| ||||||||
| ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Description | ||||||||
A time and space-efficient implementation of byte vectors using packed Word8 arrays, suitable for high performance use, both in terms of large data quantities, or high speed requirements. Byte vectors are encoded as strict Word8 arrays of bytes, held in a ForeignPtr, and can be passed between C and Haskell with little effort. This module is intended to be imported qualified, to avoid name clashes with Prelude functions. eg. import qualified Data.Buffer as B Original GHC implementation by Bryan O'Sullivan. Rewritten to use Data.Array.Unboxed.UArray by Simon Marlow. Rewritten to support slices and use ForeignPtr by David Roundy. Polished and extended by Don Stewart. | ||||||||
| Synopsis | ||||||||
| The Buffer type | ||||||||
| data Buffer | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Introducing and eliminating Buffers | ||||||||
| empty :: Buffer | ||||||||
| O(1) The empty Buffer | ||||||||
| singleton :: Word8 -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(1) Convert a Word8 into a Buffer | ||||||||
| pack :: [Word8] -> Buffer | ||||||||
O(n) Convert a '[Word8]' into a Buffer. For applications with large numbers of string literals, pack can be a bottleneck. In such cases, consider using packAddress (GHC only). | ||||||||
| unpack :: Buffer -> [Word8] | ||||||||
| O(n) Converts a Buffer to a '[Word8]'. | ||||||||
| Basic interface | ||||||||
| cons :: Word8 -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) cons is analogous to (:) for lists, but of different complexity, as it requires a memcpy. | ||||||||
| snoc :: Buffer -> Word8 -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) Append a byte to the end of a Buffer | ||||||||
| append :: Buffer -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) Append two Buffers | ||||||||
| head :: Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| O(1) Extract the first element of a Buffer, which must be non-empty. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| uncons :: Buffer -> Maybe (Word8, Buffer) | ||||||||
| O(1) Extract the head and tail of a Buffer, returning Nothing if it is empty. | ||||||||
| unsnoc :: Buffer -> Maybe (Buffer, Word8) | ||||||||
| O(1) Extract the head and tail of a Buffer, returning Nothing if it is empty. | ||||||||
| last :: Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| O(1) Extract the last element of a Buffer, which must be finite and non-empty. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| tail :: Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(1) Extract the elements after the head of a Buffer, which must be non-empty. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| init :: Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(1) Return all the elements of a Buffer except the last one. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| null :: Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
| O(1) Test whether a Buffer is empty. | ||||||||
| length :: Buffer -> Int | ||||||||
| O(1) length returns the length of a Buffer as an Int. | ||||||||
| Transforming Buffers | ||||||||
| map :: (Word8 -> Word8) -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) map f xs is the Buffer obtained by applying f to each element of xs. This function is subject to array fusion. | ||||||||
| reverse :: Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) reverse xs efficiently returns the elements of xs in reverse order. | ||||||||
| intersperse :: Word8 -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) The intersperse function takes a Word8 and a Buffer and `intersperses' that byte between the elements of the Buffer. It is analogous to the intersperse function on Lists. | ||||||||
| intercalate :: Buffer -> [Buffer] -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) The intercalate function takes a Buffer and a list of Buffers and concatenates the list after interspersing the first argument between each element of the list. | ||||||||
| transpose :: [Buffer] -> [Buffer] | ||||||||
| The transpose function transposes the rows and columns of its Buffer argument. | ||||||||
| Reducing Buffers (folds) | ||||||||
| foldl :: (a -> Word8 -> a) -> a -> Buffer -> a | ||||||||
foldl, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically the left-identity of the operator), and a Buffer, reduces the Buffer using the binary operator, from left to right. This function is subject to array fusion. | ||||||||
| foldl' :: (a -> Word8 -> a) -> a -> Buffer -> a | ||||||||
| 'foldl\'' is like foldl, but strict in the accumulator. However, for Buffers, all left folds are strict in the accumulator. | ||||||||
| foldl1 :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| foldl1 is a variant of foldl that has no starting value argument, and thus must be applied to non-empty Buffers. This function is subject to array fusion. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| foldl1' :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| 'foldl1\'' is like foldl1, but strict in the accumulator. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| foldr :: (Word8 -> a -> a) -> a -> Buffer -> a | ||||||||
| foldr, applied to a binary operator, a starting value (typically the right-identity of the operator), and a Buffer, reduces the Buffer using the binary operator, from right to left. | ||||||||
| foldr' :: (Word8 -> a -> a) -> a -> Buffer -> a | ||||||||
| 'foldr\'' is like foldr, but strict in the accumulator. | ||||||||
| foldr1 :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| foldr1 is a variant of foldr that has no starting value argument, and thus must be applied to non-empty Buffers An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| foldr1' :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| 'foldr1\'' is a variant of foldr1, but is strict in the accumulator. | ||||||||
| Special folds | ||||||||
| concat :: [Buffer] -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) Concatenate a list of Buffers. | ||||||||
| concatMap :: (Word8 -> Buffer) -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| Map a function over a Buffer and concatenate the results | ||||||||
| any :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
| O(n) Applied to a predicate and a Buffer, any determines if any element of the Buffer satisfies the predicate. | ||||||||
| all :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
| O(n) Applied to a predicate and a Buffer, all determines if all elements of the Buffer satisfy the predicate. | ||||||||
| maximum :: Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| O(n) maximum returns the maximum value from a Buffer This function will fuse. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| minimum :: Buffer -> Word8 | ||||||||
| O(n) minimum returns the minimum value from a Buffer This function will fuse. An exception will be thrown in the case of an empty Buffer. | ||||||||
| Building Buffers | ||||||||
| Scans | ||||||||
| scanl :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Word8 -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
scanl is similar to foldl, but returns a list of successive reduced values from the left. This function will fuse. scanl f z [x1, x2, ...] == [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...] Note that last (scanl f z xs) == foldl f z xs. | ||||||||
| scanl1 :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
scanl1 is a variant of scanl that has no starting value argument. This function will fuse. scanl1 f [x1, x2, ...] == [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...] | ||||||||
| scanr :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Word8 -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| scanr is the right-to-left dual of scanl. | ||||||||
| scanr1 :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Word8) -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| scanr1 is a variant of scanr that has no starting value argument. | ||||||||
| Accumulating maps | ||||||||
| mapAccumL :: (acc -> Word8 -> (acc, Word8)) -> acc -> Buffer -> (acc, Buffer) | ||||||||
| The mapAccumL function behaves like a combination of map and foldl; it applies a function to each element of a Buffer, passing an accumulating parameter from left to right, and returning a final value of this accumulator together with the new list. | ||||||||
| mapAccumR :: (acc -> Word8 -> (acc, Word8)) -> acc -> Buffer -> (acc, Buffer) | ||||||||
| The mapAccumR function behaves like a combination of map and foldr; it applies a function to each element of a Buffer, passing an accumulating parameter from right to left, and returning a final value of this accumulator together with the new Buffer. | ||||||||
| Generating and unfolding Buffers | ||||||||
| replicate :: Int -> Word8 -> Buffer | ||||||||
O(n) replicate n x is a Buffer of length n with x the value of every element. The following holds: replicate w c = unfoldr w (\u -> Just (u,u)) c This implemenation uses memset(3) | ||||||||
| unfoldr :: (a -> Maybe (Word8, a)) -> a -> Buffer | ||||||||
O(n), where n is the length of the result. The unfoldr function is analogous to the List 'unfoldr'. unfoldr builds a Buffer from a seed value. The function takes the element and returns Nothing if it is done producing the Buffer or returns Just (a,b), in which case, a is the next byte in the string, and b is the seed value for further production. Examples: unfoldr (\x -> if x <= 5 then Just (x, x + 1) else Nothing) 0 == pack [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] | ||||||||
| unfoldrN :: Int -> (a -> Maybe (Word8, a)) -> a -> (Buffer, Maybe a) | ||||||||
O(n) Like unfoldr, unfoldrN builds a Buffer from a seed value. However, the length of the result is limited by the first argument to unfoldrN. This function is more efficient than unfoldr when the maximum length of the result is known. The following equation relates unfoldrN and unfoldr: snd (unfoldrN n f s) == take n (unfoldr f s) | ||||||||
| Substrings | ||||||||
| Breaking strings | ||||||||
| take :: Int -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(1) take n, applied to a Buffer xs, returns the prefix of xs of length n, or xs itself if n > length xs. | ||||||||
| drop :: Int -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(1) drop n xs returns the suffix of xs after the first n elements, or [] if n > length xs. | ||||||||
| splitAt :: Int -> Buffer -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
| O(1) splitAt n xs is equivalent to (take n xs, drop n xs). | ||||||||
| takeWhile :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| takeWhile, applied to a predicate p and a Buffer xs, returns the longest prefix (possibly empty) of xs of elements that satisfy p. | ||||||||
| dropWhile :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| dropWhile p xs returns the suffix remaining after takeWhile p xs. | ||||||||
| span :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
| span p xs breaks the Buffer into two segments. It is equivalent to (takeWhile p xs, dropWhile p xs) | ||||||||
| spanEnd :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
spanEnd behaves like span but from the end of the Buffer. We have spanEnd (not.isSpace) "x y z" == ("x y ","z") and spanEnd (not . isSpace) ps == let (x,y) = span (not.isSpace) (reverse ps) in (reverse y, reverse x) | ||||||||
| break :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
break p is equivalent to span (not . p). Under GHC, a rewrite rule will transform break (==) into a call to the specialised breakByte: break ((==) x) = breakByte x break (==x) = breakByte x | ||||||||
| breakEnd :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
breakEnd behaves like break but from the end of the Buffer breakEnd p == spanEnd (not.p) | ||||||||
| group :: Buffer -> [Buffer] | ||||||||
The group function takes a Buffer and returns a list of Buffers such that the concatenation of the result is equal to the argument. Moreover, each sublist in the result contains only equal elements. For example, group "Mississippi" = ["M","i","ss","i","ss","i","pp","i"] It is a special case of groupBy, which allows the programmer to supply their own equality test. It is about 40% faster than groupBy (==) | ||||||||
| groupBy :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> [Buffer] | ||||||||
| The groupBy function is the non-overloaded version of group. | ||||||||
| inits :: Buffer -> [Buffer] | ||||||||
| O(n) Return all initial segments of the given Buffer, shortest first. | ||||||||
| tails :: Buffer -> [Buffer] | ||||||||
| O(n) Return all final segments of the given Buffer, longest first. | ||||||||
| Breaking into many substrings | ||||||||
| split :: Word8 -> Buffer -> [Buffer] | ||||||||
O(n) Break a Buffer into pieces separated by the byte argument, consuming the delimiter. I.e. split '\n' "a\nb\nd\ne" == ["a","b","d","e"] split 'a' "aXaXaXa" == ["","X","X","X",""] split 'x' "x" == ["",""] and intercalate [c] . split c == id split == splitWith . (==) As for all splitting functions in this library, this function does not copy the substrings, it just constructs new Buffers that are slices of the original. | ||||||||
| splitWith :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> [Buffer] | ||||||||
O(n) Splits a Buffer into components delimited by separators, where the predicate returns True for a separator element. The resulting components do not contain the separators. Two adjacent separators result in an empty component in the output. eg. splitWith (=='a') "aabbaca" == ["","","bb","c",""] splitWith (=='a') [] == [] | ||||||||
| Predicates | ||||||||
| isPrefixOf :: Buffer -> Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
| O(n) The isPrefixOf function takes two Buffers and returns True iff the first is a prefix of the second. | ||||||||
| isSuffixOf :: Buffer -> Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
O(n) The isSuffixOf function takes two Buffers and returns True iff the first is a suffix of the second. The following holds: isSuffixOf x y == reverse x `isPrefixOf` reverse y However, the real implemenation uses memcmp to compare the end of the string only, with no reverse required.. | ||||||||
| isInfixOf :: Buffer -> Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
| Check whether one string is a substring of another. isInfixOf p s is equivalent to not (null (findSubstrings p s)). | ||||||||
| Search for arbitrary substrings | ||||||||
| breakSubstring | ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Searching Buffers | ||||||||
| Searching by equality | ||||||||
| elem :: Word8 -> Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
| O(n) elem is the Buffer membership predicate. | ||||||||
| notElem :: Word8 -> Buffer -> Bool | ||||||||
| O(n) notElem is the inverse of elem | ||||||||
| Searching with a predicate | ||||||||
| find :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> Maybe Word8 | ||||||||
O(n) The find function takes a predicate and a Buffer, and returns the first element in matching the predicate, or Nothing if there is no such element. find f p = case findIndex f p of Just n -> Just (p ! n) ; _ -> Nothing | ||||||||
| filter :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) filter, applied to a predicate and a Buffer, returns a Buffer containing those characters that satisfy the predicate. This function is subject to array fusion. | ||||||||
| partition :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
O(n) The partition function takes a predicate a Buffer and returns the pair of Buffers with elements which do and do not satisfy the predicate, respectively; i.e., partition p bs == (filter p xs, filter (not . p) xs) | ||||||||
| Indexing Buffers | ||||||||
| index :: Buffer -> Int -> Word8 | ||||||||
| O(1) Buffer index (subscript) operator, starting from 0. | ||||||||
| elemIndex :: Word8 -> Buffer -> Maybe Int | ||||||||
| O(n) The elemIndex function returns the index of the first element in the given Buffer which is equal to the query element, or Nothing if there is no such element. This implementation uses memchr(3). | ||||||||
| elemIndices :: Word8 -> Buffer -> [Int] | ||||||||
| O(n) The elemIndices function extends elemIndex, by returning the indices of all elements equal to the query element, in ascending order. This implementation uses memchr(3). | ||||||||
| elemIndexEnd :: Word8 -> Buffer -> Maybe Int | ||||||||
O(n) The elemIndexEnd function returns the last index of the element in the given Buffer which is equal to the query element, or Nothing if there is no such element. The following holds: elemIndexEnd c xs == (-) (length xs - 1) `fmap` elemIndex c (reverse xs) | ||||||||
| findIndex :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> Maybe Int | ||||||||
| The findIndex function takes a predicate and a Buffer and returns the index of the first element in the Buffer satisfying the predicate. | ||||||||
| findIndices :: (Word8 -> Bool) -> Buffer -> [Int] | ||||||||
| The findIndices function extends findIndex, by returning the indices of all elements satisfying the predicate, in ascending order. | ||||||||
| count :: Word8 -> Buffer -> Int | ||||||||
count returns the number of times its argument appears in the Buffer count = length . elemIndices But more efficiently than using length on the intermediate list. | ||||||||
| Zipping and unzipping Buffers | ||||||||
| zip :: Buffer -> Buffer -> [(Word8, Word8)] | ||||||||
| O(n) zip takes two Buffers and returns a list of corresponding pairs of bytes. If one input Buffer is short, excess elements of the longer Buffer are discarded. This is equivalent to a pair of unpack operations. | ||||||||
| zipWith :: (Word8 -> Word8 -> a) -> Buffer -> Buffer -> [a] | ||||||||
| zipWith generalises zip by zipping with the function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function. For example, zipWith (+) is applied to two Buffers to produce the list of corresponding sums. | ||||||||
| unzip :: [(Word8, Word8)] -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
| O(n) unzip transforms a list of pairs of bytes into a pair of Buffers. Note that this performs two pack operations. | ||||||||
| Ordered Buffers | ||||||||
| sort :: Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) Sort a Buffer efficiently, using counting sort. | ||||||||
| Low level conversions | ||||||||
| Copying Buffers | ||||||||
| copy :: Buffer -> Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n) Make a copy of the Buffer with its own storage. This is mainly useful to allow the rest of the data pointed to by the Buffer to be garbage collected, for example if a large string has been read in, and only a small part of it is needed in the rest of the program. | ||||||||
| Packing CStrings and pointers | ||||||||
| packCString :: CString -> IO Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n). Construct a new Buffer from a CString. The resulting Buffer is an immutable copy of the original CString, and is managed on the Haskell heap. The original CString must be null terminated. | ||||||||
| packCStringLen :: CStringLen -> IO Buffer | ||||||||
| O(n). Construct a new Buffer from a CStringLen. The resulting Buffer is an immutable copy of the original CStringLen. The Buffer is a normal Haskell value and will be managed on the Haskell heap. | ||||||||
| Using Buffers as CStrings | ||||||||
| useAsCString :: Buffer -> (CString -> IO a) -> IO a | ||||||||
| O(n) construction Use a Buffer with a function requiring a null-terminated CString. The CString will be freed automatically. This is a memcpy(3). | ||||||||
| useAsCStringLen :: Buffer -> (CStringLen -> IO a) -> IO a | ||||||||
| O(n) construction Use a Buffer with a function requiring a CStringLen. As for useAsCString this function makes a copy of the original Buffer. | ||||||||
| I/O with Buffers | ||||||||
| Standard input and output | ||||||||
| getLine :: IO Buffer | ||||||||
| Read a line from stdin. | ||||||||
| getContents :: IO Buffer | ||||||||
| getContents. Read stdin strictly. Equivalent to hGetContents stdin The Handle is closed after the contents have been read. | ||||||||
| putStr :: Buffer -> IO () | ||||||||
| Write a Buffer to stdout | ||||||||
| putStrLn :: Buffer -> IO () | ||||||||
| Write a Buffer to stdout, appending a newline byte | ||||||||
| interact :: (Buffer -> Buffer) -> IO () | ||||||||
| The interact function takes a function of type Buffer -> Buffer as its argument. The entire input from the standard input device is passed to this function as its argument, and the resulting string is output on the standard output device. | ||||||||
| Files | ||||||||
| readFile :: FilePath -> IO Buffer | ||||||||
| Read an entire file strictly into a Buffer. This is far more efficient than reading the characters into a String and then using pack. It also may be more efficient than opening the file and reading it using hGet. Files are read using 'binary mode' on Windows, for 'text mode' use the Char8 version of this function. | ||||||||
| writeFile :: FilePath -> Buffer -> IO () | ||||||||
| Write a Buffer to a file. | ||||||||
| appendFile :: FilePath -> Buffer -> IO () | ||||||||
| Append a Buffer to a file. | ||||||||
| I/O with Handles | ||||||||
| hGetLine :: Handle -> IO Buffer | ||||||||
| Read a line from a handle | ||||||||
| hGetContents :: Handle -> IO Buffer | ||||||||
Read entire handle contents strictly into a Buffer. This function reads chunks at a time, doubling the chunksize on each read. The final buffer is then realloced to the appropriate size. For files > half of available memory, this may lead to memory exhaustion. Consider using readFile in this case. The Handle is closed once the contents have been read, or if an exception is thrown. | ||||||||
| hGet :: Handle -> Int -> IO Buffer | ||||||||
Read a Buffer directly from the specified Handle. This is far more efficient than reading the characters into a String and then using pack. First argument is the Handle to read from, and the second is the number of bytes to read. It returns the bytes read, up to n, or EOF. hGet is implemented in terms of hGetBuf. If the handle is a pipe or socket, and the writing end is closed, hGet will behave as if EOF was reached. | ||||||||
| hGetNonBlocking :: Handle -> Int -> IO Buffer | ||||||||
| hGetNonBlocking is identical to hGet, except that it will never block waiting for data to become available, instead it returns only whatever data is available. | ||||||||
| hPut :: Handle -> Buffer -> IO () | ||||||||
| Outputs a Buffer to the specified Handle. | ||||||||
| hPutStr :: Handle -> Buffer -> IO () | ||||||||
| A synonym for hPut, for compatibility | ||||||||
| hPutStrLn :: Handle -> Buffer -> IO () | ||||||||
| Write a Buffer to a handle, appending a newline byte | ||||||||
| breakByte :: Word8 -> Buffer -> (Buffer, Buffer) | ||||||||
breakByte breaks its Buffer argument at the first occurence of the specified byte. It is more efficient than break as it is implemented with memchr(3). I.e. break (=='c') "abcd" == breakByte 'c' "abcd" | ||||||||
| Produced by Haddock version 2.4.2 |


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block lcrContent %}
Here's the Partners' Carriers List. Be EXTREMELY CAREFUL when deleting a carrier, as this PERMANENTLY removes ALL DATA related to that Carrier (incl. Customers, Suppliers, CDRs, Deals, Payments, etc.).
{% for partner in partners %}{{ partner }}
| {{ carrier.name }} | {{ carrier.num_customers }} Customers | Add Customer | {{ carrier.num_suppliers }} Suppliers | Add Supplier | Details | [X] |


ECHO(1) User Commands ECHO(1) NAME echo - display a line of text SYNOPSIS echo [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... echo LONG-OPTION DESCRIPTION Echo the STRING(s) to standard output. -n do not output the trailing newline -e enable interpretation of backslash escapes -E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default) --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit If -e is in effect, the following sequences are recognized: \\ backslash \a alert (BEL) \b backspace \c produce no further output \e escape \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \0NNN byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits) \xHH byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits) NOTE: your shell may have its own version of echo, which usually super‐ sedes the version described here. Please refer to your shell's documen‐ tation for details about the options it supports. AUTHOR Written by Brian Fox and Chet Ramey. REPORTING BUGS Report echo bugs to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/> Report echo translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/> COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. SEE ALSO The full documentation for echo is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and echo programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐ mand info coreutils 'echo invocation' should give you access to the complete manual. GNU coreutils 8.12.197-032bb September 2011 ECHO(1)


|
An archive of disturbing illustration
Celebrity Morgue Where the rich and famous go to die. Feel the pain, baby Celebrities and the Infamous, behind bars. Shirts handmade by street urchins in Central America. Rotten's collection of bizarre porn-o-graphy. Huge database of people, films, and groups Latest deaths courtesy of NNDB Daily weird news and strange happenings. I will never "vote dong" again. It's truly strange. Perhaps more alarming than Rotten. Amazing documents obtained from Government & law enforcement. Culture Jammer's Headquarters. The problems of the future, today! Welcome to the cow, motherfucker. Suitable for children. Be the first on your block to remove yourself from the gene pool. Certainly it's dyn o mite. Rotten.com -- The Facebook Group ~Rotten Dot Com Is Tight As Hell~ Bringing you into the darkness since 1994. Autopsy and other shock videos at shockumentary.com The Hacker Quarterly. Issued every Wednesday, important news you can use. The subculture search engine. The quintessential archive of 1980's underground tfiles. A collecton of all that mankind swore to forget Gun Irony-free imagery from the golden age of American culture. Wanton marine life and hardcore crustacea. Entertainment on a par with masturbation. The Love of Christ in all the Wrong Places. Delicacy from the kitchens of Mr. Ozone Resources involving freedom of information and forbidden fruit. Worshipping the absurd since 1993. Disgruntled food service. Operation Clambake fights against the CoS Bad avocado tiki taste in the 1970's. Producing the most dangerous shows on earth.  Outdoor advertising improvement. Such ignorance is damnable. Some candy can create misery and suffering. The latest danger sport. Bad craziness at impossible speeds. Entirely too much fun with an Apple IIE and Printshop. Support pro-choice of vegetables.  Delicious helpings of spam via Internet radio. Nice project, but... is it art? Gossip for Your Spage-Age Tomorrow Send postcards to your weird friends. Cute, adorable kittens. Seriously. Visual tool that lets you explore the connections between people.
|


Before Change
Compute the expected W under the variational approximation
p_A = self.expected_A()
return p_A * self.expected_W_given_A(1.0) + (1-p_A) * self.expected_W_given_A(0.0)
def expected_W_given_A(self, A):
Compute the expected W given A under the variational approximation
After Change
p_A = self.expected_A()
E_W = p_A * self.expected_W_given_A(1.0) + (1-p_A) * self.expected_W_given_A(0.0)
if not self.network.allow_self_connections:
np.fill_diagonal(E_W, 0.0)
return E_W
def expected_W_given_A(self, A):
Compute the expected W given A under the variational approximation


{% load static %}
Questions: {{total}}
Correct: {{correct}}
Wrong: {{wrong}}
Left: {{left}}
Accuracy: {{percentage}} %


Tests if .NET is installed.
Test-DotNet -V2 [<CommonParameters>]
Test-DotNet -V4 -Full [<CommonParameters>]
Test-DotNet -V4 -Client [<CommonParameters>]
Currently, this function only tests if .NET 2 or 4 is installed. Perhaps some friendly people out there will extend it to perform further checks?
| Name | Type | Description | Required? | Pipeline Input | Default Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V2 | SwitchParameter | Test if .NET 2.0 is installed. |
true | false | False |
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Eurojackpot results for Friday 8th December 2017
The winning numbers for the 49th Eurojackpot draw in 2017 that took place on Friday 8th December at 21:00 CEST (20:00 GMT) were:
Winners
Winners
Amount
Slovenian Prize Breakdown
View prize breakdowns for other countries| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Slovenia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | 1 | €5,609.20 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 13 | €3,615.30 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 13 | €1,539.20 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 23 | €1,377.70 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 302 | €6,553.40 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 328 | €6,396 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 637 | €9,873.50 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 1,608 | €16,562.40 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 5,241 | €42,976.20 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 8,166 | €94,502.90 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Slovenia must be claimed within 90 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Thursday 8th March 2018.
Additional Draw Information
In total there were 15,145,026 entries into this draw from all participating countries.
Draw Number: 49
European Prize Breakdown
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Croatia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn113,000,000 | 0 | kn0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kn2,427,715.33 | 0 | kn0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
kn1,142,453.83 | 0 | kn0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn42,312.60 | 1 | kn42,312.60 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kn2,097.83 | 7 | kn14,684.81 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
kn893.14 | 9 | kn8,038.26 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn451.85 | 29 | kn13,103.65 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn163.69 | 427 | kn69,895.63 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kn147.10 | 461 | kn67,813.10 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
kn116.92 | 871 | kn101,837.32 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kn77.70 | 2,196 | kn170,629.20 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kn61.86 | 7,770 | kn480,652.20 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 11,771 | kn968,966.77 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Croatia must be claimed within 60 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Tuesday 6th February 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Croatia prior to the draw was kn113,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Czech Republic | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kc390,000,000 | 0 | Kc0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
Kc8,224,411 | 0 | Kc0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
Kc3,870,309 | 0 | Kc0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kc143,343 | 0 | Kc0 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
Kc7,106 | 5 | Kc35,530 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
Kc3,025 | 12 | Kc36,300 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kc1,530 | 28 | Kc42,840 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kc554 | 422 | Kc233,788 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
Kc498 | 420 | Kc209,160 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
Kc396 | 770 | Kc304,920 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Kc263 | 1,940 | Kc510,220 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
Kc209 | 6,246 | Kc1,305,414 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 9,843 | Kc2,678,172 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Czech Republic must be claimed within 35 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Friday 12th January 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Czech Republic prior to the draw was Kc0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Denmark | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.94,000,000 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.2,051,707 | 0 | kr.0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.965,525 | 0 | kr.0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.35,788 | 2 | kr.71,576 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.1,802 | 47 | kr.84,694 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
kr.784 | 95 | kr.74,480 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.411 | 135 | kr.55,485 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.162 | 1,989 | kr.322,218 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.146 | 2,254 | kr.329,084 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
kr.116 | 3,794 | kr.440,104 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.77 | 10,419 | kr.802,263 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.61 | 31,417 | kr.1,916,437 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 50,152 | kr.4,096,341 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Denmark must be claimed within a set period of time depending on how much you have won. Visit the How to Claim page to find specific claim periods, with some prizes needing to be claimed within 90 days of the draw (valid until Thursday 8th March 2018).
The estimated jackpot advertised in Denmark prior to the draw was kr.63,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Estonia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 1 | €321,831.80 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | 0 | €0 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 3 | €834.30 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 6 | €710.40 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 15 | €898.50 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 230 | €4,991 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 253 | €4,933.50 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 438 | €6,789 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 1,106 | €11,391.80 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 3,260 | €26,732 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 5,312 | €379,112.30 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Estonia must be claimed within 90 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Thursday 8th March 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Estonia prior to the draw was €0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Finland | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 1 | €321,831.80 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Finland | 27 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 490 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 895 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 1,516 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 21,567 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 23,262 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 41,914 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 113,631 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 350,158 | ||
|
Total |
- | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Finland must be claimed within 365 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Saturday 8th December 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Finland prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Germany | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 2 | €643,663.60 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Germany | 27 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 490 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 895 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 1,516 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 21,567 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 23,262 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 41,914 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 113,631 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 350,158 | ||
|
Total |
- | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Germany must be claimed within 3 years of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw are valid until Tuesday 8th December 2020.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Germany prior to the draw was €0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Hungary | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
Ft42,481,780 | 1 | Ft42,481,780 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft1,573,380 | 1 | Ft1,573,380 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
Ft78,005 | 11 | Ft858,055 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
Ft33,210 | 32 | Ft1,062,720 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft16,800 | 32 | Ft537,600 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft6,085 | 497 | Ft3,024,245 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
Ft5,470 | 617 | Ft3,374,990 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
Ft4,350 | 1,167 | Ft5,076,450 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
Ft2,890 | 2,565 | Ft7,412,850 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
Ft2,300 | 9,277 | Ft21,337,100 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 14,200 | Ft86,739,170 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Hungary must be claimed within 180 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Wednesday 6th June 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Hungary prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Iceland | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.1,894,749,910 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.39,463,010 | 0 | kr.0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.18,570,820 | 0 | kr.0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.687,800 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Iceland | 27 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.34,100 | 490 | ||
|
Match 4 |
kr.14,510 | 895 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.7,340 | 1,516 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.2,660 | 21,567 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.2,390 | 23,262 | ||
|
Match 3 |
kr.1,900 | 41,914 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.1,260 | 113,631 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.1,000 | 350,158 | ||
|
Total |
- | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Iceland must be claimed within 1 year of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Saturday 8th December 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Iceland prior to the draw was kr.0.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Italy | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 1 | €151,450.20 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | 1 | €5,609.20 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 10 | €2,781 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 25 | €2,960 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 53 | €3,174.70 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 734 | €15,927.80 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 844 | €16,458 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 1,337 | €20,723.50 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 3,744 | €38,563.20 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 11,720 | €96,104 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 18,469 | €353,751.60 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Italy must be claimed within a set period of time depending on how much you have won. Visit the How to Claim page to find specific claim periods, with some prizes needing to be claimed within 30 days of the draw (valid until Sunday 7th January 2018).
The estimated jackpot advertised in Italy prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Latvia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Latvia | 27 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 490 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 895 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 1,516 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 21,567 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 23,262 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 41,914 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 113,631 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 350,158 | ||
|
Total |
- | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Latvia must be claimed within 30 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Sunday 7th January 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Latvia prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Lithuania | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | 0 | €0 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 2 | €556.20 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 2 | €236.80 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 6 | €359.40 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 81 | €1,757.70 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 84 | €1,638 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 154 | €2,387 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 420 | €4,326 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 1,272 | €10,430.40 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 2,021 | €21,691.50 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Lithuania must be claimed within 60 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Tuesday 6th February 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Lithuania prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Netherlands | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Netherlands | 27 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 490 | ||
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 895 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 1,516 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 21,567 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 23,262 | ||
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 41,914 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 113,631 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 350,158 | ||
|
Total |
- | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Netherlands must be claimed within 365 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Saturday 8th December 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Netherlands prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Norway | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.148,000,000 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.3,143,170 | 0 | kr.0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.1,479,135 | 0 | kr.0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.54,780 | At present this information is not released by the lottery operator of Norway | 27 | |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.2,715 | 490 | ||
|
Match 4 |
kr.1,155 | 895 | ||
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.585 | 1,516 | ||
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.210 | 21,567 | ||
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.190 | 23,262 | ||
|
Match 3 |
kr.150 | 41,914 | ||
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.100 | 113,631 | ||
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.80 | 350,158 | ||
|
Total |
- | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Norway must be claimed within 3 months of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Thursday 8th March 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Norway prior to the draw was kr.148,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Poland | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
zł63,000,000 | 0 | zł0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
zł0 | 0 | zł0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
zł1,271,823.70 | 1 | zł1,271,823.70 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
zł23,623.20 | 2 | zł47,246.40 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
zł1,171.30 | 31 | zł36,310.30 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
zł498.70 | 39 | zł19,449.30 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
zł252.30 | 80 | zł20,184 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
zł91.40 | 1,017 | zł92,953.80 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
zł82.20 | 1,214 | zł99,790.80 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
zł65.30 | 2,406 | zł157,111.80 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
zł43.40 | 5,508 | zł239,047.20 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
zł34.60 | 17,841 | zł617,298.60 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 28,139 | zł2,601,215.90 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Poland must be claimed within 3 years of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw are valid until Tuesday 8th December 2020.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Poland prior to the draw was zł43,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Slovakia | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | 0 | €0 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 11 | €3,059.10 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 18 | €2,131.20 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 28 | €1,677.20 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 338 | €7,334.60 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 404 | €7,878 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 686 | €10,633 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 1,702 | €17,530.60 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 5,661 | €46,420.20 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 8,848 | €96,663.90 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Slovakia must be claimed within 35 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Friday 12th January 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Slovakia prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Spain | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€15,452,209.36 | 0 | €0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
€321,831.80 | 0 | €0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
€151,450.20 | 0 | €0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€5,609.20 | 1 | €5,609.20 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
€278.10 | 21 | €5,840.10 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
€118.40 | 33 | €3,907.20 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€59.90 | 43 | €2,575.70 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€21.70 | 660 | €14,322 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
€19.50 | 781 | €15,229.50 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
€15.50 | 1,332 | €20,646 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
€10.30 | 3,545 | €36,513.50 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
€8.20 | 10,552 | €86,526.40 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 16,968 | €191,169.60 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Spain must be claimed within 30 days of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Sunday 7th January 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Spain prior to the draw was €15,000,000.
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Winners from Sweden | Prize Fund Amount | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Match 5 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.172,000,000 | 0 | kr.0 | 0 |
|
Match 5 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.3,220,924 | 0 | kr.0 | 4 |
|
Match 5 |
kr.1,515,728 | 0 | kr.0 | 3 |
|
Match 4 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.434,283 | 1 | kr.434,283 | 27 |
|
Match 4 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.36,967 | 10 | kr.369,670 | 490 |
|
Match 4 |
kr.9,073 | 39 | kr.353,847 | 895 |
|
Match 3 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.3,247 | 71 | kr.230,537 | 1,516 |
|
Match 2 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.217 | 996 | kr.216,132 | 21,567 |
|
Match 3 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.195 | 1,096 | kr.213,720 | 23,262 |
|
Match 3 |
kr.155 | 1,900 | kr.294,500 | 41,914 |
|
Match 1 and 2 Euro Numbers |
kr.103 | 5,354 | kr.551,462 | 113,631 |
|
Match 2 and 1 Euro Number |
kr.82 | 16,385 | kr.1,343,570 | 350,158 |
|
Total |
- | 25,852 | kr.4,007,721 | 553,467 |
Eurojackpot prizes in Sweden must be claimed within 3 months of the draw date, so tickets purchased for this draw were valid until Thursday 8th March 2018.
The estimated jackpot advertised in Sweden prior to the draw was kr.172,000,000.
Associated Draw Results
- 1
- 6
- 7
- 0
- 3
- 2
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 6 in Exact Order | €50,000 | 0 |
| Match Last 5 in Exact Order | €5,000 | 0 |
| Match Last 4 in Exact Order | €500 | 6 |
| Match Last 3 in Exact Order | €50 | 53 |
| Match Last 2 in Exact Order | €5 | 684 |
| Match Last 1 in Exact Order | €3 | 6,732 |
- 4
- 2
- 7
- 6
- 7
- 1
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 6 | CZK0 | 0 |
| Match 5 | CZK0 | 0 |
| Match 4 | CZK20,000 | 6 |
| Match 3 | CZK2,000 | 41 |
| Match 2 | CZK200 | 541 |
| Match 1 | CZK120 | 5,285 |
- 6
- 4
- 6
- 3
- 1
- 0
- 0
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 7 in Exact Order | €0 | 0 |
| Match Any 6 in the Right Spot | €20,000 | 2 |
| Match Any 5 in the Right Spot | €500 | 32 |
| Match Any 4 in the Right Spot | €50 | 425 |
| Match Any 3 in the Right Spot | €6 | 3,702 |
| Match Any 2 in the Right Spot | €3 | 20,260 |
- Berliini
- 87
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| City and Number | €1,000 | 14 |
| City | €5 | 1,224 |
- 4
- 3
- 0
- 0
- 2
| Numbers Matched | Prize Per Winner | Total Winners |
|---|---|---|
| Match 5 in Exact Order | kr2,000,000 | 0 |
| Match First/Last 4 in Exact Order | kr100,000 | 0 |
| Match First/Last 3 in Exact Order | kr10,000 | 14 |
| Match First/Last 2 in Exact Order | kr2,000 | 103 |
- Asker
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Simple Adding While and For Loop to resolve the Coderbyte challenge here.JS Bin on jsbin.com
Concatenation: A series of interconnected things. To link (things) together in a chain or series.
Concatenate string and number using back ticks or using the .concat method:
Concat on jsbin.comCalculate the area of a triangle if you know the lengths of all three sides, using the Heron's formula
React, redux, Expect and Deep Freeze on jsbin.comWhen you call a function that is "pure", you can predict exactly what's going to happen based on its input. This makes functions that are pure easy to reason about and testable.
Pure Functions on jsbin.comThe .slice method is a pure function - given the same arguments, it will always return the same value. It's predictable, but the .splice method is not a pure function since each time we invoke it passing in the same arguments, we get a different result. It's also modifying state.


--- layout: article title: 贪吃蛇AI excerpt: JavaScript / Snake AI / Longest Path / Shortest Path tags: - JavaScript - Source modify_date: 2020-10-08 ---
“Enter” change AI/player, “Space” change pause/continue, auto pause when snake dead
None


Falcon Model
The default hive model includes the following types:
- Entity types:
- falcon_cluster
- super-types: Infrastructure
- attributes: timestamp, colo, owner, tags
- falcon_feed
- super-types: DataSet
- attributes: timestamp, stored-in, owner, groups, tags
- falcon_feed_creation
- super-types: Process
- attributes: timestamp, stored-in, owner
- falcon_feed_replication
- super-types: Process
- attributes: timestamp, owner
- falcon_process
- super-types: Process
- attributes: timestamp, runs-on, owner, tags, pipelines, workflow-properties
One falcon_process entity is created for every cluster that the falcon process is defined for.
The entities are created and de-duped using unique qualifiedName attribute. They provide namespace and can be used for querying/lineage as well. The unique attributes are:
- falcon_process.qualifiedName - <process name>@<cluster name>
- falcon_cluster.qualifiedName - <cluster name>
- falcon_feed.qualifiedName - <feed name>@<cluster name>
- falcon_feed_creation.qualifiedName - <feed name>
- falcon_feed_replication.qualifiedName - <feed name>
Falcon Hook
Falcon supports listeners on falcon entity submission. This is used to add entities in Atlas using the model detailed above. Follow the instructions below to setup Atlas hook in Falcon:
- Add 'org.apache.atlas.falcon.service.AtlasService' to application.services in <falcon-conf>/startup.properties
- untar apache-atlas-${project.version}-falcon-hook.tar.gz
- cd apache-atlas-falcon-hook-${project.version}
- Copy entire contents of folder apache-atlas-falcon-hook-${project.version}/hook/falcon to <atlas-home>/hook/falcon
- Link Atlas hook jars in Falcon classpath - 'ln -s <atlas-home>/hook/falcon/* <falcon-home>/server/webapp/falcon/WEB-INF/lib/'
- In <falcon_conf>/falcon-env.sh, set an environment variable as follows:
export FALCON_SERVER_OPTS="<atlas_home>/hook/falcon/*:$FALCON_SERVER_OPTS"
The following properties in <atlas-conf>/atlas-application.properties control the thread pool and notification details:
- atlas.hook.falcon.synchronous - boolean, true to run the hook synchronously. default false
- atlas.hook.falcon.numRetries - number of retries for notification failure. default 3
- atlas.hook.falcon.minThreads - core number of threads. default 5
- atlas.hook.falcon.maxThreads - maximum number of threads. default 5
- atlas.hook.falcon.keepAliveTime - keep alive time in msecs. default 10
- atlas.hook.falcon.queueSize - queue size for the threadpool. default 10000
Refer Configuration for notification related configurations
NOTES
- In falcon cluster entity, cluster name used should be uniform across components like hive, falcon, sqoop etc. If used with ambari, ambari cluster name should be used for cluster entity


Mpd 5.9 User Manual
:
References
Previous:
Hints for developers
Next:
References
9. References
9.1.
References
9.2.
Credits
Mpd 5.9 User Manual
:
References
Previous:
Hints for developers
Next:
References


DateToSecs
The DateToSecs function converts a calendar
date to the number of seconds elapsed since 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
|
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:DateToSecs %yy% %mm% %dd% %hh% %nn% %ss% secs
::
:: By: Ritchie Lawrence, updated 2002-08-13. Version 1.1
::
:: Func: Returns number of seconds elapsed since 1st January 1970
00:00:00
:: for a given calendar date
and time of day. For NT4/2000/XP/2003.
::
:: Args: %1 year to convert, 2 or 4 digit (by val)
:: %2 month to convert, 1/01 to
12, leading zero ok (by val)
:: %3 day of month to convert,
1/01 to 31, leading zero ok (by val)
:: %4 hours to convert, 1/01 to
12 for 12hr times (minutes must be
:: suffixed
by 'a' or 'p', 0/00 to 23 for 24hr clock (by val)
:: %5 mins to convert, 00-59 only,
suffixed by a/p if 12hr (by val)
:: %6 secs to convert, 0-59 or
00-59 (by val)
:: %7 var to receive number of
elapsed seconds (by ref)
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
setlocal ENABLEEXTENSIONS
set yy=%1&set mm=%2&set dd=%3&set hh=%4&set nn=%5&set
ss=%6
if 1%yy% LSS 200 if 1%yy% LSS 170 (set yy=20%yy%) else (set yy=19%yy%)
set /a dd=100%dd%%%100,mm=100%mm%%%100
set /a z=14-mm,z/=12,y=yy+4800-z,m=mm+12*z-3,j=153*m+2
set /a j=j/5+dd+y*365+y/4-y/100+y/400-2472633
if 1%hh% LSS 20 set hh=0%hh%
if {%nn:~2,1%} EQU {p} if "%hh%" NEQ "12" set
hh=1%hh%&set/a hh-=88
if {%nn:~2,1%} EQU {a} if "%hh%" EQU "12" set
hh=00
if {%nn:~2,1%} GEQ {a} set nn=%nn:~0,2%
set /a hh=100%hh%%%100,nn=100%nn%%%100,ss=100%ss%%%100
set /a j=j*86400+hh*3600+nn*60+ss
endlocal&set %7=%j%&goto :EOF
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: |
|
Parameters
%1 year to convert, 2 or 4 digit (by val)
%2 month to convert, 1/01 to 12, leading zero ok (by val)
%3 day of month to convert, 1/01 to 31, leading zero ok (by val)
%4 hours to convert, 1/01 to 12 for 12hr times (minutes must
be suffixed by 'a' or 'p', 0/00 to 23 for 24hr clock (by val)
%5 mins to convert, 00-59 only, suffixed by a/p if 12hr (by val)
%6 secs to convert, 0-59 or 00-59 (by val)
%7 var to receive number of elapsed seconds (by ref)
Return Values
See parameters above.
 Note
many Windows registry dates are stored as seconds elapsed since 1970-01-01
00:00:00 UTC.
Date range is from 1970-01-01 00:00:00 to 2038-01-19 03:14:07 which gives
a range of 0 to<PHONE_NUMBER> or (2^31)-1 seconds.
See Also
SecsToDate
|


Section 5 Wind and Pollution Roses
The wind rose is a very useful way of summarising meteorological
data. It is particularly useful for showing how wind speed and wind
direction conditions vary by year. The windRose
function can
plot wind roses in a variety of ways: summarising all available wind
speed and wind direction data, plotting individual wind roses by year,
and also by month. The latter is useful for considering how
meteorological conditions vary by season.
Data are summarised by direction, typically by 45 or 30\(^\circ\) and by different wind speed categories. Typically, wind speeds are represented by different width ‘paddles.’ The plots show the proportion (here represented as a percentage) of time that the wind is from a certain angle and wind speed range.
The windRose
function also calculates the percentage of
‘calms’ i.e. when the wind speed is zero. UK Met Office data assigns
these periods to 0 degrees wind direction with valid northerly winds
being assigned to 360\(^\circ\).
The windRose
function will also correct for bias when wind
directions are rounded to the nearest 10 degrees but are displayed at
angles that 10 degrees is not exactly divisible into e.g. 22.5\(^\circ\). When such data are binned, some angles i.e. N, E, S, W will
comprise three intervals whereas others will comprise two, which can
lead to significant bias. This issue and its solution is discussed by
Droppo and Napier (2008) and Applequist (2012).2
openair uses a simple method to correct for the bias by globally
rescaling the count in each wind direction bin by the number of
directions it represents relative to the average. Thus, the primary
four directions are each reduced by a factor of 0.75 and the remaining
12 directions are multiplied by 1.125.
5.1 Example of use
First we load the packages:
library(openair)
library(tidyverse)
The function is very simply called as shown for Figure 5.1.
windRose(mydata)
Figure 5.2 highlights some interesting differences
between the years. In 2000, for example, there were numerous occasions
when the wind was from the SSW and 2003 clearly had more occasions
when the wind was easterly. It can also be useful to use type = "month"
to get an idea of how wind speed and direction vary
seasonally.
windRose(mydata, type = "year", layout = c(4, 2))
The type
option is very flexible in openair and can be used to
quickly consider the dependencies between
variables. Section 22.2 describes the basis of this option in
openair plot. As an example, consider the question: what are the
meteorological conditions that control high and low concentrations of
PM10? By setting type = "pm10"
, openair will split the PM10
concentrations into four quantiles i.e. roughly equal numbers
of points in each level. The plot will then show four different wind
roses for each quantile level, although the default number of levels
can be set by the user — see ?cutData
for more
details. Figure 5.3 shows the results of setting
type = "pm10"
. For the lowest concentrations of PM10 the wind
direction is dominated by northerly winds, and relatively low wind
speeds. By contrast, the highest concentrations (plot furthest right)
are dominated by relatively strong winds from the south-west. It is
therefore very easy to obtain a good idea about the conditions that
tend to lead to high (or low) concentrations of a
pollutant. Furthermore, the type
option is available in almost
all openair functions.
windRose(mydata, type = "pm10", layout = c(4, 1))
A comparison of the effect that bias has can be seen by plotting the following. Note the prominent frequencies for W, E and N in particular that are due to the bias issue discussed by Applequist (2012).
## no bias correction
windRose(mydata, angle = 22.5, bias.corr = FALSE)
## bias correction (the default)
windRose(mydata, angle = 22.5)
pollutionRose
is a variant of windRose
that is useful for
considering pollutant concentrations by wind direction, or more
specifically the percentage time the concentration is in a particular
range. This type of approach can be very informative for air
pollutant species, as demonstrated by Ronald Henry and co-authors in Henry et al. (2009).
You can produce similar pollution roses using the pollutionRose
function in recent versions of openair, e.g. as in Figure
5.4:
pollutionRose(mydata, pollutant = "nox")
pollutionRose
is wrapper for windRose
. It simply
replaces the wind speed data series in the supplied data set with
another variable using the argument pollutant
before passing
that on to windRose
. It also modifies breaks
to estimate a
sensible set of break points for that pollutant and uses a slightly
different set of default options (key to right, wedge style plot) but
otherwise handles arguments just like the parent windRose
function.
While Figure 5.4 indicates that higher NOx concentrations are also associated with the SW, conditioning allows you to be much informative. For example, conditioning by SO2 (Figure 5.5 demonstrates that higher NOx concentrations are associated with the SW and much of the higher SO2 concentrations. However, it also highlights a notable NOx contribution from the E, most apparent at highest SO2 concentrations that is obscured in Figure 5.4 by a relatively high NOx background (Figure 5.5.
pollutionRose(mydata, pollutant = "nox",
type = "so2",
layout = c(4, 1))
pollutionRose
can also usefully be used to show which wind
directions dominate the overall concentrations. By supplying the
option statistic = "prop.mean"
(proportion contribution to the
mean), a good idea can be gained as to which wind directions
contribute most to overall concentrations, as well as providing
information on the different concentration levels. A simple plot is
shown in Figure 5.6, which clearly shows the dominance
of south-westerly winds controlling the overall mean NOx
concentrations at this site. Indeed, almost half the overall NOx
concentration is contributed by two wind sectors to the
south-west. The polarFreq
function can also show this sort of
information, but the pollution rose is more effective because both
length and colour are used to show the contribution. These plots are
very useful for understanding which wind directions control the
overall mean concentrations.
pollutionRose(mydata, pollutant = "nox", statistic = "prop.mean")
It is sometimes useful to more clearly understand the contributions from wind directions that have low frequencies. For example, for a pollution rose of SO2 there are few occurrences of easterly winds making it difficult to see how the concentration intervals are made up. Try:
pollutionRose(mydata, pollutant = "so2", seg = 1)
However, each wind sector can be normalised to give a probability between 0 and 1 to help show the variation within each wind sector more clearly. An example is shown in Figure 5.7 where for easterly winds it is now clearer that a greater proportion of the time the concentration is made up of high SO2 concentrations. In this plot each wind sector is scaled between 0 and 1. Also shown with a black like is an indication of the wind direction frequency to remind us that winds from the east occur with a low frequency.
pollutionRose(mydata, pollutant = "so2", normalise = TRUE, seg = 1)
5.2 Comparing two meteorological data sets
The pollutionRose
function is also useful for comparing two
meteorological data sets. In this case a ‘reference’ data set is
compared with a second data set. There are many reasons for doing so
e.g. to see how one site compares with another or for meteorological
model evaluation (more on that in later sections). In this case,
ws
and wd
are considered to the the reference data sets
with which a second set of wind speed and wind directions are to be
compared (ws2
and wd2
). The first set of values is
subtracted from the second and the differences compared. If for
example, wd2
was biased positive compared with wd
then
pollutionRose
will show the bias in polar coordinates. In its
default use, wind direction bias is colour-coded to show negative bias
in one colour and positive bias in another.
Note that this plot is mostly aimed at showing wind direction biases. It does also show the wind speed bias but only if there is a wind direction bias also. However, in most practical situations the plot should show both wind speed and direction biases together. An example of a situation where no wind speed bias would be shown would be for westerly winds where there was absolutely no bias between two data sets in terms of westerly wind direction but there was a difference in wind speed. Users should be aware of this limitation.
In the next example, some artificial wind direction data are generated by adding a positive bias of 30~degrees with some normally distributed scatter. Also, the wind speed data are given a positive bias. The results are shown in Figure 5.8. The Figure clearly shows the mean positive bias in wind direction i.e. the direction is displaced from north (no bias). The colour scale also shows the extent to which wind speeds are biased i.e. there is a higher proportion of positively biased wind speeds shown by the red colour compared with the negatively biased shown in blue. Also shown in Figure 5.8 is the mean wind speed and direction bias as numerical values.
Note that the type
option can be used in Figure
5.8 e.g. type = "month"
to split the
analysis in useful ways. This is useful if one wanted to see whether a
site or the output from a model was biased for different periods. For
example, type = "daylight"
would show whether there are biases
between nighttime and daytime conditions.
## $example of comparing 2 met sites
## first we will make some new ws/wd data with a postive bias
<- mutate(mydata,
mydata ws2 = ws + 2 * rnorm(nrow(mydata)) + 1,
wd2 = wd + 30 * rnorm(nrow(mydata)) + 30)
## need to correct negative wd
<- which(mydata$wd2 < 0)
id $wd2[id] <- mydata$wd2[id] + 360
mydata
## results show postive bias in wd and ws
pollutionRose(mydata,
ws = "ws",
wd = "wd",
ws2 = "ws2",
wd2 = "wd2",
grid.line = 5)
An example of using user-supplied breaks is shown in Figure 5.9. In this case six intervals are chosen including one that spans -0.5 to +0.5 that is useful to show wind speeds that do not change.
## add some wd bias to some nighttime hours
<- which(as.numeric(format(mydata$date, "%H")) %in% c(23, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
id $wd2[id] <- mydata$wd[id] + 30 * rnorm(length(id)) + 120
mydata<- which(mydata$wd2 < 0)
id $wd2[id] <- mydata$wd2[id] + 360
mydata
pollutionRose(mydata, ws = "ws", wd = "wd", ws2 = "ws2", wd2 = "wd2",
breaks = c(-11, -2, -1, -0.5, 0.5, 1, 2, 11),
cols = c("dodgerblue4", "white", "firebrick"),
grid.line = 5, type = "daylight")
Thanks to Philippe Barneoud of Environment Canada for pointing this issue out.↩


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For changes in itinerary, please call 24/7 at +1-312-450-9277
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Partner with Uber Eats for a new way to make money, reach new diners and deliver food to your customers.
Deliver with Uber and earn on your schedule. Depending on your city, you could deliver with your car, bike or scooter.


For a long time this website has had a couple of links to contact me, but those days are over.
Now I have a brand new Hugo website with a custom written theme complete with
- A homepage with more social links, and description of my skills
- An about page with description of who I am
- A portfolio page to showcase all my projects
- A blog
Why Hugo?
The first question is why a site builder? I’m competent at web development, why not just write it all myself? The markdown processing makes it much easier to just write words, not having to think about the formatting, and if I’m going to blog often, then I’ll need that.
Next it gets to why Hugo? why not Jekyll or any of the other vast array of site builders? The answer to that is sadly rather boring, it had a theme I liked the look of, in particular this theme, and it had an MIT license, so I could publish and tweak it as much as I wanted to.
Why start blogging?
A very good question. For one it would allow me to showcase my skills more than just a portfolio would, not everything fits under the umbrella of a portfolio, but I can blog about whatever I want. Secondly is to act as a reminder of how I do things, if I blog my process when I do technical things, I’ll always be able to look back and see how I did it if I ever have to do it again.
So what can I expect to see in the blog?
The current plan is for the vast majority of posts to be technical guides on how to do things, but there might be some variety if I want to blog about events.


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Guatemala . 16x20 acrylic on canvas
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@2021 by Judy Zheng


{% set pageTitle = "Application complete" %} {% set mainClasses = "nhsuk-main-wrapper--s" %} {% set version = "v1" %} {% extends "includes/layout.html" %} {% block content %}
We have received your application for vitamin D supplements.
Please make a note of your reference number, in case you need to contact us.
Your reference number
HDJ2123F
We'll check:
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If you have not given us your email address, we'll share your name and address with the partner provider, but we will not be able to let you know:
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Class: Aws::MediaConvert::Types::AudioNormalizationSettings
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb |
Overview
Advanced audio normalization settings. Ignore these settings unless you need to comply with a loudness standard.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#algorithm ⇒ String
rw
Choose one of the following audio normalization algorithms: ITU-R BS.1770-1: Ungated loudness.
-
#algorithm_control ⇒ String
rw
When enabled the output audio is corrected using the chosen algorithm.
-
#correction_gate_level ⇒ Integer
rw
Content measuring above this level will be corrected to the target level.
-
#loudness_logging ⇒ String
rw
If set to LOG, log each output's audio track loudness to a CSV file.
-
#peak_calculation ⇒ String
rw
If set to TRUE_PEAK, calculate and log the TruePeak for each output's audio track loudness.
-
#target_lkfs ⇒ Float
rw
When you use Audio normalization, optionally use this setting to specify a target loudness.
-
#true_peak_limiter_threshold ⇒ Float
rw
Specify the True-peak limiter threshold in decibels relative to full scale (dBFS).
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#algorithm ⇒ String
(rw)
Choose one of the following audio normalization algorithms: ITU-R BS.1770-1: Ungated loudness. A measurement of ungated average loudness for an entire piece of content, suitable for measurement of short-form content under ATSC recommendation A/85. Supports up to 5.1 audio channels. ITU-R BS.1770-2: Gated loudness. A measurement of gated average loudness compliant with the requirements of EBU-R128. Supports up to 5.1 audio channels. ITU-R BS.1770-3: Modified peak. The same loudness measurement algorithm as 1770-2, with an updated true peak measurement. ITU-R BS.1770-4: Higher channel count. Allows for more audio channels than the other algorithms, including configurations such as 7.1.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb', line 649
class AudioNormalizationSettings < Struct.new( :algorithm, :algorithm_control, :correction_gate_level, :loudness_logging, :peak_calculation, :target_lkfs, :true_peak_limiter_threshold) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#algorithm_control ⇒ String
(rw)
When enabled the output audio is corrected using the chosen algorithm. If disabled, the audio will be measured but not adjusted.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb', line 649
class AudioNormalizationSettings < Struct.new( :algorithm, :algorithm_control, :correction_gate_level, :loudness_logging, :peak_calculation, :target_lkfs, :true_peak_limiter_threshold) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#correction_gate_level ⇒ Integer
(rw)
Content measuring above this level will be corrected to the target level. Content measuring below this level will not be corrected.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb', line 649
class AudioNormalizationSettings < Struct.new( :algorithm, :algorithm_control, :correction_gate_level, :loudness_logging, :peak_calculation, :target_lkfs, :true_peak_limiter_threshold) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#loudness_logging ⇒ String
(rw)
If set to LOG, log each output's audio track loudness to a CSV file.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb', line 649
class AudioNormalizationSettings < Struct.new( :algorithm, :algorithm_control, :correction_gate_level, :loudness_logging, :peak_calculation, :target_lkfs, :true_peak_limiter_threshold) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#peak_calculation ⇒ String
(rw)
If set to TRUE_PEAK, calculate and log the TruePeak for each output's audio track loudness.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb', line 649
class AudioNormalizationSettings < Struct.new( :algorithm, :algorithm_control, :correction_gate_level, :loudness_logging, :peak_calculation, :target_lkfs, :true_peak_limiter_threshold) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#target_lkfs ⇒ Float
(rw)
When you use Audio normalization, optionally use this setting to specify a target loudness. If you don't specify a value here, the encoder chooses a value for you, based on the algorithm that you choose for Algorithm. If you choose algorithm 1770-1, the encoder will choose -24 LKFS; otherwise, the encoder will choose -23 LKFS.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb', line 649
class AudioNormalizationSettings < Struct.new( :algorithm, :algorithm_control, :correction_gate_level, :loudness_logging, :peak_calculation, :target_lkfs, :true_peak_limiter_threshold) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#true_peak_limiter_threshold ⇒ Float
(rw)
Specify the True-peak limiter threshold in decibels relative to full scale (dBFS). The peak inter-audio sample loudness in your output will be limited to the value that you specify, without affecting the overall target LKFS. Enter a value from 0 to -8. Leave blank to use the default value 0.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/lib/aws-sdk-mediaconvert/types.rb', line 649
class AudioNormalizationSettings < Struct.new( :algorithm, :algorithm_control, :correction_gate_level, :loudness_logging, :peak_calculation, :target_lkfs, :true_peak_limiter_threshold) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


" . $assign["Name"] . "";
$assign->resolve();
echo "
";
echo "";
echo "";
echo "| Room Name | ";
echo "Action | ";
echo "
";
echo "";
echo "";
foreach($assign["Rooms"] as $room) {
$roomcall = "/api/room/addstudent?id=" . $room["ID"] . '&student=' . $ID;
echo "";
echo "| " . $room["Name"] . " | ";
echo 'Join Room | ';
echo "";
}
echo "
";
echo "
";
}
?>


The Power of CSS
The colors for every element on the page are based on 6 hex values which only appear once in the
entire file, you edit these values and you have an entirely new theme for this design.
Pixel dimensions are specified only a few times (where I had to), but for the most part everything
is relative to the fonts you have and the screen resolution you are using. This gives the page as much
width as it can get while the fonts and layout have as much compatibility as possible.
The Evolution of this Design
I'm not exactly sure where it all started, but I think the first idea I found for this
was from waferbaby where I realized that you could actually make rollovers, by specifying
different background colors in a style sheet.
The layout for this is very common, but I guess I settled on it after looking at designs
like Libra (by whompy) and
Pretension (by krsna77) for a
while. I also referred to Pretension for a lot of the style sheet information, mostly the
fonts and the idea of making fonts relative sizes (%) rather than using specific sizes.
Two of the most challenging aspects of this whole thing were getting everything to look the same
in both IE and Mozilla and setting up the style sheet so it had some flexibility. This was of course most difficult with the menus. Mozilla doesn't have quite
as good of support for css as IE, but I was really quite surprised how well it all worked out in the
end. In fact, when I converted the html to xhtml I started having problems with IE and all of a sudden Mozilla was working perfectly.
The biggest difference was made when I specified the left menu links to display as block elements in
the style sheet. This is what was done on the waferbaby website.
|
Today is 6.23.02
The whole "United We Stand" mantra really gets to me. Analyze "United States of America", broken down it's like united individual states, we're not one communistic block, were a community of individuals; unity in liberty. Divided we are Free!
With the current state of the anti-trust trial and Lindows PCs being sold at Walmart, I can't see any possible future for a Microsoft dominated world.
Building this has been an excellent learning experience and after studying XML and XSL, I know stylesheets will be the future and content will finally be independent.
|


Request
public struct Request<T, E> : Requestable where E : Auth0APIError
Auth0 API request.
let request: Request<Credentials, AuthenticationError> = // ...
request.start { result in
print(result)
}
-
The callback closure type for the request.
Declaration
Swift
public typealias Callback = (Result<T, E>) -> Void
-
Performs the request.
Declaration
Swift
public func start(_ callback: @escaping Callback)
Parameters
callback
Callback that receives the result of the request when it completes.
-
Modifies the parameters by creating a copy of the request and adding the provided parameters to
parameters
.Declaration
Swift
public func parameters(_ extraParameters: [String : Any]) -> Request<T, E>
Parameters
extraParameters
Additional parameters for the request.
-
Modifies the headers by creating a copy of the request and adding the provided headers to
headers
.Declaration
Swift
public func headers(_ extraHeaders: [String : String]) -> Request<T, E>
Parameters
extraHeaders
Additional headers for the request.
-
Combine publisher for the request.
Declaration
Swift
func start() -> AnyPublisher<T, E>
Return Value
A type-erased publisher.
-
start()
AsynchronousDeclaration
Swift
func start() async throws -> T


ACCESS
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (2)Updated: 2007-07-10
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
access - check real user's permissions for a fileSYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h> int access(const char *pathname, int mode);
DESCRIPTION
access() checks whether the calling process can access the file pathname. If pathname is a symbolic link, it is dereferenced.The mode specifies the accessibility check(s) to be performed, and is either the value F_OK, or a mask consisting of the bitwise OR of one or more of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK. F_OK tests for the existence of the file. R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK test whether the file exists and grants read, write, and execute permissions, respectively.
The check is done using the calling process's real UID and GID, rather than the effective IDs as is done when actually attempting an operation (e.g., open(2)) on the file. This allows set-user-ID programs to easily determine the invoking user's authority.
If the calling process is privileged (i.e., its real UID is zero), then an X_OK check is successful for a regular file if execute permission is enabled for any of the file owner, group, or other.
RETURN VALUE
On success (all requested permissions granted), zero is returned. On error (at least one bit in mode asked for a permission that is denied, or some other error occurred), -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.ERRORS
access() shall fail if:- EACCES
- The requested access would be denied to the file, or search permission is denied for one of the directories in the path prefix of pathname. (See also path_resolution(7).)
- ELOOP
- Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving pathname.
- ENAMETOOLONG
- pathname is too long.
- ENOENT
- A component of pathname does not exist or is a dangling symbolic link.
- ENOTDIR
- A component used as a directory in pathname is not, in fact, a directory.
- EROFS
- Write permission was requested for a file on a read-only file system.
access() may fail if:
- EFAULT
- pathname points outside your accessible address space.
- EINVAL
- mode was incorrectly specified.
- EIO
- An I/O error occurred.
- ENOMEM
- Insufficient kernel memory was available.
- ETXTBSY
- Write access was requested to an executable which is being executed.
CONFORMING TO
SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.NOTES
Warning: Using access() to check if a user is authorized to, for example, open a file before actually doing so using open(2) creates a security hole, because the user might exploit the short time interval between checking and opening the file to manipulate it. For this reason, the use of this system call should be avoided.
access() returns an error if any of the access types in mode is denied, even if some of the other access types in mode are permitted.
If the calling process has appropriate privileges (i.e., is superuser), POSIX.1-2001 permits implementation to indicate success for an X_OK check even if none of the execute file permission bits are set. Linux does not do this.
A file is only accessible if the permissions on each of the directories in the path prefix of pathname grant search (i.e., execute) access. If any directory is inaccessible, then the access() call will fail, regardless of the permissions on the file itself.
Only access bits are checked, not the file type or contents. Therefore, if a directory is found to be writable, it probably means that files can be created in the directory, and not that the directory can be written as a file. Similarly, a DOS file may be found to be "executable," but the execve(2) call will still fail.
access() may not work correctly on NFS file systems with UID mapping enabled, because UID mapping is done on the server and hidden from the client, which checks permissions.
BUGS
In kernel 2.4 (and earlier) there is some strangeness in the handling of X_OK tests for superuser. If all categories of execute permission are disabled for a non-directory file, then the only access() test that returns -1 is when mode is specified as just X_OK; if R_OK or W_OK is also specified in mode, then access() returns 0 for such files. Early 2.6 kernels (up to and including 2.6.3) also behaved in the same way as kernel 2.4.In kernels before 2.6.20, access() ignored the effect of the MS_NOEXEC flag if it was used to mount(2) the underlying file system. Since kernel 2.6.20, access() honors this flag.
SEE ALSO
chmod(2), chown(2), faccessat(2), open(2), setgid(2), setuid(2), stat(2), euidaccess(3), credentials(7), path_resolution(7)COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.22 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:33:03 GMT, December 24, 2015


Referees arrested over Bosnian match-fixing
Sarajevo - Bosnian police arrested 12 people on Monday, mostly referees, suspected of match-fixing in the Balkan country's second division, a spokesman said.
The investigation is targeting officials and regional football association executives, the prosecutors added in a statement.
"Within this operation we arrested twelve people, suspected of organised crime and abuse of power," a police spokesman told AFP.
Homes of several suspects were searched in the north-eastern towns of Samac and Orasje, and in Novi Travnik, in central Bosnia, spokesman Luka Miladinovic added.
They are "suspected of demanding and receiving, during 2019, gifts and other forms of benefits, to fix the results of certain matches" played in Bosnia's Muslim-Croat half, the statement said.
The suspects were predominantly receiving cash but the amounts were not revealed.
Bosnia has one national league while the two cultural entities that have made up the country since the 1990s war - the Muslim-Croat Federation and the Serbs' Republika Srpska - each have their own league.
The dozen suspects will be handed over to prosecutors who will decide on whether they will be remanded in custody, Miladinovic said.
Bosnia's Football Federation hailed the operation and voiced regret over "huge damages" the affair caused to the country's football reputation.


php-ext.com
Extension
0
extensions
0
builds running
0
builds skipped
0
builds passed
0
builds failed
0
builds pending


Select an existing app or create a new app by choosing a value from the AngularJS App dropdown.
To edit this IQPart, or create a new part, select Page | Edit Page from the ribbon


This is a simple hero unit, a simple jumbotron-style component for calling extra attention to featured content or information.
Seinfeld is one of the funniest shows ever made. If you have never seen it, you should watch it. If you don't like it you must not have a sense of humor and that is so sad. No soup for you!
Serenity now!


@* * Copyright 2021 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import play.twirl.api.HtmlFormat @import views.ViewHelpers @import views.html.layouts.GovUkTemplate @this(viewHelpers: ViewHelpers, govUkTemplate: GovUkTemplate) @(pageTitle: String, heading: String, message: String)(implicit request: Request[_], messages: Messages, applicationConfig :config.ApplicationConfig) @gmpPageTitle = {@pageTitle - @Messages("service.title") - @Messages("gov.uk")} @mainContent = { @includes.back_link(heading)
@message
} @head = { @viewHelpers.head( linkElem = None, headScripts = None) } @serviceInfo = { @viewHelpers.serviceInfo( betaBanner = HtmlFormat.empty, includeGridWrapper = false, serviceInfoContent = None, includeHMRCBranding = false) } @content = { @viewHelpers.mainContent( article = viewHelpers.article(mainContent), serviceInfo = serviceInfo) } @bodyEnd = { @viewHelpers.footer( analyticsToken = None, analyticsHost = "", ssoUrl = None, scriptElem = None, gaCalls = None) } @footerTop = {} @footerLinks = {} @signOutLink = {


Some text about who we are and what we do. Resize the browser window to see that this page is responsive by the way.
CEO & Founder
Some text that describes me lorem ipsum ipsum lorem.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Director
Some text that describes me lorem ipsum ipsum lorem.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Senior Architect
Some text that describes me lorem ipsum ipsum lorem.
john@example.com


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Claim your NHS Pension
Declaration
I certify that:
- The details given in Parts 1 to 6 are correct and the amounts shown in Part 2 have been reconciled with the pension contributions submitted to NHS Pensions.
- All Scheme contributions have been, or will be, deducted from the member's pensionable pay
- Form SD55T has been completed on Pensions Online. Or you have submitted the Leaver Excel spreadsheet to NHS Pensions to terminate the record.
- If the box at Part 6.2 is ticked, entitlement to NHS redundancy benefits is provided for in the member’s terms and conditions


Where social entrepeneurship and health blend together
Want to sign up for an account? Send a photo of your fresh groceries to our handy phone number! Through some awesome AI (or, maybe, a little bit of magic) we then see what you're buying and how much you're spending on it. From there, we help you develop a healthy eating plan and purchase next week's groceries more efficiently and for cheaper. From there, you donate that extra cash to local food pantries so they can forward social equity in your community.
-->


| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 24. Backup and Restore | Next |
The idea behind this dump method is to generate a text file with SQL commands that, when fed back to the server, will recreate the database in the same state as it was at the time of the dump. PostgreSQL provides the utility program pg_dump for this purpose. The basic usage of this command is:
pg_dump dbname > outfile
As you see, pg_dump writes its result to the standard output. We will see below how this can be useful.
pg_dump is a regular PostgreSQL client application (albeit a particularly clever one). This means that you can perform this backup procedure from any remote host that has access to the database. But remember that pg_dump does not operate with special permissions. In particular, it must have read access to all tables that you want to back up, so in practice you almost always have to run it as a database superuser.
To specify which database server pg_dump should contact, use the command line options -h host and -p port. The default host is the local host or whatever your PGHOST environment variable specifies. Similarly, the default port is indicated by the PGPORT environment variable or, failing that, by the compiled-in default. (Conveniently, the server will normally have the same compiled-in default.)
Like any other PostgreSQL client application, pg_dump will by default connect with the database user name that is equal to the current operating system user name. To override this, either specify the -U option or set the environment variable PGUSER. Remember that pg_dump connections are subject to the normal client authentication mechanisms (which are described in Chapter 19).
An important advantage of pg_dump over the other backup methods described later is that pg_dump's output can generally be re-loaded into newer versions of PostgreSQL, whereas file-level backups and continuous archiving are both extremely server-version-specific. pg_dump is also the only method that will work when transferring a database to a different machine architecture, such as going from a 32-bit to a 64-bit server.
Dumps created by pg_dump are internally consistent, meaning, the dump represents a snapshot of the database at the time pg_dump began running. pg_dump does not block other operations on the database while it is working. (Exceptions are those operations that need to operate with an exclusive lock, such as most forms of ALTER TABLE.)
Important: If your database schema relies on OIDs (for instance, as foreign keys) you must instruct pg_dump to dump the OIDs as well. To do this, use the -o command-line option.
The text files created by pg_dump are intended to be read in by the psql program. The general command form to restore a dump is
psql dbname < infile
where infile is the file output by the pg_dump command. The database dbname will not be created by this command, so you must create it yourself from template0 before executing psql (e.g., with createdb -T template0 dbname). psql supports options similar to pg_dump for specifying the database server to connect to and the user name to use. See the psql reference page for more information.
Before restoring an SQL dump, all the users who own objects or were granted permissions on objects in the dumped database must already exist. If they do not, the restore will fail to recreate the objects with the original ownership and/or permissions. (Sometimes this is what you want, but usually it is not.)
By default, the psql script will continue to execute after an SQL error is encountered. You might wish to run psql with the ON_ERROR_STOP variable set to alter that behavior and have psql exit with an exit status of 3 if an SQL error occurs:
psql --set ON_ERROR_STOP=on dbname < infile
Either way, you will only have a partially restored database. Alternatively, you can specify that the whole dump should be restored as a single transaction, so the restore is either fully completed or fully rolled back. This mode can be specified by passing the -1 or --single-transaction command-line options to psql. When using this mode, be aware that even a minor error can rollback a restore that has already run for many hours. However, that might still be preferable to manually cleaning up a complex database after a partially restored dump.
The ability of pg_dump and psql to write to or read from pipes makes it possible to dump a database directly from one server to another, for example:
pg_dump -h host1 dbname | psql -h host2 dbname
Important: The dumps produced by pg_dump are relative to template0. This means that any languages, procedures, etc. added via template1 will also be dumped by pg_dump. As a result, when restoring, if you are using a customized template1, you must create the empty database from template0, as in the example above.
After restoring a backup, it is wise to run ANALYZE on each database so the query optimizer has useful statistics; see Section 23.1.3 and Section 23.1.5 for more information. For more advice on how to load large amounts of data into PostgreSQL efficiently, refer to Section 14.4.
pg_dump dumps only a single database at a time, and it does not dump information about roles or tablespaces (because those are cluster-wide rather than per-database). To support convenient dumping of the entire contents of a database cluster, the pg_dumpall program is provided. pg_dumpall backs up each database in a given cluster, and also preserves cluster-wide data such as role and tablespace definitions. The basic usage of this command is:
pg_dumpall > outfile
The resulting dump can be restored with psql:
psql -f infile postgres
(Actually, you can specify any existing database name to start from, but if you are loading into an empty cluster then postgres should usually be used.) It is always necessary to have database superuser access when restoring a pg_dumpall dump, as that is required to restore the role and tablespace information. If you use tablespaces, make sure that the tablespace paths in the dump are appropriate for the new installation.
pg_dumpall works by emitting commands to re-create roles, tablespaces, and empty databases, then invoking pg_dump for each database. This means that while each database will be internally consistent, the snapshots of different databases might not be exactly in-sync.
Some operating systems have maximum file size limits that cause problems when creating large pg_dump output files. Fortunately, pg_dump can write to the standard output, so you can use standard Unix tools to work around this potential problem. There are several possible methods:
Use compressed dumps. You can use your favorite compression program, for example gzip:
pg_dump dbname | gzip > filename.gz
Reload with:
gunzip -c filename.gz | psql dbname
or:
cat filename.gz | gunzip | psql dbname
Use split. The split command allows you to split the output into smaller files that are acceptable in size to the underlying file system. For example, to make chunks of 1 megabyte:
pg_dump dbname | split -b 1m - filename
Reload with:
cat filename* | psql dbname
Use pg_dump's custom dump format. If PostgreSQL was built on a system with the zlib compression library installed, the custom dump format will compress data as it writes it to the output file. This will produce dump file sizes similar to using gzip, but it has the added advantage that tables can be restored selectively. The following command dumps a database using the custom dump format:
pg_dump -Fc dbname > filename
A custom-format dump is not a script for psql, but instead must be restored with pg_restore, for example:
pg_restore -d dbname filename
See the pg_dump and pg_restore reference pages for details.
For very large databases, you might need to combine split with one of the other two approaches.


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I'm a quantitative strategist, R developer, and data science enthusiast, and the author of pipeR, rlist, and formattable.
The blog posts are shared to R-bloggers.