How to Measure and Monitor Network Performance
Posted on February 17, 2012
When a network is set up it is also necessary to measure the real performance. Does the real WAN bandwidth match ISP’s promise? What’s the real bandwidth of the 1Gbit ethernet LAN? When is the busiest hours of the network? How the traffic is distributed across different IPs and hosts?
In this article, I will introduce the usage of three different programs to solve above problems.
iperf
is a easy tool to calculate the raw bandwidth between two machines. vnstat
could track traffic with a low resource cost. For more detailed information about network usage, ntop
plays its role well.
- Measure the Effective Bandwidth with iperf
- Monitor Bandwith Usage with vnstat
- Monitor Detailed Network Traffic with ntop
Measure the Effective Bandwidth with iperf
iperf
is a program used to perform network throughput tests. It will move as much data as possible using available connections established between two computers.
Installation
On Linux, you do:
sudo aptitude install iperf
On Mac OS X, you could install it with homebrew.
brew install iperf
On windows, you could download the executables from linhost.info.
Two Commands, One Test
You need to have at least one pair of iperf
client and server to perform the test.
To run iperf
as server:
iperf -s
To run iperf
as client:
iperf -c <IP_ADDRESS>
This is the result table from client’s terminal:
------------------------------------------------------------
Client connecting to <IP_ADDRESS>, TCP port 5001
TCP window size: 65.0 KByte (default)
------------------------------------------------------------
[ 4] local <IP_ADDRESS> port 56752 connected with <IP_ADDRESS> port 5001
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 4] 0.0-10.0 sec 128 MBytes 107 Mbits/sec
By default, iperf
will establish TCP connection on 5001 port and transfer as much data as possble in 10 seconds.
More Options
The format of bandwidth could be specified by -f
, the time to transmit could be specified in -t
and the interval to send data could be set with -i
.
For example, to report tests with 10 seconds intervals in 50 seconds under the format of MBytes could be written as:
iperf -c <IP_ADDRESS> -t 50 -i 10 -f M
The result likes:
------------------------------------------------------------
Client connecting to <IP_ADDRESS>, TCP port 5001
TCP window size: 0.06 MByte (default)
------------------------------------------------------------
[ 4] local <IP_ADDRESS> port 56924 connected with <IP_ADDRESS> port 5001
[ ID] Interval Transfer Bandwidth
[ 4] 0.0-10.0 sec 126 MBytes 12.6 MBytes/sec
[ 4] 10.0-20.0 sec 133 MBytes 13.3 MBytes/sec
[ 4] 20.0-30.0 sec 135 MBytes 13.5 MBytes/sec
[ 4] 30.0-40.0 sec 138 MBytes 13.8 MBytes/sec
[ 4] 40.0-50.0 sec 135 MBytes 13.5 MBytes/sec
[ 4] 0.0-50.0 sec 667 MBytes 13.3 MBytes/sec
Sometimes it is also necessary to measure two-way transmission. You could use -d
to do bidirectional test at the same time or use -r
to do each transmission individually.
iperf -c <IP_ADDRESS> -d
iperf -c <IP_ADDRESS> -r
If you want to use run iperf
as a daemon on the server, you could use -D
iperf -s -D
To specify the port through which the client and server communicate use -p
iperf -s -p 9393
iperf -c <IP_ADDRESS> -p 9393
You could find more practical examples here.
Monitor Bandwith Usage with vnstat
vnstat
use a database file to keep a log of network traffic through certain interfaces. It provide hourly/daily/weekly/monthly traffic information. And as it doesn’t sniffing packets, it is very efficient.
To use vnstat
there are two things needed to be done:
1. Install the program;
2. Update the databases regularly.
Install Vnstat
Install vnstat
with these commands:
|
Setup Scheduled Update
Now add a scheduled task with crontab -e
to update the database every five minutes.
# /etc/cron.d/vnstat: crontab entries for the vnstat package
0-55/5 * * * * root if [ -x /usr/bin/vnstat ] && [ `ls /var/lib/vnstat/ | wc -l` -ge 1 ]; then /usr/bin/vnstat -u; fi
If you run vnstatd
daemon instead of vnstat
, there is no need to create the crontab as it will read the configuration file and handle the updates accordingly.
Simple Usage
Now wait a while for the database to be updated and you could see a traffic summary for one interface through:
vnstat -i eth0
Database updated: Sat Feb 18 16:30:01 2012
eth0 since 02/17/2012
rx: 1.75 GiB tx: 4.45 GiB total: 6.20 GiB
monthly
rx | tx | total | avg. rate
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
Feb '12 1.75 GiB | 4.45 GiB | 6.20 GiB | 34.04 kbit/s
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
estimated 2.86 GiB | 7.30 GiB | 10.17 GiB |
daily
rx | tx | total | avg. rate
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
yesterday 1.69 GiB | 4.22 GiB | 5.91 GiB | 573.44 kbit/s
today 60.19 MiB | 242.29 MiB | 302.48 MiB | 41.71 kbit/s
------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
estimated 87 MiB | 352 MiB | 439 MiB |
You could also specify the intervals with --hours
, --days
, --weeks
, --months
.
vnstat -i eth0 --days
There is even a live mode triggered by --live
to display current transfer rate.
vnstat -i eth0 -l
Detailed Configuration
vnstat
use $HOME/.vnstatrc
for user specific configuration and use /etc/vnstat.conf
for default configuration.
You could specify the interfaces to use by default, intervals to update data and update the database file etc.
The configuration file is quite self-explained:
sudo vim /etc/vnstat.conf
Dump the Data for Scripting
vnstat
also provides formated output of the database.
If you want a xml formatted database, use vnstat --xml
.
There is also a parseable format with vnstat --dumpdb
. The detailed explanation of the output format could be found at man vnstat
. You could also use this format for traffic summary with vnstat --oneline
.
You could find more about vnstat
on its official site.
Monitor Detailed Network Traffic with ntop
vnstat
measures the overall traffic of interfaces but it fails to keep track of individual communications. For more detailed information, ntop
comes into places.
ntop
is a traffic probe and use a web interface to display certain information. It could show traffic distribution across protocols, IPs, hosts and more.
You could install ntop
with:
sudo aptitude install ntop
To initial ntop
the first time run
sudo ntop
Now the ntop could be accessed through 3000 port from HTTP request, you could use it through a browser.
open http://<IP_ADDRESS>:3000
Along with the detailed information ntop
collects, it uses much more system resources than vnstat
.
I am just a beginner of webmaster work, I’d love to hear what’s in your toolbox to measure network performance.


Glitched Red Dead Character Moseys Hard
by Chris PersonToday on Highlight Reel we have tons of Red Dead clips, broken Modern Warfare characters, strong kicks, great timing, and much more!
Watch the video then talk about your favourite highlight in the comments below. Be sure to check out, like, and share the original videos via the links below. Subscribe to Kotaku on YouTube for more! Catch up on all the episodes on the Highlight Reel Youtube playlist!
- James Bond 007: Blood Stone - is a great game - nickkapirnas
- Forza Horizon 4 - you spin me right round baby - clone5674
- TABS - Drunken Kick! Drunken Master????vs Every Unit + Mod Unit - TABS Original Mods Team Border update - Tar Yosh
- Modern Warfare - clearing the nest - Doc_Velez
- Rainbow Six Siege - when ya boi hits the kobe - Quality_Cookie/BrittleFuture3
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- Red Dead Redemption 2 (Modded) - Arthur Falling - Notex
Highlight Reel is Kotaku’s regular roundup of great plays, stunts, records and other great moments from around the gaming world.


A two-component reaction-diffusion system, as investigated by A. Turing(1952), P. Gray and S. Scott(1984), among others. Diffusion rates are 0.8, 0.4; preset f and k are 0.37 and 0.60 respectively.
Javascript/GLSL. The demo is interactive: the cursor clears the state of the system in its proximity.


Dev Bootcamp
Pair Programming
Pair programming is a technique where two programmers work alongside each other at one station. There is a driver who writes the code and there is a navigator who directs the driver and instructs them on what to write. The driver and navigator relationship can take many forms. Below are a few of the these forms.
Types of pair programming
- Driver-Navigator Pairing
In Driver-Navigator pairing the driver focuses on typing the code that is provided by the navigator. The navigator's role is talking and leading the driver.
- Ping-Pong Pairing
In ping-pong pairing one person creates a test for code and the other person writes the code in an effort to pass the test.
- Expert-Novice Pairing
This is a variation of driver-navigator pairing where one person is more knowledgeable than the other. The roles can vary. The expert or novice can act as the driver or the novice can observe while the expert drives and navigates.
Pair programming is beneficial to the learning process in DBC as it takes the strengths of one student and passes them on to others.
My Reflection on Pairing
This was actually my second pairing session. In addition to the practical benefits of pairing - learning from one another, utilizing each other's strengths, and catching typos - pairing also forced me out of my own head. When I work alone, I never speak out loud. But the act of verbalizing code to another person helped me to organize my thoughts and the code. At times, the process was tedious. Having to dictate each word and symbol takes more time than just typing it myself. The process is even more tedious when the pair is working together remotely. Still, I found the benefits to outweight the costs.
On an emotional level, I have found both of my pairing sessions to be very encouraging. When I work alone, I have a tendency to think that I am far behind my fellow DBC students, even if there is no indication of me being behind. This may be because the work can be a little overwhelming and, more importantly, incredibly unfamiliar. However in each pairing session, I am comforted by how each of us are encountering a learning curve. Though the learning curve may look different for each person, we all can benefit from working with another.


WITNESS LIST Public School Finance, Select Committee (Subcommittee on Sadler Subcommittee) November 15, 2001 -11:00A Public School Finance FOR: Conlon, Paul (Weslaco Federation of Teachers) McShan, George (Harlingen CISD and Region I ESC) Munoz, Dolores (Point Isabel ISD) AGAINST: Furcron, Mickey (Point Isabel ISD) ON: Amezquita, Michael (Metro. Council of Appraisal Dists. and Tx. Assn. of Appraisal Dists.) Anderson, David (TEA) Borrego, George (Self) Chatelle, Melody (TCTA) Diaz, Homero (South Texas Association of Schools) Hansen, Thomas (Point Isabel ISD) Kauffman, Albert (Edgewood Plaintiffs) King, Daniel (Hidalgo ISD and South TX Assn. of Schools) Nassar, George (Point Isabel ISD) Pena, Martin (South Texas Association of Schools) Pena, Rolando (South Texas Association of Schools) Prukop, Dorothy (Texas Association for Gifted and Talented) Ramon, Lisandro (Self) Reed, Sandra (South Texass Association of Schools) Romero, Anna Alicia (Intercultural Development Research Assn.) Sauceda, Noe (Region I ESC) Wooluerton, David (Self) Zamora, Roberto (South Texas Association of Schools)


Steven Johnson
Résumé
— I am a person who is positive about every aspect of life. * There are many things I like to do, to see, and to experience.  I like to see the sunrise in the morning, I like to see the moonlight at night; I like to feel the music flowing on my face, I like to smell the wind coming from the ocean.
Experience
Recent
-
New England Patriots Ridley was drafted in the third round of the 2011 NFL Draft with the 73rd overall pick by the New England Patriots, a round after the Patriots drafted another running back, Shane Vereen, with the 56th overall pick.[7][8][9]
-
2011 season Ridley scored his first NFL touchdown in Week 4 of his rookie season, in the Patriots' 31–19 win over the Oakland Raiders; he had 97 yards on 10 carries (for an average of 9.7 yards per carry), including a 33-yard touchdown run, and a three-yard reception.[10] Overall, he finished his rookie season with 87 carries for 441 yards and a touchdown.[11]
Back then
-
2012 season In the regular season opener, Ridley had his best game of his early career in a 34–13 win over the Tennessee Titans. He had 125 yards on 21 carries and a touchdown, and also grabbed three catches out of the backfield for 27 yards.[12] In Week 5, he topped his Week 1 performance with 151 yards rushing, with one touchdown, against the Denver Broncos.[13] In his second year, he proved to be a dependable running back in the NFL after racking up 1,263 total yards on 290 carries, while scoring 12 rushing touchdowns during the regular season.[14] His 82 first down rushes ranked third in the league among all NFL running backs. During the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens on January 20, 2013, Ridley suffered a concussion after a head-to-head collision with Bernard Pollard, which also resulted in a fumble and a turnover. The Patriots lost to the Ravens by a score of 13–28.[15]
Languages
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Character
Likes😃
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Wants🥺
Education
-
Every day
-
December 2005 – April 2006Certificates of CCNA Course Completion at Cisco Networking Academy Program
-
1st September 2003 – 30th June 2008Bachelor's degree in computer science at Ternopil National Technical University
-
1st October 1995 – 23rd May 1999Certificate of graduation at Ternopil Art School for Children
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1st September 1993 – 21st June 2003Certificate of graduation at №20 Middle School of General Education
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Rules :
1. The snake Should not hit the four sides of the wall
2. The snake Should not bite its body
3. The snake would grow on biting the food
Note:
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Suggestive Type will make suggestions based on the training it receives. Each suggestion is based on the words' occurrences in the training.


|
MPack
0.8.2
A C encoding/decoding library for the MessagePack serialization format.
|
The MPack Expect API allows you to easily read MessagePack data when you expect it to follow a predefined schema.
See Using the Expect API for examples.
The main purpose of the Expect API is convenience, so the API is lax. It automatically converts between similar types where there is no loss of precision.
When using any of the expect functions, if the type or value of what was read does not match what is expected, mpack_error_type is raised.
Basic Number Functions | |
| uint8_t | mpack_expect_u8 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer. More... | |
| uint16_t | mpack_expect_u16 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_u32 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer. More... | |
| uint64_t | mpack_expect_u64 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer. More... | |
| int8_t | mpack_expect_i8 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads an 8-bit signed integer. More... | |
| int16_t | mpack_expect_i16 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a 16-bit signed integer. More... | |
| int32_t | mpack_expect_i32 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a 32-bit signed integer. More... | |
| int64_t | mpack_expect_i64 (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a 64-bit signed integer. More... | |
| float | mpack_expect_float (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a number, returning the value as a float. More... | |
| double | mpack_expect_double (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a number, returning the value as a double. More... | |
| float | mpack_expect_float_strict (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a float. More... | |
| double | mpack_expect_double_strict (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a double. More... | |
| unsigned int | mpack_expect_uint (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads an unsigned int. More... | |
| int | mpack_expect_int (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a signed int. More... | |
Ranged Number Functions | |
| uint8_t | mpack_expect_u8_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint8_t min_value, uint8_t max_value) |
| Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| uint16_t | mpack_expect_u16_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint16_t min_value, uint16_t max_value) |
| Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_u32_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t min_value, uint32_t max_value) |
| Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| uint64_t | mpack_expect_u64_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint64_t min_value, uint64_t max_value) |
| Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| unsigned int | mpack_expect_uint_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, unsigned int min_value, unsigned int max_value) |
| Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| uint8_t | mpack_expect_u8_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint8_t max_value) |
| Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value. More... | |
| uint16_t | mpack_expect_u16_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint16_t max_value) |
| Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_u32_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t max_value) |
| Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value. More... | |
| uint64_t | mpack_expect_u64_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint64_t max_value) |
| Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value. More... | |
| unsigned int | mpack_expect_uint_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, unsigned int max_value) |
| Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value. More... | |
| int8_t | mpack_expect_i8_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, int8_t min_value, int8_t max_value) |
| Reads an 8-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| int16_t | mpack_expect_i16_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, int16_t min_value, int16_t max_value) |
| Reads a 16-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| int32_t | mpack_expect_i32_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, int32_t min_value, int32_t max_value) |
| Reads a 32-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| int64_t | mpack_expect_i64_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, int64_t min_value, int64_t max_value) |
| Reads a 64-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| int | mpack_expect_int_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, int min_value, int max_value) |
| Reads a signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range. More... | |
| int8_t | mpack_expect_i8_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, int8_t max_value) |
| Reads an 8-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value. More... | |
| int16_t | mpack_expect_i16_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, int16_t max_value) |
| Reads a 16-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value. More... | |
| int32_t | mpack_expect_i32_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, int32_t max_value) |
| Reads a 32-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value. More... | |
| int64_t | mpack_expect_i64_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, int64_t max_value) |
| Reads a 64-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value. More... | |
| int | mpack_expect_int_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, int max_value) |
| Reads an int, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value. More... | |
| float | mpack_expect_float_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, float min_value, float max_value) |
| Reads a number, ensuring that it falls within the given range and returning the value as a float. More... | |
| double | mpack_expect_double_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, double min_value, double max_value) |
| Reads a number, ensuring that it falls within the given range and returning the value as a double. More... | |
Matching Number Functions | |
| void | mpack_expect_uint_match (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint64_t value) |
| Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it exactly matches the given value. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_int_match (mpack_reader_t *reader, int64_t value) |
| Reads a signed integer, ensuring that it exactly matches the given value. More... | |
Other Basic Types | |
| void | mpack_expect_nil (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a nil, raising mpack_error_type if the value is not nil. More... | |
| bool | mpack_expect_bool (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads a boolean. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_true (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
Reads a boolean, raising mpack_error_type if its value is not true . More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_false (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
Reads a boolean, raising mpack_error_type if its value is not false . More... | |
Compound Types | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_map (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads the start of a map, returning its element count. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_map_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t min_count, uint32_t max_count) |
| Reads the start of a map with a number of elements in the given range, returning its element count. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_map_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t max_count) |
| Reads the start of a map with a number of elements at most max_count, returning its element count. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_map_match (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t count) |
| Reads the start of a map of the exact size given. More... | |
| bool | mpack_expect_map_or_nil (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t *count) |
| Reads a nil node or the start of a map, returning whether a map was read and placing its number of key/value pairs in count. More... | |
| bool | mpack_expect_map_max_or_nil (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t max_count, uint32_t *count) |
| Reads a nil node or the start of a map with a number of elements at most max_count, returning whether a map was read and placing its number of key/value pairs in count. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_array (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads the start of an array, returning its element count. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_array_range (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t min_count, uint32_t max_count) |
| Reads the start of an array with a number of elements in the given range, returning its element count. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_array_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t max_count) |
| Reads the start of an array with a number of elements at most max_count, returning its element count. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_array_match (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t count) |
| Reads the start of an array of the exact size given. More... | |
| bool | mpack_expect_array_or_nil (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t *count) |
| Reads a nil node or the start of an array, returning whether an array was read and placing its number of elements in count. More... | |
| bool | mpack_expect_array_max_or_nil (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t max_count, uint32_t *count) |
| Reads a nil node or the start of an array with a number of elements at most max_count, returning whether an array was read and placing its number of key/value pairs in count. More... | |
| #define | mpack_expect_array_alloc(reader, Type, max_count, out_count) |
| Reads the start of an array and allocates storage for it, placing its size in out_count. More... | |
| #define | mpack_expect_array_or_nil_alloc(reader, Type, max_count, out_count) |
| Reads a nil node or the start of an array and allocates storage for it, placing its size in out_count. More... | |
String Functions | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_str (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads the start of a string, returning its size in bytes. More... | |
| size_t | mpack_expect_str_buf (mpack_reader_t *reader, char *buf, size_t bufsize) |
| Reads a string of at most the given size, writing it into the given buffer and returning its size in bytes. More... | |
| size_t | mpack_expect_utf8 (mpack_reader_t *reader, char *buf, size_t bufsize) |
| Reads a string into the given buffer, ensuring it is a valid UTF-8 string and returning its size in bytes. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_str_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t maxsize) |
| Reads the start of a string, raising an error if its length is not at most the given number of bytes (not including any null-terminator.) More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_str_length (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t count) |
| Reads the start of a string, raising an error if its length is not exactly the given number of bytes (not including any null-terminator.) More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_str_match (mpack_reader_t *reader, const char *str, size_t length) |
| Reads a string, ensuring it exactly matches the given string. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_cstr (mpack_reader_t *reader, char *buf, size_t size) |
| Reads a string into the given buffer, ensures it has no null bytes, and adds a null-terminator at the end. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_utf8_cstr (mpack_reader_t *reader, char *buf, size_t size) |
| Reads a string into the given buffer, ensures it is a valid UTF-8 string without NUL characters, and adds a null-terminator at the end. More... | |
| char * | mpack_expect_cstr_alloc (mpack_reader_t *reader, size_t maxsize) |
| Reads a string with the given total maximum size (including space for a null-terminator), allocates storage for it, ensures it has no null-bytes, and adds a null-terminator at the end. More... | |
| char * | mpack_expect_utf8_cstr_alloc (mpack_reader_t *reader, size_t maxsize) |
| Reads a string with the given total maximum size (including space for a null-terminator), allocates storage for it, ensures it is valid UTF-8 with no null-bytes, and adds a null-terminator at the end. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_cstr_match (mpack_reader_t *reader, const char *str) |
| Reads a string, ensuring it exactly matches the given null-terminated string. More... | |
Binary Data / Extension Functions | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_bin (mpack_reader_t *reader) |
| Reads the start of a binary blob, returning its size in bytes. More... | |
| uint32_t | mpack_expect_bin_max (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t maxsize) |
| Reads the start of a binary blob, raising an error if its length is not at most the given number of bytes. More... | |
| void | mpack_expect_bin_size (mpack_reader_t *reader, uint32_t count) |
| Reads the start of a binary blob, raising an error if its length is not exactly the given number of bytes. More... | |
| size_t | mpack_expect_bin_buf (mpack_reader_t *reader, char *buf, size_t size) |
| Reads a binary blob into the given buffer, returning its size in bytes. More... | |
| char * | mpack_expect_bin_alloc (mpack_reader_t *reader, size_t maxsize, size_t *size) |
| Reads a binary blob with the given total maximum size, allocating storage for it. More... | |
Special Functions | |
| void | mpack_expect_tag (mpack_reader_t *reader, mpack_tag_t tag) |
| Reads a MessagePack object header (an MPack tag), expecting it to exactly match the given tag. More... | |
| size_t | mpack_expect_enum (mpack_reader_t *reader, const char *strings[], size_t count) |
| Expects a string matching one of the strings in the given array, returning its array index. More... | |
| size_t | mpack_expect_enum_optional (mpack_reader_t *reader, const char *strings[], size_t count) |
| Expects a string matching one of the strings in the given array returning its array index, or count if no strings match. More... | |
| size_t | mpack_expect_key_uint (mpack_reader_t *reader, bool found[], size_t count) |
| Expects an unsigned integer map key between 0 and count-1, marking it as found in the given bool array and returning it. More... | |
| size_t | mpack_expect_key_cstr (mpack_reader_t *reader, const char *keys[], bool found[], size_t count) |
| Expects a string map key matching one of the strings in the given key list, marking it as found in the given bool array and returning its index. More... | |
| #define mpack_expect_array_alloc | ( | reader, | |
| Type, | |||
| max_count, | |||
| out_count | |||
| ) |
Reads the start of an array and allocates storage for it, placing its size in out_count.
A number of objects follow equal to the element count of the array. You must call mpack_done_array() when done (even if the element count is zero.)
If an error occurs, NULL is returned and the reader is placed in an error state.
If the count is zero, NULL is returned. This does not indicate error. You should not check the return value for NULL to check for errors; only check the reader's error state.
The allocated array must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free() if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not an array or if its size is greater than max_count. |
| #define mpack_expect_array_or_nil_alloc | ( | reader, | |
| Type, | |||
| max_count, | |||
| out_count | |||
| ) |
Reads a nil node or the start of an array and allocates storage for it, placing its size in out_count.
A number of objects follow equal to the element count of the array if a non-empty array was read.
If an error occurs, NULL is returned and the reader is placed in an error state.
If a nil node was read, NULL is returned. If an empty array was read, mpack_done_array() is called automatically and NULL is returned. These do not indicate error. You should not check the return value for NULL to check for errors; only check the reader's error state.
The allocated array must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free() if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not an array or if its size is greater than max_count. |
| uint32_t mpack_expect_array | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads the start of an array, returning its element count.
A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array. mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
| void mpack_expect_array_match | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of an array of the exact size given.
A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array. mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not an array or if its size does not match the given count. |
| uint32_t mpack_expect_array_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | max_count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of an array with a number of elements at most max_count, returning its element count.
A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array. mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
Zero is returned if an error occurs.
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not an array or if its size is greater than max_count. |
| bool mpack_expect_array_max_or_nil | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | max_count, | ||
| uint32_t * | count | ||
| ) |
Reads a nil node or the start of an array with a number of elements at most max_count, returning whether an array was read and placing its number of key/value pairs in count.
If an array was read, a number of values follow equal to the element count of the array. mpack_done_array() should also be called once all elements have been read (only if an array was read.)
true
if an array was read successfully; false
if nil was read or an error occured. | mpack_error_type | if the value is not a nil or array. |
| bool mpack_expect_array_or_nil | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t * | count | ||
| ) |
Reads a nil node or the start of an array, returning whether an array was read and placing its number of elements in count.
If an array was read, a number of values follow equal to the element count of the array. mpack_done_array() should also be called once all elements have been read (only if an array was read.)
true
if an array was read successfully; false
if nil was read or an error occured. | mpack_error_type | if the value is not a nil or array. |
| uint32_t mpack_expect_array_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | min_count, | ||
| uint32_t | max_count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of an array with a number of elements in the given range, returning its element count.
A number of values follow equal to the element count of the array. mpack_done_array() must be called once all elements have been read.
min_count is returned if an error occurs.
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not an array or if its size does not fall within the given range. |
| uint32_t mpack_expect_bin | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads the start of a binary blob, returning its size in bytes.
The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes() or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). mpack_done_bin() must be called once all bytes have been read.
mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a binary blob.
| char* mpack_expect_bin_alloc | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| size_t | maxsize, | ||
| size_t * | size | ||
| ) |
Reads a binary blob with the given total maximum size, allocating storage for it.
| size_t mpack_expect_bin_buf | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| char * | buf, | ||
| size_t | size | ||
| ) |
Reads a binary blob into the given buffer, returning its size in bytes.
For compatibility, this will accept if the underlying type is string or binary (since in MessagePack 1.0, strings and binary data were combined under the "raw" type which became string in 1.1.)
| uint32_t mpack_expect_bin_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | maxsize | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of a binary blob, raising an error if its length is not at most the given number of bytes.
The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes() or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). mpack_done_bin() must be called once all bytes have been read.
mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a binary blob or if its length does not match.
| void mpack_expect_bin_size | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of a binary blob, raising an error if its length is not exactly the given number of bytes.
The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes() or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). mpack_done_bin() must be called once all bytes have been read.
mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a binary blob or if its length does not match.
| bool mpack_expect_bool | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a boolean.
| void mpack_expect_cstr | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| char * | buf, | ||
| size_t | size | ||
| ) |
Reads a string into the given buffer, ensures it has no null bytes, and adds a null-terminator at the end.
Raises mpack_error_too_big if there is not enough room for the string and null-terminator. Raises mpack_error_type if the value is not a string or contains a null byte.
| char* mpack_expect_cstr_alloc | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| size_t | maxsize | ||
| ) |
Reads a string with the given total maximum size (including space for a null-terminator), allocates storage for it, ensures it has no null-bytes, and adds a null-terminator at the end.
You assume ownership of the returned pointer if reading succeeds.
The allocated string must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free() if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.)
| mpack_error_too_big | if the string plus null-terminator is larger than the given maxsize. |
| mpack_error_invalid | if the value is not a string or contains a null byte. |
| void mpack_expect_cstr_match | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| const char * | str | ||
| ) |
Reads a string, ensuring it exactly matches the given null-terminated string.
Remember that maps are unordered in JSON. Don't use this for map keys unless the map has only a single key!
| double mpack_expect_double | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a number, returning the value as a double.
The underlying value can be an integer, float or double; the value is converted to a double.
| mpack_error_type | if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer. |
| double mpack_expect_double_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| double | min_value, | ||
| double | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a number, ensuring that it falls within the given range and returning the value as a double.
The underlying value can be an integer, float or double; the value is converted to a double.
| mpack_error_type | if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer. |
| double mpack_expect_double_strict | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a double.
The underlying value must be a float or double, not an integer. This ensures no loss of precision can occur.
| mpack_error_type | if the underlying value is not a float or double. |
| size_t mpack_expect_enum | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| const char * | strings[], | ||
| size_t | count | ||
| ) |
Expects a string matching one of the strings in the given array, returning its array index.
If the value does not match any of the given strings, mpack_error_type is flagged. Use mpack_expect_enum_optional() if you want to allow other values than the given strings.
If any error occurs or the reader is in an error state, count is returned.
This can be used to quickly parse a string into an enum when the enum values range from 0 to count-1. If the last value in the enum is a special "count" value, it can be passed as the count, and the return value can be cast directly to the enum type.
See Using the Expect API for more examples.
The maximum string length is the size of the buffer (strings are read in-place.)
| reader | The reader |
| strings | An array of expected strings of length count |
| count | The number of strings |
| size_t mpack_expect_enum_optional | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| const char * | strings[], | ||
| size_t | count | ||
| ) |
Expects a string matching one of the strings in the given array returning its array index, or count if no strings match.
If the value is not a string, or it does not match any of the given strings, count is returned and no error is flagged.
If any error occurs or the reader is in an error state, count is returned.
This can be used to quickly parse a string into an enum when the enum values range from 0 to count-1. If the last value in the enum is a special "count" value, it can be passed as the count, and the return value can be cast directly to the enum type.
See Using the Expect API for more examples.
The maximum string length is the size of the buffer (strings are read in-place.)
| reader | The reader |
| strings | An array of expected strings of length count |
| count | The number of strings |
| void mpack_expect_false | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a boolean, raising mpack_error_type if its value is not false
.
| float mpack_expect_float | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a number, returning the value as a float.
The underlying value can be an integer, float or double; the value is converted to a float.
| mpack_error_type | if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer. |
| float mpack_expect_float_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| float | min_value, | ||
| float | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a number, ensuring that it falls within the given range and returning the value as a float.
The underlying value can be an integer, float or double; the value is converted to a float.
| mpack_error_type | if the underlying value is not a float, double or integer. |
| float mpack_expect_float_strict | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a float.
The underlying value must be a float, not a double or an integer. This ensures no loss of precision can occur.
| mpack_error_type | if the underlying value is not a float. |
| int16_t mpack_expect_i16 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a 16-bit signed integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit signed int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| int16_t mpack_expect_i16_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int16_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 16-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit signed int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| int16_t mpack_expect_i16_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int16_t | min_value, | ||
| int16_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 16-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit signed int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| int32_t mpack_expect_i32 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a 32-bit signed integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit signed int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| int32_t mpack_expect_i32_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int32_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 32-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit signed int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| int32_t mpack_expect_i32_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int32_t | min_value, | ||
| int32_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 32-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit signed int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| int64_t mpack_expect_i64 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a 64-bit signed integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit signed int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| int64_t mpack_expect_i64_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int64_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 64-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit signed int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| int64_t mpack_expect_i64_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int64_t | min_value, | ||
| int64_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 64-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit signed int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| int8_t mpack_expect_i8 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads an 8-bit signed integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit signed int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| int8_t mpack_expect_i8_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int8_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads an 8-bit signed integer, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit signed int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| int8_t mpack_expect_i8_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int8_t | min_value, | ||
| int8_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads an 8-bit signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit signed int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| int mpack_expect_int | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a signed int.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a signed int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| void mpack_expect_int_match | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int64_t | value | ||
| ) |
Reads a signed integer, ensuring that it exactly matches the given value.
mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not representable as a signed integer or if it does not exactly match the given value.
| int mpack_expect_int_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads an int, ensuring that it is at least zero and at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a signed int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| int mpack_expect_int_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| int | min_value, | ||
| int | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a signed integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a signed int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| size_t mpack_expect_key_cstr | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| const char * | keys[], | ||
| bool | found[], | ||
| size_t | count | ||
| ) |
Expects a string map key matching one of the strings in the given key list, marking it as found in the given bool array and returning its index.
This is a helper for switching among string keys in a map. It is typically used with an enum with names matching the strings in the array to define the key indices. It should be called in the expression of a switch() statement. See Using the Expect API for an example.
The found array must be cleared before expecting the first key. If the flag for a given key is already set when found (i.e. the map contains a duplicate key), mpack_error_invalid is flagged.
If the key is unrecognized, count is returned and no error is flagged. If you want an error on unrecognized keys, flag an error in the default case in your switch; otherwise you must call mpack_discard() to discard its content.
The maximum key length is the size of the buffer (keys are read in-place.)
| reader | The reader |
| keys | An array of expected string keys of length count |
| found | An array of bool flags of length count |
| count | The number of values in the keys and found arrays |
| size_t mpack_expect_key_uint | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| bool | found[], | ||
| size_t | count | ||
| ) |
Expects an unsigned integer map key between 0 and count-1, marking it as found in the given bool array and returning it.
This is a helper for switching among int keys in a map. It is typically used with an enum to define the key values. It should be called in the expression of a switch() statement. See Using the Expect API for an example.
The found array must be cleared before expecting the first key. If the flag for a given key is already set when found (i.e. the map contains a duplicate key), mpack_error_invalid is flagged.
If the key is not a non-negative integer, or if the key is count or larger, count is returned and no error is flagged. If you want an error on unrecognized keys, flag an error in the default case in your switch; otherwise you must call mpack_discard() to discard its content.
| reader | The reader |
| found | An array of bool flags of length count |
| count | The number of values in the found array, and one more than the maximum allowed key |
| uint32_t mpack_expect_map | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads the start of a map, returning its element count.
A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map, alternating between keys and values. mpack_done_map() must be called once all elements have been read.
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not a map. |
| void mpack_expect_map_match | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of a map of the exact size given.
A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map, alternating between keys and values. mpack_done_map() must be called once all elements have been read.
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not a map or if its size does not match the given count. |
| uint32_t mpack_expect_map_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | max_count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of a map with a number of elements at most max_count, returning its element count.
A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map, alternating between keys and values. mpack_done_map() must be called once all elements have been read.
Zero is returned if an error occurs.
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not a map or if its size is greater than max_count. |
| bool mpack_expect_map_max_or_nil | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | max_count, | ||
| uint32_t * | count | ||
| ) |
Reads a nil node or the start of a map with a number of elements at most max_count, returning whether a map was read and placing its number of key/value pairs in count.
If a map was read, a number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map, alternating between keys and values. mpack_done_map() should anlso be called once all elements have been read (only if a map was read.)
true
if a map was read successfully; false
if nil was read or an error occured. | mpack_error_type | if the value is not a nil or map. |
| bool mpack_expect_map_or_nil | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t * | count | ||
| ) |
Reads a nil node or the start of a map, returning whether a map was read and placing its number of key/value pairs in count.
If a map was read, a number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map, alternating between keys and values. mpack_done_map() should also be called once all elements have been read (only if a map was read.)
true
if a map was read successfully; false
if nil was read or an error occured. | mpack_error_type | if the value is not a nil or map. |
| uint32_t mpack_expect_map_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | min_count, | ||
| uint32_t | max_count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of a map with a number of elements in the given range, returning its element count.
A number of values follow equal to twice the element count of the map, alternating between keys and values. mpack_done_map() must be called once all elements have been read.
min_count is returned if an error occurs.
| mpack_error_type | if the value is not a map or if its size does not fall within the given range. |
| void mpack_expect_nil | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a nil, raising mpack_error_type if the value is not nil.
| uint32_t mpack_expect_str | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads the start of a string, returning its size in bytes.
The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes() or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). mpack_done_str() must be called once all bytes have been read.
NUL bytes are allowed in the string, and no encoding checks are done.
mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a string.
| size_t mpack_expect_str_buf | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| char * | buf, | ||
| size_t | bufsize | ||
| ) |
Reads a string of at most the given size, writing it into the given buffer and returning its size in bytes.
This does not add a null-terminator! Use mpack_expect_cstr() to add a null-terminator.
NUL bytes are allowed in the string, and no encoding checks are done.
| void mpack_expect_str_length | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | count | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of a string, raising an error if its length is not exactly the given number of bytes (not including any null-terminator.)
The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes() or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). mpack_done_str() must be called once all bytes have been read.
mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not a string or if its length does not match.
| void mpack_expect_str_match | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| const char * | str, | ||
| size_t | length | ||
| ) |
Reads a string, ensuring it exactly matches the given string.
Remember that maps are unordered in JSON. Don't use this for map keys unless the map has only a single key!
| uint32_t mpack_expect_str_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | maxsize | ||
| ) |
Reads the start of a string, raising an error if its length is not at most the given number of bytes (not including any null-terminator.)
The bytes follow and must be read separately with mpack_read_bytes() or mpack_read_bytes_inplace(). mpack_done_str() must be called once all bytes have been read.
| mpack_error_type | If the value is not a string. |
| mpack_error_too_big | If the string's length in bytes is larger than the given maximum size. |
| void mpack_expect_tag | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| mpack_tag_t | tag | ||
| ) |
Reads a MessagePack object header (an MPack tag), expecting it to exactly match the given tag.
If the type is compound (i.e. is a map, array, string, binary or extension type), additional reads are required to get the contained data, and the corresponding done function must be called when done.
| mpack_error_type | if the tag does not match |
| void mpack_expect_true | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a boolean, raising mpack_error_type if its value is not true
.
| uint16_t mpack_expect_u16 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit unsigned int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| uint16_t mpack_expect_u16_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint16_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit unsigned int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| uint16_t mpack_expect_u16_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint16_t | min_value, | ||
| uint16_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 16-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 16-bit unsigned int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| uint32_t mpack_expect_u32 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit unsigned int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| uint32_t mpack_expect_u32_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit unsigned int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| uint32_t mpack_expect_u32_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint32_t | min_value, | ||
| uint32_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 32-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 32-bit unsigned int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| uint64_t mpack_expect_u64 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit unsigned int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| uint64_t mpack_expect_u64_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint64_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit unsigned int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| uint64_t mpack_expect_u64_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint64_t | min_value, | ||
| uint64_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads a 64-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in a 64-bit unsigned int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| uint8_t mpack_expect_u8 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit unsigned int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| uint8_t mpack_expect_u8_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint8_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit unsigned int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| uint8_t mpack_expect_u8_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint8_t | min_value, | ||
| uint8_t | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads an 8-bit unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an 8-bit unsigned int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| unsigned int mpack_expect_uint | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader | ) |
Reads an unsigned int.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an unsigned int.
Returns zero if an error occurs.
| void mpack_expect_uint_match | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| uint64_t | value | ||
| ) |
Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it exactly matches the given value.
mpack_error_type is raised if the value is not representable as an unsigned integer or if it does not exactly match the given value.
| unsigned int mpack_expect_uint_max | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| unsigned int | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it is at most max_value.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an unsigned int.
Returns 0 if an error occurs.
| unsigned int mpack_expect_uint_range | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| unsigned int | min_value, | ||
| unsigned int | max_value | ||
| ) |
Reads an unsigned integer, ensuring that it falls within the given range.
The underlying type may be an integer type of any size and signedness, as long as the value can be represented in an unsigned int.
Returns min_value if an error occurs.
| size_t mpack_expect_utf8 | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| char * | buf, | ||
| size_t | bufsize | ||
| ) |
Reads a string into the given buffer, ensuring it is a valid UTF-8 string and returning its size in bytes.
This does not add a null-terminator! Use mpack_expect_utf8_cstr() to add a null-terminator.
This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed.
NUL bytes are allowed in the string (as they are in UTF-8.)
Raises mpack_error_too_big if there is not enough room for the string. Raises mpack_error_type if the value is not a string or is not a valid UTF-8 string.
| void mpack_expect_utf8_cstr | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| char * | buf, | ||
| size_t | size | ||
| ) |
Reads a string into the given buffer, ensures it is a valid UTF-8 string without NUL characters, and adds a null-terminator at the end.
This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed, but without the NUL character, since it cannot be represented in a null-terminated string.
Raises mpack_error_too_big if there is not enough room for the string and null-terminator. Raises mpack_error_type if the value is not a string or is not a valid UTF-8 string.
| char* mpack_expect_utf8_cstr_alloc | ( | mpack_reader_t * | reader, |
| size_t | maxsize | ||
| ) |
Reads a string with the given total maximum size (including space for a null-terminator), allocates storage for it, ensures it is valid UTF-8 with no null-bytes, and adds a null-terminator at the end.
You assume ownership of the returned pointer if reading succeeds.
The length in bytes of the string, not including the null-terminator, will be written to size.
This does not accept any UTF-8 variant such as Modified UTF-8, CESU-8 or WTF-8. Only pure UTF-8 is allowed, but without the NUL character, since it cannot be represented in a null-terminated string.
The allocated string must be freed with MPACK_FREE() (or simply free() if MPack's allocator hasn't been customized.) if you want a null-terminator.
| mpack_error_too_big | if the string plus null-terminator is larger than the given maxsize. |
| mpack_error_invalid | if the value is not a string or contains invalid UTF-8 or a null byte. |


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Lego brick show event hit by 'Norovirus' as dozens fall ill with vomiting bug
As many as 4,000 attendees were at the Action Indoor Sports centre in Hengrove, Bristol, for the Bristol Brick Show event and complained they had come down with sickness and diarrhea bug
by Tristan CorkDozens of people came down with Norovirus-like symptoms after they attended a huge Lego event in Bristol.
An investigation is now been launched into the incident by the city's health authorities that took place at a sports centre.
Attendees allegedly succumbed to a sickness and diarrhea bug on Monday and Tuesday.
As many as 4,000 people to the Action Indoor Sports centre in Hengrove for the convention which is believed to be the biggest celebration of Lego in the UK, reports Bristol Live .
“We had a great weekend, we had so many people saying about how much they loved what we did,” said one of the organisers, Nick Amos, from the Bristol Lego Users Group GertLug.
Were you at the event? Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>“We raised a total of £6,500 to be split between CLiC and Children’s Hospice South West, and we’ve had families who attended and the displayers themselves still buzzing about how great the weekend was,” he added.
But on Monday and Tuesday, increasing numbers of reports came in of those attending having been struck down by the illness.
Exhibitors are believed to have been the worst hit by organisers dealing with multiple reports from their exhibitors of illness since the event.
One anonymous person who attended aid they weren’t happy with the venue.
“The state of the place left a lot to be desired,” he said.
“The food wasn’t great and over the weekend, the toilets weren’t well maintained, the basins didn’t work well and there was no hand sanitiser and that sort of thing.”
“At least 40 people that I know about have been affected,” he said.
“It’s just such a shame after how successful the actual event was,” said Mr Amos. “We’re all absolutely devastated.
“People are saying it was the venue, but I’m not sure. There are Norovirus bugs going around this year a lot, and it could just be as simple as one or two people brought it with them without knowing and it spread.
“What we had was 2,000 people attending each day in one space all day, so bugs love that sort of environment,” he added.
“I don’t think it was the food or the toilets or anything, because it seems to have been so random. My brother was the first person I knew about who came down with it afterwards, and he didn’t stay there long, didn’t eat there, didn’t go to the toilet there.
“I was there 12 hours on the Friday setting up, 14 hours on the Saturday and 15 hours on the Sunday, ate there every day, basically lived there, and I have been fine.
“There are people who were there all the time not affected, and someone else in their family got it. It seems to have been pretty random,” he added.
Organisers are looking to move to another venue for next year.
“It’s just such a shame that this has affected the aftermath of what was a really successful weekend,” added Mr Amos.
No one from Action Indoor Sports was available to comment on Wednesday after being contacted by Bristol Live.
A spokesperson from Bristol City Council confirmed that reports had been received, and that inquiries were underway.
The Bristol Brick Show issued a post on its Facebook page on Wednesday afternoon, which said: “Thank you all for coming to our show, enjoying it and helping us to raise money for two very worthy charities.
“We have been made aware that a number of people who attended our event over the weekend have since been hit by a virus.
"Unfortunately there were no reports of sickness made during the duration of the show therefore we had no way of warning anyone nor identifying a source at the time.
“Many of you will know that Bristol has recently seen multiple cases of Norovirus affecting schools, hospitals and other businesses in the area and the combination of that plus almost 4,000 people through our doors over the weekend seems to have contributed to an outbreak.
“We held the same event at the same venue last year with no known issues so are confident this is an unfortunate and isolated incident.
“As the organisers we are devastated that this has put a damper on an otherwise successful show obviously we wish everyone who is affected a speedy recovery.
“Thanks for your continued support and we hope your memories of the show are not by tainted by these events!”


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--- layout: post title: Java 102 tags: [] status: publish type: post published: true meta: {} ---
The second part of my Java learning extravaganza. This time looking at variables, operators, expressions and statements. As ever all mistakes are mine...
Variables allow the storage of an object's state. A name and a type must be explicitly provided, it takes this form:
"type name"
A type helps define what values the variables can store and the type of operations that can be carried out. For example you can carry mathematical operations on variables of the type integer.  There is an additional reference type, which consists of arrays, classes and interfaces. These types don't actual contain values, but rather reference addresses in memory where the values are kept.
The following naming convention is suggested:
"Variable names begin with a lowercase letter, and class names begin with an uppercase letter. If a variable name consists of more than one word, the words are joined together, and each word after the first begins with an uppercase letter, like this: isVisible. The underscore character (_) is acceptable anywhere in a name, but by convention is used only to separate words in constants (because constants are all caps by convention and thus cannot be case-delimited)."
In addition to this a variable is scoped. This scope depends on where the variable is declared, i.e. in relation to other code elements. There are four categories into which they can fall:
A member variable is declared outside of any method or constructor (what is a constructor) and belongs to a class and hence can be accessible from the outside. You usually find them after the declaration of the class and before the first method is defined.
public class YourClassName extends Applet {
int memberNumber = 1;
}
Local variables a declared within a block of code and are only accessible by that method (for example you can define local variables in your main variable).
public static void main(String[] args) {
int localNumber = 1;
}
This variable is no accessible right to the closing curly bracket of the main method.
Method parameters are values that are passed to methods and constructors. These can be values that the method needs to operate on and it's scope is the entire method. args is an example of a method parameter.
Exception-handler parameters sit between the curly brackets after a catch statement. Rather than being values passed to a method they are arguments.
Final variables
These are variables that are declared once and whose values never change once assigned. Changing the value of a final variable will result in a compile error. You can declare them like such: "final int aFinalVar = 0;". Alternativaly you can declare them ("final int aFinalVar;") and then assign them a value later. But once assigned a value has been assigned that's it no more changes.
There are three different types of operators: unary ("++" as in i++;), binary ("=" as x=y;) and tertiary ("?:" as in 0 ? 1 : false). unary allows for postfix and prefix notation. Postfix means that the operator appears after the variable (or as it's also known the operand) and hence this means that the value is read before incrementing/decrementing. Prefix simply means that the operator appears before the operand and this means that values are incremented/decremented before being read. Their role is to perform and operation on a value and as a result return a value. Furthermore operators can be categorised as follows:
Arithmetic Operators: +,-,*,/,% [computes the remainder of a division on two operands]. Generally speaking these carry out operations on two operands [binary]. However +.- have unary function as well. + promotes an operand from byte, short or char to int. - negates a value (i.e. -1).
Relational and Conditional Operators: >, >=, <, <=, ==, !=. These compare two values to determine the relationship [usually true or false]. There more such operators however: && [eg (a>c) and (b<c) are true], || [or], ![false], & [for bolean values: if a&b are true. For numbers it does a bitwise operation], |, ^.
Shift and Logical Operators [bitwise operators]: >> [x >> z, shift x right by z], << [x << z, shift x left by z], >>> [x >>> z, shift x right by z (unsigned)], & [and], | [inclusive or], ^ [xor], ~ [bitwise complement].
Bitwise and operations result in 1 being returned when operand 1 and 2 are set to 1, else it returns 0. If a 1 is in either operand 1 or two then bitwise "inclusive or" returns 1. The only time it returns 0 is when operand 1 and 2 are set to 0. "exclusive or" return1 1 whenever operand 1 and 0 are not equal. For example if op1 = 1 and op2 = 0 or op1 = 0 and op2 = 1, then the result is 1. if op1 = 1 and op2 = 1, or even op1 = 0 and op2 = 0 then the result would be 1. Complement operators simply revert the outcome. So if operand bit is 1, then the result is 0
When do you use them? Useful for setting for many Boolean flags.
unsigned?? Not sure yet watch this space...
Assignment Operators: =. These operators basically assign 1 value to another. The other ones are shorthand annotations also assigning one value to another: += [op1 += op2 equal to: op1 = op1 + op2], -= [op1 -= op2 equal to: op1 = op1 - op2], *=, /=, %=, &=, %=, |=, ^=, <<=, >>=, >>>=.
Other Operators
Variables and operators from the building blocks of the above entitled section. What is an expression? An expression is a segment of code that carries out computations and returns values. A statement is made of one or several expressions and are grouped together into complete units of execution. Zero or Several statements that are grouped together are known as chunks of code and separated by "{}".
Expressions: carry out the work of the program. On top of execution they control the flow of the program. 1 rule is that the values of each part of the expression must have the same matching data type. The order of execution is important and in your coding you should make your expressions as unambiguous as possible (this helps you read your code in the long term as well). You can explicitly indicate the order of execution by using "()". If you don't this is determined by precedence. Here is the order of precedence:
If operators are of equal precedence, they are evaluated based on the following rules. Binary operators (other than assignment ones) are executed from left to right. Assignment ones on the other hand are evaluated from right to left.
Statements: Equate roughly to sentences and logically forms a complete unit of execution. There are four groups of statements: assignment (x=1), increment (x++), method call (System.out.println(x)) and object creation (int integerObject = new Integer(4)). However you also have declaration statements (x=1) and control flow statements (if else).
What's the diff between assignment and declaration? Again watch this space
Blocks: As stated 0 or more statements that are grouped together by curly braces, eg:
if (this is true) {
do something
} else {
do something else
}
The above code is also an example of a Control Flow Statement. Without control flow statements the interpreter executes the code line by line, reading from left to right. Control flow is used to selectively execute statements or repeatedly execute them. There are four types of control flow statements: looping (for, while, do-while), decision making (if/else, switch/case), exception handling(try/catch/finally/throw), branching (break, continue, label:, return). Please note that goto is a reserved word but not used by Java.
What is an interpreter? Yet another question to haven't seen the answer yet
There are three types of such statements: break, continue and return. The first two can be used with or without a label.
break: This allows the application to break out of a loop and return to the normal flow of the application, i.e. after the loop or switch statement (also known as the innermost switch/for/do-while/while). The labelled approach terminates an outer statement. If can be used for nested loops to terminate both the inner and outer loops to return to the application flow.
continue: is slightly different in that it can allow the control flow to skip to the next iteration. Unlabeled this statement also affects the innermost loop. When labelled it can be used to skip to the next outer iteration of the loop.
return: is used to exit the current method. It can or cannot return a variable/result of the method. Note that if a method is declared as void use just "return" as no value is expected to be returned from such a method. Also note that a value returned from a method must match the type specified by the method's declared return type.
And thus ends another review of what I have digested this week. Next time, heaps more on objects!!


You'll find here information about me and the software it wrote. You can even download them from here. I also try to have a collection of reviews of web searchengines. That way you may find the one that suits your needs the best. More interesting topics will come. So enjoy this site and if you have any comments, don't hesitate to contact me.
| About myself | Shareware |
| A collection of searchengines on the net |


I live in Nairobi, Kenya ,am a full stack developer and I have variety skills, starting from databases to graphic design and UI management


!=(other)
Compares two numbers against one another. Returns true if they are equal (represent the same number), false otherwise.
%(aNum)
Returns the receiver modulus aNum
*(aNum)
Returns the value of the receiver multiplied by aNum.
+(aNum)
Returns the value of the receiver added to aNum.
-(aNum)
Returns the value of the receiver subtracted from aNum.
/(aNum)
Returns the value of the receiver divided by aNum.
==(other)
Compares two numbers against one another. Returns true if they are equal (represent the same number), false otherwise.
abs
Returns a Rational number with the absolute value of the receiver.
asNumber
Converts the Rational number to a floating point number.
asRational
Converts the number to a Rational number. CAVEAT: Numbers in Io are floating point entities, which means since they are imprecise, this conversion may yield values not expected.")
asString
Returns a text string representing the Rational number.
compare(other)
Compares two numbers against one another. Returns a positive, zero or negative value based on whether the receiver is larger, equal or less than the argument.
denominator
Returns the denominator.
divmod(aNum)
Returns a list containing the integer value and the receiver modulus aNum.
gcd(aNum)
Calculates the greatest common denominator between the receiver and the argument.
negate
Negates the Rational number.
numerator
Returns the numerator.
pow(aNum)
Returns the value of the receiver to the power of aNum.
reduce
Reduces the numerator and denominator to their lowest terms.
serialized
Returns a bit of code which can be used to serialize the Rational number.
setDenominator(aNumber)
Sets the denominator. Returns self.
setNumerator(aNumber)
Sets the numerator. Returns self.
with(aNumerator, aDenominator)
Convenience constructor. Returns a new Rational number whose numerator and denominator are represented by the arguments aNumerator and aDenominator respectively.")
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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
| Packages that use com.sap.conn.jco | |
|---|---|
| com.sap.conn.jco | Contains the major part of the interfaces and factories that an application for JCo is typically dealing with. |
| com.sap.conn.jco.ext | Provides all interfaces that are offered for embedding JCo into an application server. |
| com.sap.conn.jco.monitor | Contains all interfaces of JCo related to monitoring. |
| com.sap.conn.jco.server | Contains the interfaces and factories for server functionality. |
| Classes in com.sap.conn.jco used by com.sap.conn.jco | |
|---|---|
| AbapClassException.Mode
The Mode enumeration describes how class exceptions should be handled by a server system |
|
| AbapException
A convenience class on top of JCoException that reports exceptions, which occurred in an SAP system, while processing a function module. |
|
| JCoAbapObject
The interface comprises public methods for access to ABAP object members. |
|
| JCoAttributes
Encapsulates a number of attributes of a connection, such as codepage information, system information of the communication partner, and other useful data. |
|
| JCoBackgroundUnitAttributes
Unit Attributes describing some properties of a processed bgRFC unit in the backend. |
|
| JCoClassMetaData
Encapsulates the metadata of ABAP classes. |
|
| JCoClassMetaData.JCoAttributeKind
An enumeration of the possible or relevant attribute types. |
|
| JCoCustomDestination
Customizable destination that allows to set specific user logon data and SNC configuration. |
|
| JCoCustomDestination.SncConfigurationData
SncConfigurationData allows change SNC configuration for a JCoCustomDestination. |
|
| JCoCustomDestination.UserData
UserData allows change the logon configuration data for a JCoCustomDestination. |
|
JCoCustomRepository
JCoCustomRepository is designed to be used for static/custom metadata. |
|
| JCoCustomRepository.QueryMode
Enumeration that describes all modes to control the remote queries of a custom repository. |
|
| JCoDestination
JCoDestination identifies a physical destination of a function call. |
|
| JCoDestinationManager
The JCoDestinationManager creates and manages the destinations used by JCo applications. |
|
| JCoException
General JCo exception object. |
|
| JCoExtendedFieldMetaData
Encapsulates the extended metadata of a single field of either a parameter list, a structure, or a table. |
|
| JCoField
Class to represent a data field in a record (i.e. |
|
| JCoFieldIterator
Encapsulates an iterator for the fields of a record. |
|
| JCoFunction
Class that represents a function. |
|
| JCoFunctionTemplate
Encapsulates all metadata of a function and its import, changing, export and table parameters as well as the exception list. |
|
| JCoFunctionUnit
The interface comprises public methods to work with function unit. |
|
| JCoFunctionUnitState
Defines possible function unit states. |
|
| JCoListMetaData
Encapsulates the metadata of either a parameter list, a request, or a response. |
|
| JCoMetaData
Encapsulates the metadata of JCo data containers. |
|
| JCoParameterField
Class to represent a data field in a parameter list. |
|
| JCoParameterFieldIterator
Encapsulates an iterator for the fields of a parameter list. |
|
| JCoParameterList
A class that encapsulates a parameter list used to pass on data to a function. |
|
| JCoRecord
Base interface for all data containers used throughout the JCo framework. |
|
| JCoRecordField
Class to represent a data field in a structure or table. |
|
| JCoRecordFieldIterator
Encapsulates an iterator for the fields of a structure or table. |
|
| JCoRecordMetaData
Encapsulates the metadata of either a structure or a table. |
|
| JCoRemoteContext
This interface comprises all the methods an object representing a remote context of a (failed) RFC connection is required to implement. |
|
| JCoRepository
JCo metadata repositories are needed to get the technical description of functions and parameters used for fulfilling RFC calls. |
|
| JCoRepositoryQueryResult
JCoRepositoryResult describes the result of the repository query. |
|
| JCoRequest
A JCoRequest is a special view on a JCoFunction and is used in the Request/Response model of JCo function calls. |
|
| JCoRequestUnit
The interface comprises public methods to work with request unit. |
|
| JCoResponse
A JCoResponse is a special view on a JCoFunction and is used in the Request/Response model of JCo function calls. |
|
| JCoRuntimeException
Basic JCo exception for JCo runtime exceptions. |
|
| JCoStructure
JCoStructure is for data containers that need a certain layout in memory. |
|
| JCoTable
Interface that describes internal tables used in the parameter lists of function modules. |
|
| JCoThroughput
JCo Throughput interface. The implementation of this class stores performance data. |
|
| JCoTraceListener
JCo trace listener interface. |
|
| JCoUnitIdentifier
Function unit identifier is a unique identifier for a function or request unit for bgRFC. |
|
| JCoUnitIdentifier.Type
BgRFC unit types: TYPE_T - exactly once TYPE_Q - exactly once in order |
| Classes in com.sap.conn.jco used by com.sap.conn.jco.ext | |
|---|---|
| JCoDestination
JCoDestination identifies a physical destination of a function call. |
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| JCoRuntimeException
Basic JCo exception for JCo runtime exceptions. |
| Classes in com.sap.conn.jco used by com.sap.conn.jco.monitor | |
|---|---|
| JCoRuntimeException
Basic JCo exception for JCo runtime exceptions. |
| Classes in com.sap.conn.jco used by com.sap.conn.jco.server | |
|---|---|
| AbapClassException
This class represents an ABAP class exception. |
|
| AbapException
A convenience class on top of JCoException that reports exceptions, which occurred in an SAP system, while processing a function module. |
|
| JCoAttributes
Encapsulates a number of attributes of a connection, such as codepage information, system information of the communication partner, and other useful data. |
|
| JCoDestination
JCoDestination identifies a physical destination of a function call. |
|
| JCoException
General JCo exception object. |
|
| JCoFunction
Class that represents a function. |
|
| JCoFunctionUnitState
Defines possible function unit states. |
|
| JCoRepository
JCo metadata repositories are needed to get the technical description of functions and parameters used for fulfilling RFC calls. |
|
| JCoRequest
A JCoRequest is a special view on a JCoFunction and is used in the Request/Response model of JCo function calls. |
|
| JCoResponse
A JCoResponse is a special view on a JCoFunction and is used in the Request/Response model of JCo function calls. |
|
| JCoRuntimeException
Basic JCo exception for JCo runtime exceptions. |
|
| JCoThroughput
JCo Throughput interface. The implementation of this class stores performance data. |
|
| JCoUnitIdentifier
Function unit identifier is a unique identifier for a function or request unit for bgRFC. |
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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


The Jaws structure works because it's simple: oversized shark enters isolated community, begins feeding, has a few good kills and chase scenes, then is in turn chased and killed, largely because the whole meal-thing got a little too personal somewhere along the way. Man versus nature, intellect against instinct, all that. Deviate too far and you don't have a shark-movie anymore. Duncan Kennedy and Wayne Powers were aware of this during writing, and it shows. Deep Blue Sea is a shark movie, this time set out on a Waterworld-ish compound, complete even with another anti-social man from Atlantis, right down to the haircut, sleeveless wetsuit, and underwater acrobatics: Carter Blake (Thomas Jane) the soon-to-be-redeemed ex-con. And of course his chums, led by the overworked Samuel Jackson and rounded out by the beautiful-anywhere Saffron Burrows, playing a female Victor von, LL Cool J in the mix there somewhere, in another unreprised yet still entertaining role (see H20). The low point of the movie is everytime his alcoholic preacher character tries to get metaphysical. The high point is the sharks: Renny Harlin (Die Hard 2, Cliffhanger, Long Kiss Goodnight ) knows how to put an action sequence together in the computer, and has plenty of opportunity. Remember the floating cow in Twister? Deep Blue Sea has a similar moment with the floating leg/twitching foot of a recently-bitten-in-half crewman. But yes, the structure is Jaws all the way, what with the waterborne Aquatica compound, the isolating storm, the sharks fenced in so they can't leave. Yes, plural sharks. In keeping with Anaconda, Lake Placid, Ghost & the Darkness (Jaws 3), etc., there's not just one of them anymore. That would be too easy. And they're makos this time, which have a cooler color scheme anyway. Needless to say, these sharks are vatgrown, genetically-enhanced, smart. Pretty much Benchley's Creature without the bothersome legs. We get the gist of this via some particularly clunky exposition, where Jackson's Russel Franklin--the cashcow of Aquatica, there to pull the plug unless the good doctors can convince him otherwise--gets the grand tour. What perhaps saves Deep Blue Sea from being just another Jaws sequel is the awareness that this isn't 1975. Not just talking animatronics here, either, but pop knowledge: we know too much about sharks by now to listen to a Dreyfuss character wax poetic about feeding habits, rogue behavior, life cycles, etc. This can all be assumed, and is. In addition, there's enough environmental guilt circulating that if these sharks weren't essentially man-made (see: Godzilla) their eventual destruction would be pretty much unwarranted, (see: King Kong) in spite of the havoc they wreak. What perhaps doesn't save Deep Blue Sea from being just another Jaws sequel is when it tries really hard not to be, which is to say when it tries to supplant Spielberg's underwater POV's we know love and expect with overwater character history, motivations, revelation, all that small Sphere-type drama. At least there's no love sub-plot. Just a lot of people getting ripped apart, which is what we paid to see. (c) 1999 Stephen Graham Jones
for more like this, check out http://www.cinemuck.com
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Manifestos
Manifesto
Typography/Print
Art, and by extension, literature, has been used throughout history to express almost anything.  However, a good majority of art work and movements were not well received, as seen with the censorship throughout history. People and/or institutions, especially those with great power, enforce their moral compass onto the public and define what is moral and what isn’t.
I chose three excerpts/manifestos from Oscar Wilde and used typography to explore the dichotomy between moral and immoral, sin and innocence, perfect and imperfect. Is it just really just one or the other, or is there any in between/middle ground? Should everything be put out there?


A SideKick parser for diff and patch files. Shows the diffed files in the structure tree. It supports unified and context diff format.


Winston Gardner
Augusta, Ga
AWS Certified
On demand-delivery of IT resources via the Internet
Pay as you go pricing
Key component that powers AWS Machine Learning Services
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)
Creates transcript from Audio or Video
Average cost $90-$180 per hr
AWS cost $1.44 per hr
Text Translation
Batch or real-time
Average cost $120 per 1K characters
AWS cost $15 per 1K characters
Turns text into lifelike speech (TTS)
Create accessibility tools to read web content
Average cost $60-$200
AWS cost $16
Translate Text
aws translate translate-text --text Hello! --source-language-code en --target-language-code es --output table
-->


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Perspective Distort Fx Iwa
● Overview
Allows to generate a motion parallax movement effect on the Source image, where things in
front move faster than things in the back.
The image width is stretched to the sides, to transform it into a trapezoid, but it will not
be stretched vertically.
In other words, the contraction in the vertical direction caused by depth, should be
incorporated beforehand in the image.
Also, if you want to apply this effect to a moving background, the movement of the background
must be collapsed into a SubXsheet.
● Input Port
- Source : Connect the input image.
● Parameters
- Vanishing Point : The center point for the deformation. In the case of perspective
projection, this is the vanishing point.
- Anchor Point : Defines the vertical position that will be the basis for the deformation.
Pixels above this point will not be drawn (become transparent).
It also defines the horizon line for the deformed image, maintaining the original image width.
- Precision : Since the deformation is carried out only by expansion, the resolution will
suffer. In order to minimize resolution deterioration, the original image resolution is
multiplied by this value before being deformed.
There is no point in making Precision higher than the value obtained by dividing the
"Capture resolution of the background" by the "Output resolution".


<supequip>
The <supequip>
element contains information about the support equipment
that is required to perform a task. This element either contains children elements that
specify particular items of support equipment or a <nosupeq>
element
that specifies that no support equipment is required.
Category: Task requirements domain


I was raised in New England in the richly cultural area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Most recently, I have made my home on beautiful Cape Cod. I'm first generation, while my parents were from Germany and Italy. My Italian roots explain my passion for fine wine and dining....
I am passionate about design, color and it's roots in nature. I adore the great outdoors, including photographing beautiful scenery, traveling, boating, winter spoorts, hiking, and biking. Some of my pastimes include music, dancing, fitness, health and wellness.
I was lucky enough to grow up near some great learning institutions such as Harvard University. I think this ignited my desire to be a lifelong learner.  I also love design especialy working with aesthetics and color.


Welcome!
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If you did not generate this email, you can safely ignore it.
Thanks,
201p & iamlemec


{% include t_preamble.html %}
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In my lab, we are interested in using and combining '-omics' data to dissect the genetic basis of complex traits, especially those traits that lead to diversification among closely related individuals. Determining what changes in the genome contribute to divergence not only increases our understanding of evolutionary processes, but in crop systems, this knowledge can help plant breeders in their efforts to improve or create new varieties. We use a combination of whole genome/transcriptome comparisons along with association mapping and population genetics methods to explore different questions, and most recently we are beginning to look at the role of structural mutations in recent and ongoing diversification.
You can learn more about past projects and ongoing research by clicking the links below. You can also check out some highlights from our sweet sorghum work here. If you are interested in joining the lab or would like to find out more, please email me directly. If you are interested in applying to graduate school at UNC Charlotte, you can find more information here.
Finding SNPs and structural variations between different populations and varieties of sorghum.
Identifying the effects of mutations in iron-related genes on gene expression and downstream pathways.
Testing hypotheses of multiple vs. single evolutionary origins of new species and varieties.
Exploring levels of sequence diversity and Transposable Element (TE) content in wild sorghuhms native to Africa.
Predicting climate variables driving adaptation and range expansion in disease carrying mosquito species.
Assembly, annotation, and ortholog identification in the first reference genome for Wyeomyia smithii.