Feature improvements
- Allow syslog_severity to be set in rlm_linelog.
- Allow defaults to be set for bulk clients in LDAP and couchbase.
- Updates to dhcpclient. Patches from Nicolas C.
- rlm_mschap now supports direct connections to winbind, which
is faster than ntlm_auth. See raddb/mods-available/mschap.
Patch from Matthew Newton.
- Recommend /dev/urandom for TLS randomness, instead of
${certdir}/random
- Allow TLSv1 to be disabled via "disable_tlsv1" in tls{}.
- Allow Expanded EAP types where vendor is 0 (IETF) and
type is normal EAP type. Supplicants sending Expanded
EAP types like this are broken.
- Add support for server side sort controls when searching for
user objects in rlm_ldap.
Bug Fixes
- Don't complain about "authorize" in "server {}" blocks, but
only if there's no "server" block.
- Fix cosmetic issue where debug from the first packet read by
a detail reader thread would be emited during config parsing.
- Fix ASSERT on truncated detail packets.
- Don't use main server log functions from within panic_action,
as in the case of syslog this would cause deadlocks if the
fault was triggered from within a malloc.
- Fix issue in "switch" when "correct_escapes = false".
Fixes #911.
- Fix sqlcounter configuration to use "%%b" instead of "%b",
otherwise the new syntax validation will fail.
- Allow forward references in configuration items. Modules
aren't always loaded in a sane order.
- Fix more escaping issues. Closes #912.
- Decode MAC addresses correctly for VMPS.
- Fix memory leak with TLS connections.
- Fix state machine threading issues for conflicting packets.
- Fix copy_request_to_tunnel issues for tagged attributes.
- Allow "ok" to over-ride "updated" inside of Auth-Type sections.
- Update state machine so that post-proxy is run though child
threads for performance, instead of blocking the main thread.
- Allow "netmask" to work again in client definitions.
- Relax restrictions on SQL group queries.
- track outgoing proxy sockets and clean them up more aggressively.
- track proxy statistics, including CoA and Disconnect.
- If radmin has a connection failure when running a command,
it re-connects and runs the command again.
- mark home servers "unknown" less aggressively.
- Fix potential SEGV in PostgreSQL driver on error.
- Fix issue where fields like nas_type would not be accessible via
the %{client:} xlat, for dynamic clients.
- Set default busy_timeout (of 200ms) in the sqlite driver, so writes
don't cause selects to fail in multithreaded mode. This is user
configurable, and may be increased if required.
- Convert Password-With-Header attributes to binary (from hex or
base64), in the authorize method of rlm_pap.
- Fix invalid assert in state.c, that could cause abort in
post-auth.
- Fix double free when -m flag is used, and connection pools are
referenced by multiple modules.
- RADIUS over TLS accounting uses the same port as authentication.
- Regularized return codes from radmin commands.
- Fix RHEL spec file so it works correctly for Centos7 which uses
systemd, and didn't like the SystemV init script.
- radwho and radlast now have a -D option to load dictionaries
- DHCP packets are no longer checked for duplicates.
- Don't crash in sql module group comparisons in corner case.
- Calculate MPPE keys correctly when using TLS 1.2.
- Fix load-balance sections. Closes #945
- TLS certificates are available again in the post-auth section.
They are not available for session resumption.
- radclient encodes CHAP-Password properly when using -c.
Closes #955.
- Fix issue in rlm_cache_memcached driver that caused variable
length values to be truncated.
- Fix track functionality in detail reader, so it no longer
fails with a "Failed marking detail request as done: Bad file
descriptor" error.
- Actually add the peer identity (as User-Name) to the inner
tunnel in EAP-PWD requests, so it's available for lookups.
- Fixes to PostgreSQL queries. Patches from Santiago Gimeno.


We gurarantee we can satiate your appetite! Here at World Wide Cafe, we strive for guest satisfaction and great hospitality. There is a huge variety of foods to choose from. Don't like some of the toppings? Let us know! We're happy to accomodate guests in any manner we can.
Enjoy a variety of traditional African cuisine. There are foods ranging from delectable stews to dishes with all different food groups.
Get a taste of these Southern Amercian delicacies!
If you're a fan of crepes, try some traditional, European crepe dishes that will satiate any craving for sweets.
Our North American food is like no other... We take traditional meals from all over the world and add the "North American Difference" to it.
Food from Australia is a fan favorite because of the pastries and unique grilled kangaroo!
Some of these dishes aren't really made out of Asia, so try this once in a lifetime opportunity locally!
We offer many different perks for being in our Rewards Program


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Tristate Logic
Library for working with tri-state (true/false/null) logic in javascript
Rationale
Tri-state logic is occasionally more useful than strict boolean logic, as it handles the real world
case where the truth of some propositions is unknown. Most SQL databases in fact implement a form of
tri-state logic. For example, the WHERE clause a = b OR c = d
will return results if a is null so
long as c = d, because 'UKNOWN or TRUE' is deemed TRUE.
Truth tables for classic tri-state logic are below:
Truth Table for AND(a,b)
| a | b | AND |
|---|---|---|
| TRUE | TRUE | TRUE |
| TRUE | FALSE | FALSE |
| FALSE | TRUE | FALSE |
| FALSE | FALSE | FALSE |
| UNKNOWN | FALSE | FALSE |
| UNKNOWN | TRUE | UNKNOWN |
| FALSE | UNKNOWN | FALSE |
| TRUE | UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN |
| UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN |
Truth Table for OR(a,b)
| a | b | OR |
|---|---|---|
| TRUE | TRUE | TRUE |
| TRUE | FALSE | TRUE |
| FALSE | TRUE | TRUE |
| FALSE | FALSE | FALSE |
| UNKNOWN | FALSE | UNKNOWN |
| UNKNOWN | TRUE | TRUE |
| FALSE | UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN |
| TRUE | UNKNOWN | TRUE |
| UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN | UNKNOWN |
If we map 'UKNOWN' to 'null' in javascript, the behaviour of the standard operators is frustratingly close to the above:
Comparison of Tristate AND(a,b) with a && b
| a | b | a && b | AND |
|---|---|---|---|
| false | false | false | false |
| false | true | false | false |
| true | false | false | false |
| true | true | true | true |
| null | true | null | null |
| null | false | null | false |
| true | null | null | null |
| false | null | false | false |
| null | null | null | null |
Comparison of Tristate OR(a,b) with a || b
| a | b | js or | OR |
|---|---|---|---|
| false | false | false | false |
| false | true | true | true |
| true | false | true | true |
| true | true | true | true |
| null | true | true | true |
| null | false | false | null |
| true | null | true | true |
| false | null | null | null |
| null | null | null | null |
The exceptions (in italics) unfortunately break some important cases; for if we want to iterate over a collection until some condition is definitely false, being unable to reliably destinguish between 'unknown' and 'false' is a problem.
Example
let result1 = and(null, false)
let result2 = or(null, false)
and result1 should equal false
while result2 equals null
. In other cases and(a,b) === a && b
.
These simple binary and and or functions have to do some extra checks and comparisons in order to work. Some additional API is defined, which can be (very, very, slightly) more efficient and more explicit.
let a = FALSE;
let b = TRUE;
let c = UNKNOWN;
if (a.and(c) === FALSE) console.log('hello');
will log 'hello'.
For the latest API documentation see The Software Plumbers Site
Project Status
Beta. It seems functional, and the unit tests pass.


--- layout: post title: eye blog who didnt let the dogs out date: '2010-10-14T23:06:11+01:00' tags: [] tumblr_url: http://backlog.robbevan.com/post/1315574673/eye-blog-who-didnt-let-the-dogs-out ---
Eye blog » Who (didn’t) let the dogs out? Photographs capturing the silence and longing of dogs trapped in cars


Duncan man gets suspended sentence in Teddy the dog cruelty trial - Barriere Star Journal
by Robert BarronJoe also gets lifetime ban on owning animals
Anderson Joe will receive a suspended sentence in the death of Teddy the dog on Vancouver Island.
Joe had pleaded guilty to causing unnecessary pain and suffering to an animal and failing to provide the necessities of life for an animal on March 18 and was in the Duncan courthouse on Nov. 18 to receive his sentence from Judge Mayland McKimm.
Joe will be on probation for three months in which McKimm instructed that he must keep the peace and be on good behaviour during that time.
He also received a lifetime ban on owning any type of animals or live in a home where animals reside.
RELATED STORY: TEDDY THE DOG TRIAL POSTPONED FOR TWO WEEKS
Defence lawyer Michael Ritzker asked that Joe be given a conditional discharge to prevent him from receiving a criminal record for the first time, but while McKimm acknowledged that Joe has had a hard life and has cognitive disabilities, he said he has a responsibility to send a strong message to society that mistreating animals is not acceptable.
“I have to take a strong public position on animal abuse,” McKimm said.
“Many cases call out for jail sentences, but this is not one of them. Mr. Joe can apply for a pardon at the end of his three month probation and that is a three-year process.”
Joe could have faced a maximum penalty of up to 18 months in prison, a $10,000 fine on top of the lifetime ban on owning animals.
In one of the most profoundly shocking and disturbing cases of abuse the BC SPCA has ever witnessed, special constables seized Teddy in critical distress from Anderson’s property on Feb. 16, 2018.
Meanwhile, Melissa Tooshley, who had pleaded guilty to a single charge of failing to provide the necessities of life for an animal in the same case earlier in the trial, has withdrawn her guilty plea and will be in the Duncan court house on Nov. 21.


FCM example
Enable Push Messaging
Subscription
Send push without data payloads
Replace
SERVER_KEY
to your project server key
Send push with data payloads


Front End Development Part 1
The Flexible Box Module, usually referred to as flexbox, was designed as a one-dimensional layout model, and as a method that could offer space distribution between items in an interface and powerful alignment capabilities. This article gives an outline of the main features of flexbox, which we will be exploring in more detail in the rest of these guides.
For a long time, the only reliable cross browser-compatible tools available for creating CSS layouts were things like floats and positioning. These are fine and they work, but in some ways they are also rather limiting and frustrating.
The following simple layout requirements are either difficult or impossible to achieve with such tools, in any kind of convenient, flexible way:


Insights into Student Performance in High School Physics: Examining the Results of Physics Tests in Preparation for the Colombian Scholastic Aptitude Test at Jesús Eucaristia School.
The following report presents an analysis of the performance of high school students from Jesús Eucaristia School in the area of physics, based on data collected during the year 2021. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of the school's physics program in preparing students for the Colombian Scholastic Aptitude Test (ICFES), which is a standardized test used to assess the academic performance of students in Colombia. The data includes information on 5 tests taken by 2 courses of 21 students each, for a total of 42 students. The tests cover 4 components of physics (thermodynamics, waves, mechanics, and electromagnetism) and 3 competences (explanation of phenomena, inquiry, and comprehensive use of knowledge). By analyzing this data, we can identify areas of strength and weakness in the school's physics program, and make recommendations for improvement to better prepare students for the ICFES.
- OVERVIEW OF THE DATA
There were 5 tests in total, which were taken by 2 courses of 21 students each, for a total of 42 students.
The data contains the following information for each student and each test:
- Name of the student.
- Number of wrong and good answers.
- Number of questions per test.
- 4 components of physics: thermodynamics, waves, mechanics, and electromagnetism.
- 3 competences: explanation of phenomena, inquiry, and comprehensive use of knowledge.
- Difficulty of the question.
- OVERALL PERFORMANCE:
- To evaluate the overall performance of the students, we can calculate the average score across all tests and all students.
- Calculate the average score for each course separately, and compare them to see if there's any significant difference in performance between the two courses.
- Additionally, we can analyze the distribution of scores to see if there are any outliers or if the scores are normally distributed.
- PERFORMANCE BY PHYSICS COMPONENT:
- Analyze the performance of students on each physics component separately.
- Calculate the average score for each component across all tests and all students, and compare them to see which component the students performed the best or worst in.
- Analyze the distribution of scores for each component to see if there are any differences in performance across the different components.
- PERFORMANCE BY competence:
- Analyze the performance of students on each competence separately.
- Calculate the average score for each competence across all tests and all students, and compare them to see which competence the students performed the best or worst in.
- Analyze the distribution of scores for each competence to see if there are any differences in performance across the different competences.
- Difficulty of questions:
- Analyze the difficulty of questions to see if there's any correlation between difficulty and student performance.
- Calculate the average score for each difficulty level of questions, and compare them to see if students performed better on easier or harder questions.
- Analyze the distribution of scores for each difficulty level to see if there are any differences in performance across the different levels.
Based on the analysis of the data, we can draw conclusions about the overall performance of the students, as well as their performance on specific components and competences. We can also identify any areas of weakness or strength, and make recommendations for improvement. It's important to note that this analysis is based on a limited amount of data, and further analysis may be needed to fully understand the performance of the students.
You can find the notebook here: Data Analysis of INSIGHTS INTO STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title:
We knew it was going to happen, and it did. The Cubs traded Jeff Samardzija (along with Jason Hammel) to the Oakland A's for prospects. There are lots of aspects of the trade for us to discuss on this episode.
We talk about Samardzija's years with the Cubs, how we heard about the trade, how Cubs fans reacted, how we reacted, who the Cubs will be getting in return, etc.
Jason McLeod withdraws his name from consideration for the San Diego Padres GM job and we talk about what that tells us about how people around baseball view the Cubs organization. It's also a great sign for those that like love the direction of the organization.
Andy talks about Jake Arrieta's last few starts and how great of a pitcher he's been, essentially becoming the Cubs new ace. Three minor league players in the Cubs organization won Player of the Week awards in their leagues last week and we talk about the performances of Kyle Schwarber, Daury Torrez and Arismendy Alcantara.
We answer a good number of listener questions, Kurt gives us his Scary Stat of the Week (hint: spectacular Kris Bryant stats) and we pick a winner for this week's photo caption contest.
If you're interested in our 2014 Ivy Envy Weekend at the Lake, RSVP on the Facebook event or email me -<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you enjoy our podcast, please consider checking out our Patreon page to see the pledging levels and perks.


LUX
HOW
MANY
MOODS
ACRONYM
Alexander Gehring
Ines Longevial
Carl Andre
Grimes
Azamat Akhmadbaev
James Turrell
Gian Lorenzo Bernini


Why AnkiQueen?
We will remain free and open forever. All that our team asks is that you donate to the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society or another cancer society as we lost someone dear to our hearts to childhood leukemia. Feel free to send us a screenshot of the donation as we'd love to track how much we've raised. Thank you. ❤
About Our Decks
The AnkiQueen team utilizes the SuperMemo twenty rules for formulating knowledge to create high quality cards. This significantly reduces study time by:
- Increasing overall retention per high quality card
- Decreasing the number of cards needed to cover a topic
How You Can Help
Study Using Our Decks and Contribute Content
- Download a deck related to the subject you want to study (eg, USMLE Step 2 CK)
- Install the Appletto add-on to enable auto syncing. No setup is needed
- Optionally: Suggests edits to cards and/or even create new cards to be added to our decks


Roma Twitter account trolls Manchester United over Chris Smalling success
by Tom McNeilIt’s always a risky move when one club’s social media team decides to start trolling another team. It might gain you some attention in the moment, but the internet never forgets and it will probably come back to bite at some point.
Admittedly this effort from Roma isn’t directly addressed to the Man United page, but the intent is there. They reference some old tweets and have a decent dig at United over Chris Smalling.
READ MORE: Man United and Barcelona told to pay £51.5m to sign 17 year old wonderkid
The defender has had some great performances since making the move to Italy. He’s been allowed to purely focus on defending and it’s highlighting the stronger parts of his game. At Old Trafford he would often need to bring the ball out of defence and he struggled.
He had another great game today and actually provided a vital contribution in an attacking sense. He scored one and assisted the two other goals in a 3-0 win over Brescia.
That led to this from the Roma Twitter page:
It’s probably a smart move to ensure they didn’t direct it at the official Man United page. They may want to sign Smalling on a permanent basis so it’s a good idea to keep good relations with United.


A channel to discuss trading. For useful links and more info click the pinned messages to the right.
100 messages
Before 05-Dec-19 12:00 AM
hastrup09-Apr-19 07:24 PM
@PHBA2061
the best way to use the cpu
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:27 PM
ill check it out @PHBA2061
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:37 PM
what is all the fuss about vbk?
is it a komodo asset? or competitor? Or just a coin people here are into?
crumb09-Apr-19 07:40 PM
VBK thinks they are a competitor. so far the way they do stuff has not been very impressive. and as they are still not fully open source it is very difficult to assess what really happens under the hood
right now it appears that they have not thought about all the possible attack/abuse vectors in their approach
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:42 PM
what makes them a competitor? they are dpow too? or what is the comparison?
Hollowman900009-Apr-19 07:42 PM
@nocturnal check out verus ($vrsc) for CPU mining
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:42 PM
thanks hollowman yes i was looking at that
im not sure how to calculate my hashrate
crumb09-Apr-19 07:43 PM
VBC claims they protect chains against 51% attacks, but so far it appears it is merely detection of 51% attacks
KMD protects chains who are using dPoW. there have been multiple occasions where people tried to attack it
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:45 PM
with 51% attack?
crumb09-Apr-19 07:45 PM
they all failed
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:45 PM
no not possible
as nobody has 51% so what kind of attacks
crumb09-Apr-19 07:46 PM
there have been tries to do a 51% attack and double spend coins protected by Komodo's dPoW
Hollowman900009-Apr-19 07:46 PM
On weaker chains it certainly is possible
Without dPoW
crumb09-Apr-19 07:46 PM
@nocturnal you might want to read up on stuff
understanding tech helps to make better long-term investment decisions
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:47 PM
lol
KomodoWorld09-Apr-19 07:47 PM
a lot of blockchains are vulnerable to 51% attacks, i.e. almost all except the main one using a specific algo. There have been plenty of succesful attacks in the past months. Chains protected by dPoW have been safe
crumb09-Apr-19 07:47 PM
and separate whitepaper unicorns and rainbows from reality
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:48 PM
you can fake nodes or some such to pretend having 51% or summat like that
im more interested in the ideas than the inner workings
1
crumb09-Apr-19 07:49 PM
what you are saying does not really make sense. how can you judge if ideas are realistic or not, if you don't know how they work
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:49 PM
its a hobby dude
i have a life
im interested in the potential for blockchain to re-organise society and power
and grand nonsense like this
Hollowman900009-Apr-19 07:51 PM
>I want to make money
Ok, you should probably research what has real substance
>lolz loserz I hab life trololol
crumb09-Apr-19 07:51 PM
so any doo-doo that sound awesome, you just think is a great idea?
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:51 PM
hahaha
Hollowman900009-Apr-19 07:51 PM
in that case
VBK is cheap rn
Verge
Definitely verge
1
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:52 PM
i find the applications interesting
im never going to become a blockchain engineer
crumb09-Apr-19 07:52 PM
yes berge and veryblock, all in
best idea ever
1
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:53 PM
i bought a dildo for my wife with verge
crumb09-Apr-19 07:53 PM
look how good their MARKETING is !!!
Hollowman900009-Apr-19 07:55 PM
Well you may be interested in ChainWeapons, a Hollowman Enterprise Solutions Ltd. offering via IBO coming up
KomodoWorld09-Apr-19 07:55 PM
Vergeblockdark will soon fork both
Hollowman900009-Apr-19 07:55 PM
Funding target is $450MM
Caglio09-Apr-19 07:55 PM
lol @nocturnal haha
Hollowman900009-Apr-19 07:55 PM
80% of tokens will be timelocked
Cz binance is an advisor
nocturnal09-Apr-19 07:56 PM
i think the complexity of blockchain tech effectively makes it a centralised system. Just that the centralisation has shifted to a different arena - one based on specific knowledge
which overall i find preferable to centralisation around banking
is that with the turtle?
no, no programming
not since making the turte move on the amiga
1
*turtle
i like turtles
so how does dpow protect against malicious turtle attack?
It’s 2018, and we have recently witnessed many 51% attacks (Double Spending) on various Proof of Work (PoW) based blockchains.
Caglio09-Apr-19 08:05 PM
I like turtles also
They are lovely creatures
However their poop smells so bad
nocturnal09-Apr-19 08:07 PM
delayed proof of turtle is the future
so like... that article is long... and im tired
basically dpow uses btc chain somehow as an extra layer of verication
can it be summed up in a sentence?
the gist
was this invented by komodo?
go turtles
1
kudos to komodo
1
that cool
so the 64 notary nodes
is that basically a centralised system?
thats a pushing it alot
they are operating with the same interests in the same syste,m
and are open to collaborate
as much as they want to
much like international governance for example
dpow is a system of centralised security
its not a dirty word
you can own it
KomodoWorld09-Apr-19 08:16 PM
not centralized, the notaries are elected yearly and are different people. They don't have any power on the consensus of protected chains. It's not dPoS. Every notarization turn is done by a random pick of 13 notaries that must all agree on the same data. Also all normal nodes like you and me, check that the notarized data is correct. Incorrect notarizations would be ignored.
nocturnal09-Apr-19 08:16 PM
tomato tomato
Caglio09-Apr-19 08:16 PM
Oh emanuel
You rich fuck
Gimme those free kmds
nocturnal09-Apr-19 08:17 PM
yeah btc is centralised around mining
KomodoWorld09-Apr-19 08:17 PM
it's a decentrlized method to add checkpoints, on top of existing consensus of blockchains
nocturnal09-Apr-19 08:17 PM
decentralisation is only conceptually true of P2P transactions on a system(edited)
behind the scenes crypto is centralised around various pillars
thats ok
the p2p decentralisation is still an improvement
KomodoWorld09-Apr-19 08:18 PM
decentralization is a spectrum, dpow is far from the centralized end
nocturnal09-Apr-19 08:19 PM
thats a good way to put it
im using p2p as a shorthand for joe punters sending each other dosh


World¶
This chapter will discuss how to load and use the game world in REGoth.
Most world-related operations can be found inside src/components/GameWorld.hpp
.

We will go through all of them.
As starting point, we will use this application template:
#include "BsFPSCamera.h"
#include "REGothEngine.hpp"
#include <Components/BsCCamera.h>
#include <components/GameWorld.hpp>
class REGothWorldViewer : public REGoth::REGothEngine
{
public:
void setupMainCamera() override
{
REGoth::REGothEngine::setupMainCamera();
mMainCamera->SO()->addComponent<bs::FPSCamera>();
}
void setupScene() override
{
}
protected:
};
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
REGothWorldViewer regoth;
return REGoth::main(regoth, argc, argv);
}
This will set up an empty application with a flying FPS-style camera.
Loading everything and run the init-script¶
This is the option used to initialize a full game world as you would expect from playing Gothic. The world-mesh will be there, all supported Vobs are loaded, decoration, lights, basically everything possible to load from a ZEN. However loading only the ZEN will not get you NPCs, some items and other objects you might expect to find, as those are placed via the worlds init-script. Therefore, this init-script is executed as well so that those are put into the world as well.
Inside the applications setupScene
-method, go like this:
void setupScene() override
{
HGameWorld gameWorld = GameWorld::importZEN("OLDWORLD.ZEN");
gameWorld->runInitScripts();
}
This will set you up with everything you need. You can use the handle returned by GameWorld::importZEN to access more world related functionality such as creating Characters or Items.
Note
You can also chose to not run the init scripts so the world won’t be filled with Characters. This will also improve loading times.
Load only the world-mesh¶
If you really only need the worldmesh, you don’t need to initialize the script-VM. You will however lose
support for using GameWorld
-component. This is really only useful for development related testing.
To only load the worldmesh from a ZEN, you need to include the following header:
#include <world/internals/ConstructFromZEN.hpp>
And do this inside setupScene
:
void setupScene() override
{
REGoth::World::loadWorldMeshFromZEN("ADDONWORLD.ZEN");
}
As you can see, this is using an internal header, so handle it with care.
Using the world¶
Once you have successfully initialized a world, you can use the created GameWorld
-component
to access it. See src/components/GameWorld.hpp
for the GameWorld
-class.
The GameWorld
-class allows you to create your own NPCs, Items and also gives
you access to the Waynet among other things.


Today in History, November 25th
by Herald StaffToday is Monday, Nov. 25, the 329th day of 2019. There are 36 days left in the year.
Today’s highlight: On Nov. 25, 1986, the Iran-Contra affair erupted as President Ronald Reagan and Attorney General Edwin Meese revealed that profits from secret arms sales to Iran had been diverted to Nicaraguan rebels.
On this date:
In 1783, the British evacuated New York during the Revolutionary War.
In 1947, movie studio executives meeting in New York agreed to blacklist the “Hollywood Ten” who’d been cited for contempt of Congress the day before.
In 1961, the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, was commissioned.
In 1980, Sugar Ray Leonard regained the World Boxing Council welterweight championship when Roberto Duran abruptly quit in the eighth round at the Louisiana Superdome.
Today’s Birthdays: Playwright Murray Schisgal is 93. Actress Kathryn Crosby is 86. Actor Christopher Riordan is 82. Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Joe Gibbs is 79. Singer Bob Lind is 77. Author, actor and economist Ben Stein is 75. Actor John Larroquette is 72. Actor Tracey Walter is 72. Movie director Jonathan Kaplan is 72. Author Charlaine Harris is 68. Retired MLB All-Star Bucky Dent is 68. Dance judge Bruno Tonioli (TV: “Dancing with the Stars”) is 64. Singer Amy Grant is 59. Former NFL quarterback Bernie Kosar is 56. . Rock singer Mark Lanegan is 55. Rock singer-musician Tim Armstrong is 54.
Thought for Today: “There’s no one so intolerable or less tolerated in society than someone who’s intolerant.” — Giacomo Leopardi, Italian author and poet (1798-1837).
— The Associated Press


@import play.api.libs.json.JsValue
@import play.api.libs.json.JsString
@(title: String, questionString: String, options: String, snippet: String, formContent: FormContent, solverResponse: String)
@* Here's where we render the page title `String`. *@
@title
Type a new question below, or select one of the existing ones
Candidate Option
Where to get candidate answers?
External Knowledge
How to get the necessary knowledge?


In this post we will get the datasets and write the code to create the following visualization of the rate of incarceration over time in U.S (custody and jurisdiction counts of all prisoners).
[Double click for full screen]
Penelope1980
What are we looking at? The video-graph represents the number of people in private and public prisons (sentenced and unsentenced) normalized by the corresponding state population. The darker is a state, the higher is the prison population relative to the total population. The year is indicated on the top left and the video shows the data from 1999 to 2015.
Some changes are quite evident. For example, Texas is the darkest among Southern states at the start of the video, but by the year 2015 it is Oklahoma to lead the South in terms of prison population.
If you liked the video/graph and you are interested in the code behind that visualization keep reading!
If not, bye bye!
Introduction
Animated plots are like spinning-back kicks in muay Thai: they are extremely risky, seldom used, but they can be highly effective and hit you right between the eyes!
Few weeks agon, I stumble upon a newly released package, av, that uses ffmpeg to capture R plots and create videos. I decided to give it a try and use it with heat-maps to visualize the change of prison population in U.S. Admittedly the video does not knock you out (changes are relatively small), but I think that it does still summarize the data at glance quite well.
Get the data and make it tidy
We load the libraries.
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The primary dataset that we are going to use is the National Prisoner Statistics, 1978-2015 curated by the United States Department of Justice, the Office of Justice Program and the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
The dataset (rda file) comes with many documents including the Codebook and details of the methodology used to collect the data. We double click on the rda file to import it, we assign it to prison_pop and we take a look at some rows and columns.
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## # A tibble: 9 x 6 ## YEAR STATEID STATE REGION CUSGT1M CUSGT1F ## <dbl> <fct> <fct> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 2015 (50) 50. Vermont VT (1) Northeast 966 83 ## 2 2015 (51) 51. Virginia VA (3) South 28105 2325 ## 3 2015 (53) 53. Washington WA (4) West 15848 1297 ## 4 2015 (54) 54. West Virginia WV (3) South 5319 606 ## 5 2015 (55) 55. Wisconsin WI (2) Midwest 20346 1329 ## 6 2015 (56) 56. Wyoming WY (4) West 1888 245 ## 7 2015 (60) State prison total ST (7) State total 1054949 78954 ## 8 2015 (70) US prison total (st… US (5) U.S. total 1192289 89180 ## 9 2015 (99) Federal BOP FE (6) Federal Bureau…<PHONE_NUMBER>6 |
The data is in the right format (long) but it is not tidy. For example, the last 3 observations are totals that we don’t need and the name of the states (STATEID) is recorder with other superfluous information. We need to cleaning it up and also restrict our focus of analysis.
I decided to look at the variables that indicate the number of inmates in custody (private and public facilities). The Codebook says:
“Variables CNOPRIVM, CNOPRIVF, CWPRIVM, and CWPRIVF were created by BJS starting in 1999 to address the fact that some states were counting their private prisons in their custody counts, but others were not.”
So we are going to get those variables, filter the dataframe/tibble to have years from 1999 to 2015 and clean up the STATEID column.
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We calculate the totals (male + females, private only, public facilities..).
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..and this is what we obtain:
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## Observations: 867 ## Variables: 6 ## Groups: YEAR, STATEID [867] ## $ YEAR <dbl> 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, … ## $ STATEID <chr> "alabama", "alaska", "arizona", "arkansas", "californi… ## $ STATE <fct> AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL… ## $ PRIS <dbl> 21227, 3916, 25986, 10388, 160687, 12995, 16987, 6585,… ## $ PRIS_PUB <dbl> 21227, 2529, 24594, 9174, 156066, 12995, 16987, 6585, … ## $ PRIS_PRIV <dbl> 0, 1387, 1392, 1214, 4621, 0, 0, 0, 4024, 3773, 3001, … |
But now we have our first problem: a possible increase in the prison population might be the result of corresponding variation of U.S population. To circumvent that problem we need to express the prison population relative to the corresponding state population for the time interval of interest. Where do we get the data? In the website of the U.S Census Bureau, of course!
In particular this is what we need:
I have already merged all the census data together in csv file that is on the cloud and we will assign to sp_wide (it is in wide format).
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We need to make the STATEID column consistent with the dataframe/tibble of the prison population and to rearrange it in a long format.
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Finaly we can join the 2 dataframe/tibble by STATEID and YEAR and normalize the prison data by state population.
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Plot it!
What is a map? It is a series of polygons that have been drawn on a paper sheet based on known latitude and longitude.
In our case the sheet of paper is the area within our Cartesian axes, and latitude and longitude are X and Y coordinates. We need those coordinates to draw our map. Easy done! We use the package maps to get the coordinates of each U.S. state and then we merge the obtain dataframe/tibble with the one of the prison population.
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## Observations: 264,163 ## Variables: 10 ## $ YEAR <dbl> 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, 1999, … ## $ STATEID <chr> "alabama", "alabama", "alabama", "alabama", "alabama",… ## $ STATE <fct> AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL, AL… ## $ PRIS <dbl> 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227… ## $ PRIS_PUB <dbl> 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227, 21227… ## $ PRIS_PRIV <dbl> 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, … ## $ POP <dbl> 4430141, 4430141, 4430141, 4430141, 4430141, 4430141, … ## $ PERC_PRIS <dbl> 47.91495, 47.91495, 47.91495, 47.91495, 47.91495, 47.9… ## $ LONG <dbl> -87.46201, -87.48493, -87.52503, -87.53076, -87.57087,… ## $ LAT <dbl> 30.38968, 30.37249, 30.37249, 30.33239, 30.32665, 30.3… |
In our video/graph we want also to indicate the state code (2 letters). To do that we need to create a dataframe/tibble that has the coordinates of the positions of those labels. Ideally, they would be in the center of the state, so we can just average the longitude and latitude of each state. Of course don’t expect that to be perfect, the shape of states is not a perfect square or circle!
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District of Columbia is too small to be seen in the map. Let’s remove it.
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Finally, we get to the code to make the video. The idea behind it is pretty simple. We write a function that split our dataframe by year and plots sequentially each of the yearly data. Than we call the function and we capture the output with av. A video is just a sequence of single images!
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With that we have covered all the code related to the video/graph, but I could not resist…
…making at least another plot.
A simple line plot
I wanted also to create a classic line plot with the U.S total prison population (1999-2015) and also indicate the party of the president in office (as Harvey Wickam as done in his ggplot2 book).
Let’s get the presidents…
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and the plot!
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From 2008 to 2015, the prison population went from about 44 inmates for 10 thousand people to about 39. It is ≈ 10% decrease! That is going to be the last graph of the post!
Next time, I will try to focus on machine learning analysis.


--- layout: page title: Lean Prover Zulip Chat Archive permalink: archive/113488general/22286LeanatICL.html ---
Hey guys, I'm in London tomorrow to apply for a US visa. I should be free after about 16:00. Is the lean club at ICL still going strong? Can I come? What's the address? When do people start showing up?
@Kevin Buzzard
let's not discuss this in public
Do you think we'll be overrun? :-)
{% endraw %}


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RT @rbonales: We’re happy to announce that @davystevenson will be here this year. You don’t want to miss her amazing talk https://t.co/MXM4…
2/13/2014, 11:33:09 AM
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link--- layout: tweet ---
RT @rbonales: We’re happy to announce that @davystevenson will be here this year. You don’t want to miss her amazing talk https://t.co/MXM4…
2/13/2014, 11:33:09 AM
Favs: 0
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