come in text files, containing two columns of data, where the first column is the magnetic field and the second column contains the spectral intensity. To load such a file into MATLAB, use the function textread
:
[B,spc] = textread('dpph.txt','%f %f');
textread
is a very flexible function that can accomodate many different text file formats. E.g. it can skip header lines if told to do so, it can accomodate comment lines, etc. See the MATLAB documentation for more details.
The fitting function needs to know with which parameter values to start looking for an optimal fit. These starting parameters are given as a spin system in the third input parameter to esfit
. For example, if the spectrum is that of a simple S=1/2 with rhombic g and an isotropic linewidth, one would start with
Sys0.g = [1.99, 2.07, 2.11]; Sys0.lw = 1; % mT
Some algorithms use this set of parameters as the starting set, while others use it to define the center of the search range.
Next, esfit
has to be told which parameters of the spin system given in Sys0
should be fitted (and which not), and by how much they can be varied during the least-squares fitting process.
This information is given in the fourth input parameter to esfit
. If only the linewidth should be fitted, and it should be varied by at most +/-0.3 mT, use
Vary.lw = 0.3; % mT
With Sys.lw = 1
, this would mean that the search range extends from 0.7
to 1.3
. esfit
makes every effort to stay within the specified search range.
If the second principal value of the g tensor and the linewidth should be fitted simultaneously, use
Vary.g = [0, 0.02, 0]; Vary.lw = 0.3;
In essence, all the fields in Vary
must have the same names as those in Sys0
, and any non-zero value indicates that that parameter should be fitted by varying it by at most plus or minus the given amount. Setting the value for any parameter to zero excludes it from the fitting.
It is advisable not to vary more than about 4 parameters at the same time, as the efficiency of essentially all fitting algorithms decreases tremendously with the number of fitting parameters.
An important note for fitting slow-motion EPR spectra with chili: Do not use tcorr
or Diff
for fitting the correlation time or the diffusion tensor, but rather the logarithmic forms logtcorr
and logDiff
.
Of course, the fitting function must also be provided with the experimental parameters for the spectral simulations. These are given as the fifth parameter, a structure Exp
, which is directly forwarded to the simulation functions pepper, garlic, chili, etc. For details, see the documentation of these functions.
A minimal example would be to give the microwave frequency and magnetic field range:
Exp.mwFreq = 9.5; % GHz Exp.Range = [200 400]; % mT
The microwave frequency, the field range, and all other experimental parameters must correspond to the ones used in acquiring the spectral data.
Now we are all set to call the fitting function:
esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp);
The least-squares fitting is started, and a figure window pops up that contains an interactive graphical user interface (GUI), shown below. The GUI allows you to control which parameters should be varied during a fit, lets you pick another fitting algorithm, target, scaling method, and starting point parameter set. In addition, multiple fitting results from separate runs can be stored, compared and used as starting points for other fits. The fitting results can be exported to the workspace, so that they are available in the command window for later use.
This GUI is what you probably want, but if you prefer to run esfit
on the command line only, then call it requesting outputs:
bestSys = esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp);
This returns the result of the fitting, the optimized spin system or list of spin systems, in bestSys
.
If you want to pass settings to the simulation function, collect them in an additional stucture SimOpt
and pass them as
sixth parameter:
esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp,SimOpt);
It is possible to provide a structure with settings for the fitting function. If we call this structure FitOpt
, the syntax is
esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp,SimOpt,FitOpt);
The possible settings in this last structure are the topic of the rest of this tutorial.
Beyond a good starting parameter set or search range, the performance of the fitting depends crucially on two things: the choice of the optimization algorithm, and the choice of the target function. Let's have a look at each of them in turn.
Optimization algorithms
EasySpin provides several optimization algorithms that are in widespread use: (1) the Nelder/Mead downhill simplex method, (2) the Levenberg/Marquardt algorithm, (3) Monte Carlo random search, (4) a genetic algorithm, (5) a systematic grid search, as well as others.
The first two are local search algorithms, which start from a given starting set of parameter values and try to work their way down a nearby valley of the parameter space to find the minimum. Both methods are quite fast, although there are some differences in general performance between them: The downhill simplex is somewhat slower than Levenberg/Marquardt, but it is more robust in the sense that it does not get stuck in a local minimum as easily as Levenberg/Marquardt.
The latter three are global search methods: they do not have a single starting parameter set, but use many, distributed over the entire parameter search space. The Monte Carlo method simply performs a series of random trial simulations and picks the best one. It is very inefficient. The systematic grid search is better: It covers the parameter space with a grid and then does simulations for each knot of the grid, in random order. Thus, no point is simulated twice, and the method is more efficient than the Monte Carlo search. However, if the minimum is between two grid points, it will never be found.
The third global method is a genetic algorithm: It makes simulations for several, let's say N, parameter sets (called a population), computes the fitting error (called the fitness) for all of them and then proceeds to generate N new parameter sets from the old ones using mechansims like mutation, cross-over and reproduction. This way, a new generation of parameter sets is (pro-)created, just like in biological evolution. The benefit of this algorithm is that if a good parameter is encountered, it is likely to propagate down the generations and across the population.
To select one of the algorithms, specify it in the Method
field of the fitting options
FitOpt.Method = 'simplex'; % for Nelder/Mead downhill simplex FitOpt.Method = 'levmar'; % for Levenberg/Marquardt FitOpt.Method = 'montecarlo'; % for Monte Carlo FitOpt.Method = 'genetic'; % for the genetic algorithm FitOpt.Method = 'grid'; % for grid search
and then supply this option structure as the seventh parameter to the fitting function, for example
esfit(@pepper,spc,Sys0,Vary,Exp,[],FitOpt);
If you don't specify the algorithm, EasySpin uses the downhill simplex by default.
Each algorithm has some internal parameters that can be used to fine-tune its performance. In general, it is not necessary to fiddle with those parameters. For more details, see the documentation of esfit.
Target function
The second important setting is the choice of the target function. esfit
computes the error of the simulated spectrum using the root-mean-square-deviation (rmsd, i.e. the square root of the mean of the square of the deviations), where the deviation is the difference between the experimental and the simulated spectrum.
Fitting speed can often be signifantly increased, however, if one used not the spectra directly, but their integrals or similar transforms. EasySpin supports several settings here: 'fcn'
(use data as is), 'int'
(integral), 'dint'
(double integral), 'diff'
(first derivative), 'fft'
(Fourier transform). The target function setting is simply appended to the 'Method'
field, after a space:
FitOpt.Method = 'simplex int'; % simplex algorithm with integrals for rmsd FitOpt.Method = 'genetic fcn'; % genetic algorithm with spectra as is FitOpt.Method = 'levmar dint'; % Levenberg/Marquardt with double integral
Usually, 'fcn'
is an excellent choice, but in the case of many lines 'int'
can be better - provided the baseline in the experimental spectrum is good. The other settings ('dint'
, 'diff'
, and 'fft'
) have advantages in some situations.
Normally, EasySpin just scales the simulated spectrum in a way that its maximum absolute value coincides with the maximum absolute value of the experimental spectrum. However, if the experimental spectrum is very noisy, this is not ideal, and the best scaling of simulated spectrum is better determined by least-squares fitting. The scaling method can be set in the field FitOpt.Scaling
. The most common settings are
FitOpt.Scaling = 'maxabs'; % scaling so that the maximum absolute values coincide FitOpt.Scaling = 'lsq'; % determine scaling via least-squares fitting
Example
A simple mock example of this would be
% simulate a noisy spectrum as input data for fitting Sys.g = 2; Sys.lw = 2; Exp.mwFreq = 9.5; Exp.Range = [335 345]; [x,y] = pepper(Sys,Exp); y = 3*addnoise(y,2,'n'); % define parameters and settings for fitting the noisy data Sys.g = 2.001; Sys.lw = 1.8; Vary.g = 0.002; Vary.lw = 0.4; FitOpt.Scaling = 'maxabs'; % start fitting esfit(@pepper,y,Sys,Vary,Exp,[],FitOpt);
Change FitOpt.Scaling
to see how the two scaling methods differ. Baseline correction can be directly incorporated in the scaling method - see the documentation of esfit for more details.
For some situations, e.g. for magnetization data, it is necessary not to scale at all. In this case, use FitOpt.Scaling = 'none'
.
With EasySpin it is easily possible to perform so-called hybrid least-squares fittings, where one optimization algorithm is used to locate a potential minimum, and another one is used to refine the parameters at that minimum. The first of these two steps often employs algorithms that are able to locate minima globally and do not get stuck easily in a local minimum. The disadvantage of these methods is that they are often slow. The second step closes in on the minimum by using a much faster local method. There are two ways to perform such a two-stage fitting: using the UI, or writing your own code.
If you use the UI, you have complete control over when a fitting algorithm terminates and which one you want to start next. Any sequence of fitting steps where you use the result of a previous fit as starting values for the next constitutes a 'hybrid method'. But of course, the UI lets you do much more complex operations.
Alternatively, you can write code that does two- or multistage fitting. Let's look at an example with a two-stage fitting using genetic algorithm followed by Levenberg/Marquardt. This can be set up by calling esfit
twice with different settings in FitOpt
.
% first stage: genetic algorithm FitOpt.Method = 'genetic fcn'; Sys1 = esfit(@pepper,y,Sys0,Vary,Exp,[],FitOpt); % second stage: Levenberg/Marquardt FitOpt.Method = 'levmar int'; Sys2 = esfit(@pepper,y,Sys1,Vary,Exp,[],FitOpt)
Of course, you'll probably have to change some of the termination criteria for the two algorithms so that the genetic search narrows down a minimum only coarsely, and the local search can then much more efficiently finalize the fit by refining the parameters.
The simplest way to terminate a fitting is by pressing the Stop button on the UI. This will interrupt the optimization process whether the result has converged or not.
Without pressing the Stop button, esfit
stops the fitting when it thinks it has reached a minimum in the error function, when it has taken more than a given amount of time, or if the set number of simulations are reached. Let's have a look at these possibilities in turn.
esfit
considers a local least-squares fit using the simplex or the Levenberg/Marquardt algorithm to be converged if the change in parameters from one simulation iteration to the next falls below a certain threshold and/or if the change in the error from iteration to iteration falls below another threshold. Both thresholds have pre-set values, but can be adjusted by supplying appropriate fields in the FitOpt
structure:
FitOpt.TolFun = 1e-3; % termination tolerance for error change FitOpt.TolStep = 1e-3; % termination tolerance for parameter step, Levenberg/Marquardt FitOpt.TolEdgeLength = 1e-3; % termination tolerance for parameter step, simplex
The global methods terminate also if the maximum number of simulations are reached: the Monte Carlo search does only a pre-set number of simulations (FitOpt.N
), the grid search stops if all the grid points are simulated (see the option FitOpt.GridSize
), and the genetic algorithm stops at the latest after a certain number of generations (see FitOpt.PopulationSize
and FitOpt.Generations
).
In a field FitOpt.maxTime
, the fitting function can be told to terminate after a given amount of time, even if the fitting did not converge in terms of TolStep
and TolFun
. This can be useful when running several fittings overnight from a script.
FitOpt.maxTime = 60*8; % maximum time, in minutes
So far we have looked at the fitting of a spectrum with a single spectral component. EasySpin can perform least-squares fitting of spectra with multiple components. For each component, a system structure and a variation structure must be given. For example, this is how esfit
is called for a two-component fit:
esfit(@pepper,spc,{Sys1,Sys2},{Vary1,Vary2},Exp,SimOpt,FitOpt);Each spin system (
Sys1
and Sys2
) contains the magnetic parameters, and the corresponding variation structure (Vary1
for Sys1
, and Vary2
for Sys2
) contains the parameters to be varied.
In addition, the weight of each spin system has to be given in the field weight
:
Sys1.weight = 0.8; Sys2.weight = 0.4;These weights are used as prefactors when constructing the total spectrum as a weighted sum of the component spectra. The weights need not add up to 1. They can even be included in the fit, for example:
Vary1.weight = 0.3;
Say you need to constrain the spin Hamiltonian values, e.g. two hyperfine tensors have to be equal. Or you want to fit a distance from which a hyperfine coupling is derived, instead of the hyperfine coupling directly. Or you want to fit the microwave phase, which is not defined in the spin system structure, but in the experimental parameters.
For these and similar cases, you can define your own custom simulation function that implements the constraints or calculations, and then use esfit
with your custom function. The requirements on your function are the following:
Sys
, Exp
, Opt
as input arguments, just as all the EasySpin simulation functions do.
Sys
, can be varied.
Example: Constraint between systems
Here is an example of a function mymy.m
that simulates a spectrum constraining two hyperfine tensors to be identical:
function y = mymy(Sys,Exp,Opt) fullSys = Sys; fullSys.A = [Sys.A; Sys.A]; fullSys.Nucs = '1H,1H'; [x,y] = pepper(fullSys,Exp,Opt)
This function takes the A
from the input Sys
structure, constructs a new spin system structure fullSys
with two identical A
's, and then performs the actual simulation.
With this function, esfit
should be called in the following way (assuming Exp
has been defined):
Sys.A = [2 3 5]; Sys.lwpp = 0.1; Vary.A = [1 1 3]; esfit(@mymy,data,Sys,Vary,Exp);
Example: Varying non-spin system parameters
Here is a second example. If you want to fit the microwave phase, use this custom function:
function y = mymy(Sys,Exp,Opt); Exp.mwPhase = Sys.mwPhase; [x,y] = pepper(Sys,Exp,Opt);
and call it as follows:
Sys.mwPhase = 0; Vary.mwPhase = 20*pi/180; % 20 degrees esfit(@mymy,data,Sys,Vary,Exp);
As you can see, you have to put the parameter you want to fit into the first input structure (called Sys
), even if it is not a spin system parameter. This won't confuse EasySpin's simulation functions, since they disregard any field they do not use. In other words, as long as the new field name (in this case Sys.mwPhase
), does not clash with any existing field names that EasySpin simulation functions use in the spin system (e.g. Sys.Nucs
, Sys.A
, etc.), a user-defined simulation function should work and allows for a great deal of customization. To ensure that there is no field name clashing, check the documentation for the spin system and the relevant simulation function.
Example: globally fitting multiple spectra
During the fitting process, esfit
compares a vector containing the input data with a vector of simulated data and determines the error. Normally, each of these two vectors contain data from only a single spectrum (or a spectrum containing multiple components). However, by defining a custom function that combines spectra along the same dimension of the vector, i.e. concatenates the spectra, one can fit multiple spectra simultaneously. For example, to fit spectra that were acquired at X- and Q-band microwave frequencies with the same sample:
function y = globalfit(Sys,Exp,Opt); % X-band Exp.mwFreq = 9.5; y1 = pepper(Sys,Exp,Opt); % Q-band Exp.mwFreq = 34; y2 = pepper(Sys,Exp,Opt); scale = Sys.scale; % custom field for relative scaling % Concatenate the spectra y = [y1(:); scale*y2(:)];Note that each spectrum might have a different number of data points, in which case two more custom fields would be required to specify the number of data points in each (e.g.
Exp.nPoints = Exp.nX
and Exp.nPoints = Exp.nQ
for the X- and Q-band spectra, respectively).
esfit calls the custom simulation function once per iteration. If Sys
is a cell array with multiple spin systems, such as Sys = {Sys1,Sys2}
, then this will be passed as a cell array to the custom function.
esfit is able to handle simulation functions that do not provide the simulated data in their first output argument. If you want to use a non-conforming function, just tell esfit how it should be called and which output argument should be used in the fitting. This information is provided in FitOpt.OutArg
, which should contain two numbers. The first number is the number of output arguments to expect, and the second number is the output argument to use in the fitting. Say, you have a function myfun
that needs to be called with 4 output arguments ([a,b,c,d] = myfun(...)
, and you want to use the second one for fitting, then use
FitOpt.OutArg = [4 2]; % 4 outputs, use 2nd for fitting


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